gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gas phase pulse etching of silicon for MEMS with xenon difluoride (2003)

Xenon difluoride is an isotropic gas-phase etchant of silicon which has advantages in some aspects over anisotropic etchants such as KOH, EDP, and TMAH. An inexpensive, small, vacuum system is described for 'pulse etching' single crystal silicon wafers (standard CMOS substrates) for releasing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. Results are presented of etching protocols from several silicon substrates which had been previously patterned with a thin layer of silicon dioxide to produce etch openings ranging in size from 410 to 2250 microns. Etch depth rates of 1-2 microns/minute and lateral undercutting rates of 3-4 microns/minute were observed. The effects of partial thin film oxide growth on surface roughness was also investigated: a short air-bake at 140/spl deg/C equalized etch depth and lateral undercutting.
Passive but not active CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapy interferes with liver tumor progression in a transgenic mouse model. (1998)

To evaluate tumor immunotherapies, we used transgenic mice that harbor a progressive liver tumor associated with the expression of the SV40 large tumor T oncoprotein (SV40-T). To induce "self" tumor Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, mice were injected with an immunodominant SV40-T CTL epitope mixed with a heterologous helper peptide. Despite repeated injections, this vaccine failed to raise a tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response that was efficient enough to counteract tumors. Although coimmunization with SV40-T CTL epitope and heterologous helper peptide efficiently recruited the respective Th cells, only low-avidity SV40-T-specific CD8+ T cells were activated. Furthermore, major alterations in SV40-T-specific B and Th cell responses were characterized. In contrast, transfers of higher-avidity CTLs specific for the same SV40-T epitope were effective in counteracting tumors. These results suggest that passive therapies targeted to self tumor Ag may be more suitable than active immunization in the treatment of spontaneous tumors.
Short Optimally Capped Duplex DNA as Conformationally Restricted Analogue of B‐DNA (1994)

Abstract We describe the synthesis of short double‐stranded DNA fragments (see 4 and 13 ) which are capped on both ends by an optimally designed linker molecule. The new structures are stable with respect to hybrid dissociation and should have implications in physical studies involving double‐stranded DNA as well as in the antisense area for the specific modulation of gene expressions.
Microlithography of electron gases formed at interfaces in oxide heterostructures (2006)

Submicron wide structures of conducting quasi-two-dimensional electron gases generated at SrTiO3∕LaAlO3 interfaces have successfully been patterned by modulating the thickness of the LaAlO3 layers with unit cell resolution. This technique allows the authors to structure the electron gases without exposing them to the environment and without incorporating other materials at the edges. The structured electron gases have resistances of ≈200Ω∕◻ (4.2K) and mobilities of ≈700cm2∕Vs (4.2K), while the resistances of the areas patterned to be insulating exceed 1010Ω∕◻.
Applications of mRNA injections for analyzing cell lineage and asymmetric cell divisions during segmentation in the leech<i>Helobdella robusta</i> (2005)

Synthetic mRNAs can be injected to achieve transient gene expression even for 'non-model' organisms in which genetic approaches are not feasible. Here, we have used this technique to express proteins that can serve as lineage tracers or reporters of cellular events in embryos of the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella robusta (phylum Annelida). As representatives of the proposed super-phylum Lophotrochozoa, glossiphoniid leeches are of interest for developmental and evolutionary comparisons. Their embryos are suitable for microinjection, but no genetic approaches are currently available. We have injected segmentation stem cells (teloblasts) with mRNAs encoding nuclear localized green fluorescent protein (nGFP) and its spectral variants, and have used tandem injections of nGFP mRNA followed by antisense morpholino oligomer (AS MO), to label single blast cell clones. These techniques permit high resolution cell lineage tracing in living embryos. We have applied them to the primary neurogenic (N) lineage, in which alternate segmental founder cells (nf and ns blast cells) contribute distinct sets of progeny to the segmental ganglia. The nf and ns blast cell clones exhibit strikingly different cell division patterns: the increase in cell number within the nf clone is roughly linear, while that in the ns clone is almost exponential. To analyze spindle dynamics in the asymmetric divisions of individual blast cells, we have injected teloblasts with mRNA encoding a tau::GFP fusion protein. Our results show that the asymmetric divisions of n blast cells result from a posterior shift of both the spindle within the cell and the midbody within the mitotic spindle, with differential regulation of these processes between nf and ns.
A Wearable Ground Reaction Force Sensor System and Its Application to the Measurement of Extrinsic Gait Variability (2010)

Wearable sensors for gait analysis are attracting wide interest. In this paper, a wearable ground reaction force (GRF) sensor system and its application to measure extrinsic gait variability are presented. To validate the GRF and centre of pressure (CoP) measurements of the sensor system and examine the effectiveness of the proposed method for gait analysis, we conducted an experimental study on seven volunteer subjects. Based on the assessment of the influence of the sensor system on natural gait, we found that no significant differences were found for almost all measured gait parameters (p-values < 0.05). As for measurement accuracy, the root mean square (RMS) differences for the two transverse components and the vertical component of the GRF were 7.2% ± 0.8% and 9.0% ± 1% of the maximum of each transverse component and 1.5% ± 0.9% of the maximum vertical component of GRF, respectively. The RMS distance between both CoP measurements was 1.4% ± 0.2% of the length of the shoe. The area of CoP distribution on the foot-plate and the average coefficient of variation of the triaxial GRF, are the introduced parameters for analysing extrinsic gait variability. Based on a statistical analysis of the results of the tests with subjects wearing the sensor system, we found that the proposed parameters changed according to walking speed and turning (p-values < 0.05).
Increased Skin Flap Survival and Arterial Dilation by Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: A Study in the Pig (1989)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a recently discovered neuropeptide, is a potent vasodilator and increases blood flow in many vascular beds. The effect of CGRP treatment was investigated in critical pig pedicle and island flaps. Prior to pharmacological treatment the peroperative circulation border was estimated with fluorescein. Intradermal or intraarterial flap treatment with CGRP was given. Control flaps were untreated or injected with saline. Increased or decreased survival was calculated as the difference between the peroperative fluorescein penetration border and the survival border one week after surgery. CGRP treatment significantly increased the survival of both random pedicle and island flaps. CGRP doses as low as 3 ml x 10(-14) M (equal to 0.03 fmoles) increased the survival of random pedicle flaps. In 4 untreated pigs the deep circumflex iliac arteries were excised and artery ring preparations were studied in vitro. A dose-dependent relaxation of artery rings was noted between 10(-9) M and 10(-7) M CGRP.
Nutrition and Nutritional Support in Critically Ill Patients (1993)

The use of intravenous nutritional support has increased dramatically in the last 20 years. Although it is not without controversy, administration of nutritional support is common practice in hospitalized patients including critically ill patients. Malnutrition continues to be reported in a significant number of hospitalized patients. The incidence of malnutrition in critically ill patients may be even higher than that reported in hospitalized patients overall. The consequences of malnutrition in a critically ill patient may be severe. Nutritional assessment and nutritional support can present special challenges to the intensivist. Techniques of nutritional assessment in critically ill patients are evaluated. Guidelines for the determination of the nutritional needs of these patients are outlined. Methods of delivery of nutritional support in critically ill patients are reviewed. Complications of nutritional support are discussed.
Plants as Factories for Human Pharmaceuticals: Applications and Challenges (2015)

Plant molecular farming (PMF), defined as the practice of using plants to produce human therapeutic proteins, has received worldwide interest. PMF has grown and advanced considerably over the past two decades. A number of therapeutic proteins have been produced in plants, some of which have been through pre-clinical or clinical trials and are close to commercialization. Plants have the potential to mass-produce pharmaceutical products with less cost than traditional methods. Tobacco-derived antibodies have been tested and used to combat the Ebola outbreak in Africa. Genetically engineered immunoadhesin (DPP4-Fc) produced in green plants has been shown to be able to bind to MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), preventing the virus from infecting lung cells. Biosafety concerns (such as pollen contamination and immunogenicity of plant-specific glycans) and costly downstream extraction and purification requirements, however, have hampered PMF production from moving from the laboratory to industrial application. In this review, the challenges and opportunities of PMF are discussed. Topics addressed include; transformation and expression systems, plant bioreactors, safety concerns, and various opportunities to produce topical applications and health supplements.
Thermochemical solar hydrogen generation (2005)

Solar direct, indirect and hybrid thermochemical processes are presented for the generation of hydrogen and compared to alternate solar hydrogen processes. A hybrid solar thermal/electrochemical process combines efficient photovoltaics and concentrated excess sub-bandgap heat into highly efficient elevated temperature solar electrolysis of water and generation of H2 fuel utilizing the thermodynamic temperature induced decrease of E(H2O) with increasing temperature. Theory and experiment is presented for this process using semiconductor bandgap restrictions and combining photodriven charge transfer, with excess sub-bandgap insolation to lower the water potential, and their combination into highly efficient solar generation of H2 is attainable. Fundamental water thermodynamics and solar photosensitizer constraints determine solar energy to hydrogen fuel conversion efficiencies in the 50% range over a wide range of insolation, temperature, pressure and photosensitizer bandgap conditions.
Radiation in the Treatment of Cancer (2002)

The art of cancer treatment is finding the right balance between tumor control and injury to normal tissues.
Crowd Counting in Images via DSMCNN (2019)

Counting the crowd from a single image accurately is always a challenging task. In this work, we propose a Dilated Stacked Multi-column Convolutional Neural Network architecture for crowd density estimation in still single images. The model is composed of three columns of convolutional layers with sharing layers. We use smaller kernel and the dilated layer. We stack multifarious pooling layers and optimize the loss function. The DSMCNN model is an end-to-end and easy-trained system. Meanwhile, it shows robust for images with different perspective or crowd density. We demonstrate experiments on the ShanghaiTech dataset and the mall dataset.
On automatic voltage regulator design for synchronous generators (1994)

An investigation for a new generation of practical adaptive automatic voltage regulators for synchronous generators is reported. Root locus methods are used to convincingly demonstrate the nature of the AVR problem. The multivariable structure of an existing additional feedback solution is explored. The design requirements for a polynomial LQG controller are reported as a preliminary framework for an ongoing self-tuning controller development.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The lay assessment of subclinical depression in daily life. (2006)

This study examined how laypersons assess subclinical depression in others on the basis of information about their daily lives. For 2 days, 96 participants were tracked with the Electronically Activated Recorder, a naturalistic observation method that samples ambient sounds from participants' momentary environments. Judges rated participants' levels of depression after listening to the sampled ambient sounds. Participants' depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory. Overall, judges showed little accuracy at determining participants' levels of depressive symptoms from the ambient sounds. Exploratory analyses, however, revealed that judges were more accurate among moderately and severely depressed participants, presumably because the cues judges used to assess depression (e.g., spending time alone, not socializing, not laughing) discriminated successfully only at high levels of subclinical depression.
Sphingosomes a novel approach to vesicular drug delivery (2011)

Vesicular systems have been realized as extremely useful carrier systems in various scientific domains. Sphingosomes is bilayered vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by membrane lipid bilayer mainly composed of natural or synthetic sphingolipid. Sphingosomes solve the major drawback of vesicle system (liposomes, niosomes) like less stability, less in vivo circulation time, low tumor loading efficacy in case of cancer therapy. Sphingosomes are clinically used delivery system for chemotherapeutic agent, biological macromolecule and diagnostics. Due to flexibility in size and composition, different types of sphingosomes have been developed. The outcome of this review is that sphingosomes represents a promising vesicular drug delivery system to delivers therapeutic compounds for a range of possible applications.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (2<i>S</i>)-2-<i>e</i><i>ndo</i>-Hydroxymethyl-5-norbornene by Diels−Alder Reaction Based on a New Fructose-Derived Auxiliary (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTSynthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (2S)-2-endo-Hydroxymethyl-5-norbornene by Diels−Alder Reaction Based on a New Fructose-Derived AuxiliaryRobert Nouguier, Valérie Mignon, and Jean-Louis GrasView Author Information Faculté des Sciences Saint Jérôme, Avenue Normandie Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 4, 1412–1414Publication Date (Web):February 4, 1999Publication History Received7 October 1998Published online4 February 1999Published inissue 1 February 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo982023qhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo982023qbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views359Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Coordination compounds,Ethers,Lewis acids,Organic compounds,Reaction products Get e-Alerts
Adaptive Fuzzy Control (2010)

In this paper, adaptive fuzzy logic control (FLC) will be designed by using a simple reference model. This approach is based on our new methodology design rule base qualitatively and data base quantitatively. If the linear rule base is used, the model of FLC can be obtained. It is actually a nonlinear function with only three scaling gains need to be designed and tuned. The conventional control theory can thus be used. This model reference adaptive fuzzy control (MRAFC) requires less restriction on the reference model, but often achieves a more robust performance than its classical counterpart.
Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Immunoglobulin Promoter Activation in Association with the Transcription Factor Bright (2005)

Bright (B-cell regulator of immunoglobulin heavy chain transcription) binding to immunoglobulin heavy chain loci after B-cell activation is associated with increased heavy chain transcription. Our earlier reports demonstrated that Bright coimmunoprecipitates with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and that these proteins associate in a DNA-binding complex in primary B cells. B cells from immunodeficient mice with a mutation in Btk failed to produce stable Bright DNA-binding complexes. In order to determine if Btk is important for Bright function, a transcription activation assay was established and analyzed using real-time PCR technology. Cells lacking both Bright and Btk were transfected with Bright and/or Btk along with an immunoglobulin heavy chain reporter construct. Immunoglobulin gene transcription was enhanced when Bright and Btk were coexpressed. In contrast, neither Bright nor Btk alone led to activation of heavy chain transcription. Furthermore, Bright function required both Btk kinase activity and sequences within the pleckstrin homology domain of Btk. Bright was not appreciably phosphorylated by Btk; however, a third tyrosine-phosphorylated protein coprecipitated with Bright. Thus, the ability of Bright to enhance immunoglobulin transcription critically requires functional Btk.
Experiences in building decision support systems for traffic and transportation GIS (2001)

This paper describes the design development of a supervisory traffic decision support system with GIS support developed in conjunction with the real-time traffic control implemented in the city of Nottingham in the United Kingdom. The system architecture is based on DIstributed computers Memory Environment (DIME) harness, which provides communication facilities for external modules and programs to exchange real-time traffic data in a fast and reliable manner. Our paper introduces the overall decision support system and reports the results obtained while building the prototype. It also describes the GIS subsystem and the telecommunication subsystem for delivering on-line passenger information to mobile devices (e.g. mobile phone) using variety of approaches such as Short Message Service (SMS), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and TCP/IP over direct wireless connection.
Compensation of distortions caused by periodic nonuniform holding signals (2008)

We investigate the compensation of distortions caused by periodic nonuniform holding signals in digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Such holding signals can introduce additional distortions, which reduce the DAC performance considerably. A discrete-time model of such holding signals is introduced and the design of a time-varying filter to compensate them is elaborated. For two periodic nonuniform holding signals, we exemplify the filter design. The designed filter reduces the in-band distortions significantly, which is verified by simulations and measurements.
11.1 A 512Gb 3b/cell flash memory on 64-word-line-layer BiCS technology (2017)

High floating-gate (FG) to FG coupling and lithography limitations have been preventing 2D-NAND flash from further reduction in die size, (e.g., there is no ISSCC paper discussing a 3b/cell 2D-NAND after 2013). Alternatively, since high-density multi-stacked 3D-flash was first introduced as BiCS flash, recent dramatic innovations in 3D-flash technologies are rapidly boosting bit density by increasing the number of stacked layers. The first 3b/cell 3D-flash used 32 layers in 2015, and reached 48 layers in 2016. Also, density as high as 2.62 and 4.29Gb/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> were achieved, as shown in Fig. 11.1.7. This rapid scaling of 3D-flash technologies is possible since it is free from the lithography limitation mentioned above. This paper describes a 512Gbit 3b/cell flash fabricated with a 64-word-line-layer BiCS technology. In this work, we implemented three technologies: four-block even-odd-combined row decoding to effectively address the increase of stacked layers; unselected string pre-charge operation to improve endurance and reliability, and; shielded BL current sensing to enhance read throughput. Figure 11.1.1 shows the die photo and the summary of key features.
Development of Field-Emission Gun for High-Voltage Electron Microscope (1990)

It is well known that the combination of a field emission gun (FEG) and a conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM) is extremely important for nanometer area analysis in analytical electron microscopy. However, the smaller illumination angle and reduced energy spread of FEG than those of a conventional electron gun (W hair pin filament or LaB 6 ) give a slowly damping envelop function in phase contrast transfer function (PCTF). Thus the FEG ensures application not only to analytical microscopy but also to high resolution electron microscopy to improve the information limit. In a high voltage electron microscope (above 200 kV), high-speed vacuum pumps have to be provided below the acceleration tube to get an ultra high vacuum (UHV) around the field emission tip located at the top of the acceleration tube. However, this method is not always the best way to provide UHV because of the poor vacuum conductance caused by the electrodes inside the acceleration tube.