gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential Role of ‘Green’ Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Photocatalytic Applications (2022)

Environmental sustainability is the cornerstone of the development of nanotechnology in today’s time. The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) based on green chemistry widely promotes this concept by minimizing the use of toxic precursors. Herein, the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs is reported using Origanum majorana extract. The mode of synthesis is facile, eco-friendly, economically, applicable, and rapid. The constituent phytochemicals of the extract responsible for the formation of the nanocatalysts were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, X-ray diffraction, particle size measurements, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanocatalysts. Moreover, the ability of TiO2 NPs to degrade rhodamine B dye under UV irradiation was also investigated. The key findings showed the marked photocatalytic property of the synthesized green TiO2 NPs, which could be potentially incorporated as a nanoscale technique in the process of water purification for human use.
Laser-induced photochemical enrichment of boron isotopes (1975)

A boron trichloride starting material containing both boron-10 isotopes andoron-11 isotopes is selectively enriched in one or the other of these isotopes by a laser-induced photochemical method involving the reaction of laser-excited boron trichloride with either H2 S or D2 S. The method is carried out by subjecting a low pressure gaseous mixture of boron trichloride starting material and the sulfide to infrared radiation from a carbon dioxide TE laser. The wave length of the radiation is selected so as to selectively excite one or the other of boron-10 BCl3 molecules or boron-11 BCl3 molecules, thereby making them preferentially more reactive with the sulfide. The laser-induced reaction produces both a boron-containing solid phase reaction product and a gaseous phase containing mostly unreacted BCl3 and small amounts of sulfhydroboranes. Pure boron trichloride selectively enriched in one of the isotopes is recovered as the primary product of the method from the gaseous phase by a multi-step recovery procedure. Pure boron trichloride enriched in the other isotope is recovered as a secondary product of the method by the subsequent chlorination of the solid phase reaction product followed by separation of BCl3 from the mixture of gaseous products resulting from the chlorination.
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis, 3. Syntheses and characterization of aromatic poly(ether sulfone)s and poly(oxy‐2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene) containing pendant vinyl groups (1984)

Abstract A method for the syntheses of α,ω‐dibenzyl aromatic poly(ether sulfone)s (PSU) and poly(oxy‐2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene) (POP) containing pendant vinyl groups is presented. The first step of the synthetic procedure involves the chloromethylation of PSU and POP to provide polymers with chloromethyl groups. POP, containing bromomethyl groups, was obtained by radical bromination of the methyl groups. Both chloromethylated and bromomethylated starting materials were transformed into their phosphonium salts, and then subjected to a phase transfer catalyzed Witting reaction to provide polymers with pendant vinyl groups. A PSU, containing pendant ethynyl groups, was prepared by bromination of the PSU, containing pendant vinyl groups, followed by a phase transfer catalyzed dehydrobromination. Differential scanning calorimetry of the thermal curing of the polymers containing pendant vinyl and ethynyl groups showed that the curing reaction is much faster for the polymers containing vinyl groups. The resulting network polymers are flexible when the starting polymer contains pendant vinyl groups, and very rigid when it contains pendant ethynyl groups.
System design of a single-shot reconfigurable null test using a spatial light modulator for freeform metrology (2019)

We report the simulation of an adaptive interferometric null test using a high-definition phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) to measure form and mid spatial frequencies of a freeform mirror with a sag departure of 150 μm from its base sphere. A state-of-the-art commercial SLM is modeled as a reconfigurable phase computer generated hologram (CGH) that generates a nulling phase function with close to an order of magnitude higher amplitude than deformable mirrors. The theoretical uncertainty in form measurement arising from pixelation and phase quantization of the SLM is 50.62 nm RMS. The calibration requirements for hardware implementation are detailed.
Noncoherent sequence detection (1999)

New noncoherent sequence detection algorithms for combined demodulation and decoding of coded linear modulations transmitted over additive white Gaussian noise channels, possibly affected by intersymbol interference, are presented. Optimal sequence detection in the presence of a random rotation of the signal phase, assumed to be constant during the entire transmission, requires a receiver complexity exponentially increasing with the duration of the transmission. Based on proper approximations, simple suboptimal detection schemes based on the Viterbi algorithm are presented, whose performance approaches that of coherent detection. In a companion paper by Colavolpe and Raheli (see ibid., vol.47, no.9, p.1303-7, 1999), noncoherent sequence detection is extended to continuous phase modulations. In the proposed schemes, the tradeoff between complexity and performance is simply controlled by a parameter, referred to as implicit phase memory, and the number of states of a trellis diagram. Besides being realizable, these schemes have the convenient feature of allowing us to remove the constant phase assumption and encompass time-varying phase models. The proposed schemes compare favorably with other solutions previously proposed in the technical literature.
A rapid protein folding assay for the bacterial periplasm (2010)

An array of genetic screens and selections has been developed for reporting protein folding and solubility in the cytoplasm of living cells. However, there are currently no analogous folding assays for the bacterial periplasm, despite the significance of this compartment for the expression of recombinant proteins, especially those requiring important posttranslational modifications (e.g., disulfide bond formation). Here, we describe an engineered genetic selection for monitoring protein folding in the periplasmic compartment of Escherichia coli cells. In this approach, target proteins are sandwiched between an N-terminal signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent signal peptide and a C-terminal selectable marker, TEM-1 beta-lactamase. The resulting chimeras are localized to the periplasmic space via the cotranslational SRP pathway. Using a panel of native and heterologous proteins, we demonstrate that the folding efficiency of various target proteins correlates directly with in vivo beta-lactamase activity and thus resistance to ampicillin. We also show that this reporter is useful for the discovery of extrinsic periplasmic factors (e.g., chaperones) that affect protein folding and for obtaining folding-enhanced proteins via directed evolution. Collectively, these data demonstrate that our periplasmic folding reporter is a powerful tool for screening and engineering protein folding in a manner that does not require any structural or functional information about the target protein.
Processing and Utilization of High-Sulfur Coals III (1990)

A total of 71 papers presented at the conference appear in the proceedings in sections entitled: characterisation of high-sulfur coals; coal desulfurization by physical cleaning; chemical cleaning and processing; combustion and post combustion control of SO{sub 2}; and utilization of high-sulfur coal. The papers have been abstracted separately.
Grating-outcoupled surface-emitting semiconductor lasers at 1310 and 1550 nm (2003)

Demonstration of a concept for a single-frequency, grating-outcoupled surface-emitting semiconductor laser (GSE) is reported at wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm with output powers of 2 mW. First-order distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) gratings are used for feedback and a second-order grating provides surface emission. The device has a 6/spl times/10 /spl mu/m outcoupling aperture that approximately matches the spot size of a single mode fiber. This architecture allows probe-testing at the wafer level similar to vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL). These initial GSE lasers have demonstrated pulsed threshold currents of 47 mA at 1289 nm and 60 mA at 1550 nm with /spl sim/20 dB side-mode suppression ratios (SMSR).
Nanocrystalline diamond protects Zr cladding surface against oxygen and hydrogen uptake: Nuclear fuel durability enhancement (2017)

In this work, we demonstrate and describe an effective method of protecting zirconium fuel cladding against oxygen and hydrogen uptake at both accident and working temperatures in water-cooled nuclear reactor environments. Zr alloy samples were coated with nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) layers of different thicknesses, grown in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition apparatus. In addition to showing that such an NCD layer prevents the Zr alloy from directly interacting with water, we show that carbon released from the NCD film enters the underlying Zr material and changes its properties, such that uptake of oxygen and hydrogen is significantly decreased. After 100-170 days of exposure to hot water at 360 °C, the oxidation of the NCD-coated Zr plates was typically decreased by 40%. Protective NCD layers may prolong the lifetime of nuclear cladding and consequently enhance nuclear fuel burnup. NCD may also serve as a passive element for nuclear safety. NCD-coated ZIRLO claddings have been selected as a candidate for Accident Tolerant Fuel in commercially operated reactors in 2020.
Cover Picture: Thiophene–Diazine Molecular Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structural, Electrochemical, Optical, and Electronic Structural Properties; Implementation in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors (Chem. Eur. J. 20/2009) (2009)

Abstract Molecular semiconductors in the guise of three diazine‐functionalized oligothiophenes have been synthesized and their structural, optical, vibrational, electrochemical, and semiconductor properties studied. In their Full Paper on page 5023 ff. , J. T. López Navarrete, A. Facchetti, T. J. Marks et al. describe how these diazine‐functionalized oligothiophenes are reasonably efficient hole transporters. magnified image
Templated self-assembly in three dimensions using magnetic levitation (2011)

Although self-assembly (SA) in two dimensions (2D) is highly developed (especially using surfaces as a templates), SA in three dimensions (3D) has been more difficult. This paper describes a strategy for SA in 3D of diamagnetic plastic objects (mm- to cm-sized in this work, but in principle in sizes from ∼10 μm to m) supported in a paramagnetic fluid by a non-uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field and its gradient levitate the objects, template their self-assembly, and influence the shape of the assembled cluster. The structure of the 3D assembling objects can be further directed using hard mechanical templates—either the walls of the container or co-levitating components—which coincide spatially with the soft template of the magnetic field gradient. Mechanical agitation anneals the levitating clusters; the addition of photocurable adhesive, followed by UV illumination, can permanently fuse components together.
Dc-dc converter topology assessment for large scale distributed photovoltaic plant architectures (2011)

Distributed photovoltaic (PV) plant architectures are emerging as a replacement for the classical central inverter based systems. However, power converters of smaller ratings may have a negative impact on system efficiency, reliability and cost. Therefore, it is necessary to design converters with very high efficiency and simpler topologies in order not to offset the benefits gained by using distributed PV systems. In this paper an evaluation of the selection criteria for dc-dc converters for distributed PV systems is performed; this evaluation includes efficiency, simplicity of design, reliability and cost. Based on this evaluation, recommendations can be made as to which class of converters is best fit for this application.
Non-destructive measurement of stress in steel by magnetic sensor acting under high biasing field. (1988)

A magnetic sensor acting under high biasing field was developed to measure stress in steel nondestructively, based on the linear dependence of reversible permeability on stress, and it was applied to measure uniaxial tensile stress.It was found that the product of reversible permeability and measured area changed linearly with stress. This result was explained by the magnetostriction theory under high field amplitude. In order to extend the applicability of this method to the measurement of plane stress, the relationship between the measured value of the product and the stress in the transverse direction was examined. Fundamentally, a linear relation was found between them, but some problems, such as hysteresis due to loading and the boundary effect on the test piece, remained to be solved.
Tumor immunity against adult T‐cell leukemia (2005)

Human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐I (HTLV‐I) causes adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) in a small population of infected individuals after a long incubation period. Although the process of clonal evolution of ATL cells may involve multiple steps, ATL cells from half of the ATL cases still retain the ability to express HTLV‐I Tax, a key molecule of HTLV‐I leukemogenesis. A recent finding of reactivation of Tax‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in ATL patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation suggests the presence of Tax expression in vivo and potential contribution of the CTL to antitumor immunity. This is consistent with the results of a series of animal experiments indicating that Tax‐specific CTL limit the growth of HTLV‐I‐infected cells in vivo , although the animal model mimics only an early phase of HTLV‐I infection and leukemogenesis. Establishment of an insufficient HTLV‐I‐specific T‐cell response and an increased viral load in orally HTLV‐I‐infected rats suggests that host HTLV‐I‐specific T‐cell response at a primary HTLV‐I infection can be a critical determinant of persistent HTLV‐I levels thereafter. These findings indicate that Tax‐targeted vaccines may be effective for prophylaxis of ATL in a high‐risk group, and also for therapy of ATL in at least half the cases. ( Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 249 –255)
QoS routing granularity in MPLS networks (2002)

This study investigates how constraint-based routing decision granularity significantly affects the scalability and blocking performance of QoS routing in an MPLS network. Coarse granularity, such as per-destination, has lower storage and computational overheads but is only suitable for best effort traffic. On the other hand, fine granularity, such as per-flow, provides lower blocking probability for bandwidth requests, but requires a huge number of states and high computational cost. To achieve cost-effective scalability, this study proposes using hybrid granularity schemes. The overflowed cache of the per-pair/flow scheme adds a per-pair cache and a per-flow cache as the routing cache, and performs well in blocking probability. The per-pair/class scheme groups the flows into several paths using routing marks, thus allowing packets to be label-forwarded with a bounded cache.
Broadband Dispersion Extraction Using Simultaneous Sparse Penalization (2011)

In this paper, we propose a broadband method to extract the dispersion curves for multiple overlapping dispersive modes from borehole acoustic data under limited spatial sampling. The proposed approach exploits a first order Taylor series approximation of the dispersion curve in a band around a given (center) frequency in terms of the phase and group slowness at that frequency. Under this approximation, the acoustic signal in a given band can be represented as a superposition of broadband propagators each of which is parameterized by the slowness pair above. We then formulate a sparsity penalized reconstruction framework as follows. These broadband propagators are viewed as elements from an overcomplete dictionary representation and under the assumption that the number of modes is small compared to the size of the dictionary, it turns out that an appropriately reshaped support image of the coefficient vector synthesizing the signal (using the given dictionary representation) exhibits column sparsity. Our main contribution lies in identifying this feature and proposing a complexity regularized algorithm for support recovery with an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> type simultaneous sparse penalization. Note that support recovery in this context amounts to recovery of the broadband propagators comprising the signal and hence extracting the dispersion, namely, the group and phase slownesses of the modes. In this direction we present a novel method to select the regularization parameter based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests on the distribution of residuals for varying values of the regularization parameter. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method on synthetic as well as real data and show its performance in dispersion extraction under presence of heavy noise and strong interference from time overlapped modes.
Design of power-rail ESD clamp circuit with separate detection component and delay component against mis-triggering (2013)

A novel power clamp circuit which has a good immunity to mis-triggering is proposed in this paper. The proposed circuit has a separate detection component and delay component, so that it can distinguish the ESD event and fast-power-on condition, while it has enough turn-on time during an ESD event. Simulation results verify that the proposed circuit has enhanced ability to discharge static charges during an ESD event, and it improved mis-trigger immunity down to 100ns power-up rise time.
A one-way packet communication channel with retransmissions (1998)

The goal of any strategy used to share a communication link is to provide a maximally reliable channel for the greatest possible number of users. It is of particular interest to have an efficient method of resource sharing for one-way communication channels. This paper concerns an application in which a large population of users transmits on a common radio channel to a single central receiver. The channel provides for no return path indicating successful reception. Each user makes an initial transmission, and then the message is repeated some number of times. A technique with retransmissions that increases the probability of successful one-way message transmission is proposed, its theory is formulated, and the results are analyzed and discussed. This technique presents a method for achieving certain throughput on a one-way packet transmission channel with anticipated traffic loading by trading off between various channel parameters. In addition, a computer simulation is performed verifying the developed channel model, and its confidence intervals are determined.
Two-dimensional quantum mechanical modeling of band-to-band tunneling in indirect semiconductors (2011)

A quantum mechanical procedure to calculate phonon-assisted tunneling current in indirect semiconductors in a two-dimensional structure is demonstrated. Applying the procedure to two types of double-gate silicon tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) structures, it is observed that semiclassical predictions strongly overestimate the subthreshold swing and the device current. Furthermore, while the semiclassical simulation suggests a higher current for one of the investigated TFET devices, a proper quantum mechanical calculation comes to the opposite conclusion. This result, which is expected to apply to direct semiconductors as well, proves the importance of correct quantum mechanical tunneling models for performance predictions of novel devices such as TFETs.
Wavelet-Based Multi-Fractal Spectrum for Machine Defect Identification (2007)

This paper presents a technique based on the wavelet-based multi-fractal singularity spectrum for rotary machine defect identification. Specifically, vibration signals measured by accelerometers are decomposed into a series of scales, with each scale corresponding to a sub-frequency band, by means of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The multi-fractal spectrum is then calculated from the wavelet coefficient modulus-maxima lines. Comparing to other signal processing techniques, the inherently flexible time-frequency resolution property of the wavelet transform characterizes the scaling properties of the multi-fractal spectrum, thus is more effective in singularity identification. Experimental studies on rolling bearings and a gearbox have shown that the presented technique provides an effective tool for defect identification.
Production of therapeutic proteins in algae, analysis of expression of seven human proteins in the chloroplast of <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> (2010)

Recombinant proteins are widely used today in many industries, including the biopharmaceutical industry, and can be expressed in bacteria, yeasts, mammalian and insect cell cultures, or in transgenic plants and animals. In addition, transgenic algae have also been shown to support recombinant protein expression, both from the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. However, to date, there are only a few reports on recombinant proteins expressed in the algal chloroplast. It is unclear whether this is because of few attempts or of limitations of the system that preclude expression of many proteins. Thus, we sought to assess the versatility of transgenic algae as a recombinant protein production platform. To do this, we tested whether the algal chloroplast could support the expression of a diverse set of current or potential human therapeutic proteins. Of the seven proteins chosen, >50% expressed at levels sufficient for commercial production. Three expressed at 2%-3% of total soluble protein, while a forth protein accumulated to similar levels when translationally fused to a well-expressed serum amyloid protein. All of the algal chloroplast-expressed proteins are soluble and showed biological activity comparable to that of the same proteins expressed using traditional production platforms. Thus, the success rate, expression levels, and bioactivity achieved demonstrate the utility of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a robust platform for human therapeutic protein production.
Effect of a Calcium Prerinse on Salivary Fluoride after a 228-ppm Fluoride Rinse (2006)

The objective of this study was to determine if a concentrated calcium prerinse given before a fluoride rinse would cause an increase in the post rinse sali vary fluoride (F). A panel of 5 subjects used a 30, 150 or 300 mmol/l calcium lactate prerinse followed by a 1-min NaF rinse. All calcium prerinses significantly increased the 1-hour saliva F relative to the NaF control without a prerinse. The maximum increase was produced by the 150 mmol/l calcium lactate prerinse and was about ninefold higher than the NaF control.