gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and Immunological Analysis of Discontinuous Epitopes in the Family of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein Complexes Designated gC-I (1991)

The envelope of human cytomegalovirus contains a family of disulphide-linked glycoprotein complexes designated gC-I which contain two glycoproteins of 52,000 Mr (gp52) and 93,000 to 130,000 Mr (gp93-130). Epitopes recognized by several of our gC-I gp52-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were previously assigned to three domains based on reactivity with gC-I in a competitive binding assay. In this report, we have used additional gC-I MAbs to characterize three distinct discontinuous epitopes in the gC-I complexes. Two of these epitopes were in Domain I and one in Domain III. These epitopes were resistant to proteolysis, heat denaturation and SDS treatment. However, the discontinuous epitopes were lost after reduction of disulphide bonds. After digestion of gC-I complexes with chymotrypsin, two fragments of 43,000 (43K) Mr and 34,000 (34K) Mr were obtained which contained all discontinuous and continuous epitopes recognized by our gp52 MAbs. The Mr of these fragments could not be reduced further by longer digestion or by use of other proteases such as trypsin or pronase. The 43K fragment contained N-linked oligosaccharides not detected in the 34K fragment. These oligosaccharides may have prevented a complete proteolytic digestion so that the 34K fragment was not always obtained. It was established that 80 to 90% of the mass of these fragments was contributed by gp52. Thus the discontinuous epitopes were composed primarily of gp52 and not gp93-130.
High-Speed Continuous-Time Subsampling Bandpass    AD Modulator Architecture Employing Radio Frequency DAC (2006)

This paper proposes a continuous-time bandpass ΔΣAD modulator architecture which performs high-accuracy AD conversion of high frequency analog signals and can be used for next-generation radio systems. We use an RF DAC inside the modulator to enable subsampling and also to make the SNDR of the continuous-time modulator insensitive to DAC sampling clock jitter. We have confirmed that this is the case by MATLAB simulation. We have also extended our modulator to multi-bit structures and show that this alleviates excess loop delay problems.
Strain and sonar detection with lithium niobate coated core fiber (2010)

We fabricate optical fiber with the same dimensions as standard communication single mode fiber (SMF) with the glass core surrounded by 40 to 60 nm thick lithium niobate (LiNbO<sub>3</sub>) film as schematically shown in Fig 1. Lithium Niobate Cylinder Fiber (LNCF) can be used as strain sensor and sonar detector. We use the LNCF in a mode where the strain causes a change in the light propagating through the fiber.
Microscopic mechanisms of deformation transfer in high dynamic range branched nanoparticle deformation sensors (2018)

Nanoscale stress sensing is of crucial importance to biomechanics and other fields. An ideal stress sensor would have a large dynamic range to function in a variety of materials spanning orders of magnitude of local stresses. Here we show that tetrapod quantum dots (tQDs) exhibit excellent sensing versatility with stress-correlated signatures in a multitude of polymers. We further show that tQDs exhibit pressure coefficients, which increase with decreasing polymer stiffness, and vary >3 orders of magnitude. This high dynamic range allows tQDs to sense in matrices spanning >4 orders of magnitude in Young's modulus, ranging from compliant biological levels (~100 kPa) to stiffer structural polymers (~5 GPa). We use ligand exchange to tune filler-matrix interfaces, revealing that inverse sensor response scaling is maintained upon significant changes to polymer-tQD interface chemistry. We quantify and explore mechanisms of polymer-tQD strain transfer. An analytical model based on Mori-Tanaka theory presents agreement with observed trends.
Natural variation underlies alterations in Nramp aluminum transporter ( <i>NRAT1</i> ) expression and function that play a key role in rice aluminum tolerance (2014)

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major constraint for crop production on acid soils which compose ∼ 40% of arable land in the tropics and subtropics. Rice is the most Al-tolerant cereal crop and offers a good model for identifying Al tolerance genes and mechanisms. Here we investigated natural variation in the rice Nramp aluminum transporter (NRAT1) gene encoding a root plasma membrane Al uptake transporter previously hypothesized to underlie a unique Al tolerance mechanism. DNA sequence variation in the NRAT1 coding and regulatory regions was associated with changes in NRAT1 expression and NRAT1 Al transport properties. These sequence changes resulted in significant differences in Al tolerance that were found to be associated with changes in the Al content of root cell wall and cell sap in 24 representative rice lines from a rice association panel. Expression of the tolerant OsNRAT1 allele in yeast resulted in higher Al uptake than did the sensitive allele and conferred greater Al tolerance when expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis. These findings indicate that NRAT1 plays an important role in rice Al tolerance by reducing the level of toxic Al in the root cell wall and transporting Al into the root cell, where it is ultimately sequestered in the vacuole. Given its ability to enhance Al tolerance in rice and Arabidopsis, this work suggests that the NRAT1 gene or its orthologs may be useful tools for enhancing Al tolerance in a wide range of plant species.
Human bone marrow-derived, pooled, allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells manufactured from multiple donors at different times show comparable biological functions in vitro, and in vivo to repair limb ischemia (2021)

This study shows that with a reproducible manufacturing procedure, it is possible to generate large numbers of pooled mesenchymal stromal cells from human bone marrow samples to establish product equivalence. We conclude from these results that, for the first time, two pooled, allogeneic BMMSC products can be repeatedly manufactured at different time intervals using a two-tier cell banking process with robust and comparable angiogenic properties to treat ischemic diseases.
Utterance verification of keyword strings using word-based minimum verification error (WB-MVE) training (2002)

An utterance verification method based on minimum verification error training is presented. In a two-stage process, the recognition hypothesis produced by an HMM-based speech recognizer is verified using a set of verification-specific models that are independent of the models used in the recognition process. The verification models are trained using a discriminative training procedure that seeks to minimize the verification error by simultaneously maximizing the rejection of non-keywords and misrecognized keywords while minimizing the rejection of correctly recognized keywords. This method is evaluated on a connected digit recognition task with a null grammar. The baseline string error rate for this task was 4.85%. At 5% rejection of valid strings, the string error rate decreased to 2.70% using the proposed verification method. The corresponding performance on non-keyword speech was a rejection rate of over 99.0%.
ChemInform Abstract: A PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐THIENAMYCIN (1980)

Abstract Acetondicarbonsäurediethylester (I) dient als Ausgangsmaterial für die Synthese von (iO‐Thienamycin (XII), das in der im Formelschema skizzierten Weise über (II)‐(XI) erhalten wird.
Macrocyclic Inhibitors for Peptide Deformylase:  A Structure−Activity Relationship Study of the Ring Size (2004)

Peptide deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal formyl group from newly synthesized polypeptides in eubacteria. Its essential role in bacterial cells but not in mammalian cells makes it an attractive target for antibacterial drug design. We have previously reported an N-formylhydroxylamine-based, metal-chelating macrocyclic PDF inhibitor, in which the P(1)' and P(3)' side chains are covalently joined. In this work, we have carried out a structure-activity relationship study on the size of the macrocycle and found that 15-17-membered macrocycles are optimal for binding to the PDF active site. Unlike the acyclic compounds, which are simple competitive inhibitors, the cyclic compounds all act as slow-binding inhibitors. As compared to their acyclic counterparts, the cyclic inhibitors displayed 20-50-fold higher potency against the PDF active site (K(I) as low as 70 pM), improved selectivity toward PDF, and improved the metabolic stability in rat plasma. Some of the macrocyclic inhibitors had potent, broad spectrum antibacterial activity against clinically significant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. These results suggest that the macrocyclic scaffold provides an excellent lead for the development of a new class of antibiotics.
CONDUCTIVITY PULSE TIME-OF-FLIGHT FLOW SENSOR FOR SUB-MICROLITE~MINUTE FLOW RATES (2003)

A microfluidic flow sensor capable of measuring liquid flow rates ranging from 10-2000 nL/min was fabricated in a glass chip with integrated metal electrodes. Flow rate is determined by measuring the flight time of an ion pulse introduced by electrolysis at a pair of electrodes inside the channel. The resulting conductivity increase is detected downstream by another electrode pair. Flight times are advection dominated due to rapid mass transfer of ions from the electrode surface to the bulk flow. Potential applications include microfluidic pump control for high-pressure liquid chromatography and other micro total analysis systems.
Microbiology of a Nitrite-Oxidizing Bioreactor (1998)

The microbiology of the biomass from a nitrite-oxidizing sequencing batch reactor (NOSBR) fed with an inorganic salts solution and nitrite as the sole energy source that had been operating for 6 months was investigated by microscopy, by culture-dependent methods, and by molecular biological methods, and the seed sludge that was used to inoculate the NOSBR was investigated by molecular biological methods. The NOSBR sludge comprised a complex and diverse microbial community containing gram-negative and gram-positive rods, cocci, and filaments. By culture-dependent methods (i.e., micromanipulation and sample dilution and spread plate inoculation), 16 heterotrophs (6 gram positive and 10 gram negative) were identified in the NOSBR sludge (RC), but no autotrophs were isolated. 16S ribosomal DNA clone libraries of the two microbial communities revealed that the seed sludge (GC) comprised a complex microbial community dominated by Proteobacteria (29% beta subclass; 18% gamma subclass) and high G + C gram-positive bacteria (10%). Three clones (4%) were closely related to the autotrophic nitrite-oxidizer Nitrospira moscoviensis. The NOSBR sludge was overwhelmingly dominated by bacteria closely related to N. moscoviensis (89%). Two clone sequences were similar to those of the genus Nitrobacter. Near-complete insert sequences of eight RC and one GC N. moscoviensis clone were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. This is the first report of the presence of bacteria from the Nitrospira phylum in wastewater treatment systems, and it is hypothesized that these bacteria are the unknown nitrite oxidizers in these processes.
Demonstration of nonpolar GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2013)

Nonpolar and semipolar orientations of gallium nitride offer several advantages for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), including enhanced radiative efficiencies and higher optical gain compared to c-plane oriented VCSELs. Additionally, anisotropic gain within the quantum well plane should result in a consistent and well-defined polarization direction of the emission in nonpolar and semipolar VCSELs. We report the first known electricallyinjected nonpolar m-plane GaN VCSELs, operating under pulsed injection at room temperature. As predicted, m-plane GaN VCSELs exhibit polarization locking, with the polarization direction consistently oriented along the a-direction of the wurtzite crystal structure. We also report a novel fabrication method, utilizing photoelectrochemical etching of a sacrificial InGaN region for substrate removal and cavity length definition. This method allows for the use of dielectric DBR mirrors with freestanding GaN substrates, while maintaining precise control of cavity length by placement of the sacrificial layer during epitaxial growth. Initial device results include a wavelength of 411.9 nm with a FWHM of 0.25 nm and a maximum observed power output of 19.5 uW. Devices exhibit polarization ratios higher than .7 above threshold (with no additional measures taken to account for spontaneous emission or to reduce collection of scattered light).
On image segmentation for object-based image retrieval (2003)

We describe a new approach to image segmentation to improve object-based image retrieval. This method partitions color images automatically into disjointed meaningful regions by integrating the contour-based analysis with the region-based analysis. It evaluates the description length of each region and groups multiple regions to form a larger region to minimize the total description length. Through this process, it can distinguish the object boundaries from the edge of the texture. The system successfully extracts the semantically meaningful objects, which meet the segmentation guideline for object-based image retrieval. We have built a system based on this new approach to image segmentation and applied it to a personal photograph database for evaluation. Retrieval results show usefulness and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Dynamic Modeling and Self-Optimizing Control of Air-Side Economizers (2008)

For the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for commercial buildings, there has been a greater demand for reducing energy consump-tion. The economizers have been developed as a class of energy saving devices that may increase the energy efficiency by taking advantage of outdoor air during cool or cold weather. However, in practice, many economizers do not operate in the expected manner and waste even more energy than before in-stallation. Better control strategy is needed for opti-mal and robust operation. This paper presents two related aspects of research on dynamic modeling and control for economizers. First, a Modelica based dy-namic model is developed for a single-duct air-side economizer. The model development was based on Dymola and AirConditioning Library with some re-vision on water medium and heat exchanger model-ing. Such transient model will lay a more quality foundation for control design. Second, for a three-state operation for air-side economizers, a self-optimizing control strategy is developed based on the extremum seeking control (ESC). The mechanical cooling can be minimized by optimizing the outdoor air damper opening via extremum seeking. Such has much less dependency on the knowledge of econo-mizer model, and thus has more promise for practical operation. In addition, an anti-windup ESC scheme is proposed as an enhancement for the existing ESC techniques. The simulation results validated the ef-fectiveness of the dynamic model of the economizer, demonstrated the potential of using ESC to achieve the minimal mechanical cooling load in a self-optimizing manner, and illustrated the possibility of ESC malfunctioning under actuator (damper) satura-tion and the capability of anti-windup ESC in pre-venting such undesirable behavior.
Taste Sensor Using Membrane Impedance Change. (1997)

Impedance changes in lipid membranes by basic taste substances were measured. A multichannel taste sensor developed by us is based on potentiometry, then sensitivity to nonelectrolytes and weak electrolytes is lower than that to strong electrolytes. There is a possibility to detect nonelectrolytes as increase of membrane resistance because of adsorption of chemicals to the membrane by performing the impedance measurement which is represented by a combination of resistance and capacitance. In this work, sucrose, a nonionic taste substance, could be detected as increase of membrane resistance and capacitance. Therefore, taste sensing based on impedance measurement will be effective for detection of taste substances of nonelectrolytes, and the highly efficient, humanlike taste-sensing system will be realized by combination with the conventional taste sensor.
A passively clamped quasi resonant DC link inverter (2002)

This paper proposes a passively clamped quasi-resonant DC link power converter topology which adds a small switched inductor to the conventional passively clamped resonant DC link inverter. The problem with high voltage stress in the conventional inverter is resolved, while its ruggedness, reliability and high power handling capability are preserved. The device voltage stress can be reduced from 2 per unit to 1.1-1.3 per unit, and PWM operation and link resonance control become easily fulfilled. Analysis and simulation have demonstrated the successful operation of the new topology. The introduction of the auxiliary switched inductor circuit is also well justified by its requirement of components with low stresses and ratings. Application of the quasi-resonant inverter is aimed at those requiring high power, high efficiency, low EMI and a high quality spectrum.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improved Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation (2014)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are currently available for a range of applications and benefits and have become a good material for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and disease therapy. Before ex vivo expansion, isolation and characterization of primary hMSCs from peripheral tissues are key steps for obtaining adequate materials for clinical application. The proportion of peripheral stem cells is very low in surrounding tissues and organs; thus the recovery ratio will be a limiting factor. In this review, we summarized current common methods used to isolate peripheral stem cells, as well as the new insights revealed to improve the quantity of stem cells and their stemness. These strategies offer alternative ways to acquire hMSCs in a convenient and/or effective manner, which is important for clinical treatments. Improved isolation and mass amplification of the hMSCs while ensuring their stemness and quantity will be an important step for clinical use. Enlarged suitable hMSCs are more clinically applicable for therapeutic transplants and may help people live longer and better.
Hydrogen/Oxygen Propellant Densifier Using a Two-Stage Pulse Tube Cryocooler (2004)

A unique, patent pending, thermoacoustic propellant densifier, that simultaneously densifies liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants for aerospace vehicles is introduced. The thermoacoustic densifier consists of a two‐stage pulse tube cryocooler that operates at 30 Hz using helium as the working fluid. The extremely reliable pulse tube has no moving parts, is water cooled, and is acoustically driven. The pulse tube has been driven by a Thermoacoustic Stirling Heat Engine (TASHE) and a linear flexure bearing compressor. A laboratory prototype was designed, fabricated, and tested at the Sierra Lobo, Inc. facility in Milan, Ohio. Unique design features include a removable 2nd stage for easy testing of low temperature regenerator materials and an advanced aftercooler design geometry. A system description will be presented and experimental data of the pulse tube performance will be compared with REGEN 3.2 and other analytical predictions.
Two-microphone source separation algorithm based on statistical modeling of angle distributions (2012)

In this paper we present a novel two-microphone sound source separation algorithm, which selects speech from the target speaker while suppressing signals from interfering sources. In this algorithm, which is refered to as SMAD-CW, we first estimate the direction of sound sources for each time-frequency bin using phase differences in the spectral domain. For each frame we assume that the angle distribution is a mixture of two distributions, one from the target and the other from the dominant noise source. For each mixture component we use the von Mises distribution, which is a close approximation to the wrapped normal distribution. The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is employed to obtain parameters of this mixture distribution. Using this statistical model, we perform maximum a posteriori (MAP) hypothesis testing in order to obtain appropriate binary masks. We demonstrate that the algorithm described in this paper provides speech recognition accuracy that is significantly better than that obtained using conventional approaches.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme: I. New strategies for assay (1980)

The disposition of converting enzyme (kininase II) on the luminal surface of pulmonary endothelial cells is well established. Further, it is known that there is a net conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II as blood passes through the lungs. However, little is known about modulations of converting enzyme activity that may arise through, e.g., changes in the quality of inhalants, blood flow, or blood oxygenation. There are few data on the effects of lung disease. A major barrier to studies to examine for pathophysiologic modulations of converting enzyme is that of assay. The enzyme can be measured in terms of the rate of formation of angiotensin II from a known quantity of angiotensin I. However, both peptides are biologically active, and lungs contain other enzymes capable of degrading them. We have developed a series of radiolabeled, acylated tripeptides to improve our ability to examine for changes in the net converting enzyme of intact lungs. The enzyme, a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, is capable of removing C-terminal dipeptides from a variety of oligopeptides. We have prepared benzoyl-Gly-Gly-Gly (I), benzoyl-Pro-Phe-Arg (II), benzoyl-Gly-His-Leu (III), benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro (IV), and benzoyl-Phe-His-Leu (V), each containing a (3)H-atom in the para position of the benzoyl moiety. Substrates I and III have been used previously in photometric assays of low sensitivity. II is the acylated C-terminal tripeptide of bradykinin, IV is an acylated tripeptide analog of BPP(5a) (<Glu-Lys-Trp-Ala-Pro) and V is the acylated C-terminal tripeptide of angiotensin I. These substrates can be used in vitro or in vivo to measure converting enzyme. The (3)H-labeled product is separable by partitioning between an organic solvent and acidified aqueous solution. The product is quantified by scintillation counting of the organic phase. The choice of substrate depends on the goals of the experiment: substrate I or III when wide variations in substrate concentrations are needed but high sensitivity is not; substrate IV when high sensitivity is needed.
A New Technique of Minute Birefringence Measurement by using Simple Polarimetry (2006)

This paper introduces the principles and execution of a new technique for minute birefringence measurements based on simple polarimetry. The technique requires only three stepped photoelastic images although conventional phase-stepping methods require four images. To verify the new technique experimentally, a precise crystal wave plate of having 10.0+4.7 nanometers in retardation was used as a specimen. The measurements of the retardation with standard deviation were found to be 10.1+0.467 nanometers, which agreed well and narrowed the deviation in spite of minute amount of retardation. To estimate the measurements accuracy of the angular orientation of the birefringence, the angular position of the rotation stage for the specimen was rotated intermittently 10.0 degrees at a time during the experiment. As a result, the measured offsets of the angular orientation were found to be 10.0+0.792 degrees with standard deviation. It is concluded that the new technique is effective for minute birefringence measurements.