gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two Microsatellite Markers That Flank the Major Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Locus (1997)

The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method for controlling soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines Ichinoe; SCN) on soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. However, resistance to SCN is oligogenic, making inheritance patterns complex and breeding difficult. One major partial‐resistance locus for SCN resistance is located on molecular linkage group (MLG) ‘G’. This locus'controls more than 50% of variation associated with response to SCN and resistant alleles are present in many important sources of SCN resistance, including PI 209332, PI 88788, P1 90763, PI 437654, and ‘Peking’. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) linked the major SCN resistance alleles on MLG G have proven effective in tracking the alleles and predicting SCN response. These RFLPs are much more efficient in terms of time and labor than greenhouse assays for SCN. Nevertheless, more efficient DNA markers are needed to screen the many lines required for marker‐assisted selection. Polymerase chain reaction‐based markers, such as microsateilites (simple sequence repeats), have been sought because they are faster, less expensive, more polymorphic, and require less labor than RFLPs. In this study, we report two microsatellites, BARC‐Satt038 and BARCSatt130, that flank the major SCN resistance locus on MLG G. These microsatellites efficiently identify the chromosome fragment carrying the resistance allele and are also good predictors of SCN phenotype response.
Molecular characterization of a granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor receptor α subunit-associated protein, GRAP (2000)

The granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSF-R) is a heterodimer composed of 2 subunits,  and β, and ligand binding to the high-affinity receptor leads to signalling for the multiple actions of GM-CSF on target cells. In order to explore the role of the  subunit in signalling, we used a yeast-2-hybrid system to identify proteins interacting with the intracellular domain of the GMR-. A cDNA encoding a predicted protein of 198 amino acids, designated GRAP (GM-CSFreceptor  subunit-associatedprotein), was isolated in experiments using the intracellular portion of GMR- as bait. The interaction between GRAP and GMR- was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in mammalian cells. GRAP mRNA is widely expressed in normal human and mouse tissues and in neoplastic human cell lines, but it is not restricted to cells or tissues that express GM-CSF receptors. Three discrete GRAP mRNA species were detected in human tissues and cells, with estimated sizes of 3.3, 3.1, and 1.3 kb. GRAP is highly conserved throughout evolution, and homologues are found in yeast. The GRAP locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was disrupted, and mutant yeast cells showed an inappropriate stress response under normal culture conditions, manifested by early accumulation of glycogen during the logarithmic growth phase. GRAP is, therefore, a highly conserved and widely expressed protein that binds to the intracellular domain of GMR-, and it appears to play an important role in cellular metabolism.
Dual conformations of an immunoglobulin light-chain dimer: heterogeneity of antigen specificity and idiotope profile may result from multiple variable-domain interaction mechanisms. (1988)

The structure of an immunoglobulin antigen-binding fragment (Fab) has been thought to be invariantly defined by well-conserved amino acid residues in the variable domains of the heavy and light chains. These conserved residues enable folding of the polypeptide segments into the characteristic immunoglobulin fold domains and are the major controllers of interactions between domains. However, crystallographic studies of some immunoglobulin light-chain dimers have suggested and the crystallographic structure of the Fab in an Fab-neuraminidase complex may have proven that antibodies are not restricted to a single, invariant relative positioning of the two variable domains. We propose that in some cases the detailed quaternary structural relationships between the variable domains of heavy and light chains are not restricted to those of the canonical Fab. It is unclear whether alterations of these relationships occur only after complex formation with antigen or, if in ligand-free solution, Fab conformers might coexist in relative concentrations determined by isomerization rates. In the latter case, antibody-presenting lymphocytes may be polyspecific, and the specificity of lymphocytes might be modulated by anti-idiotopic antibodies complexed to cell surface receptors. In either case, the idiotopic repertoire displayed by an antibody or lymphocyte surface receptor might be changed by the presence or absence of antigen.
Characterization of Signal Deformations for GPS and WAAS Satellites (2010)

Signal deformations are caused by imperfections or faults in the signal generating hardware onboard the satellites. Left uncorrected, these can lead to range errors. Thus they need to be measured and understood so their effects on user position accuracy and integrity can be better quantified. Past attempts have been made to characterize these distortions. This involved the collection and analysis of real data from twenty-four then-current, nominally healthy GPS satellites. An update for the previous results is presented in this paper. This paper sets out to answer the following questions: 1. What is the current signal deformation behavior of the entire set of GPS and WAAS satellite signals? 2. Have there been any degradation/changes in the characteristic parameters of the older GPS satellite signals (Block IIA, Block IIR) due to the passage of time? 3. What is the signal deformation behavior of the satellites which had not been launched at the time of the previous study - subsequent Block IIR, Block IIR-M, Block IIF? How do they compare with that of previous satellites? 4. Are our current definitions of signal deformation still meaningful and applicable to the new satellite signals, in particular the new Block IIF-L5 in-phase and quadrature signals? To obtain the raw data necessary to obtain signal deformation measurements, high-resolution raw baseband satellite signals were collected for the entire set of GPS and WAAS satellite signals (both L1 and, where applicable, L5 frequencies). This was done over a continuous 24-hour period, something which had not been done previously in open literature. The data was collected using SRI's 46 meter dish antenna, and involved 6 people in planning and operations. Multiple C/A code epoch averaging for noise reduction is an essential step in the processing of raw data. An alternative simple and computationally efficient method is presented. This method carries out averaging and interpolation in the code-phase domain while performing tracking, automatically compensating for Doppler frequency. Sampling frequency changes for each satellite and computationally expensive re-sampling are avoided, thus allowing rapid data collection and processing. The results obtained from processing the raw data are presented. These are obtained using the new method together with other signal processing steps. The results serve as a convenient reference standard which can serve as a basis of comparison for new satellite signals.
Stereopopulation control. IV. Facilitation of intramolecular conjugate addition of the hydroxyl group (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereopopulation control. IV. Facilitation of intramolecular conjugate addition of the hydroxyl groupRonald T. Borchardt and Louis A. CohenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 25, 8308–8313Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00806a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00806a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views152Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tetracycline administration prevents diabetes-induced osteopenia in the rat: initial observations. (1990)

A tetracycline (doxycycline) was administered daily by oral intubation to adult diabetic rats to assess the effect on skeletal tissue; the rationale--osteopenia is a complication of diabetes and tetracyclines (TCs) were recently found to inhibit pathologic collagen loss (e.g. in diabetic rat skin) by a mechanism independent of their antimicrobial efficacy. Osteopenia was induced by streptozotocin-diabetes as indicated by physical (e.g. specific gravity), chemical (e.g. calcium (Ca) content) and ultrastructural characteristics of the femurs, and TC administration (including treatment with a chemically-modified non-antimicrobial analog) appeared to prevent the development of the bone deficiency disease without affecting the severity of hyperglycemia.
Water Fastness of Ink Jet Prints on Modified Conventional Coatings (2004)

In order to produce color ink jet prints with good fastness properties, the use of special, coated papers is generally essential. The use of modified conventional coating pigments has been suggested as a means to obtain a matte ink jet coating that would combine the good properties of silica-based ink jet coatings and conventional printing papers. This study examined the water fastness of ink jet prints using experimental coated papers containing modified PCC and kaolin pigments, and model inks with known compositions. The properties of the coatings were altered by using different ratios of coating pigments, and types of binder and dispersant. The water fastness of the prints was analyzed using conventional methods for measuring paper properties and print quality, combined with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis methods. The results indicated that within the studied sample sets, primarily the chemical paper–ink interactions contributed to water fastness on cationic PVA-poly-DADMAC coatings, whereas on weakly cationic styrene-acrylate latex-starch coatings, structural paper properties were relevant as well. In general, increased impermeability of the coating appeared to be advantageous. With regard to the chemical paper–ink interactions, ionic bonding between the dye and the coating proved to be beneficial for water fastness, provided that the interacting coating component was insoluble to water.
Phytoplankton Development Within Tidal Freshwater Regions of Two Virginia Rivers (2005)

Phytoplankton composition and the range of seasonal patterns of abundance are presented for the tidal freshwater regions in two Virginia rivers based on data accumulated monthly from 1986 through 1999. Diatoms dominated the flora during spring, summer, and fall, whereas, other taxonomic categories were more representative when the river flow rates decreased, allowing for a more stable water system and increased residency time within this tidal region during summer and early fall. This summer/fall period was associated with increased water temperatures, higher productivity rates and chlorophyll levels, increased total phytoplankton abundance and species diversity. The major components of the summer flora were autotrophic picoplankton, chlorophytes, and cyanobacteria. Mean, maximum, and minimum monthly abundance figures are given for the different phytoplankton categories, and total phytoplankton biomass and abundance, over this 13-year period. Although one station showed considerable influx of oligohaline water into its tidal freshwater region during sampling, no significant relationships were associated with phytoplankton biomass or productivity to these changing salinities.
Isoflavones in Animals: Metabolism and Effects in Livestock and Occurrence in Feed (2021)

Soybeans are a common ingredient of animal feed. They contain isoflavones, which are known to act as phytoestrogens in animals. Isoflavones were described to have beneficial effects on farm animals. However, there are also reports of negative outcomes after the consumption of isoflavones. This review summarizes the current knowledge of metabolization of isoflavones (including the influence of the microbiome, phase I and phase II metabolism), as well as the distribution of isoflavones and their metabolites in tissues. Furthermore, published studies on effects of isoflavones in livestock species (pigs, poultry, ruminants, fish) are reviewed. Moreover, published studies on occurrence of isoflavones in feed materials and co-occurrence with zearalenone are presented and are supplemented with our own survey data.
<p>Determinants of healthcare utilization and costs in COPD patients: first longitudinal results from the German COPD cohort COSYCONET</p> (2019)

Background: In light of overall increasing healthcare expenditures, it is mandatory to study determinants of future costs in chronic diseases. This study reports the first longitudinal results on healthcare utilization and associated costs from the German chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cohort COSYCONET. Material and methods: Based on self-reported data of 1904 patients with COPD who attended the baseline and 18-month follow-up visits, direct costs were calculated for the 12 months preceding both examinations. Direct costs at follow-up were regressed on baseline disease severity and other co-variables to identify determinants of future costs. Change score models were developed to identify predictors of cost increases over 18 months. As possible predictors, models included GOLD grade, age, sex, education, smoking status, body mass index, comorbidity, years since COPD diagnosis, presence of symptoms, and exacerbation history. Results: Inflation-adjusted mean annual direct costs increased by 5% (n.s., €6,739 to €7,091) between the two visits. Annual future costs were significantly higher in baseline GOLD grades 2, 3, and 4 (factors 1.24, 95%-confidence interval [1.07–1.43], 1.27 [1.09–1.48], 1.57 [1.27–1.93]). A history of moderate or severe exacerbations within 12 months, a comorbidity count >3, and the presence of dyspnea and underweight were significant predictors of cost increase (estimates ranging between + €887 and + €3,679, all p <0.05). Conclusions: Higher GOLD grade, comorbidity burden, dyspnea and moderate or severe exacerbations were determinants of elevated future costs and cost increases in COPD. In addition we identified underweight as independent risk factor for an increase in direct healthcare costs over time. Keywords: direct costs, population-based, healthcare expenditures, outpatient costs, inpatient costs, change score
Barrier Effect of TaSiN Layer for Oxygen Diffusion (1996)

The barrier effect for oxygen diffusion is studied in TaSiN layers. The TaSiN is deposited by reactive sputtering employing Ta and Si targets. The composition of the layer ranges from to by varying the Ta target power from 100 to 400 watts (W) A resistivity of 210 μΩ cm is obtained for the layer. The surface oxidation and in‐diffusion of oxygen to a depth of 15 nm into the layer are observed by annealing in at 650° C. However, the oxygen diffusion is suppressed in the layer. No out‐diffusion of oxygen occurs from the dielectric layer to the amorphous barrier layer. This result shows that a low Si concentration layer for instance, is a promising barrier layer for oxygen diffusion and is useful for charge storage capacitors for MOS memory devices.
Survey and Classification of Automotive Security Attacks (2019)

Due to current development trends in the automotive industry towards stronger connected and autonomous driving, the attack surface of vehicles is growing which increases the risk of security attacks. This has been confirmed by several research projects in which vehicles were attacked in order to trigger various functions. In some cases these functions were critical to operational safety. To make automotive systems more secure, concepts must be developed that take existing attacks into account. Several taxonomies were proposed to analyze and classify security attacks. However, in this paper we show that the existing taxonomies were not designed for application in the automotive development process and therefore do not provide enough degree of detail for supporting development phases such as threat analysis or security testing. In order to be able to use the information that security attacks can provide for the development of security concepts and for testing automotive systems, we propose a comprehensive taxonomy with degrees of detail which addresses these tasks. In particular, our proposed taxonomy is designed in such a wa, that each step in the vehicle development process can leverage it.
GPU acceleration of time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging (2016)

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) plays a significant role in biological sciences, chemistry, and medical research. We propose a graphic processing unit (GPU) based FLIM analysis tool suitable for high-speed, flexible time-domain FLIM applications. With a large number of parallel processors, GPUs can significantly speed up lifetime calculations compared to CPU-OpenMP (parallel computing with multiple CPU cores) based analysis. We demonstrate how to implement and optimize FLIM algorithms on GPUs for both iterative and noniterative FLIM analysis algorithms. The implemented algorithms have been tested on both synthesized and experimental FLIM data. The results show that at the same precision, the GPU analysis can be up to 24-fold faster than its CPU-OpenMP counterpart. This means that even for high-precision but time-consuming iterative FLIM algorithms, GPUs enable fast or even real-time analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure D‐ and L‐(Heteroaryl)alanines by Asymmetric Hydrogenation of (Z)‐α‐Amino‐α,β‐didehydro Esters. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Some Simple Economics of Open Source (2002)

There has been a recent surge of interest in open source software development, which involves developers at many different locations and organizations sharing code to develop and refine programs. To an economist, the behavior of individual programmers and commercial companies engaged in open source projects is initially startling. This paper makes a preliminary exploration of the economics of open source software. We highlight the extent to which labor economics, especially the literature on ‘career concerns’, and industrial organization theory can explain many of these projects’ features. We conclude by listing interesting research questions related to open source software.
Learning specialized activation functions with the Piecewise Linear Unit (2021)

The choice of activation functions is crucial for modern deep neural networks. Popular hand-designed activation functions like Rectified Linear Unit(ReLU) and its variants show promising performance in various tasks and models. Swish, the automatically discovered activation function, has been proposed and outperforms ReLU on many challenging datasets. However, it has two main drawbacks. First, the tree-based search space is highly discrete and restricted, which is difficult for searching. Second, the sample-based searching method is inefficient, making it infeasible to find specialized activation functions for each dataset or neural architecture. To tackle these drawbacks, we propose a new activation function called Piecewise Linear Unit(PWLU), which incorporates a carefully designed formulation and learning method. It can learn specialized activation functions and achieves SOTA performance on large-scale datasets like ImageNet and COCO. For example, on ImageNet classification dataset, PWLU improves 0.9%/0.53%/1.0%/1.7%/1.0% top-1 accuracy over Swish for ResNet-18/ResNet-50/MobileNet-V2/MobileNetV3/EfficientNet-B0. PWLU is also easy to implement and efficient at inference, which can be widely applied in real-world applications.
First Encounter: How Pathogens Compromise Epithelial Transport (2004)

Pathogenic organisms trigger numerous signaling pathways that ultimately lead to drastic changes in physiological functions. Apart from altering structure and function of the epithelial tight junction barrier and activating inflammatory cascades, they induce changes in fluid and electrolyte transport. Pathogens do so by activating or by inhibiting ion channels and transporters, and the result might be to their benefit or to their disadvantage.
Highly reflecting aluminum-protected optical coatings for the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral range (2006)

We discuss the approaches to preserve the high-reflectance aluminum mirror for the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral region. Single fluoride and oxide layers, a homogeneous multilayer, and hybrid multilayer solutions are put forward. Single fluoride and oxide materials have achieved reflectance above 90% at 193 nm. Multilayer capping can provide reflectance of 93.4% at 193 nm, and a hybrid multilayer of fluoride and oxide can achieve reflectance above 90% to 160 nm.
RETENTION OF D‐LIMONENE DURING FREEZE DRYING OF ORANGE JUICE (1974)

Retention of d‐limonene during freeze drying of citrus juices from several sources was investigated as a multi‐phase problem. Reconstituted to 25 and 10° Brix, commercial frozen concentrates show high retention (between 90 and lOO%), whereas fresh‐squeezed juice shows a relatively low retention (about 30%), comparable to that found previously for synthetic emulsions. Retention data for pasteurized fresh juice after substantial agitation and for never‐concentrated, commercial pasteurized juices show an intermediate value (between 60 and 70%). Presence and stability of cloud are shown to correlate closely with improved d‐limonene retention in commercial frozen concentrates. On this basis, a simple model is developed which predicts the retention level for this type of juice in the asymptotic region. The results for the other types of juice studied are interpreted with the aid of microscopic determinations of oil droplet size and the model derived for synthetic emulsions.
An inter satellite link handover management scheme based on link remaining time (2016)

In this paper, an inter satellite link handover management scheme based on link remaining time (HM-LRT) is proposed. Since the satellites move in a regular pattern, the remaining time of inter satellite links going down can be predicted. Based on link remaining time and other information, our link handover management scheme changes the data transmission routes to prevent data packets from going into links that are going to be handed off, so as to reduce the data loss and guarantee the QoS of the satellite communication network. Experiments show that the routing algorithm with HM-LRT outperforms the original routing algorithm.