gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Room Temperature Synthesis of Nano Crystalline Cerium Oxide Using Hydrazine and Ammonia (2006)

The synthesis of nano crystalline particles of cerium oxide at room temperature was investigated in detail. Highly crystallized cerium oxide nano powder with a particle size of 10 nm was obtained by adding a hydrazine aqueous solution or an ammonia aqueous solution into a cerium nitrate solution followed by stirring the mixed solutions over a prolonged period at room temperature. It was considered that the good crystallinity was attributable to the use of an aqueous solution containing Ce(III) ions as a starting solution.
Semantic description of process modules (2015)

The reduction of the effort required for integration of a module into a production plant is the fundamental aim of modular plant architectures. Effective module integration can be achieved, for instance, by shifting engineering efforts from the classical site-engineering to the engineering of plant modules. The basis of this approach is the formal description of various aspects of a module in a module type package (MTP). The core elements of this MTP are presented in this paper and discussed in terms of use in a standard module description. In addition, this paper presents a transformation of this concept to the standardized format AutomationML.
Mode area scaling with all-solid photonic bandgap fibers (2012)

There are still very strong interests for power scaling in high power fiber lasers for a wide range of applications in medical, industry, defense and science. In many of these lasers, fiber nonlinearities are the main limits to further scaling. Although numerous specific techniques have studied for the suppression of a wide range of nonlinearities, the fundamental solution is to scale mode areas in fibers while maintaining sufficient single mode operation. Here the key problem is that more modes are supported once physical dimensions of waveguides are increased. The key to solve this problem is to look for fiber designs with significant higher order mode suppression. In conventional waveguides, all modes are increasingly guided in the center of the waveguides when waveguide dimensions are increased. It is hard to couple a mode out in order to suppress its propagation, which severely limits their scalability. In an all-solid photonic bandgap fiber, modes are only guided due to anti-resonance of cladding photonic crystal lattice. This provides strongly mode-dependent guidance, leading to very high differential mode losses. In addition, the all-solid nature of the fiber makes it easily spliced to other fibers. In this paper, we will show for the first time that all-solid photonic bandgap fibers with effective mode area of ~920?m<sup>2</sup> can be made with excellent higher order mode suppression.
Repairing amplitude defects in multilayer-coated extreme-ultraviolet lithography reticles by use of a focused ion beam (2004)

We present a method for repairing defects near the top surfaces of multilayer coatings in general and specifically on extreme-ultraviolet lithography mask blanks. Milling away the defect and a surrounding region of the multilayer by use of a focused ion beam can repair both the reflectivity and the phase of the reflected light in the vicinity of such a defect. We describe the conditions under which the repaired region will not itself be a defect and experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of this multilayer repair technique. The results described are also applicable to understanding and controlling the optical effects of ion-induced multilayer erosion.
The Use of Gamma-Ray Imaging to Improve Portal Monitor Performance (2008)

We have constructed a prototype, rapid-deployment portal monitor that uses visible-light and gamma-ray imaging to allow simultaneous monitoring of multiple lanes of traffic from the side of a roadway. Our Roadside Tracker uses automated target acquisition and tracking (TAT) software to identify and track vehicles in visible light images. The field of view of the visible camera overlaps with and is calibrated to that of a one-dimensional gamma-ray imager. The TAT code passes information on when vehicles enter and exit the system field of view and when they cross gamma-ray pixel boundaries. Based on this information, the gamma-ray imager ldquoharvestsrdquo the gamma-ray data specific to each vehicle, integrating its radiation signature for the entire time that it is in the field of view. In this fashion we are able to generate vehicle-specific radiation signatures and avoid source confusion problems that plague nonimaging approaches to the same problem.
Highly accurate noncontact water level monitoring using continuous-wave Doppler radar (2013)

A novel water level monitoring technique using continuous-wave (CW) Doppler radar is presented. The CW radar works with a DC-coupled baseband that allows accurate monitoring of the slow-varying water level. Ray tracing model has been used to simulate and validate the feasibility of water level monitoring in the presence of ripple. The proposed technique is robust against clutter interference and the fluctuation of water ripples by properly choosing the carrier frequency. Experiment was carried out to monitor the water level in a rain barrel when the water was draining out. Both simulation and experiment shows that the proposed technique can accurately monitor the water level with a high accuracy in millimeter-scale.
Control of electro-rheological fluid-based torque generation components for use in active rehabilitation devices (2006)

In this paper we present the design and control algorithms for novel electro-rheological fluid based torque generation elements that will be used to drive the joint of a new type of portable and controllable Active Knee Rehabilitation Orthotic Device (AKROD) for gait retraining in stroke patients. The AKROD is composed of straps and rigid components for attachment to the leg, with a central hinge mechanism where a gear system is connected. The key features of AKROD include: a compact, lightweight design with highly tunable torque capabilities through a variable damper component, full portability with on board power, control circuitry, and sensors (encoder and torque), and real-time capabilities for closed loop computer control for optimizing gait retraining. The variable damper component is achieved through an electro-rheological fluid (ERF) element that connects to the output of the gear system. Using the electrically controlled rheological properties of ERFs, compact brakes capable of supplying high resistive and controllable torques, are developed. A preliminary prototype for AKROD v.2 has been developed and tested in our laboratory. AKROD's v.2 ERF resistive actuator was tested in laboratory experiments using our custom made ERF Testing Apparatus (ETA). ETA provides a computer controlled environment to test ERF brakes and actuators in various conditions and scenarios including emulating the interaction between human muscles involved with the knee and AKROD's ERF actuators / brakes. In our preliminary results, AKROD's ERF resistive actuator was tested in closed loop torque control experiments. A hybrid (non-linear, adaptive) Proportional-Integral (PI) torque controller was implemented to achieve this goal.
Prospects for a nonliving vaccine against Schistosomiasis based on cell-mediated immune resistance mechanisms (1987)

We have designed a vaccine model based on induction of cell-mediated immunity and shown that it protects mice against Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mice are immunized by intradermal injection with schistosome antigens plus BCG. Resistance is dependent on the route of antigen presentation and the adjuvant chosen. The pattern of resistance correlates with sensitization of T lymphocytes for production of gamma interferon, a macrophage activating lymphokine that stimulates the cellular effector mechanism of protection. Purified schistosome paramyosin, a muscle cell component present in soluble parasite antigenic preparations, is immunogenic for T lymphocytes and induces resistance when given intradermally with BCG. It is likely that this protein, and possibly other soluble molecules that are released by the parasites of a challenge infection, induce a cellular inflammatory response resulting in larval trapping and/or killing by activated macrophages. These results verify the feasibility of a vaccine against schistosomiasis based on induction of cell-mediated immune resistance mechanisms.
Apolipoprotein(a) Yeast Artificial Chromosome Transgenic Rabbits (1998)

The in vivo analysis of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), an independent atherosclerosis risk factor in humans, has been limited in part by its restricted distribution among mammals. Although transgenic mice have been created containing Lp(a), the relatively small size of the mouse has precluded some studies. To examine the properties of this molecule in a significantly larger mammal, we have used a 270-kilobase yeast artificial chromosome clone containing the human apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) gene and a 90-kilobase P1 phagemid clone containing the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene to create transgenic rabbits that express either or both transgenes. Expression of both transgenes was tissue specific and localized predominantly to the liver. Average apolipoprotein plasma levels in the rabbits were 2.5 mg/dl for apo(a) and 17.6 mg/dl for human apoB. In contrast to observations in apo(a) transgenic mice, we found that apo(a) plasma levels in the rabbits were stable throughout sexual maturity. Also, apo(a) formed a covalent association with the endogenous rabbit apoB albeit with a lower efficiency than its association with human apoB. The analysis of Lp(a) transgenic rabbits has provided new insights into apo(a) expression and Lp(a) assembly. In addition, these transgenic rabbits potentially will provide an improved experimental model for the in vivo analysis of Lp(a) and its role in promoting atherosclerosis and restenosis.
A New Random-Error-Correction Code (1977)

A new random-error-correction code presented here is one of the most efficient two-error-correction codes. The new code can correct 2-bit random errors within twelve (12) consecutive bits while (15,7) BCH code [1] corrects two errors within fifteen (15) bits and Hagelbarger's code [2] corrects two errors within fourteen (14) bits. Although Peterson and Weldon's double-error-correcting (12,6) code [1] and Massey's two-error-correcting convolutional code [3] also correct two errors within twelve (12) bits, both codes propagate errors. The (12,6) Viterbi code [1], [4] corrects two errors and uses a Viterbi decoder, while the new code is decodable with a one-step majority logic. Error propagation in the feedback majority logic decoder is discussed, and it is proved empirically that the new code presented here does not propagate errors.
Self-planarized quantum-disks-in-nanowires ultraviolet-B emitters utilizing pendeo-epitaxy (2017)

The growth of self-assembled, vertically oriented and uniform nanowires (NWs) has remained a challenge for efficient light-emitting devices. Here, we demonstrate dislocation-free AlGaN NWs with spontaneous coalescence, which are grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on an n-type doped silicon (100) substrate. A high density of NWs (filling factor >95%) was achieved under optimized growth conditions, enabling device fabrication without planarization using ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing polymer materials. UV-B (280-320 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit at ∼303 nm with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) (∼20 nm) of the emission spectrum, are demonstrated using a large active region ("active region/NW length-ratio" ∼50%) embedded with 15 stacks of Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>N/Al<sub>y</sub>Ga<sub>1-y</sub>N quantum-disks (Qdisks). To improve the carrier injection, a graded layer is introduced at the AlGaN/GaN interfaces on both p- and n-type regions. This work demonstrates a viable approach to easily fabricate ultra-thin, efficient UV optoelectronic devices on low-cost and scalable silicon substrates.
Design of a Reconfigurable Hybrid Database System (2010)

This paper proposes a design of a database system which accelerates the execution of database transactions by offloading database operators (e.g. joins, scans and sorting) in hardware algorithms executed on runtime reconfigurable computing platforms. Furthermore, a hybrid database system is described which exploits the strengths of the new reconfigurable hardware-based database system in combination with pre-existing technologies for main memory or disc resident database systems. Due to the parallel and pipelined design style of the hardware algorithms, the new database system offers a potential speedup over the traditional sequential execution on instruction stream processors. Moreover, data access times can be reduced by placing circuits on the reconfigurable fabric close to embedded memory which further allows for customizing high bandwidth memory interfaces. As a consequence of the accelerated execution speed, the new system has the potential to reliably meet constraints in real-time scenarios, to reduce the chance of lock contention and cache flushes, and to decrease the cost for concurrency control.
Micro-regional temperature measurements of biological membranes irradiated by optical tweezers (1994)

Single-point thermometry, or the measurement of localized temperature changes, is a key technique for characterizing the physical, chemical, and biological process at a specific biological site, especially for a medium that can be heated up by a highly focused laser beam. Herein, we report on the development of a technique for the nondestructive local temperature measurement of optically irradiated biological membranes, based on fluorescence from an environmentally sensitive dye 1 in an organically engineered liposome. 2 An optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) is combined with a microscope to measure spectral fluorescence (see Fig. 1) to offer a high temperature sensitivity, submicron spatial resolution, high speed, and large signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. In addition, this technique is nondestructive. The most sensitive temperature regime for this measurement is in the vicinity of the phase transition temperature of the liposome, which depends on its membrane molecular structure. Using this technique the temperature in a micrometer region has been measured, with a 0.1°C sensitivity.
Fiber Probes for the Measurement of the Absorption Coefficient in Small Volumes: a Monte Carlo Analysis (2006)

Monte Carlo simulations are used to determine several fiber probe designs for which the effective pathlength of photons traveling in tissue is minimally sensitive to the scattering properties, enabling direct measurement of the absorption coefficient.
Evaluation of immunogenicity and cross-reactive responses of  vaccines prepared from two chimeric serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses in pigs and cattle (2022)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains a very serious barrier to agricultural development and the international trade of animals and animal products. Recently, serotype O has been the most prevalent FMDV serotype in China, and it has evolved into four different lineages: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 and O/Cathay. PanAsia-2, belonging to the O/ME-SA topotype, is prevalent in neighbouring countries and poses the risk of cross-border spread in China. This study aimed to develop a promising vaccine candidate strain that can not only provide the best protection against all serotype O FMDVs circulating in China but also be used as an emergency vaccine for the prevention and control of transboundary incursion of PanAsia-2. Here, two chimeric FMDVs (rHN/TURVP1 and rHN/NXVP1) featuring substitution of VP1 genes of the O/TUR/5/2009 vaccine strain (PanAsia-2) and O/NXYCh/CHA/2018 epidemic strain (Mya98) were constructed and evaluated. The biological properties of the two chimeric FMDVs were similar to those of the wild-type (wt) virus despite slight differences in plaque sizes observed in BHK-21 cells. The structural protein-specific antibody titres induced by the rHN/TURVP1 and wt virus vaccines in pigs and cows were higher than those induced by the rHN/NXVP1 vaccine at 28-56 dpv. The vaccines prepared from the two chimeric viruses and wt virus all induced the production of protective cross-neutralizing antibodies against the viruses of the Mya-98, PanAsia and Ind-2001 lineages in pigs and cattle at 28 dpv; however, only the animals vaccinated with the rHN/TURVP1 vaccine produced a protective immune response to the field isolate of the Cathay lineage at 28 dpv, whereas the animals receiving the wt virus and the rHN/NXVP1 vaccines did not, although the wt virus and O/GXCX/CHA/2018 both belong to the Cathay topotype. This study will provide very useful information to help develop a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of serotype O FMD in China.
The wisdom of virtual crowds (2013)

Explaining the (mis)behavior of virtual machines in large-scale cloud environments presents a number of challenges with respect to both scale and making sense of torrents of datacenter telemetry emanating from multiple levels of the stack. In this paper we leverage VM-similarity to explain the behavior or performance of a VM using its cohort as a reference (or by contrasting it against groups of VMs outside of its cohort). The key insight is that virtual machines (VMs) running the same application (components or workloads), or VMs colocated within the same (logical) tier of a complex application exhibit similar telemetry patterns.
Abstract 5336: Characterization of selective covalent inhibitors of USP7 (2017)

Abstract The ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target owing to its critical roles in several cancer signaling pathways as well as its essential role in maintaining Foxp3+ T-regulatory cell (Treg) functions. Pharmacological inhibition of USP7 using Progenra’s small molecule inhibitors resulted in direct anti-tumor activity as well as the unleashing of anti-tumor immunity by suppressing Treg functions. However, the precise mechanism of action these compounds was not well characterized. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single amino acid substitution approaches, we have now demonstrated that our USP7 inhibitors specifically target the catalytic cleft of USP7 and covalently modify its active site cysteine (Cys223). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed sustained irreversible USP7 inhibition after short term inhibitor treatment as well as subsequent changes in the level and ubiquitylation of various pharmacodynamic markers, including the Treg lineage specific transcription factor Foxp3. Detailed knowledge of the mechanism of USP7 inhibition has allowed us to incorporate rational design strategies into the lead optimization to obtain improved molecules that will serve as the basis of a new class of anti-cancer immunotherapy agents. Citation Format: Feng Wang, Jian Wu, Liqing Wang, Ivan Sokirniy, Hui Wang, Charles Grove, Phuong Nguyen, Thomas Bregnard, Joseph Weinstock, Michael Mattern, Wayne Hancock, Irina Bezsonova, Suresh Kumar. Characterization of selective covalent inhibitors of USP7 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5336. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5336
Structures, Enzymatic Properties, and Expression of Novel Human and Mouse Secretory Phospholipase A2s (2000)

Mammalian secretory phospholipase A(2)s (sPLA(2)s) form a family of structurally related enzymes that are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes via the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids or the binding to specific membrane receptors. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel sPLA(2) that is the sixth isoform of the sPLA(2) family found in humans. The novel human mature sPLA(2) consists of 123 amino acids (M(r) = 14,000) and is most similar to group IIA sPLA(2) (sPLA(2)-IIA) with respect to the number and positions of cysteine residues as well as overall identity (51%). Therefore, this novel sPLA(2) should be categorized into group II and called group IIE (sPLA(2)-IIE) following the recently identified group IID sPLA(2) (sPLA(2)-IID). The enzymatic properties of recombinant human sPLA(2)-IIE were almost identical to those of sPLA(2)-IIA and IID in terms of Ca(2+) requirement, optimal pH, substrate specificity, as well as high susceptibility to the sPLA(2) inhibitor indoxam. Along with the biochemical properties of proteins, genetic and evolutional similarities were also observed among these three types of group II sPLA(2)s as to the chromosomal location of the human gene (1p36) and the exon/intron organization. The expression of sPLA(2)-IIE transcripts in humans was restricted to the brain, heart, lung, and placenta in contrast to broad expression profiles for sPLA(2)-IIA and -IID. In sPLA(2)-IIA-deficient mice, the expression of sPLA(2)-IIE was markedly enhanced in the lung and small intestine upon endotoxin challenge, which contrasted with the reduced expression of sPLA(2)-IID mRNA. In situ hybridization analysis revealed elevation of sPLA(2)-IIE mRNA at alveolar macrophage-like cells in the lung of endotoxin-treated mice. These findings suggest a distinct functional role of novel sPLA(2)-IIE in the progression of inflammatory processes.
Clinical Application of a Novel Automatic Algorithm for Actigraphy-Based Activity and Rest Period Identification to Accurately Determine Awake and Asleep Ambulatory Blood Pressure Parameters and Cardiovascular Risk (2012)

This paper reports the results of a study designed to determine whether there are statistically significant differences between the values of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) parameters obtained using different methods-fixed schedule, diary, and automatic algorithm based on actigraphy-of defining the main activity and rest periods, and to determine the clinical relevance of such differences. We studied 233 patients (98 men/135 women), 61.29 ± .83 yrs of age (mean ± SD). Statistical methods were used to measure agreement in the diagnosis and classification of subjects within the context of ABPM and cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The results show that there are statistically significant differences both at the group and individual levels. Those at the individual level have clinically significant implications, as they can result in a different classification, and, therefore, different diagnosis and treatment for individual subjects. The use of an automatic algorithm based on actigraphy can lead to better individual treatment by correcting the accuracy problems associated with the fixed schedule on patients whose actual activity/rest routine differs from the fixed schedule assumed, and it also overcomes the limitations and reliability issues associated with the use of diaries.
<i>In vivo</i>magnetic resonance vascular imaging using laser-polarized<sup>3</sup>He microbubbles (1998)

Laser-polarized gases (3He and 129Xe) are currently being used in magnetic resonance imaging as strong signal sources that can be safely introduced into the lung. Recently, researchers have been investigating other tissues using 129Xe. These studies use xenon dissolved in a carrier such as lipid vesicles or blood. Since helium is much less soluble than xenon in these materials, 3He has been used exclusively for imaging air spaces. However, considering that the signal of 3He is more than 10 times greater than that of 129Xe for presently attainable polarization levels, this work has focused on generating a method to introduce 3He into the vascular system. We addressed the low solubility issue by producing suspensions of 3He microbubbles. Here, we provide the first vascular images obtained with laser-polarized 3He. The potential increase in signal and absence of background should allow this technique to produce high-resolution angiographic images. In addition, quantitative measurements of blood flow velocity and tissue perfusion will be feasible.