gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Typical and atypical neuroleptics: differential effects of chronic administration on the activity of A9 and A10 midbrain dopaminergic neurons (1983)

Extracellular single unit recording techniques were used to study the effects of both acute and repeated oral neuroleptic administration on the in vivo activity of rat A9 and A10 dopaminergic (DA) neurons. All antipsychotic drugs examined acutely (haloperidol, l-sulpiride, chlorpromazine, and clozapine) increased the number of spontaneously firing DA neurons in both A9 and A10 compared to controls. Repeated (21 day) treatment with haloperidol, l-sulpiride, and chlorpromazine (antipsychotic drugs which can cause extrapyramidal side effects) markedly reduced the number of active DA cells below control levels in both regions. The "silent" DA neurons were in an apparent state of tonic depolarization inactivation since they could be induced to discharge by the microiontophoretic application of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, but not the excitatory amino acid glutamate. The depolarization inactivation observed may be specific for antipsychotic drugs since a non-neuroleptic phenothiazine (promethazine), the inactive isomer of sulpiride (d-sulpiride), and a tricyclic antidepressant (desmethylimipramine) neither increased DA activity when given acutely nor induced depolarization inactivation when administered repeatedly. In contrast to the other drugs tested, repeated treatment with clozapine (an effective antipsychotic drug which does not produce extrapyramidal side effects) resulted in the depolarization inactivation of A10 neurons but not A9 cells. These data suggest that neuroleptics which can induce extrapyramidal side effects produce depolarization inactivation of both A9 and A10 neurons whereas antipsychotic drugs which lack this property inactivate only A10 neurons. It is suggested that the time-dependent development of A9 DA neuron inactivation induced by repeated neuroleptic treatment may provide a mechanism for understanding the delayed onset of extrapyramidal side effects often observed with these drugs.
Malignant atrophic papulosis (2007)

Malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP; also known as Degos' disease) has a purely cutaneous variant and a systemic variant with cutaneous manifestations. Both have similar cutaneous eruptions. MAP manifests as erythematous, pink or red papules (2-15 mm), which evolve into scars with central, porcelain-white atrophic centres. Purely cutaneous MAP is a benign condition that can be life-long. Systemic MAP has a grim prognosis, but is not uniformly fatal. The cause of death is usually intestinal perforation. Death usually occurs within 2-3 years from the onset of systemic involvement. Systemic MAP can involve the nervous, opthalmological, gastrointestinal, cardiothoracic and hepatorenal systems. No specific laboratory test can be used to aid in diagnosing MAP. Histopathologically, a wedge-shaped degeneration of collagen is present with a prominent interface reaction with squamatization of the dermoepidermal junction, melanin incontinence and epidermal atrophy. No treatment has been shown to be effective in the treatment of MAP.
The Bulpington of Blup (1979)

Wells gave The Bulpington of Blup the sub-title 'Adventures, Poses, Stresses, Conflicts, and Disaster in a Contemporary Brain'. This phrase aptly describes what the novel is: a sustained and remarkably consistent study of an acutely divided individuality. Robert Bloom, in his perceptive study Anatomies of Egotism,49 has pointed out that the novel is in reality an anti-Bildungsroman, and it is fascinating to compare the literary technique employed here with that adopted in the earlier novels such as Kipps. In this long and elaborately conceived character study he produced one of his finest novels for many years and a work of considerable artistic merit.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer According to Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status (2004)

Incidence rates and risk factors for breast cancer differ according to ER and PR status. Thus, to accurately estimate breast cancer risk, breast cancer cases should be divided according to the ER and PR status of the tumor.
Lowering coefficient of friction in Cu alloys with stable gradient nanostructures (2016)

The coefficient of friction (COF) of metals is usually high, primarily because frictional contacts induce plastic deformation underneath the wear surface, resulting in surface roughening and formation of delaminating tribolayers. Lowering the COF of metals is crucial for improving the reliability and efficiency of metal contacts in engineering applications but is technically challenging. Refining the metals' grains to nanoscale cannot reduce dry-sliding COFs, although their hardness may be elevated many times. We report that a submillimeter-thick stable gradient nanograined surface layer enables a significant reduction in the COF of a Cu alloy under high-load dry sliding, from 0.64 (coarse-grained samples) to 0.29, which is smaller than the COFs of many ceramics. The unprecedented stable low COF stems from effective suppression of sliding-induced surface roughening and formation of delaminating tribolayer, owing to the stable gradient nanostructures that can accommodate large plastic strains under repeated sliding for more than 30,000 cycles.
Development Of A Microsensor To Minimize Post Cataract Surgery Complications (2008)

This paper presents design and characterization of a microaccelerometer designated for integration into cataract surgical probe to detect hardness of different eye tissues during cataract surgery. Soft posterior lens capsule of eye can be easily damaged in comparison with hard opaque lens since the surgeon can not see directly behind cutting needle during the surgery. Presence of microsensor helps the surgeon to avoid rupturing posterior lens capsule which if occurs leads to severe complications such as glaucoma, infection, or even blindness. The microsensor having overall dimensions of 480 μm x 395 μm is able to deliver significant capacitance variations during encountered vibration situations which makes it capable to distinguish between different types of tissue. Integration of electronic components on chip ensures high level of reliability and noise immunity while minimizes space and power requirements. Physical characteristics and results on performance testing, proves integration of microsensor as an effective tool to aid the surgeon during this procedure.
A data-driven cyber-physical detection and defense strategy against data integrity attacks in smart grid systems (2015)

I consider a cyber-physical perspective to the problem of detecting and defending against data integrity attacks in smart grid systems. In this paper, the problem of transient stability with distributed control using real-time data from geographically distributed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is studied via a flocking-based modeling paradigm. I demonstrate how cyber corruption can be identified through the effective use of telltale physical couplings within the power system. I also develop a data-driven real-time cyber-physical detection and defense strategy with distributed control using real-time data from PMUs. The proposed strategy leverages the physical coherence to probe and detect PMU data corruption and estimate the true information values for attack mitigation.
Antifreeze Proteins and Their Practical Utilization in Industry, Medicine, and Agriculture (2020)

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are specific proteins, glycopeptides, and peptides made by different organisms to allow cells to survive in sub-zero conditions. AFPs function by reducing the water's freezing point and avoiding ice crystals' growth in the frozen stage. Their capability in modifying ice growth leads to the stabilization of ice crystals within a given temperature range and the inhibition of ice recrystallization that decreases the drip loss during thawing. This review presents the potential applications of AFPs from different sources and types. AFPs can be found in diverse sources such as fish, yeast, plants, bacteria, and insects. Various sources reveal different α-helices and β-sheets structures. Recently, analysis of AFPs has been conducted through bioinformatics tools to analyze their functions within proper time. AFPs can be used widely in various aspects of application and have significant industrial functions, encompassing the enhancement of foods' freezing and liquefying properties, protection of frost plants, enhancement of ice cream's texture, cryosurgery, and cryopreservation of cells and tissues. In conclusion, these applications and physical properties of AFPs can be further explored to meet other industrial players. Designing the peptide-based AFP can also be done to subsequently improve its function.
Amplification of the DNA Repair GeneO 6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Associated with Resistance to Alkylating Drugs in a Mammalian Cell Line (1997)

The cytotoxic action of such alkylating chemotherapeutic drugs as 2-chloroethyl-N-nitrosourea (CNU) derivatives is countered by the repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which removes O6-alkylguanine induced in the DNA by these agents. Resistance to these drugs is often correlated with the MGMT levels in normal and tumor cells of human and rodent origin. Exposure of mouse 3T3 cells to increasing concentrations of CNU, and subsequent selection of resistant cells, led to the isolation of clones with 5-10 times higher levels of MGMT activity than in the control. The increased MGMT expression at both mRNA and protein levels resulted from 5- to 10-fold amplification of the Mgmt gene. Amplification of this gene was not associated with concomitant amplification of another alkylation damage repair gene, N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase. No amplification of at least three other genes on chromosome 7 (which contains the Mgmt gene) was observed in the drug-resistant cells. Furthermore, the amplified Mgmt sequence was not associated with a homogeneously staining region, or double minute chromosomes, nor present as episomal DNA. In situ hybridization of metaphase chromosomes of the drug-resistant cells indicated both translocation and localized amplification of the Mgmt gene.
Tetrahedral Embedded Boundary Methods for Accurate and Flexible Adaptive Fluids (2010)

Abstract When simulating fluids, tetrahedral methods provide flexibility and ease of adaptivity that Cartesian grids find difficult to match. However, this approach has so far been limited by two conflicting requirements. First, accurate simulation requires quality Delaunay meshes and the use of circumcentric pressures. Second, meshes must align with potentially complex moving surfaces and boundaries, necessitating continuous remeshing. Unfortunately, sacrificing mesh quality in favour of speed yields inaccurate velocities and simulation artifacts. We describe how to eliminate the boundary‐matching constraint by adapting recent embedded boundary techniques to tetrahedra, so that neither air nor solid boundaries need to align with mesh geometry. This enables the use of high quality, arbitrarily graded, non‐conforming Delaunay meshes, which are simpler and faster to generate. Temporal coherence can also be exploited by reusing meshes over adjacent timesteps to further reduce meshing costs. Lastly, our free surface boundary condition eliminates the spurious currents that previous methods exhibited for slow or static scenarios. We provide several examples demonstrating that our efficient tetrahedral embedded boundary method can substantially increase the flexibility and accuracy of adaptive Eulerian fluid simulation.
Serum and supplement optimization for <scp>EU GMP</scp>‐compliance in cardiospheres cell culture (2014)

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) isolated as cardiospheres (CSs) and CS-derived cells (CDCs) are a promising tool for cardiac cell therapy in heart failure patients, having CDCs already been used in a phase I/II clinical trial. Culture standardization according to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) is a mandatory step for clinical translation. One of the main issues raised is the use of xenogenic additives (e.g. FBS, foetal bovine serum) in cell culture media, which carries the risk of contamination with infectious viral/prion agents, and the possible induction of immunizing effects in the final recipient. In this study, B27 supplement and sera requirements to comply with European GMPs were investigated in CSs and CDCs cultures, in terms of process yield/efficiency and final cell product gene expression levels, as well as phenotype. B27- free CS cultures produced a significantly reduced yield and a 10-fold drop in c-kit expression levels versus B27+ media. Moreover, autologous human serum (aHS) and two different commercially available GMP AB HSs were compared with standard research-grade FBS. CPCs from all HSs explants had reduced growth rate, assumed a senescent-like morphology with time in culture, and/or displayed a significant shift towards the endothelial phenotype. Among three different GMP gamma-irradiated FBSs (giFBSs) tested, two provided unsatisfactory cell yields, while one performed optimally, in terms of CPCs yield/phenotype. In conclusion, the use of HSs for the isolation and expansion of CSs/CDCs has to be excluded because of altered proliferation and/or commitment, while media supplemented with B27 and the selected giFBS allows successful EU GMP-complying CPCs culture.
Field Guide to Spectroscopy (2006)

This field guide covers a broad spectrum of topics in the field of spectroscopy, condensing the subjects to their essentials. As such, novices can use this guide to obtain an overview of the field, and experts can use it as a quick reference. Beginning with basic definitions and explanations, this guide then describes the instruments that are used in the field - from filters, lenses, mirrors, and modulators, to monochromators, interferometers, and detectors. A third section outlines theory and methods as they relate to spectroscopy: the Fourier transform, quantum mechanics, approximation methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, and more. Additional features include a glossary of variables and symbols, and an equation summary.
Two Peptides Derived from the Nerve Growth Factor Precursor Are Biologically Active (1997)

This report provides evidence that the proregion of the NGF precursor protein contains two novel bioactive peptides. The presence of pairs of basic amino acid (aa) residues in the NGF proregion suggests that two or three peptides other than NGF may be generated by proteolytic cleavage. Synthetic peptides of 29 aa (LIP1) and 38aa (LIP2) corresponding to the sequences -71 to -43 and -40 to -3 of the proNGF, respectively, were used in this study. ELISA specific for these two peptides revealed their presence in the rat intestine. LIP1 was localized by immunohistochemistry in endocrine cells of the intestinal epithelium, and LIP2 was immunoprecipitated from an intestinal extract. We also provide evidence for the presence of specific receptors for LIP2 in several cell lines. Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of a low affinity binding site with a Kd of approximately 10(-7) M and a high affinity binding site of 10(-9) M. Cross-linking studies revealed receptor forms of about 140 kD and 93 kD in a prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line. LIP1 and LIP2 induced rapid F-actin redistribution in PC12 cells within 2 min of incubation, which suggests a role of LIP1 and LIP2 in the process of neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, both propeptides induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the Trk protein in both prostatic adenocarcinoma cells and PC12 cells, thus implicating trk in their mechanism of action. These results support our hypothesis that two peptides within the NGF precursor protein are biologically active.
Synergistic Angiogenesis Promoting Effects of Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells During Wound Repair (2010)

Slow vascularization rate is considered one of the main drawbacks of scaffolds used in wound healing. Several efforts, including cellular and acellular technologies, have been made to induce vascular growth in scaffolds. However, thus far, there is no established technology for inducing vascular growth. The aim of this study was to promote the vascularization capacities of scaffolds by seeding adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on them and to compare the vascularization capacities of different scaffolds seeded with ADSCs. Two kinds of extracellular matrix scaffolds (small intestinal submucosa [SIS] and acellular dermal matrix [ADM]) and a kind of composite scaffold (collagen-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid [Co-CS-HA]) were selected. Subcutaneous implantation analysis showed that the vascularization capacity of SIS and ADM was greater than that of Co-CS-HA. ADSCs seeded in SIS and ADM secreted greater amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor than those seeded in Co-CS-HA. In a murine skin injury model, ADSC-seeded scaffolds enhanced the angiogenesis and wound healing rate compared with the nonseeded scaffolds. Moreover, ADSC-SIS and ADSC-ADM had greater vascularization capacity than that of ADSC-Co-CS-HA. Taken together, these results suggest that ADSCs could be used as a cell source to promote the vascularization capacities of scaffolds. The vascularization capacities of ADSC-seeded scaffolds were influenced by both the vascularization capacities of the scaffolds themselves and their effects on the angiogenic potential of ADSCs; the combination of extracellular matrix scaffolds and ADSCs exhibited synergistic angiogenesis promoting effects.
Direct-Write, Self-Aligned Electrospinning on Paper for Controllable Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Structures (2015)

Electrospinning, a process that converts a solution or melt droplet into an ejected jet under a high electric field, is a well-established technique to produce one-dimensional (1D) fibers or two-dimensional (2D) randomly arranged fibrous meshes. Nevertheless, the direct electrospinning of fibers into controllable three-dimensional (3D) architectures is still a nascent technology. Here, we apply near-field electrospinning (NFES) to directly write arbitrarily shaped 3D structures through consistent and spatially controlled fiber-by-fiber stacking of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibers. An element central to the success of this 3D electrospinning is the use of a printing paper placed on the grounded conductive plate and acting as a fiber collector. Once deposited on the paper, residual solvents from near-field electrospun fibers can infiltrate the paper substrate, enhancing the charge transfer between the deposited fibers and the ground plate via the fibrous network within the paper. Such charge transfer grounds the deposited fibers and turns them into locally fabricated electrical poles, which attract subsequent in-flight fibers to deposit in a self-aligned manner on top of each other. This process enables the design and controlled fabrication of electrospun 3D structures such as grids, walls, hollow cylinders, and other 3D logos. As such, this technique has the potential to advance the existing electrospinning technologies in constructing 3D structures for biomedical, microelectronics, and MEMS/NMES applications.
Low-temperature formation of silicon nitride gate dielectrics by atomic-layer deposition (2001)

Thin (equivalent oxide thickness Teq of 2.4 nm) silicon nitride layers were deposited on Si substrates by an atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) technique at low temperatures (&lt;550 °C). The interface state density at the ALD silicon nitride/Si-substrate interface was almost the same as that of the gate SiO2. No hysteresis was observed in the gate capacitance–gate voltage characteristics. The gate leakage current was the level comparable with that through SiO2 of the same Teq. The conduction mechanism of the leakage current was investigated and was found to be the direct tunneling. The ALD technique allows us to fabricate an extremely thin, very uniform silicon nitride layer with atomic-scale control for the near-future gate dielectrics.
Resting lymphocytes are the target of cyclosporin action. (1988)

Immunomodulation with Cyclosporin may allow better management of the patient with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The cellular effects of CsA were determined on rabbit lymphocytes which are a resting (Go) population for which the kinetics of activation have been defined. Cyclosporin inhibited polyclonal T-cell activation as well as B-cell activation by T-dependent and T-independent antigens. Resting lymphocytes were the exclusive target of CsA. Primed or activated cells, as well as cells in G1, were resistant to the drug. Cyclosporin inhibited the generation of T-helper cells and spared suppressor cell generation. The inhibitory effects of cyclosporin were not reversible.
Recent Advances in Real-Time Musical Effects, Synthesis, and Virtual Analog Models (2011)

This paper reviews some of the recent advances in real-time musical effects processing and synthesis. The main emphasis is on virtual analog modeling, specifically digital emulation of vintage delay and reverberation effects, tube amplifiers, and voltage-controlled filters. Additionally, adaptive effects algorithms and sound synthesis and processing languages are discussed.
Recent, extensive, and preferential insertion of members of the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element family<i>Heartbreaker</i>into genic regions of maize (2000)

A 314-bp DNA element called Heartbreaker-hm1 (Hbr-hm1) was previously identified in the 3' untranslated region of a mutant allele of the maize disease resistance gene HM1. This element has structural features of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) and is a member of a large family of approximately 4,000 copies in the maize genome. Unlike previously described MITEs, most members of the Hbr family display over 90% sequence identity. This, coupled with the insertion of an Hbr element into an allele of the HM1 gene, suggested that this family might have spread recently throughout the genome. Consistent with this view is the finding that Hbr insertion sites are remarkably polymorphic. Ten of ten loci containing Hbr elements were found to be polymorphic for the presence or absence of Hbr among a collection of maize inbred lines and teosinte strains. Despite the fact that over 80% of the maize genome contain moderate to highly repetitive DNA, we find that randomly chosen Hbr elements are predominantly in single or low copy regions. Furthermore, when used to query both the public and private databases of plant genes, over 50% of the sequences flanking these Hbr elements resulted in significant "hits." Taken together, these data indicate that the presence or absence of Hbr elements is a significant contributory factor to the high level of polymorphism associated with maize genic regions.