gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Refractive indices of polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal film materials: Epoxy-based systems (1987)

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films are potentially useful in applications requiring electrically controllable light transmission. In these applications, both a high on-state transmittance and a strong off-state attenuation are often needed over a wide operating temperature range. These transmittance characteristics depend strongly on the refractive indices of the materials in the PDLC films. We have measured the temperature dependent refractive indices of typical PDLC film materials and the temperature dependent electro-optic transmittance of a PDLC film composed of liquid crystal microdroplets dispersed in an epoxy matrix. We show that our refractive index measurements can account for all the features in the measured transmittance characteristics and discuss several methods for controlling refractive indices to optimize electro-optic transmittance over an extended temperature range. We have also measured the room temperature refractive indices of mixtures of epoxy resins and hardeners as a function of composition. We discuss the problems associated with predicting the refractive indices of such mixtures in terms of either the volume fractions or mole fractions of the mixture components. These considerations are important in matching refractive indices of droplets and matrix materials to maximize on-state transmittance. The refractive indices of epoxy matrix materials increase monotonically with time during their chemical cure. The measured time dependence can be described by a simple model in which the concentrations of the reacting resin and hardener each decay exponentially in time with their own characteristic time constants while the concentration of the cured polymer increases. Finally, we relate the measured rates of index change with temperature to the coefficients of volume expansion of PDLC film materials; the results are used to discuss the mechanical stability of PDLC films.
Rapid Identification of <i>Candida glabrata</i> with a New Commercial Test, GLABRATA RTT (2003)

The GLABRATA RTT test (Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois Perret, France) is based on the ability of Candida glabrata to hydrolyze trehalose but not maltose. It requires an inoculum of only four to six colonies, and the results are available within 20 min. We tested GLABRATA RTT with 330 stock isolates grown in subcultures on four different primary fungal isolation media and obtained a sensitivity of 94 to 98% (depending on the medium used) and a specificity of 97.3 to 98.6%. The false-positive results corresponded to C. tropicalis, C. famata, and C. lusitaniae. GLABRATA RTT thus offers rapid and reliable identification of C. glabrata.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine. A prospective study among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (1984)

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a protozoal infection that, in the setting of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is often lethal and unresponsive to conventional therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine. In the present study, we have prospectively assessed the use of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, in the treatment of P carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS who were intolerant or unresponsive to conventional drugs. Improvement by both clinical and objective criteria was observed in six patients who completed six to eight weeks of DFMO therapy. Expansion of these early trials of DFMO is warranted.
Modelling the neuropathology of lysosomal storage disorders through disease-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (2019)

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD), caused by iduronate 2-sulphatase (IDS) enzyme dysfunction. The neuropathology of the disease is not well understood, although the neural symptoms are currently incurable. MPS II-patient derived iPSC lines were established and differentiated to neuronal lineage. The disease phenotype was confirmed by IDS enzyme and glycosaminoglycan assay. MPS II neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) showed significantly decreased self-renewal capacity, while their cortical neuronal differentiation potential was not affected. Major structural alterations in the ER and Golgi complex, accumulation of storage vacuoles, and increased apoptosis were observed both at protein expression and ultrastructural level in the MPS II neuronal cells, which was more pronounced in GFAP + astrocytes, with increased LAMP2 expression but unchanged in their RAB7 compartment. Based on these finding we hypothesize that lysosomal membrane protein (LMP) carrier vesicles have an initiating role in the formation of storage vacuoles leading to impaired lysosomal function. In conclusion, a novel human MPS II disease model was established for the first time which recapitulates the in vitro neuropathology of the disorder, providing novel information on the disease mechanism which allows better understanding of further lysosomal storage disorders and facilitates drug testing and gene therapy approaches.
Topic-Based Embeddings for Learning from Large Knowledge Graphs (2016)

We present a scalable probabilistic framework for learning from multi-relational data, given in form of entity-relation-entity triplets, with a potentially massive number of entities and relations (e.g., in multirelational networks, knowledge bases, etc.). We dene each triplet via a relation-specic bilinear function of the embeddings of entities associated with it (these embeddings correspond to \topics). To handle massive number of relations and the data sparsity problem (very few observations per relation), we also extend this model to allow sharing of parameters across relations, which leads to a substantial reduction in the number of parameters to be learned. In addition to yielding excellent predictive performance (e.g., for knowledge base completion tasks), the interpretability of our topic-based embedding framework enables easy qualitative analyses. Computational cost of our models scales in the number of positive triplets, which makes it easy to scale to massive realworld multi-relational data sets, which are usually extremely sparse. We develop simpleto-implement batch as well as online Gibbs sampling algorithms and demonstrate the effectiveness of our models on tasks such as multi-relational link-prediction, and learning from large knowledge bases.
Successful Treatment of Three Cases of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis With Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis (2012)

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare form of psoriasis characterized by the presence of variable numbers of sterile pustules appearing in erythematous and scaly lesions, which are associated with moderate to severe constitutional symptoms. It can be life-threatening especially in the elderly; therefore, medical care must be performed in rapid succession of treatment especially in refractory cases. We have performed granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GCAP) on three GPP cases associated with several systemic and laboratory findings. As a result, the edema, erythema and numbers of sterile pustules on the skin lesions were reduced dramatically in all three patients after the first sessions of GCAP therapy. The sizes of the psoriatic lesions were reduced in all three patients following a weekly GCAP treatment for 5 consecutive weeks. Psoriasis area and severity index on discharge had improved in all three patients. No serious adverse effects were observed for up to at least 8 months after treatment. We therefore considered GCAP as one effective alternative to currently existing therapies, especially for recalcitrant cases of GPP.
Primary structure of rat RT6.2, a nonglycosylated phosphatidylinositol-linked surface marker of postthymic T cells. (1990)

RT6 is an unusual cell membrane protein that is expressed exclusively by postthymic T cells. The inherent defect in its expression has been correlated to lymphopenia and genetically determined susceptibility for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the rat. We report here the primary structure of the RT6.2 alloantigen as deduced from the cDNA sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of RT6.2 begins with a conventional leader of 20 amino acids and ends in a hydrophobic C-terminal extension peptide of 29 amino acids as is common for phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Native RT6.2 is predicted to comprise 226 amino acids, with a calculated Mr of 26,036. Four cysteine residues account for two intrachain disulfide bonds. The sequence lacks potential N-glycosylation sites and contains an excess of positively charged residues. Homology searches in protein sequence data banks suggest that RT6.2 is not encoded by a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family. Moreover, these analyses did not reveal any close homologies of RT6.2 to known proteins: the highest homology found was 21.2% identity in a 52-amino acid overlap to the torpedo acetylcholinesterase precursor. Southern blot analyses indicate that RT6.2 is the product of a single-copy gene and provide evidence for closely related genes in the mouse and other species. The corresponding gene products remain to be identified.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF ALPHA‐BRANCHED KETONES FROM DIHYDRO‐1,3‐OXAZINES VIA THE KETENIMINE INTERMEDIATE, ALPHA‐SUBSTITUTED KETONES FROM A STABLE KETENIMINE (1973)

Abstract Bei der Behandlung des Dihydro‐1,3‐oxazins (I) mit Butyllithium und Methyljodid entsteht das Ketenimin (IIa) als Zwischenstufe.
Adolescent Residential Mobility and Premature Life-Course Transitions: The Role of Peer Networks (2005)

Adolescence has traditionally been considered a time of substantial turmoil in the life course, as youth struggle with establishing self-images, finding appropriate and supportive peer groups, and begin their psychological, emotional, and, in some cases, physical separation from their parents. Among the many factors that have been thought to exacerbate adolescent adjustment during this often-difficult period are residential mobility and the school changes that frequently accompany these geographic relocations. Numerous recent studies have found statistically significant and substantively important effects of residential mobility and school changes on problematic adolescent behaviors. Although the observed strength of the association varies across studies and outcomes, recent investigations have reported significant effects of residential mobility and/or school changes on poor academic performance (Ingersoll, Scamman, & Eckerling, 1989; Kerbow, 1996; Pribesh & Downey, 1999), school dropout and low educational attainment (Astone & McLanahan, 1994; Entwisle, Alexander, & Olson, 1997; Hagan, MacMillan, & Wheaton, 1996; Haveman, Wolfe, & Spaulding, 1991; McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994; Rumberger, 1995; Swanson & Schneider, 1999; Teachman, Paasch, & Carver, 1996), drug and alcohol abuse (Hoffman & Johnson, 1998), risky sexual activity, including early sexual initiation and numerous sex partners (Baumer & South, 2001; Stack, 1994), premarital childbearing (South & Baumer, 2000; Sucoff & Upchurch, 1998), and other behavioral problems (Tucker, Marx, & Long, 1998; Wood, Halfon, Scarlata, Newacheck, & Nessim, 1993).
Formic acid, a biomass-derived source of energy and hydrogen for biomass upgrading (2019)

Formic acid is a main product from biomass-derived carbohydrates and is attracting ever more attention as a hydrogen source for a sustainable chemical production.
Angiotensin type 1 receptor autoantibody from preeclamptic patients induces human fetoplacental vasoconstriction (2012)

Increased vascular resistance in the fetoplacental circulation is a characteristic of preeclampsia. However, the potential molecular mechanisms of this condition remain obscure. The current study aimed to determine the direct effect of the peptide antigen corresponding to the second extracellular loop of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R-EC(II) ) activating autoantibody (AT1-AA), a novel risk factor in preeclamptic patients, on fetoplacental villus stem blood vessels. Immunohistochemistry revealed that AT1 receptors were localized in the veins and arteries of human placental villi. Among 58 serum samples from preeclamptic patients, 28 (48.28%) were proved AT1-AA-positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [P<0.01 vs. 2/51 (3.92%) in the normal pregnancy group]. Total IgGs purified from AT1-AA-positive patients' sera (AT1-AA-IgGs) were added to isolated normal human placental blood vessels. The IgG significantly constricted both the villus veins and arteries in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, which could be blocked by the peptide corresponding to the human AT1R-EC(II) , anti-human IgG or the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. Additionally, the venous constriction induced by AT1-AA-IgGs remained unchanged even at the end of the experiment (about half an hour), but the vasoconstriction caused by the AT1 receptor agonist angiotensin II underwent desensitization within three minutes. Collectively, our results demonstrated that AT1-AA in preeclamptic sera can directly constrict fetoplacental villus blood vessels without desensitization via the AT1 receptor in vitro, which might contribute to poor fetoplacental perfusion in preeclampsia.
Protein Homeostasis as a Therapeutic Target for Diseases of Protein Conformation (2013)

Protein misfolding and aggregation are widely implicated in an increasing number of human diseases providing for new therapeutic opportunities targeting protein homeostasis (proteostasis). The cellular response to proteotoxicity is highly regulated by stress signaling pathways, molecular chaperones, transport and clearance machineries that function as a proteostasis network (PN) to protect the stability and functional properties of the proteome. Consequently, the PN is essential at the cellular and organismal level for development and lifespan. However, when challenged during aging, stress, and disease, the folding and clearance machineries can become compromised leading to both gain-of-function and loss-of-function proteinopathies. Here, we assess the role of small molecules that activate the heat shock response, the unfolded protein response, and clearance mechanisms to increase PN capacity and protect cellular proteostasis against proteotoxicity. We propose that this strategy to enhance cell stress pathways and chaperone activity establishes a cytoprotective state against misfolding and/or aggregation and represents a promising therapeutic avenue to prevent the cellular damage associated with the variety of protein conformational diseases.
Trichomonad invasion of the mucous layer requires adhesins, mucinases, and motility (1999)

These results show that trichomonads can traverse the mucous barrier first by binding mucin followed by its proteolytic degradation. The data further underscore the importance of trichomonad proteinases in the pathogenesis of trichomonosis. Finally, this study suggests that interference with trichomonad mucin receptors and proteinases may be a strategy to prevent colonisation by this parasite.
Dissemination and implementation: the wider picture (1996)

The current trend towards the adoption of evidence or knowledge- based practice in nursing provides the opportunity to reassess what has historically been referred to as the 'theory-practice gap'. I believe that the current way in which research findings are disseminated is the most important contributing factor to this gap. This paper will examine some of the issues and, where available, the evidence related to the dissemination of research findings in nursing. This paper addresses three components of dissemination.
A 64Mpixel CMOS Image Sensor with 0.56μm Unit Pixels Separated by Front Deep-Trench Isolation (2022)

CMOS image sensors (CISs) with deep-submicron pixels are now in high demand, as high-end mobile devices are equipped with multiple camera modules that are used for ultra-high-resolution imaging [1], [2]. The biggest challenges with small pixels are to maintain dynamic range (DR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and sensitivity compatible with a sensor with larger pixels. A back-illuminated stacked sensor with front deep-trench isolation (FDTI) and shallow-trench isolation (STI) for inter-pixel and inter-node isolation respectively appears promising for continuous pixel-size reduction in terms of maximizing DR with large full-well capacity (FWC) while minimizing optical/electrical crosstalk [3]–[5]. However, dark current may increase by strong electric fields (e-field) near defective FDTI interfaces if more doping is applied to a small photodiode (PD) to increase FWC. In addition, the FDTI/STI structure limits the area of in-pixel transistor amplifiers, and it may deteriorate dark temporal noise (TN) as pixel pitch becomes smaller. Furthermore, optical crosstalk between different color filters (CFs) is more problematic as pixel size enters the sub-wavelength scale. In this work, a back-illuminated 64Mpixel CIS with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$0.56\mu\mathrm{m}$</tex> -pitched pixels is reported. We present pixel designs and fabrication processes that achieve competitive FWC, dark current, TN, and optical performances with small pixels.
Reconstitution of surfactant activity using purified human apoprotein and phospholipids measured in vitro and in vivo. (1986)

The major apoprotein of human lung surfactant was isolated from amniotic fluid obtained at term gestation. It was found to be a disulfide-linked oligomer composed of polypeptide chains of 35,000 daltons. The monomeric unit was shown to be a glycoprotein, and treatment with peptide: N-glycosidase F resulted in a decrease in molecular weight to 31,000 daltons. The isolated apoprotein could be recombined in the presence of Ca++ with the phospholipids dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol (3:1) at a weight ratio of 1:100. The surface tension (gamma min) measured on a pulsating bubble formed in 4 mg/ml of phospholipids was reduced from 32.3 +/- 2.0 dyn X cm-1 to 18.0 +/- 0.6 dyn X cm-1 after 15 s when 1% apoprotein was present. Reduction of disulfide bonds and deglycosylation of the apoprotein did not alter its ability to lower gamma min. Fetal rabbits of 27 days gestation had instilled intratracheally at delivery, saline, phospholipids, phospholipids plus apoprotein, or natural human surfactant. The latter 2 resulted in increased lung compliance and striking improvement in homogeneous alveolar expansion when the lungs were expanded to 10 cm H2O pressure, fixed, and viewed histologically. This effect was also shown to be independent of the disulfide-dependent oligomeric structure of the apoprotein or its state of glycosylation. The surfactant produced by recombination of the phospholipids with the isolated apoprotein was, therefore, shown to be biophysically active both in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that apoprotein can be recombined with phospholipids to produce a biologically active surfactant for use in clinical trials of human surfactant replacement.
The National Quantum Initiative Will Also Benefit Classical Computers [Rebooting Computing] (2018)

The U.S. National Quantum Initiative places quantum computer scaling in the same category as Moore's law. While the technical basis of semiconductor scale up is well known, the equivalent principle for quantum computers is still being developed. Let's explore these new ideas.
An economically viable solution to geofencing for mass-market applications (2011)

Geofencing services deliver location-relevant information to mobile subscribers, who enter a geographic “fence” or boundary around the information's demarcation area. With Geographic Positioning System (GPS) capabilities on many phones, such services facilitate a variety of mass-market applications ranging from mobile proximity marketing to proximity-based dating. Applications delivering such services operate on top of a geofencing engine that manages location tracking of subscribers and returns triggers when fence-crossing events occur. We discuss the critical aspects of geofencing and the challenges faced when deploying such services to the mass market. We present an economically viable geofencing solution that scales to large populations and supports a high number of fences per subscriber. Through distributed processing supported by an appropriate client-server protocol, this solution optimizes the air interface usage and mobile battery power. The technical viability of our solution is supported by actual traffic data from mobile proximity marketing and a social networking service.
Optimization, Application, and Interpretation of Lactate Dehydrogenase Measurements in Microwell Determination of Cell Number and Toxicity (2005)

The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was addressed for its sensitivity, disturbances by foaming, and cell number and size. Cells were from a U-251 MG grade IV human glioblastoma brain tumor cell line used in 100-microl well volumes. Cells were counted by microscopy and Coulter counting; assays were LDH or trypan blue. The results indicate increased 490 nm signals (level, variance) by using phenol red or by increasing fetal bovine serum from 5% to 10%. The data also indicate that defoaming results in reduced variances ranging from a factor of 2 at 1-3 units of absorption, up to a factor of 4-5 at <1 units of absorption. Coulter counting indicated a decrease in cell volume with increasing end-point cell density, attributed to general shrinking at increasing density. In comparisons, total LDH was considered relative to both cell total volume and cell numbers. The result suggests that total LDH should be regarded as reflecting cell total volume rather than cell numbers. In a comparative Cu exposure test, signals of both LDH and a sodium salt of 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) decreased with increasing Cu supply, while bromodeoxyuridine signals remained largely unaffected. The data show the differences in responses in cell viability and proliferation, but, above all, indicate that LDH should be expressed on a per cell volume basis rather than per cell, to avoid the problem that mere density effects contribute to signals on compound or metal toxicity.
Fast and Robust Single-Phase <inline-formula><tex-math>$DQ$</tex-math></inline-formula> Current Controller for Smart Inverter Applications (2015)

This paper presents a fast and robust DQ current controller to regulate the output power of single-phase grid-connected inverters. The proposed method generates the grid current orthogonal component without introducing any additional dynamics or distortions to the control loop. Moreover, its operation does not depend on the system parameters. The proposed method exhibits improved steady-state and dynamic performances in comparison with the inverters equipped with the conventional orthogonal signal generation techniques. Its improved characteristics make the proposed controller suitable for smart inverter applications, to provide advanced grid functionalities as demanded by recently revised standards. Simulation and experimental results show the feasibility and performance of this control structure.
Nonlocal interferometry using macroscopic coherent states and weak nonlinearities (2013)

A method for performing nonlocal interferometry using phase-entangled macroscopic coherent states is described. The required entanglement can be generated using weak nonlinearities while Bell's inequality can be violated using single photons as a probe. The entanglement is relatively robust against photon loss and Bell's inequality can be violated over a relatively large distance in optical fibers despite the fact that a large number of photons are absorbed in the process.