gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ka-Band Waveguide Three-Way Serial Combiner for MMIC Amplifiers (2012)

In this innovation, the three-way combiner consists internally of two branch-line hybrids that are connected in series by a short length of waveguide. Each branch-line hybrid is designed to combine input signals that are in phase with an amplitude ratio of two. The combiner is constructed in an E-plane split-block arrangement and is precision machined from blocks of aluminum with standard WR-28 waveguide ports. The port impedances of the combiner are matched to that of a standard WR-28 waveguide. The component parts include the power combiner and the MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) power amplifiers (PAs). The three-way series power combiner is a six-port device. For basic operation, power that enters ports 3, 5, and 6 is combined in phase and appears at port 1. Ports 2 and 4 are isolated ports. The application of the three-way combiner for combining three PAs with unequal output powers was demonstrated. NASA requires narrow-band solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs) at Ka-band frequencies with output power in the range of 3 to 5 W for radio or gravity science experiments. In addition, NASA also requires wideband, high-efficiency SSPAs at Ka-band frequencies with output power in the range of 5 to 15 W for high-data-rate communications from deep space to Earth. The three-way power combiner is designed to operate over the frequency band of 31.8 to 32.3 GHz, which is NASA s deep-space frequency band.
Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass (2020)

Lignocellulosic materials are plant-derived feedstocks, such as crop residues (e.g., corn stover, rice straw, and sugar cane bagasse) and purpose-grown energy crops (e.g., miscanthus, and switchgrass) that are available in large quantities to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and animal feed. Plant polysaccharides (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin) embedded within cell walls are highly recalcitrant towards conversion into useful products. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is a thermochemical pretreatment that increases accessibility of polysaccharides to enzymes for hydrolysis into fermentable sugars. These released sugars can be converted into fuels and chemicals in a biorefinery. Here, we describe a laboratory-scale batch AFEX process to produce pretreated biomass on the gram-scale without any ammonia recycling. The laboratory-scale process can be used to identify optimal pretreatment conditions (e.g., ammonia loading, water loading, biomass loading, temperature, pressure, residence time, etc.) and generates sufficient quantities of pretreated samples for detailed physicochemical characterization and enzymatic/microbial analysis. The yield of fermentable sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover pretreated using the laboratory-scale AFEX process is comparable to pilot-scale AFEX process under similar pretreatment conditions. This paper is intended to provide a detailed standard operating procedure for the safe and consistent operation of laboratory-scale reactors for performing AFEX pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.
On indexing error-tolerant set containment (2010)

Prior work has identified set based comparisons as a useful primitive for supporting a wide variety of similarity functions in record matching. Accordingly, various techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of set similarity lookups. However, this body of work focuses almost exclusively on symmetric notions of set similarity. In this paper, we study the indexing problem for the asymmetric Jaccard containment similarity function that is an error-tolerant variation of set containment. We enhance this similarity function to also account for string transformations that reflect synonyms such as "Bob" and "Robert" referring to the same first name. We propose an index structure that builds inverted lists on carefully chosen token-sets and a lookup algorithm using our index that is sensitive to the output size of the query. Our experiments over real life data sets show the benefits of our techniques. To our knowledge, this is the first paper that studies the indexing problem for Jaccard containment in the presence of string transformations.
The Dopamine D2 Receptor (1992)

Dopamine is the dominant catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. It is found throughout the entire central nervous system, but is predominant in the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and tuberoinfundibular tracts (Creese et al., 1983). Dopamine exerts its effects through binding to two types of receptor, the D1 and D2 receptors (Kebabian and Calne, 1979). Binding of dopamine to its receptors induces several second messenger systems, most importantly affecting cAMP levels (Vallar and Meldolesi, 1989). Activation of the D1 receptor stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity which results in an increase in intracellular cAMP levels while binding of dopamine to the D2 receptor inhibits the cyclase activity (Caron et al., 1978).
Feature interactions between internet services and telecommunication services (2009)

The automated run-time detection of feature interactions in Web 2.0 communications applications is an important problem that has not been addressed to date. Such web-enabled communication services are constructed as reusable web widgets that can be composed by users in a web interface. Widgetizing communication features as web services can better serve users with highly customizable features, friendly user interfaces, and easier integration with other web services. However, it also introduces new feature interaction problems. As we show, these composite communication services combine web services and VoIP features in highly dynamic interfaces with application and service state that is typically distributed across multiple domains. In this paper, we present these new feature interactions and propose our solution. We present ten different feature interactions and organize them into a taxonomy. A general method for detecting FIs is given in FOL notation. We also present a coordinator plug-in mechanism for independent widgets to share feature information and state that can be implemented in today's browsers. We finally describe a run-time algorithm for FI detection that is suitable for this architecture and uses the FI notation presented in the paper.
Fast Discrete Curvelet Transforms (2006)

This paper describes two digital implementations of a new mathematical transform, namely, the second generation curvelet transform in two and three dimensions. The first digital transformation is based on unequally spaced fast Fourier transforms, while the second is based on the wrapping of specially selected Fourier samples. The two implementations essentially differ by the choice of spatial grid used to translate curvelets at each scale and angle. Both digital transformations return a table of digital curvelet coefficients indexed by a scale parameter, an orientation parameter, and a spatial location parameter. And both implementations are fast in the sense that they run in O(n^2 \log n) flops for n by n Cartesian arrays; in addition, they are also invertible, with rapid inversion algorithms of about the same complexity. Our digital transformations improve upon earlier implementations—based upon the first generation of curvelets—in the sense that they are conceptually simpler, faster, and far less redundant. The software CurveLab, which implements both transforms presented in this paper, is available at http://www.curvelet.org.
Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes from unprocessed colemanite (2013)

Colemanite (Ca2B6O11·5H2O) is a natural and new precursor material for the synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). BNNTs have been synthesized from unprocessed colemanite for the first time. The reaction parameters such as time, catalyst type, catalyst amount and temperature were optimized. It was found that the BNNT formation follows the base growth mechanism, which was initiated with a complex of boron nitride (BN) and iron atoms. The obtained BNNTs were characterized by using SEM, TEM, and spectroscopic techniques such as UV-vis, Raman, FTIR and XRD. The BNNTs were randomly oriented and multi-walled with an outer diameter of 10-30 nm and a wall thickness of 5 nm. This novel BNNT synthesis method can be used to obtain high yield, low cost and pure BNNTs.
Image formation of digital holographic microtomography (2012)

We describe a three-dimensional image formation based on the digital holographic microtomography. The refractive index distribution inside a sample can be determined by the technique. Experiments and simulation results are presented and discussed.
Detection of misfolded prion protein in blood with conformationally sensitive peptides (2007)

The MPD assay is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of PrP(TSE) that may be useful in both preclinical and clinical diagnosis of TSE diseases of animals and humans.
Supplemental Figure 5 from Tumor Radiosensitization by Monomethyl Auristatin E: Mechanism of Action and Targeted Delivery (2023)

<p>Polycation conjugated MMAE is cytotoxic to tumor cells.</p>
Modulation Waveforms for Continuous Wave Radar (1974)

The range of a radar is a function of average transmitter power and is independent of the modulation waveform. It does not matter whether the transmitter operates in a pulsed or CW mode. In many applications, an average power of only a few watts is adequate. In these cases, CW operation can have a number of advantages. Solid state power sources can readily be utilized and a single RF source can serve as both transmitter and local oscillator. Another advantage is waveform flexibility. In a CW radar the waveform can be designed to perform a variety of functions, e.g., detect fixed and moving targets, determine sense of radial velocity and communicate with a target over a fade-free channel. This paper describes waveforms and design techniques that can be used to achieve the above mentioned functions with a CW radar. (Author)
In-plane anisotropy in Fe/Co/Cu/Co spin valves (2000)

Uniaxial magnetic anisotropy was found in the Fe/Co/Cu/Co magnetoresistive structures deposited on Si(100) substrates. Samples magnetized along an easy anisotropy axis showed extremely sharp magnetization and magnetoresistance switching at low fields and maximum giant magnetoresistance of 9.5% at 5K (5.5% at room temperature) for the samples with 5 nm of Fe, 5 nm of Co, 2.5 nm of Cu and 2 nm of Co. These results were advantageous compared to Co/Cu/Co trilayers grown on Cr/Cu buffer which did not exhibit uniaxial anisotropy. Deposition on spinning wafers allowed excluding substrate related anisotropy. Spin-valves deposited on stationary wafers tilted with respect to the beam of deposited materials did not give any evidence for the relation between the angle of incidence and tilted columnar growth in the spin valves. An existing magnetic field in the magnetron sputtering system with the strength of 32 Oe at the sample location was found the most probable source of the induced uniaxial anisotropy.
O3‐05–03: Therapeutic effects of passive immunization with an Aβ‐oligomer‐ specific antibody in APP transgenic mice (2008)

Passive immunization against Aβ has become a promising approach for AD therapy. Several approaches use antibodies which bind to various forms of Aβ, monomers, oligomers, fibrils and even plaques. Recently, Aβ oligomers have come into focus as the most relevant pathogenic species in AD. We were interested in generating Aβ oligomer-specific antibodies for testing the therapeutic effects of selective neutralization of Aβ oligomers in APP transgenic mice. In a first study, 6-week-old APP/L mice were actively immunized every 3 weeks with Aβ monomers and two different versions of a defined synthetic Aβ-oligomer, named Globulomer (see Barghorn et al. at this meeting), which is able to mount an Aβ oligomer specific antibody response. At an age of 4.5 months the mice were tested in the novel object recognition task (ORT). By immunizing mice with both Globulomer versions, we obtained several monoclonal antibody with different affinity to Aβ oligomers. APP/L and Tg2576 mice at different ages were treated with these antibodies and subjected to ORT and histological analysis. After active immunization the control group performed a chance level in the ORT, while immunization with Aβ Globulomer but not with Aβ monomer significantly improved the mice's performance to a level of object recognition of wildtype mice. Treatment of 3 month old APP/L mice with 500 μg of the unselective anti-Aβ antibody 6G1, with the more Globulomer preferring antibody 8F5, or with the Globulomer-selective antibody A-887755 once weekly for 3 weeks again increased the novel object recognition compared to controls. Finally, treatment of 10 month old Tg2576 mice with 500 μg A-887755 for 6 weeks reduced plaque formation compared to controls. In the same mice the functional synaptic markers PSD-95 and pPAK were immunohistochemically quantified in the hippocampus and neocortex. PSD-95 labeling in the dentate gyrus and pPAK labeling in the neocortex was enhanced after A-887755 treatment. We conclude that selective passive immunization with A-887755, an antibody highly selective for Aβ oligomers carrying the Globolumer conformation, is sufficient for therapeutic efficacy of anti Aβ immunotherapy in APP transgenic mice supporting a crucial neuropathological role of Aβ oligomers in AD.
A mechanism of tissue emulsification by high intensity focused ultrasound (2011)

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been shown to emulsify tissue in histotripsy created by cavitation clouds and millisecond boiling produced by shock wave heating; however, the mechanism by which millimeter-sized boiling bubbles or cavitation bubble clouds emulsify tissue into submicron-sized pieces is not well understood. Here, we experimentally test the hypothesis that acoustic atomization occurs and a miniature acoustic fountain forms (due to radiation force) at the edge of the millimeter-sized boiling bubble. Through high-speed photography, we observed the violent removal of bovine/porcine liver fragments upon focusing a 2-MHz transducer of 70 MPa peak positive and 15 MPa peak negative pressures at the tissue–air interface. Velocity of the fountain projectiles ranged from 5 to 15 m/s. When the focal amplitudes were reduced to 15 MPa peak positive and 7 MPa peak negative pressures, atomization occurred intermittently. The fountain projectiles were collected and examined histologically using H&E and NADH--diaphorase stains. Results show fragments ranging from tens of microns down to submicron in size. The larger fragments contain distinct tissue aggregates with intact cells and the small particles are cell fragments with few to no intact nuclei. [Work supported by NIH DK43881, DK070618, EB007643, DK007742, and NSBRI through NASA NCC 9--58.]
Efficient Nose-to-Lung (N2L) Aerosol Delivery with a Dry Powder Inhaler (2014)

The developed DPI produced high efficiency aerosolization with significant size increase of the aerosol within the airways that can be used to enable nose-to-lung delivery and aerosol administration during HFNC therapy.
Grain Alignment in Bulk YBa <sub>2</sub> Cu <sub>3</sub> O <sub>x</sub> Superconductors by Isothermal Peritectic Reaction Process (1993)

An isothermal peritectic reaction (IPR) process has been developed to fabricate YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (123) superconductors with aligned grain structure in a relatively short time without a temperature gradient. The process consists of the preparation of Y 2 BaCuO 5 (211) powder compact in wire form and infiltration of a Ba‐Cu‐O glass melt into the 211 compact below the peritectic temperature of ∼ 1010°C. During the infiltration at 965°C the 123 phase forms at the surface of the compact by the reaction between 211 grains and the glass, and the newly formed 123 grains grow directionally towards the center of the compact. The result of the infiltration is an aligned grain structure with a preferred orientation of {100} planes in the axial direction of wire‐type compacts. These 123 superconductor specimens show the zero resistance ( T c ) at 92 K and transport critical current density ( J c ) of up to 1500 A/cm 2 . By this process, superconductor wires can be produced at shorter times and lower temperatures than the melt‐texturing methods.
Control of cis-selectivity and tacticity in ring opening metathesis polymerization using ruthenium metathesis catalysts (2015)

A series of ruthenium metathesis catalysts contg. a cyclometalated N- heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand were examd. in\nthe ring opening metathesis polymn. (ROMP) of norbornene- and norbornadiene- derived monomers. In general, the\nresulting polymers were found to be highly cis with syndiotactic- biased cis and trans regions, while blockiness calcns. showed\nthat trans double bonds occurred randomly throughout the polymers. These structural trends suggest that the controlling\nfactor in cis selectivity and tacticity is the combined influence of the stereogenic ruthenium center and the steric\nenvironment surrounding the alkylidene on monomer approach. These conclusions are further supported by preliminary\ncomputational studies, which are ongoing and will also be discussed. It is expected that these results will provide invaluable\ninsight into the mechanism and mode- of- action of cyclometalated ruthenium metathesis catalysts and will be instrumental\nin the design of future catalysts for cis- selective metathesis transformations.
A<sub>2B</sub>adenosine receptor antagonists and their potential indications (2006)

The intense efforts by many pharmaceutical companies and academics in the A2B adenosine receptor (AdoR) antagonist field are driven by the plethora of disease states where the A2B AdoR has been implicated to play a role: asthma, in which it mediates inflammatory cytokine release; diabetes, in which it mediates gluconeogenesis; diabetic retinopathy and cancer, in which it mediates angiogenesis; and inflammatory pain, in which it mediates inflammatory cytokine release. Major advances have been made in the past 5 years in obtaining selective, high affinity A2B adenosine receptor (AdoR) antagonists containing different classes of core heterocycles, including xanthines, 7-deazadenines and pyrimidines. The high affinity A2B AdoR antagonists have a high degree of structural diversity that should aid in further drug design attempts and optimisation of drug properties (i.e., solubility, oral bioavailability and half-life) through combinations of structural features from different classes. The goal of obtaining a selective, high affinity A2B AdoR antagonist has been met by several research groups and this will help address the role of the A2B AdoR in asthma, diabetes, cancer and management of inflammatory pain.
Renormalization group approach to error-correcting codes (2003)

We explain an algorithm that approximately but efficiently assesses the performance of belief propagation decoding for particular parity check error-correcting codes of large, but finite, blocklength. This algorithm is based on the renormalization group approach from physics: the idea is to continually replace an error-correcting code with a simpler error-correcting code that has nearly identical performance, until the code is reduced to a small enough size that its performance can be computed exactly.
Transform Coding for Point Clouds Using a Gaussian Process Model (2017)

We propose using stationary Gaussian processes (GPs) to model the statistics of the signal on points in a point cloud, which can be considered samples of a GP at the positions of the points. Furthermore, we propose using Gaussian process transforms (GPTs), which are Karhunen-Loève transforms of the GP, as the basis of transform coding of the signal. Focusing on colored 3D point clouds, we propose a transform coder that breaks the point cloud into blocks, transforms the blocks using GPTs, and entropy codes the quantized coefficients. The GPT for each block is derived from both the covariance function of the GP and the locations of the points in the block, which are separately encoded. The covariance function of the GP is parameterized, and its parameters are sent as side information. The quantized coefficients are sorted by the eigenvalues of the GPTs, binned, and encoded using an arithmetic coder with bin-dependent Laplacian models, whose parameters are also sent as side information. Results indicate that transform coding of 3D point cloud colors using the proposed GPT and entropy coding achieves superior compression performance on most of our data sets.
A New Optical Technique for Evaluating Collective Motility of Ram and Bull Ejaculated Spermatozoa (1980)

A new, non-destructive, objective technique for measuring collective motility of highly-concentrated ram and bull semen is described. The principle is based on changes in the reflected light scattered by motile spermatozoa. These changes can be recorded as a continuous analog wave pattern (Reflectospermiogram-RSG) and are correlated to the intensity of the turbulent motility as evaluated subjectively with an ordinary light microscope. Ram spermatozoa have, after ejaculation, a typical motility pattern, i.e., high, stable activity for about 20 min, then a period during which the motility decreases at a constant rate, and finally, a period with a low but rather constant activity. The usefulness of the technique has been demonstrated in various types of experiments.
ZnO semiconductors for lighting (2005)

Intentionally doped n-type bulk ZnO has been grown by patented melt technique at Cermet and was used as a substrate for homo-epitaxial growth of p-type ZnO films. The n-type ZnO has a carrier concentration on the order of 10<sup>18</sup>cm<sup>-3</sup> with a mobility of 113cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs, which is good for optical devices. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) profile shows a very uniform distribution of n-type dopant in the ZnO. Excellent transmission from the sharp absorption edge through the visible portion of the spectrum indicates that as grown n-type ZnO is perfect for any optical device applications. P-type ZnO thin films were successfully grown by MOCVD technique on n-type ZnO substrate to form ZnO based p-n junction structure. Cadmium and magnesium doped ZnO films were also grown by MOCVD and resulted in tunable bad gap energy of ZnO based alloy. Ohmic contact layer on n-type ZnO was formed by using Ti/Au and on p-type ZnO was formed by using Ni/Au. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the ZnO based p-n junction exhibited rectification when reverse biased with a breakdown voltage of 10 V and turn-on voltage of 3.3 V. Post anneal of p-type ZnO films showed big improvement on the I-V characteristics. Electroluminescence (EL) spectra obtained from devices driven to 40mA are dominated by a peak at 384nm.
Extending the information content of the MALDI analysis of biological fluids via multi-million shot analysis (2019)

We demonstrate that substantially increasing the number of laser shots in a MALDI-TOF analysis leads to more informative and reliable data on the protein content of unfractionated serum. This approach has already been used in the development of clinical tests in oncology.