gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel ultrasonic method for measuring breast density and breast cancer risk (2008)

Women with high mammographic breast density are at 4- to 6-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer compared to women with fatty breasts. However, current breast density estimations rely on mammography, which cannot provide accurate volumetric breast representation. Therefore, we explored two techniques of breast density evaluation via ultrasound tomography. A sample of 93 patients was imaged with our clinical prototype; each dataset contained 45-75 tomograms ranging from near the chest wall through the nipple. Whole breast acoustic velocity was determined by creating image stacks and evaluating the sound speed frequency distribution. Ultrasound percent density (USPD) was determined by segmenting high sound speed areas from each tomogram using k-means clustering, integrating over the entire breast, and dividing by total breast area. Both techniques were independently evaluated using two mammographic density measures: (1) qualitative, determined by a radiologist's visual assessment using BI-RADS Categories, and (2) quantitative, via semi-automatic segmentation to calculate mammographic percent density (MPD) for craniocaudal and medio-lateral oblique mammograms. ~140 m/s difference in acoustic velocity was observed between fatty and dense BI-RADS Categories. Increased sound speed was found with increased BI-RADS Category and quantitative MPD. Furthermore, strong positive associations between USPD, BI-RADS Category, and calculated MPD were observed. These results confirm that utilizing sound speed, both for whole-breast evaluation and segmenting locally, can be implemented to evaluate breast density.
Thermochemical Upgrading of Calcium Bentonite for Drilling Fluid Applications (2018)

The rheological properties of bentonite suspensions depend on the chemical composition and the contained dominant element, such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and sodium (Na). Na-bentonite type is the one used in drilling fluids, because it has good dispersion stability, high swelling capacity, and outstanding rheological properties. Ca-bentonite generally has bad rheological performance; however, it can be activated by sodium to be used in drilling fluids, since there are huge unutilized Ca-bentonite resources. Many previous attempts of activation of Ca-bentonite were not feasible, upgrading required addition of many extra additives or sometimes mixed with commercial Na-bentonite to improve its properties. In this paper, a process of integrated beneficiation method is designed to efficiently remove the nonclay impurities and produce pure Ca-bentonite. An upgraded Ca-bentonite was produced using a combined thermochemical treatment in a wet process by adding 4 wt % of soda ash (Na2CO3) while heating and stirring. The new thermal treatment optimized and described in this study greatly improved the sodium activation and ions exchange process and improved bentonite properties. The thermochemically upgraded Ca-bentonite outperformed the rheological properties of the commercial bentonite. And when tested in a typical drilling fluid formulation at high temperature, the investigations showed an identical behavior of the commercial drilling grade bentonite. Moreover, the results obtained showed that the thermochemically upgraded Ca-bentonite has higher yield point/plastic viscosity (YP/PV) ratio than commercial Na-bentonite when mixed with the drilling fluid additives. Higher YP/PV ratio is expected to enhance the hole cleaning and prevent most of the drilling problems.
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing With Integrated Optics (1995)

High-density wavelength-division-multiplexed optoelectronic integrated circuits developed for use as transceivers in fiber-optic communications between computers, according to proposal. One of proposed multiplexer/demultiplexer units provides simultaneous communication on 32 wavelength channels at overall data rate greater than 40 Gb/s, increasing channel capacity, simplifying transmitting and receiving electronics and reducing delay by eliminating serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial bottlenecks.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome—I. Aetiology and mechanisms (1984)

Introduction The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represents a final common pathway of injury due to a large variety of massive, often unrelated, insults to the lung (Table 1). For example, the injury may be a consequence of direct pulmonary damage such as aspiration ofgastric contents or pulmonary contusion or the result of a systemic process such as sepsis or cardiopulmonary bypass. Acute respiratory distress as a consequence of trauma, burms, sepsis and long surgical procedures was described by Moon in 1936. He suggested a direct injury to pulmonary capillary endothelium and plasma extravasation causing pulmonary oedema. More recently, ARDS was described as a distinct clinical entity with many causes (Ashbaugh et al., 1967). cies are present in both syndromes but are a consequence of diffuse lung injury in ARDS, in contrast to a deficiency as a primary aetiology in the infant respiratory distress syndrome. A debate has raged for several years concerning the appropriateness of the present title ARDS. One camp claims that lumping all of the different causes (Table 1) of ARDS together is crucial as the pathophysiology and management is almost always similar regardless of course. Another group passionately argues that we should split ARDS into specific syndromes for each cause. The latter stresses that future insight into mechanisms may lead to specific differences in treatment. We believe that this argument is moot. Lumping helps to identify the remarkable similarities among patients with ARDS while splitting is impor-
The anticyclone: A device for nonimpact particle separation (1996)

It is often desirable to separate particles from a particle-laden fluid stream. This is typically accomplished by passing the stream through a filter, an impactor, or a cyclone. In each of these devices, particles encounter obstacles in the flow path (i.e. filter material, the impaction surface, the cyclone side wall). However, in some applications, it is desirable to prevent particles from impinging on solid surfaces. For example, particle interaction with a solid surface may contaminate the surface, modify the particles via mechanical or chemical processes, or adversely affect the surface via material modification or heat transfer. In such situations, it is still possible to separate particles from the particle-laden flow stream by transferring them to another adjacent flow stream. This transfer of particles from one flow stream to another is termed nonimpact particle separation. One type of device that separates particles from a flow stream by nonimpact particle separation is the anticyclone. In contradistinction to a cyclone, the particle-laden flow is deflected from its original direction by a wall that curves away from the original flow direction, rather than into it. The computational fluid dynamics code FIDAP (Fluid Dynamics International) is used to perform two-dimensional fluid-flow and particle-motion calculations for a representative device geometry. These calculations indicate that the anticyclone geometry examined accomplishes nonimpact particle separation, as expected. Flow patterns and overall particle-separation characteristics are found to be fairly insensitive to Reynolds number for values above 100 regardless of whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. An approximate analytical relation describing anticyclone nonimpact particle separation is developed and validated by comparison to the numerical simulations. The additional information required to design useful devices employing nonimpact particle separation is outlined.
Characteristics of small breast and/or ovarian cancer families with germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (1999)

For families with a small number of cases of breast and/or ovarian cancer, limited data are available to predict the likelihood of genetic predisposition due to mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. In 104 families with three or more affected individuals (average 3.8) seeking counselling at family cancer clinics, mutation analysis was performed in the open reading frame of BRCA1 and BRCA2 by the protein truncation test and mutation-specific assays. In 31 of the 104 families tested, mutations were detected (30%). The majority of these mutations (25) occurred in BRCA1. Mutations were detected in 15 out of 25 families (60%) with both breast and ovarian cancer and in 16 out of 79 families (20%) with exclusively cases of breast cancer. Thus, an ovarian cancer case strongly predicted finding a mutation (P < 0.001). Within the group of small breast-cancer-only families, a bilateral breast cancer case or a unilateral breast cancer case diagnosed before age 40 independently predicted finding a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation (P = 0.005 and P = 0.02, respectively). Therefore, even small breast/ovarian cancer families with at least one case of ovarian cancer, bilateral breast cancer, or a case of breast cancer diagnosed before age 40, should be referred for mutation screening.
Preclinical Testing of an Oncolytic Parvovirus: Standard Protoparvovirus H-1PV Efficiently Induces Osteosarcoma Cell Lysis In Vitro (2017)

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant disease of the bone. On the basis of early clinical experience in the 1960s with H-1 protoparvovirus (H-1PV) in osteosarcoma patients, this effective oncolytic virus was selected for systematic preclinical testing on various osteosarcoma cell cultures. A panel of five human osteosarcoma cell lines (CAL 72, H-OS, MG-63, SaOS-2, U-2OS) was tested. Virus oncoselectivity was confirmed by infecting non-malignant human neonatal fibroblasts and osteoblasts used as culture models of non-transformed mesenchymal cells. H-1PV was found to enter osteosarcoma cells and to induce viral DNA replication, transcription of viral genes, and translation to viral proteins. After H-1PV infection, release of infectious viral particles from osteosarcoma cells into the supernatant indicated successful viral assembly and egress. Crystal violet staining revealed progressive cytomorphological changes in all osteosarcoma cell lines. Infection of osteosarcoma cell lines with the standard H-1PV caused an arrest of the cell cycle in the G2 phase, and these lines had a limited capacity for standard H-1PV virus replication. The cytotoxicity of wild-type H-1PV virus towards osteosarcoma cells was compared in vitro with that of two variants, Del H-1PV and DM H-1PV, previously described as fitness variants displaying higher infectivity and spreading in human transformed cell lines of different origins. Surprisingly, wild-type H-1PV displayed the strongest cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in this analysis and thus seems the most promising for the next preclinical validation steps in vivo.
Characterization of pH Variation in Lysed Blood by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (1998)

Near-infrared spectra (1300–2500 nm) collected from lysed blood solutions were shown to correlate with the pH of the solutions measured potentiometrically. Cross-validated partial least-squares (PLS) models were developed from these spectral data, which provided standard error of prediction (SEP) values below 0.05 pH units for a pH range of 1.0 (6.8–7.8). Experiments were designed to eliminate possible correlation between pH and other components in the blood in order to ensure that variations in the spectral data correlated to pH were due to hydrogen ion changes only. Further work was performed to discern the primary source of pH information in the lysed blood spectra by using spectra collected from plasma and histidine solutions. The blood, plasma, and histidine data sets were compared with the use of loading vectors from principal component analysis (PCA). These loading vectors show that variations in the spectra of the titrated amino acid histidine mimic those seen in lysed blood, but not those seen in plasma. These results suggest that histidine residues of hemoglobin are providing the spectral variation necessary for pH modeling in the lysed blood solutions. It is further shown that the observed pH-sensitive histidine bands do not arise from the exchangeable proton on the imidazole ring of histidine; rather they arise from the variation in the C–H bonds of the C2 and/or the C4 carbons of the imidazole ring as they are influenced by the titration of the nitrogen-bound proton of the imidazole ring.
Adaptive Hybrid Domain Routing (AHDR) (2010)

This document describes the Adaptive Hybrid Domain Routing (AHDR)
protocol. It describes the parts of the protocol that are required of
all implementations as well as optional requirements that each
implementation may include. AHDR allows router nodes to form far-
reaching ad-hoc networks, especially in wireless environments. AHDR
uses a combination of proactive and reactive routing schemes to be
responsive to topology changes without incurring high protocol
overhead. AHDR adapts to network conditions in order to minimize
network overhead and maximize network reachability.
Multireflection Planar Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzer. I: An Analyzer for a Parallel Tandem Spectrometer (2005)

To increase the speed and selectivity of tandem mass-spectrometric analysis, a tandem of two time-of-flight analyzers that operate in a radically new “nested time” mode is proposed. Such an approach makes it possible to perform parallel analysis of the fragment spectra for all parent ions within a single separation cycle using the first (“slow”) analyzer. The method suggested can be implemented with a new “slow” time-of-flight analyzer, which combines lateral confinement of a low-energy ion beam in periodic lenses and multiple reflection of the ions from planar gridless mirrors. Also, the new approach opens the way to considerably extending the effective length of the ion trajectory, while retaining the possibility of operating in the entire mass range and providing high-order time-of-flight ion focusing in energy. As follows from the analytical data and the experimental data obtained on a prototype of the analyzer, the instrument offers a high transmission (no less than 6 mm×1.5° in either direction transverse to the beam), good resolving power (more than 5000), and wide (six orders of magnitude) dynamic range.
SCAR Marker for Gender Identification in Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.) at the Seedling Stage (2018)

Date palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.) is cultivated in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Given the dioecious nature of this plant, gender identification is very important at the seedling stage. Molecular markers are very effective tools that help in gender identification at this stage. A sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker linked to sex-specific regions in the genome of date palm was developed. Of the 300 tested randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers, only one primer (OPC-06) produced reproducible band (294 bp) in male plants. The PCR product of this primer was cloned and sequenced. The specific primers were synthesized for amplification of a 186 bp fragment in male date palm plants. These primers were validated in male and female date palm plants, wherein the designed SCAR marker was reported only in male plants and no amplification was observed in female plants. The developed SCAR marker was used with seedlings of date palm and proved very effective in identification of gender.
Simultaneous Measurement of Free Thyroxine and Free 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine in Undiluted Serum by Direct Equilibrium Dialysis/Radioimmunoassay: Evidence that Free Triiodothyronine and Free Thyroxine are Normal in Many Patients with the Low Triiodothyronine Syndrome (1998)

(1) A practical, sensitive, and specific assay for simultaneous measurement of FT4 and FT3 is described; (2) FT3 is consistently elevated in hyperthyroidism while FT4 is elevated in most (approximately 85%) cases; (3) FT4 is consistently decreased in hypothyroidism but FT3 varies widely; (4). Serum FT3 concentration is normal in approximately 83% of patients with the low T3 syndrome in NTI and newborn cord blood serum. These data suggest that normal FT3 may explain clinical euthyroidism in many patients with the low T3 syndrome.
Unobtrusive vibration sensing using optical strobing: Performance analysis (2017)

Vibration analysis is a key troubleshooting methodology for assessing the working condition and health of machines, and the ability to sense vibrations from a distance is an added advantage. In this regard, we have demonstrated a low-cost, unobtrusive, autonomous vibration sensing system using optical strobing [1, 2]. While functionalizing this system was an important milestone, its deployment feasibility in real world conditions was subject to numerous factors that include: sensing distance, illuminance conditions, marker size for the purpose of visual sensing, and duty cycle of the strobing unit. In this paper, we study these operational challenges and analyze the performance of this system under those constraints. Based on these empirical studies, we recommend that the system should be operated at a distance of not more than 1 m from the vibration scene, and at a strobing duty-cycle rate that does not exceed 1%.
Privacy Preserving Social Tie Discovery Based on Cloaked Human Trajectories (2015)

Discovering social connections of people has become a flourishing research topic considering the rich social information inferable from human trajectories. Existing social tie detection methods often require exact locations of users, which cause serious privacy concerns. Although cloaking is a common technique for location anonymization, it has rarely been applied in social tie detection due to the potential loss of significant location information. In this paper, we propose a semantic tree model for social tie detection, which supports different levels of privacy preserving and allows better understanding of location content of the cloaking regions. We propose a novel algorithm that can infer the social ties between users using only their cloaked trajectories without exposing their exact locations. We model the obscured regions generated by the cloaking algorithms in a semantic region tree and infer the similarity between two users based on their temporal and spatial relations in the tree. We evaluate our proposed approach using real trajectory dataset and show that our algorithm can identify social ties successfully with 15% higher accuracy compared with existing approach.
Conditional motion vector refinement for improved prediction (2012)

Adapting the resolution of motion compensated prediction in a video codec is considered in this paper. A new motion search and signaling scheme for increasing the accuracy of prediction without affecting the complexity of encoding is proposed. It involves using common information available to both encoder and decoder, e.g. current slice type, texture in reference pictures, etc as a cue to control motion vector accuracy and an efficient reuse of motion information for predicting subsequent blocks. An average bit rate reduction of around 2.5% for P-pictures and 0.5% for B-pictures is observed with no extra search compared to a fixed quarter-sample resolution.
Face Tracking Using Robust Statistical Estimation (1998)

This paper presents a statistics-based method for estimating the position and size of a face in complex background. Face position and size are estimated based on robust statistical measurements which are derived from two one-dimensional histograms obtained by projecting the result of skin color filtering. The proposed algorithm also utilizes a linear Kalman filter and a simple nonlinear filter to perform smooth tracking and remove jitter. The algorithm has been implemented and tested under a wide range of real-world conditions. It has consistently provided performance which satisfies the following requirements: 1) able to automatically determine the initial position and size of a face and track it in complex background; 2) insensitive to partial occlusions and shadows; 3) insensitive to face orientation and scale changes; 4) insensitive to lighting condition changes; and 5) computationally simple enough to be executed in realtime.
An on-die all-digital delay measurement circuit with 250fs accuracy (2012)

This paper demonstrates an in-situ delay measurement circuit which precisely characterizes key clocking circuits such as full phase rotation interpolators. This on-die all-digital circuit produces a digital output value proportional to the relative delay between two clocks, normalized to the clock period. This circuit requires no calibration for variation or process, voltage, temperature (PVT) and measures the delay with 250fs absolute accuracy and repeatability of 10fs-rms.
Remote activation of ICs for piracy prevention and digital right management (2007)

We introduce a remote activation scheme that aims to protect integrated circuits (IC) intellectual property (IP) against piracy. Remote activation enables designers to lock each working IC and to then remotely enable it. The new method exploits inherent unclonable variability in modern manufacturing for unique identification (ID) and integrated the IDs into the circuit functionality. The objectives are realized by replication of a few states of the finite state machine (FSM) and adding control to the state transitions. On each chip, the added control signals are a function of the unique IDs and are thus unclonable. On standard benchmark circuits, the experimental results show that the novel activation method is stable, unclonable, attack-resilient, while having a low overhead and a unique key for each IC.
A new self-aligned top-gate polysilicon TFT architecture for low temperature processing (2002)

Summary form only given. Laser crystallized polysilicon thin film transistors (TFTs) have been found attractive for active matrix addressing with integrated drivers on low temperature glass substrates and more recently on plastic substrates. The TFT process typically uses a top gate self-aligned architecture with a laser crystallization channel anneal and a thermal doping activation anneal. For very low temperature processing, two laser anneal steps are required (Carey et al, 1997). In this work, we have developed a new self-aligned TFT architecture that requires only a single laser process step to achieve simultaneous crystallization and doping. It also has the advantage of allowing an efficient hydrogen passivation step early in the process.
A maximum likelihood method for driver-specific critical-gap estimation (2017)

In this work, we introduce a maximum likelihood (ML) method to estimate the smallest accepted gap of a specific driver, the so-called critical gap. Previous methods, like Troutbeck's or Raff's method, are well known and widely used but require a consistently behaving driver, which is usually not met. The methods will be investigated for the personalization of an intersection assistant, which we are currently developing. We start with the hypothesis that the size that constitutes an acceptable gap is driver-dependent. To test this hypothesis, we have performed a simulator study with 9 participants. The results reveal that there is a significant inter-individual difference in the critical gap between the drivers, as postulated. Next we investigate how well we can predict which gap the driver will take when we use the previously estimated personalized critical gap versus a driver independent one. Using the personalized gap compared to a driver independent one reduces the error from 11.8 % to 9 8 %. These results are a clear indication that personalization can be utilized to increase the effectiveness and usability of an intersection assistant.