gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (1979)

The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) was developed to evaluate cognition serially during the subacute stage of recovery from closed head injury. This practical scale measures orientation to person, place, and time, and memory for events preceding and following the injury. The distribution of test scores in 50 patients who had recovered from a mild closed head injury was used to define the range of variation in performance and to analyze the effects of demographic factors. In a validity study of 52 closed head-injured patients, the duration of impaired GOAT scores was strongly related to the acute neurosurgical ratings of eye opening, motor responding, and verbal responding on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Duration of post-traumatic amnesia, as defined by the persistence of defective GOAT scores, was longer in patients with computed tomographic evidence of diffuse or bilateral brain injury as compared to cases with focal unilateral lesions. Serial GOAT scores were also predictive of long term level of recovery. Review of the brief cognitive test literature disclosed that several techniques have adequate validity data substantiating their use in the detection of dementia in geriatric, psychiatric, and medical populations. Recommendations for the clinical application of the various brief cognitive tests are discussed.
SemEval-2016 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity, Monolingual and Cross-Lingual Evaluation (2016)

Eneko Agirre, Carmen Banea, Daniel Cer, Mona Diab, Aitor Gonzalez-Agirre, Rada Mihalcea, German Rigau, Janyce Wiebe. Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2016). 2016.
Immunological properties of the 30 kDa antigen of toxoplasma gondii (1997)

The molecular weight 30 kDa membrane protein of Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasma 30 kDa) apparently conserved in most strains of T. gondii and sera of infected hosts. The present study aimed to elucidate Toxoplasma 30 kDa as a useful diagnostic antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis by ELISA and for induction of protective immunity. Murine spleen cells immunized with the membrane antigen of T. gondii were fused with mouse Sp2/O-Ag14 myeloma cells. Out of 8 clones selected, five were IgG2b, the others belonged to IgG1 and IgG2a. The 30 kDa antigen was distributed mainly on the surface membrane of tachyzoites by indirect fluorescence method. Murine peritoneal macrophages which were activated by 30 kDa antigen produced more amounts of NO2 compared with crude antigen-treated group, however there were no significant differences in toxoplamacidal activity between the two groups. Higher specificity of Toxoplasma 30 kDa antigen was recognized for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis than the crude antigen. From these results, Toxoplasma 30 kDa antigen enhances the cytotoxic effect of macrophages as well as a more reliable means for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis by ELISA.
Combining different models of sleep regulation (1992)

Different models have been proposed to account for processes underlying the regulation of sleep and alertness. Specific models have addressed sleep homeostasis, the nonREM-REM sleep cycle, the circadian sleep/wake rhythm, and changes of daytime alertness. We show that the different models are not mutually exclusive but that they can be integrated as 'modules' in a combined model.
Future cache design using STT MRAMs for improved energy efficiency (2012)

Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAM (STT MRAM) has emerged as a promising candidate for on-chip memory in future computing platforms. We present a cross-layer (device-circuit-architecture) approach to energy-efficient cache design using STT MRAM. At the device and circuit levels, we consider different genres of MTJs and bitcells, and evaluate their impact on the area, energy and performance of caches. In addition, we propose micro-architectural techniques viz. sequential cache read and partial cache line update, which exploit the non-volatility of STT MRAM to further improve energy efficiency of STT MRAM caches. A detailed comparison of STT MRAM caches with SRAM-based caches is also presented. Our results indicate that the proposed optimizations significantly enhance the efficiency of STT MRAM for designing lower level caches.
Toward a physiological approach to breast cancer prevention. (1994)

Breast cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in women, and its incidence is increasing. No reduction in the mortality rate has resulted from advances in early diagnosis and new therapeutic modalities; therefore, new approaches to the understanding of this disease are required. The observation that, in an experimental animal model, full-term pregnancy prior to exposure to a carcinogenic agent protects the mammary gland from malignant transformation led us to study the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The protective effect observed after pregnancy did not depend upon gestational or lactational hyperplasia of the mammary gland, but upon structural changes induced in the mammary parenchyma by those processes. Those changes are permanent, since the protective effect is maintained after pregnancy and consists in the complete differentiation of terminal end buds to lobules. The protective effect exerted by pregnancy can be mimicked by treating young virgin rats with a single placental hormone, chorionic gonadotropin. Since the possibility of preventing breast cancer by treating young nulliparous females with hormones that mimic a fullterm pregnancy that results in complete differentiation of the gland is of practical interest to the human female population, we undertook the study of the human breast. The breast of postpubertal nulliparous women is composed of lobular structures reflecting different stages of development. Lobules type 1 (lob 1) are the most undifferentiated ones. Lobules type 2 evolve from the previous ones and have a more complex morphology, being composed of a higher number of ductular structures per lobule. They progress to lobules type 3 and 4, which are present in the pregnant and lactational periods of the mammary gland. In nulliparous women the structure most frequently found at all ages is the lob 1, whereas in parous women, lob 3 is the most frequent one. Lob 1 are considered to be the site of origin of ductal carcinoma in situ, which progresses to invasive carcinoma. Lob 2 originate lobular carcinoma and lob 3 originate adenomas, fibroadenomas, sclerosing adenosis, and apocrine cysts. These observations led us to test if the degree of lobular development influences the transformation of human breast epithelial cells exposed in vitro to chemical carcinogens. We found that primary cultures derived from breast tissues composed of lobules type 1 and 2 express phenotypes of cell transformation which were not observed in cells derived from lobules type 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Electron-Transfer Reaction of Oxygen Species on TiO<sub>2</sub>Nanoparticles Induced by Sub-band-gap Illumination (2009)

Molecular oxygen species formed on the surface of partially reduced TiO2 (rutile) nanoparticles have been studied by in situ electron spin resonance (ESR) and diffuse-reflectance spectroscopies. ESR signals due to O2− (gz = 2.020) and Ti3+ appeared upon visible-light illumination at 77 K and vanished by raising the temperature in the dark. The numbers of O2− and Ti3+ radicals formed by sub-band-gap illumination were equal, suggesting a reversible electron transfer between peroxo O22− species and the adjacent Ti4+ ion at an oxygen vacancy site on the TiO2 surface: Ti4+···O22−···Ti4+ → Ti3+ + O2−···Ti4+ (forward reaction). The ESR intensity was saturated by a prolonged illumination and a surface coverage of O2 molecules adsorbed at the oxygen vacancy site was evaluated as 1.3 × 1013 sites cm−2. The spectral response for the generation rate of O2− exhibited a broad peak at around 480 nm, in agreement with the absorption band observed by the diffuse-reflectance measurements. It was concluded that F-type color centers generated in subsurface layers of TiO2 absorb the visible light to induce indirectly the electron-transfer reaction from O22− to Ti4+ at the surface oxygen vacancy site.
The transparent cockpit (2014)

You're traveling down the highway with the road flashing by beneath your feet and the scenery looming everywhere- fore and aft, left and right, above and below. Gone are the usual blind spots created by your vehicle's doors, window frames, roof, and floor. You're as free as a bird and just as aware of your surroundings. We call this form of augmented reality a transparent cockpit because it would make the driver of a car feel like he's piloting an airplane-another place where this technology might be used. We have implemented it in test cars using cameras, imaging software, projector displays, and reflective surfaces. Thus equipped, human beings could drive very safely while still enjoying the open road-more open, indeed, than ever before.
Provitamin A Accumulation in Cassava (<i>Manihot esculenta</i>) Roots Driven by a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in a Phytoene Synthase Gene (2010)

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important staple crop, especially in the arid tropics. Because roots of commercial cassava cultivars contain a limited amount of provitamin A carotenoids, both conventional breeding and genetic modification are being applied to increase their production and accumulation to fight vitamin A deficiency disorders. We show here that an allelic polymorphism in one of the two expressed phytoene synthase (PSY) genes is capable of enhancing the flux of carbon through carotenogenesis, thus leading to the accumulation of colored provitamin A carotenoids in storage roots. A single nucleotide polymorphism present only in yellow-rooted cultivars cosegregates with colored roots in a breeding pedigree. The resulting amino acid exchange in a highly conserved region of PSY provides increased catalytic activity in vitro and is able to increase carotenoid production in recombinant yeast and Escherichia coli cells. Consequently, cassava plants overexpressing a PSY transgene produce yellow-fleshed, high-carotenoid roots. This newly characterized PSY allele provides means to improve cassava provitamin A content in cassava roots through both breeding and genetic modification.
Calcineurin modulates the catabolic and anabolic activity of chondrocytes and participates in the progression of experimental osteoarthritis (2007)

These results suggest that CnA is critically involved in the catabolic and anabolic activities of chondrocytes as well as in the progression of experimental OA. Targeted inhibition of CnA may be an effective treatment strategy for OA.
Quantification of Ergovaline in Tall Fescue by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (1997)

Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was examined as a possible alternative to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for ergovaline in tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreber). Tall fescue samples were collected from field plots in Missouri and analyzed by NIR spectroscopy and HPLC. Spectral prediction equations produced coefficients of determination for calibration and cross validation of 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. The mean was 225 μg kg −1 dry matter (DM), and the standard errors for calibration and cross validation were 35 and 44 μg kg −1 DM, respectively. A close examination of NIR spectra revealed several wavelengths consistently correlated with ergovaline concentration in tall fescue.
Basic limitations on waveforms achievable in single-ended switching-mode tuned (Class E) power amplifiers (1984)

The class-E switching-mode tuned power RF amplifier achieves high efficiency (ideally 100%) even if the switching times of the active device are appreciable fractions of the period of the output waveform, by shaping the switch voltage and current waveforms so that the voltage and current transitions are displaced in time from each other. As a second-order factor, nonideal waveform shaping results in power dissipation. That dissipation could be minimized if the nonideal voltage and current waveforms could be made to have zero values at the times the switch is turned on and off. This paper shows that no configuration of linear circuit elements can provide zero voltage and zero current at both transitions of the switch, if nonzero output power is to be delivered to a load. Therefore, a jump of current and/or voltage must be tolerated at the switch turn-off and/or turn-on; the minimum jump magnitude is derived. That jump imposes a lower bound on the power dissipation, determined by the degree of nonideality of the waveform shaping. Also derived is a new general equation for the output power of a single-ended switching-mode tuned power amplifier.
Densification of chemical vapor deposition silicon dioxide film using oxygen radical oxidation (2012)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) films formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were treated with oxygen radical oxidation using Ar/O2 plasma excited by microwave. The mass density depth profiles, carrier trap densities, and current-voltage characteristics of the radical-oxidized CVD-SiO2 films were investigated. The mass density depth profiles were estimated with x ray reflectivity measurement using synchrotron radiation of SPring-8. The carrier trap densities were estimated with x ray photoelectron spectroscopy time-dependent measurement. The mass densities of the radical-oxidized CVD-SiO2 films were increased near the SiO2 surface. The densities of the carrier trap centers in these films were decreased. The leakage currents of the metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors fabricated by using these films were reduced. It is probable that the insulation properties of the CVD-SiO2 film are improved by the increase in the mass density and the decrease in the carrier trap density caused by the restoration of the Si-O network with the radical oxidation.
Modeling the Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19 (2020)

COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease with catastrophic global impact. This disease is more contagious than influenza such that cluster outbreaks occur frequently. If patients with symptoms quickly underwent testing and contact tracing, these outbreaks could be contained. Unfortunately, COVID-19 patients have symptoms similar to other common illnesses. Here, we hypothesize the order of symptom occurrence could help patients and medical professionals more quickly distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory diseases, yet such essential information is largely unavailable. To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. We then compared the progression of these symptoms in COVID-19 to other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, SARS, and MERS, to observe if the diseases present differently. Our model predicts that influenza initiates with cough, whereas COVID-19 like other coronavirus-related diseases initiates with fever. However, COVID-19 differs from SARS and MERS in the order of gastrointestinal symptoms. Our results support the notion that fever should be used to screen for entry into facilities as regions begin to reopen after the outbreak of Spring 2020. Additionally, our findings suggest that good clinical practice should involve recording the order of symptom occurrence in COVID-19 and other diseases. If such a systemic clinical practice had been standard since ancient diseases, perhaps the transition from local outbreak to pandemic could have been avoided.
Typed Graph Networks (2019)

Recently, the deep learning community has given growing attention to neural architectures engineered to learn problems in relational domains. Convolutional Neural Networks employ parameter sharing over the image domain, tying the weights of neural connections on a grid topology and thus enforcing the learning of a number of convolutional kernels. By instantiating trainable neural modules and assembling them in varied configurations (apart from grids), one can enforce parameter sharing over graphs, yielding models which can effectively be fed with relational data. In this context, vertices in a graph can be projected into a hyperdimensional real space and iteratively refined over many message-passing iterations in an end-to-end differentiable architecture. Architectures of this family have been referred to with several definitions in the literature, such as Graph Neural Networks, Message-passing Neural Networks, Relational Networks and Graph Networks. In this paper, we revisit the original Graph Neural Network model and show that it generalises many of the recent models, which in turn benefit from the insight of thinking about vertex \textbf{types}. To illustrate the generality of the original model, we present a Graph Neural Network formalisation, which partitions the vertices of a graph into a number of types. Each type represents an entity in the ontology of the problem one wants to learn. This allows - for instance - one to assign embeddings to edges, hyperedges, and any number of global attributes of the graph. As a companion to this paper we provide a Python/Tensorflow library to facilitate the development of such architectures, with which we instantiate the formalisation to reproduce a number of models proposed in the current literature.
Uncooled performance of 10-Gb/s laser modules with InGaAlAs-InP and InGaAsP-InP MQW electroabsorption Modulators integrated with semiconductor amplifiers (2005)

Uncooled operation of long-reach high performance C-band 10 Gb/s of optical modulator modules is presented. Modules consisting of a distributed feedback laser and a chip with a monolithically integrated electroabsorption modulator and semiconductor optical amplifier based on multiquantum-well structures of both InGaAsP-InP and InGaAlAs-InP material systems are presented. Dispersion penalty of 1 dB over 94-km transmission, output power above 0 dBm, and low extinction ratio variation are demonstrated over an 80/spl deg/C temperature range. A simple analysis of the quantum confined Stark effect is employed to explain the temperature-dc bias voltage dependence.
Hardware-based Neural Networks using a Gated Schottky Diode as a Synapse Device (2018)

A gated Schottky diode is proposed for high-performance synapse devices and a means of designing a neural network using this device is described. The proposed gated Schottky diode operates in the saturation region with respect to the input voltage and is therefore immune to input noise and enables accurate vector-by-matrix multiplication. Moreover, by applying identical pulses to the bottom gate to store charges in a storage layer, the reverse saturation current increases almost linearly. Considering these special characteristics, we propose an architecture that uses a time-modulated input pulse and a learning rule based on a single conductance step. A three-layer perceptron network is trained using the conductance response of the synapse device and unidirectional weight-updating methods. In simulations using this network, the classification accuracy rate of MNIST training sets was found to be 94.50%. Compared to memristive devices, the improved linearity of the conductance response in our device is evidence of its higher accuracy.
Hydraphile synthetic ion channels alter root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana (2014)

The presence of low concentrations of hydraphile synthetic amphiphiles have been found to dramatically alter the primary/lateral root architectural balance in the A. thaliana plant model system and a correlation to ion transport by the hydraphiles is consistent with the effects.
Solving Large-Scale Tour Scheduling Problems (1994)

For a given planning horizon, workforce composition and set of labor requirements, personnel scheduling often reduces to solving three problems. The first is concerned with the assignment of days off; the second involves assigning workers to shifts during the day; and the third involves the construction of weekly tours. In many manufacturing facilities, tour scheduling is easy because the start and end times of shifts are invariant, and no work takes place on the weekend. But when daily patterns vary, such as in the airlines, processing, and public service industries, and when part-timers make up a portion of the workforce, the complexity of the overall problem increases dramatically. This paper presents a new methodology for solving the combined shift and days-off scheduling problem when the labor requirements span less than 24 hours per day. We begin with an integer programming formulation and then introduce a set of aggregate variables and related cuts. When the aggregate variables are fixed the original problem decomposes into seven subproblems (one for each day of the week) that are much easier to solve. A partial enumeration scheme and a heuristic for ensuring feasibility are employed to find upper and lower bounds which converge rapidly to near-optima. The methodology is applied to tour scheduling at general mail facilities (GMFs). These facilities are located in most urban areas and process millions of mail pieces daily for local and regional distribution. The model accounts for the principal constraints in the U.S. Postal Service labor contract, including half-hour breaks, minimum full-time to part-time ratios, and variable start times. Also considered are four and five day work weeks, and the possibility of assigning workers across labor categories. A full analysis of the Providence, Rhode Island facility is presented.
Nanoporous Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> Mesocrystals: Additive-Free Synthesis, Remarkable Crystalline-Phase Stability, and Improved Lithium Insertion Behavior (2010)

Unique spindle-shaped nanoporous anatase TiO(2) mesocrystals with a single-crystal-like structure and tunable sizes were successfully fabricated on a large scale through mesoscale assembly in the tetrabutyl titanate-acetic acid system without any additives under solvothermal conditions. A complex mesoscale assembly process involving slow release of soluble species from metastable solid precursors for the continuous formation of nascent anatase nanocrystals, oriented aggregation of tiny anatase nanocrystals, and entrapment of in situ produced butyl acetate as a porogen was put forward for the formation of the anatase mesocrystals. It was revealed that the acetic acid molecules played multiple key roles during the nonhydrolytic processing of the [001]-oriented, single-crystal-like anatase mesocrystals. The obtained nanoporous anatase mesocrystals exhibited remarkable crystalline-phase stability (i.e., the pure phase of anatase can be retained after being annealed at 900 °C) and improved performance as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, which could be largely attributed to the intrinsic single-crystal-like nature as well as high porosity of the nanoporous mesocrystals.
(Ba, Sr)TiO<sub>3</sub> Films Prepared by Liquid Source Chemical Vapor Deposition on Ru Electrodes (1996)

Electrical properties of (Ba, Sr)TiO 3 [BST] films have been investigated on RuO 2 /Ru and Ru electrodes instead of Pt, because they are easy to be etched. BST films were deposited at a substrate temperature of T s =420° C and a reactor pressure of P =1.5 Torr by employing a two-step liquid source chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. BST films on RuO 2 /Ru were electrically shorted, which was considered to be caused by surface roughening during BST film deposition and/or post-annealing. In the case of Ru electrodes, an equivalent SiO 2 thickness of t eq =0.50 nm (a dielectric constant of ε r =190), a leakage current of J L =4.6×10 -8 A/cm 2 at +1.1 V, and a dielectric loss of tan δ=0.018 were achieved at a total film thickness of 250 Å, by restricting Ru surface oxidation and its surface roughening. Moreover, BST film deposition on Ru storage nodes, 0.24 µ m wide, 0.6 µ m deep, 0.15 µ m high, and each spaced by 0.3–0.14 µ m, verified that the storage capacitance can be successfully increased by using sidewalls of the storage node, without a significant increase in the leakage current.