gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased melatonin synthesis in pineal glands of rats in streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetes (2008)

It is well-documented that melatonin influences insulin secretion. The effects are mediated by specific, high-affinity, pertussis-toxin-sensitive, G protein-coupled membrane receptors (MT(1) as well MT(2)), which are present in both the pancreatic tissue and islets of rats and humans, as well as in rat insulinoma cells (INS1). Via the Gi-protein-adenylatecyclase-3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and, possibly, the guanylatecyclase-cGMP pathways, melatonin decreases insulin secretion, whereas, by activating the Gq-protein-phospholipase C-IP(3) pathway, it has the opposite effect. For further analysis of the interactions between melatonin and insulin, diabetic rats were investigated with respect to melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland and plasma insulin levels. In this context, recent investigations have proven that type 2 diabetic rats and humans display decreased melatonin levels, whereas type 1 diabetic IDDM rats or those with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) of the present study show increased plasma melatonin levels and elevated AA-NAT-mRNA. Furthermore, the mRNA of pineal insulin receptors and beta1-adrenoceptors, including the clock genes Per1 and Bmal1 and the clock-controlled output gene Dbp, increases in both young and middle-aged STZ rats. The results therefore indicate that the decreased insulin levels in STZ-induced type 1 diabetes are associated with higher melatonin plasma levels. In good agreement with earlier investigations, it was shown that the elevated insulin levels observed in type 2 diabetes, are associated with decreased melatonin levels. The results thus prove that a melatonin-insulin antagonism exists. Astonishingly, notwithstanding the drastic metabolic disturbances in STZ-diabetic rats, the diurnal rhythms of the parameters investigated are maintained.
Concepts of the Pivot Shift (1983)

The pivot shift is a symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and lateral and posterolateral capsular deficiency of the knee. Either a subluxation or reduction, or both in rapid succession, plus a simultaneous impingement of the lateral compartment of the knee causes a pivot shift. The knee must twist to sublux the lateral tibial plateau anteriorly and the lateral femoral condyle posteriorly, to cause a misfit of the joint; the knee must be partially flexed to sublux symptomatically; the lateral compartment of the misfitted joint must be compressed simultaneously during a twist into or out of subluxation to cause impingement. When the knee is subluxed while compressing the lateral compartment and then flexed to more than 40 degrees, an intact iliotibial tract will cause reduction. However, an insufficient iliotibial tract will permit continued subluxation through further flexion.
Persistence of Zika Virus in Body Fluids — Final Report (2017)

The prolonged time until ZIKV RNA clearance in serum in this study may have implications for the diagnosis and prevention of ZIKV infection. Current sexual-prevention guidelines recommend that men use condoms or abstain from sex for 6 months after ZIKV exposure; in 95% of the men in this study, ZIKV RNA was cleared from semen after about 3 months. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
Combined outer volume suppression and<i>T</i><sub>2</sub>preparation sequence for coronary angiography (2014)

OVS-T2 Prep is a compact sequence that can accelerate coronary magnetic resonance angiography by suppressing signals from tissues surrounding the heart while simultaneously enhancing the blood-myocardium contrast.
Graphically Displaying Text (1994)

Abstract There are many examples of text data bases, including literary corpora and computer source code, in which statistics are associated with each line. A visualization technique for this class of data represents the text lines as thin colored rows within columns. The position, length, and indentation of each row corresponds to that of the text. The color of each row is determined by a statistic associated with each line. The display looks like a miniature picture of the text with the color showing the spatial distribution of the statistic within the text. Using this technique, SeeSoft™, a dynamic graphics software tool, can easily display 50,000 lines of text simultaneously on a high-resolution monitor.
Maximin Joint Optimization of Transmitting Code and Receiving Filter in Radar and Communications (2016)

In this paper, we conduct the joint design of transmitting sequence(s) and receiving filters subject to the Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR) constraint in radar and communications applications. We consider optimizing the worst-case performance and the resulting optimization problem takes a maximin format. We propose two algorithms based on the MM (Majorization-Minimization or Minorization-Maximization) method as opposed to the traditional epigraph-based smooth reformulation. On top of that, both algorithms are guaranteed to converge to a B(oulingand)-stationary solution, and B-stationarity is the appropriate stationarity condition for problems with a nonconvex constraint set. The proposed algorithms successively solve a series of simple convex problems that enjoy low computational complexity. Numerical simulations have shown that the proposed algorithms empirically achieve slightly higher objective values and converge faster in terms of CPU time than the existing methods.
Consecutive Thermal H <sub>2</sub> and Light-Induced O <sub>2</sub> Evolution from Water Promoted by a Metal Complex (2009)

Discovery of an efficient artificial catalyst for the sunlight-driven splitting of water into dioxygen and dihydrogen is a major goal of renewable energy research. We describe a solution-phase reaction scheme that leads to the stoichiometric liberation of dihydrogen and dioxygen in consecutive thermal- and light-driven steps mediated by mononuclear, well-defined ruthenium complexes. The initial reaction of water at 25 degrees C with a dearomatized ruthenium (II) [Ru(II)] pincer complex yields a monomeric aromatic Ru(II) hydrido-hydroxo complex that, on further reaction with water at 100 degrees C, releases H2 and forms a cis dihydroxo complex. Irradiation of this complex in the 320-to-420-nanometer range liberates oxygen and regenerates the starting hydrido-hydroxo Ru(II) complex, probably by elimination of hydrogen peroxide, which rapidly disproportionates. Isotopic labeling experiments with H2 17O and H2 18O show unequivocally that the process of oxygen-oxygen bond formation is intramolecular, establishing a previously elusive fundamental step toward dioxygen-generating homogeneous catalysis.
Subcube allocation and task migration in hypercube multiprocessors (1990)

Two important issues in managing processors in a hypercube are addressed: subcube allocation and task migration to eliminate the system fragmentation caused by allocation and deallocation of subcubes. It is proven that the subcube allocation strategy using a binary reflected Gray code (BRGC), called the GC strategy, possesses the best subcube recognition ability among all strategies using sequential searches. A binary code (BC) is defined as the binary representation of a nonnegative integer, and an extended binary code (EBC) is obtained by permutating the bits of a BC. Similarly, an extended Gray code (EGC) is obtained from a BRGC. The subcube recognition ability of an allocation strategy using multiple EBCs is analyzed and compared to that using multiple EGCs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Abstract 71: Novel Bach1 Modulators Increase HMOX1 and Suppress Hypertension in the Goldblatt Model of Renovascular Hypertension (2013)

We report for the first time a novel class of compounds that specifically modulate the Bach1 transcriptional repressor pathway. In cellula, the compounds selectively inhibit the activity of the transcriptional repressor Bach1 resulting in transcription of a network of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes including HMOX1. HPP-1971, a member of this class, is a potent and selective Bach1 inhibitor that induces HMOX1 > 40-fold with a potency of 408 nM in human lung fibroblasts. To assess activity in vivo, we tested HPP-1971 in the Goldblatt model of renovascular hypertension. Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with in dwelling pressure telemeter probes and subsequently underwent sham surgery or placement of a 0.25 mm silver clip around the left renal artery. HPP-1971 treatment, dosed orally at 1,3,10 and 30 mpk, commenced three days following clip surgery, and continued for 18 days. At study completion, blood pressure, clipped kidney weight, renal HMOX1 enzyme activity and plasma aldosterone levels were measured (see Table). HPP-1971 attenuated both kidney atrophy and the increase in blood pressure in a dose dependent manner with significant differences seen at 3, 10 and 30 mpk (p<.0001). HMOX1 enzyme activity in the clipped kidney increased with treatment, reaching a maximum of 5.7 ± 0.9 nM/hr/mg at 30 mpk relative to sham operated animals (p<.0001). Plasma aldosterone levels increased in 2K1C animals compared to sham controls but were reduced by HPP-1971 treatment. These findings define a novel role for Bach1 suppressors in counteracting the influence of the RAAS system on hypertension and kidney atrophy in the 2K1C model of renovascular hypertension.
SNRIs: The Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Tolerability in Comparison with Other Classes of Antidepressants (2005)

The class of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) now comprises three medications: venlafaxine, milnacipran, and duloxetine. These drugs block the reuptake of both serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine with differing selectivity. Whereas milnacipran blocks 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake with equal affinity, duloxetine has a 10-fold selectivity for 5-HT and venlafaxine a 30-fold selectivity for 5-HT. All three SNRIs are efficacious in treating a variety of anxiety disorders. There is no evidence for major differences between SNRIs and SSRIs in their efficacy in treating anxiety disorders. In contrast to SSRIs, which are generally ineffective in treating chronic pain, all three SNRIs seem to be helpful in relieving chronic pain associated with and independent of depression. Tolerability of an SNRI at therapeutic doses varies within the class. Although no direct comparative data are available, venlafaxine seems to be the least well-tolerated, combining serotonergic adverse effects (nausea, sexual dysfunction, withdrawal problems) with a dose-dependent cardiovascular phenomenon, principally hypertension. Duloxetine and milnacipran appear better tolerated and essentially devoid of cardiovascular toxicity.
Migration velocity analysis by wave-field extrapolation (1984)

Abstract Velocity information is essential to both common midpoint (CMP) stacking and migration. CMP stacking provides the basis for conventional velocity estimation techniques in that, for a number of trial velocities, the stack response of a CMP gather is computed and displayed in the form of a velocity table. An alternative approach to velocity estimation makes use of the basic ingredients of migration--downward extrapolation and imaging of seismic wave fields. The procedure involves migration of a CMP gather with a number of trial velocities and collection of the zero-offset information, again in the form of a velocity table. Operating on a CMP gather, the migration-based approach produces results similar to those of the conventional method. Analyses of synthetic CMP gathers using both methods show essentially equivalent treatments of seismic signal, and similar dependence of accuracy and resolving power on recording geometry.We have extended the migration-based approach to include more than one CMP gather in each analysis. This extension allows proper treatment of dipping events and yields velocity information that is more appropriate for use in migration. By using the intermediate wave field at each step of downward extrapolation, we need only do a single constant-velocity migration of the unstacked data followed by a simple mapping procedure in order to recover the velocity information.
Identification of a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Small Molecule against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Ebola, Hendra, and Nipah Viruses by Using a Novel High-Throughput Screening Assay (2014)

We developed a novel high-throughput screening assay to identify small molecules that can prevent cathepsin L cleavage of viral glycoproteins derived from SARS-CoV and Ebola, Hendra, and Nipah viruses that are required for their entry into the host cell. We identified a novel broad-spectrum small molecule that could block cathepsin L-mediated cleavage and thus inhibit the entry of pseudotypes bearing the glycoprotein derived from SARS-CoV or Ebola, Hendra, or Nipah virus. The small molecule can be further optimized and developed into a potent broad-spectrum antiviral drug.
Effect of Organic Gas Plasmas on the Adhesion of Matrix Resins to Carbon Fibers (1994)

Abstract IM7 carbon fibers were surface treated in methane, ethylene, trifluoromethane and tetrafluoromethane plasmas. The surface chemical composition of the fibers was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adhesion between as-received and plasma-treated carbon fibers and polyethersulfone (PES) and an epoxy resin was measured by the microbond pull-out test. XPS showed that the methane and ethylene plasmas deposited a thin layer of hydrocarbon on the fiber surface. The trifluoromethane plasma deposited a layer of fluorocarbon on the surface of the fibers. The tetrafluoromethane plasma etched the fibers and introduced a significant amount of fluorine on the surface. The microbond pull-out test results indicated that an etching plasma, such as the tetrafluoromethane plasma, improved the adhesion between carbon fibers and PES. These results are consistent with earlier work performed with ammonia plasma. The adhesion is believed to be due primarily to the differential thermal shrinkage between the fiber and the matrix. It was shown that in the case of a reactive matrix such as an epoxy resin, the fiber chemical composition plays a role in the fiber-matrix adhesion. However, this chemical effect is secondary to the cleaning effect of the surface treatment.
Continuous bioactivity-dependent evolution of an antibiotic biosynthetic pathway (2020)

Antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) produce bioactive metabolites that impart a fitness advantage to their producer, providing a mechanism for natural selection. This selection drives antibiotic evolution and adapts BGCs for expression in different organisms, potentially providing clues to improve heterologous expression of antibiotics. Here, we use phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE) to achieve bioactivity-dependent adaptation of the BGC for the antibiotic bicyclomycin (BCM), facilitating improved production in a heterologous host. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that features of natural bioactivity-dependent evolution can be engineered to access unforeseen routes of improving metabolic pathways and product yields.
RNA conformational requirements of self-cleavage of hepatitis delta virus RNA. (1990)

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA subfragments undergo self-cleavage at varying efficiencies. We have developed a procedure of using repeated cycles of heat denaturation and renaturation of RNA to achieve a high efficiency of cleavage. This effect can also be achieved by gradual denaturation of RNA with heat or formamide. These results suggest that only a subpopulation of the catalytic RNA molecules assumes the active conformation required for self-cleavage. This procedure could be of general use for detecting catalytic RNA activities.
Floating inductance simulation based on currentconveyors (1997)

A basic floating inductance simulation circuit with grounded capacitance using only noninverting second-generation current conveyors as active elements is introduced. The circuit is modified by using current controlled conveyors, yielding electronically tunable inductances. Simulation results are also presented.
Applications of a hybrid manufacturing process for fabrication of metallic structures (2007)

Purpose This paper sets out to summarize the current research, development, and integration of a hybrid process to produce high‐temperature metallic materials. It seeks to present the issues and solutions, including the understanding of the direct laser deposition process, and automated process planning. Design/methodology/approach Research in simulation and modeling, process development, integration, and actual part building for hybrid processing are discussed. Findings Coupling additive and subtractive processes into a single workstation, the integrated process, or hybrid process, can produce metal parts with machining accuracy and surface finish. Therefore, the hybrid process is potentially a very competitive process to fabricate metallic structures. Originality/value Rapid prototyping technology has been of interest to various industries that are looking for a process to produce/build a part directly from a CAD model in a short time. Among them, the direct laser deposition process is one of the few processes which directly manufacture a fully dense metal part without intermediate steps. Presented in this paper is the research, development, and system integration to resolve the challenges of the direct metal deposition process including building overhang structures, producing precision surfaces, and making parts with complex structures.
Preventing spelling disabilities (1993)

This paper synthesizes the results of research from the fields of psycholinguistics and education into the nature of the process of acquisition of spelling skills, and provides insights into some cases of dysorthographia. The spelling problems of some children appear to have resulted from the early adoption of an unusual reading strategy. This strategy, and its attendant spelling disability, may have resulted when these children began the reading process in a state of phonological unreadiness. Specific suggestions for classroom instruction in reading and spelling are derived from the research. These techniques, if adopted, would prevent or alleviate the spelling disability of children who exhibit the symptoms described.
Experimental Designs for Selecting Molecules from Large Chemical Databases (1997)

Recent developments in high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry have generated interest in experimental design methods to select subsets of molecules from large chemical databases. In this manuscript three methods for selecting molecules from large databases are described: edge designs, spread designs, and coverage designs. Two algorithms with linear time complexity that approximate spread and coverage designs are described. These algorithms can be threaded for multiprocessor systems, are compatible with any definition of molecular distance, and may be applied to very large chemical databases. For example, ten thousand molecules were selected using the maximum dissimilarity approximation to a spread design from a sixty-dimensional simulated molecular database of one million molecules in approximately 6 h on a UNIX workstation.
Prosaptide activates the MAPK pathway by a G‐protein‐dependent mechanism essential for enhanced sulfatide synthesis by Schwann cells (1998)

Prosaposin, the precursor of saposins A, B, C, and D, was recently reported to be a neurotrophic factor in vivo and in vitro. The neurotrophic region of prosaposin has been localized to a 12‐amino acid sequence within the saposin C domain and has been used to derive biologically active synthetic peptides (14–22 residues), called prosaptides. Treatment of primary Schwann cells and an immortalized Schwann cell line, iSC, with a 14‐mer prosaptide, TX14(A) (10 nM), enhanced phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated kinases ERK1 (p44 MAPK) and ERK2 (p42 MAPK) within 5 min, which was blocked by 4 h pretreatment with pertussis toxin. Furthermore, incubation of Schwann cells with the nonhydrolyzable GDP analog GDP‐βS inhibited TX14(A)‐inducedERK phosphorylation. TX14(A) enhanced the sulfatide content of primary Schwann cells by 2.5‐fold, which was inhibited by pretreatment with pertussis toxin or the synthetic MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD098059. In addition, TX14(A) increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of all three isoforms of the adapter molecule, Shc, which coincided with the association of p60Src and PI(3)K. Inhibition of PI3(K) by wortmannin blocked TX14(A)‐induced ERK phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that TX14(A) uses a pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein pathway to activate ERKs, which is essential for enhanced sulfatide synthesis in Schwann cells.—Campana, W. M., Hiraiwa, M., O'brien, J. S. Prosaptide activates the MAPK pathway by a G‐protein‐dependent mechanism essential for enhanced sulfatide synthesis by Schwann cells. FASEB J. 12, 307–314 (1998)
Kinetic Studies of Lignin Solvolysis and Reduction by Reductive Catalytic Fractionation Decoupled in Flow-Through Reactors (2018)

Reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is an effective active-stabilization strategy to selectively extract and depolymerize lignin into aromatic monomers. Here, the kinetics of RCF were investigated by using flow-through reactors to decouple the two limiting mechanistic steps, namely lignin solvolysis and reduction. When operating in a solvolysis-limited regime, apparent energy barriers of 63 ± 1 and 64 ± 2 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> were measured for the solvent mediated lignin extraction of poplar using particle diameters of 0.5 < d < 1 mm and 0.075 < d < 0.25 mm, respectively. In contrast, when using mechanically stirred batch reactors, apparent barriers of 32 ± 1 and 39 ± 3 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> were measured for particle diameters of 0.5 < d < 1 mm and 0.075 < d < 0.25 mm, respectively. The difference of activation barriers between flow and batch reactors indicated that lignin extraction under typical RCF conditions in a 100 mL batch reactor stirred at 700 rpm was mass-transfer limited. In the reduction-limited regime, cleavage of the β-O-4 bond in a model compound exhibited an apparent activation barrier of 168 ± 14 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>. This study demonstrates RCF occurs by two limiting processes that can be independently controlled. Furthermore, both controlling which process limits RCF and verifying if transport limitations exist, are critical steps to develop a mechanistic understanding of RCF and to design improved catalysts.