gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light Supports Neurite Outgrowth of Human Neural Progenitor Cells<i>In Vitro</i>: The Role of P2Y Receptors (2008)

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of growth factors and 810-nm-wavelength light on the differentiation of normal human neural progenitor cells (NHNPCs) in vitro. Although growth factors are routinely used to study neural stem and progenitor cells in vitro, to date, light has not been used as a replacement for growth factors. This study demonstrates that NHNPCs are not only capable of being sustained by light in the absence of growth factors, but that they are also able to differentiate normally as assessed by neurite formation. The NHNPCs had an up-regulation in the expression of endogenous fibroblast growth factor-2, brain derived neurotrophic factor, and nerve growth factor in response to the light. Suramin, a nonselective P2 receptor antagonist, significantly decreased neurite outgrowth, and P2Y2 and P2Y11 receptors were found to be expressed by the NHNPCs by immunolabeling. Based on these findings, the mechanism by which light supports the NHNPC differentiation is hypothesized to be due to increases in adenosine triphosphate acting via P2Y receptors.
Bistable state in polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (2012)

The bistable phenomenon is found in polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal. Two stable phases, blue phase and chiral nematic state, are obtained and we succeeded in the switch between these two states through different operation procedures. The mechanism of the bistable phenomenon is discussed, according to which we consider the bistability may widely exist in various polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal systems. This work provides some useful insights into the application of polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal in bistable devices.
Novel teeter-totter 2-axes MEMS magnetometer with equal sensitivities (2013)

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel 2-axes MEMS-based resonant magnetic field sensor. It is a compact magnetometer, build in a single MEMS layer, which measures the two in-plane components of magnetic field and this with equal relative sensitivity. Its principle of operation is based on Lorentz force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field B. The force is proportional to the magnetic field B and for this particular design it results in a torque exerted on the microstructure, resulting a rotation (teeter-tooter) motion of the structure, which on its turns is translated into a differential capacitance. The proposed magnetometer design fits a chip area less than 250[μm]×300[μm]. An analytical design approach is described to reach to the equal and maximal relative sensitivity. Using FEM simulations, A relative sensitivity 3547[T <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ] was reached. The design makes that cross sensitivities between the 2-axes is as small as possible. Also, for the first time, we introduce an equivalent circuit of a torsional MEMS magnetometer. It was developed starting from the known transducers like electrodynamic and electrostatic transducers.
Directed evolution of the tryptophan synthase β-subunit for stand-alone function recapitulates allosteric activation (2015)

Enzymes in heteromeric, allosterically regulated complexes catalyze a rich array of chemical reactions. Separating the subunits of such complexes, however, often severely attenuates their catalytic activities, because they can no longer be activated by their protein partners. We used directed evolution to explore allosteric regulation as a source of latent catalytic potential using the β-subunit of tryptophan synthase from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfTrpB). As part of its native αββα complex, TrpB efficiently produces tryptophan and tryptophan analogs; activity drops considerably when it is used as a stand-alone catalyst without the α-subunit. Kinetic, spectroscopic, and X-ray crystallographic data show that this lost activity can be recovered by mutations that reproduce the effects of complexation with the α-subunit. The engineered PfTrpB is a powerful platform for production of Trp analogs and for further directed evolution to expand substrate and reaction scope.
CT colonography of the unprepared colon: an evaluation of electronic stool subtraction (2005)

CT colonography (CTC) is being extensively studied for its potential value in colon examinations, since it offers many advantages such as lower risk and less patient discomfort. However, CTC, like all other types of full structural colorectal examinations to date, requires complete bowel preparation. The inconvenience and discomfort associated with this preparation is an important obstacle to compliance with currently recommended colorectal screening guidelines. To maximize compliance, CTC would ideally be performed on an unprepared colon. However, in an unprepared colon residual stool and fluid can mimic soft tissue density and thus confound the identification of polyps. An alternative is to tag the stool with an opacifying agent so that it is brighter than soft tissue and thus easily recognized automatically and then reset to air values. However, such electronic stool subtraction in a totally unprepared colon is difficult to perform accurately for several reasons, including poorly labeled areas of stool, the need to accurately quantify partial volume effects, and noise. In this study the performance of a novel stool subtraction algorithm was assessed in unprepared CT colonography exams of 25 consecutive volunteers who had undergone colonoscopy with positive findings. Results showed 81% sensitivity to clinically relevant lesions > 1 cm with 0.52 false positives per patient compared to colonoscopy findings. Although further study and refinement of the stool subtraction process is required, CT colonography of the unprepared colon with electronic stool subtraction is feasible at detection levels comparable to the prepared colon.
Aluminume Oxide Dispersion Strenghtened Copper Produced by Mechanical Alloying Method. (1996)

Aluminum oxide dispersion strengthened copper (ODSC) wire, in which fine Al2O3 dispersed uniformly, was manufactured by mechanical alloying, plasma activated sintering, hot extrusion and cold drawing technologies. The relationships between milling time and wire's mechanical and electrical properties were investigated from a viewpoint of the wire's internal structure by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and electron plobe microscope analyzer. Obtained results were as follows, (1) 6h milling time was enough for finishing internal oxidation of Cu-0.35mass%Al alloy. (2) Higher than 590N/mm2 tensile strength, higher than 8% fructure elongation and higher than 85%IACS of electric conductivity were obtained by internal oxidized Cu-0.35mass%Al alloy wire of the present study.
Molecular identification and nanoremediation of microbial contaminants in algal systems using untreated wastewater (2016)

Wastewater-algal biomass is a promising option to biofuel production. However, microbial contaminants constitute a substantial barrier to algal biofuel yield. A series of algal strains, Nannochloris oculata and Chlorella vulgaris samples (n = 30), were purchased from the University of Texas, and were used for both stock flask cultures and flat-panel vertical bioreactors. A number of media were used for isolation and differentiation of potential contaminants according to laboratory standards (CLSI). Conventional PCR amplification was performed followed by 16S rDNA sequencing to identify isolates at the species level. Nanotherapeutics involving a nanomicellar combination of natural chitosan and zinc oxide (CZNPs) were tested against the microbial lytic groups through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests and Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM). Results indicated the presence of Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus pumilus/ safensis, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains at a substantial level in the wastewater-fed algal reactors. TEM confirmed the effectiveness of CZNPs on the lytic group while the average MICs (mg/mL) detected for the strains, Pseudomonas spp, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus pumilus were 0.417, 3.33, and 1.458, respectively. Conclusively, CZNP antimicrobials proved to be effective as inhibitory agents against currently identified lytic microbial group, did not impact algae cells, and shows promise for in situ interventions.
Application-level IP measurements for multimedia (2002)

The benefits of application-level packet multimedia measurements are described by using VoIP as an example. The need for statistical reliability and comparative QoS analyses is illustrated, and the role of QoS measurements in providing end-to-end QoS via per-domain QoS budgets is discussed.
An Efficient Content-Based High-Dimensional Index Structure for Image Data (2000)

The existing multi-dimensional index structures are not adequate for indexing higher-dimensional data sets. Although conceptually they can be extended to higher dimensionalities, they usually require time and space that grow exponentially with the dimensionality. In this paper, we analyze the existing index structures and derive some requirements of an index structure for content-based image retrieval. We also propose a new structure, for indexing large amount of point data in a high-dimensional space that satisfies the requirements. In order to justify the performance of the proposed structure, we compare the proposed structure with the existing index structures in various environments. We show, through experiments, that our proposed structure outperforms the existing structures in terms of retrieval time and storage overhead.
Altika Instrument for Space Altimetry with Improved Performances and Ocean Sampling : Development Status and First Test Results (2008)

Altika instrument is a new class of altimeter allowing the compatibility of the altimetric payload (altimeter, radiometer, localisation system) with a micro-satellite. The key feature of the concept is the selection of the Ka-band for the single-frequency altimeter that avoids the need for a second frequency (necessary with Ku-band) to correct the ionosphere delay, and allows the same antenna to be shared by the altimeter and the radiometer to ease payload accommodation. This concept also improves the range measurement accuracy in a ratio of 3:1 thanks to a wider bandwidth and to a better pulse to pulse echo decorrelation. Development of AltiKa instrument (integrated altimeter and radiometer) has started in Thales Alenia Space in January 2005 for a FM delivery end of 2008 and a launch in 2009. This paper reminds instrument design, key technologies involved, altimeter and radiometer parameters, expected altimeter and radiometer performances, status of the instrument development and available test results.
Demonstration of a stable high ionic conductivity solid oxide electrolyte. Final report, November 1993-January 1995 (1996)

The overall objective of this project is to develop a novel, low-cost, intermediate temperature, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using currently available highly conducting CeO2 electrolytes. The specific technical objective is to demonstrate that a ceria electrolyte can be modified to obtain stability against reduction by H2 at the anode, as evident by a stable open circuit potential that is higher than could be obtained with an unmodifed ceria electrolyte.
Biased Signaling by Agonists of Protease Activated Receptor 2 (2017)

Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is associated with metabolism, obesity, inflammatory, respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, pain, cancer, and other diseases. The extracellular N-terminus of PAR2 is a common target for multiple proteases, which cleave it at different sites to generate different N-termini that activate different PAR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. There are no synthetic PAR2 ligands that reproduce the same signaling profiles and potencies as proteases. Structure-activity relationships here for 26 compounds spanned a signaling bias over 3 log units, culminating in three small ligands as biased agonist tools for interrogating PAR2 functions. DF253 (2f-LAAAAI-NH<sub>2</sub>) triggered PAR2-mediated calcium release (EC<sub>50</sub> 2 μM) but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation (EC<sub>50</sub> > 100 μM) in CHO cells transfected with hPAR2. AY77 (Isox-Cha-Chg-NH<sub>2</sub>) was a more potent calcium-biased agonist (EC<sub>50</sub> 40 nM, Ca<sup>2+</sup>; EC<sub>50</sub> 2 μM, ERK1/2), while its analogue AY254 (Isox-Cha-Chg-A-R-NH<sub>2</sub>) was an ERK-biased agonist (EC<sub>50</sub> 2 nM, ERK1/2; EC<sub>50</sub> 80 nM, Ca<sup>2+</sup>). Signaling bias led to different functional responses in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29). AY254, but not AY77 or DF253, attenuated cytokine-induced caspase 3/8 activation, promoted scratch-wound healing, and induced IL-8 secretion, all via PAR2-ERK1/2 signaling. Different ligand components were responsible for different PAR2 signaling and functions, clues that can potentially lead to drugs that modulate different pathway-selective cellular and physiological responses.
Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of <i>Salmonella</i> Species, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> , and <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 in Ground Pork Samples (2010)

Salmonella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are foodborne pathogens capable of causing serious gastrointestinal illness. We previously described simultaneous detection of these pathogens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 44 types of spiked food samples, including meat, produce, fish, and dairy products, targeting genes specific for each pathogen. Based on the previous work, a multiplex real-time PCR assay using fluorescent probes was developed to detect and accurately quantify Salmonella sp., L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 in ground pork samples. The detection sensitivity for this method was 2.0 x 10(2) CFU/mL for each pathogen, and the quantification range was 10(2)-10(7) CFU/mL with a high correlation coefficient (R(2) > 0.99) and high PCR efficiency (84.2% to 99.2%). When this protocol was used for the detection of each of the pathogens in spiked pork samples, one cell per 25 g of inoculated sample after enrichment for 20 h could be detected within 24 h. As a result, this multiplex real-time PCR assay will be valuable as a screening method for foods contaminated with these pathogens.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Increases Coronary Artery Patency After Thrombolysis (1996)

Inhaled NO at concentrations of 20 and 80 ppm increases coronary patency and decreases CFV frequency in a canine model of platelet-mediated coronary reocclusion after thrombolysis without producing systemic hemodynamic effects.
An approach to evaluate policy similarity (2007)

Recent collaborative applications and enterprises very often need to efficiently integrate their access control policies. An important step in policy integration is to analyze the similarity of policies. Existing approaches to policy similarity analysis are mainly based on logical reasoning and boolean function comparison. Such approaches are computationally expensive and do not scale well for large heterogeneous distributed environments (like Grid computing systems). In this paper, we propose a policy similarity measure as a filter phase for policy similarity analysis. This measure provides a lightweight approach to pre-compile a large amount of policies and only return the most similar policies for further evaluation. In the paper we formally define the measure, by taking into account both the case of categorical attributes and numeric attributes. Detailed algorithms are presented for the similarly computation. Results of our case study demonstrates the efficiency and practical value of our approach.
A Signal Processor for a Multiple-electrode Hearing Prosthesis (1984)

A 22-electrode implantable hearing prosthesis uses a wearable speech processor which estimates three speech signal parameters. These are voice pitch, second formant frequency and flattened spectrum amplitude. The signal is monitored continuously for periodicity in the range 80400 Hz and, if this is present, stimulation occurs at the same rate. Otherwise, as in the case of unvoiced sounds, it occurs at the random rate of fluctuation of the signal envelope. The second formant is obtained by filtering to extract the dominant peak in the midband region and by continuous measurement of the zero crossing rate. The amplitude measured is that of the whole speech spectrum, pre-emphasized by differentiation. The values that are presented to the patient are the parameter estimates immediately prior to the stimulation pulse. Second formant frequency is coded by selection of an appropriate electrode in the cochlea and amplitude by a suitably controlled current. Automatic gain control is used to keep the dynamic range of the amplitude estimate within the 30 dB range of the circuitry.
Maintenance of remission following successful treatment of papulopustular rosacea with ivermectin 1% cream vs. metronidazole 0.75% cream: 36‐week extension of the <scp>ATTRACT</scp> randomized study (2015)

The results of this relapse study showed that an initial successful treatment with ivermectin 1% cream QD significantly extended remission of rosacea compared with initial treatment with metronidazole 0.75% cream BID following treatment cessation.
Defining and Computing Alternative Routes in Road Networks (2010)

Every human likes choices. But today's fast route planning algorithms usually compute just a single route between source and target. There are beginnings to compute alternative routes, but this topic has not been studied thoroughly. Often, the aspect of meaningful alternative routes is neglected from a human point of view. We fill in this gap by suggesting mathematical definitions for such routes. As a second contribution we propose heuristics to compute them, as this is NP-hard in general.
Electric-Field-Controlled Magnetoelectric RAM: Progress, Challenges, and Scaling (2015)

We review the recent progress in the development of magnetoelectric RAM (MeRAM) based on electric-field-controlled writing in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). MeRAM uses the tunneling magnetoresistance effect for readout in a two-terminal memory element, similar to other types of magnetic RAM. However, the writing of information is performed by voltage control of magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) at the interface of an MgO tunnel barrier and the CoFeB-based free layer, as opposed to current-controlled (e.g., spin-transfer torque or spin-orbit torque) mechanisms. We present results on voltage-induced switching of MTJs in both resonant (precessional) and thermally activated regimes, which demonstrate fast (<1 ns) and ultralow-power (<40 fJ/bit) write operations at voltages <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 1.5{-}2~{\rm V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . We also discuss the implications of the VCMA-based write mechanism on memory array design, highlighting the possibility of crossbar implementation for high bit density. Results are presented from a 1 kbit MeRAM test array. Endurance and voltage scaling data are presented. The scaling behavior is analyzed, and material-level requirements are discussed for the translation of MeRAM into mainstream memory applications.
Oligodeoxynucleotide probes for Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter hyointestinalis based on 16S rRNA sequences (1991)

Deoxyoligonucleotide probes were constructed for the identification of Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter hyointestinalis based on 16S rRNA sequence data. Probes were targeted to hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA. Specificity of oligonucleotide probes was tested in a colony blot assay with type strains of 15 Campylobacter and Arcobacter species as well as in a slot blot format using genomic DNA extracted from field strains of C. fetus and C. hyointestinalis. Two oligonucleotides were constructed for C. fetus that hybridized with equal specificity with each of 57 biochemically confirmed isolates of C. fetus but not with any other Campylobacter species. The C. hyointestinalis probe reacted with 47 of 48 biochemically confirmed field isolates of C. hyointestinalis. In Southern blot hybridization of BglII digests of genomic DNA, the respective probes reacted within three restriction fragments of either C. hyointestinalis (7.2, 8.2, and 10.1 kb) or C. fetus (7.0, 7.7, and 9.0 kb). This suggests multiple copies of genes encoding 16S rRNA.
Microwave Sensor for Ice Detection (1994)

A microwave technique has been developed for detecting ice build-up on the wing surfaces of commercial airliners and highway bridges. A microstrip patch antenna serves as the sensor, with changes in the resonant frequency and impedance being dependent upon the overlying layers of ice, water and glycol mixtures. The antenna sensor is conformably mounted on the wing. The depth and dielectric constants of the layers are measured by comparing the complex resonant admittance with a calibrated standard. An initial breadboard unit has been built and tested. Additional development is now underway. Another commercial application is in the robotics field of remote sensing of coal seam thickness.
The role of PECAM in leukocyte emigration (1999)

The process of leukocyte emigration into a site of inflammation involves a number of sequential and coordinated adhesive interactions between the leukocyte and underlying endothelium. As has been made clear in previous chapters, emigration can be dissected into the steps of tethering, rolling, activation, firm adhesion, and transendothelial migration. These interactions typically involve distinct families of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). It is our ability to block the actions of these molecules by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb), soluble recombinant CAMs or their ligands, or genetic disruption that has identified these as distinct steps [1,2].
Mutations in Classical Swine Fever Virus NS4B Affect Virulence in Swine (2009)

NS4B is one of the nonstructural proteins of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), the etiological agent of a severe, highly lethal disease of swine. Protein domain analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the NS4B protein of highly pathogenic CSFV strain Brescia (BICv) identified a putative Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-like domain. This TIR-like motif harbors two conserved domains, box 1 and box 2, also observed in other members of the TIR superfamily, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Mutations within the BICv NS4B box 2 domain (V2566A, G2567A, I2568A) produced recombinant virus NS4B.VGIv, with an altered phenotype displaying enhanced transcriptional activation of TLR-7-induced genes in swine macrophages, including a significant sustained accumulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA. Transfection of swine macrophages with the wild-type NS4B gene partially blocked the TLR-7-activating effect of imiquimod (R837), while transfection with the NS4B gene harboring mutations in either of the putative boxes displayed decreased blocking activity. NS4B.VGIv showed an attenuated phenotype in swine, displaying reduced replication in the oronasal cavity and limited spread from the inoculation site to secondary target organs. Furthermore, the level and duration of IL-6 production in the tonsils of pigs intranasally inoculated with NS4B.VGIv were significantly higher than those for animals infected with BICv. The peak of IL-6 production in infected animals paralleled the ability of animals infected with NS4B.VGIv to resist challenge with virulent BICv. Interestingly, treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures with recombinant porcine IL-6 results in a significant decrease in BICv replication.