gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Freeze-drying of suspended vials: a first step toward continuous manufacturing (2016)

The new paradigm of pharmaceutical industry is to move from batch to continuous processes in order to satisfy the stringent requirements of quality, safety and efficiency set by regulatory authorities and reduce production costs. In this perspective, freeze-drying needs to be completely rethought in order to be more integrated in the chain of production of drugs, more flexible to respond to variations in market needs and allowing the monitoring of product quality. The future of freeze-drying, as a downstream process, is therefore to move from batch to continuous. Over the past decades many ideas regarding continuous freeze-drying has been proposed, but none of them has been successfully applied. This work describes some of the drawbacks of batch freeze-drying and explains how these technical limits can solved by continuous technologies.
Cloning, molecular characterization, and chromosomal assignment of a gene encoding a second D1 dopamine receptor subtype: differential expression pattern in rat brain compared with the D1A receptor. (1991)

Multiple D1 dopaminergic receptor subtypes have been postulated on the basis of pharmacological, biochemical, and genetic studies. We describe the isolation and characterization of a rat gene encoding a dopamine receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to the D1 dopamine receptor. The coding region, which is intronless, encodes a protein of 475 amino acids (Mr 52,834) with structural features that are consistent with receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins. The expressed protein binds dopaminergic ligands and mediates stimulation of adenylyl cyclase with pharmacological properties similar to those of the D1 dopamine receptor. The gene encoding the human homologue of this receptor subtype is located to the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.3), the same region as the Huntington disease gene. In striking contrast to the previously cloned D1 receptor, little or no mRNA for the receptor described here was observed in striatum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and frontal cortex. High levels of mRNA for this receptor were found in distinct layers of the hippocampus, the mammillary nuclei, and the anterior pretectal nuclei, brain regions that have been shown to exhibit little or no D1 dopamine receptor binding. On the basis of its properties we propose that this dopamine receptor subtype be called D1B.
Unified Total Syntheses of the Inositol Polyphosphates:  <scp>d</scp>-I-3,5,6P<sub>3</sub>, <scp>d</scp>-I-3,4,5P<sub>3</sub>, <scp>d</scp>-I-3,4,6P<sub>3</sub>, and <scp>d</scp>-I-3,4,5,6P<sub>4</sub> via Catalytic Enantioselective and Site-Selective Phosphorylation (2006)

Synthetic routes to various inositol polyphosphates have been discovered utilizing catalytic enantioselective and site-selective phosphorylation reactions. The syntheses described herein exploit a common intermediate to gain efficient access to eight unique inositol polyphosphates.
Automatic face transfer linear cutting rotary head continuous mining machine. [Patent application] (1976)

The patent application describes a coal mining apparatus and its method of use in which a continuous mining machine removes and transfers cut material reducing airborne respirable coal dust generated in the cutting and collection process. The conventional high speed head rotating with the bits going forward at the top is replaced by a triangular shaped dished out linear cutting head rotating with the bits mounted at the apexes going rearward at the top. This produces a box cut in the mine face with a square cross-section. After the head has made a box cut by sumping the full head diameter beginning at the mine floor, it is sheared upwardly producing a linear shear cut. This shear step is at a constant depth equal to the complete cutting head diameter. The modified cutting head is used as a part of the loading and transfer mechanism.
Electric-field-controlled diffraction in photorefractive strontium barium niobate (1992)

The readout diffraction efficiency of a photorefractive hologram stored in single-crystal strontium barium niobate (SBN) is shown to depend strongly on a uniform electric field applied along the c axis. The effect is observed in the vicinity of the diffuse ferroelectric phase transition that occurs near room temperature for SBN:75. Measurements of the nonlinear electro-optic and dielectric properties of SBN verify a simple model describing the origin of the field-dependent diffraction.
Control of coherent information via on-chip photonic–phononic emitter–receivers (2015)

Rapid progress in integrated photonics has fostered numerous chip-scale sensing, computing and signal processing technologies. However, many crucial filtering and signal delay operations are difficult to perform with all-optical devices. Unlike photons propagating at luminal speeds, GHz-acoustic phonons moving at slower velocities allow information to be stored, filtered and delayed over comparatively smaller length-scales with remarkable fidelity. Hence, controllable and efficient coupling between coherent photons and phonons enables new signal processing technologies that greatly enhance the performance and potential impact of integrated photonics. Here we demonstrate a mechanism for coherent information processing based on travelling-wave photon-phonon transduction, which achieves a phonon emit-and-receive process between distinct nanophotonic waveguides. Using this device, physics--which supports GHz frequencies--we create wavelength-insensitive radiofrequency photonic filters with frequency selectivity, narrow-linewidth and high power-handling in silicon. More generally, this emit-receive concept is the impetus for enabling new signal processing schemes.
Computerized diagnosis of breast lesions on ultrasound (2002)

We present a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) method for breast lesions on ultrasound that is based on the automatic segmentation of lesions and the automatic extraction of four features related to the lesion shape, margin, texture, and posterior acoustic behavior. Using a database of 400 cases (94 malignant lesions, 124 complex cysts, and 182 benign solid lesions), we investigate the marginal benefit of each feature in our CAD method and the performance of our CAD method in distinguishing malignant lesions from various classes of benign lesions. Finally, independent validation is performed on our CAD method. Eleven independent trials yielded an average Az value of 0.87 in the task of distinguishing malignant from benign lesions.
Threshold and identity-based key management and authentication for wireless ad hoc networks (2004)

As various applications of wireless ad hoc network have been proposed, security has become one of the big research challenges and is receiving increasing attention. In this paper, we propose a distributed key management and authentication approach by deploying the recently developed concepts of identity-based cryptography and threshold secret sharing. Without any assumption of prefixed trust relationship between nodes, the ad hoc network works in a self-organizing way to provide the key generation and key management service, which effectively solves the problem of single point of failure in the traditional public key infrastructure (PKI)-supported system. The identity-based cryptography mechanism is applied here not only to provide end-to-end authenticity and confidentiality, but also to save network bandwidth and computational power of wireless nodes.
Imaging via Quantum Indistinguishability of Undetected Photons (2014)

Indistinguishability of photons that need not be detected results in a novel paradigm of quantum information processing. This confirms that for quantum interference it is important whether two possibilities could in principle be distinguished independent of detection.
The Role of AGG Interruptions in the Transcription of FMR1 Premutation Alleles (2011)

Fragile X associated disorders are caused by a premutation allele in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) and are hypothesized to result from the toxic effect of elevated levels of expanded FMR1 transcripts. Increased levels of FMR1 mRNA have indeed been reported in premutation carriers; however the mechanism by which expanded alleles lead to elevated levels of FMR1 mRNA in premutation carriers is unknown. Within the CGG repeat tract AGG interruptions are found, generally 1-3 present in normal/intermediate alleles (6-54 CGG repeats) and usually 0-1 in premutation alleles (55-200 CGG repeats). They are present at specific locations, generally occurring after 9 or 10 uninterrupted CGG repeats [(CGG)(9)AGG(CGG)(9)AGG(CGG)(n)]. We evaluated both the number of AGG interruptions and the resulting length of the uninterrupted 3' CGG repeat pure tract in premutation alleles derived from two large cohorts of male and female carriers to determine whether the presence of AGG interruptions or the length of a pure stretch of CGG repeats influence the levels of FMR1 mRNA in blood. Our findings indicate that neither the number of AGG interruptions, nor their position along the CGG tract have a significant affect on mRNA levels in premutation carriers. We also, as expected based on previous findings, observed a highly significant correlation between CGG repeat number (as both total length and length of pure CGG stretch) and FMR1 mRNA expression levels, in both males and females. Importantly, we did not observe any significant difference in FMR1 mRNA levels in premutation carriers based on age.
Nanosecond Electro-Optic Switching of a Liquid Crystal (2013)

Electrically induced reorientation of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) molecules caused by dielectric anisotropy of the material is a fundamental phenomenon widely used in modern technologies. Its Achilles heel is a slow (millisecond) relaxation from the field-on to the field-off state. We present an electro-optic effect in an NLC with a response time of about 30 ns to both the field-on and field-off switching. This effect is caused by the electric field induced modification of the order parameters and does not require reorientation of the optic axis (director).
An Integrin Binding-defective Mutant of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (R36E/R37E IGF1) Acts as a Dominant-negative Antagonist of the IGF1 Receptor (IGF1R) and Suppresses Tumorigenesis but Still Binds to IGF1R (2013)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is a major therapeutic target for cancer. We recently reported that IGF1 directly binds to integrins (αvβ3 and α6β4) and induces ternary complex formation (integrin-IGF1-IGF1 receptor (IGF1R)) and that the integrin binding-defective mutant of IGF1 (R36E/R37E) is defective in signaling and ternary complex formation. These findings predict that R36E/R37E competes with WT IGF1 for binding to IGF1R and inhibits IGF signaling. Here, we described that excess R36E/R37E suppressed cell viability increased by WT IGF1 in vitro in non-transformed cells. We studied the effect of R36E/R37E on viability and tumorigenesis in cancer cell lines. We did not detect an effect of WT IGF1 or R36E/R37E in cancer cells under anchorage-dependent conditions. However, under anchorage-independent conditions, WT IGF1 enhanced cell viability and induced signals, whereas R36E/R37E did not. Notably, excess R36E/R37E suppressed cell viability and signaling induced by WT IGF1 under anchorage-independent conditions. Using cancer cells stably expressing WT IGF1 or R36E/R37E, we determined that R36E/R37E suppressed tumorigenesis in vivo, whereas WT IGF1 markedly enhanced it. R36E/R37E suppressed the binding of WT IGF1 to the cell surface and the subsequent ternary complex formation induced by WT IGF1. R36E/R37E suppressed activation of IGF1R by insulin. WT IGF1, but not R36E/R37E, induced ternary complex formation with the IGF1R/insulin receptor hybrid. These findings suggest that 1) IGF1 induces signals under anchorage-independent conditions and that 2) R36E/R37E acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of IGF1R (IGF1 decoy). Our results are consistent with a model in which ternary complex formation is critical for IGF signaling.
Interferometric SAR adaptive filtering method for improved yield and detail (1998)

This paper presents a family of multiple scale adaptive filters which automatically adapt their impulse response width to the local data characteristics, optimizing the accuracy, yield, and/or detail of interferometric measurements. For interferometric SAR, under the best of conditions, significant filtering is required in order to make reliable phase measurements in topographic mapping and other applications. Typically a filter with fixed impulse response width is applied to the complex interferogram. Yet, interferometric SAR data is extremely variable in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), intrinsic coherence, amount of detail and severity of the relief present in the terrain. The optimum filter width-even the feasible width-can vary from one resolution element to another in areas of high relief or high deformation gradients.
Development of indigenous binders as construction materials (2017)

Strategies were devised for the development of cementitious binders using abundantly available indigenous raw materials. These strategies emphasise the simple processing of raw materials using locally available resources. The raw materials selected for the development of indigenous cementitious binders included volcanic tuffs, laterite soil, soda ash and natron. Two classes of indigenous cementitious binders were developed and characterised. They were based on (a) volcanic tuffs transformed into calcium aluminosilicate hydrate binders using lime and soda ash and (b) laterite soil activated with soda ash and lime, using moderately calcined laterite soil as partial replacement for natural laterite soil, where alkali aluminosilicate hydrate and calcite provide the primary binding effects. Various formulations embodying these two strategies were prepared and subjected to early-age compression tests. The resulting inorganic binders were further investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. The results of these analyses verified the intended chemical and mineralogical compositions of the indigenous binders.
<title>Optical frequency mixers for WDM and TDM applications</title> (2001)

As the demand for optical fiber communications bandwidth grows, the implementation of signal processing functions using all-optical techniques becomes increasingly attractive. In recent years, a number of methods have been used to perform functions such as wavelength conversion for WDM systems, gated mixing for TDM multiplexing and demultiplexing, spectral inversion for dispersion compensation, and all-optical switching. Three-wave mixing in c(2) media is an attractive approach, presenting a combination of low pump power, wide bandwidth, and negligible degradation of signal to noise ratio. In this paper, we describe optical frequency mixers implemented using annealed proton exchanged waveguides in periodically poled lithium niobate. These devices have been used in a variety of system experiments. We present several WDM demonstrations, including wavelength conversion, dispersion compensation by mid-span spectral inversion, and compensation of Kerr nonlinearities. We also discuss TDM demonstrations such as efficient all-optical gating and multiplexing/demultiplexing of high bit-rate data streams.
Thermal State of Charge Estimation in Phase Change Composites for Passively Cooled Lithium-Ion Battery Packs (2017)

This paper presents an integrated approach, where a Li-ion battery pack is equipped with a passive thermal management system and an on-board intelligent battery management system. The proposed technique estimates the melt fraction of the phase change composite (PCC) material and its remaining thermal mass, which can be a decisive indicator of how long the battery can maintain safe operation. Furthermore, an on-board temperature and melt fraction map of the battery pack can be generated, which will be valuable in case of asymmetrical designs or modes of operation. The core of this paper is based on monitoring the temperature of the entire test pack to estimate the temperatures on all the cells within the pack. This enables the estimation of thermal state of charge of the PCC in all sections of the pack to accurately monitor and ensure safe operation.
Initial growth of Ga2O3(Gd2O3) on GaAs: Key to the attainment of a low interfacial density of states (2000)

Growth of the first few layers of an oxide mixture Ga2O3(Gd2O3) on GaAs (100) substrate, electron-beam evaporated from a Ga5Go3O12 source, was found to be a single crystal. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction studies show that the thin oxide film is epitaxially grown on GaAs with the surface normal (110) and in-plane axis [001] parallel to (100) and [011] of GaAs, respectively, and has a structure isomorphic to Mn2O3. Studies using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy on the oxide–GaAs interface indicate some atomic registry between the oxide and GaAs during the initial growth. The chemical composition of the oxide film was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to be unequivocally pure Gd2O3.
Alkoxy chains in ionic liquid anions; effect of introducing ether oxygen into perfluoroalkylborate on physical and thermal properties (2010)

The melting point and viscosity of [CF(3)OCF(2)CF(2)BF(3)](-) based ionic liquids are significantly lower than those of [CF(3)CF(2)CF(2)CF(2)BF(3)](-) based ionic liquids, indicating that the oxygen atom plays a key role in the preparation of low-melting and low-viscosity ionic liquids.
Safety, Immunogenicity, and Immune Memory of a Novel Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y, and W-135) Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine (MCV-4) in Healthy Adolescents (2005)

The vaccine MCV-4 was well tolerated and highly immunogenic. Persistence of bactericidal activity with MCV-4, but not PSV-4, was evident 3 years after the initial immunization. Booster response was demonstrated after a second vaccination with MCV-4.
Preactivated Carboxyl Linker for the Rapid Conjugation of Alkylamines to Oligonucleotides on Solid Support (2007)

A C10 linker phosphoramidite reagent terminated with a succinimidyl-activated carboxyl group was prepared and used to couple to the 5'-end of an oligonucleotide synthesized on a solid support. The succinimidyl-activated carboxyl functionality can be used for rapid conjugation of amines to oligonucleotides on solid support or it can be hydrolyzed to form a carboxylic acid functionality. The activated linker was successfully used for conjugation of several primary and secondary aliphatic amine derivatives (including biotin and fluorescein cadaverine) onto a solid support-bound 12-mer DNA oligonucleotide at scales ranging from 0.15 to 1.0 micromol. The overall yields of the conjugation products after AMA deprotection and cleavage from the solid support ranged from 43 to 75% of the total oligonucleotide product. This value is significant, as it includes oligonucleotide synthesis, coupling of the linker, and conjugation of the amine. In addition, the entire process of oligonucleotide synthesis, linker coupling, amine conjugation, deprotection, and cleavage of the oligonucleotide from solid support can be accomplished in 1 day.
Electroacoustic transducer of the so-called “electret” type, and a method of making such a transducer (1991)

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Debris-free laser plasma source using ice droplets (1997)

We describe the development of a laser-plasma source based on frozen water droplet targets which is essentially debris- free and capable of continuous, high-repetition-rate (> 1 kHz) operation. Created by modest (< 1 J) laser energies, this source produces copious emission at 13 nm and 11.6 nm, the preferred wavelengths for EUV projection lithography, with negligible target operation costs. Extension of this source to other wavelengths is considered.
Feasibility study of phase-contrast cone beam CT imaging systems (2009)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rochester. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, 2010.
Advances in millimeter-wave imaging technology for enhanced vision systems (2003)

Trex Enterprises is developing a 2/sup nd/ generation passive millimeter wave imaging system which operates in real time with a 20/spl times/30 degree field of view and a 2 K temperature sensitivity. This system is based on a pupil-plane aperture architecture. A pupil-plane architecture allows for a lower system volume and reduced number of receivers compared to focal plane systems. The system has low noise W-band amplifiers, a flat panel dielectric antenna, high sensitivity diodes and will serve as the basis for a commercially available system. Millimeter wave imaging provides enhanced vision capabilities to pilots, allowing them to see through fog and smoke and aiding in navigation, landing, and taxiing in low-visibility situations. Unlike radar, passive millimeter wave imaging provides the pilot with a display based on angle-angle data rather than range-angle data which must be interpreted into an angle-angle display. The passive system avoids problems with multi-path reflections that can create problems for active systems in close proximity to the ground. The fact that the sensor does not emit also makes it useful for military applications where the pilot wishes to avoid detection.
Low Thermal Budget Polycrystalline Silicon-Germanium Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated by Rapid Thermal Annealing (1994)

A low temperature ( ≤600°C) and short time polycrystalline silicon-germanium thin-film transistor technology is demonstrated. The use of rapid thermal annealing for channel crystallization and dopant activation allows for shorter anneal times and thus higher throughputs than with conventional furnace annealing. Moreover, the use of silicon-germanium allows for lower process temperatures to be used than is required for silicon thus leading to minimal shrinkage and warpage, and enabling this technology to be compatible with large-area glass substrates.
Realtime 3D position detection of human pupil (2005)

A real time 3D pupil position detection system necessary for non-contact and remote eye gaze detection allowing head displacement was developed. So far, methodology had been proposed that estimates 3D positions of eyes from their 2D positions detected from the face images captured by two stereo cameras. However, using eye position detection is not prospective for precise and stable eye gaze detection. In the method proposed in the present study, several near-infrared LEDs were arranged around the apertures of two cameras. These two sets of light sources were alternately switched on and off synchronously with the even/odd signal. After differentiating the bright and dark pupil images obtained from each of the two cameras, the center coordinates of the two pupils were detected. An image processing algorithm for precise and stable pupil detection, including the pupil detection method utilizing a blink, is described. In one of the experiments, the 3D position of the pupil of one eye was measured by the two stereo cameras. Another narrow camera, which detects the centers of both pupil and corneal reflection images necessary for eye gaze direction determination, placed on a pan-tile unit could be automatically directed toward the 3D pupil position.