gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Temperature Halo-Carbon Homoepitaxial Growth of 4H-SiC: Morphology, Doping, and Role of HCl Additive (2007)

Low-temperature epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC with CH3Cl carbon precursor was further developed. In-situ doping with nitrogen and aluminum was investigated. The nitrogen concentration in epitaxial layers grown on the C face was almost two orders of magnitude higher than that in the Si-face epilayers grown in the same growth run at 13000C. The opposite trend was observed for intentional aluminum doping, with more than an order of magnitude higher aluminum concentration incorporated in Si-face epilayers. High values of nitrogen and aluminum doping well in excess of 1020 cm-3 without any obvious epilayer morphology degradation can be achieved on C-face and Siface respectively. Addition of HCl during halo-carbon growth at 13000C resulted in drastic improvement of the surface morphology. Also, a significant increase of the growth rate took place confirming that the improvement in the epilayer morphology during HCl-assisted growth is predominantly related to silicon cluster etching by additional Cl-containing vapor species.
Low swing dual threshold voltage domino logic (2002)

A low swing domino logic technique is proposed to decrease power consumption without sacrificing noise immunity. With the proposed low swing domino logic circuit technique, active power consumption is reduced by up to 9.4% while improving the noise immunity by 2.6% as compared to standard domino logic circuits. It is also shown that by applying a low swing contention reduction technique, the power savings can be further increased by 6.7% while the delay can be improved by 8.6%. A simple and efficient dual threshold voltage (dual-Vt) circuit technique that incorporates low swing signals is also proposed. It is shown that the proposed dual-Vt technique reduces the standby leakage current by approximately 235 times while offering enhanced delay characteristics as compared to a standard low threshold voltage implementation.
High‐resolution <sup>1</sup>H‐MRSI of the brain using SPICE: Data acquisition and image reconstruction (2015)

Special data acquisition and reconstruction methods have been developed for high-resolution (1) H-MRSI of the brain using SPICE. Using these methods, SPICE is able to produce spatiospectral distributions of (1) H metabolites in the brain with high spatial resolution, while maintaining a good SNR. These capabilities should prove useful for practical applications of SPICE. Magn Reson Med 76:1059-1070, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grating-bicoupled plasmon-resonant terahertz emitter fabricated with GaAs-based heterostructure material systems (2006)

A grating-bicoupled plasmon-resonant terahertz emitter was fabricated using InGaP∕InGaAs∕GaAs heterostructure material systems. The device structure is based on a high-electron mobility transistor and incorporates doubly interdigitated grating gates that periodically localize the two-dimensional (2D) plasmon in 100nm regions with a submicron interval. Photoexcited electrons, injected to the 2D plasmon cavities, extensively promoted the plasmon instability, resulting in observation of emission of terahertz electromagnetic radiation at room temperature.
Myxoma Virus M11L Blocks Apoptosis through Inhibition of Conformational Activation of Bax at the Mitochondria (2006)

Many viruses inhibit or retard apoptosis, a strategy that subverts one of the most ancient antiviral mechanisms. M11L, a myxoma virus-encoded antiapoptotic protein, has been previously shown to localize to mitochondria and block apoptosis of virus-infected cells (H. Everett, M. Barry, S. F. Lee, X. J. Sun, K. Graham, J. Stone, R. C. Bleackley, and G. McFadden, J. Exp. Med. 191:1487-1498, 2000; H. Everett, M. Barry, X. Sun, S. F. Lee, C. Frantz, L. G. Berthiaume, G. McFadden, and R. C. Bleackley, J. Exp. Med. 196:1127-1139, 2002; and G. Wang, J. W. Barrett, S. H. Nazarian, H. Everett, X. Gao, C. Bleackley, K. Colwill, M. F. Moran, and G. McFadden, J. Virol. 78:7097-7111, 2004). This protection from apoptosis involves constitutive-forming inhibitory complexes with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and Bak on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here, we extend the study to investigate the interference of M11L with Bax activation during the process of apoptosis. Myxoma virus infection triggers an early apoptotic signal that induces rapid Bax translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria, despite the existence of various viral antiapoptotic proteins. However, in the presence of M11L, the structural activation of Bax at the mitochondrial membrane, which is characterized by the occurrence of a Bax conformational change, is blocked in both M11L-expressing myxoma-infected cells and M11L-transfected cells under apoptotic stimulation. In addition, inducible binding of M11L to the mitochondrially localized Bax is detected in myxoma virus-infected cells and in M11L/Bax-cotransfected cells as measured by immunoprecipitation and tandem affinity purification analysis, respectively. Importantly, this inducible Bax/M11L interaction is independent of Bak, demonstrated by the complete block of Bax-mediated apoptosis in myxoma-infected cells that lack Bak expression. Our findings reveal that myxoma M11L modulates apoptosis by multiple independent strategies which all contribute to the blockade of apoptosis at the mitochondrial checkpoint.
Progress toward the development of a genetically engineered attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine (1996)

Mutations which positively affect growth of hepatitis A virus in cell culture may negatively affect growth in vivo. Therefore, development of an attenuated vaccine for hepatitis A may require a careful balancing of mutations to produce a virus that will grow efficiently in cells suitable for vaccine production and still maintain a satisfactory level of attenuation in vivo. Since such a balance could be achieved most directly by genetic engineering, we are analyzing mutations that accumulated during serial passage of the HM-175 strain of hepatitis A virus in MRC-5 cell cultures in order to determine the relative importance of the mutations for growth in MRC-5 cells and for attenuation in susceptible primates. Chimeric viral genomes of the HM-175 strain were constructed from cDNA clones derived from a virulent virus and from two attenuated viruses adapted to growth in African green monkey kidney (AGMK) and MRC-5 cells, respectively. Viruses encoded by these chimeric genomes were recovered by in vitro or in vivo transfection and assessed for their ability to grow in cultured MRC-5 cells or to cause hepatitis in primates (tamarins). The only MRC-5-specific mutations that substantially increased the efficiency of growth in MRC-5 cells were a group of four mutations in the 5' noncoding (NC) region. These 5' NC mutations and a separate group of 5' NC mutations that accumulated during earlier passages of the HM-175 virus in primary AGMK cells appeared, independently and additively, to result in decreased biochemical evidence of hepatitis in tamarins. However, neither group of 5' NC mutations had a demonstrable effect on the extent of virus excretion or liver pathology in these animals.
Design, construction, and evaluation of an integrating transient recorder for data acquisition in capillary gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (1991)

An integrating transient recorder (ITR) has been designed, constructed, and evaluated to accomplish time-array detection in gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) applications. The ITR consists of a 200-MHz flash analog-to-digital converter, 16 high-speed 100K emitter-couple logic (ECL) summing boards, three parallel processors for real-time data reduction, instrument control and routing functions, and a 300-Mbyte mass storage device. The ITR is capable of recording 80 μs bursts of transient information with a time resolution of 5 ns. For each transient, up to 16 384 sequential time-resolved channels may be recorded. An operator-selectable number of sequential transients may be summed in a locked time registry creating a summed scan file while maintaining the integrity of the transient time resolution. The information from each transient is read, summed, and stored in one of two summing registers (16×1024×24 bits). While incoming information is being stored in one summing register, the information in the other summing register is processed and read out to disk, thus permitting high-speed data collection continuously for long periods of time. The information from successive transients is summed in order to improve signal-to-noise, dynamic range, and sensitivity, and produces scan files at a rate sufficient to maintain all of the chromatographic information. GC-MS data collected at 1, 20, and 50 spectra per second are presented for a nine-component aliphatic/aromatic mixture. Although the ITR was specifically designed for GC-TOFMS studies, the overall design concepts of the ITR are universal and apply to any situation where information from two or more phenomena occur at the output of a single detector and occur over vastly different time domains.
SR flip-flop based physical unclonable functions for hardware security (2022)

The present disclosure presents various systems and methods for implementing a physical unclonable function device. One such method comprises providing an integrated circuit having a plurality of set/reset flip flop logic circuits, wherein each of the set/reset flip flop logic circuits enters a metastable state for a particular input sequence. The method includes varying circuit parameters for each of the plurality of set/reset flip flop logic circuits to account for manufacturing variations in the set/reset flip flop logic circuits and enable generating a stable but random output in response to the particular input sequence. Thus, by applying the particular input sequence to the integrated circuit, a unique identifier for the integrated circuit can be derived from an output response of the plurality of set/reset flip flop logic circuits.
Human allogeneic stem cell maintenance and differentiation in a long- term multilineage SCID-hu graft (1995)

The ability to determine the functional capacity of putative human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) populations requires in vivo assays in which long-term multilineage differentiation can be assessed. We hypothesized that if human fetal bone was transplanted adjacent to a fetal thymus fragment in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, a conjoint organ might form in which HSC in the human bone marrow (BM) would mimic human multilineage differentiation into progenitor cells, B cells, and myeloid cells; undergo self-renewal; and migrate to and differentiate into T cells within the thymic microenvironment. To test this possibility, SCID mice were transplanted subcutaneously with HLA class I mismatched fetal bone, thymus, and spleen fragments (SCID-hu BTS). We found that the BM of SCID-hu BTS grafts maintained B cells, myeloid cells, CD34+ cells for at least 36 weeks posttransplant. Assayable hematopoietic progenitors colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage were present in 100% (66/66) of grafts over a period of 28 weeks. Cells with a HSC phenotype (CD34+Thy-1+Lin-) were maintained for 20 weeks in SCID-hu BTS grafts. These CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cells had potent secondary multilineage reconstituting potential when isolated and injected into a secondary HLA mismatched SCID-hu bone assay and analyzed 8 weeks later. In addition, early progenitors within the BM of SCID-hu BTS grafts were capable of migrating to the human thymus and undergoing differentiation through immature CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells and produce mature T cells with a CD4+CD8- or CD8+CD4- phenotype that could be detected for at least 36 weeks. Phenotypically defined human fetal liver (FL) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) hematopoietic stem cell populations were injected into irradiated SCID-hu BTS grafts to assess their multilineage repopulating capacity and to assess the ability of the BTS system to provide an environment where multiple lineages might differentiate from a common stem cell pool. Injection of irradiated grafts with FL HSC or UCB HSC cells resulted in donor-derived B cells, myeloid cells, immature and mature T cells, and CD34+ cells in individual grafts when analyzed 8 weeks postreconstitution, further showing the multipotential nature of these stem cell populations. In addition, a strong correlation was observed between maintenance of host graft-derived CD8+ cells and failure of donor stem cell engraftment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Abstract 3965: Modulating glutathione s-transferase M4 activity for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma (2014)

Abstract Ewing sarcoma is a malignant pediatric bone and soft tissue tumor. The prognosis for Ewing sarcoma remains dismal despite of intensive treatments including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Moreover, these unspecific treatments often have severe side effects. We previously reported that Glutathione S-transferase M4 (GSTM4) is a potential specific treatment target for Ewing sarcoma. GSTM4 is required for oncogenic transformation and confers chemotherapeutic drug resistance in Ewing sarcoma cells; high GSTM4 level in primary tumor is correlated with poor patient outcome. Here we further evaluate the efficacy of modulating GSTM4 activity in treating Ewing sarcoma using patient-derived cells and mouse xenograft models. RNA-seq analysis for RNA levels of all GSTs in A673 Ewing sarcoma cells as well as online database searching for GSTM4 RNA level in tumor samples of various sarcomas demonstrate that GSTM4 is specifically highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma. By MTT and soft agar assays, we find that NBDHEX, a GSTM4 inhibitory compound, inhibits cellular proliferation and oncogenic transformation of Ewing sarcoma cells. Furthermore, NBDHEX has a synergistic effect in cytotoxicity with chemotherapeutic drug etoposide. Conversely, a GSTM4-activated anti-cancer agent, JS-K, significantly decreases Ewing sarcoma cell viability (p&lt;0.05). We find that JS-K works through GSTM4 because knockdown of GSTM4 by shRNA in Ewing sarcoma cells significantly decreases their sensitivity to JS-K (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, JS-K significantly decreases Ewing sarcoma xenograft tumor growth in immunodeficient mice (Mantel-Cox test p=0.0002). Next we examine the underlying mechanism of GSTM4 mediated drug resistance and find that GSTM4 interacts with Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1) and inhibits ASK1 activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) mediated apoptosis upon etoposide treatment. Taken together, these data provide further evidence that GSTM4 is a novel therapeutic target for Ewing sarcoma. GSTM4 targeted inhibition by inhibitors or knockdown by RNA interference combined with standard chemotherapeutic regimens are potential treatments more specific and effective for Ewing sarcoma. GSTM4 pro-drugs are promising for treatment of patients with high GSTM4 expression tumors. Our data also suggest that agents intervening of GSTM4/ASK interaction may increase drug sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells and tumors and therefore be of therapeutic values. Citation Format: Rupeng Zhuo, Kenneth M. Kosak, Savita Sankar, Elizabeth T. Wiles, Yin Sun, Jianxing Zhang, Glenn D. Prestwich, Paul J. Shami, Stephen L. Lessnick, Mitchell S. Cairo, Wen Luo. Modulating glutathione s-transferase M4 activity for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3965. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3965
New Organofunctional Silanes for Adhesives, Sealants and Spray Foams (2003)

Besides the well-known application of silanes as adhesion promoters and surface modifiers, organofunctional silanes have also long been applied as terminating agents in organic polymers. The silane condensation in such polymer systems is currently replacing other curing chemistry, such as the use of isocyanates in polyurethanes. For example, silyl-endcapped polyethers and polyurethanes have been developed and their application potentials in sealants, adhesives and coatings have been verified. This work gives a survey of a new class of α-organofunctional alkoxysilanes and their potential use. These silanes exhibit dramatically enhanced reactivities. Through variation of the organofunctional group (e.g. isocyanato, amino) access to numerous applications is possible. With isocyanatomethyl alkoxysilanes (α-NCO-silanes) as endcappers, polymers with enhanced properties are feasible. This concept involving α-NCO-silanes is not limited to distinct polymer types and therefore has a broad application base. Additionally, highly reactive ethoxy-functional crosslinking systems are now available. These polymers show low viscosity and consequently a higher formulation flexibility. An intriguing new application of α-aminosilanes are silane crosslinking spray foams. These foams do not contain any isocyanates which are critical to toxicological and enviromental implications. Due to their high reactivities, α-silanes exhibit excellent curing characteristics. Moreover they provide good mechanical properties and are produced from only low-cost compounds.
Experimental tumoricidal effects of monoclonal antibody against solid breast tumors. (1983)

Two distinct monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were effective in the therapy of breast carcinomas of human origin established and growing in nude mice. Passive administration of either of the antibodies produced very rapid (less than 1 week) and significant reduction of in vivo tumor volume. Each of the mAbs showed in vivo targeting of the tumors. Histological analysis of mAb-treated tumors revealed extensive cellular necrosis. Each of the antibodies in vitro was effective in complement-mediated cytolysis at a concentration less than 1 ng/ml. The tumoricidal responses show that this is a useful model for passive human immunotherapy using mAbs.
Ghrelin—a novel generation of anti‐obesity drug: design, pharmacomodulation and biological activity of ghrelin analogues (2009)

Abstract Ghrelin is a unique bioactive peptide with respect to both the structure and its biological function. This 28‐amino acid peptide is modified with an n ‐octanoyl group at serine‐3, and accordingly is the only lipidated biologically active peptide hormone known so far. Ghrelin binds to the so‐called ghrelin or GHS receptor, a member of the class A of G‐protein coupled receptors, which leads to Ca 2+ release intracellularly due to the activation of the Gq‐system. Interestingly, the ghrelin receptor shows a significant constitutive activity which means that in addition to agonists and antagonists, inverse agonists play an important role in receptor modulation. In this review, the major activities of ghrelin are summarized with a strong focus on the regulation of food intake. So far reported agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists are shown and structure activitiy relationships are discussed. Furthermore, the application of ghrelin ligands as novel anti‐obesity drugs is outlined and the state of the art in this field is summarized. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid crystal display using combined fringe and in-plane electric fields (2008)

A high performance liquid crystal display using combined fringe and in-plane horizontal electric fields is proposed. The strong electric fields cause more liquid crystals to reorient almost in plane above and between the pixel electrodes. As a result, the operation voltage is lower and transmittance is higher than those of fringe field switching and in-plane switching modes, while preserving a wide viewing angle. Such a high performance device is particularly attractive for large panel liquid crystal displays.
Activation of lignocellulosic biomass for higher sugar yields using aqueous ionic liquid at low severity process conditions (2016)

By leveraging the benefits of ILs that are effective at very mild processing conditions, such as [TBA][OH], lignocellulosic biomass can be pretreated at similar efficiency as top performing conventional ILs, such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2C1Im][OAc], but at much lower temperatures, and with less than half the IL normally required to be effective. [TBA][OH] IL is more reactive in terms of ionic mobility which extends removal of lignin and noncellulosic components of biomass at the lower temperature pretreatment. This approach to biomass pretreatment at lower temperatures could be transformative in the affordability and energy efficiency of lignocellulosic biorefineries.
SU‐F‐BRB‐12: A Novel Haar Wavelet Based Approach to Deliver Non‐Coplanar Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Using Sparse Orthogonal Collimators (2015)

Purpose: Existing efforts to replace complex multileaf collimator (MLC) by simple jaws for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) resulted in unacceptable compromise in plan quality and delivery efficiency. We introduce a novel fluence map segmentation method based on compressed sensing for plan delivery using a simplified sparse orthogonal collimator (SOC) on the 4π non‐coplanar radiotherapy platform. Methods: 4π plans with varying prescription doses were first created by automatically selecting and optimizing 20 non‐coplanar beams for 2 GBM, 2 head & neck, and 2 lung patients. To create deliverable 4π plans using SOC, which are two pairs of orthogonal collimators with 1 to 4 leaves in each collimator bank, a Haar Fluence Optimization (HFO) method was used to regulate the number of Haar wavelet coefficients while maximizing the dose fidelity to the ideal prescription. The plans were directly stratified utilizing the optimized Haar wavelet rectangular basis. A matching number of deliverable segments were stratified for the MLC‐based plans. Results: Compared to the MLC‐based 4π plans, the SOC‐based 4π plans increased the average PTV dose homogeneity from 0.811 to 0.913. PTV D98 and D99 were improved by 3.53% and 5.60% of the corresponding prescription doses. The average mean and maximal OAR doses slightly increased by 0.57% and 2.57% of the prescription doses. The average number of segments ranged between 5 and 30 per beam. The collimator travel time to create the segments decreased with increasing leaf numbers in the SOC. The two and four leaf designs were 1.71 and 1.93 times more efficient, on average, than the single leaf design. Conclusion: The innovative dose domain optimization based on compressed sensing enables uncompromised 4π non‐coplanar IMRT dose delivery using simple rectangular segments that are deliverable using a sparse orthogonal collimator, which only requires 8 to 16 leaves yet is unlimited in modulation resolution. This work is supported in part by Varian Medical Systems, Inc. and NIH R43 CA18339.