gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monitoring thermal stresses and incipient buckling of continuous-welded rails: results from the UCSD/BNSF/FRA large-scale laboratory test track (2011)

Most modern railways use Continuous Welded Rail (CWR). A major problem is the almost total absence of expansion joints that can create buckling in hot weather and breakage in cold weather due to the rail thermal stresses. In June 2008 the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), under the sponsorship of a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research and Development (R&D) grant, began work to develop a technique for in-situ measurement of stress and detection of incipient buckling in CWR. The method under investigation is based on ultrasonic guided waves, and the ultimate goal is to develop a prototype that can be used in motion. A large-scale full rail track (70 feet in length) has been constructed at UCSD's Powell Structural Laboratories, the largest laboratories in the country for structural testing, to validate the CWR stress measurement and buckling detection technique under rail heating conditions well controlled in the laboratory. This paper will report on the results obtained from this unique large-scale test track to date. These results will pave the road for the future development of the rail stress measurement & buckling detection prototype.
Molecular breast imaging (2009)

Molecular breast imaging (MBI) is a new nuclear medicine technique that utilizes small semiconductor-based gamma-cameras in a mammographic configuration to provide high-resolution functional images of the breast. Current studies with MBI have used Tc-99m sestamibi, which is an approved agent for breast imaging. The procedure is relatively simple to perform. Imaging can be performed within 5 min postinjection, with the breast lightly compressed between the two detectors. Images of each breast are acquired in the craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections facilitating comparison with mammography. Key studies have confirmed that MBI has a high sensitivity for the detection of small breast lesions. In patients with suspected breast cancer, MBI has an overall sensitivity of 90%, with a sensitivity of 82% for lesions less than 10 mm in size. Sensitivity was lowest for tumors less than 5 mm in size. Tumor detection does not appear to be dependent on tumor type, but rather on tumor size. Studies using MBI and breast-specific gamma-imaging have shown that these methods have comparable sensitivity to breast MRI. A large clinical trial compared MBI with screening mammography in over 1000 women with mammographically dense breast tissue and increased risk of breast cancer and showed that MBI detected two-to three-times more cancers than mammography. In addition, MBI appears to have slightly better specificity than mammography in this trial. MBI provides high-resolution functional images of the breast and its potential applications range from evaluation of the extent of disease to a role as an adjunct screening technique in certain high-risk populations. MBI is highly complementary to existing anatomical techniques, such as mammography, tomosynthesis and ultrasound.
Feasibility study of logic circuits with a spin wave bus (2007)

We present a feasibility study of logic circuits utilizing spin waves for information transmission and processing. As an alternative approach to the transistor-based architecture, logic circuits with a spin wave bus do not use charge as an information carrier. In this work we describe the general concept of logic circuits with a spin wave bus and illustrate its performance by numerical simulations based on available experimental data. Theoretical estimates and results of numerical simulations on signal attenuation, signal phase velocity, and the minimum spin wave energy required per bit in the spin bus are obtained. The transport parameters are compared with ones for conventional electronic transmission lines. The spin wave bus is not intended to substitute traditional metal interconnects since it has higher signal attenuation and lower signal propagation speed. The potential value of a spin wave bus is, however, an interface between electronic circuits and integrated spintronics circuits. The logic circuits with a spin wave bus allow us to provide wireless read-in and read-out.
A Robust, One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Mechanical and Recoverable Double Network Hydrogels Using Thermoreversible Sol‐Gel Polysaccharide (2013)

A new type of physically linked double-network hydrogel is synthesized by a simple, time-saving, facile, easily controlled, one-pot method. The resulting agar/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogels exhibit good mechanical properties, excellent recoverability, and a unique free-shapeable property, which makes them very promising hydrogels for load-bearing soft tissues.
P89-M Protein Complex Analysis by Chemical Cross-Linking and High-Mass MALDI Mass Spectrometry. (2007)

The development of new methodology for the direct analysis of protein-protein interactions is of high interest, as protein complexes are involved in all cellular processes. If mass spectrometry is routinely used for protein analysis, it is still challenging to use this analytical tool for the analysis of protein-protein interactions. Most of the succesful studies in this field have been done using electrospray ionization, requiring time-consuming optimizations both on sample preparation and instrumental settings. MALDI mass spectrometry is a faster method for the analysis of proteins but is rarely used for the direct analysis of protein-protein interactions. The principal reason is the high tendency of non-covalent interactions to dissociate during the ionization step. Another issue is the detection of the intact complexes as single-charge pseudomolecular ions. Here, we present the analysis of intact protein complexes by MALDI mass spectrometry using the combination of chemical cross-linking and high-mass MALDI mass spectrometry. To circumvent the dissociation problem, a specific chemical cross-linking reaction is performed prior to the MS analysis, maintaining the integrity of the intact complex. To allow the detection of the complex, a new high-mass detection system is used, allowing sensitive analysis (nM range) in the 10–1200 kDa range. Different applications will be presented: Immunochemistry: Direct analysis of immuno-complexes between prion/antiprion; HAtag/antiHA; GSTtag/antiGST; BSA/AntiBSA in the 150–400 kDa range; analysis of epitope by competition assays, sandwich assays. Protein pathways: Direct analysis of complex stoichiometry for the complexes: AMPk, CDC42-SopE, thymidine K, ATP synthase, ferritin complex. Supershifting: The supershifting application consists in determining the presence of a subunit in a complex by MALDI high-mass mass spectrometry using monoclonal antibodies. An example of a supershifting experiment will be presented with the complexes formed by the fusion proteins GST-SopE and GST-CDC42 using a monoclonal antibody anti-GST.
InGaAsN/GaAsSb/GaAs(P) Type-II &#x2018;W&#x2019; quantum well lasers (2006)

InGaAsN/GaAsSb ‘W’ type-II strain compensated quantum well lasers on GaAs substrates are grown by MOCVD. Preliminary lasers with 3-stage active regions exhibit emission that is blue-shifted from the PL, due to charge separation and higher-energy transitions.
CT Colonography Computer-Aided Polyp Detection using Topographical Height Map (2007)

CT colonography (CTC) is an emerging noninvasive technique for screening and diagnosing colon cancers. Computer aided detection (CAD) techniques can increase sensitivity and reduce false positives. We propose to employ topographical height maps in our CAD pipeline. For every detection, a height map is computed using a ray-casting algorithm. Since colonic polyps are protrusions outward from the colon wall and are round in contour, their height maps present concentric patterns. The projection direction is optimized through a multi-scale spherical search. We derive several topographic features from the map, and also compute texture features from the Haar wavelet coefficients. We send the selected features to a committee of support vector machines for classification. We have tested our method on 1186 patients with 226 polyps. Results showed that the height map features can reduce false positives by about 50%.
Towards developing HIV-2 lentivirus-based retroviral vectors for gene therapy: Dual gene expression in the context of HIV-2 LTR and Tat (1998)

Because of the distinct ability of retroviruses to integrate into the target cell genome and thus achieve long-term expression, retrovirus vectors hold great promise for stable gene transfer. Such vectors derived from human immunodeficiency retroviruses (HIVs) and other lentiviruses are envisioned to possess several advantages, especially for in vivo gene therapy of HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) where targeting CD4+ T cells/macrophages and pluripotent non-dividing stem cells would be required. Among these is the ability of HIVs to transduce nondividing cells in contrast to the murine retroviruses which require target cell mitosis. The advantages of the lentivirus vectors will be further enhanced by the development of multigenic vectors carrying more than one gene in a dependent or independent transcriptional unit. Separate from the issue of transduction efficiency, information is needed about the impact of the configuration of the genes in a multigenic vector on their expression. Towards this end, we investigated the expression of genes specifically directed by the HIV-2 LTR and Tat in a prototypic minimal transfer vector. We found that the expression of a gene in a dual gene configuration depended upon its position in the transcriptional unit and that the insertion of an internal translational initiation mechanism improved the expression of the downstream gene. Apparently not sufficiently appreciated previously, these effects were promoter and cell-type dependent. Our data also suggest that the commonly used cellular or viral promoters may be orders of magnitude less effective than HIV-2 LTR in the presence of Tat, and thus may not be useful as internal promoters in the context of the HIV-2 LTR:Tat regulatory loop.
Dual Beam Actuation of Piezoelectric AlN RF MEMS Switches Integrated with AlN Contour- mode Resonators (2008)

This work reports on piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride (AlN) based dual-beam RF MEMS switches that have been monolithically integrated with AlN contour-mode resonators. The dual-beam switch design presented in this paper intrinsically compensates for the residual stress in the deposited films, requires low actuation voltage (5-20 V), facilitates active pull-off to open the switch and fast switching times (1 to 2 µsec). This work also presents the combined response (cascaded S-parameters) of a resonator and a switch that were co-fabricated on the same substrate. The response shows that the resonator can be effectively turned on and off by the switch. A post-CMOS compatible process was used for fabrication of both the switches and the resonators. The single-chip RF solution presented herein constitutes an unprecedented step forward towards the realization of compact, low loss and integrated multi-frequency RF front-ends.
Influence of Dual-Layer Structuralization of Polarizer on Optical Characteristics of Compensation Film Based on Inclined Optical Indicatrix for Twisted-Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays (2003)

As a polarizer is structuralized from a triple to dual layer eliminating one of the triacetylcelloce (TAC) films on one side of the liquid crystal (LC) panel, the influence on the optical characteristics of the compensation film based on the inclined optical indicatrix for the TACless structure has been investigated. It was confirmed that the compensation film for the TACless structure called the "TACless compensation film" has as the optical characteristics of an inclined optical indicatrix which has uniaxial negative birefringence to twisted-nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCDs). Moreover, we found out that the angle of inclination (θ) of the TACless compensation film decreased from 21.4° to 15.5° and that the retardation value (Rin) of the TACless compensation film increased from 103 nm to 133 nm. Therefore, in the same way as for the old compensation film, we determined that the optical parameters of the TACless compensation film are also designed as the optical characteristics of the inclined optical indicatrix, which has uniaxial negative birefringence.
Low-bandwidth stereoscopic image encoding and transmission (2003)

Encoding 3D information using depth maps is quickly becoming the dominant technique for rendering high quality stereoscopic images. This paper describes how depth maps can be highly compressed and transmitted alongside 2D images with minimal additional bandwidth. The authors have previously described a rapid 2D to 3D conversion system for generating depth maps. This system, which relies on Machine Learning algorithms, effectively encodes the relationships between a 2D source image and the associated depths of objects within the image. These relationships, which are expressed in terms of the colour and position of objects, may be exploited to provide an effective compression mechanism. This paper describes the practical implementation of this technology in an integrated 2D to 3D conversion system. We demonstrate the advantages of the encoding scheme relative to other industry standard compression techniques, examining issues relating to bandwidth, decoding performance and the effect of compression artifacts on stereoscopic image quality.
Adaptive processing to correct for organ motion artifacts in X-ray CT medical imaging systems (2002)

X-ray CT scanners provide images of transverse cross sections of the human body from a large number of projections. During the data acquisition process, which usually takes about one second, motion such as respiration, cardiac motion and patient restlessness produce artifacts that appear as blurring in the reconstructed images and may lead to inaccurate diagnosis. This paper proposes a motion correction method that makes no assumptions about the properties of the motion. The approach uses a spatial overlap correlator (SOC) scheme to track organ motion in computed tomography (CT) imaging systems. An adaptive interference cancellation (AIC) algorithm is then used to correct for organ-motion artifacts. Synthetic data tests demonstrate the validity of this approach.
Frequency selective surface beamsplitter for sub-mm wave polarimetric space science instruments (2009)

In this paper we report on the design, fabrication and measurement of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) which generates virtually identical spectral responses in 3% wide channels when the filter is operated in the TE and TM polarisation at 45° incidence. The structure is formed from two closely spaced freestanding arrays with unit cells containing nested short circuited rectangular loop and dipole slot elements. The FSS provides 30 dB isolation between the frequency bands 316.5 – 325.5 GHz and 349.5 – 358.5 GHz and 0.6 dB insertion loss. Simulated and measured transmission coefficients are in close agreement.
New class of radioenzymatic assay for the quantification of p-tyramine and phenylethylamine (1986)

Radioenzymatic assays are widely used for the quantification of a number of biogenic amines. All previous procedures have utilized methyltransferases derived from mammalian tissues. In this assay for the quantification of the trace aralkylamines, p-tyramine (p-tym) and phenylethylamine (PEA), an enzyme, tyramine N-methyltransferase isolated from sprouted barley roots was used. The enzyme was specific for phenylethylamines. Of 26 structurally-related compounds, only p-tym, PEA, m-tym and amphetamine were substrates in vitro. Theoretic maximal methylation of substrates occurred at 10-20/sup 0/C. When TLC was used to separate the radiolabeled reaction products, a specific method was developed for p-tym and PEA. The assay had a sensitivity of 0.8 and 2.8 pg/tube with a C.V. < 5% and was applicable to human plasma and urine. Assay throughput is similar to that of other TLC based radioenzymatic assays.
Performance analysis of a distributed resource allocation scheme for D2D communications (2011)

Device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying a cellular infrastructure has recently been proposed as a means of increasing the cellular capacity, improving the user throughput and extending the battery lifetime of user equipments by facilitating the reuse of spectrum resources between D2D and cellular links. In network assisted D2D communications, when two devices are in the proximity of each other, the network can not only help the devices to set the appropriate transmit power and schedule time and frequency resources but also to determine whether communication should take place via the direct D2D link (D2D mode) or via the cellular base station (cellular mode). In this paper we formulate the joint mode selection, scheduling and power control task as an optimization problem that we first solve assuming the availability of a central entity. We also propose a distributed suboptimal joint mode selection and resource allocation scheme that we benchmark with respect to the centralized optimal solution. We find that the distributed scheme performs close to the optimal scheme both in terms of resource efficiency and user fairness.
Japan Tsunami Current Flows Observed by HF Radars on Two Continents (2011)

Quantitative real-time observations of a tsunami have been limited to deep-water, pressure-sensor observations of changes in the sea surface elevation and observations of sea level fluctuations at the coast, which are essentially point measurements. Constrained by these data, models have been used for predictions and warning of the arrival of a tsunami, but to date no detailed verification of flow patterns nor area measurements have been possible. Here we present unique HF-radar area observations of the tsunami signal seen in current velocities as the wave train approaches the coast. Networks of coastal HF-radars are now routinely observing surface currents in many countries and we report clear results from five HF radar sites spanning a distance of 8,200 km on two continents following the magnitude 9.0 earthquake off Sendai, Japan, on 11 March 2011. We confirm the tsunami signal with three different methodologies and compare the currents observed with coastal sea level fluctuations at tide gauges. The distance offshore at which the tsunami can be detected, and hence the warning time provided, depends on the bathymetry: the wider the shallow continental shelf, the greater this time. Data from these and other radars around the Pacific rim can be used to further develop radar as an important tool to aid in tsunami observation and warning as well as post-processing comparisons between observation and model predictions.
Systemic Delivery of Polypeptides with Molecular Weights of Between 300 and 3500 Through the Eyes (1988)

Systemic absorption of polypeptides through eyes has been demonstrated in this study to provide an effective route of peptide administration as an alternate to parenteral administration. TRH at 0.0025% reached a plateau of blood concentration at 0.05 ng/ml in 60 min. and stayed high for at least 4 hrs, thereafter. In contrast, a therapeutic dose of TRH (15 micrograms/70 kg i.v.) could maintain a blood concentration of 0.07 ng/ml. At 1%, TRH reached a plateau of 26 ng/ml in 2 hrs. and persisted in the plateau for 10 hrs. thereafter. At 5%, TRH peaked at 138 ng/ml in 60 min. and then fell gradually to a steady state of 60 ng/ml in 9 hrs from the peak. Addition of peptidase inhibitors (Leu-Leu, 4 mM; Bestatin, 60 microM; and DL-Thiorphan 0.6 microM) did not affect the uptake of TRH into systemic circulation. LHRH showed entirely different kinetic of systemic absorption through eyes. The blood concentration never reached peak or plateau during 12 hrs. of experimental period. The blood concentration of LHRH increased steadily during experiments. With 0.0025%, 1% and 5% of LHRH, they reached final highest blood concentrations of 0.13 ng/ml, 45 ng/ml and 95 ng/ml, respectively. The therapeutic dose of LHRH (15 micrograms/70 kg i.v.) could maintain a blood concentration at 0.25-0.3 ng/ml which was slightly higher than that reached with 0.0025% of LHRH instilled into the eye. Addition of peptidase inhibitor (Leu-Leu, 5 mM) enhanced the absorption of LHRH into systemic circulation slightly but significantly. Glucagon behaved similarly as TRH except that the blood concentration remained high without falling at 5% dose level. These results suggest that topical instillation of peptide drugs into eyes is a workable method for administration of these peptide drugs.
Discovery, Characterization and SAR of Gambogic Acid as a Potent Apoptosis Inducer by a HTS Assay. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Exosomal Prostaglandin E2 Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Enhancing IL-10+ B Cells (2020)

The results of recent studies have shown that granulocytic-myeloid derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) can secrete exosomes that transport various biologically active molecules with regulatory effects on immune cells. However, their roles in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis remain to be further elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the influence of exosomes from G-MDSCs on the humoral immune response in murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). G-MDSCs exosomes-treated mice showed lower arthritis index values and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment with G-MDSCs exosomes promoted splenic B cells to secrete IL-10 both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. In addition, a decrease in the proportion of plasma cells and follicular helper T cells was observed in drainage lymph nodes from G-MDSCs exosomes-treated mice. Moreover, lower serum levels of IgG were detected in G-MDSCs exosomes-treated mice, indicating an alteration of the humoral environment. Mechanistic studies showed that exosomal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by G-MDSCs upregulated the phosphorylation levels of GSK-3β and CREB, which play a key role in the production of IL-10<sup>+</sup> B cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that G-MDSC exosomal PGE2 attenuates CIA in mice by promoting the generation of IL-10<sup>+</sup> Breg cells.
A Resistorless Low-Power Voltage Reference (2016)

A novel low-power temperature-stable voltage reference without resistors is presented in this brief, which is compatible with standard CMOS technology. In order to reduce the temperature nonlinearity in the proposed voltage reference, threshold voltage and a proportional-to-absolute-temperature voltage form the basic linear-temperature components, which are achieved by resistorless threshold voltage extractor and asymmetric differential difference amplifier. Moreover, a self-biased current source with feedback is used to provide stable bias currents for the whole voltage reference, which can improve the power-supply noise attenuation (PSNA) with reduced current mirror errors. Verification results of the proposed voltage reference implemented with 0.18-μm CMOS technology demonstrate that the temperature coefficient of 14.1 ppm/°C with a temperature range of -20°C to 80 °C is obtained at 1.35-V power supply, and a PSNA of 75.7 dB is achieved without any filtering capacitor while dissipating a maximum supply current of 880 nA. The active area is 115 μm × 130 μm.