gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large scale genomic analysis of 3067 SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals a clonal geo-distribution and a rich genetic variations of hotspots mutations (2020)

In late December 2019, an emerging viral infection COVID-19 was identified in Wuhan, China, and became a global pandemic. Characterization of the genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in following and evaluating it spread across countries. In this study, we collected and analyzed 3,067 SARS-CoV-2 genomes isolated from 55 countries during the first three months after the onset of this virus. Using comparative genomics analysis, we traced the profiles of the whole-genome mutations and compared the frequency of each mutation in the studied population. The accumulation of mutations during the epidemic period with their geographic locations was also monitored. The results showed 782 variants sites, of which 512 (65.47%) had a non-synonymous effect. Frequencies of mutated alleles revealed the presence of 68 recurrent mutations, including ten hotspot non-synonymous mutations with a prevalence higher than 0.10 in this population and distributed in six SARS-CoV-2 genes. The distribution of these recurrent mutations on the world map revealed that certain genotypes are specific to geographic locations. We also identified co-occurring mutations resulting in the presence of several haplotypes. Moreover, evolution over time has shown a mechanism of mutation co-accumulation which might affect the severity and spread of the SARS-CoV-2. The phylogentic analysis identified two major Clades C1 and C2 harboring mutations L3606F and G614D, respectively and both emerging for the first time in China. On the other hand, analysis of the selective pressure revealed the presence of negatively selected residues that could be taken into considerations as therapeutic targets. We have also created an inclusive unified database (http://covid-19.medbiotech.ma) that lists all of the genetic variants of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes found in this study with phylogeographic analysis around the world.
Optimizing the Heat Treatment Process of Cast Aluminium Alloys (2011)

The unfailing increased use of light alloys in the automotive industry is, above all, due to the need of decreasing vehicle's weight. The same need has to be taken into account in order to face up also both energetic and environmental requirements In terms of application rates, Al and its alloys have an advantage over other light materials. The reduced prices, the recyclability, the development of new improved alloys and casting processes, the increased understanding of design criteria and life prediction for stressed components and an excellent compromise between mechanical performances and lightness are the key factors for the increasing demand of Al alloys. A consolidated example of aluminium alloy employment regards the production of wheels, which, together with an improved aesthetic appearance, guarantees an improvement of driving, like directed consequence of the inertia reduction. These critical safety components are somewhat unique as they must meet, or exceed, a combination of requirements, from high quality surface finish, as wheels are one of the prominent cosmetic features of cars, to impact and fatigue performance. Due to their excellent castability and good compromise between mechanical properties and lightness, AlSiMg alloys are the most important and widely used casting alloys in wheel production Further, the increasing application of these alloys has been driven by the possibility to improve the mechanical properties of cast components through the use of heat treatments. Various heat treatments, e.g. different combinations of temperatures and times, have been standardized by Aluminium Associations and they are used in Al foundry depending on the casting process, the alloy type and the casting requirements (ASM Handbook, 1990). Standard T6 heat treatment is generally applied in wheel production. This heat treatment provides two beneficial effects for cast aluminium alloy wheels: an improved ductility and fracture toughness through spheroidization of the eutectic silicon particles in the microstructure and a higher alloy yield strength through the formation of a large number of fine precipitates which strengthen the soft aluminium matrix The T6 heat treatment comprises three stages (ASM Handbook, 1991): solution heat-treating, quenching and artificial aging. Solution heat-treating at relatively high temperature is required to activate diffusion mechanisms, first, to dissolve Mg-rich phases formed during solidification and, then, to homogenize the alloying elements, such as Mg and Si, so as to achieve an elevated yield stress subsequent ageing (ASM Handbook, 1991). Further, the solution heat treatment www.intechopen.com
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Enones With Oxygen in the Presence of Diethylzinc and (<i>R,R</i>)‐<i>N</i>‐Methylpseudoephedrine (1996)

An efficient method for the asymmetric epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated ketones 1 is embodied in their reaction with oxygen in the presence of diethylzinc and (R,R)-N-methyl-pseudoephedrine. It affords epoxides 2 in excellent yields, with complete diastereoselectivity, and with enantiomeric excesses of up to 92% ee. The enantiomerically pure amino alcohol employed can be recovered virtually quantitatively with unchanged optical purity.
Combined use of manure and mineral fertilizers in conventional grain production (2016)

Both in Central Norway and parts of the South-Eastern Norway many farms combine grain production and animal husbandry. Knowledge about how to exploit the available manure effectively when used in combination with mineral fertilizers in grain fields has, however, been a scarcity. The amount and kind of mineral fertilizer should be adjusted according to the nutritional value of the manure in order to achieve a best possible balance between the plants’ demand and the total supply of nutrients. Plants suffering of sulphur deficiency will for instance not be able to make full use of the given fertilizer’s content of plant available nitrogen. In order to examine to what extent manure from milk cows and pigs met the nutritional demand of a grain field, field trials with different combinations of amount and kind of manure and mineral fertilizer were performed at Kvithamar research station in Central Norway (63°29’ N, 10°52’ E, 26 m a.s.l.) during the years 2010-2013. For two of the years, the spring was cold, and hence both root development and mineralization of the given manure was slow. In these years there were clear differences between plots which, in addition to the manure, were given mineral fertilizer with or without sulphur content, respectively. Plots without sulphur had got a lighter green colour, reduced growth, and a lower yield level. The differences were most pronounced where the given amount of manure was low. In years with a warmer spring, the effect of adding sulphur through a mineral fertilizer was lower and only significant where the lowest amount of manure from milk cows was used. The results also indicated that manure both from milk cows and pigs seemed to cover the plants’ demand for other nutrients than nitrogen and sulphur.
A Graphic Man-Computer Environment for Three Dimensional Engineering Design (1980)

An interactive computer graphics system for three dimensional design is described. The system combines the speed, accuracy and accessibility of a relatively low-cost minicomputer and refresh display with versatile and powerful interactive software to achieve a truly effective environment for visual design of complex three dimensional data. The designer creates and manipulates objects interactively using several convenient input devices that communicate his commands to the system and move a shaping tool on the display screen. Several example design sequences are included to illustrate various features of the system. An application to finite element mesh generation is also discussed.
Antisense oligonucleotide therapy in a humanized mouse model of <i>MECP2</i> duplication syndrome (2021)

Many intellectual disability disorders are due to copy number variations, and, to date, there have been no treatment options tested for this class of diseases. <i>MECP2</i> duplication syndrome (MDS) is one of the most common genomic rearrangements in males and results from duplications spanning the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (<i>MECP2</i>) gene locus. We previously showed that antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy can reduce MeCP2 protein amount in an MDS mouse model and reverse its disease features. This MDS mouse model, however, carried one transgenic human allele and one mouse allele, with the latter being protected from human-specific <i>MECP2</i>-ASO targeting. Because MeCP2 is a dosage-sensitive protein, the ASO must be titrated such that the amount of MeCP2 is not reduced too far, which would cause Rett syndrome. Therefore, we generated an "<i>MECP2</i> humanized" MDS model that carries two human <i>MECP2</i> alleles and no mouse endogenous allele. Intracerebroventricular injection of the <i>MECP2</i>-ASO efficiently down-regulated MeCP2 expression throughout the brain in these mice. Moreover, <i>MECP2</i>-ASO mitigated several behavioral deficits and restored expression of selected MeCP2-regulated genes in a dose-dependent manner without any toxicity. Central nervous system administration of <i>MECP2</i>-ASO is therefore well tolerated and beneficial in this mouse model and provides a translatable approach that could be feasible for treating MDS.
Interworking between IP security and performance enhancing proxies for mobile networks (2002)

This article proposes the interworking between performance enhancing proxies (PEPs) and IPsec in mobile networks. The low-throughput problem due to TCP/IP in a radio access network is illustrated. Performance comparison among different PEPs implemented in the RAN is carried out in order to optimize the spectrum efficiency. By using PEP, end-to-end security is compromised, and we propose a concept to circumvent this problem. Furthermore, we propose a way to utilize PEP for different network loads. We suggest a scheme that allows the coexistence of IPsec and PEP over mobile networks, through adding an intelligent module in the node where the PEP is implemented.
Involvement of programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) in the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice (2006)

Similar to allergic airway inflammation, PD-L2 is involved in the development of EC during the effector phase but not the induction phase.
Rapid production of quasi-stable antibody-phycoerythrin conjugates for use in flow cytometry (1998)

A simple system is described for producing quasi-stable complexes between biotinylated antibodies and fluorochrome-labeled streptavidin. Optimal complexes were produced by mixing biotinylated antibody and phycoerythrin-streptavidin together at a molar ratio of 1:1 for 2 min, followed by the addition of soluble biotin to halt oligomerization. These complexes, which are stable for at least 4 h, exhibit fluorescence with cell binding which approximates that observed with standard two-step labeling techniques. Equally important, multiple biotinylated antibodies complexed with different streptavidin-fluorochromes can be used simultaneously.
Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance (2003)

Description Fall accidents, which occur as a result of not enough friction available between the floor and shoe bottom for the pedestrian to ambulate without slipping, are responsible for a great number of walkway accidents. For this reason, characterizations of how much friction pedestrians require to ambulate and how much friction is available between the foot or shoe bottom and the walkway surface are of great import. This unique, new publication provides ten peer-reviewed papers which address the latest global research concerning how much friction pedestrians require during ambulation and how to measure best the friction available between the walkway surface and the shoe bottom. Topics include: Biomechanics of Ambulation--explores different aspects of the relationship between age and pedestrian ambulation, significant because fall accidents exact a disproportionate toll on senior citizens. Walkway-Safety Tribometry--presents novel ways of measuring friction, including the design of a simple, inexpensive ramp that can test the friction available between a whole shoe and a walkway-surface sample; and explores issues in tribometric testing of wet surfaces. Walkway-Safety Standards Development--explores why it has been so difficult to achieve consensus in the development of walkway-safety standards, a difficulty that goes far beyond technical issues. Audience: This volume is a valuable resource for pedestrian walkway safety researchers; biomedical and gait researchers; forensic engineers; certified safety professionals; and manufacturers of flooring, polish, and shoes.
Delay of vortex breakdown over a delta wing via near-core blowing (1998)

Injection of jets from nozzles embedded in a delta wing were used to add momentum into the core of the leading edge vortices and thus delay their breakdown. The tests were performed on a delta wing with a 60° sweep angle at a Reynolds number of 260,000 and angles of attack varying from 12 to 20°. At a typical angle of attack of 15°, the vortex breakdown location was moved from its natural location at 55% of the wing chord to 90% near the trailing edge, using a blowing coefficient of Cu = 0.007. Though optimized for a = 15°, the jet blowing was effective in the entire range of angles of attack studied. Flow visualizations, which were performed by illuminating smoke with a laser sheet, showed the effect of the jet blowing on the vortex core and were used to determine the vortex trajectory and breakdown location. The mean axial velocity and turbulence intensity were mapped across the vortex at several axial locations using Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Vortex breakdown resulted in strong deceleration of the mean velocity in the core region, the appearance of negative flow and increased turbulence intensity. Fluctuations in the vortex breakdown location at a Strouhal number of 0.13 were recorded. The control jet injection accelerated the core velocity and stabilized the vortex as evidenced by a reduction in the turbulence intensity and a substantial shift of the vortex breakdown location towards the trailing edge. Nomenclature
Increased Serum Catalase Activity in Septic Patients with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1992)

Excessive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation appears to contribute to the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but H2O2-combatting antioxidant defenses have not been evaluated. We found that serum from septic patients with ARDS scavenged more (p less than 0.05) H2O2 in vitro (82.7 +/- 3.8%) than did serum from septic patients without ARDS (56.9 +/- 3.1%) or control subjects (20.2 +/- 2.4%). Serum from septic patients with ARDS also had more (p less than 0.05) catalase activity (54.9 +/- 10.9 U/ml) than did serum from septic patients without ARDS (28.6 +/- 3.4 U/ml) or control subjects (7.3 +/- 0.8 U/ml). In contrast, serum from septic patients with or without ARDS and control subjects had the same glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. Serum H2O2 scavenging activity correlated with serum catalase (r = 0.77) but not GPX (r = 0.33) activity and was inhibitable (greater than 90%) by sodium azide, a catalase inhibitor. Increases in serum catalase activity did not appear to be derived from erythrocytes (RBC) because septic patients with or without ARDS and control subjects had similar RBC hemolysis in response to osmotic stress in vitro and serum haptoglobin concentrations. Serum from septic patients with ARDS also protected endothelial cells against H2O2-mediated damage (34.5 +/- 2.2% 51Cr release) better (p less than 0.05) than serum from septic patients without ARDS (47.3 +/- 7.4%) or control subjects (82.1 +/- 10.2%), but killing of bacteria by neutrophils in vitro was the same in serum from patients and control subjects. Our findings indicate that patients with sepsis and/or ARDS have increased serum catalase activity, which may alter H2O2-dependent processes.
ACS News (1977)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVACS NewsNEXTACS NewsCOMMENTHENRY HILLCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1977, 55, 35, 46Publication Date (Print):August 29, 1977Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 29 August 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v055n035.p046https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v055n035.p046acs-newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1977 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views20Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (86 KB) Get e-Alerts
Experimental validation of band gaps and localization in a one-dimensional diatomic phononic crystal (2007)

The propagation of compressional ultrasonic pulses through a finite one-dimensional chain of various unit cells is investigated experimentally. The chain, initially compressed by an axially applied constant force, is excited by a periodic force, which acts in line with axis of bead chain. The experimental measurements giving the eigenfrequencies of the specimen are based on a Fourier analysis of the transmitted acoustic pulse. The results are compared with the numerical calculations and it is shown that the two approaches are well correlated. A phononic band structure is observed and under certain conditions, depending on the parity of the number and on the masses of the beads in the chain, it is shown that localized modes propagating in the forbidden band are exhibited. Much attention is devoted to the existence of these localized modes according to the mass ratio between two adjacent beads constituting the unit cell.
Short‐term or long‐term treatments with a phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) inhibitor result in opposing agonist‐induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> responses in endothelial cells (2008)

Our data suggest that sustained inhibition of PDE4 by rolipram induced an increase in PDE4 activity, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to accelerate cAMP degradation and that PDE4A and PDE4B were implicated in the regulation of [Ca(2+)](i). Thus, isozyme-specific PDE4 inhibitors might be useful as therapeutic agents in diseases where [Ca(2+)](i) handling is altered, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and tolerance to beta-adrenoceptor agonists.
Toward A New Framework for Presence Evaluation: A Representational Design Perspective (2014)

Although researchers suggest that presence is a multi-dimensional concept, little research is available to explain the underlying relationships among the dimensions and variables. A new framework with four components for presence evaluation is introduced. It argues that investigating how media content affects presence is the solution to achieving a more complete understanding of presence and to taking individual characteristics and contexts as important factors in presence study.
COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES WITH APPLICATION TO CRUDE OIL PRICE PROJECTION: A LITERATURE SURVEY FROM 2001–2012 (2013)

This paper is an attempt to survey the applications of computational intelligence techniques for predicting crude oil prices over a period of ten years.The purpose of this research is to provide an exhaustive overview of the existing literature which may assist prospective researchers.The reviewed literature covers a spectrum of publications on the proposed model, source of experimental data, period of data collection, year of publication and contributors.The overall trend of the publications in this area of research issued within the last decade is also addressed.The existing body of research has been analyzed and new research directions have been outlined that have been previously ignored.It is expected that researchers across the globe may thus be encouraged to re-direct their attention and resources in order to keep on searching for an optimum solution.
Transition metal-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>and ZnO—present status of the field (2005)

There has been considerable recent interest in the design of diluted magnetic semiconductors, with a particular focus on the exploration of different semiconductor hosts. Among these, the oxide-based diluted magnetic semiconductors are attracting increasing attention, following reports of room temperature ferromagnetism in anatase TiO2 and wurtzite ZnO doped with a range of transition metal ions. In this review we summarize the current status of oxide-based diluted magnetic semiconductors, and discuss the influence of growth method, substrate choice, and temperature on the microstructure and subsequent magnetic properties of thin films. We outline the experimental conditions that promote large magnetization and high ferromagnetic Curie temperature. Finally, we review the proposed mechanisms for the experimentally observed ferromagnetism and compare the predictions to the range of available data.
A Holistic Approach to Model the Kinetics of Photocatalytic Reactions (2019)

Understanding and modeling kinetics is an essential part of the optimization and implementation of chemical reactions. In the case of photocatalytic reactions this is mostly done one-dimensionally, i.e., only considering the effect of one parameter at the same time. However, as discussed in this study, many of the relevant reaction parameters have mutual interdependencies that call for a holistic multi-dimensional approach to accurately model and understand their influence. Such an approach is described herein, and all the relevant equations given so that researchers can readily implement it to analyze and model their reactions.
Transmission techniques for picture Prestel (1981)

The teletext and videotex systems which are in service in the UK provide a mosaic type of graphics, permitting the display of simple pictures and diagrams. However several uses for an improved graphics facility have been identified which could benefit from still colour television pictures of normal definition and gradation. An experimental system has been developed to investigate the feasibility of such a picture option for future viewdata services. Since the available data rates are rather low for picture transmission, the application of image data compression techniques is imperative for acceptable picture update times at the receiver.
β-Cyclodextrin Polymer Adsorbed Resin Phase Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper Using Pan (1997)

Abstract β-Cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) adsorbed resin phase spectrophotometry with 1- (2-pyridylazo) -2-naphthol (PAN) has been developed for determination of copper at the μg level in soybean and human hair. Cobalt, nickel, zinc and manganese, which form colored species with PAN in the resin phase, can be completely masked with a solution composed of phenanthroline (2.78×10−5 mol/1) and sodium hexametaphosphate (3.27×10−3 mol/1).