gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spastic muscle cells are shorter and stiffer than normal cells (2003)

The mechanical properties of isolated single muscle fiber segments were measured in muscle cells obtained from patients undergoing surgery for correction of flexion contractures secondary to static perinatal encephalopathy (cerebral palsy). "Normal" muscle cells from patients with intact neuromuscular function were also mechanically tested. Fiber segments taken from subjects with spasticity developed passive tension at significantly shorter sarcomere lengths (1.84 +/- 0.05 microm, n = 15) than fibers taken from normal subjects (2.20 +/- 0.04 microm, n = 35). Elastic modulus of the stress-strain relationship in fibers from patients with spasticity (55.00 +/- 6.61 kPa) was almost double that measured in normal fibers (28.25 +/- 3.31 kPa). The fact that these muscle cells from patients with spasticity have a shorter resting sarcomere length and increased modulus compared with normal muscle cells suggests dramatic remodeling of intracellular or extracellular muscle structural components such as titin and collagen. Such changes in muscles of patients with spasticity may have implications for therapy.
A review of the growth, doping, and applications of Beta-Ga2O3 thin films (2018)

β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is emerging as an interesting wide band gap semiconductor for solar blind photo detectors (SBPD) and high power field effect transistors (FET) because of its outstanding material properties including an extremely wide bandgap (Eg ~4.9eV) and a high breakdown field (8 MV/cm). This review summarizes recent trends and progress in the growth/doping of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films and then offers an overview of the state-of-the-art in SBPD and FET devices. The present challenges for β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> devices to penetrate the market in real-world applications are also considered, along with paths for future work.
Update to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Preconditions Framework (2005)

This document updates RFC 3312, which defines the framework for preconditions in SIP.We provide guidelines for authors of new precondition types and describe how to use SIP preconditions in situations that involve session mobility.
REDUCING OF ORGANIC PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS IN WATER BY OZONATION/UV PROCESSES (2011)

Directive 2008/105/EC (Environmental Quality Standards Directive) defines the good chemical status to be achieved by all Member States in 2015 and gives, together with the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD), the legal basis for the monitoring of priority substances in water, sediment and biota. Many petroleum hydrocarbons are believed to be a source of toxicity for the aquatic ecosystem and create a chronic impact in a water environment. The influence of ozone and ozone/UV on degradation of organic petroleum compounds (BTEX) present in a model water sample was studied. Several ozonation experiments were done. Ozonation trials were performed in a jet loop ozonation reactor. Ozone was prepared from pure oxygen. The samples were analyzed by means of the headspace technique coupled to a GC/MS system (BTEX). The results show that the highest removal rates were observed during the first 5 minutes of ozonation for all investigated pollutants.
Inhibitory effects of MK‐886 on arachidonic acid metabolism in human phagocytes (1990)

1. We have investigated the inhibitory activity of compound MK-886 (formerly L-663,536), an indole derivative, on 5-lipoxygenase product synthesis in various human phagocytes stimulated with either the ionophore A23187, in the presence and absence of exogenous arachidonic acid, or platelet-activating factor (PAF). The lipoxygenase products were analysed by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. 2. MK-886 inhibited the formation of 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), its omega-oxidation products and 6-trans-isomers with an IC50 value of 10-14 nM in A23187-stimulated neutrophils. In the same system, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), AA-861 and L-655,240 showed IC50 values of 250-510, 110-420 nM and 1.7-3.9 microM, respectively. 3. MK-886 inhibited 5-lipoxygenase product synthesis in A23187-stimulated blood eosinophils and monocytes, and in neutrophils primed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and stimulated with PAF with IC50 values of 1-13 nM. 4. The inhibitory activity of MK-886 was not reversed by addition of 10 microM arachidonic acid to A23187-stimulated neutrophils. 5. Compound MK-886 had no effect on 15-lipoxygenase product synthesis in blood eosinophils and neutrophils up to a concentration of 1 microM. 6. At 100 nM compound MK-886 had no significant effects on calcium ion mobilization, superoxide anion production and actin polymerization in neutrophils. 7. In conclusion, MK-886 is a very potent and specific inhibitor of both LTB4 and LTC4 synthesis in various types of human phagocytes.
Restoring strength of incisors with veneers and full ceramic crowns. (2010)

For the restoration of tooth strength, defining the finishing lines of veneers and crowns in enamel is recommended. Restorations with finishing lines in dentin resulted in significant loss of strength. Three-quarter veneers with finishing lines in enamel are functionally equal to crowns with the advantage of conserving tooth structure.
Development of an Oral Form of Azacytidine: Triacetyl-5-Azacytidine (2011)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) represent a group of incurable stem-cell malignancies which are predominantly treated by supportive care. Epigenetic silencing through promoter methylation of a number of genes is present in poor-risk subtypes of MDS and often predicts transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Azacitidine and decitabine, two FDA-approved DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors, are able to improve overall response although their oral bioavailability complicates their clinical use. This study evaluated 2', 3', 5'-triacetyl-5-azacitidine (TAC) as a potential prodrug for azacitidine. The prodrug demonstrated significant pharmacokinetic improvements in bioavailability, solubility, and stability over the parent compound. In vivo analyses indicated a lack of general toxicity coupled with significantly improved survival. Pharmacodynamic analyses confirmed its ability to suppress global methylation in vivo. These data indicate that esterified nucleoside derivatives may be effective prodrugs for azacitidine and encourages further investigation of TAC into its metabolism, activity, and possible clinical evaluation.
Etiology of Type I Diabetes Mellitus: Heterogeneity and Immunological Events Leading to Clinical Onset (1983)

Type I diabetes is a heterogeneous disorder and the causes of pancreatic beta-cell destruction are unknown. In 1-2% of all cases, viruses (e.g. coxsackie, rubella, mumps, or beta-cell poisons) have been implicated. Twin studies suggest at most 50% of genetic predisposition. In this review we describe the autoimmune components which, in association with inheritance of HLA-haplotypes in susceptible families, allow the future selection of predisposed sibs for possible preventive therapy to retard loss of insulin secretion. The known association of the endocrine autoimmune organ-specific disorders in 10% of Type I diabetics is the extreme expression of the other main genetic ingredient in the development of insulitis in this disease, irrespective of the triggering environmental components. In this "polyendocrine" subgroup and in the "juvenile-onset" cases there is a prolonged latency period during which pancreatic autoimmunity markers are present before clinical expression of the disease.
Is Corporate Money Turning Universities into Health Hazards (2008)

Science investigates the nature of reality. Businesses do not. Reality is often neither profitable nor comforting. It is therefore incongruous to believe money-seeking corporations can fund unbiased and comprehensive knowledge generation in universities. Australia now has one of the highest levels of private funding for universities in the world. Departments unsuited to generating quick income languish while patent-generating areas get new buildings. Research is often designed to generate funding rather than to serve humanity. Many important areas are under-researched because they lack obvious commercial applications.
Phase Noise Correction Based on TPS Symbols for the Chinese DTTB System (2008)

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, phase noise (PHN) from oscillator can severely reduce the performance by causing: common phase error (CPE) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). The impact of PHN on received signal can be characterized by the circular convolution of the transmitted signal and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of PHN signal in frequency domain. Digital television/terrestrial multimedia broadcasting (DTMB), announced as the Chinese digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) standard, adopted the time-domain synchronous OFDM system (TDS-OFDM) system which has 36 continuous transmission parameter signaling (TPS) symbols in frequency domain which be used for PHN suppression. Based on a linearized parametric model for PHN, least squared (LS) estimation and fast Fourier transform (FFT) approaching method for PHN correction are proposed in this paper. The effects of the PHN on channel estimation in both TDS-OFDM system and conventional cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) are also investigated. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the PHN and improve the symbol error rata (SER) of TDS-OFDM systems over both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and broadcasting multipath channel. In practice, the FFT-approaching method can be applied to the DTMB receiver-chip design directly with low implementation cost.
A PDA-Based Intelligent Building Service System (2009)

A PDA-based intelligent building service system has been developed to control heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) components. The system can be connected to Ethernet network and communicate with PDA or computers. BACnet protocol has been incorporated in the communication process between a system server and other connected smart devices. Each component of the system can work individually according to preset control loop or respond to commands made by users through PDA.
Transposon mutagenesis in Bordetella avium. (1988)

Transposon mutagenesis was used to introduce specific mutations in the chromosome of Bordetella avium. The transposon Tn5 was transferred by conjugation to B avium from Escherichia coli strain SM10 by the suicide plasmid vector pSUP1011. A defined minimal medium for growth of B avium was developed for scoring transposon-containing mutants for specific nutritional requirements. Approximately 1% of all mutants tested were auxotrophic in some form, and these organisms were grouped into 13 classes. Also, 2 classes of hemagglutination-negative mutants were isolated. Stability of Tn5 insertion was examined, and frequencies of reversion less than 10(-7) were observed, indicating stable mutations.
Eyelid reconstruction (1985)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: eyelid reconstructionbasic proceduressurvey of methodsfull-thickness lid defects
Toxicological effects of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. (1982)

Review of the available literature obtained from both acute and chronic experiments utilizing rats, mice and chickens treated with ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3-in drinking water has demonstrated alterations in hematologic parameters in all species tested. The effects were usually dose related and marked changes occurred only at the higher dosages (up to 1000 mg/l.). In chronic studies, rats have been given ClO2 at doses of up to 1000 mg/l., and NaClO2 or NaClO3 at up to 100 mg/l., in their drinking water for one year. Treatment groups receiving ClO2, ClO2- or ClO3- showed alterations in erythrocyte morphology and osmotic fragility; at higher dosages mild hemolytic anemia occurred. An examination of blood glutathione content and RBC enzymes involving glutathione formation showed a dose-related diminution of glutathione in chlorine compound treated groups. The higher oxidative capacity of the chlorine compounds resulting in the decreased erythrocytic glutathione might well be the principal biochemical event leading to the other hematological alterations. More recent data show that ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- alter the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the nuclei of various organs of the rat. These data suggest the possibility of increased turnover cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa and inhibited DNA synthesis in several organs. In the latter category, most concern revolves around whether or not the apparent depression of DNA synthesis in the testes is associated with depressed spermatogenesis and reproductive toxicity in the male rat.
The relationship between intra- and extra-cellular surfactant phospholipids in the lungs of rabbits and the effects of silica-induced lung injury (1986)

Extensive homogenization of lung tissue by nitrogen decompression in a Parr disruption bomb increased by 5-fold the yields of low-density phospholipid (d = 1.06) achieved by other methods. This intracellular phospholipid preparation was high in phosphatidylcholines (84.3%), particularly disaturated phosphatidylcholine (51.2%). On the basis of its low density, composition, and morphological appearance, we concluded that this phospholipid was derived from the intracellular compartment of pulmonary surfactant. We examined the relationship between intra- and extra-cellular surfactant pools according to age, gender and silica-induced pulmonary injury. In normal animals the intracellular pool of surfactant phospholipids increased from 1.54 +/- 0.14 mg at 1 day after birth to 62.30 +/- 4.50 mg per pair of lungs after 31 months, and over the same time period the extracellular pool increased from 1.04 +/- 0.15 mg to 27.45 +/- 2.30 mg per pair of lungs. The ratio between the extracellular and intracellular pools of surfactant increased from 1.50 +/- 0.19 at 1 day after birth to 2.28 +/- 0.23 after 31 months of age. The ratio between the two pools was not influenced by gender, but was changed by the intratracheal injection of silica into the lungs. Intratracheal injection of silica dust increased the levels of surfactant in both compartments, but not to the same extent, indicating that the ratio between the pools could be changed by toxic materials. These data suggest the existence of a size relationship between the intra- and the extra-cellular pools of surfactant, a relationship which implies a common regulatory mechanism that can be disturbed during pulmonary injury.
Very large optical nonlinearity of semiconductor microcrystallites (1988)

We analyze theoretically the oscillator strength and the third-order optical polarizability ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ due to excitons in semiconductor microcrystallites. The nonlinear optical polarizability is shown to be greatly enhanced for an assembly of such microcrystallites as the exciton is quantized due to the confinement effect and the excitons in a single microcrystallite interact strongly enough to make the excitons deviate from ideal harmonic oscillators.
Electroless nickel recycling via electrodialysis (1995)

Electroless nickel is widely used in the metal finishing industry as a coating. It plates evenly on a variety of surfaces and replicates or enhances the surface finish. It has high hardness and good corrosion resistance and machinability. However, its bath life is limited and it has a tendency to spontaneously plate out on the tank and associated equipment. These problems add to the cost per unit component plated. Also, expensive waste treatment is required before users can dispose of the spent solution. Electroless nickel`s limited bath life is inherent in its chemical make-up. Using hypophosphite as the reducing agent for the nickel ion generates by-products of nickel metal and orthophosphite. When the level of orthophosphite in the solution reaches a high concentration, the reaction slows and finally stops. The bath must be disposed of, and its treatment and replacement costs are high. Metal salts have a tendency to plate out because of the dissolved solids present, and this also makes it necessary to discard the bath. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has conducted a study of an electrodialysis process that can reduce both chemical purchases and disposal costs. Electrodialysis employs a membrane, deionized water, and an electromotive potential to separate the orthophosphite and other dissolved solids from the nickel ions. With the aid of the electromotive potential, the dissolved solids migrate across the membrane from the process solution into the water in the recycling unit`s holding cell. This migration lowers the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the process solution and improves plating performance. The dialysis process makes it possible to reuse the bath many times without disposal.
3L fitting of higher degree implicit polynomials (2002)

Implicit polynomial 2D curves and 3D surfaces are potentially among the most useful object or data representations for use in computer vision and image analysis. This is because of their interpolation property, Euclidean and affine invariants, and Bayesian recognizers. The paper studies and compares various fitting algorithms in a unified framework of stability analysis. It presents a new robust 3L fitting method that is repeatable, numerically stable and computationally fast and can be used for high degree implicit polynomials to capture complex object structure. With this, the authors lay down a foundation that enables a technology based on implicit polynomial curves and surfaces for applications in indexing into pictorial databases, robot vision, CAD for free-form shapes, etc.
Imaging through atmospheric turbulence with annular pupils (1981)

The image degradation due to Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence is considered in terms of the time-averaged optical transfer function, point spread function, Strehl ratio, and encircled energy for imaging systems with annular pupils. The applications include imaging with mirror telescopes and propagation of obscured laser beams through turbulence. Numerical results are given for obscuration ratios of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75.
Characterization and air pressure sensing of doubly clamped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (2007)

We report the fabrication and characterization of doubly clamped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The devices were assembled by applying an electric field while the MWNTs were firmly clamped and suspended at both ends of a thick metal trench electrode in solution. The contacts were further processed using a focused ion beam. Final dimensions ranged from 100 to 150 nm in diameter and 1.5-4 µm in length. The fabricated devices were characterized by I-V curves, impedance measurements, and their mechanical deformation under a high pressure airflow. In the latter case, the resistance of a MWNT device varied linearly with the magnitude of the air pressure. These characteristics strongly suggest potential applications in fields such as nanoelectronics and sensors.
Insulin lipodystrophy and lipohypertrophy (2013)

Sir, A 51-year and a 47-year old Type 2 diabetic male were on premixed human insulin 30:70, administered through insulin syringe for last 1 and 3 year respectively. They achieved reasonable control of their diabetes, until 6 months back when they noticed problems with fluctuating blood glucose concentration, with occasional episodes of unpredictable hypoglycaemia, despite compliance with diet and dose of insulin. On presentation, their HbA1c were 9.8% and 10.4% respectively. Their renal function and thyroid function tests were normal. On reviewing their injection sites: two areas of localized lipohypertrophy [Figure 1a] and a well circumscribed localized lipoatrophy area around umbilicus [Figure 1b] were noted. They were advised not to inject insulin into these sites, to rotate injection sites and reduce the dose of insulin by 10%. At 3 month follow up their glycaemia control improved with latest HbA1c 7.5% and 7.8% respectively, without any episode of hypoglycaemia.Figure 1: (a) Lipohypertrophy (b) LipoatrophyAbnormal reactions in subcutaneous fat to insulin have been recorded since its discovery, called lipodystrophy. Insulin lipohypertrophy denotes to a benign tumor like swelling of fatty tissue at the injection site secondary to lipogenic effect of insulin, whereas lipoatrophy is considered an adverse immunological side effect of insulin therapy. Since the advent of recombinant human insulin and analogue, lipoatrophy, has virtually disappeared, whereas, lipohypertrophy still remains a serious local problem of insulin therapy.[1] Injection into lipodystrophied sites, results in an erratic absorption of the drug, leading to glycaemic variability making it difficult to achieve suitable metabolic control.[2] Lipodystrophy, is exclusive complication of lean children and young Type 1 diabetic, although rarely can be seen in Type 2 diabetic.[23] Lipodystrophy is seen twice as commonly with medium or long acting insulin compare to regular short acting insulin because they stay longer time at the injection site and provide a source for local antigen.[4] Annual examination of injection site is recommended for evidence of lipodystrophy. Visual examination is not sufficient, ideally, sites should be palpated. Prevention, to avoid lipodystorophy, should take first place as there is little cure to it, and the best way is to educate the patient about rotating injection sites. To our knowledge, in addition to local immune reaction to insulin crystals, the frequent use (up to 12 times) of same insulin needle and lack of rotation of insulin injection sites seems to favor the development of lipodystorphy in our patients. Any insulin formulation can in principle cause lipodystrophy-“daily pen needle or syringe change and frequent switching of injection area are more beneficial to avoid lipodystrophy even with recombinant human insulin and analog.”
Modulation of human alveolar macrophage tumoricidal activity by C-reactive protein. (1988)

In previous reports, we have shown that purified human C-reactive protein (CRP) enhances tumoricidal activity of murine macrophages and human blood monocytes. In the present study, we wished to determine whether CRP induced similar activity in human macrophages. We evaluated the effect of CRP on the generation of in vitro tumoricidal activity in alveolar macrophages from 24 normal volunteers, among whom 10 were smokers and 14 were nonsmokers. CRP, in concentrations comparable with those found in blood during acute inflammation, induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in nonsmoker alveolar macrophages against tritiated thymidine-labeled human tumor cells. Tumoricidal responses of smoker and nonsmoker macrophages did not significantly differ after exposure to lipopolysaccharide although smoker responses tended to be lower. Responses to CRP, however, were significantly (p less than 0.01) depressed in smokers. These findings suggest that during acute inflammation, CRP may enhance the tumoricidal properties of human alveolar macrophages. Macrophage responsiveness to CRP, however, appears to be detrimentally affected by smoking.
Novel Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analog Delivered Orally Reduces Postprandial Glucose Excursions in Porcine and Canine Models (2010)

When delivered enterically, GLP-1 (ORMD-0901) is absorbed from the canine and porcine gastrointestinal tracts and retains its biological activity. Further development of this drug class in an oral dosage form is expected to enhance diabetes control and patient compliance.