gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inefficient homooligomerization contributes to the dependence of myogenin on E2A products for efficient DNA binding. (1991)

Myogenin is a muscle-specific transcription factor that can activate myogenesis; it belongs to a family of transcription factors that share homology within a basic region and an adjacent helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif. Although myogenin alone binds DNA inefficiently, in the presence of the widely expressed HLH proteins E12 and E47 (encoded by the E2A gene), it forms heterooligomers that bind with high affinity to a DNA sequence known as a kappa E-2 site. In contrast, E47 and to a lesser extent E12 are both able to bind the kappa E-2 site relatively efficiently as homooligomers. To define the relative contributions of the basic regions of myogenin and E12 to DNA binding and muscle-specific gene activation, we created chimeras of the two proteins by swapping their basic regions. We showed that myogenin's weak affinity for the kappa E-2 site is attributable to inefficient homooligomerization and that the myogenin basic domain alone can mediate high-affinity DNA binding when placed in E12. Within a heterooligomeric complex, two basic regions were required to form a high-affinity DNA-binding domain. Basic-domain mutants of myogenin or E2A gene products that cannot bind DNA retained the ability to oligomerize and could abolish DNA binding of the wild-type proteins in vitro. These myogenin and E2A mutants also acted as trans-dominant inhibitors of muscle-specific gene activation in vivo. These findings support the notion that muscle-specific gene activation requires oligomerization between myogenin and E2A gene products and that E2A gene products play an important role in myogenesis by enhancing the DNA-binding activity of myogenin, as well as other myogenic HLH proteins.
Extremely anisotropic van der Waals thermal conductors (2021)

The densification of integrated circuits requires thermal management strategies and high thermal conductivity materials<sup>1-3</sup>. Recent innovations include the development of materials with thermal conduction anisotropy, which can remove hotspots along the fast-axis direction and provide thermal insulation along the slow axis<sup>4,5</sup>. However, most artificially engineered thermal conductors have anisotropy ratios much smaller than those seen in naturally anisotropic materials. Here we report extremely anisotropic thermal conductors based on large-area van der Waals thin films with random interlayer rotations, which produce a room-temperature thermal anisotropy ratio close to 900 in MoS<sub>2</sub>, one of the highest ever reported. This is enabled by the interlayer rotations that impede the through-plane thermal transport, while the long-range intralayer crystallinity maintains high in-plane thermal conductivity. We measure ultralow thermal conductivities in the through-plane direction for MoS<sub>2</sub> (57 ± 3 mW m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>) and WS<sub>2</sub> (41 ± 3 mW m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>) films, and we quantitatively explain these values using molecular dynamics simulations that reveal one-dimensional glass-like thermal transport. Conversely, the in-plane thermal conductivity in these MoS<sub>2</sub> films is close to the single-crystal value. Covering nanofabricated gold electrodes with our anisotropic films prevents overheating of the electrodes and blocks heat from reaching the device surface. Our work establishes interlayer rotation in crystalline layered materials as a new degree of freedom for engineering-directed heat transport in solid-state systems.
Linking individual differences in human primary visual cortex to contrast sensitivity around the visual field (2022)

A central question in neuroscience is how the organization of cortical maps relates to perception, for which human primary visual cortex (V1) is an ideal model system. V1 nonuniformly samples the retinal image, with greater cortical magnification (surface area per degree of visual field) at the fovea than periphery and at the horizontal than vertical meridian. Moreover, the size and cortical magnification of V1 varies greatly across individuals. Here, we used fMRI and psychophysics in the same observers to quantify individual differences in V1 cortical magnification and contrast sensitivity at the four polar angle meridians. Across observers, the overall size of V1 and localized cortical magnification positively correlated with contrast sensitivity. Moreover, greater cortical magnification and higher contrast sensitivity at the horizontal than the vertical meridian were strongly correlated. These data reveal a link between cortical anatomy and visual perception at the level of individual observer and stimulus location.
Immunohistochemical localization of inhibin-activin subunits in hydatidiform mole and invasive mole. (1993)

Inhibin-activin subunits may be produced in the trophoblasts of hydatidiform mole and invasive mole, and inhibin and activin may play a role in trophoblastic proliferation and invasion.
Depressive Symptoms, Vascular Disease, and Mild Cognitive Impairment (2006)

Depressive symptoms were associated with increased risk of MCI, and this association was independent of underlying vascular disease.
Photoreceptors Regulating Circadian Behavior: A Mouse Model (1993)

Our recent studies have examined circadian photoreception in mice with hereditary retinal disorders (rd/rd and rds/rds). Despite the loss of visual function in these mice, circadian responses to light remain unaffected. Using c-fos expression within the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) as a marker of neural activation of the circadian entrainment pathway, we have found identical levels of Fos in the SCN of rd/rd and +/+ mice in response to retinal illumination. On the basis of action spectrum studies, and measurements of photopigment retinoids using high-pressure liquid chromatography, we believe that the photopigment mediating circadian responses to light is based upon an opsin, and that 11-cis-retinaldehyde is the photopigment chromophore. Preliminary measurements of mouse rod opsin, blue cone, and green-red cone opsin messenger RNA in retinally degenerate mice suggest that none of these opsins is exclusively used to mediate circadian responses to light. Collectively, our data suggest that circadian photoreception can be maintained by a very small number of rod or cone cells without outer segments, or, alternatively, is performed by an unrecognized class of photoreceptive cell within the mammalian retina.
Interconnection method of liquid crystal driver LSIs by TAB-on-glass and board to glass using anisotropic conductive film and monosotropic heat seal connectors (2002)

Tape automated bonding (TAB) on glass (TOG) was developed as a way to package high-resolution LCDs (liquid crystal displays) in mass production. This technology bonds the tape carrier LC driver LSIs directly onto one side of an LCD panel using anisotropic conductive film. To the adjacent side of the LCD panel, flexible circuit monosotropic heat seal connectors (HSCs) are used to interconnect the LSIs to the glass and can be used to interconnect to the PWB (printed wiring board). TOG is the chosen method for attaching TAB to glass, and the HSCs are widely used for attaching TAB to glass, TAB to PWBs, and glass to rigid PWBs. The HSCs have been successful in driving multiplex-addressed multicolor LCDs whose effective viewing area is 8 in*8 in and smaller displays in mass production. The large panel requires 640 terminations to each side of the glass panel and to four row and column PWBs for a total of 5120 terminations on a pitch of 0.011 in.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Brain Tumor Stem Cells: Bringing Order to the Chaos of Brain Cancer (2008)

Brain tumors are generally incurable cancers. Work from a number of laboratories strongly suggests that they are organized as a hierarchy based on a subset of cancer cells that have stem-cell properties. These cells have now been shown to be resistant to conventional therapy and responsive to differentiation therapy. New in vitro and in vivo models for interrogating brain tumor cells in stem-cell conditions have been developed that provide important new opportunities for elucidating the key pathways responsible for driving the proliferation of these cells. Continued application of the principles of stem-cell biology to the study of brain cancers is likely to continue to bring further important insight into these aggressive cancers, bringing new treatments and understanding of the origins.
A Review of the Georgist Tax Remedy for Australia (2000)

Rent theory has been associated historically with the suggestion that land rent is a most suitable basis for public funding, giving rise to the single tax movement of Henry George. The political fortunes of the latter have been singularly unfavourable, and have tended to draw attention away from systematic study of rent theory.The recent trend in many texts has been to enumerate a set of shortcomings with rent theory that often owes more to a provincial rejection of the single tax proposal than to an informed and balanced critique of the apparent target. This paper reviews the fundamental political economy of land tax with special reference to Australia to demonstrate a separate set of shortcomings, not associated with rent theory. In this way the political impracticality is explained without challenging the validity of rent theory.
Natural substances (acetogenins) from the family <i>Annonaceae</i> are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) (1994)

Natural products from the plants of the family Annonaceae, collectively called Annonaceous acetogenins, are very potent inhibitors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) activity of mammalian mitochondria. The properties of five of such acetogenins are compared with those of rotenone and piericidin, classical potent inhibitors of Complex I. Rolliniastatin-1 and rolliniastatin-2 are more powerful than piericidin in terms of both their inhibitory constant and the protein-dependence of their titre in bovine submitochondrial particles. These acetogenins could be considered therefore the most potent inhibitors of mammalian Complex I. Squamocin and otivarin also have an inhibitory constant lower than that of piericidin, but display a larger protein-dependence of the titre. Squamocin and otivarin, contrary to the other acetogenins, behave qualitatively like rotenone. Rolliniastatin-2 shows unique properties as its interaction, although mutually exclusive to that of piericidin, appears to be mutually non-exclusive to that of rotenone. It is the first time that a potent inhibitor of Complex I is found not to overlap the active site of rotenone.
Robust adaptive full-order observer design with novel adaptive scheme for speed sensorless vector controlled induction motors (2003)

This paper proposes a novel design of a robust adaptive full-order observer for sensorless vector controlled induction motors. The adaptive full-order observer is known to become unstable in a major part of the low speed and regenerating region and this prevents the sensorless vector controller from operating an induction motor successfully. In this paper, the error system of the adaptive full-order observer is considered again, a novel adaptive scheme for the speed identification is proposed in order to stabilize an adaptive full-order observer. Moreover, the observer gain design is also proposed for robust stability improvement against the speed identification error (delay) and the stator resistance variation. Finally, several simulations verify feasibility of the proposed strategy.
Cardiovascular response to acute hypovolemia in relation to age. Implications for orthostasis and hemorrhage (2000)

Venous compliance in the legs of aging man has been found to be reduced with decreased blood pooling (capacitance response) in dependent regions, and this might lead to misinterpretations of age-related changes in baroreceptor function during orthostasis. The hemodynamic response to hypovolemic circulatory stress was studied with the aid of lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) of 60 cmH(2)O in 33 healthy men [18 young (mean age 22 yr) and 15 old (mean age 65 yr)]. Volumetric technique was used in the study of capacitance responses in the calf and arm as well as transcapillary fluid absorption in the arm. LBNP led to smaller increase in heart rate (P < 0.001) and peripheral resistance (P < 0.01) and reduced transcapillary fluid absorption in the arm (P < 0.05) in old subjects. However, blood pooling in the calf was reduced in old subjects (1.66 +/- 0.10 vs. 2.17 +/- 0.13 ml/100 ml tissue; P < 0. 01). Accordingly, during similar blood pooling in the calf (LBNP 80 cmH(2)O in old subjects), no changes in cardiovascular reflex responses with age were found. The capacitance response in the arm (mobilization of peripheral blood to the central circulation) was still reduced, however (0.67 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.37 +/- 0.11 ml/100 ml tissue; P < 0.01). Thus the reduced cardiovascular reflex response found in the elderly during orthostatic stress seems to be caused by a reduced capacitance response in the legs with age and a concomitant smaller central hypovolemic stimulus rather than a reduced efficiency of the reflex response. With similar hypovolemic circulatory stress, no changes in cardiovascular reflex responses are seen with age. The capacitance response in the arm (mobilization of peripheral blood toward the central circulation) is reduced, however, by approximately 50% in the elderly. This might seriously impede the possibility of survival of an acute blood loss.
Moving Objects Detection and Segmentation In Dynamic Video Backgrounds (2007)

Moving objects often contain the most important information in surveillance videos. The detection and segmentation of moving objects are the basis for object recognition and intrusion analysis. Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is an effective way to extract moving objects from a video background. However, the conventional mixture Gaussian method suffers from false motion detection in complex backgrounds and slow convergence. A novel approach, which integrates an adaptive Gaussian mixture model with a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, is proposed to detect and segment moving objects in dynamic backgrounds for video surveillance. Each pixel in an image sequence is sorted as a background pixel or a foreground pixel by applying mixture Gaussian method. A block-based SVM classifier is further employed to check each foreground pixel, and it classifies the foreground pixel as a motion pixel or a non-motion pixel. All motion pixels are grouped into moving objects. By utilizing both spatial and temporal information, this integrated method is robust to complex environments. Experimental results show this approach significantly decreases the false motion detection and improves segmentation quality of moving objects.
Diffraction from Polymerized Membranes: Flat <i>vs.</i> Crumpled (1992)

We show that the directionally averaged structure function S(q) for computer-simulated membranes, which are flat but have a nontrivial scaling in their thickness, scales in the same way as the crumpled state. We compare the simulations with graphite oxide and the spectrin network, which are being studied experimentally.
My-Forensic-Loci-queries (MyFLq) framework for analysis of forensic STR data generated by massive parallel sequencing (2013)

Forensic scientists are currently investigating how to transition from capillary electrophoresis (CE) to massive parallel sequencing (MPS) for analysis of forensic DNA profiles. MPS offers several advantages over CE such as virtually unlimited multiplexy of loci, combining both short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci, small amplicons without constraints of size separation, more discrimination power, deep mixture resolution and sample multiplexing. We present our bioinformatic framework My-Forensic-Loci-queries (MyFLq) for analysis of MPS forensic data. For allele calling, the framework uses a MySQL reference allele database with automatically determined regions of interest (ROIs) by a generic maximal flanking algorithm which makes it possible to use any STR or SNP forensic locus. Python scripts were designed to automatically make allele calls starting from raw MPS data. We also present a method to assess the usefulness and overall performance of a forensic locus with respect to MPS, as well as methods to estimate whether an unknown allele, which sequence is not present in the MySQL database, is in fact a new allele or a sequencing error. The MyFLq framework was applied to an Illumina MiSeq dataset of a forensic Illumina amplicon library, generated from multilocus STR polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on both single contributor samples and multiple person DNA mixtures. Although the multilocus PCR was not yet optimized for MPS in terms of amplicon length or locus selection, the results show excellent results for most loci. The results show a high signal-to-noise ratio, correct allele calls, and a low limit of detection for minor DNA contributors in mixed DNA samples. Technically, forensic MPS affords great promise for routine implementation in forensic genomics. The method is also applicable to adjacent disciplines such as molecular autopsy in legal medicine and in mitochondrial DNA research.
Design and implementation of scalable, transparent threads for multi-core media processor (2009)

In this paper, we propose a scalable and transparent parallelization scheme using threads for multi-core processor. The performance achieved by our scheme is scalable to the number of cores, and the application program is not affected by the actual number of cores.For the performance efficiency, we designed the threads so that they do not suspend and that they do not start their execution until the data necessary for them are available. We implemented our design using three modules: the dependency controller, which controls dependencies among threads, the thread pool, which manages the ready threads, and the thread dispatcher, which fetches threads from the pool and executes them on the core.Our design and implementation provide efficient thread scheduling with low overhead. Moreover, by hiding the actual number of cores, it realizes transparency. We confirmed the transparency and scalability of our scheme by applying it to the H.264 decoder program. With this scheme, modification of application program is not necessary even if the number of cores changes due to disparate requirements. This feature makes the developing time shorter and contributes to the reduction of the developing cost.
Formation of an oriented Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub> photocatalyst induced by <i>in situ</i> Bi reduction and its use for efficient nitrogen fixation (2019)

An <italic>in situ</italic> Bi reduction strategy to induce a preferential orientation that significantly enhanced the photocatalytic nitrogen fixation performance of Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>.
Beyond Memory, Navigation, and Inhibition: Behavioral Evidence for Hippocampus-Dependent Cognitive Coordination in the Rat (2005)

Injecting tetrodotoxin (TTX) into one hippocampus impaired avoidance of a place defined by distal cues while rats were on a slowly rotating arena. The impairment could be explained by a deficit in memory, navigation, or behavioral inhibition. Here, we show that the TTX injection abolished the ability of rats to organize place-avoidance behavior specifically when distal room and local arena cues were continuously dissociated. The results provide evidence that injecting TTX into one hippocampus specifically impaired the coordination of representations that support organized behavior because of the following: (1) rats normally coordinate separate room and arena avoidance memories; (2) the TTX injection spared spatial, relational, and representational memory, navigation, and behavioral inhibition; and (3) the TTX-induced impairment of place avoidance depended on the need to coordinate representations of local and distal stimuli.
Bedside measurement of systolic and diastolic time intervals using the stethometer (1977)

Using a modified electronic stethoscope, a simple visual method has been developed for bedside estimation of systolic and diastolic intervals. This has been applied to the measurement of S1-S2, LVET, and 2-OS as well as the intervals produced by prosthetic valve sounds.
Multimodal menu presentation and selection in immersive virtual environments (2002)

Usability has become one of the key ingredients in making virtual reality (VR) systems work, and a big part of a usable VR system is the design of effective interface/interaction schemes. We investigate the usability of various menu presentation and multi-modal selection schemes in immersive virtual environments. We have identified five major menu displays and 13 possible menu selection methods; among them, we have completed the usability testing for two interaction methods across the five display methods: (1) position control by tracking and command-giving by button-pressing, and (2) both position control and command-giving by gesture recognition. Other interaction methods, including by voice, remain to be investigated.
Interacting with spatially augmented reality (2001)

We present the notion of projector-based spatially augmented reality (SAR), and explore how it can be used as an effective user interface to enable users to easily and naturally interact with their real physical environment and the virtual environment. In SAR, the user's physical environment is illuminated with images projected from the projectors. We then describe a framework that can easily incorporate different types of interactions on a continuum of display surfaces and input devices. More specifically, in the framework, we first establish an understanding of the 3D relationship between the user, the projectors and the display surfaces. Then, with the help of some new calibration and rendering techniques, only a simple procedure is needed to effectively illuminate the display surfaces. We describe various underlying techniques and discuss the results in the context of three different applications.
Mechanisms of classical crystal growth theory explain quartz and silicate dissolution behavior (2005)

The central control of mineral weathering rates on biogeochemical systems has motivated studies of dissolution for more than 50 years. A complete physical picture that explains widely observed variations in dissolution behavior is lacking, and some data show apparent serious inconsistencies that cannot be explained by the largely empirical kinetic "laws." Here, we show that mineral dissolution can, in fact, be understood through the same mechanistic theory of nucleation developed for mineral growth. In principle, this theory should describe dissolution but has never been tested. By generalizing nucleation rate equations to include dissolution, we arrive at a model that predicts how quartz dissolution processes change with undersaturation from step retreat, to defect-driven and homogeneous etch pit formation. This finding reveals that the "salt effect," recognized almost 100 years ago, arises from a crossover in dominant nucleation mechanism to greatly increase step density. The theory also explains the dissolution kinetics of major weathering aluminosilicates, kaolinite and K-feldspar. In doing so, it provides a sensible origin of discrepancies reported for the dependence of kaolinite dissolution and growth rates on saturation state by invoking a temperature-activated transition in the nucleation process. Although dissolution by nucleation processes was previously unknown for oxides or silicates, our mechanism-based findings are consistent with recent observations of dissolution (i.e., demineralization) in biological minerals. Nucleation theory may be the missing link to unifying mineral growth and dissolution into a mechanistic and quantitative framework across the continuum of driving force.