gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Faithful interpolation in reciprocal tables (2002)

Describes a table compression method employing finite-precision linear interpolation in reciprocal tables. The interpolation method employs a compressed look-up table and a small-sized multiplier to yield an output reciprocal as a simple direct operation. The leading bits of the arbitrarily precise input are used to index the table, and a limited number of succeeding fractional bits are used to interpolate on the table employing a multiply/add operation. The low-order bits of the product are rounded off so that the output reciprocals are guaranteed to be correct to a unit in the last place and provide a round-to-nearest reciprocal for over 90% of arbitrarily precise input arguments. The interpolation method generates 2k-bit faithful reciprocals employing a k-bits-in, (2k+2)-bits-out table and a (k+3)/spl times/(k+3)-bit multiplier. A single-precision faithful reciprocal can be generated employing a table of size 13 kBytes and a 15/spl times/15-bit multiplier, compared to a table size of 46 MBytes for conventional reciprocal tables. The table and dedicated small multiplier efficiently characterize a functional reciprocator unit with, at most, a 2-cycle latency.
X-ray structure of galectin-9 C-terminal domain in complex with sialyllactose (2011)

Introduction The galectins are a family of β-galactoside-specific animal lectins which contain conserved elements for carbohydrate recognition. Currently, there are 14 members of the mammalian galectin family, classified into three subtypes on the basis of structure. The prototype (galectin-1, -2, -5, -7, -10, -13, -14, and -15) has a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), that usually forms a non-covalent homodimer. The chimeratype (galectin-3) has a single CRD with an extended Nterminal nonlectin domain. The tandem-repeat-type galectins (galectin-4, -6, -8, -9, and -12) have two CRDs, one each in the at Nand C-terminal regions, joined by a linker peptide. Tandem-repeat type galectin-9 is involved in chemoattraction, apoptosis, and the regulation of cell differentiation, and has anti-allergic effects. Interestingly, human galection-9 C-terminal CRD (hG9C), as well as galectin-8 N-terminal CRD (hG8N), has significant affinity for the α2-3 sialylated oligosaccharides, but any other galectins do not. To elucidate the recognition mechanism of α2-3 sialylated oligosaccharides by hG9C, X-ray structure of hG9C in the complex with α2-3 sialyllactose (SiaLac) was determined [1].
Dense Silicon Nitride Containing Low Amounts of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (1989)

Silicon nitride containing 0.5-10mol% of Y2O3-Nd2O3 was fired at 1600°-1900°C in 10MPa N2 to investigate the lowest limit of additives to densify Si3N4 using gas pressure sintering. One mol% oxide additive was found to be sufficient for densification. This material fired at 1900°C for 4h was densified to 97% of theoretical with the average bending strength of 784MPa.
Synergistic Impact of Xanthorrhizol and d-δ-tocotrienol on the Proliferation of Murine B16 Melanoma Cells and Human DU145 Prostate Carcinoma Cells (P06-042-19) (2019)

Xanthorrhizol, a sesquiterpene, and d-δ-tocotrienol, a vitamin E molecule, each suppresses the proliferation of a number of tumor cells. This study aims to examine the potentially synergistic effect of xanthorrhizol and d-δ-tocotrienol in tumor cells. Murine B16 melanoma and human DU145 prostate carcinoma cells were incubated for 48 h (B16) or 72 h (DU145) with xanthorrhizol or d-δ-tocotrienol before cell populations were determined by CellTiter 96â Aqueous One Solution. Cells incubated with the agents for 24 hours were stained with propidium iodide and analyzed for cell cycle using flow cytometry and MultiCycle AV. Isobologram and combination index (CI) were used to demonstrate their synergistic anti-proliferative impacts. Xanthorrhizol (0–200 μmol/L) and d-δ-tocotrienol (0–40 μmol/L) each elicited a concentration-dependent suppression of the proliferation of B16 cells. A blend of 16.25 μmol/L xanthorrhizol and 10 μmol/L d-δ-tocotrienol achieved 69% (P < 0.05) growth suppression of B16 cells, exceeding the sum of individual effects. B16 cells incubated with 5 and 10 μmol/L d-δ-tocotrienol for 24-h had a concentration-dependent increase in the percentage of cells in the G1 phase with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of cells in the S phase. The G1/S ratio, an indicator of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, increased from 1.73 ± 0.05 (Control) to 2.01 ± 0.10 (5 μmol/L) and 2.73 ± 0.05 (10 μmol/L). A parallel pattern of concentration-dependent increase in the G1/S ratio was induced by xanthorrhizol at concentrations equivalent to 25% (16.25 μmol/L) and 50% (32.5 μmol/L) of its IC50 value. A blend of 5 μmol/L d-δ-tocotrienol and 16.25 μmol/L xanthorrhizol, each at no-effect concentrations, significantly increased the percentage of B16 cells in the G1 phase to 62.6 ± 0.6%. Isobologram and CI confirmed the synergistic effect of xanthorrhizol (50 and 100 μmol/L) and d-δ-tocotrienol (10 and 20 μmol/L) on the proliferation of DU145 cells. Xanthorrhizol and d-δ-tocotrienol synergistically suppress tumor cell proliferation by inducing G1 arrest and may have potential in cancer prevention and therapy. American River Nutrition, Inc. and the University Assistantship Program and the Department of Nutrition of Georgia State University.
A combined cavity for high sensitivity THz signal detection (2007)

Detection of signals in the THz frequency region is important for applications of THz waves in many areas, such as in medical imaging, forbidden-combined sensing, weapon monitoring, and wireless communications. Cooling system operating under very low temperature, for eliminating the unwanted background THz radiation that exists everywhere in room temperature, sets an obstacle for applications of conventional THz signal detecting systems. We present a combined cavity that can pick out the useful signal in high sensitivity, while the influence of the background THz radiation can be neglected in the detection. The combined cavity consists of a point-defect photonic-crystal resonator and a photonic-crystal WGR. The two resonators are coupled together through optical tunneling to form the combined cavity. Under proper operating parameters, the two resonators are in simultaneous resonance, and the field intensity in the point-defect resonator can be thousands of times of that of an incoming THz signal for a given frequency, so that the sensitivity of detection can be very high. Since the background THz radiation is not in resonance with the cavity, the influence of it to the detection of THz signals wanted can be neglected, and thus cooling systems can be omitted. Plane wave expansion method is used to determine the resonance wavelengths and mode patterns of the cavity. Finite-difference- time-domain method is used to find the quality factors and to simulate the resonance process. Parameter optimization and the conditions for simultaneous resonance of the two cavities are studied.
Copper-base alloys containing chromium, niobium, and zirconium. [0. 05 to 1. 25% Cr, 0. 05 to 1. 0% Zr, 0. 05 to 1. 5% Nb] (1977)

Copper-base alloys containing chromium, zirconium, and niobium are disclosed as well as a process of heat treating and mechanically working these alloys. The combination of alloying elements, hot and cold working, annealing, and aging steps increases both the strength and electrical conductivity properties of the alloy without excessive cold working. 3 tables.
Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Delivery:  Influence of Contrast Agent on Transfection (2007)

MAT B III cells were insonified at ultrasound frequencies of 1.15 and 2.25 MHz in the presence of different ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) and a plasmid encoding for the green fluorescent protein. The transfection efficiency was assessed by flow cytometry, while contrast agent destruction by ultrasound was evaluated using optical and scanning electronic microscopies. It was found that the gas and shell properties of the UCA have an important influence on cell transfection. A good correlation was observed between bubble destruction and transfection rate, and it was demonstrated, for the first time, that hard-shelled contrast agents (gas microcapsules) are promising candidates for ultrasound-mediated gene delivery.
Markedly elevated angiotensin converting enzyme in lymph nodes containing non-necrotizing granulomas in sarcoidosis. (1976)

Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the generalized formation of granulomas and is accompanied by elevation in the serum in less than half the patients of angiotensin converting enzyme, a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of the decapeptide, angiotensin I, to the pressor octapeptide, angiotensin II, and L-histidyl-L-leucine. Mean activity of angiotensin converting enzyme was elevated generally more than 10-fold in granuloma-containing lymph nodes, but not in lung in which normally it is abundant, in 19 of 20 patients with sarcoidosis. Angiotensin converting enzyme in lymph nodes from subjects with sarcoidosis was similar to the enzyme from normal lung and lymph node with respect to activity as a function of pH, inhibition of activity by EDTA and o-phenanthroline, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and requirement for chloride for activity, but appeared to be more heat labile. The data suggest that the granulomas in sarcoidosis may be the source of the elevated serum enzyme and that cells of the granulomas, particularly the epitheloid cells which appear by electron microscopy to have active protein biosynthesis, may be actively synthesizing the enzyme.
Biomorphic transformation to obtain hierarchical porous structures (2009)

Hydroxyapatite (HA) bone scaffolds characterized by highly organized hierarchical structures have been obtained by chemically transforming native woods through a sequence of thermal and hydrothermal processes. The five steps of the phase transformation process have been set up in order to achieve total phase conversion and purity maintaining the original native microstructure. The composition of the final wood-derived scaffolds was carbonated apatite hierarchically structured in parallel fastened hollow microtubules. The biomimetic composition and the highly anisotropic morphology and open-pore geometry obtained by biomorphic transformation confer potentially improved biomechanical characteristics to these new inorganic bone scaffolds, thus they can represent potential solutions for regenerating long and load-bearing bone segments.
Ripple: communicating through physical vibration (2015)

This paper investigates the possibility of communicating through vibrations. By modulating the vibration motors available in all mobile phones, and decoding them through accelerometers, we aim to communicate small packets of information. Of course, this will not match the bit rates available through RF modalities, such as NFC or Bluetooth, which utilize a much larger bandwidth. However, where security is vital, vibratory communication may offer advantages. We develop Ripple, a system that achieves up to 200 bits/s of secure transmission using off-the-shelf vibration motor chips, and 80 bits/s on Android smartphones. This is an outcome of designing and integrating a range of techniques, including multicarrier modulation, orthogonal vibration division, vibration braking, side-channel jamming, etc. Not all these techniques are novel; some are borrowed and suitably modified for our purposes, while others are unique to this relatively new platform of vibratory communication.
Functional Genomics and Immunologic Tools: The Impact of Viral and Host Genetic Variations on the Outcome of Zika Virus Infection (2018)

Zika virus (ZIKV) causes no-to-mild symptoms or severe neurological disorders. To investigate the importance of viral and host genetic variations in determining ZIKV infection outcomes, we created three full-length infectious cDNA clones as bacterial artificial chromosomes for each of three spatiotemporally distinct and genetically divergent ZIKVs: MR-766 (Uganda, 1947), P6-740 (Malaysia, 1966), and PRVABC-59 (Puerto Rico, 2015). Using the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs, together with 13 ZIKV region-specific polyclonal antibodies covering nearly the entire viral protein-coding region, we made three conceptual advances: (i) We created a comprehensive genome-wide portrait of ZIKV gene products and their related species, with several previously undescribed gene products identified in the case of all three molecularly cloned ZIKVs. (ii) We found that ZIKV has a broad cell tropism in vitro, being capable of establishing productive infection in 16 of 17 animal cell lines from 12 different species, although its growth kinetics varied depending on both the specific virus strain and host cell line. More importantly, we identified one ZIKV-non-susceptible bovine cell line that has a block in viral entry but fully supports the subsequent post-entry steps. (iii) We showed that in mice, the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs differ in their neuropathogenicity, depending on the particular combination of viral and host genetic backgrounds, as well as in the presence or absence of type I/II interferon signaling. Overall, our findings demonstrate the impact of viral and host genetic variations on the replication kinetics and neuropathogenicity of ZIKV and provide multiple avenues for developing and testing medical countermeasures against ZIKV.
Automatic MR prostate segmentation by deep learning with holistically-nested networks (2017)

Accurate automatic prostate magnetic resonance image (MRI) segmentation is a challenging task due to the high variability of prostate anatomic structure. Artifacts such as noise and similar signal intensity tissues around the prostate boundary inhibit traditional segmentation methods from achieving high accuracy. The proposed method performs end-to- end segmentation by integrating holistically nested edge detection with fully convolutional neural networks. Holistically-nested networks (HNN) automatically learn the hierarchical representation that can improve prostate boundary detection. Quantitative evaluation is performed on the MRI scans of 247 patients in 5-fold cross-validation. We achieve a mean Dice Similarity Coefficient of 88.70% and a mean Jaccard Similarity Coefficient of 80.29% without trimming any erroneous contours at apex and base.
Dapagliflozin and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Exploratory Analysis From DAPA-HF (2020)

<b>Objective </b> <p>The SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular mortality and worsening heart failure in the <a>Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse-Outcomes in Heart Failure </a>trial (DAPA-HF). This report explores the effect of dapagliflozin on incident type 2 diabetes in the non-diabetic cohort enrolled in the trial.</p> <p><b> </b></p> <p><b>Research Design/Methods</b></p> <p>The subgroup of 2605 patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), no prior history of diabetes, and a HbA1c of <6.5% at baseline was randomized to dapagliflozin 10 mg daily or placebo. In this exploratory analysis, surveillance for new onset diabetes was accomplished through periodic HbA1c testing as part of the study protocol and comparison between the treatment groups assessed through a Cox proportional hazards model.</p> <p><b> </b></p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>At baseline, the mean HbA1c was 5.8%. At 8 months, there were minimal changes, with a placebo-adjusted change in the dapagliflozin group of -0.04%. Over a median follow-up of 18 months, diabetes developed in 93/1307 patients (7.1%) in the placebo group and 64/1298 (4.9%) in the dapagliflozin group. Dapagliflozin led to a 32% reduction in diabetes incidence (HR 0.68, 95% CI, 0.50-0.94; p=0.019.) More than 95% of the participants who developed type 2 diabetes had prediabetes at baseline (HbA1c 5.7-6.4%.) Participants who developed diabetes in DAPA-HF had a higher subsequent mortality than those who did not.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>In this exploratory analysis among patients with HFrEF, treatment with dapagliflozin reduced the incidence of new diabetes. This potential benefit needs confirmation in trials of longer duration and in people without heart failure.</p>
Abstract 733: Synthesis and biological evaluation of inhibitors of Rho protein kinase (2010)

Abstract Rho GTPases are small G-proteins which play a critical role in signaling pathways and control cell growth and division. Rho-associated protein kinase (known as ROCK or Rho kinase) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase activated by GTP-bound Rho and phosphorylates important signalling proteins. Rho/ROCK mediated signalling pathways are implicated in cell morphology, moltility, smooth muscle contraction, formation of stress fiber, focal adhesion, cell transformation and cytokineses. ROCKs have been subject to growing attention, having been implicated in a range of therapeutic areas including cancer. Further, the pharmacological inhibition of ROCKs has been suggested as a promising strategy in the prevention of cell invasion, a central event in the process of metastasis. We describe the identification of potent ROCK inhibitors from data mining of the Molecular Libraries Screening Center Network (MLSCN) data available through PubChem and in-house HTS screening. Libraries of compounds have been designed to aid the hit-to-lead process and probe structure activity relationships. Molecular modeling and crystallography have been used to aid the design of potent ROCK inhibitors. Compounds were first assessed for in vitro ROCK1 inhibitory activity using a Z-lyte kinase assay. Selected compounds were also screened against the isoform ROCK2. Selectivity trends will be discussed. The overall process has led to the improvement of activity of compounds from high micromolar activity to low nanomolar activity. Structure activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly potent and cell-permeable analogues that were shown to inhibit selected substrates of ROCK such as MYPT1 in cell assays and are the subject of ongoing antitumor studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 733.
Field-emitter arrays to vacuum fluorescent display (1989)

A thin vacuum-fluorescent display utilizing a matrix-addressable array of groups of Spindt-type field-emission emitter tips is described. Development of the display required expanding the cathode fabrication technology to cover 5-in-diameter areas uniformly with field-emitter arrays. Each color element of the display is addressed by a group of a few hundred emitter tips operating in parallel. Electrons emitted from the tips are proximity-focused on each color element. Because each pixel is essentially a miniature cathode-ray tube (CRT), the device has the potential to produce brightness similar to those on a CRT in a panel that is 3.3 in square (8.4 cm) in area and 0.15 in (4 mm) thick.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transgenic Mice and Modeling Alzheimer's Disease (1995)

The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poorly understood, and no effective therapies are available. Although histopathology of the disease has been studied thoroughly, the relationship of various AD lesions to pathological processes and to dementia are debated. Progress would be greatly enhanced by existence of manipulable small animal models of the disease. Recently, transgenic strategies to developing such a model have been extensively explored. The approach has proved to be difficult and has yielded some disappointments, but also some encouraging results. Transgenic strategies for obtaining a model for AD are surveyed in this review and, as an illustration, early AD-like features of transgenic mice produced in our laboratory are described.
Ability of Quality Assurance Tests to Detect Punctured Latex Condoms with Potential for Virus Penetration (1998)

Abstract How well do the quality assurance tests for latex condoms detect the potential for virus penetration? Defective condoms were created by puncturing with small acupuncture needles (120, 160 or 300 μm diameter) and were then tested by three quality assurance (QA) tests (the water leak test, a proposed electrical test, and the air burst test) and by a virus penetration test. Punctures (short tears) were detected by the FDA water leak test at the rate of 52% for punctures in the condom body and 9% in the condom tip; by the proposed ISO electrical leakage test (28% and 18% for body and tip, respectively); or by the ISO air burst test (30% and 5%, respectively). A standardized in vitro test of virus penetration under physiologic-based detected 100% and 48% of the punctures for body and tip, respectively. Thus the small tears created by puncture may not be detected in quality assurance tests, but would allow some virus penetration in the laboratory virus penetration test. A puncture in the tip of a condom was most likely to escape detection by each of the test methods,presumably because a puncture in that location does not open up as easily as elsewhere. Data with the air burst test indicated that raising the burst volume and/or burst pressure pass/fail limit would increase the likelihood of detecting a puncture defect to &gt;93% when in the condom body, but to &lt;15% when in the tip.
Involvement of the <i>bcl</i> -2 Gene in Human Follicular Lymphoma (1985)

Recombinant DNA probes were cloned for the areas flanking the breakpoint on chromosome 18 in cells from a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia of the B-cell type; cells of this line carry the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation. Two of the probes detected DNA rearrangements in approximately 60 percent of the cases of follicular lymphoma screened. In follicular lymphoma, most of the breakpoints in band q21 of chromosome 18 were clustered within a short stretch of DNA, approximately 2.1 kilobases in length. Chromosome 18-specific DNA probes for the areas flanking the breakpoints also detected RNA transcripts 6 kilobases in length in various cell types. The gene coding for these transcript (the bcl-2 gene) seems to be interrupted in most cases of follicular lymphomas carrying the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation.
High spatial resolution measurement of volume holographic gratings (2006)

The conventional approach for measuring volume holographic gratings typically requires measuring the transmitted and diffracted beams simultaneously while varying the angle of incidence. To obtain the spectral response a tunable laser is used with a fixed angle of incidence. In the former case, the motion of the diffracted beam from reflection gratings requires the detector to move with it, or otherwise the range of angles must be limited. Furthermore it is often difficult to separate the diffraction from the specular surface reflections, increasing the error of the measurement. In the latter case, a high cost tunable laser is required. We describe methods for the measurement of volume holographic gratings with high spatial resolution. A fixed wavelength laser in conjunction with a high-resolution digital camera is used to measure the angle selectivity of the transmitted beam only. The measured data are fit to a model of the grating diffraction combined with the cyclical interference from the surface reflections in order to increase the accuracy when measuring uncoated gratings. The system is capable of simultaneously measuring diffraction efficiency, loss, surface reflectivity, Bragg angle, and grating tilt in one plane, with a resolution of better than 250 micrometers over the area of a 45 mm by 35 mm wafer. Through a transformation utilizing the de-phasing term of the coupled wave analysis of thick hologram gratings, the wavelength selectivity is also obtained.