gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Rat Neurotensin Receptor Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Mediates the Release of Inositol Phosphates (1992)

To study second messenger synthesis mediated by the cloned rat neurotensin receptor, we derived a cell line stably expressing this receptor. The cDNA clone of this receptor was subcloned into the pcDNA1neo expression vector. This construct was then used to transfect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. Colony clones, selected for resistance to antibiotic G-418 sulfate, were isolated and grown separately. Nineteen individual clones were screened for total [3H]neurotensin binding as an indication of neurotensin receptor expression. The clone (CHO-rNTR-10) showing the highest level of specific [3H]neurotensin binding was characterized further. With intact cells, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for specific [3H]neurotensin binding was 18 nM, and the maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) was 900 fmol/mg of protein or 740 fmol/10(6) cells (approximately 4.4 x 10(5) sites on the cellular surface). Whereas the KD was similar to that found in other cellular systems, for example, the murine neuroblastoma clone N1E-115, the Bmax exceeded previously reported values. Incubation of intact CHO-rNTR-10 cells with neurotensin caused the release of inositol phosphates in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 = 3 nM), results indicating that the expressed transfected receptor was functional. Neurotensin did not inhibit cyclic AMP levels stimulated by forskolin. As with other systems, neurotensin (8-13) was more potent than neurotensin Neurotensin-mediated inositol phosphate release is the first report of second messenger synthesis for this receptor expressed in a transfected cell line. These results suggest that the relation between structure and function of the neurotensin receptor can be readily studied in transfected cell lines.
Law Is Code: A Software Engineering Approach to Analyzing the United States Code (2015)

The agglomeration of rules and regulations over time has produced a body of legal code that no single individual can fully comprehend. This complexity produces inefficiencies, makes the processes of understanding and changing the law difficult, and frustrates the fundamental principle that the law should provide fair notice to the governed. In this Article, we take a quantitative, unbiased, and software-engineering approach to analyze the evolution of the United States Code from 1926 to today. Software engineers frequently face the challenge of understanding and managing large, structured collections of instructions, directives, and conditional statements, and we adapt and apply their techniques to the U.S. Code over time. Our work produces insights into the structure of the U.S. Code as a whole, its strengths and vulnerabilities, and new ways of thinking about individual laws. For example, we identify the first appearance and spread of important terms in the U.S. Code like “whistleblower” and “privacy.” We also analyze and visualize the network structure of certain substantial reforms, including the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and show how the interconnections of references can increase complexity and create the potential for unintended consequences. Our work is a timely illustration of computational approaches to law as the legal profession embraces technology for scholarship in order to increase efficiency and to improve access to justice.
Efficient Methodology for Stimulation Candidate Selection and Well Workover Optimization (2011)

Abstract Nigeria is endowed with huge proven gas reserves estimated to be 184 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). It ranks as the seventh holder of natural gas reserves in the world, and the largest in Africa. Nigeria also flares more natural gas than any other country; it accounts for 12.5% of the world's annual gas flared equivalent to $2.0 billion of annual revenue wasted. There is crucial need, therefore, to reduce gas flaring and its environmental impacts, and to derive maximum economic benefits from gas production. Well stimulation consists of several methods used for enhancing the natural producing ability of the reservoir when production rate declines. The purpose of the study is to present a methodology and models for the selection, design and optimization of well stimulation. Production decline curve analysis is combined with economic discounting concepts to develop a model that can be used for optimizing stimulation decisions. The model is presented in the form of a non-linear programming problem subject to the constraints imposed by the production facilities, reservoir productivity and the stimulation budget approved by management. Production data from four stimulation candidate wells, offshore Niger Delta was used to validate the model developed by setting up a maximization problem. Solution to the problem was obtained using non-linear optimization software. The results show that the optimization model can be combined with stimulation treatment modules, developed from industry wide models, to quantify stimulation benefits. Candidate wells were then ranked based on stimulation cost, payout time and stimulation benefit. Proposed methodology and models can be used for stimulation candidate selection, ranking workover programs in a field and in optimizing stimulation decisions.
Low Power VLSI Design and Technology (1996)

Introduction to low-power VLSI design, G. Yeap and A. Wild low power design of off-chip drivers and transmission lines - a branch and bound approach, R. Gupta et al a new CMOS driver model for transient analysis and power dissipation analysis, H. Liao et al on the optimal drivers of high-speed low power ICs, D. Zhou and X.Y. Liu floorplan design with low power considerations, K.Y. Chao and D.F. Wong retiming sequential circuits for low power, J. Monteiro et al.
Performance Control Strategies of One-Step Immuno-Chromatographic Assay System for<i>Salmonella Typhimurium</i> (1999)

ABSTRACT To attain optimum sensitivity (defined as the minimum detection limit) in an assay, an immuno-chromatographic assay system for Salmonella typhimurium (see Figure 1) were arranged at three different stages of: preparation of the respective system components, integration of the analytical parts, and trial test after fabrication. Primary approaches focused on the manufacture of two major components. In preparing the gold-antibody conjugate as tracer, important steps that may eventually affect the system performance were an appropriate blocking of residual surfaces of gold particles after conjugation and the subsequent separation of excess antibody used. The immobilized antibody on nitrocellulose membrane brought about variable results according to the storage time of the antibody solution before addition and also incubation conditions of the added solution onto the membrane. In the second stage, analytical elements were adapted for the construction of the system. Chemical composition of a medium used for elution as well as for the component production significantly altered the signal intensity. The concentrations of the both antibodies (conjugated and immobilized) as well as the time for antigen-antibody reaction (reflected by the volume of sample absorption pad) were the critical parameters that regulated the relative magnitude of the signal to the background obtained at zero dose of analyte. As the final step of control, the system fabricated was adjusted to a signal-to-noise ratio by two methods. Thermal treatment of the NC membrane with the immobilized antibody was effective to eliminate the background signal, while a detergent addition into the sample solution could be used to increase the signal density within a limited concentration range of analyte. Under the conditions optimized for sensitivity, the chromatographic system detected 2.5x105 cells/mL or higher after an assay time of approximately 15 min.
Partitioning of Heat Losses and Gains in Premature Newborn Infants Under Radiant Warmers (1985)

The partition of heat loss into convective and evaporative components, and heat gain into metabolic rate of production and radiant heat needed to maintain thermal equilibrium was determined in ten premature neonates (weight 1.39 +/- .08 [SEM] kg, gestation 31 +/- 1 weeks) who were nursed naked and supine on open radiant warmer beds. Warmer beds were servocontrolled to maintain each infant's abdominal skin temperature at three different levels: 35.5, 36.5, and 37.5 degrees C. The quantity of radiant heat delivered by the warmer in vivo was measured directly and compared with the heat need calculated from the partition. Convective heat loss comprised the major component of net heat loss and increased significantly with servocontrol temperature from 2.86 +/- .24 to 3.27 +/- .23 kcal/kg/h (P less than .01), and to 3.72 +/- .26 kcal/kg/h (P less than .001). Evaporative heat loss increased with servocontrol temperature from .96 +/- .13 to 1.41 +/- .33 kcal/kg/h, and to 1.35 +/- .32 kcal/kg/h, but this increase was not significant. Metabolic rate decreased from 2.08 +/- .17 to 1.90 +/- .14 kcal/kg/h, and to 1.78 +/- .16 kcal/kg/h with increased servocontrol temperature, but this decrease was not significant. Radiant heat needed to maintain infants at higher temperatures increased from 1.73 to 2.80 kcal/kg/h, and to 3.32 kcal/kg/h. The radiant heat delivered by the warmer to infants was directly proportional to the heat need calculated from the partition (r = .68, P less than .001).
1lβ-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Bioactivity and Messenger RNA Expression in Rat Forebrain: Localization in Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, and Cortex* (1990)

In peripheral aldosterone target sites (e.g., kidney), 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-OHSD) metabolizes corticosterone to inactive 11-dehydrocorticosterone and thus protects mineralocorticoid receptors from exposure to corticosterone in vivo. We have investigated whether 11 beta-OHSD could account for the site-specific differences in corticosteroid receptor sensitivity to corticosterone in rat brain. Enzyme activity, estimated as the percentage conversion of [3H]corticosterone to [3H]11-dehydrocorticosterone in the presence of NADP+ (200 microM), was: hippocampus, 55.8 +/- 2.7%; cortex, 52 +/- 3.1%; pituitary; 40 +/- 2%, hypothalamus, 26.1 +/- 1.2%; brain stem, 21.4 +/- 1.7%; and spinal cord, 12.3 +/- 1.8%. Northern blots, using [32P]dCTP-labeled probes from an 11 beta-OHSD cDNA clone derived from rat liver, showed expression of a single mRNA species in all brain areas, of identical size to 11 beta-OHSD mRNA in liver and kidney. Highest expression was found in hippocampus and cortex. In situ hybridization, using [35S]UTP-labeled cRNA probes, localized high mRNA expression to cerebral cortex (particularly parietal cortex, layer IV), hippocampus (highest in CA3), hypothalamic medial preoptic area and arcuate nuclei and anterior pituitary. In conclusion, there is localized 11 beta-OHSD mRNA expression and enzyme bioactivity in rat brain. The distribution of 11 beta-OHSD corresponds to areas of reduced glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptor affinity for corticosterone. Therefore, 11 beta-OHSD may regulate the access of corticosterone to cerebral mineralocorticoid and/or glucocorticoid receptors and thus modulate corticosteroid effects on brain function.
One-step preparation of D-penicillamine from benzylpenicillin. (1989)

The preparation of D-penicillamine (5) was achieved by a single-step reaction of benzylpenicillin potassium salt (1) with arylamines (2, 7, and 13). The intermediates in these reactions should be the penicilloic acid α-amides. The structures of by-products formed in these reactions were also determined.
Synthesis of Functional Polymers by Post‐Polymerization Modification (2008)

Post-polymerization modification is based on the direct polymerization or copolymerization of monomers bearing chemoselective handles that are inert towards the polymerization conditions but can be quantitatively converted in a subsequent step into a broad range of other functional groups. The success of this method is based on the excellent conversions achievable under mild conditions, the excellent functional-group tolerance, and the orthogonality of the post-polymerization modification reactions. This Review surveys different classes of reactive polymer precursors bearing chemoselective handles and discusses issues related to the preparation of these reactive polymers by direct polymerization of appropriately functionalized monomers as well as the post-polymerization modification of these precursors into functional polymers.
Exact Regeneration Codes for Distributed Storage Repair Using\n Interference Alignment (2009)

The high repair cost of (n,k) Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) erasure codes\nhas recently motivated a new class of codes, called Regenerating Codes, that\noptimally trade off storage cost for repair bandwidth. On one end of this\nspectrum of Regenerating Codes are Minimum Storage Regenerating (MSR) codes\nthat can match the minimum storage cost of MDS codes while also significantly\nreducing repair bandwidth. In this paper, we describe Exact-MSR codes which\nallow for any failed nodes (whether they are systematic or parity nodes) to be\nregenerated exactly rather than only functionally or information-equivalently.\nWe show that Exact-MSR codes come with no loss of optimality with respect to\nrandom-network-coding based MSR codes (matching the cutset-based lower bound on\nrepair bandwidth) for the cases of: (a) k/n <= 1/2; and (b) k <= 3. Our\nconstructive approach is based on interference alignment techniques, and,\nunlike the previous class of random-network-coding based approaches, we provide\nexplicit and deterministic coding schemes that require a finite-field size of\nat most 2(n-k).\n
Imaging Distinct Conformational States of Amyloid-β Fibrils in Alzheimer’s Disease Using Novel Luminescent Probes (2007)

Using luminescent conjugated polyelectrolyte probes (LCPs), we demonstrate the possibility to distinguish amyloid-beta 1-42 peptide (Abeta1-42) fibril conformations, by analyzing in vitro generated amyloid fibrils of Abeta1-42 formed under quiescent and agitated conditions. LCPs were then shown to resolve such conformational heterogeneity of amyloid deposits in vivo. A diversity of amyloid deposits depending upon morphology and anatomic location was illustrated with LCPs in frozen ex vivo brain sections from a transgenic mouse model (tg-APP swe) of Alzheimer's disease. Comparative LCP fluorescence showed that compact-core plaques of amyloid beta precursor protein transgenic mice were composed of rigid dense amyloid. A more abundant form of amyloid plaque displayed morphology of a compact center with a protruding diffuse exterior. Surprisingly, the compact center of these plaques showed disordered conformations of the fibrils, and the exterior was composed of rigid amyloid protruding from the disordered center. This type of plaque appears to grow from more loosely assembled regions toward solidified amyloid tentacles. This work demonstrates how application of LCPs can prove helpful to monitor aggregate structure of in vivo formed amyloid deposits such as architecture, maturity, and origin.
CAG repeat size and clinical presentation in Huntington's disease (1994)

The specific mutation in Huntington's disease (HD) is an expansion of the unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat in the IT15 gene in chromosome 4p. We examined the relationship between the CAG repeat size and clinical presentation in 36 patients with suspected diagnosis of HD. Twelve patients had no relatives with documented HD, and five of them failed to show the expanded (>37) CAG repeats. The remaining 31 patients, including seven patients with atypical clinical features for HD (three without and four with family history of documented HD), were heterozygotes for the CAG repeat expansion. There were large CAG repeats (50 copies) in paternally transmitted HD cases with early onset (age 30 or earlier). The rate of disease progression was faster in paternally transmitted cases regardless of the CAG repeat length or age of onset. We conclude that (1) patients lacking the family history of HD frequently show no expansion of the CAG repeats, and (2) the sex of the affected parent influences both the CAG repeat size and the phenotypic expression of the HD gene in the offspring.
HDD Micro-actuator Reliability Study (2007)

Seagate designed a micro-actuator that enables fine positioning by a dual-stage servo system to increase recording density of hard disk drives (HDDs). In this paper, a degradation accelerated life test (ALT) performed at Seagate using two stressors (temperature and AC voltage) is discussed. Statistical ALT analysis techniques were used to assess the test results. Finally, the Palgrem-Miner's damage accumulation rule was employed (applied AC voltage on micro-actuator being a narrow-band random process) to predict the micro-actuator reliability. The results show that the micro-actuator designed by Seagate demonstrates very high long-term reliability. The approach presented in this paper can be universally applied for predicting device field reliability using in-house ALT data modeling and field usage profile information
The Synthesis and in vivo Evaluation of 2′,2′‐Difluoro KRN7000 (2009)

The synthesis of 2',2'-difluoro KRN7000 is described. In vivo evaluation demonstrates that this fluorinated glycolipid induces CD1d-dependent TCR activation of NKT cells, with a bias towards Th2 cytokine production.
Active Learning Genetic programming for record deduplication (2010)

The great majority of genetic programming (GP) algorithms that deal with the classification problem follow a supervised approach, i.e., they consider that all fitness cases available to evaluate their models are labeled. However, in certain application domains, a lot of human effort is required to label training data, and methods following a semi-supervised approach might be more appropriate. This is because they significantly reduce the time required for data labeling while maintaining acceptable accuracy rates. This paper presents the Active Learning GP (AGP), a semi-supervised GP, and instantiates it for the data deduplication problem. AGP uses an active learning approach in which a committee of multi-attribute functions votes for classifying record pairs as duplicates or not. When the committee majority voting is not enough to predict the class of the data pairs, a user is called to solve the conflict. The method was applied to three datasets and compared to two other deduplication methods. Results show that AGP guarantees the quality of the deduplication while reducing the number of labeled examples needed.
The locust swarm: an environmentally-powered, networkless location and messaging system (2002)

The Locust infrared system provides inexpensive messaging and location information without batteries and without its own network. The system is "privacy aware" in that it supplies information to the wearable computer user who can then control how much of this information is shared with others or the installed infrastructure. By combining the abilities of Locusts with an appropriately equipped wearable computer, the user can interact with web-like hyperlinks, graphics, and sounds virtually associated with objects in the physical world. In addition the user can annotate and change these links as desired.
Analysis of the marriage and fertility survey of Yi minority women in the fringe areas of Liangshan Mountain. (1991)

Based on data from a survey of 937 Yi women aged 15-64 years in Bianyuan on Liangshan Mountain in Malong and Gaoping Townships in China, this study compared the marriage and fertility characteristics of 1986 to those of 1982. The more closely the Yi live together, the worse their economic and health care conditions are due to their isolation from the outside world. These conditions are not conducive to the practice of birth control. The results show that married Yi women living in fringe areas have fewer live births than Yi women living on Liangshan Mountain. Child survival is similar in both areas. The Yi of Liangshan Mountain believe that high fertility is a necessary compensation for high mortality. Evidence from Yi in fringe areas may help dispel the fears of birth control and change beliefs about the balance between mortality and births. The Yi in fringe areas have better economic, cultural, and health care facilities. They exhibited a postponed mean age of first marriage, fewer early marriages, and lower mortality. Life expectancy was longer and fertility lower as a result of the birth control program operating in the fringe area. Fertility among the Yi women in Bianyuan is 19.85% among the unmarried, 75.46% among the married, 4.48% among the widowed, and .21% among the divorced. Fertility is higher for the married and unmarried but lower for the divorced or widowed than in fringe areas. A higher percentage of 15-19 years old and a lower percentage of 20-24 years olds are married in Liangshan Mountain. 80% of Yi women 20-24 years old who live in fringe areas are married. The mean age at marriage has been slowly rising, and until the 1980s, there was little significant difference between Yi women in fringe or mountain areas. There is as low rate of widowed and divorced women in fringe areas. The mean age of first birth has also risen over time. Liangshan Mountain fertility was 201.12/1000 for general fertility and 7.49993 for total fertility, while for fringe areas it was 85.11/1000 and 2.7738 respectively. This demonstrates controlled fertility in fringe areas. Enforcement of family planning policy is lax on Liangshan Mountain. THe peak fertility among Liangshan Mountain women is 358.38/1000 in the peak age group of 25-29 years, while for fringe areas, it is 236.38/1000 with the peak age group being 20-24 years. Live births/woman are 3.72 on Liangshan Mountain and 2.72 in fringe areas.
Security Monitoring Using Microphone Arrays and Audio Classification (2006)

In the paper, the authors propose a security monitoring system that can detect and classify the location and nature of different sounds within a room. This system is reliable and robust even in the presence of reverberation and in low signal-to-noise (SNR) environments. We describe a novel algorithm for audio classification, which, first, classifies an audio segment as speech or nonspeech and, second, classifies nonspeech audio segments into a particular audio type. To classify an audio segment as speech or nonspeech, this algorithm divides the audio segment into frames, estimates the presence of pitch in each frame, and calculates a pitch ratio (PR) parameter; it is this PR parameter that is used to discriminate speech audio segments from nonspeech audio segments. The discerning threshold for the PR parameter is adaptive to accommodate different environments. A time-delayed neural network is employed to further classify nonspeech audio segments into an audio type. The performance of this novel audio classification algorithm is evaluated using a library of audio segments. This library includes both speech segments and nonspeech segments, such as windows breaking and footsteps. Evaluation is performed under different SNR environments, both with and without reverberation. Using 0.4-s audio segments, the proposed algorithm can achieve an average classification accuracy of 94.5% for the reverberant library and 95.1% for the nonreverberant library