gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A multi-model superensemble algorithm for seasonal climate prediction using DEMETER forecasts (2005)

In this paper, a multi-model ensemble approach with statistical correction for seasonal precipitation forecasts using a coupled DEMETER model data set is presented. Despite the continuous improvement of coupled models, they have serious systematic errors in terms of the mean, the annual cycle and the interannual variability; consequently, the predictive skill of extended forecasts remains quite low. One of the approaches to the improvement of seasonal prediction is the empirical weighted multi-model ensemble, or superensemble, combination. In the superensemble approach, the different model forecasts are statistically combined during the training phase using multiple linear regression, with the skill of each ensemble member implicitly factored into the superensemble forecast. The skill of a superensemble relies strongly on the past performance of the individual member models used in its construction. The algorithm proposed here involves empirical orthogonal function (EOF) filtering of the actual data set prior to the construction of a multimodel ensemble or superensemble as an alternative solution for seasonal prediction. This algorithm generates a new data set from the input multi-model data set by finding a consistent spatial pattern between the observed analysis and the individual model forecast. This procedure is a multiple linear regression problem in the EOF space. The newly generated EOF-filtered data set is then used as an input data set for the construction of a multi-model ensemble and superensemble. The skill of forecast anomalies is assessed using statistics of categorical forecast, spatial anomaly correlation and root mean square (RMS) errors. The various verifications show that the unbiased multi-model ensemble of DEMETER forecasts improves the prediction of spatial patterns (i.e. the anomaly correlation), but it shows poor skill in categorical forecast. Due to the removal of seasonal mean biases of the different models, the forecast errors of the bias-corrected multi-model ensemble and superensemble are already quite small. Based on the anomaly correlation and RMS measures, the forecasts produced by the proposed method slightly outperform the other conventional forecasts.
3D Virtual Haptic Cone for Intuitive Vehicle Motion Control (2008)

Haptic technology provides the ability for a system to recreate the sense of touch to a human operator, and as such offers wide reaching advantages. The ability to interact with the human's tactual modality introduces haptic human-machine interaction to replace or augment existing mediums such as visual and audible information. A distinct advantage of haptic human-machine interaction is the intrinsic bilateral nature, where information can be communicated in both directions simultaneously. This paper investigates the bilateral nature of the haptic interface in controlling the motion of a remote (or virtual) vehicle and presents the ability to provide an additional dimension of haptic information to the user over existing approaches (Park et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2002; and Horan et al., 2007). The 3D virtual haptic cone offers the ability to not only provide the user with relevant haptic augmentation pertaining to the task at hand, as do existing approaches, however, to also simultaneously provide an intuitive indication of the current velocities being commanded.
Portable meeting recorder (2002)

The design and implementation of a portable meeting recorder is presented. Composed of an omni-directional video camera with four-channel audio capture, the system saves a view of all the activity in a meeting and the directions from which people spoke. Subsequent analysis computes metadata that includes video activity analysis of the compressed data stream and audio processing that helps locate events that occurred during the meeting. Automatic calculation of the room in which the meeting occurred allows for efficient navigation of a collection of recorded meetings. A user interface is populated from the metadata description to allow for simple browsing and location of significant events.
Novel technique for measurement of centration errors of complex completely mounted multi-element objective lenses (2006)

The size and the focal length of camera objectives (e.g. cell phones or digital cameras) are becoming smaller and smaller. At the same time the quality requirements are increasing. Besides surface accuracy, the imaging quality of the complete optics is mainly influenced by the alignment errors of the single elements. TRIOPTICS has developed a new technology called MultiLens in order to measure the centering errors of all single surfaces within an objective lens with up to 40 surfaces or more. We achieve accuracies in the range of an arc second. During the measurement the deviation of each center or curvature with respect to a reference axis is measured. These data are further processed in order to provide the shift and tilt of an individual lens or group of lenses in respect to a given reference axis (Patent pending Ref. 1). Applications mainly include the measurement of cell phone and digital camera lenses. However, any type of objective lens from endoscope up to very complex objective lenses used in microlithography can be measured with highest accuracy. The method has been extended to measure also the aspherical axis of lenses.
Adaptive Optics by Digital Holography (2012)

We present new techniques of adaptive optics by digital holography, with potential applications from ophthalmic to astronomical imaging systems. Wavefront sensors and modulators are replaced with digital holographic sensing and compensation processes.
Ice Detector for Aircraft (1986)

Thickness of ice on aircraft measured by flush-mounted sensor. Detector consists of following: flush-mounted sensor with three separate components, temperature-measuring circuit, configuration of which is based on type of sensor used, two capacitance-measuring circuits, and logic circuit that uses outputs of other three circuits to determine presence of ice and its thickness. Information required to determine whether efforts to remove ice, such as heating or change in flight speed or elevation, should be initiated.
Novel phase difference control technique of fractional-N PLL synthesizers by shifting the LE signals synchronized with a reference signal (2014)

This paper proposes a novel phase control technique of microwave signals using a Fractional-N PLL (F-PLL) synthesizer. In the proposed F-PLL synthesizers, a cyclic shift of the control data of the frequency divider (FD) is controllable by the Load Enable (LE) signals. LE is a standard signal implemented with a commercial PLL IC. Therefore, a phase control is possible without using the PLL IC having a dedicated control circuit. Thus, the proposed technique is effective for cost reduction of active phased array antenna (APAA) equipment. The proposed technique was confirmed by measurement with C-Band F-PLL synthesizers. The measured phase difference error from a designed value is ±2° or less.
Sturdy, Monolithic SiC and Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Aerogels from Compressed Polymer-Cross-Linked Silica Xerogel Powders (2018)

We report the carbothermal synthesis of sturdy, highly porous (>85%) SiC and Si3N4 monolithic aerogels from compressed polyurea-cross-linked silica xerogel powders. The high porosity in those articles was created via reaction of core silica nanoparticles with their carbonized polymer coating toward the new ceramic framework and CO that escaped. Sol–gel silica powder was obtained by disrupting gelation of a silica sol with vigorous agitation. The grains of the powder were about 50 μm in size and irregular in shape and consisted of 3D assemblies of silica nanoparticles as in any typical silica gel. The individual elementary silica nanoparticles within the grains of the powder were coated conformally with a nanothin layer of carbonizable polyurea derived from the reaction of an aromatic triisocyanate (TIPM: triisocyanatophenyl methane) with the innate −OH, deliberately added −NH2 groups, and adsorbed water on the surface of silica nanoparticles. The wet-gel powder was dried at ambient temperature under vacuum. The resulting free-flowing silica/polyurea xerogel powder was vibration-settled in suitable dies and was compressed to convenient shapes (discs, cylinders, donut-like objects), which in turn were converted to same-shape SiC or Si3N4 artifacts by pyrolysis at 1500 °C under Ar or N2, respectively. The overall synthesis was time-, energy-, and materials-efficient: (a) solvent exchanges within grains of powder took seconds, (b) drying did not require high-pressure vessels and supercritical fluids, and (c) due to the xerogel compactness, the utilization of the carbonizable polymer was at almost the stoichiometric ratio. Chemical and materials characterization of all intermediates and final products included solid-state 13C and 29Si NMR, XRD, SEM, N2-sorption, and Hg intrusion porosimetry. Analysis for residual carbon was carried out with TGA. The final ceramic objects were chemically pure, sturdy, with compressive moduli at 37 ± 7 and 59 ± 7 MPa for SiC and Si3N4, respectively, and thermal conductivities (using the laser flash method) at 0.163 ± 0.010 and 0.070 ± 0.001 W m–1 K–1, respectively. The synthetic methodology of this report can be extended to other sol–gel derived oxide networks and is not limited to ceramic aerogels. A work in progress includes metallic Fe(0) aerogels.
High Thermoelectric Performance of p-Type SnTe via a Synergistic Band Engineering and Nanostructuring Approach (2014)

SnTe is a potentially attractive thermoelectric because it is the lead-free rock-salt analogue of PbTe. However, SnTe is a poor thermoelectric material because of its high hole concentration arising from inherent Sn vacancies in the lattice and its very high electrical and thermal conductivity. In this study, we demonstrate that SnTe-based materials can be controlled to become excellent thermoelectrics for power generation via the successful application of several key concepts that obviate the well-known disadvantages of SnTe. First, we show that Sn self-compensation can effectively reduce the Sn vacancies and decrease the hole carrier density. For example, a 3 mol % self-compensation of Sn results in a 50% improvement in the figure of merit ZT. In addition, we reveal that Cd, nominally isoelectronic with Sn, favorably impacts the electronic band structure by (a) diminishing the energy separation between the light-hole and heavy-hole valence bands in the material, leading to an enhanced Seebeck coefficient, and (b) enlarging the energy band gap. Thus, alloying with Cd atoms enables a form of valence band engineering that improves the high-temperature thermoelectric performance, where p-type samples of SnCd(0.03)Te exhibit ZT values of ~0.96 at 823 K, a 60% improvement over the Cd-free sample. Finally, we introduce endotaxial CdS or ZnS nanoscale precipitates that reduce the lattice thermal conductivity of SnCd(0.03)Te with no effect on the power factor. We report that SnCd(0.03)Te that are endotaxially nanostructured with CdS and ZnS have a maximum ZTs of ~1.3 and ~1.1 at 873 K, respectively. Therefore, SnTe-based materials could be ideal alternatives for p-type lead chalcogenides for high temperature thermoelectric power generation.
A New Wideband Distributed Doherty Amplifier for WCDMA Repeater Applications (2009)

A new wideband distributed Doherty amplifier (WDDA) for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) repeater applications is reported. The distributed structure provides wideband performance while not needing an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> -way splitter and combiner. The two-stage Doherty amplifiers achieve high gain and high efficiency. Also, the linearity of the WDDA is improved by the post-distortion using gate bias optimization of the Doherty amplifiers. For verification, the proposed WDDA is implemented using GaN HEMTs and tested with a one-carrier WCDMA signal at 2.14 GHz. From the measured results at an average output power of 36 dBm (10 dB back-off power), the WDDA shows an adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of - 45 dBc at plusmn 5 MHz offset with a total gain over 24 dB and a total power-added efficiency over 15% over a 160 MHz bandwidth.
High Speed 2D Hadamard Transform Spectral Imager (2003)

Hadamard Transform Spectrometer (HTS) approaches share the multiplexing advantages found in Fourier transform spectrometers. Interest in Hadamard systems has been limited due to data storage/computational limitations and the inability to perform accurate high order masking in a reasonable amount of time. Advances in digital micro-mirror array (DMA) technology have opened the door to implementing an HTS for a variety of applications including fluorescent microscope imaging and Raman imaging. A Hadamard transform spectral imager (HTSI) for remote sensing offers a variety of unique capabilities in one package such as variable spectral and temporal resolution, no moving parts (other than the micro-mirrors) and vibration tolerance. Two approaches to for 2D HTS systems have been investigated in this LDRD. The first approach involves dispersing the incident light, encoding the dispersed light then recombining the light. This method is referred to as spectral encoding. The other method encodes the incident light then disperses the encoded light. The second technique is called spatial encoding. After creating optical designs for both methods the spatial encoding method was selected as the method that would be implemented because the optical design was less costly to implement.
High aspect ratio nanoscale multifunctional materials derived from hollow carbon nanofiber by polymer insertion and metal decoration (2010)

A novel high aspect ratio material which can simultaneously display multiple functions such as proton and electron conductivity and electrocatalytic activity has been developed by incorporating both platinum nanoparticles and phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole along the inner and outer surfaces of a hollow carbon nanofiber.
A divide-and-conquer approach to mitigate relay-to-relay interference (2011)

LTE-Advanced Type 1 inband relays support a two-hop decode-and-forward relaying mode where the relay link reception is time-division multiplexed with the access link transmission on different subframes. Thus, any misalignment in the subframe configurations of different relays may cause overlapped reception and transmission on both links generating a new type of interference, referred to as relay-to-relay interference. In this work, we propose a novel divide-and-conquer technique to mitigate such interference; the approach exploits the localized nature of the effect of the relay-to-relay interference and hence avoids the need to perform a network-wide subframe configuration. In particular, we propose a two-step scheme, namely grouping of RNs in exclusive groups and then aligning the subframe configurations within each group. Such an approach can be realized in a centralized manner by a proposed self-organizing network interference management entity within the Operation and Maintenance system. The proposed scheme is evaluated via comprehensive system-level simulations of relay deployments within the LTE-Advanced downlink framework. Results show that the divide-and-conquer approach can effectively mitigate relay-to-relay interference in all of the considered scenarios.
Multiple instrument distributed aperture sensor (MIDAS) testbed (2005)

Lockheed Martin is developing an innovative and adaptable optical telescope comprised of an array of nine identical afocal sub-telescopes. Inherent in the array design is the ability to perform high-resolution broadband imaging, Fizeau Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) imaging, and single exposure multi-spectral and polarimetric imaging. Additionally, the sensor suite's modular design integrates multiple science packages for active and passive sensing from 0.4 to 14 microns. We describe the opto-mechanical design of our concept, the Multiple Instrument Distributed Aperture Sensor (MIDAS), and a selection of passive and active remote sensing missions it fulfills.
Nonlinear laser microscopy (1996)

Summary form only given. Molecular excitation by simultaneous absorption of two or more infrared photons from strongly focused 100-fs pulses from mode-locked lasers provides intrinsic 3D resolution for fluorescence microscopy and photochemical micro pharmacology in living biological cells.
Body Composition in Prepubertal Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection (1998)

Boys and girls with HIV-associated GF had diminished FFM and BCM. The decrease in FFM and BCM was in striking contrast to the fat compartment, which was normal. Decreased FFM was also detected in boys with HIV infection and normal growth but not in girls with HIV infection and normal growth, suggesting that HIV infection may affect boys differently than girls. The preferential decrease in FFM and BCM over fat observed in these children is similar to findings reported in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting.
Identification of a unique receptor on a group A streptococcus for the Fc region of human IgG3. (1986)

Receptors that bind to the Fc region of all four human IgG subclasses have been described on a number of strains of group A streptococci. In this study, we have demonstrated that these immunoglobulin binding properties are mediated by two distinct Fc receptors. The first receptor, with a Mr of approximately 56,000, binds to human IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4, but not to IgG3. A second receptor, with a Mr of approximately 38,000, binds exclusively to human immunoglobulins of the IgG3 subclass.
Artifacts and artifact removal in optical coherence tomographic angiography (2020)

Optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) enables rapid imaging of retinal vasculature in three dimensions. While the technique has provided quantification of healthy vessels as well as pathology in several diseases, it is not unusual for OCTA data to contain artifacts that may influence measurement outcomes or defy image interpretation. In this review, we discuss the sources of several OCTA artifacts-including projection, motion, and signal reduction-as well as strategies for their removal. Artifact compensation can improve the accuracy of OCTA measurements, and the most effective use of the technology will incorporate hardware and software that can perform such correction.
Brief report: SRF-dependent MiR-210 silences the sonic hedgehog signaling during cardiopoesis (2013)

Serum response factor (SRF) wields potent gene silencing activity through its regulation over numerous microRNAs (miRs). Here, SRF directs embryonic stem cell (ESC) progenitor cell lineage specification in part by silencing genes through miR-210. Viral expression of miR-210 in murine ESCs-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) inhibited cell growth and inhibited the appearance of cardiac progenitor markers Nkx2.5 and Gata4 and terminal differentiated contractile proteins Mlc2v and βMHC. Knockdown of miR-210 expression via antisense RNA activated cardiac progenitor gene activity. miR-210 inhibitory activity was attributed to silencing of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, which fosters the cardiac progenitor program. miR-210 directly silenced Shh via targeting of the Shh 3'UTR, comparable to the chemical Shh inhibitor, cyclopamine. miR-210 silencing of Shh/Gli1 signaling also blocked expression of the cell cycle regulators Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D2, and EB cell expansion. Absence of SRF expression in SRF null EBs blocked miR-210 expression, coincident with enhanced Shh, and Gli1 gene activity. Thus, SRF-dependent miR-210 expression may operate as a novel silencer of the Shh signaling pathway.
Novel all-reflective stretcher for chirped-pulse amplification of ultrashort pulses (2000)

We describe the design and operation of an all-reflective on-axis pulse stretcher (with only four simple elements) that has achieved stretching ratios of over 40000. The design is insensitive to alignment errors and is simple to align. Optical aberrations in the system have an effect on the fourth-order phase term, but this can be used to compensate for material dispersion, resulting in a quintic-phase-limited chirped-pulse-amplification system.
SU‐GG‐J‐71: Development of Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Micro‐Radiotherapy System for Cancer Research (2008)

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of a carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission FE) technology based novel multi‐pixel array x‐ray micro‐radiotherapy (micro‐RT) system for fast conformal and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) irradiation for small animals. When it is developed, the CNT FE micro‐RT system will be integrated with the already developed CNT FE micro‐CT for real time imaged‐guided IMRT and treatment response observation in small animals. Method and Materials: The micro‐RT system comprises a CNT pixel cathode array for individual pixel beam generation and control, a transimission anode for x‐ray production, and a pixel beam collimation array to converts the Bremstrahlung x‐rays to x‐ray pixel beams. Each x‐ray beam is 2 mm × 2 mm at the irradiation object and the beam energy should be 100 kV or higher. Micro‐RT dosimetry is computed using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. A CNT cathode array for the prototype of micro‐RT consists of 50 (5 × 10) individual addressable pixel cathode. The single array offers a maximum radiation field size of 10 mm × 20 mm at the irradiation object. The eventual micro‐RT system is consisted of several x‐ray pixel beam arrays within a donut‐shape structure. Results: We have designed and fabricated a 50‐pixel beam cathode array for the prototype micro‐RT. The FE current of the 50 pixel beams is uniform. Each cathode pixel is individually addressable and can produce emission current of 4 mA/pixel. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the feasibility to fabricate the CNT FE cathode array. A micro‐RT system consisted of 5 × 10 pixel beam array. The next step is to fabricate the anode and pixel beam collimation system, and assemble the entire prototype micro‐RT system for feasibility demonstration. The proposed multi‐pixel array x‐ray micro‐RT system is capable of electronically defining radiation field shape and intensity modulation pattern for small animal irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Galanthamine. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.