gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An “In-Situ Binding” Approach to Produce Torrefied Biomass Briquettes (2019)

Biomass-derived coal or “biocoal” produced using a torrefaction process presents a carbon-neutral option of coal for power generation. While torrefaction delivers a carbon content and hydrophobicity comparable to coal, it lowers its density and creates material handling, storage, and transportation challenges. Densification into briquettes would help mitigate these challenges. However, the torrefied biomass is difficult to densify and may require the use of binders, which are expensive and can be incompatible with respect to material and emissions. A cost-effective approach to utilize lignin in-situ of the biomass to promote binding during densification was demonstrated using a pilot-scale briquetter unit during this study. Lignin, a cross-linked polymer, tends to break down and lose its binding ability under high-temperature conditions of torrefaction. In this paper, we investigated the use of a lightly torrefied material as a binder―LTM (biomass torrefied in the transition region of non-reactive and reactive temperature ranges of torrefaction). When mixed with torrefied biomass and densified together under suitable moisture and temperature conditions, the lignin is shown to mobilize and provide binding to the briquettes. The results showed that briquettes produced using LTM as binder and 10% to 11% moisture provided in-situ binding, improved density and durability, and produced hydrophobic briquettes.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ASSAY AND KIT FOR DETECTING METAL CATIONS IN BODY FLUIDS (continuation) (1997)

The invention provides method and kits for detecting a metallic cation in a sample of a body fluid. The preferred method and kits include the use of at least two different types of antibodies having different specificities. In the preferred method, the sample of body fluid can be contacted with an effective amount of a capture antibody specific for a naturally occurring polypeptide that can bind the metallic cation to form a first antigen-antibody complex. An effective amount of an antibody specific for an epitope on a metallic cation-naturally occurring polypeptide complex or an antibody specific for a metallic cation is added to the first antigen-antibody complex to form a second antigen-antibody complex. The amount of the metallic cation in the sample of body fluid is determined by detecting the amount of the second antigen-antibody complex.
Bayesian Optimization for Selecting Efficient Machine Learning Models (2020)

The performance of many machine learning models depends on their hyper-parameter settings. Bayesian Optimization has become a successful tool for hyper-parameter optimization of machine learning algorithms, which aims to identify optimal hyper-parameters during an iterative sequential process. However, most of the Bayesian Optimization algorithms are designed to select models for effectiveness only and ignore the important issue of model training efficiency. Given that both model effectiveness and training time are important for real-world applications, models selected for effectiveness may not meet the strict training time requirements necessary to deploy in a production environment. In this work, we present a unified Bayesian Optimization framework for jointly optimizing models for both prediction effectiveness and training efficiency. We propose an objective that captures the tradeoff between these two metrics and demonstrate how we can jointly optimize them in a principled Bayesian Optimization framework. Experiments on model selection for recommendation tasks indicate models selected this way significantly improves model training efficiency while maintaining strong effectiveness as compared to state-of-the-art Bayesian Optimization algorithms.
Tumour-associated and non-tumour-associated microbiota in colorectal cancer (2016)

CRC-associated microbiota profiles differ from those in healthy subjects and are linked with distinct mucosal gene-expression profiles. Compositional alterations in the microbiota are not restricted to cancerous tissue and differ between distal and proximal cancers.
A-2 Developing a stable putter club (2009)

For the improvement of the directional stability of the putter club, it is considered that stabilized head path and/or face angle related to a ball before impact at each swing are important. In this study, the joint torques of good and bad shots are obtained with inverse dynamics. And, applying obtained torques to forward dynamics, the specific club head, which is relatively insensitive to head path at various swing motion, will be derived. In this paper, results of the difference of joint torque between good and bad shots are reported.
Polarization-independent silica-on-silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometers (1994)

The birefringence induced by compressive strain in silica waveguides on silicon substrates is compensated with a silicon nitride patch placed below the core. We demonstrate Mach-Zehnder interferometers with polarization-independent spectral response, including a compensated Mach-Zehnder interferometer suitable for stabilization of multiple laser sources in a dense wavelength division multiplexed fiber optic communication network. Furthermore, we show how silicon nitride can also be used to compensate polarization dependent losses. Polarization independence achieved with a silicon nitride patch is applicable to a wide variety of other devices such as arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers and Bragg reflectors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimizing the Current Collector for Sodium Iodide-Metal Halide Catholytes in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries (2022)

Low-cost, long-duration energy storage is critically needed for a robust electric grid powered by renewable sources. In the pursuit of meeting this need, low-temperature (<130 °C) molten sodium batteries (MNaBs) with NaI-metal halide molten salt catholytes have been developed. This battery design circumvents many of the safety concerns caused by metal dendrites and flammable organic solvents found in Li-metal or Li-ion batteries. It also drastically reduces the high-temperature material requirements and operating costs compared to traditional MNaBs, such as ZEBRA, which operate near 300 °C. The presented battery operates at 110 °C—just above the melting point of Na (98 °C). It features a molten Na anode, a NaSICON ceramic separator, and a NaI/AlCl 3 catholyte. Among the key challenges to widespread utilization of these emerging MNaBs is reducing the overpotential on the cathode while operating at practical current densities over numerous cycles. To improve the performance of the cathode, we examined the electrochemical behavior of a variety of disk electrode materials, including W, Mo, Ta, and glassy carbon (GC) in a 3-electrode configuration. A custom cell was designed to mimic a full battery with separators for both the reference and counter electrodes. Excess molten salt was used to keep bulk concentrations practically constant over the course of the experiments. This enabled experiments that isolated the working electrode from other battery elements, such as a changing catholyte or the NaSICON interfaces. Voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronopotentiometry, and chronoamperometry were used to evaluate each material’s charge/discharge kinetics and stability. Instability on charging is hypothesized to be due to iodine (I 2 ) adsorption on rapid iodide (I - ) oxidation. Discharge, on the other hand, is limited by the transport of triiodide (I 3 - ), which depends on the battery’s state of charge. Insights from these studies serve as the foundation for the rational design of high-surface area electrodes for iodide-based molten salt catholytes. After initial testing in the 3-electrode cell, the performance of several high surface area current collectors was evaluated in rate tests and continuous cycling of lab-scale battery cells. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
Distributed data clustering can be efficient and exact (2000)

article Free Access Share on Distributed data clustering can be efficient and exact Authors: George Forman Hewlett-Packard Research Labs., 1501 Page Mill, Palo Alto, CA Hewlett-Packard Research Labs., 1501 Page Mill, Palo Alto, CAView Profile , Bin Zhang Hewlett-Packard Research Labs., 1501 Page Mill, Palo Alto, CA Hewlett-Packard Research Labs., 1501 Page Mill, Palo Alto, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGKDD Explorations NewsletterVolume 2Issue 2Dec. 2000 pp 34–38https://doi.org/10.1145/380995.381010Published:01 December 2000Publication History 76citation1,212DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations76Total Downloads1,212Last 12 Months87Last 6 weeks16 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Cloning and sequencing of the gene for human. beta. -casein (1990)

Human {beta}-casein is a major protein in human milk. This protein is part of the casein micelle and has been suggested to have several physiological functions in the newborn. Since there is limited information on {beta}casein and the factors that affect its concentration in human milk, the authors have isolated and sequenced the gene for this protein. A human mammary gland cDNA library (Clontech) in gt 11 was screened by plaque hy-hybridization using a 42-mer synthetic {sup 32}p-labelled oligo-nucleotide. Positive clones were identified and isolated, DNA was prepared and the gene isolated by cleavage with EcoR1. Following subcloning (PUC18), restriction mapping and Southern blotting, DNA for sequencing was prepared. The gene was sequenced by the dideoxy method. Human {beta}-casein has 212 amino acids and the amino acid sequence deducted from the nucleotide sequence is to 91% identical to the published sequence for human {beta}-casein show a high degree of conservation at the leader peptide and the highly phosphorylated sequences, but also deletions and divergence at several positions. These results provide insight into the structure of the human {beta}-casein gene and will facilitate studies on factors affecting its expression.
An optimal buffer management scheme with dynamic thresholds (2003)

In a shared-memory switch, buffer management schemes ate needed to ensure the fair share of memory among different port queues to meet the QoS guarantees for different service classes. While static partitioning provides firewalls between classes, dynamic partitioning of buffer leads to better efficiency. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical buffer management scheme for an ATM switch where a combination of static and dynamic thresholds are used to ensure efficient and fair usage of buffer memory. In particular, we develop and analyze a novel dynamic threshold based buffer management scheme which, while ensuring fair sharing of memory, maximizes the overall memory utilization compared to the existing literature on dynamic buffer thresholds. The scheme is easy to implement for practical applications and is shown by simulation to have good performance under a variety of traffic loading conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Resolved C‐10 Diastereomers of 10‐Methyl‐ and 10‐Ethyl‐10‐deazaminopterin. (1986)

Abstract Die Totalsynthese der im Titel genannten Verbindungen (XIV) wird beschrieben.
The Role of Gas Pressure in Transient Liquid Phase Sintering of Aluminum Oxynitride (Alon) (2008)

Translucent and fully transparent polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramics have been produced by reaction sintering, hot-pressing, and conventional sintering. Initial work to produce AlON via transient liquid phase sintering resulted in a material with significant porosity. Attempts to promote densification by altering the sintering time and temperature further increased porosity. No vapor phase had been previously reported in the literature, however, so we therefore undertook a new investigation into the AlN-Al2O3 pseudo binary phase diagram, the results of which suggested the presence of a stable vapor phase in 0.1 MPa (1 atm) nitrogen. This paper describes the effect of increasing nitrogen gas pressure on the stability of AlON. Our results show stabilization in composition of AlON as measured by reduced lattice parameter and reduced weight loss as the pressure is increased.
945. Prevention of Onset of Parkinson's Disease by In Vivo Gene Transfer of Human Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Rodent and Primate Model (2005)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The ultimate treatment of PD is to protect dopaminergic neurons from degenerative process. As neurotrophic factors have been shown to support the survival and enhance the function of dopaminergic neurons, gene therapy using neurotrophic factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor becames center of interests. In the present study, we focused on hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a novel neurotrophic and angiogenic growth factor that is a well-known potent pleiotrophic cytokine exhibiting mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic activities in a variety of cells.
5‘-<i>O</i>-Alkyl Ethers of<i> N</i>,2-Substituted Adenosine Derivatives:  Partial Agonists for the Adenosine A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> Receptors (2001)

New N,5'-di- and N,2,5'-trisubstituted adenosine derivatives were synthesized in good overall yields. Appropriate 5-O-alkyl-substituted ribose moieties were coupled to 6-chloropurine or 2,6-dichloropurine via Vorbrüggen's glycosylation method. Subsequent amination and deprotection of the intermediates yielded compounds 18-35. Binding affinities were determined for rat adenosine A1 and A2A receptors and the human A3 receptor. The ability of compounds 18-35 to inhibit forskolin-induced (10 microM) cyclic AMP (cAMP) production and their ability to stimulate guanosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding, via either the adenosine A1 receptor or the adenosine A3 receptor, were assessed. N-Cyclopentyl-substituted adenosine derivatives displayed affinities in the low nanomolar range for the adenosine A1 receptor, whereas N-(3-iodobenzyl)-substituted derivatives had high affinity for the adenosine A3 receptor. Compound 22 had the highest affinity for the adenosine A1 receptor (K(i) value of 16 nM), and compounds 20 and 26 had the highest affinities for the adenosine A3 receptor (K(i) values of 4 and 3 nM, respectively). A chlorine substituent at the 2-position either did not affect or slightly increased the adenosine A1 receptor affinity, whereas the A3 receptor affinity was affected differently, depending on the N-substituent. Furthermore, the introduction of chlorine slightly increased the A3/A1 selectivity ratio. At the 5'-position, an O-methyl substituent induced the highest adenosine A1 receptor affinity, whereas an O-ethyl substituent did so for the A3 receptor. All compounds showed partial agonistic effects in both the cAMP and [35S]GTPgammaS assays, although more marked in the latter assay. In general, the 2-chloro derivatives seemed to have lower intrinsic activities compared to the 2-H-substituted compounds on both the adenosine A1 and the adenosine A3 receptors. The compounds with an N-(3-iodobenzyl) substituent displayed the lowest intrinsic activities. Finally, all compounds also showed partially antagonistic behavior in the [35S]GTPgammaS assay.
High speed bubble garnets based on large gyromagnetic ratios (High g) (1976)

An approach to overcoming the problem of dynamic conversion in high‐mobility bubble garnets is described based on large gyromagnetic ratios (high‐g factors). In a film of Eu1.45Y0.45Ca1.1Fe3.9Si0.6Ge0.5 O12, a g factor greater than 30 has been obtained, which increases the usable domain wall velocity before onset of dynamic conversion by more than an order of magnitude over comparable bubble garnet films with g approximately 2. The temperature dependence of the important bubble parameters has been measured and a simple bias magnet constructed which matches the steeper than usual variation of the bubble collapse field with temperature. Two different methods of hard bubble suppression are described, one involving short oxygen anneals at ∠1050°C, and the other ion implantation.
Wide-baseline image matching using Line Signatures (2009)

We present a wide-baseline image matching approach based on line segments. Line segments are clustered into local groups according to spatial proximity. Each group is treated as a feature called a Line Signature. Similar to local features, line signatures are robust to occlusion, image clutter, and viewpoint changes. The descriptor and similarity measure of line signatures are presented. Under our framework, the feature matching is not only robust against affine distortion but also a considerable range of 3D viewpoint changes for non-planar surfaces. When compared to matching approaches based on existing local features, our method shows improved results with low-texture scenes. Moreover, extensive experiments validate that our method has advantages in matching structured non-planar scenes under large viewpoint changes and illumination variations.
Terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on Cherenkov intra-cavity difference-frequency generation (2012)

Directional room-temperature terahertz emission is observed with a peak power of 16μW and a maximum conversion efficiency of approximately 600μW/W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
The effect of gauge length on axially incident P‐waves measured using fibre optic distributed vibration sensing (2016)

ABSTRACT Distributed vibration sensing, also known as distributed acoustic sensing, is a relatively new method for recording vertical seismic profile data using a fibre optic cable as the sensor. The signal obtained from such systems is a distributed measurement over a length of fibre referred to as the gauge length. In this paper, we show that gauge length selection is one of the most important acquisition parameters for a distributed vibration sensing survey. If the gauge length is too small, then the signal‐to‐noise ratio will be poor. If the gauge length is too large, resolution will be reduced and the shape of the wavelet will be distorted. The optimum gauge length, as derived here, is a function of the velocity and frequencies of the seismic waves being measured. If these attributes vary considerably over the depth of a survey, then the use of different gauge lengths is recommended. The significant increases in data quality resulting from the use of multiple gauge length values are demonstrated using field data.
GaAs <i>p</i>+<i>n</i>−<i>n</i>+ directional-coupler switch (1976)

GaAs p+n−n+ electro-optic directional-coupler switches have been successfully fabricated and evaluated at 1.06 μm for use as components in integrated optical circuits. The devices were fabricated from a pair of closely spaced low-loss [α≈1 cm−1 (4.3 dB/cm) at 1.06 μm] single-mode p+n−n+ channel-stop strip guides. They are operable both as passive directional couplers and as electro-optic switches. The couplers have exhibited 98% power transfer and have an attenuation only about 0.1 dB/cm greater than that of a single guide having the same dimensions as one of the coupled guides. The switch performance was found to depend on the crystallographic direction chosen for light propagation. All devices were in the {100} plane, and 17-dB (98%) power isolation in both the switched and unswitched states with constant total power output (≲0.2-dB variation) was achieved for propagation along a [011] direction. These switches were 7.2 mm long, and had an optimum switching voltage of 43 V and a calculated power-bandwidth ratio in a 50-Ω system of 110 mW/MHz.
Abstract 2566: Activation of tumor-initiated T cell priming and tumor destruction with potent STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide derivatives (2014)

Abstract Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are bacterial messengers that are sensed by the host cytosolic surveillance pathway receptor, STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes). CDN binding to STING initiates a TLR-independent signaling cascade through the TBK-1/IRF-3 axis, inducing type I interferon (IFN) and other co-regulated genes central to host innate defense. In response to binding cytosolic double-stranded DNA, a recently discovered mammalian enzyme, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), synthesizes CDNs that are structurally distinct from CDNs produced by bacteria. The mammalian CDN has a phosphate bridge with 2′-5′ and 3′-5′ linkages that increases its affinity for STING at least 10-fold. We show that mixed linkage (ML) CDNs were more potent activators of human PBMCs as compared to CDNs with canonical 3′-5′ phosphate linkages. Additionally, particular ML CDN derivatives with sulfur atoms at non-bridging oxygens of the internucleotide phosphate bridge were resistant to digestion by host cell phosphodiesterases, and R,R di-thio CDN diastereomers demonstrated increased potency in vitro and in vivo, as compared to either the R,S di-thio CDN diastereomer, or unmodified CDNs. Strikingly, direct injection of 2-week established flank B16 melanoma tumors with ML R,R dithio-CDN derivatives significantly and profoundly inhibited tumor growth, correlated with cytokine-mediated activation of NK and T lymphocytes, induction of antigen-specific T cell immunity and long-term survival. Anti-tumor efficacy was lost in mice encoding non-functional STING. Similar results were observed in other tumor models. These results demonstrate that CDNs have high translation potential for treatment strategies to induce activation of the tumor microenvironment, leading to effective tumor-initiated CD8+ T cell priming and anti-tumor efficacy. Citation Format: Laura Hix Glickman, David B. Kanne, Sarah M. McWhirter, Meredith L. Leong, Edward E. Lemmens, Ken Metchette, Russell E. Vance, Drew M. Pardoll, Thomas W. Dubensky. Activation of tumor-initiated T cell priming and tumor destruction with potent STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide derivatives. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2566. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2566
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis (2019)

Thrombotic complications are still a major health risk worldwide. Our view on the pathophysiology of thrombosis has significantly changed since the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their prothrombotic characteristics. Generated by neutrophils that release their decondensed chromatin as a network of extracellular fibers, NETs promote thrombus formation by serving as a scaffold that activates platelets and coagulation. The thrombogenic involvement of NETs has been described in various settings of thrombosis, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis. The aim of this review is to summarize existing evidence showing the presence of NETs in human thrombus material. Following an introduction on NETs and their role in thrombus formation, the authors address studies showing the presence of NETs in arterial or venous thrombi. In addition, they focus on potential novel therapeutic opportunities to resolve or prevent thrombosis by targeting NETs.