gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Throughput Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing System (2012)

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a multi-nozzle printhead for simultaneous Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing for high resolution devices. The E-jet process combines high resolution printing with a large variety of printing materials, making E-jet suitable for applications ranging from flexible electronics to high resolution biosensors. Throughput improvement is critical to fully realize the potential of this emerging manufacturing process. This paper addresses this need by introducing a high resolution multi-nozzle printhead. In this work, an initial characterization of the electrostatic interference introduced in the multi-nozzle design is performed and a significant decrease in printing time is demonstrated. This research shows that a 2 micron nozzle can be placed within 80 microns of another nozzle without eliciting an electrostatic interference during printing. Additionally, the use of a 3 nozzle printhead resulted in a corresponding 3 times reduction in printing time for a single device without loss of part fidelity. This work demonstrates that arrays of E-jet printheads have the potential to radically improve the throughput of the process, which will lead to new applications and improved performance for this promising technology.
Analysis of scanning force microscope force-distance data beyond the Hookian approximation (1998)

A new method for obtaining force–distance curves using scanning force microscopy is suggested. The theoretical justification for this method is discussed. The method, involving frequency domain measurements of cantilever motion, is predicted to provide improved force data using standard single point measurement of the cantilever deflection. Shortcomings of the standard Hookian model that are alleviated by our model are discussed. Spectroscopic information and knowledge of the applied force during intermittent contact mode imaging are shown to be more appropriately determined using the new method.
Alarm correlation and fault identification in communication networks (1994)

Presents an approach for modeling and solving the problem of fault identification and alarm correlation in large communication networks. A single fault in a large network may result in a large number of alarms, and it is often very difficult to isolate the true cause of the fault. This appears to be one of the most important difficulties in managing faults in today's networks. The problem may become worse in the case of multiple faults. The authors present a general methodology for solving the alarm correlation and fault identification problem. They propose a new alarm structure, propose a general model for representing the network, and give two algorithms which can solve the alarm correlation and fault identification problem in the presence of multiple faults. These algorithms differ in the degree of accuracy achieved in identifying the fault, and in the degree of complexity required for implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and Chromatographic Properties of Liquid Crystalline Polysiloxanes Containing Steroid Substituents (1987)

Abstract A series of alkenyl-substituted cholesterol and related steroids have been prepared. These liquid-crystalline compounds were hydrosilylated onto polyhydromethylsiloxane. The polymers have a broad range of liquid crystallinity even if the starting alkenes had a narrow range. Those polymers containing the benzoate ester linking group were not suitable for stationary phases in high temperature capillary gas chromatography because the phases were not stable at temperatures above 250°C-27O°C. A capillary column coated with a polymer containing a phenyl group directly attached to the steroid proved to be effective in separating certain PAH isomers. Key Words: liquid crystalspolysiloxanescapillary gas chromatographysteroidal substituentsstationary phases, synthesis
Integrin-Linked Kinase at the Heart of Cardiac Contractility, Repair, and Disease (2007)

Recent advances in cardiac physiology identify the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) as an essential molecule regulating cardiac growth, contractility, and repair. A key transducer of biochemical signals initiated at the plasma membrane by cell-matrix interactions, ILK now emerges as a crucial player in mechanotransduction by integrins. Animal models have been particularly instructive in dissecting the cardiac functions of ILK and its associated proteins, such as parvins and PINCH, and have clearly established ILK as a major contributor to cardiac health. ILK gene knockouts in mice, flies, and worms result in early embryonic lethality because of cell adhesion defects and cytoskeletal disorganization. Although widely distributed in mammalian tissues, ILK expression is highest in the heart, and cardiac-specific ablation of ILK causes cardiomyopathy and sudden death in mice. ILK protein complexes are found in the sarcomere, which is the basic contractile unit of myocytes. A natural inactivating mutation in the kinase domain of ILK disrupts ILK protein interactions in the sarcomere, causing a contractile defect in the zebrafish heart. The relatively subtle phenotype of mutant ILK hearts, compared with ILK-ablated hearts, suggests multiple cardiac ILK functions. Cardiac-specific expression of ILK in transgenic mice induces a hypertrophic program, pointing to ILK as a proximal regulator of multiple hypertrophic signal transduction pathways. ILK protein interactions may also be important in mediating postinfarct cell migration and myocardial repair.
Mutant <i>GNAS</i> detected in duodenal collections of secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice indicates the presence or emergence of pancreatic cysts (2012)

Duodenal collections of secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice from patients with IPMNs have a similar prevalence of mutant GNAS to primary IPMNs, indicating that these samples are an excellent source of mutant DNA from the pancreas. The detection of GNAS mutations before an IPMN is visible suggests that analysis of pancreatic juice has the potential to help in the risk stratification and surveillance of patients undergoing pancreatic screening.
Antifreeze Protein‐Induced Selective Crystallization of a New Thermodynamically and Kinetically Less Preferred Molecular Crystal (2013)

The formation of a new, dihydrate crystalline form of 5-methyluridine (m(5)U) was selectively induced by a protein additive, antifreeze protein (AFP) in a highly efficient manner (in 10(-6) molar scale, whereas known kinetic additives need 0.1 molar scale). The hemihydrate form (form I, the only previously known crystalline form of m(5)U) and the dihydrate form of m(5)U (form II) obtained herein were characterized using X-ray crystallography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compared to form I, remarkably, form II is thermodynamically and kinetically less preferred. The presence of AFP can selectively inhibit the appearance of form I and hence allows the growth of form II, the pure form of which cannot grow directly from m(5) U supersaturated solutions under the same conditions. An explanation supported by both experimental and theoretical results is provided for the AFP-induced selection process. Implications on AFP-induced ice shape changes are also discussed. Control of crystallization from supersaturated solutions is of great interest in both fundamental research and practical applications in fields like chemistry, pharmacology and materials science. These findings suggest that crystallization processes with AFPs could be valuable for selective growth of hydrates and polymorphs of important pharmaceutical compounds.
CROSS-LINKED POLYMER MICELLES WITH BIODEGRADABLE IONIC CORES FOR ANTI-CANCER DRUG DELIVERY. (2009)

Structural decay of the micelles under severe dilution in the blood compartment, leading to premature drug release, limits the use of polymer micelles as carriers for improved drug delivery. Intramicellar cross-linking is one of the promising methods to improve the stability of polymeric micelles against dilution, ionic strength, temperature and shear forces 1–4. In particular, stabilization of multimolecular micelle structure using disulphide containing cross-linkers is particularly attractive because of the differences in the reductive potential outside and inside of the cell. While disulphide containing carrier systems possess high stability in the systemic circulation and in extracellular fluids, they are prone to rapid degradation under a reductive environment present in the intracellular compartment, allowing controlled cytoplasmic delivery of the bioactive payload5.

In this study, block ionomer complexes (BIC) of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methacylic acid) (PEO-b-PMA) and divalent metal cations (Ca2+) were utilized as templates for the synthesis of cross-linked (cl)-micelles1–2. Cystamine was utilized as a biodegradable cross-linker. Doxorubicin (DOX) or cisplatin (CDDP) was loaded into the cross-linked core of the polymeric micelles. The physicochemical properties, loading efficacy, the release of DOX or CDDP from the polymer micelles with biodegradable cross-links in the core as well as in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated.
Context based algorithmic framework for identifying and classifying embedded images of follicle units (2014)

Medical image processing has been very emerging research areas in recent days. These types of images are naturally so noisy. To count the target objects is never easy. But the proper treatment depends on the accuracy of the successful locating and counting of the desired objects in an image. Some research work can do this type of segmentation of images, but they include so many constraints on the input images that these solutions cannot be applied in a generalized way to most of the images. Even a slight variation in nature of an input image can lead to a major incorrectness of the result. So we developed a generalized way to count a very noisy part of human body, the hair follicle on the scalp. The objective of this research is to count the number of hair follicle groups and the number of follicles into each group in a microscopic image of human scalp. The follicles are nonstandard in shape i.e. they do not maintain any standard shape like rectangle, oval, circle etc. Moreover the follicles are overlapping with one another in many cases. So it is hard to separate them. Here we will present a technique to count the number of follicle group as well as number of follicles in each group. We also applied well-known techniques to cluster the objects detected and a method to generate a neighboring connected graph in order to calculate the inter follicular distances.
Comparison and optimization of edge termination techniques for SiC power devices (2002)

Edge termination is a critical design area for high voltage SiC power devices. Current SiC termination designs derived from Si technology face new design issues when confronted with the unique physical properties and processing constraints of SiC. This paper presents the design and comparison of the prevailing planar and non-planar edge termination techniques, including: field plates, junction termination extensions (JTE), floating guard rings, and junction beveling. Termination structures are examined with respect to device type, influence of oxide charge, and current processing limitations.
Determining Fracture Closure Pressure in Soft Formations Using Post-Closure Pulse Testing (2003)

Summary This paper discusses the theory and application of a pressure-pulse testing technique to determine the fracture closure pressure (Pc) in soft formations. This technique is intended for use only after a data fracture has been pumped and is closed. Implementing the pulse technique post-closure rather than while the fracture is still open allows it to be used as an independent determination of Pc without diminishing the accuracy of the fluid leakoff coefficient (CL) determined from the data-fracture. Previous pulse-testing techniques1 require pumping into a fracture while it is still open. This practice reduces the accuracy of CL by altering the time necessary for the fracture to close (tc). Furthermore, previous pulse-testing techniques yield only a possible range for Pc, whereas the post-closure pulse technique yields a better-defined, singular value of Pc. The accuracy of post-closure pulse testing is validated with several field examples from a soft formation on Alaska's North Slope by comparing a definitive Pc determined using pressure decline analysis with Pc determined from post-closure pulse testing.
Golden Mandarin (III)-a user-adaptive prosodic-segment-based Mandarin dictation machine for Chinese language with very large vocabulary (2002)

This paper presents a prototype prosodic-segment-based Mandarin dictation machine for the Chinese language with very large vocabulary. It accepts utterances continuous within a prosodic segment which is composed of one or a few word(s). It also possesses various on-line learning capabilities for fast adaptation to a new user in acoustic, lexical and linguistic levels. The overall system is implemented on an IBM/PC with an additional DSP card including a Motorola DSP 96002 chip. The word accuracy can achieve nearly 90% for a new user after he produces about 10 minutes of speech to train the system, and the accuracy can be further improved with the on-line learning functions.
Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy &#x2014; Breaking the diffraction limit using nano light emitting probe tip (2008)

We describe optical and topographic imaging using a light emitting diode (LED) monolithically integrated on a silicon probe tip for Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM). The light emission resulted from a silicon dioxide layer buried between a phosphorus-doped N+ silicon layer and a gallium-doped P+ silicon region created locally at the tip by a focused ion beam (FIB). The tip was employed in a standard NSOM excitation setup. The probe successfully measured optical as well as topographic images of a chromium test pattern with imaging resolutions of 400 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The directional resolution dependence of the acquired images directly corresponds to the shape, size and polarity of the light source on the probe tip. To our knowledge, this report is the first successful near-field imaging result directly measured by such tip-embedded light sources.
Partial Enumerative Sphere Shaping (2019)

The dependency between the Gaussianity of the input distribution for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the gap-to-capacity is discussed. We show that a set of particular approximations to the Maxwell- Boltzmann (MB) distribution virtually closes most of the shaping gap. We relate these symbol-level distributions to bit-level distributions, and demonstrate that they correspond to keeping some of the amplitude bit-levels uniform and independent of the others. Then we propose partial enumerative sphere shaping (P-ESS) to realize such distributions in the probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) framework. Simulations over the AWGN channel exhibit that shaping 2 amplitude bits of 16-ASK have almost the same performance as shaping 3 bits, which is 1.3 dB more power- efficient than uniform signaling at a rate of 3 bit/symbol. In this way, required storage and computational complexity of shaping are reduced by factors of 6 and 3, respectively.
<title>Optimized vector quantization with fuzzy distortion measure</title> (1996)

From the perspective of information theory, the design of vector quantizers (VQs) in optimizing the rate distortion function has been extensively studied. In practice, however, the existing VQ algorithms, often, suffer from a number of serious problems, e.g., long search process, codebook initialization, and getting trapped in local minima, inherent to most iterative processes. The generalized Lloyd algorithm, for designing VQs with embedded k-means clustering for codebook generation has been recently used by a number of researcher for efficient image coding by quantizing wavelet decomposed subimages. We present a new approach to vector quantization by generating such multiresolution codebooks using two different neuro-fuzzy clustering techniques that eliminate the existing problems. These clustering techniques integrate fuzzy optimization constraints from the fuzzy-C-means with self-organizing neural network architectures. In one of the new clustering techniques, a new distance measure has also been introduced. The resulting multiresolution codebooks generated from the wavelet decomposed images yield significant improvement in the coding process. The signal transformation and vector quantization stages together yield, at least, 64:1 bit rate reduction with good visual quality and acceptable peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error (MSE). Additional bit rate reduction can be easily obtained by employing conventional entropy encoding after the quantization stage. The performance of this new VQ coding technique has been compared to that of the well-known Linde, Buzo, and Gray (LBG) - VQ for a variety of image classes. The new VQ technique demonstrated superior ability for fast convergence with minimum distortion at similar bit rate reduction then the existing VQ technique for several classes of images/signals including standard test images and medical images in terms of mean-squared error (MSE), peak-signal-to- noise-ratio (PSNR), and visual quality.
Adaptive whole slide tissue segmentation to handle inter-slide tissue variability (2015)

Automatic whole slide (WS) tissue image segmentation is an important problem in digital pathology. A conventional classification-based method (referred to as CCb method) to tackle this problem is to train a classifier on a pre-built training database (pre-built DB) obtained from a set of training WS images, and use it to classify all image pixels or image patches (test samples) in the test WS image into different tissue types. This method suffers from a major challenge in WS image analysis: the strong inter-slide tissue variability (ISTV), i.e., the variability of tissue appearance from slide to slide. Due to this ISTV, the test samples are usually very different from the training data, which is the source of misclassification. To address the ISTV, we propose a novel method, called slide-adapted classification (SAC), to extend the CCb method. We assume that in the test WS image, besides regions with high variation from the pre-built DB, there are regions with lower variation from this DB. Hence, the SAC method performs a two-stage classification: first classifies all test samples in a WS image (as done in the CCb method) and compute their classification confidence scores. Next, the samples classified with high confidence scores (samples being reliably classified due to their low variation from the pre-built DB) are combined with the pre-built DB to generate an adaptive training DB to reclassify the low confidence samples. The method is motivated by the large size of the test WS image (a large number of high confidence samples are obtained), and the lower variability between the low and high confidence samples (both belonging to the same WS image) compared to the ISTV. Using the proposed SAC method to segment a large dataset of 24 WS images, we improve the accuracy over the CCb method.
Epidermal Langerhans Cell-Targeted Gene Expression by a Dectin-2 Promoter (2001)

Despite their critical function as APCs for primary immune responses, dendritic cells (DC) and Langerhans cells (LC) have been rarely used as targets of gene-based manipulation because well-defined regulatory elements controlling LC/DC-specific expression have not been identified. Previously, we identified dectin-2, a C-type lectin receptor expressed selectively by LC-like XS cell lines and by LC within mouse epidermis. Because these characteristics raised the possibility that dectin-2 promoter may direct LC/DC-specific gene expression, we isolated a 3.2-kb nucleotide fragment from the 5'-flanking region of the dectin-2 gene (Dec2FR) and characterized its regulatory elements and the transcriptional activity using a luciferase (Luc) reporter system. The Dec2FR contains a putative TATA box and cis-acting elements, such as the IFN-stimulated response element, that drive gene expression specifically in XS cells. Dec2FR comprises repressor, enhancer, and promoter regions, and the latter two regions coregulate XS cell-specific gene expression. In transgenic mice bearing a Dec2FR-regulated Luc gene, the skin was the predominant site of Luc activity and LC were the exclusive source of such activity within epidermis. By contrast, other APCs (DC, macrophages, and B cells) and T cells expressed Luc activity close to background levels. We conclude that epidermal LC are targeted selectively for high-level constitutive gene expression by Dec2FR in vitro and in vivo. Our findings lay the foundation for use of the dectin-2 promoter in LC-targeted gene expression systems that may enhance vaccination efficacy and regulate immune responses.
Efficient substream encoding and transmission for P2P video on demand (2007)

In a P2P VoD system, the rate at which peers receive video fluctuates due to peer churn. Although scalable video coding has the potential to adapt to long-term rate variations, existing scalable video schemes have not been tailored for P2P systems for which substreams emanate from churning peers. In this paper we propose a new multi-stream coding and transmission scheme, Redundancy-Free Multiple Description (RFMD) Coding and Transmission, that has been designed for P2P VoD systems. Unlike layered video, with RFMD all substreams have equal importance. Thus, video quality gracefully degrades as substreams are lost, independently of which particular substreams are lost. Furthermore, only the source bits are collectively transmitted by the supplying peers. Thus, all transmitted bits contribute to improve video quality. Finally, RFMD can be used to create any number of descriptions. We conduct an extensive simulation study, comparing single layer coding with highrate erasure codes, layered coding, multiple description coding (MD-FEC) and RFMD. The simulations show that RFMD performs best in a variety of representative scenarios.
Single View Human Action Recognition using Key Pose Matching and Viterbi Path Searching (2007)

3D human pose recovery is considered as a fundamental step in view-invariant human action recognition. However, inferring 3D poses from a single view usually is slow due to the large number of parameters that need to be estimated and recovered poses are often ambiguous due to the perspective projection. We present an approach that does not explicitly infer 3D pose at each frame. Instead, from existing action models we search for a series of actions that best match the input sequence. In our approach, each action is modeled as a series of synthetic 2D human poses rendered from a wide range of viewpoints. The constraints on transition of the synthetic poses is represented by a graph model called Action Net. Given the input, silhouette matching between the input frames and the key poses is performed first using an enhanced Pyramid Match Kernel algorithm. The best matched sequence of actions is then tracked using the Viterbi algorithm. We demonstrate this approach on a challenging video sets consisting of 15 complex action classes.