gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DIESEL FUEL-AQUEOUS ETHANOL MICROEMULSIONS (1982)

ABSTRACT Two-phase mixtures of diesel fuel and aqueous ethanol were microemulsified and data were collected on rheological properties, densities, water tolerance and critical solution temperatures. For the detergentless system of diesel fuel, aqueous ethanol and butanol it was found that the relative viscosity varied directly with the volume percent of the dispersed water phase and approximates Einstein's formula. With ionic systems it was found that relative viscosities varied with increasing volume percent of dispersed water by values greater than those predicted by Brinkman and Roscoe for suspensions of diverse particle size. Water tolerances for ionic systems were greater than those observed with 1-butanol. The nature of the surfactant and its concentration determine to a large degree the microemulsion's physical properties.
Development of a Homogeneous Assay for Measurement of Small Dense LDL Cholesterol (2010)

The homogeneous assay allows reproducible measurement of sd-LDL-C within 10 min and appears promising in further investigations of the clinical significance of sd-LDL-C.
3D laser optoacoustic ultrasonic imaging system for preclinical research (2013)

In this work, we introduce a novel three-dimensional imaging system for in vivo high-resolution anatomical and functional whole-body visualization of small animal models developed for preclinical or other type of biomedical research. The system (LOUIS-3DM) combines a multi-wavelength optoacoustic and ultrawide-band laser ultrasound tomographies to obtain coregistered maps of tissue optical absorption and acoustic properties, displayed within the skin outline of the studied animal. The most promising applications of the LOUIS-3DM include 3D angiography, cancer research, and longitudinal studies of biological distribution of optoacoustic contrast agents (carbon nanotubes, metal plasmonic nanoparticles, etc.).
Dielectric methods and apparatus for in situ prediction of porosity and specific surface area (i. e. , soil type) and for detection of hydrocarbons (1987)

A soil probe system is described comprising a hollow, tubular cylindrical member terminating at its lower end in a conical portion, the member being made of insulating material, and used for penetrating soil along the axis of the member with the conical portion penetrating first, a pair of metal, electrically conductive, ring electrodes mounted in the cylindrical member a short distance above the conical portion. The ring electrodes lying flush with the outer surface of the cylindrical member and contacting the soil during the penetration and spaced apart from each other by the insulating material. An electrical-electronic measuring system connected to the electrodes and comprising, an initial electronic portion of the measuring system inside the tubular cylindrical portion and close to the electrodes. The initial portion includes a resistance-capacitance network supplied with one D-C bias voltage for the resistance and another D-C bias voltage for the capacitance. The network has means for varying the resistance and capacitance. The measuring system also has a second portion distant from the cylindrical portion and connected to the initial electronic portion for receiving the electronic signals and manipulating them electrically to produce data output. The second portion includes an oscillator supplying radio-frequency signals tomore » the electrodes, the signals being 180 out-of-phase, a phase amplitude detector connected to the lines, and computer means connected to the detector for controlling the variation of resistance and capacitance in the network to obtain balance in the bias voltages to preserve the 180 phase difference.« less
Detection of surface (∼1 μm) impurity phases in high <i>T</i> <i>c</i> superconductors (1989)

We show that thermally stimulated luminescence is an important method for detecting insulating impurity phases that commonly occur in high Tc superconductors. The technique is sensitive to impurity phases at &lt;1% level with a probe depth of ∼ 1 μm, which is the region of interest for many superconductor applications. Samples of Y2O3, Y2BaCuO5, YBa2Cu3O6.2, BaCO3, Ba3CuO4, BaCuO2, and YBa2Cu3Ox (x≊7) were investigated. All but the high quality sintered pellets of YBa2Cu3Ox exhibited relatively intense luminescence. The absence of luminescence, and thus of insulating phases, is correlated with low values of rf surface resistance.
Digital enhanced V<sup>2</sup>-type constant on-time control using inductor current ramp estimator for a buck converter with small ESR capacitors (2010)

This paper presents a new enhanced V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -type constant on-time control architecture with digital implementations for solving the ripple oscillation issues when using small ESR capacitors in a buck converter. Instead of directly sensing the inductor current, an inductor current ramp estimator with the drift compensation is proposed as adding a virtual ESR ripple to the output voltage ripple. Only the input and output voltages are required to be sampled for the current ramp estimation. Hence the sampling-rate requirements for the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in the digital implementations are not critical. The limit-cycle oscillations due to the sampling effects can be improved by using the estimated current ramp with compared to the direct current sampling. Besides, the small-signal modeling of the digital enhanced V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> control architecture can provide the design guideline for choosing the current feedback gains. The effectiveness of the proposed control architecture and the current ramp estimator has been verified with simulation and experimental results.
Emulsion‐Based Delivery Systems for Lipophilic Bioactive Components (2007)

There is a pressing need for edible delivery systems to encapsulate, protect, and release bioactive lipids within the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. The fact that these delivery systems must be edible puts constraints on the type of ingredients and processing operations that can be used to create them. Emulsion technology is particularly suited for the design and fabrication of delivery systems for encapsulating bioactive lipids. This review provides a brief overview of the major bioactive lipids that need to be delivered within the food industry (for example, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and phytosterols), highlighting the main challenges to their current incorporation into foods. We then provide an overview of a number of emulsion-based technologies that could be used as edible delivery systems by the food and other industries, including conventional emulsions, multiple emulsions, multilayer emulsions, solid lipid particles, and filled hydrogel particles. Each of these delivery systems could be produced from food-grade (GRAS) ingredients (for example, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, surfactants, and minerals) using simple processing operations (for example, mixing, homogenizing, and thermal processing). For each type of delivery system, we describe its structure, preparation, advantages, limitations, and potential applications. This knowledge can be used to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate emulsion-based delivery system for specific applications.
Practical aspects of calibrating fetal pulse oximetry (1994)

Pulse oximeters are a non-invasive means of estimating a patient’s arterial oxygen saturation, SaO2, by shining computer-controlled light from inexpensive LED’s through the tissue of an earlobe, finger or toe, or by reflecting Hght off the forehead, face, scalp or other well vascularized flat surface. A computer chip serves to coordinate the timing of Hght signals and records the changes in two or more wavelengths of hght. As each monochromatic LED is activated the transmitted light is detected as the amperage generated by a single inexpensive photoreceiving diode. The LEDs should selectively provide monochromatic hght in the region of 660 nm in the red where deoxyhemoglobin has increased absorption and 940 nm in the near infrared where oxyhemoglobin has slightly greater absorption as seen at the top of Fig. 1. The Hght transmitted varies as each pulse of blood flows through the tissue (17).
Fourier Transform-Based Phasor Estimation Method Eliminating the Effect of the Exponentially Decaying DC offsets (2008)

This paper proposes a new Fourier transform-based phasor estimation method to eliminate the adverse influence of the exponentially decaying dc offsets when Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is used to calculate the phasor of the fundamental frequency component in a relaying signal. By subtracting the result of odd-sample-set DFT from the result of even-sample-set DFT, the information of dc offsets can be obtained. Two dc offsets in a relaying signal are treated as one dc offset which is piecewise approximated in one cycle data window. The effect of the dc offsets can be eliminated by the approximated dc offset. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by using computer-simulated signals and EMTP-generated signals. The algorithm is also tested on a hardware board with TMS320C32 microprocessor. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed algorithm has the stable and accurate eliminating performance even if the input signal contains two decaying dc components having different time constants.
Atomic force microscope-based data storage using replicated media (1997)

We have developed a technique for both mastering and replicating data patterns for potential use in an atomic force microscope (AFM)-based data storage device. The process consists of using electron beam lithography to write data features as small as 50 nm and a photopolymerization process to faithfully replicate the written marks. The replicas can be read using a contact-mode AFM tip on a rotating disk, and no change in the signal is seen after 12 days of continuous reading.
A disk discrimination method for digital versatile disks using a fuzzy inference system (2002)

A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is proposed for the determination of an optical disk type in a DVD drive. This FIS optical disk determination algorithm relies on the physical properties of the reflecting layer of an optical disk, using a DVD and CD photo diode outputs, to discriminate between several disk types.
Nanoparticle-based autoantigen delivery to Treg-inducing liver sinusoidal endothelial cells enables control of autoimmunity in mice (2015)

Background/Aims: Previously, we have shown that ectopic expression of a neural autoantigen in the liver induced the generation of autoantigen-specific CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that could suppress experimental autoimmune neuroinflammation (Lüth S et al., J Clin Invest. 2008). Moreover, we identified liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) as the major antigen-presenting cell type responsible for hepatic Treg induction (Carambia A et al., J Hepatol. 2014). Here we aimed to explore whether targeted delivery of autoantigen-peptides to LSECs could be harnessed for the induction of autoantigen-specific Tregs in vivo and the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Full Protection Made Easy: The DisPath IP Fast Reroute Scheme (2014)

A major concern in IP networks is to ensure that any topology changes, whether planned or unplanned, do not disrupt network performance. IP Fast Reroute (IP FRR) is a general approach to address this issue by promptly forwarding an IP packet to a predetermined alternate next-hop as soon as the primary next-hop to the destination becomes unavailable. Among the numerous IP FRR schemes proposed to date, the simplest ones do not guarantee protection against every component failure, while more sophisticated ones tend to be difficult to implement due to various inherent complexities, such as nontrivial modifications of IP packets or high resource requirements. This paper presents a simple and efficient IP FRR scheme called DisPath, which leverages several fundamental properties of minimum-cost node-disjoint paths for determining the alternate next-hop toward a given destination. We show that DisPath ensures full coverage, meaning protection against all single link or node failures, with low computational overhead and without the practical complications encountered by other schemes that offer the same level of protection. Our simulations on several realistic instances reveal that DisPath usually creates shorter (and, at worst, not much longer) alternative paths than existing solutions adopted by the industry. Combined with the aforementioned protection guarantee and simplicity of implementation, these results provide strong evidence that DisPath is a most compelling choice of IP FRR scheme.
Performance management via adaptive thresholds with separate control of false positive and false negative errors (2009)

Component level performance thresholds are widely used as a basic means for performance management. As the complexity of managed systems increases, manual threshold maintenance becomes a difficult task. This may result from a) a large number of system components and their operational metrics, b) dynamically changing workloads, and c) complex dependencies between system components. To alleviate this problem, we advocate that component level thresholds should be computed, managed and optimized automatically and autonomously. To this end, we have designed and implemented a performance threshold management sub-system that automatically and dynamically computes two separate component level thresholds: one for controlling Type I errors and another for controlling Type II errors. We present the theoretical foundation for this autonomic threshold management system, describe a specific algorithm and its implementation, and evaluate it using real-life scenarios and production data sets. As our present study shows, with proper parameter tuning, our on-line dynamic solution is capable of nearly optimal performance thresholds calculation.
Low-distortion, high-strength bonding of thermoplastic microfluidic devices employing case-II diffusion-mediated permeant activation (2007)

We demonstrate a new method for joining thermoplastic surfaces to produce microfluidic devices. The method takes advantage of the sharply defined permeation boundary of case-II diffusion to generate dimensionally controlled, activated bonding layers at the surfaces being joined. The technique is capable of producing bonds that exhibit cohesive failure, while preserving the fidelity of fine features in the bonding interface. This approach is uniquely suited to production of layered microfluidic structures, as it allows the bond-forming interface between plastic parts to be precisely manipulated at micrometre length scales. Distortions in microfluidic device channels are limited to the size scale of the permeant-swollen layer; 6 microm deep channels are routinely produced with no detectable cross-sectional distortions. Conventional thermal diffusion bonding of identical parts yields less strongly bonded microfluidic structures with increasingly severe dimensional compressions as bonding temperatures approach the thermoplastic glass-transition temperature: a preliminary rheological analysis is consistent with the observed compressions. The bond-enhancing procedure is easily integrated in standard process flows, uses inexpensive reagents, and requires no specialized equipment.
GNSS spoofing detection in handheld receivers based on signal spatial correlation (2012)

Spoofing and jamming in the form of transmitting counterfeit location information and denying services are an emerging threat to GNSS receivers. In general, spoofing is a deliberate attack that aims to coerce GNSS receivers into generating false navigation solutions. The spoofing attack is potentially more hazardous than jamming since the target receiver is not aware of this threat and it is still providing position/navigation solutions which seem to be reliable. One major limitation of spoofers is that they are required to transmit several highly correlated GNSS signals simultaneously often from a single source in order to present a truthful navigation solution to the receiver. Different GNSS signals sourced from a single transmitter have essentially the same spatial signature, which as shown in this paper, can be utilized to discriminate the spoofing signals. In this paper a moving antenna is investigated to discriminate between the spatial signatures of the authentic and the spoofing signals based on monitoring the amplitude and Doppler correlation of the visible satellite signals. The effectiveness of this detection method is studied and verified based on a set of experiments.
Multiplex PCR assay specific for the multidrug-resistant strain W of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1994)

In 1991, a multidrug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from eight people with tuberculosis at a state correctional facility in New York. This strain, which is designated strain W (IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism type 212072), was resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, ethionamide, and rifabutin. Since that outbreak, the W strain has been associated with outbreaks in five hospitals in the New York City area and is a continuing public health problem in the area. To be able to identify this strain rapidly, we developed a multiplex PCR assay which targets a direct repeat of IS6110 with a 556-bp intervening sequence (NTF-1). The amplification generates two amplicons from strain W, which indicate the presence and orientation of the NTF-1 sequence between the direct repeat of IS6110, and a third amplicon, which serves as an internal PCR control. The assay was evaluated with 193 isolates of M. tuberculosis, and all 48 strain W isolates among those 193 isolates were correctly identified.
Fabrication and Characterization of Ultra Violet Photosensor based on Single ZnO Nanorod (2008)

This article presents the fabrication and characterization of ultra violet (UV) photosensor, which utilizes the semiconducting properties of single ZnO nanorod. We report a study on the ZnO nanorods synthesized by an aqueous solution route in a hydrothermal reactor. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical and electrical studies. Our cost-effective synthesis method for ZnO nano/microrods permits easy transfer of sample and allows the study of fabrication of novel electronic nanodevices, such as gas and UV nanosensors. Our work is a starting point on the nanofabrication of optoelectronic nanodevices. It is anticipated to have a wide range of applications in space research, warning systems and accurate measurement of UV radiation.
Code Decompression Unit Design for VLIW Embedded Processors (2007)

Code size "bloating" in embedded very long instruction word (VLIW) processors is a major concern for embedded systems since memory is one of the most restricted resources. In this paper, we describe a code compression algorithm based on arithmetic coding, discuss how to design decompression architecture, and illustrate the tradeoffs between compression ratio and decompression overhead, by using different probability models. Experimental results for a VLIW embedded processor TMS320C6x show that compression ratios between 67% and 80% can be achieved, depending on the probability models used. A precache decompression unit design is implemented in TSMC 0.25 mum and a test chip is fabricated.
Use of materials as waterflood additives. [polyethoxylated alcohol] (1975)

A 70-year-old patient developed a bone marrow aplasia following the onset of an apparently infectious hepatitis. During the course of his illness he experienced episodes of severe sepsis, that were treated with antibiotics and leucocyte transfusions. The authors suggest that lithium therapy might be of benefit for such patients because of his granulopoïetic properties.
Cancer Site-Specific Isoforms of ENOX2 (tNOX), A Cancer-Specific Cell Surface Oxidase (2008)

Abstract Introduction All neoplastic cells express one or more members of a unique family of tumor-associated cell surface ubiquinone (NADH) oxidase proteins with protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity (ENOX2 or tNOX proteins) that are characteristically blocked by quinone site inhibitors with anti-cancer activity. Methods Analyses using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with detection on western blots using a pan ENOX2 recombinant antibody revealed unique ENOX2 isoforms or unique combinations of isoforms of differing molecular weights and/or isoelectric points in sera of patients with cancers of different cellular or tissue origins. Results and Discussion Isoform presence provides for broad-range cancer detection. The specific patterns and molecular weights of the isoforms present allows for identification of the cell type and/or tissue of origin of the neoplasm. ENOX2 isoform presence and relative amounts are largely independent of stage but may be proportional to tumor burden to provide indications of response to therapy and disease progression.
Optimization of Ligands Using Focused DNA-Encoded Libraries To Develop a Selective, Cell-Permeable CBX8 Chromodomain Inhibitor (2019)

Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is critical for mediating gene expression during development. Five chromobox (CBX) homolog proteins, CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7, and CBX8, are incorporated into PRC1 complexes, where they mediate targeting to trimethylated lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) <i>via</i> the N-terminal chromodomain (ChD). Individual CBX paralogs have been implicated as drug targets in cancer; however, high similarities in sequence and structure among the CBX ChDs provide a major obstacle in developing selective CBX ChD inhibitors. Here we report the selection of small, focused, DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) against multiple homologous ChDs to identify modifications to a parental ligand that confer both selectivity and potency for the ChD of CBX8. This on-DNA, medicinal chemistry approach enabled the development of SW2_110A, a selective, cell-permeable inhibitor of the CBX8 ChD. SW2_110A binds CBX8 ChD with a <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> of 800 nM, with minimal 5-fold selectivity for CBX8 ChD over all other CBX paralogs <i>in vitro</i>. SW2_110A specifically inhibits the association of CBX8 with chromatin in cells and inhibits the proliferation of THP1 leukemia cells driven by the MLL-AF9 translocation. In THP1 cells, SW2_110A treatment results in a significant decrease in the expression of MLL-AF9 target genes, including HOXA9, validating the previously established role for CBX8 in MLL-AF9 transcriptional activation, and defining the ChD as necessary for this function. The success of SW2_110A provides great promise for the development of highly selective and cell-permeable probes for the full CBX family. In addition, the approach taken provides a proof-of-principle demonstration of how DELs can be used iteratively for optimization of both ligand potency and selectivity.
Method of measuring horizontal flow speed of fluids in earth formations penetrated by a wellborehole. [based on neutron activation of sodium] (1977)

The horizontal flow rate of fluid in permeable earth formations is measured by the in situ creation of a radioactive tracer isotope having a predetermined decay life time and decay mode. Measurements at different time intervals following the creation of the tracer isotope of the decay radiation may then be interpreted in terms of the horizontal movement of fluids past a well borehole. Tracer isotopes to be created are selectively provided for measuring both relatively fast and relatively slow expected values of horizontal flow speed.