gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
15.8%-efficient (1-sun, AM1.5G) GaAs solar cell on optical-grade polycrystalline Ge substrate (2002)

The authors present the first demonstration of a high efficiency GaAs solar cell on a commercially available, cast, optical-grade, polycrystalline Ge substrate. Under AM1.5G simulation, NREL-measured cell parameters include a V/sub oc/ of 0.9323 V, a J/sub sc/ of 24.87 mA/cm/sup 2/, a fill-factor of 0.6822, and an efficiency of 15.8%. This represents the highest 1-sun total-area efficiency for a polycrystalline solar cell in any compound semiconductor even though it is only an initial attempt at the demonstration of a poly GaAs cell with efficiencies comparable to those obtained in state-of-the-art CdTe and CIS material systems. The cell area is about 1 cm/sup 2/ and was grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. The poly GaAs p/sup +/-n junction has been characterized by dark I-V measurements. The choice of junction polarity (p/sup +/-n vs. n/sup +/-p) for the growth of GaAs solar cell on poly-Ge substrates is discussed based on the reduction of dark currents originating from the grain boundaries. Introduction of an undoped spacer in the p/sup +/-n junctions is shown to significantly improve the V/sub oc/ and fill-factor values in small-area (0.174 cm/sup 2/) cells where series resistance is not limiting the fill factor, Spectral-response measurements indicate further improvement possible in the red response of the poly GaAs solar cells, I-V data indicate series resistance is presently limiting the efficiency of 1-cm/sup 2/-area cells. Further development is likely to lead to 1-sun efficiency approaching over 21 percent and concentrator (500 suns) efficiencies approaching 24 percent in the near-term.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biodegradable Hydraulic Lubricant an Overview of Current Developments in Central Europe (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper discusses various aspects of: biodegradable hydraulic lubricants; the type of bio-oils (biodegradable) available; the approved test method of bio-oils; a label called Blue Angel used for the identification of environment friendly products; bio-oil applications; practical field test experience and economic impact.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper provides a general view of the current situation in Central Europe.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Practical experience with environment-friendly oil and grease has been known for over 4,000 years. When the pyramids were built, animal and vegetable oil and grease was used to lubricate transport sledges. At that time, it was not an environmental protection consideration. Today it is our challenge to protect people, plants and animals.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Who would have thought that environmental protection would become such an important and inevitable issue? Five or ten years ago words like biodegradable, environment-friendly, environment-compatible were definitions hardly known to most people. Today, the situation has changed. Many local and federal government regulations have been introduced and initiatives have been taken by the industry and the private sector in order to reduce pollution and better protect our environment. Every part of our daily life is faced with the issue. This paper concentrates on biodegradable hydraulic lubricants, which represents a small segment of the overall environment issue.</div>
Prior image constrained scatter correction in cone-beam computed tomography image-guided radiation therapy (2011)

X-ray scatter is a significant problem in cone-beam computed tomography when thicker objects and larger cone angles are used, as scattered radiation can lead to reduced contrast and CT number inaccuracy. Advances have been made in x-ray computed tomography (CT) by incorporating a high quality prior image into the image reconstruction process. In this paper, we extend this idea to correct scatter-induced shading artifacts in cone-beam CT image-guided radiation therapy. Specifically, this paper presents a new scatter correction algorithm which uses a prior image with low scatter artifacts to reduce shading artifacts in cone-beam CT images acquired under conditions of high scatter. The proposed correction algorithm begins with an empirical hypothesis that the target image can be written as a weighted summation of a series of basis images that are generated by raising the raw cone-beam projection data to different powers, and then, reconstructing using the standard filtered backprojection algorithm. The weight for each basis image is calculated by minimizing the difference between the target image and the prior image. The performance of the scatter correction algorithm is qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated through phantom studies using a Varian 2100 EX System with an on-board imager. Results show that the proposed scatter correction algorithm using a prior image with low scatter artifacts can substantially mitigate scatter-induced shading artifacts in both full-fan and half-fan modes.
Synthesis, Structural, and Spectroscopic Characterization and Reactivities of Mononuclear Cobalt(III)−Peroxo Complexes (2010)

Metal-dioxygen adducts are key intermediates detected in the catalytic cycles of dioxygen activation by metalloenzymes and biomimetic compounds. In this study, mononuclear cobalt(III)-peroxo complexes bearing tetraazamacrocyclic ligands, [Co(12-TMC)(O(2))](+) and [Co(13-TMC)(O(2))](+), were synthesized by reacting [Co(12-TMC)(CH(3)CN)](2+) and [Co(13-TMC)(CH(3)CN)](2+), respectively, with H(2)O(2) in the presence of triethylamine. The mononuclear cobalt(III)-peroxo intermediates were isolated and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and X-ray crystallography, and the structural and spectroscopic characterization demonstrated unambiguously that the peroxo ligand is bound in a side-on η(2) fashion. The O-O bond stretching frequency of [Co(12-TMC)(O(2))](+) and [Co(13-TMC)(O(2))](+) was determined to be 902 cm(-1) by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The structural properties of the CoO(2) core in both complexes are nearly identical; the O-O bond distances of [Co(12-TMC)(O(2))](+) and [Co(13-TMC)(O(2))](+) were 1.4389(17) Å and 1.438(6) Å, respectively. The cobalt(III)-peroxo complexes showed reactivities in the oxidation of aldehydes and O(2)-transfer reactions. In the aldehyde oxidation reactions, the nucleophilic reactivity of the cobalt-peroxo complexes was significantly dependent on the ring size of the macrocyclic ligands, with the reactivity of [Co(13-TMC)(O(2))](+) > [Co(12-TMC)(O(2))](+). In the O(2)-transfer reactions, the cobalt(III)-peroxo complexes transferred the bound peroxo group to a manganese(II) complex, affording the corresponding cobalt(II) and manganese(III)-peroxo complexes. The reactivity of the cobalt-peroxo complexes in O(2)-transfer was also significantly dependent on the ring size of tetraazamacrocycles, and the reactivity order in the O(2)-transfer reactions was the same as that observed in the aldehyde oxidation reactions.
Tuning of Etching Rate by Implantation: Silicon, Polysilicon and Oxide (2006)

Ion implantation is the mostly used method for semiconductor doping but can also be of interest to change locally the etch rate of silicon and silicon dioxide. Indeed damages induced by ion implantation can increase the etch rate of silicon dioxide by a factor of 200 when etched in vapor HF. Doping species of n or p type increases drastically the etching rate of silicon in HNA. Substitutional boron implanted in silicon can reduce the etch rate of silicon in TMAH from a factor of 200. Etch rate modification by ion implantation can be of interest for the fabrication of buried mask, sacrificial layers and etch stop layers.
Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale (2009)

The issue of hydraulic fracturing has raised many concerns from the public as well as government officials. This paper will review the history and evolution of hydraulic fracturing, including environmental and regulatory considerations. Additionally, technical and environmental considerations will be presented applicable to hydraulic fracturing in the unconventional arena of gas shales with an emphasis on the Marcellus Shale of the Appalachians. Topics addressed in the paper will include discussion on why hydraulic fracturing is performed; the hydraulic fracturing process; applicable design and engineering aspects of well completions; geological considerations such as confinement of the fracturing process; potential risks to groundwater and underground sources of drinking water; and the use of hydraulic fracturing fluids and associated technical considerations.
Cloning, functional expression and mRNA distribution of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel protein (1995)

In GH3/B6 cells at least two different inward K+ currents are observed that are regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin, respectively. Using a polymerase chain reaction based approach a cDNA was isolated and functionally expressed in human embryonic kidney cells that encodes an inward rectifier K+ channel, rIRK3, with a predicted molecular mass of 49.7 kDa. Corresponding transcripts of 2.6 kb have been detected in rat brain, pituitary and GH3/B6 cells. In situ hybridization revealed that rIRK3 mRNA is distributed throughout the brain and occurs predominantly in the piriform cortex, indusium griseum, supraoptic nucleus, facial nucleus and cerebellar Purkinje cells.
Improvement of the extraction of penicillin acylase from <i>Escherichia coli</i> cells by a combined use of chemical methods (1994)

Several techniques for protein extraction were tested for recovering penicillin acylase from a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli. These techniques include chemical [guanidine hydrochloride, Triton X-100, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethanol/toluene], physical (sonication, freeze-and-thawing), and enzymatic (lysozyme) treatments. Best results were obtained with the combined use of guanidine and EDTA. This extraction procedure was optimized, and it was found that 95% of the enzyme was extracted after a 10 m/M EDTA plus 10 mM guanidine treatment at room temperature for 10 h. The purification factor was 25 when compared to disruption by sonication. This extraction method could avoid purification steps for particular applications.
Familiarity: A Concept Analysis on Rural Life (2023)

Purpose: To fully conceptualize familiarity, delineating it from other rural concepts and understanding its role in rural life. Background: Rural nurse researchers identify familiarity as a concept found in rural life. Familiarity is a term used in rural literature, nursing research, and theory but lacks comprehensive conceptual understanding. To advance rural nursing science, concepts need updating to support rural research and advance theory development. Method: A scoping review of the literature was completed using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and supported by the seminal work of Arksey and O’Malley. Using Walker and Avant’s (2019) eight-step method, the scoping review findings informed this familiarity concept analysis. Findings: The familiarity analysis revealed three defining attributes, ‘repeated exposure’, ‘knowledge’, and ‘deep understanding’. Antecedents which proceed familiarity include: (i) varied contexts; (ii) lack of anonymity; (iii) novelty. Consequences which result from familiarity are: (i) trust; (ii) vulnerability; (iii) over-familiarity; and (iv) physiologic reactions. Model and alternate cases developed are presented along with identified empirical referents. Conclusion: This paper presents findings supporting familiarity as a concept in rural life and form a conceptual foundation for future research and further exploration. The findings also provide the components needed when defining familiarity in rural research. Understanding familiarity is necessary for recognizing how rural nurses experience familiarity and its influence in their personal and professional lives. Keywords: familiarity, scoping review, rural, nursing, theoryDOI: https://doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v23i1.729
Very large neural networks for word sense disambiguation (1990)

The use of neural networks for word sense disambiguation has been suggested, but previous approaches did not provide any practical means to build the proposed networks. Therefore, it has not been clear that the proposed models scale up to realistic dimensions. We demonstrate how textual sources such as machine readable dictionaries can be used to automatically create Very Large Neural Networks which embody a simple local model and contain several thousands of nodes. Our results show that such networks are able to disambiguate words at a rate three times higher than chance, and thus provide real-size validation for connectionnist approaches to word sense disambiguation.
Dissociation of thrombin from platelets by hirudin. Evidence for receptor processing. (1979)

Hirudin inhibited the binding of human 125I-alpha-thrombin to the saturable, but not the nonsaturable, sites on washed human platelets. When hirudin was added to a thrombin-platelet mixture, it caused a biphasic dissociation of bound thrombin. A partial dissociation was too rapid to measure and was followed by complete dissociation with a first order rate constant of about 10(-2) s-1. The fraction of bound thrombin in the more slowly dissociable form increased from essentially none after a 5-s preincubation of thrombin and platelets to as much as 75% of saturable binding after a 4-min preincubation. Transition to the slowly dissociable state was not accompanied by an increase in the amount bound and was not observed with active site serine-derivatized thrombin. This is the first evidence with intact platelets of a binding characteristic that depends, as does platelet stimulation, on catalytically active thrombin, suggesting that it may represent physiologically significant receptor processing.
Coagulation and fibrinolytic activities in 2 siblings with β2-glycoprotein I deficiency (2000)

β2-Glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is a major antigen for antiphospholipid antibodies, and its multiple in vitro functions have been reported. This glycoprotein not only down-regulates thrombin formation by inhibiting contact activation or prothrombinase activity, but also up-regulates coagulation by reducing protein C anticoagulant activity. However, the in vivo roles of β2GPI remain obscure. Coagulation and fibrinolytic characteristics were investigated in individuals with β2GPI deficiency. An apparently healthy woman and her brother are homozygotes for β2GPI deficiency. In these patients, Russell viper venom time was shortened (40.4 seconds; normal range, 47.8 ± 4.95 seconds), but all markers of thrombin generation and fibrin turnover were within normal ranges. Exogenous activated protein C adequately prolonged the clotting time of the β2GPI-deficient plasma, and euglobulin lysis time was also normal. Thus, elevated thrombin generation, enhancement of activated protein C response, and an altered fibrinolytic system were not found in congenitally β2GPI-deficient plasma.
Is it currently possible to evaluate the risk posed by <scp>PERV</scp>s for clinical xenotransplantation? (2018)

H-J S is director at SchuBiomed Consultancy and provides consultancy in the biomedical sector worldwide. JD and LS have no conflicts of interest.
Leukocyte Populations in Human Preterm and Term Breast Milk Identified by Multicolour Flow Cytometry (2015)

Flow cytometry is a useful tool to identify and quantify leukocyte subsets in breast milk. The stage of lactation is associated with major changes in milk leukocyte composition in this population. Fresh preterm breast milk is not deficient in leukocytes, but shorter gestation may be associated with minor differences in leukocyte subset frequencies in preterm compared to term breast milk.
Optimal Sliced Latin Hypercube Designs (2014)

Sliced Latin hypercube designs (SLHDs) have important applications in designing computer experiments with continuous and categorical factors. However, a randomly generated SLHD can be poor in terms of space-filling, and based on the existing construction method that generates the SLHD column by column using sliced permutation matrices, it is also difficult to search for the optimal SLHD. In this article, we develop a new construction approach that first generates the small Latin hypercube design in each slice and then arranges them together to form the SLHD. The new approach is intuitive and can be easily adapted to generate orthogonal SLHDs and orthogonal array-based SLHDs. More importantly, it enables us to develop general algorithms that can search for the optimal SLHD efficiently.
Recognition of handwritten numerals using Gabor features (1996)

We study a Gabor filter-based feature extraction method for handwritten numeral character recognition. The performance of the Gabor filter-based method is demonstrated on the ETL-1 database. Experimental results suggest that the Gabor filter-based method should be considered in recognition of handwritten numeric characters.
Direct electron beam writing of gallium oxide on GaAs(111) As surfaces (1984)

In this letter we show the possibility of a direct electron beam writing on GaAs (111) As by electron stimulated oxidation. An estimate of the writing velocity is also given. The analysis of the profiles of the oxide spots by Auger spectroscopy indicates the stability of the gallium oxide formed, and the post-oxidation formation of an As-rich interface.
The calcineurin inhibitor, Sarah/Nebula, exacerbates Aβ42 phenotypes in a<i>Drosophila</i>model of Alzheimer's disease (2015)

Expression of the Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) protein, an inhibitor of the Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, is elevated in the brains of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although increased levels of DSCR1 were often observed to be deleterious to neuronal health, its beneficial effects against AD neuropathology have also been reported, and the roles of DSCR1 on the pathogenesis of AD remain controversial. Here, we investigated the role of sarah (sra; also known as nebula), a Drosophila DSCR1 ortholog, in amyloid-β42 (Aβ42)-induced neurological phenotypes in Drosophila. We detected sra expression in the mushroom bodies of the fly brain, which are a center for learning and memory in flies. Moreover, similar to humans with AD, Aβ42-expressing flies showed increased Sra levels in the brain, demonstrating that the expression pattern of DSCR1 with regard to AD pathogenesis is conserved in Drosophila. Interestingly, overexpression of sra using the UAS-GAL4 system exacerbated the rough-eye phenotype, decreased survival rates and increased neuronal cell death in Aβ42-expressing flies, without modulating Aβ42 expression. Moreover, neuronal overexpression of sra in combination with Aβ42 dramatically reduced both locomotor activity and the adult lifespan of flies, whereas flies with overexpression of sra alone showed normal climbing ability, albeit with a slightly reduced lifespan. Similarly, treatment with chemical inhibitors of calcineurin, such as FK506 and cyclosporin A, or knockdown of calcineurin expression by RNA interference (RNAi), exacerbated the Aβ42-induced rough-eye phenotype. Furthermore, sra-overexpressing flies displayed significantly decreased mitochondrial DNA and ATP levels, as well as increased susceptibility to oxidative stress compared to that of control flies. Taken together, our results demonstrating that sra overexpression augments Aβ42 cytotoxicity in Drosophila suggest that DSCR1 upregulation or calcineurin downregulation in the brain might exacerbate Aβ42-associated neuropathogenesis in AD or DS.
CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T-Cells Inhibit the Islet Innate Immune Response and Promote Islet Engraftment (2006)

Early islet cell loss is a significant problem in clinical islet cell transplantation. Diverse stress stimuli induce innate immune responses in islets that contribute to beta-cell dysfunction, inflammation, and loss. Here, we show that cytokine-stimulated murine islets express multiple inflammatory chemokines that recruit T-cells and thereby impair islet function in vitro and in vivo. Both nonislet ductal and exocrine elements and the individual islet cellular components contribute to this innate immune response. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cells inhibit islet chemokine expression through a cell contact-dependent, soluble factor-independent mechanism and inhibit effector T-cell migration to the islet. Regulatory T-cells can also migrate to stimulated islets. Cotransfer of regulatory T-cells with islets in a transplantation model prevents islet innate immune responses and inflammation and preserves normal architecture and engraftment. Regulatory T-cell inhibition of multiple components of innate immune responses may be a fundamental aspect of their function that influences ischemia-reperfusion injury and adaptive immunity.
Effect of amino acids and peptides on growth of pediococcus pentosaceus from wine (2003)

Fil: Aredes Fernandez, Pedro Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina
Intercloud Networks Performance Analysis (2015)

Continued growth in cloud IaaS adoption motivates greater transparency into IaaS network performance to effectively leverage intra and intercloud service and data migration needs of a global consumer base. In this work, we produce a baseline set of network performance measurements for cloud WANs both internal to individual IaaS provider's globally distributed datacenters and in between those provider's private infrastructures. Standard virtual machine instances provided by major IaaS vendors were utilized along with traditional open source operating systems and latency/bandwidth testing toolsets. The measurements provide insights into bandwidth and latency bottlenecks relative to global data transit between commercial production cloud resources. This data provides network engineers, IaaS/PaaS/SaaS providers, cloud service consumers, and intercloud testbed developers essential reference data upon which to set performance and QoS expectations and propose next generation cloud network infrastructure and software enhancements. Further, the evolution of baseline network metrics for cloud services helps provide uniformity and clarity to IaaS vendor performance and capability comparisons.
Phylogenetic structure in the grass family (Poaceae): evidence from the nuclear gene phytochrome B (2000)

Phylogenetic analyses of partial phytochrome B (PHYB) nuclear DNA sequences provide unambiguous resolution of evolutionary relationships within Poaceae. Analysis of PHYB nucleotides from 51 taxa representing seven traditionally recognized subfamilies clearly distinguishes three early-diverging herbaceous "bambusoid" lineages. First and most basal are Anomochloa and Streptochaeta, second is Pharus, and third is Puelia. The remaining grasses occur in two principal, highly supported clades. The first comprises bambusoid, oryzoid, and pooid genera (the BOP clade); the second comprises panicoid, arundinoid, chloridoid, and centothecoid genera (the PACC clade). The PHYB phylogeny is the first nuclear gene tree to address comprehensively phylogenetic relationships among grasses. It corroborates several inferences made from chloroplast gene trees, including the PACC clade, and the basal position of the herbaceous bamboos Anomochloa, Streptochaeta, and Pharus. However, the clear resolution of the sister group relationship among bambusoids, oryzoids, and pooids in the PHYB tree is novel; the relationship is only weakly supported in ndhF trees and is nonexistent in rbcL and plastid restriction site trees. Nuclear PHYB data support Anomochlooideae, Pharoideae, Pooideae sensu lato, Oryzoideae, Panicoideae, and Chloridoideae, and concur in the polyphyly of both Arundinoideae and Bambusoideae.