gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal redistribution of white space for wire length minimization (2005)

Existing floorplanning algorithms compact blocks to the left and bottom. Although the compaction obtains an optimal area, it may not be good to meet other objectives such as minimizing total wire length which is the first-order objective. It is not known in the literature how to place blocks to obtain an optimal wire length. In this paper, we first show that the problem can be formulated as linear programming. Thereafter, instead of using the general but slow linear programming, we propose an efficient min-cost flow based approach to solve it. Our approach guarantees to obtain the minimum of total wire length in polynomial time and meanwhile keep the minimum area by distributing white space smarter for a given floorplan topology. We also show that the approach can be easily extended to handle constraints such as fixed-frame (fixed area), IO pins, pre-placed blocks, boundary blocks, range placement, alignment and abutment, rectilinear blocks, soft blocks, one-dimensional cluster placement, and bounded net delay, without loss of optimality. Practically, the algorithm is so efficient in that it finishes in less than 0.4 seconds for all MCNC benchmarks of block placement. It is also very effective. Experimental results show we can improve 4.2% of wire length even on very compact floorplans. Thus it provides an ideal way of post-floorplanning (refine floorplanning).
Combining Traceless Directing Groups with Hybridization Control of Radical Reactivity: From Skipped Enynes to Defect‐Free Hexagonal Frameworks (2016)

Abstract This work discloses the first general solution for converting oligoalkynes into polyaromatic polycyclic systems free of pentagonal defects. The efficiency and selectivity of this cascade originate from the combination of the Bu 3 Sn‐mediated TDG (traceless directing group) cascade transformations of skipped alkynes where the reactivity of the key radical precursor is tempered by hybridization effects. This approach ensures that the final structure consists of only six‐membered rings. Practical implementation of this strategy is readily accomplished by incorporation of a suitably‐substituted alkene as a final unit in the domino transformation. This strategy opens a new avenue for the controlled preparation of polyaromatic ribbons. The resulting ester functionality can be used for an additional Friedel–Crafts ring closure which effectively anneals two extra cycles with distinct electronic features to the extended aromatic system formed by the radical cascade.
Scaling games to epic proportions (2007)

We introduce scalability for computer games as the next frontier for techniques from data management. A very important aspect of computer games is the artificial intelligence (AI) of non-player characters. To create interesting AI in games today, developers or players have to create complex, dynamic behavior for a very small number of characters, but neither the game engines nor the style of AI programming enables intelligent behavior that scales to a very large number of non-player characters.
Temozolomide as a vaccine adjuvant in GBM (2007)

2020 Background: Cytotoxic chemotherapy that induces lymphopenia is predicted to ablate the benefits of active antitumor immunization. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an effective chemotherapeutic for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but it induces significant lymphopenia. Methods: In a Phase II trial, patients with newly-diagnosed, completely resected GBM are vaccinated with an EGFRvIII-specific peptide q2 weeks X 3 after radiation (XRT)(∼60Gy) and TMZ (75mg/m 2 /d) and then monthly with 5 day TMZ cycles (200mg/m2/d). Results: TMZ induces transient, Grade 3 lymphopenia (< 500 cells/uL) in 70% of patients after the first TMZ cycle with nadirs occurring 14–21 days after treatment (n=10). Regulatory T cell (T Reg ) (CD4 + CD25 ++ CD45RO + FOXP3 + ) levels increased from 5.2+1.5% (3.3 - 7.5) to 11.8+2.6% (6.9 - 13.8)(P=0.0004; paired t-test) with TMZ and XRT and averaged 12.2+4.0% (6.4 - 18.1) after the second TMZ cycle (P=0.007) (n=6). Despite these findings, in patients assayed, both humoral and cellular EGFRvIII-specific immune responses appear to be enhanced with TMZ. Median survival and TTP after vaccination is 26.2 weeks with no patients progressing (n=8). Conclusions: Despite conventional dogma, we demonstrated that both chemotherapy and immunotherapy can be delivered concurrently without negating the effects of immunotherapy. TMZ-induced lymphopenia may prove to be synergistic with a peptide vaccine. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
REST: A tool for reducing effort in script-based testing (2008)

Since manual black-box testing of GUI-based APplications (GAPs) is tedious and laborious, test engineers create test scripts to automate the testing process. These test scripts interact with GAPs by performing actions on their GUI objects. An extra effort that test engineers put in writing test scripts is paid off when these scripts are run repeatedly. Unfortunately, releasing new versions of GAPs breaks their corresponding test scripts thereby obliterating benefits of test automation. We propose a tool called Reducing Effort in Script-based Testing (REST) for guiding test personnel through changes in test scripts so that they can use these modified scripts to test new versions of their respective GAPs. During demonstration of REST we will show how this tool enables test personnel to maintain and evolve test scripts with a high degree of automation and precision.
Optimization of mesoporous carbon structures for lithium–sulfur battery applications (2011)

Mesoporous carbon (MC) with tunable pore sizes (22 nm, 12 nm, 7 nm, and 3 nm) and pore volumes (from 1.3 to 4.8 cm3 g−1) containing sulfur in the pores was studied as a mesoporous carbon–sulfur (MCS) composite electrode for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Systematic investigation of these MCS composites reveals that MC with a larger pore volume can hold a higher maximum sulfur loading, but overall the battery performance is very similar for different MCS composites at full sulfur-filling conditions (i.e., the condition at which the sulfur loading approaches the maximum limit set by the pore volume of the individual MC and, therefore, the pores of each MC are fully filled by sulfur). For the same MC, partial sulfur-filling (i.e., the condition at which the sulfur loading is lower than the maximum limit and, therefore, the pores are only partially filled with sulfur) leads to an improved initial discharge capacity and cycle stability, probably because of improved electrical and ionic transport during electrochemical reactions. Based on this understanding, an MCS composite electrode using MC with a large pore volume, partial sulfur filling, and a novel surface modification was designed for Li–S batteries. An initial capacity of ∼1390 mA h g−1 (based on sulfur) and a capacity retention of ∼840 mA h g−1 over 100 cycles at a 0.1 C rate were obtained using MC (22 nm, 4.8 cm3 g−1) with 50 wt% sulfur loading and a commercially available Clevios P (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDT/PSS)) coating.
Aqueous NMR Signal Enhancement by Reversible Exchange in a Single Step Using Water-Soluble Catalysts (2016)

Two synthetic strategies are investigated for the preparation of water-soluble iridium-based catalysts for NMR signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). In one approach, PEGylation of a variant <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene provided a novel catalyst with excellent water solubility. However, while SABRE-active in ethanol solutions, the catalyst lost activity in >50% water. In a second approach, synthesis of a novel di-iridium complex precursor where the cyclooctadiene (COD) rings have been replaced by CODDA (1,2-dihydroxy-3,7-cyclooctadiene) leads to the creation of a catalyst [IrCl(CODDA)IMes] that can be dissolved and activated in water-enabling aqueous SABRE in a single step, without need for either an organic cosolvent or solvent removal followed by aqueous reconstitution. The potential utility of the CODDA catalyst for aqueous SABRE is demonstrated with the ∼(-)32-fold enhancement of <sup>1</sup>H signals of pyridine in water with only 1 atm of parahydrogen.
Interference cancellation scheme with simple structureand better performance (1996)

The authors propose a new interference cancellation (IC) scheme which has a hybrid structure of the successive IC scheme and the parallel IC scheme. Based on computer simulation results, it is observed that the proposed IC scheme outperforms these two IC schemes.
Ethanol dependence of α<sub>1</sub>‐antitrypsin C‐terminal Lys truncation mediated by basic carboxypeptidases (2007)

The cause of C-terminal truncation of A1PI present in products used for augmentation therapy has been identified, and it has been shown that A1PI becomes a substrate for CPs, specifically CPN, because of the presence of ethanol during Cohn fractionation.
Isolation, characterization and structure of SY-1 (20-deoxysalinomycin). (1978)

SY-1 (I) is an antibiotic produced by Streptoinyces albus ATCC 21838 as a concurrent minor component of salinomycin. The antibiotic was isolated in the form of sodium salt, C42H69O10Na. The structure of I has been established by the NMR and mass spectral evidences as well as by direct comparison of the 18, 19-dihydroSY-1 methyl ester (IV) with 18, 19-dihydro-20-deoxysalinomycin methyl ester (VII). I showed a weak inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria and was also effective in the treatment of coccidial infection in chickens.
<title>Perceptual coding of images</title> (1993)

The problem of image compression is to achieve a low bit rate in the digital representation of an input image or video signal with minimum perceived loss of picture quality. Since the ultimate criterion of quality is that judged or measured by the human receiver, it is important that the compression (or coding) algorithm minimizes perceptually meaningful measures of signal distortion, rather than more traditional and tractable criteria such as the mean squared difference between the waveform at the input and output of the coding system. This paper develops the notion of perceptual coding based on the concept of distortion-masking by the signal being compressed, and describes how the field has progressed as a result of advances in classical coding theory, modelling of human vision, and digital signal processing. We propose that fundamental limits in the science can be expressed by the semi-quantitative concepts of perceptual entropy and the perceptual distortion-rate function, and we examine current compression technology with respect to that framework. We conclude with a summary of future challenges and research directions.
Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O: a new piezoelectric material (2003)

Piezoelectric ZnO thin films have been successfully used for multilayer surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) devices. Magnesium zinc oxide (Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O) is a new piezoelectric material, which is formed by alloying ZnO and MgO. Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O allows for flexibility in thin film SAW device design, as its piezoelectric properties can be tailored by controlling the Mg composition, as well as by using Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O/ZnO multilayer structures. We report the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth, structural characterization and SAW evaluation of piezoelectric Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O (x<0.35) thin films grown on (011~2) r-plane sapphire substrates. The primary axis of symmetry, the c-axis, lies on the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O growth plane, resulting in the in-plane anisotropy of piezoelectric properties. SAW test devices for Rayleigh and Love wave modes, propagating parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis, were designed and fabricated. Their SAW properties, including velocity dispersion and piezoelectric coupling, were characterized. It has been found that the acoustic velocity increases, whereas the piezoelectric coupling decreases with increasing Mg composition in piezoelectric Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O films.
Progress towards a three-node ion-trap quantum network (2023)

Trapped ions are one of the leading platforms for quantum computation and networking, with long coherence times and high fidelity qubit operation. We exploit these attributes to build a quantum network with the use of three trapped ion modules connected via photonic links. In each of these systems, we have ions of different species for use as memory or communication qubits. Our newest module contains two high NA=0.8 objectives, each covering 20% of the solid angle of photons emitted from the ion, making it suitable for use as the middle node of the network. Photons are collected from each chamber, and we generate remote entanglement between each pair of nodes by interfering the photons on a beamsplitter. This heralds entanglement of the communication ions in the pair of network nodes, which we then swap onto the memory qubits. I will discuss our progress towards creating a Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state between the memory ions in the three nodes.
Bienzyme sensors based on “electrically wired” peroxidase (1993)

Abstract Single‐layer and bilayer bienzyme electrodes based on the combination of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) redox epoxy network that electrically connects redox centers of bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to electrodes with a hydrogen peroxide generating enzyme, the redox centers of which are not connected to the redox‐epoxy network, are described. In the single‐layer electrodes, H 2 O 2 generated by the first enzyme oxidizes the second enzyme HRP, which oxidizes the redox polymer network that is electrochemically reduced at 0 mV saturated calomel electrode (SCE). When the redox centers of the H 2 O 2 generating enzyme are also electrically connected to the redox‐epoxy network, the substrate reduced redox centers are oxidized by the redox polymer network, thus lowering the cathodic current. Such attenuation is avoided in bilayer electrodes, where the H 2 O 2 producing enzyme and the redox‐epoxy‐HRP network are not electrically connected. The single‐layer bienzyme electrodes extend the range of amperometric biosensors based on directly redox‐epoxy “wired” enzymes to enzymes that are difficult to electrically connect to redox polymer networks and whose preferred or only cosubstrate is oxygen. For the difficult to wire enzyme‐choline oxidase, the cathodic current density in the single‐layer peroxidase and choline oxidase containing electrode is 80 μA cm −2 at 10 mM choline concentration, while the anodic current density of the directly wired enzyme is only 5 μA cm −2 . Alcohol oxidase is not electrically connected to the wiring 3‐D redox‐epoxy network. The anodic current density of its redox‐epoxy wired electrodes is close to nil, while the cathodic current density, observed in alcohol oxidase and wired peroxidase containing single‐layer electrodes at 10 mM ethanol, is 5 μA cm −2 . When well‐wired enzymes, such as glucose oxidase or lactate oxidase, are utilized in single‐layer electrodes, limiting cathodic current densities of 60 μA cm −2 are observed for both enzymes. These currents are much lower than those observed in the directly wired enzyme anodes.
Metrizamide inhibits human brain hexokinase (1982)

The myelographic contrast agent, metrizamide, causes a temporary confusional state in many patients. Since metrizamide is a 2-deoxyglucose analogue, it was tested for inhibitory effects on glucose metabolism. The Michaelis constant (Km) of human brain hexokinase for glucose rose from 0.039 to 0.24 and 0.47 mM with final metrizamide concentrations of 0, 16 and 32 mM, respectively. The maximal velocity did not change. Since metrizamide is injected into the human CSF in concentrations of up to 780 mM, impairment of brain glucose metabolism can be expected. These effects could be largely counteracted if metrizamide were injected in a 100 mM glucose solution.
Far-infrared magnetoabsorption study of weakly bound electrons in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">GaAs</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">As</mml:mi></mml:math>multiple quantum wells (1987)

Far-infrared magnetoabsorption experiments have been performed at 4.2 K on $\mathrm{GaAs}/{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ multiple-quantum-well (MQW) heterostructures that were selectively doped with Si donors in the centers of the quantum wells and barrier layers. Data were obtained for several values of dopant concentration in the barriers. The results provide strong evidence for the binding of electrons in the wells to positively charged ions in the barriers.
Adaptive Management of Scalable Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks with Non-homogeneous Topology (2007)

In this paper, we discuss the management of scalable mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) in which nodes are equipped with a range of adjustable capabilities (transmission range, data rate, and radio interface, etc.) and operate in quite diverse environment (in terms of channel condition and node density, etc.). To support communication in such a dynamic networking environment requires a MANET protocol that is adaptable to spatial and temporal changes. As such, it is crucial to optimize node/link controllability so that node/link resources can be best utilized and a good performance can be achieved. Moreover, it is also necessary to feature statistical measures when evaluating the performance, such as the variance of these metrics in addition to the average. As an extension of our previous research, we continue to study Adaptive Hybrid Domain Routing (AHDR) protocol in regard to the effectiveness of the flooding architecture. We also evaluate various topology control techniques that ensure guaranteed service to disadvantaged nodes and across critical links (sparse connectivity). These efforts serve as very first steps to comprehensively study the impact of network non-homogeneity and variance in topology management.
Advances in the Understanding of the Behaviour of the Ni-Modified Sn-Cu Eutectic as a Lead-free Solder (2006)

In the paper presented by the authors to the first International Conference on Lead Free Solders in Toronto in 2005 described a Ni-modified Sn-Cu eutectic alloy that was finding successful application as a lead-free solder. Since then as its use in commercial mass production soldering has grown there has been further study of the fundamental metallurgy of the alloy directed at elucidating the basis for its enhanced properties as a solder and identifying ways in which its properties could be further improved. The progress of solidification of the alloy was observed using the dendrite coherency test in which the torque on a paddle rotating in the alloy is measured as a function of time as the alloy cools though its melting point. That study was complemented by the quantification of the practical fluidity of the alloy by measuring the distance it will flow in a capillary at temperatures close to its melting point. The specimens produced in the fluidity test represent a wide range of cooling rates and cross-sections of those specimens provide further insights into the behaviour of the alloy. In this paper the experimental procedures will be described and the results related to the observed behaviour of the alloy in production soldering processes.
Geodetic position estimation of underwater acoustic sensors (1997)

An improved survey method for estimating the geodetic position of acoustic sensors placed at fixed but unknown locations on the seafloor is developed. Bottom-mounted sensors are surveyed using an extension of the classic trilateration terrestrial survey technique, i.e., making ranging measurements from reference points to the point to be surveyed. For acoustic sensors, these ranging measurements are obtained by transmitting an acoustic signal from a near surface projector and making corresponding timing and/or position measurements. Historically, sensors have been surveyed either relatively or geodeticly. A crucial calculation required for both cases is the effective sound speed (ESP). To avoid systematic (nonrandom) errors in the ESP calculation, an unbiased measurement for the sound speed profile (SSP) is a prerequisite. However, a typical measured SSP may have a 2-m/s bias error. Consequently, the traditional methods may suffer significant errors on estimating the sensor coordinates. The newly developed method considers the timing and sound speed biases, in addition to the sensor coordinates, as parameters to be estimated. In modeling this way, the bias errors are precluded from propagating to the sensor coordinates. Results with both simulated and actual field data show that this new method has significant improvement over traditional methods.
Exploration of the potential of liquid scintillators for real‐time 3D dosimetry of intensity modulated proton beams (2009)

In this study, the authors investigated the feasibility of using a 3D liquid scintillator (LS) detector system for the verification and characterization of proton beams in real time for intensity and energy-modulated proton therapy. A plastic tank filled with liquid scintillator was irradiated with pristine proton Bragg peaks. Scintillation light produced during the irradiation was measured with a CCD camera. Acquisition rates of 20 and 10 frames per second (fps) were used to image consecutive frame sequences. These measurements were then compared to ion chamber measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. The light distribution measured from the images acquired at rates of 20 and 10 fps have standard deviations of 1.1% and 0.7%, respectively, in the plateau region of the Bragg curve. Differences were seen between the raw LS signal and the ion chamber due to the quenching effects of the LS and due to the optical properties of the imaging system. The authors showed that this effect can be accounted for and corrected by Monte Carlo simulations. The liquid scintillator detector system has a good potential for performing fast proton beam verification and characterization.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Fluorinated Combretastatin Analogues (2008)

With the aim of understanding the influence of fluorine on the double bond of the cis-stilbene moiety of combretastatin derivatives and encouraged by a preliminary molecular modeling study showing a different biological environment on the interaction site with tubulin, we prepared, through various synthetic approaches, a small library of compounds in which one or both of the olefinic hydrogens were replaced with fluorine. X-ray analysis on the difluoro-CA-4 analogue demonstrated that the spatial arrangement of the molecule was not modified, compared to its nonfluorinated counterpart. SAR analysis confirmed the importance of the cis-stereochemistry of the stilbene scaffold. Nevertheless, some unpredicted results were observed on a few trans-fluorinated derivatives. The position of a fluorine atom on the double bond may affect the inhibition of tubulin polymerization and cytotoxic activity of these compounds.
Development of small and efficient ozone generators using corona discharge (2001)

This paper describes the development of small and high efficient ozone generators using a corona discharge plasma. We carried out ozone generation tests with varying parameters including the flow rate of the feeding gas, the composition of the feeding gas, discharge gap, dielectric thickness, and impulse frequency. The feeding gas composition greatly affected the ozone generation rate, which was increased in an order of ambient air, dry air, and pure oxygen. With increasing the gas flow rate, the ozone generation rate was enhanced while the ozone concentration was decreased. An optimized condition for ozone generation was achieved at a frequency of 4 kHz, a discharge gap of 0.5 mm and a feeding gas pressure of 0.5 kgf/cm/sup 2/.