gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Removal of Tetranitromethane from Air Streams (1975)

Abstract : During the manufacture of TNT, one of the side products formed in relatively small amount is tetranitromethane (TNM). In the past it has been the practice to vent the TNM along with some nitrogen oxides (mainly NO) to the atmosphere. However, because of present-day awareness of pollution problems, EPA regulations now require the combined NO/TNM present in the exhaust gases to be below 100 ppm. In order to meet this requirement most of the TNM mustbe removed. Since TNM as a precursor of nitroform, can be used for the synthesis of a wide variety of polynitroaliphatics a desirable solution would be to collect the TNM as such or as nitroform thereby reducing the cost of pollution abatement.
Ultra-Thin Ruthenium Films by Pulsed Chemical Vapor Deposition (2007)

Ruthenium films have been deposited via a pulsed CVD process using tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) ruthenium (i.e., Ru(thd)3) , oxygen, and hydrogen at 280 and 300{degree sign}C. Film resistivity near theoretical values (16 μΩ-cm at 3 nm) was achieved with repeatability. Films were smooth and continuous down to 2 nm; a low density of pinholes could be observed on films with 1 nm thickness. Adhesive tape tests indicated good adhesion. Carbon content is low.
Iterative cardiac cone-beam CT reconstruction (2004)

High resolution images of coronary arteries are reconstructed with the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) applied to cone-beam CT cardiac imaging. Due to the motion of the heart during the scan, only data belonging to the same phase of the heart cycle can be used in the reconstruction process. Currently, all known analytical image reconstruction algorithms for this problem are approximate and do not take the cone-angle fully into account. ART models the scanner geometry exactly and does not suffer from large-cone angles, which is especially important with the current trend in CT to use detectors with more and more rows and larger cone-angles. In this study, the influence of the cardiac weighting function on image quality is investigated. Cardiac ART (CART) is used to reconstruct images from clinical data obtained with current 16-row CT scanners. The results are compared to an analytical reconstruction method.
A 50 cm diameter annular ion engine (1989)

An ion engine design is presented which uses an annular geometry as a means of achieving large engine diameters and hence, high thrust levels. Preliminary results are discussed for discharge-only operation of a 50-cm-diameter annular ion engine. Measured operating parameters presented include discharge current and voltage characteristics, discharge chamber ion current distribution, engine body temperatures, plasma flatness parameter effects and total integrated grid ion current.
3D time-wavelength-polarization OCDMA coding for increasing the number of users in OCDMA LANs (2004)

We experimentally demonstrate a three-dimensional optical code-division-multiple-access (OCDMA) system that encodes user data in time, wavelength, and polarization. Our sample codeset can support >2x the users of a 2D codeset with /spl sim/1.8 dB power penalty.
Quantifying streambed deposition and scour from stream and hyporheic water temperature time series (2013)

[1] We propose a new method based on temperature time series of surface and streambed pore waters to monitor local changes in streambed surface elevations at a nominally daily time scale. The proposed method uses the naturally occurring daily temperature signal changes in amplitude and phase between stream water and the water flowing within the streambed sediment. Application of the method in a fine-bedded stream predicts the timing and magnitude of a prescribed sequence of scour and deposition. This provides a new, effective, easy to use, and economic methodology to monitor the temporal evolution of erosion and depositional patterns in rivers.
Nitrous oxide emissions from a medium-duty diesel truck exhaust system (2014)

Starting in 2010, medium-duty diesel trucks in the USA were introduced with aftertreatment systems that contained precious metal oxidation catalysts, soot filters, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems for control of nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2). While modern diesel aftertreatment systems have high performance for meeting hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and particulate matter, there is some concern over emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) that can be formed within the exhaust system. N2O has an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 114 years and is 298 times more effective than CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere. In this study, the sources of N2O were compared in the laboratory flow reactor and at the system level on diesel trucks. The interactions of HC with NOx on the DOC and NOx with NH3 within the SCR catalyst were the predominant mechanisms for N2O formation. The composite N2O mass emission was calculated to be approximately 43 mg/mi, resulting in an equivalent CO2 penalty of about 2%, similar to the 1% to 3% penalty estimated for the global light-duty vehicle fleet.
Synthesis of High Silica Zeolites Using a Mixed Quaternary Ammonium Cation, Amine Approach:  Discovery of Zeolite SSZ-47 (2001)

A zeolite synthesis system is described in which a minor amount of structure-directing agent is used to specify the nucleation product, and then a larger amount of an amine is used to provide both pore filling and basicity capacities in the synthesis. A number of syntheses of different zeolite products are described for reactions in the SiO2/Al2O3 range of 35, which are conditions which yield high silica zeolites but are toward the more catalytically active end of the SiO2/Al2O3 spectrum. There are a number of cost-saving benefits described for this synthesis route including reduced structure-directing agent cost, waste stream cleanup costs, and time in reactor and reagent flexibility. Some details of the reaction are shown for this route to zeolite SSZ-25. The reaction was also used as a way to screen a new structure-directing agent, and zeolite SSZ-47 was discovered in this manner. The surprisingly high inorganic cation uptake in some of the zeolite products also may indicate that they play an important role in the stabilization and growth of structure-directing agent determined nuclei, particularly in syntheses under low structure-directing agent concentrations.
22.4 A 1GS/s 10b 18.9mW time-interleaved SAR ADC with background timing-skew calibration (2014)

SARs are one of the most energy-efficient ADC architectures for medium resolution and low-to-medium speed. To improve the limited bandwidth of SAR ADCs, the time-interleaved (TI) structure is often used [1,2]. However, TI ADCs have several issues caused by mismatches between channels, such as offset, gain, and timing-skew errors. Unlike the other errors, timing-skew causes errors that increase with input signal frequency. Considering that the TI structure is typically employed to increase bandwidth, timing-skew can be a dominant error source of TI ADCs. Recent works [1,3] have demonstrated a background timing-skew calibration using a dedicated additional channel as a timing reference. In this work, we present a TI SAR ADC that enables background timing-skew calibration without a separate timing reference channel and enhances the conversion speed of each channel.
Nucleotide Sequences of the Coat Protein Genes and Flanking Regions of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Strains C and WL RNA 3 (1989)

Several strains of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have been classified, and nucleic acid hybridization data indicate that these strains differ widely in nucleotide sequence. We have constructed cDNA clones of the coat protein coding regions of CMV strains C and WL, and have compared the nucleotide sequences of the RNA 3 intergenic region, coat protein gene, and 3' untranslated region with published CMV sequences from the same regions of the Q, D and Y strains. These comparisons show that the C and WL strains belong to different CMV subgroups, and that the subgroups are more closely related in sequence than suggested by previous nucleic acid hybridization studies.
Estimation of the SRS crosstalk on pilot-tones in WDM systems using a dither transfer matrix (2001)

The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) on pilot-tones and optical performance monitoring in a WDM system is considered by small signal analysis of the SRS equation and introducing a new concept – a Dither Transfer Matrix (DTM).
Cell-Free Massive MIMO versus Small Cells (2016)

A Cell-Free Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) system comprises a very large number of distributed access points (APs)which simultaneously serve a much smaller number of users over the same time/frequency resources based on directly measured channel characteristics. The APs and users have only one antenna each. The APs acquire channel state information through time-division duplex operation and the reception of uplink pilot signals transmitted by the users. The APs perform multiplexing/de-multiplexing through conjugate beamforming on the downlink and matched filtering on the uplink. Closed-form expressions for individual user uplink and downlink throughputs lead to max-min power control algorithms. Max-min power control ensures uniformly good service throughout the area of coverage. A pilot assignment algorithm helps to mitigate the effects of pilot contamination, but power control is far more important in that regard. Cell-Free Massive MIMO has considerably improved performance with respect to a conventional small-cell scheme, whereby each user is served by a dedicated AP, in terms of both 95%-likely per-user throughput and immunity to shadow fading spatial correlation. Under uncorrelated shadow fading conditions, the cell-free scheme provides nearly 5-fold improvement in 95%-likely per-user throughput over the small-cell scheme, and 10-fold improvement when shadow fading is correlated.
The <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Proteome (2005)

To complement the sequencing of the three kinetoplastid genomes reported in this issue, we have undertaken a whole-organism, proteomic analysis of the four life-cycle stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Peptides mapping to 2784 proteins in 1168 protein groups from the annotated T. cruzi genome were identified across the four life-cycle stages. Protein products were identified from >1000 genes annotated as "hypothetical" in the sequenced genome, including members of a newly defined gene family annotated as mucin-associated surface proteins. The four parasite stages appear to use distinct energy sources, including histidine for stages present in the insect vectors and fatty acids by intracellular amastigotes.
Production and Characterization of the Monoclonal Antibody against SGP120, a Novel Serum Protein (1996)

A monoclonal antibody designated B1.9.E-2 was produced and characterized to facilitate study of the immunizing antigen-a serum glycoprotein of 120 kDa (sgp 120) of unknown function. The antibody, produced in mice, reacts with 1-2 epitopes located in the N-terminal region of the sgp 120 molecule. The affinity of the reaction, as determined by Scatchard analysis, is Ka = 1.13 x 10(10) I/M and is of a hydrophobic nature. The monoclonal antibody can be purified to a high degree by a modified caprylic acid method and by protein G FPLC chromatography column. B1.9.E-2 does not trigger the complement cascade, as determined by C3 RIA and immune complex solubilization assays. Both affinity purified (C4b Sepharose) and chromatographically isolated (using jacqualine agarose) sgp 120 were recognized by B1.9.E-2. The monoclonal antibody can be utilized for affinity purification of sgp 120, for detection of intact or cleaved sgp 120 in biological samples of healthy and ill individuals, and for the number of functional and neutralization assays aimed at resolving the physiologic role of sgp 120.
Integration of planar Fresnel microlenses with vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays (1991)

We report a technique of integrating planar Fresnel microlenses with InGaAs/GaAs-based vertical-cavity surfacee-mitting laser arrays by selectively ion-beam milling the substrate. Depending on the application, one can focus, collimate, and bend the individual laser beams using such microlenses. An example is presented where a 32 x 32 array of microlenses, each with an aperture of 80microm and a focal length of 108 microm is integrated with a laser array. As expected, arrays of focused beams, each with a 2-microm spot size, are generated at a distance of approximately 110 microm.
Direct fissile assay of highly enriched UF/sub 6/ using random self-interrogation and neutron coincidence response (1983)

A new nondestructive method for direct assay of /sup 235/U mass contained in Model 5A uranium hexafluoride (UF/sub 6/) product storage cylinders has been successfully tested in the laboratory and under field conditions. The technique employs passive neutron self-interrogation and uses the ratio of coincidences-to-totals counts as a measure of bulk fissile mass. The accuracy of the method is 6.8% (1 sigma) based on field measurements of 44 Model 5A cylinders, 11 of which were either only partially filled or contained reactor return material. The cylinders contained UF/sub 6/ with enrichments from 5.96% to 97.6%. Count times were 3 to 6 min depending on /sup 235/U mass. Samples ranged from below 1 kg to over 16 kg of /sup 235/U. Because the method relies primarily on fast neutron self-interrogation, complete sampling of the UF/sub 6/ takes place. This feature alleviates inhomogeneity problems and offers increased assurance of the presence of stated amounts of bulk fissile material as compared with current verification methods.
R-134a Liquid Over-Feeding Mobile Air Conditioning Systems (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">For most air conditioning systems, usually only 85% of the evaporator is effectively used. The other 15% is used to superheat the refrigerant so that the compressor will be protected from liquid slugging, but this practice results in excessive evaporator volume. In mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems where the space available for the evaporator is very limited, the evaporator should be fully used, yet MAC designs have not reflected this need. This study reports on the designing and testing of a novel liquid over-feeding (LOF) MAC system that can use 100% of the evaporator effectively.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A LOF system is designed so that not all liquid refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator. The low-pressure liquid and vapor flow into an accumulator-heat exchanger where the liquid is boiled off by the warm, high-pressure liquid leaving the condenser. This concept not only allows 100% evaporator utilization, but will also reduce system power consumption and improve compressor reliability. Preliminary test results of LOF MACs, compared with thermal expansion valved MACs, indicated increases in cooling capacity of 20%, and refrigerant mass flow rate of 19%, coefficient of performance (COP) of 20%, and a reduction in power consumption of 5% at a compressor speed of 1560 revolutions per minute (rpm). This design is expected to only marginally increase the cost of MAC systems.</div>
Development of new hydrometallurgical processes for actinide recovery: GANEX concept (2005)

International audience
Testing High-Resolution ADCs With Low-Resolution/Accuracy Deterministic Dynamic Element Matched DACs (2007)

This paper presents a deterministic dynamic element matching (DDEM) approach, which is applied to low-precision digital-to-analog converters (DACs) to generate uniformly spaced voltage samples for analog-to-digital converter (ADC) testing. Theoretical analysis is provided to show the test performance using this DDEM DAC. Both simulation results and experimental results from a fabricated DDEM DAC are presented to verify the performance. The ADC testing performance, by using an 8-bit DDEM DAC (linearity less than 5 bits without DDEM), is comparable to the best results reported in the literature using on-chip linear ramp generators. The DDEM technique offers great potential for use in both production test and built-in-self-test (BIST) environments.
Chromatography paper as a low-cost medium for accurate spectrophotometric assessment of blood hemoglobin concentration (2013)

Anemia affects a quarter of the world's population, and a lack of appropriate diagnostic tools often prevents treatment in low-resource settings. Though the HemoCue 201+ is an appropriate device for diagnosing anemia in low-resource settings, the high cost of disposables ($0.99 per test in Malawi) limits its availability. We investigated using spectrophotometric measurement of blood spotted on chromatography paper as a low-cost (<$0.01 per test) alternative to HemoCue cuvettes. For this evaluation, donor blood was diluted with plasma to simulate anemia, a micropipette spotted blood on paper, and a bench-top spectrophotometer validated the approach before the development of a low-cost reader. We optimized impregnating paper with chemicals to lyse red blood cells, paper type, drying time, wavelengths measured, and sensitivity to variations in volume of blood, and we validated our approach using patient samples. Lysing the blood cells with sodium deoxycholate dried in Whatman Chr4 chromatography paper gave repeatable results, and the absorbance difference between 528 nm and 656 nm was stable over time in measurements taken up to 10 min after sample preparation. The method was insensitive to the amount of blood spotted on the paper over the range of 5 μL to 25 μL. We created a low-cost, handheld reader to measure the transmission of paper cuvettes at these optimal wavelengths. Training and validating our method with patient samples on both the spectrometer and the handheld reader showed that both devices are accurate to within 2 g dL(-1) of the HemoCue device for 98% and 95% of samples, respectively.
Substrate range of acetohydroxy acid synthase I from <i>Escherichia coli</i> in the stereoselective synthesis of α‐hydroxy ketones (2004)

Acetohydroxy acid synthase I appears to be the most effective of the AHAS isozymes found in Escherichia coli in the chiral synthesis of phenylacetyl carbinol from pyruvate and benzaldehyde. We report here the exploration of a range of aldehydes as substrates for AHAS I and demonstrate that the enzyme can accept a wide variety of substituted benzaldehydes, as well as heterocyclic and heteroatomic aromatic aldehydes, to produce chiral carbinols. The active site of AHAS I does not appear to impose serious steric constraints on the acceptor substrate. The influence of electronic effects on the reaction has been probed using substituted benzaldehydes as substrates. The electrophilicity of the aldehyde acceptor substrates is most important to their reactivity, but the lipophilicity of substituents also affects their reactivity. AHAS I is an effective biosynthetic platform for production of a variety of alpha-hydroxy ketones, compounds with considerable potential as pharmacological precursors.
Phase Shift Estimation in Structured Illumination Imaging for Lateral Resolution Enhancement (2007)

Lateral resolution enhancement using structured illumination imaging requires accurate knowledge of phase shifts in the sinusoidal illumination on the object. We discuss a method to estimate these phase shifts and the resulting image reconstructions.
Hypromellose-<i>graft</i>-chitosan and Its Polyelectrolyte Complex as Novel Systems for Sustained Drug Delivery (2015)

Polyelectrolyte complexes formed between chitosan (CS) and anionic polymers have attracted increasing interest in drug delivery. In this study, CS is copolymerized with hypromellose via a coupling reagent-mediated approach to form a water-soluble, nontoxic CS derivative, namely hypromellose-graft-CS (HC), which is subsequently complexed with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to generate a polyampholytic hydrogel. When compared with conventional CS, HC is highly water-soluble across a wide pH range, and has a substantially higher pH buffering capacity to provide a pH-stable environment for delivery of drugs. In addition, the polyelectrolyte complex of HC exhibits a drug encapsulation efficiency of over 90% in all drugs tested, which is 1-2 fold higher than the efficiency attainable by the polyelectrolyte complex of conventional CS, with a 2-3 fold longer duration of sustained drug release. Our results indicate that as a novel polymer, HC has excellent promise for future pharmaceutical applications.
An improved GMM-based voice quality predictor (2005)

A voice quality prediction method based on Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) is improved by constructing a feature selection algorithm to provide the best GMMbased prediction quality. The proposed sequential selection algorithm performs N -survivor search, allowing for trading between design complexity and performance. Simulation shows that predictors designed using the proposed algorithm outperform two benchmark selection algorithms. Performance improvements over the ITU-T P.862 PESQ standard are also attained.
An Autostereoscopic 2D/3D Compatible Display that uses the Image-Splitter Method. (1999)

We have developed a 2-D/3-D compatible display without special glasses. We set the image-splitter between the LC panel and the backlight in order to achieve the 3-D images without special glasses. We set a controllable scattering shutter between the LC panel and the backlight in order to display not only 3-D images without special glasses but also normal 2-D images without losing the resolution of the LC panel. By controlling both the image and the special shutter, a 3-D image and a 2-D image can be created in any rectangle groups of 16 rectangles on the screen. A 2-D image can also be viewed without losing resolution. Furthermore, this display has a 3-D indicator to make it easier to find the proper viewing area without the special glasses. We applied these technologies to a 3-D system on the Internet.
Bed Bug Aggregation Pheromone Finally Identified (2014)

Abstract Bed bugs have become a global epidemic and current detection tools are poorly suited for routine surveillance. Despite intense research on bed bug aggregation behavior and the aggregation pheromone, which could be used as a chemical lure, the complete composition of this pheromone has thus far proven elusive. Here, we report that the bed bug aggregation pheromone comprises five volatile components (dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, ( E )‐2‐hexenal, ( E )‐2‐octenal, 2‐hexanone), which attract bed bugs to safe shelters, and one less‐volatile component (histamine), which causes their arrestment upon contact. In infested premises, a blend of all six components is highly effective at luring bed bugs into traps. The trapping of juvenile and adult bed bugs, with or without recent blood meals, provides strong evidence that this unique pheromone bait could become an effective and inexpensive tool for bed bug detection and potentially their control.
Photonic integrated circuits (1990)

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are that subset of optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) which focus primarily on the integration of multiple interconnected guided wave optical devices onto a single semiconductor substrate.1-8 The driving force for PICs is the potential for reduced packaging costs and the higher performance resulting from stable, low loss optical coupling between devices. These factors may emerge as crucial for the successful widespread deployment of the more complex optical circuits expected in next generation WDM and multichannel coherent systems. While many of the fundamental concepts for PICs can be drawn from the integrated optics work of the previous two decades, a detailed implementation in the InGaAsP/InP system of primary interest to optical fiber communications has awaited the development of high quality automated beam and vapor growth techniques. The freedom in device design and fabrication engineering facilitated by quantum well growth capabilities, large area uniformity, and complex vertical layer structures has only begun to be explored.