gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of sulfur isotopes (2023)

Sulfur isotopes are continuously separated and enriched using a closed loop reflux system wherein sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) is reacted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or the like to form sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO.sub.3). Heavier sulfur isotopes are preferentially attracted to the NaHSO.sub.3, and subsequently reacted with sulfuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) forming sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO.sub.4) and SO.sub.2 gas which contains increased concentrations of the heavier sulfur isotopes. This heavy isotope enriched SO.sub.2 gas is subsequently separated and the NaHSO.sub.4 is reacted with NaOH to form sodium sulfate (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) which is subsequently decomposed in an electrodialysis unit to form the NaOH and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 components which are used in the aforesaid reactions thereby effecting sulfur isotope separation and enrichment without objectionable loss of feed materials.
Design of secure SMART card reader and Wi-Fi interface for Point of Sale terminal (2018)

The electronic point-of-sale (POS) terminal is one of the modern forms of monitoring device used at merchandising locations. For the functional processing of the POS terminal i.MX6 processor is used. POS terminal is embedded with the smart card reader for convenient and secure transactions. Typically smart card is a type of chip card that contains an embedded computer chip either a memory or microprocessor type that stores and transacts data. Smart card's data will be usually a value, information, or both, such as PIN codes of payphones, identity number of mobiles, credit or debit transaction information related to banking, monetary value for small purchases like amount currently stored, and subtract the amount for the goods or services being purchased, patient's history in health centers, which is stored and processed within the smart-card's chip. The transaction of card data is carried-out through a reader, which is a part of a computing system. Wi-Fi network is used to transfer data periodically to a global server. Systems developed with the smart card system has got several applications in areas like healthcare, banking, entertainment, and transportation, and in industrial products such as TV-satellite decoders and in GSM digital cellular phones.
Biochemical study of the relationship of extracellular glucan to adherence and cariogenicity in Streptococcus mutans and an extracellular polysaccharide mutant (1977)

A mutant of Streptococcus mutans, GS-5, which differed in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced from sucrose, was used to study the role of EPS in the production of dental caries. The mutant proved to be identical to the parent strain in sugar fermentation, growth rate, and serotype. Strain GS-5 synthesized an EPS, which in electron micrographs appeared to be of fibrillar structure, whereas the mutant produced no fibrillar material but only a globular EPS. Analysis of the EPS revealed that about 30% of the glucose units in the GS-5 polymer carried (1-3)-like bonds either as branch points or as part of the linear backbone and that the mutant material contained only about 3% of these linkages. When grown in sucrose broth, the proportion of the mutant culture adherent to the glass vessel was dramatically less than that of the parent strain. Caries scores produced in conventional rats by the mutant were significantly lower than those obtained with the parent strain. Since the only difference discovered between strain GS-5 and the mutant was the inability of the mutant to synthesize either a fibrillar EPS or an EPS with more than about 3% (1-3)-like linkages, it was concluded that the fibrillar EPS of strain GS-5 contained about 30% (1-3)-like linkages and was necessary for adherence of the bacteria to surfaces and for production of dental caries in test animals.
In vivo determination of diffusive transport parameters in a superfused tissue (2006)

To address the hypothesis that functional changes in tissue transport can be related to structural alterations, we combined mathematical modeling with in vivo experimentation. The model concept includes interstitial diffusion and removal by a distributed microvasculature. Transport of solute and water across the peritoneum is measured via a plastic chamber affixed to the abdominal wall of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Solutions containing [(14)C]mannitol, with or without vasoactive compounds [control (C; n = 10), C + nitroprusside (NP; n = 10), C + norepinephrine (NE; n = 10)], were infused into the chamber, and the volume and tracer concentrations were determined over 60 min to calculate the mass transfer coefficient (MTC) and the water flux. At 60 min, FITC-dextran (500 kDa) was given to mark the perfused vasculature. After euthanasia, the tissue under the chamber was frozen, dried, sliced with a cryomicrotome, and examined with fluorescent microscopy and quantitative autoradiography. The microvessel density (x10(3)/cm(2): NE, 50 +/- 10; C, 180 +/- 7.0; NP, 225 +/- 15) resulted in marked differences (P < 0.05) in water flux (mul.min(-1).cm(-2): NE, 0.1 +/- 0.1; C, 1.6 +/- 0.4; NP, 1.0 +/- 0.2) and in mannitol MTC (x10(3) cm/min: NE, 0.9 +/- 0.3; C, 3.8 +/- 0.3; NP, 3.6 +/- 0.6). Concentration profiles and calculated capillary permeability and tissue diffusivity were significantly different among the groups. These results demonstrate a direct correlation of mass transfer, diffusion, capillary permeability, and water flux with peritoneal vascular density and validate a method by which mechanistic changes in transport may be measured.
MoS<sub>2</sub> Field-Effect Transistor for Next-Generation Label-Free Biosensors (2014)

Biosensors based on field-effect transistors (FETs) have attracted much attention, as they offer rapid, inexpensive, and label-free detection. While the low sensitivity of FET biosensors based on bulk 3D structures has been overcome by using 1D structures (nanotubes/nanowires), the latter face severe fabrication challenges, impairing their practical applications. In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate FET biosensors based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), which provides extremely high sensitivity and at the same time offers easy patternability and device fabrication, due to its 2D atomically layered structure. A MoS2-based pH sensor achieving sensitivity as high as 713 for a pH change by 1 unit along with efficient operation over a wide pH range (3-9) is demonstrated. Ultrasensitive and specific protein sensing is also achieved with a sensitivity of 196 even at 100 femtomolar concentration. While graphene is also a 2D material, we show here that it cannot compete with a MoS2-based FET biosensor, which surpasses the sensitivity of that based on graphene by more than 74-fold. Moreover, we establish through theoretical analysis that MoS2 is greatly advantageous for biosensor device scaling without compromising its sensitivity, which is beneficial for single molecular detection. Furthermore, MoS2, with its highly flexible and transparent nature, can offer new opportunities in advanced diagnostics and medical prostheses. This unique fusion of desirable properties makes MoS2 a highly potential candidate for next-generation low-cost biosensors.
Measurement of gastric emptying by real-time ultrasound. (1982)

A safe non-invasive technique for the measurement of gastric volume by real-time ultrasound is described. The application of this technique to the measurement of the emptying of liquid from the stomach is outlined. Gastric emptying of liquid was found to be log-linear, the mean half-life of emptying in 10 volunteers being 22 . 0 +/- 2 . 5 min. Ultrasound measurement of gastric emptying provides an opportunity to study the effects of drugs and disease on gastric motor function in man.
Mining the Arabidopsis thalianagenome for highly-divergent seven transmembrane receptors (2006)

Abstract To identify divergent seven-transmembrane receptor (7TMR) candidates from the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, multiple protein classification methods were combined, including both alignment-based and alignment-free classifiers. This resolved problems in optimally training individual classifiers using limited and divergent samples, and increased stringency for candidate proteins. We identified 394 proteins as 7TMR candidates and highlighted 54 with corresponding expression patterns for further investigation.
Mannan-Abeta28conjugate prevents Abeta-plaque deposition, but increases microhemorrhages in the brains of vaccinated Tg2576 (APPsw) mice (2008)

Mannan conjugated to Abeta28 provided sufficient adjuvant activity to induce potent anti-Abeta antibodies in APP transgenic mice, which have been shown to be hyporesponsive to immunization with Abeta self-antigen. However, in old Tg2576 mice there were increased levels of cerebral microhemorrhages in mannan-Abeta28 immunized mice. This effect was likely unrelated to the anti-mannan antibodies induced by the immunoconjugate, because control mice immunized with mannan-BSA also induced antibodies specific to mannan, but did not have increased levels of cerebral microhemorrhages compared with non-immunized mice. Whether these anti-mannan antibodies increased the permeability of the blood brain barrier thus allowing elevated levels of anti-Abeta antibodies entry into cerebral perivascular or brain parenchymal spaces and contributed to the increased incidence of microhemorrhages remains to be investigated in the future studies.
<i>Lactobacillus</i>Therapy for Acute Infectious Diarrhea in Children: A Meta-analysis (2002)

The results of this meta-analysis suggest that Lactobacillus is safe and effective as a treatment for children with acute infectious diarrhea.
Mass production of biosensors (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMass production of biosensorsManuel Alvarez-Icaza and Ursula BilitewskiCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 11, 525A–533APublication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online22 September 2008Published inissue 1 June 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00059a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00059a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views484Altmetric-Citations171LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibitors of gamma-secretase block in vivo and in vitro T helper type 1 polarization by preventing Notch upregulation of Tbx21. (2005)

Notch receptors are processed by gamma-secretase acting in synergy with T cell receptor signaling to sustain peripheral T cell activation. Activated CD4+ T cells differentiate into T helper type 1 (TH1) or TH2 subsets. Molecular cues directing TH1 differentiation include expression of the TH1-specific transcription factor T-bet, encoded by Tbx21. However, the regulation of Tbx21 remains incompletely defined. Here we report that Notch1 can directly regulate Tbx21 through complexes formed on the Tbx21 promoter. In vitro, gamma-secretase inhibitors extinguished expression of Notch, interferon-gamma and Tbx21 in TH1-polarized CD4+ cells, whereas ectopic expression of activated Notch1 restored Tbx21 transcription. In vivo, administration of gamma-secretase inhibitors substantially impeded TH1-mediated disease progression in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, using gamma-secretase inhibitors to modulate Notch signaling may prove beneficial in treating TH1-mediated autoimmunity.
Experimental investigation of the MSFR molten salt reactor concept (2014)

Abstract In the paper experimental modelling and investigation of the MSFR concept will be presented. MSFR is a homogeneous, single region liquid fuelled fast reactor concept. In case of molten salt reactors the core neutron flux and fission distribution is determined by the flow field through distribution and transport of fissile material and delayed neutron precursors. Since the MSFR core is a single region homogeneous volume without internal structures, it is a difficult task to ensure stable flow field, which is strongly coupled to the volumetric heat generation. These considerations suggest that experimental modelling would greatly help to understand the flow phenomena in such geometry. A scaled and segmented experimental mock-up of MSFR was designed and built in order to carry out particle image velocimetry measurements. Basic flow behaviour inside the core region can be investigated and the measurement data can also provide resource for the validation of computational fluid dynamics models. Measurement results of steady state conditions will be presented and discussed.
A quantitative metabolomics study of high sodium response in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation (2016)

Hemicellulose hydrolysates, sugar-rich feedstocks used in biobutanol refinery, are normally obtained by adding sodium hydroxide in the hydrolyze process. However, the resulting high sodium concentration in the hydrolysate inhibits ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation, and thus limits the use of these low-cost feedstocks. We have thus studied the effect of high sodium on the metabolic behavior of Clostridium acetobutyricum ATCC 824, with xylose as the carbon source. At a threshold sodium concentration of 200 mM, a decrease of the maximum cell dry weight (-19.50 ± 0.85%) and of ABE yield (-35.14 ± 3.50% acetone, -33.37 ± 0.74% butanol, -22.95 ± 1.81% ethanol) were observed compared to control culture. However, solvents specific productivities were not affected by supplementing sodium. The main effects of high sodium on cell metabolism were observed in acidogenesis, during which we observed the accumulation of ATP and NADH, and the inhibition of the pentose phosphate (PPP) and the glycolytic pathways with up to 80.73 ± 1.47% and 68.84 ± 3.42% decrease of the associated metabolic intermediates, respectively. However, the NADP(+)-to-NADPH ratio was constant for the whole culture duration, a phenomenon explaining the robustness of solvents specific productivities. Therefore, high sodium, which inhibited biomass growth through coordinated metabolic effects, interestingly triggered cell robustness on solvents specific productivity.
Role of Sulfated Glycans in Adherence of the Microsporidian <i>Encephalitozoon intestinalis</i> to Host Cells In Vitro (2005)

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular opportunistic protists that infect a wide variety of animals, including humans, via environmentally resistant spores. Infection requires that spores be in close proximity to host cells so that the hollow polar tube can pierce the cell membrane and inject the spore contents into the cell cytoplasm. Like other eukaryotic microbes, microsporidia may use specific mechanisms for adherence in order to achieve target cell proximity and increase the likelihood of successful infection. Our data show that Encephalitozoon intestinalis exploits sulfated glycans such as the cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in selection of and attachment to host cells. When exogenous sulfated glycans are used as inhibitors in spore adherence assays, E. intestinalis spore adherence is reduced by as much as 88%. However, there is no inhibition when nonsulfated glycans are used, suggesting that E. intestinalis spores utilize sulfated host cell glycans in adherence. These studies were confirmed by exposure of host cells to xylopyranoside, which limits host cell surface GAGs, and sodium chlorate, which decreases surface sulfation. Spore adherence studies with CHO mutant cell lines that are deficient in either surface GAGs or surface heparan sulfate also confirmed the necessity of sulfated glycans. Furthermore, when spore adherence is inhibited, host cell infection is reduced, indicating a direct association between spore adherence and infectivity. These data show that E. intestinalis specifically adheres to target cells by way of sulfated host cell surface GAGs and that this mechanism serves to enhance infectivity.
Adaptability using reflection (1994)

Adaptability, i.e. the ability of a system to adapt dynamically to changes in its execution environment, is considered as an important property of computer systems. Scaling directory replication in name servers and load balancing are well known examples. However, adaptability in today's systems, if present at all, generally is burnt in and dedicated to singular properties of the execution environment. The authors discuss a more universal approach to adaptability. The approach is based on the/spl minus/in some cases artificial/spl minus/separation of nonfunctional properties from the functionality of application systems. The scheme provides full control over nonfunctional properties while preserving transparency for the application programs. To study that approach, reflection has been incorporated into the BirliX object model and its implementation. It has been used to experiment with some nonfunctional properties such as migration and protection. The authors motivate the need for a universal adaptability scheme, revisit reflection as used in programming language systems and discuss design decisions for reflective systems, describe the resulting reflective BirliX model and its implementation and finally describe applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Implementation of harmonic IIR notch filter with the TMS320C55x (2010)

A sinusoidal signal and its harmonics are often regarded as interferences to a system in many applications. This paper presents a harmonic infinite impulse response (IIR) notch filter in cascade form, and its implementation with digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320C55x for filtering out the sinusoid and its harmonics is introduced. The experiment results are demonstrated. One advantage of an adaptive filter is that it can track the frequency of the interference. An adaptive harmonic IIR notch filter is especially useful when the interfering sinusoid and its harmonics drift slowly in frequency. In this study, the adaptive algorithm for the harmonic IIR notch filter is presented, the LMS algorithm is applied to the first second-order section of the harmonic IIR notch filter to make it adaptively meet the application requirement.
Radiation stability of powders in mixtures with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>nanoparticles (2012)

A comparative research was conducted to investigate the absorption spectra of barium titanate powders mixtures with aluminum oxide micro- or nanopowders irradiated by electrons. It was established that the addition of aluminum oxide nanopowder enhances the radiation stability of mixtures, which increases with the concentration of nanoparticles. Stability augmentation of mixtures under irradiation is caused by the decrease in the concentration of radiation defects in the anion sublattice of barium titanate.
PLATO Across the Curriculum: An Evaluation of a Project (1986)

Abstract A limited time project introduced centralized computer‐based learning to a sample of 300 students and 18 members of staff situated in 11 departments at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The project sought to establish the extent to which a system such as PLATO could supplement existing teaching programmes, test student and staff reactions, encourage the development of computer literacy, and assess the feasibility of introducing a centralized mainframe computer‐based learning network into existing university structures. During four to five months of terminal usage, limited empirical and impressionistic evidence recorded in 13 project evaluations reported the development of positive attitudes among student and staff towards computer‐based learning. Individualized pacing of learning, possibilities for remedial action, reinforcement and immediacy of feedback were aspects of the system that promoted consistently favourable responses.
Highly Stable Ultrathin Carbosiloxane Films by Molecular Layer Deposition (2013)

Carbosiloxane thin films are grown by molecular layer deposition (MLD) using 1,2-bis[(dimethylamino)dimethylsilyl]ethane and ozone precursors. The films exhibit a constant growth rate per MLD cycle and saturation behavior in exposure times for both reactants. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic study reveals characteristic carbosiloxane vibrational absorptions. The deposition of carbosiloxane films is further confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the film composition is shown to be dependent on ozone exposure time. The carbosiloxane films exhibit excellent stability when treated with acid, base, and organic solvent. Thermal stability studies demonstrate that the films are stable to 400 °C, with little thickness loss even at 600 °C, which is comparable to carbosiloxane films deposited by other techniques.
X-ray detection capability of a Cs<sub>2</sub>ZnCl<sub>4</sub> single-crystal scintillator (2014)

The X-ray detection capability of a scintillation detector equipped with a Cs2ZnCl4 single crystal was evaluated. The scintillation decay kinetics can be expressed as the sum of two exponential decay components. The fast decay component had a decay time constant of 1.8 ns, and its relative intensity was 95%. The total light output was 630 photons/MeV, and a subnanosecond timing resolution of 0.66 ns was obtained. The detection efficiency of 67.4 keV X-rays was 80% for a detector equipped with a 2.2-mm-thick Cs2ZnCl4 crystal. Thus, excellent timing resolution and high detection efficiency were achieved simultaneously.
The NK-1 Receptor: A New Target in Cancer Therapy (2011)

After binding to the specific neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, the peptide substance P (SP), which is widely distributed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, induces tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration of the tumor cells for invasion and metastasis. However, after binding to NK-1 receptors, NK-1 receptor antagonists inhibit the three above mechanisms. In fact, the antiproliferative action exerted by NK-1 receptor antagonists is because they induce cancer cells to die by apoptosis, whereas SP exerts an antiapoptotic effect. Moreover, it is known that NK-1 receptors are overexpressed in tumors and that tumor cells express several isoforms of the NK-1 receptor. All these data suggest that the SP/NK-1 receptor system could play an important role in the development of cancer; that SP may be a universal mitogen in NK-1 receptor-expressing tumor cells, and that NK-1 receptor antagonists could offer a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human cancer, since they act as broad-spectrum antitumor agents. In sum, the NK-1 receptor may be a new and promising target in the treatment of human cancer.
PHENOTYPE, FUNCTION, AND IN VIVO MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL OF ALLOGENEIC DENDRITIC CELL PROGENITORS GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TO EXPRESS TGF-??1,2 (1998)

BM-derived DCp can be transduced efficiently to express TGF-beta1 using an Ad vector. They exhibit very poor allostimulatory activity and similar migration characteristics in vivo to unmodified DCp. Survival of TGF-beta gene-transduced DC, however, is enhanced significantly compared with unmodified and (especially) control Ad-LacZ gene-transduced DC. Genetic engineering of donor DC to express the immunosuppressive molecule TGF-beta promotes their survival in allogeneic hosts and may potentiate their previously reported tolerogenicity.