gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Critiquing Physical Prototypes for a Remote Audience (2017)

We present an observational study of physical prototype critique that highlights some of the challenges of communicating physical behaviors and materiality at a distance. Geographically distributed open hardware communities often conduct user feedback and peer critique sessions via video conference. However, people have difficulty using current video conferencing tools to demonstrate and critique physical designs. To examine the challenges of remote critique, we conducted an observational lab study in which participants critiqued pairs of physical prototypes (prosthetic hands) for a face-to-face or remote collaborator. In both conditions, participants' material experiences were an important part of their critique, however their attention was divided between interacting with the prototype and finding strategies to communicate `invisible' features. Based on our findings, we propose design implications for remote collaboration tools that support the sharing of material experiences and prototype critique.
Efficient white-light-emitting diodes based on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) doped with blue fluorescent and orange phosphorescent materials (2006)

We have fabricated polymer white-light-emitting devices possessing a single emitting layer containing a hole-transporting host polymer, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), and an electron-transporting auxiliary, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, doped with a blue-light-emitting amino-substituted distyrylarylene fluorescent dye and an orange-light-emitting osmium phosphor. The doubly doped device exhibited an intense white emission having Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage coordinates of (0.33, 0.34), a high external quantum efficiency of 6.12% (13.2cd∕A), and a maximum brightness of 11306cd∕m2. The color coordinates remained unchanged over a range of operating voltages, even at luminance as high as 1×104cd∕m2.
Gold island films on indium tin oxide for localized surface plasmon sensing (2008)

Mechanically, chemically and optically stable gold island films were prepared on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates by direct thermal evaporation of thin gold films (2-6 nm) without the need for pre- or post-coating. The effect of mild thermal annealing (150 °C, 12 h) or short high temperature annealing (500 °C, 1 min) on the morphology of the gold nanostructures was investigated. ITO covered with 2 nm gold nanoislands and annealed at 500 °C for 1 min was investigated for its ability to detect the adsorption of biotinylated bovine serum albumin using local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and its subsequent molecular recognition of avidin.
In Vivo  Uptake and Elimination of Isoflurane by Different Membrane Oxygenators during Cardiopulmonary Bypass (2002)

The uptake of isoflurane into blood via PMP oxygenators during CPB is severely limited. This should be taken into consideration in cases using such devices.
A Sugar Amino Acid as a Novel Peptidomimetic (1994)

A sugar amino acid in the peptide backbone marks a novel class of unnatural peptide building blocks with interesting properties. By incorporation of the readily accessible sugar amino acid into peptides, the structure and pharmacokinetics can be influenced directly. This is demonstrated for cyclic and linear somatostatin (1) and enkephalin analogues.
Radical SAM, a novel protein superfamily linking unresolved steps in familiar biosynthetic pathways with radical mechanisms: functional characterization using new analysis and information visualization methods (2001)

A novel protein superfamily with over 600 members was discovered by iterative profile searches and analyzed with powerful bioinformatics and information visualization methods. Evidence exists that these proteins generate a radical species by reductive cleavage of S:-adenosylmethionine (SAM) through an unusual Fe-S center. The superfamily (named here Radical SAM) provides evidence that radical-based catalysis is important in a number of previously well- studied but unresolved biochemical pathways and reflects an ancient conserved mechanistic approach to difficult chemistries. Radical SAM proteins catalyze diverse reactions, including unusual methylations, isomerization, sulfur insertion, ring formation, anaerobic oxidation and protein radical formation. They function in DNA precursor, vitamin, cofactor, antibiotic and herbicide biosynthesis and in biodegradation pathways. One eukaryotic member is interferon-inducible and is considered a candidate drug target for osteoporosis; another is observed to bind the neuronal Cdk5 activator protein. Five defining members not previously recognized as homologs are lysine 2,3-aminomutase, biotin synthase, lipoic acid synthase and the activating enzymes for pyruvate formate-lyase and anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase. Two functional predictions for unknown proteins are made based on integrating other data types such as motif, domain, operon and biochemical pathway into an organized view of similarity relationships.
Solvent recovery and partial deacidification of vegetable oils by membrane technology (1996)

Abstract A process is described using nanofiltration membranes for the partial de‐solventizing and de‐acidification of hexane‐extracted vegetable oils. The model miscella (containing 20% soybean oil with 2% free fatty acids) was concentrated to 45% oil at an average flux of 91/m 2 h at 2.76 MPa and 24°C. The permeate from this stage was re‐concentrated 9‐fold at an average flux of 201/m 2 h. The net recovery of oil was more than 99%, with a simultaneous 40% reduction of FFA and over 50% reduction in the energy required for evaporation of hexane.
SURGICAL CORRECTION OF NIPPLE HYPERTROPHY IN MALE GYNECOMASTIA (1977)

<p>Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is highly sensitive in detecting early cerebral ischemic changes in acute stroke, and in pre-clinical assessment of white matter (WM) anatomy using tractography, thus being an important component of health informatics. In clinical settings, the computation time is critical, and so finding forms of reducing the processing time in high computation processes such as Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI) dMRI data processing is extremely relevant. We analyse here a method for reducing the computation of the dMRI-based axonal orientation distribution function h by using a Monte Carlo sampling-based methods for voxel selection, and so obtained a reduction in required data sampling of about 20%. In this work we show that the convergence to the correct value in this type of dMRI data-processing is linear and not exponential, implying that the Monte Carlo approach in this type of dMRI data processing improves its speed, but further improvements are needed.</p>
Mechanical properties and<i>in vitro</i>behavior of nanofiber–hydrogel composites for tissue engineering applications (2012)

Hydrogel-based biomaterial systems have great potential for tissue reconstruction by serving as temporary scaffolds and cell delivery vehicles for tissue engineering (TE). Hydrogels have poor mechanical properties and their rapid degradation limits the development and application of hydrogels in TE. In this study, nanofiber reinforced composite hydrogels were fabricated by incorporating electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin 'blend' or 'coaxial' nanofibers into gelatin hydrogels. The morphological, mechanical, swelling and biodegradation properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels were evaluated and the results indicated that the moduli and compressive strengths of the nanofiber reinforced hydrogels were remarkably higher than those of pure gelatin hydrogels. By increasing the amount of incorporated nanofibers into the hydrogel, the Young's modulus of the composite hydrogels increased from 3.29 ± 1.02 kPa to 20.30 ± 1.79 kPa, while the strain at break decreased from 66.0 ± 1.1% to 52.0 ± 3.0%. Compared to composite hydrogels with coaxial nanofibers, those with blend nanofibers showed higher compressive strength and strain at break, but with lower modulus and energy dissipation properties. Biocompatibility evaluations of the nanofiber reinforced hydrogels were carried out using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) by cell proliferation assay and immunostaining analysis. The nanocomposite hydrogel with 25 mg ml(-1) PCL/gelatin 'blend' nanofibers (PGB25) was found to enhance cell proliferation, indicating that the 'nanocomposite hydrogels' might provide the necessary mechanical support and could be promising cell delivery systems for tissue regeneration.
Selective depletion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induces a scurfy-like disease (2007)

The scurfy mutant mouse strain suffers from a fatal lymphoproliferative disease leading to early death within 3-4 wk of age. A frame-shift mutation of the forkhead box transcription factor Foxp3 has been identified as the molecular cause of this multiorgan autoimmune disease. Foxp3 is a central control element in the development and function of regulatory T cells (T reg cells), which are necessary for the maintenance of self-tolerance. However, it is unclear whether dysfunction or a lack of T reg cells is etiologically involved in scurfy pathogenesis and its human correlate, the IPEX syndrome. We describe the generation of bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice termed "depletion of regulatory T cell" (DEREG) mice expressing a diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein under the control of the foxp3 gene locus, allowing selective and efficient depletion of Foxp3+ T reg cells by DT injection. Ablation of Foxp3+ T reg cells in newborn DEREG mice led to the development of scurfy-like symptoms with splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, insulitis, and severe skin inflammation. Thus, these data provide experimental evidence that the absence of Foxp3+ T reg cells is indeed sufficient to induce a scurfy-like phenotype. Furthermore, DEREG mice will allow a more precise definition of the function of Foxp3+ T reg cells in immune reactions in vivo.
Summary of presentations at the NIH/NIAID New Humanized Rodent Models 2007 Workshop (2008)

It has long been recognized that a small animal model susceptible to HIV-1 infection with a functional immune system would be extremely useful in the study of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis and for the evaluation of vaccine and therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. By early 2007, a number of reports on various rodent models capable of being infected by and responding to HIV including some with a humanized immune system were published. The New Humanized Rodent Model Workshop, organized by the Division of AIDS (DAIDS), National Institute Allergy and Infection Diseases (NIAID), NIH, was held on September 24, 2007 at Bethesda for the purpose of bringing together key model developers and potential users. This report provides a synopsis of the presentations that discusses the current status of development and use of rodent models to evaluate the pathogenesis of HIV infection and to assess the efficacy of vaccine and therapeutic strategies including microbicides to prevent and/or treat HIV infection.
Externalizing Childhood Sexual Abuse with Adult Survivors (2002)

Abstract The externalization of client problems can have the effect of increasing clients' perceived sense of empowerment. The use of letter writing and drawing techniques are discussed as externalization techniques that can be helpful in group work with sexual abuse survivors.
RLlib: Abstractions for Distributed Reinforcement Learning (2017)

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms involve the deep nesting of highly irregular computation patterns, each of which typically exhibits opportunities for distributed computation. We argue for distributing RL components in a composable way by adapting algorithms for top-down hierarchical control, thereby encapsulating parallelism and resource requirements within short-running compute tasks. We demonstrate the benefits of this principle through RLlib: a library that provides scalable software primitives for RL. These primitives enable a broad range of algorithms to be implemented with high performance, scalability, and substantial code reuse. RLlib is available at https://rllib.io/.
Leader Proteinase of <i>Beet Yellows Virus</i> Functions in Long-Distance Transport (2003)

The 66-kDa leader proteinase (L-Pro) of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) possesses a nonconserved N-terminal domain and a conserved, papain-like C-terminal domain. Previous work revealed that the N-terminal domain functions in RNA amplification, whereas the C-terminal domain is required for autoproteolysis. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis was applied to complete the functional analysis of L-Pro throughout the virus life cycle. This analysis indicated that the C-terminal domain of L-Pro, in addition to being required for proteolysis, also functions in RNA amplification and that these two functions are genetically separable. Examination of the role of L-Pro in BYV cell-to-cell movement revealed that none of the 20 examined replication-competent mutants was movement defective. In contrast, six of the L-Pro mutations affected the long-distance transport of BYV to various degrees, whereas three mutations completely abolished the transport. Because these mutations were located throughout the protein molecule, both domains of L-Pro function in virus transport. We conclude that in addition to previously identified functions of L-Pro, it also serves as the BYV long-distance transport factor.
Characterization and Alumina Leachability of 12CaO·7Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>with Different Holding Times (2014)

The effect of synthesis time on phase compositions, lattice constant, average grain size, preferred orientation, and surface morphology of 12CaO·7Al 2 O 3 synthesized at 1500°C was analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results indicate that the main phase of samples synthesized is 12CaO·7Al 2 O 3 when holding time is over 30 min. The lattice constant increases and the preferred orientation decreases as synthesis time prolongs. The average grain size of samples is about 59 nm calculated by Scherrer formula, and it does not change with synthesis time. The synthesis time affects the micromorphology of samples greatly. There are more and bigger holes in samples synthesized for long time. The aspects mentioned above cause the alumina leaching ratio of 12CaO·7Al 2 O 3 to increase with the prolonging of synthesis time, but the rate of increase drops.
Eliminating solvents in resist removal processes using low-cost detergents (2010)

Cleaning processes may account for up to 25% of all steps in the manufacture of a microelectronic device. According to the 2009 ITRS, ESH strategies include the reduction of chemical exposure, usage, and waste, and soon may consider building certification. One simple way to move towards these objectives and save over 50% in costs is by replacing organic solvents with aqueous detergents to strip photoresist (PR). Positive-tone and negative-tone acrylic resins may be removed in seconds or minutes with aqueous detergents meeting performance and selectivity needs of the process. Aggressive systems of high alkaline strength (i.e. pH=14) can be built to perform as needed while metals and substrates are protected. Successful aqueous chemistries provide good penetration, particle removal, and sheet rinsing while foaming is held in check. Detergents used at 3-10% by weight in water can offer superior performance, eliminate solvents, lower costs, and reduce waste.
Simultaneous determination of fimasartan, a novel antihypertensive agent, and its active metabolite in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (2011)

Fimasartan, 2-butyl-5-dimethylaminothiocarbonylmethyl-6-methyl-3-[[2'-(1H tetrazol -5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (BR-A-657), is a novel angiotensin II receptor blocker exhibiting potent and selective AT1 receptor blocking activity. This study reports the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of fimasartan and its active metabolite, BR-A-557, in rat plasma. The assay was validated to demonstrate the specificity, linearity, recovery, lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and stability. The multiple reaction monitoring was based on the transition of m/z 502.1 → 207.1 for fimasartan, 486.2 → 207.1 for BR-A-557 and 526.1 → 207.1 for BR-A-563 (internal standard). The assay utilized a simple precipitation procedure with acetonitrile and isocratic elution. The LLOQ was 0.2 ng/mL for fimasartan and BR-A-557 using 50 μL plasma samples. The assay was linear over a concentration range from 0.2 to 500 ng/mL for fimasartan and BR-A-557, with correlation coefficients >0.9995. The intra- and inter-day assay accuracies were 93.6-108.0 and 90.8-101.4% for fimasartan and 102.2-107.1 and 99.6-103.3% for BR-A-557, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision were 2.4-4.4 and 3.0-13.4% for fimasartan and 3.1-5.2 and 2.8-9.8% for BR-A-557, respectively. The developed assay may be used to study the metabolism and mechanistic pharmacokinetics of fimasartan in future studies.
Robust Joint Audio-Video Localization in Video Conferencing Using Reliability Information (2004)

This paper proposes a new method for performing joint audio-video talker localization that explores the reliability of the individual localization estimates such as audio, motion detection, and skin-color detection. The reliability information is estimated from the audio and video data separately. The proposed method then uses this reliability information in conjunction with a simple summing voter to dynamically discriminate erroneous outputs from the localizers while performing fusion on the localization results. Based on the voter output, a majority rule is then used to make the final decision of the active talker's current location. The results show that adding the reliability information during fusion improves localization performance when compared to audio only, motion detection only, skin-color detection only, and joint audio-video using straight summing fusion localization methods. The computational complexity of the proposed method is comparable to the existing ones.
An Overview of Starch-Based Plastic Blends from Reactive Extrusion (2006)

The North American market for biodegradable plastics in 2005 was estimated to be around 60 million pounds (27 kt). Starch-based polymer blends were expected to account for 30 million pounds (14 kt) with significantly lower growth rates than other biodegradable polymers such as polyesters. The main hurdle in the growth of starch-based products is the thermodynamic immiscibility and non-wetting of starch with other polymers which leads to serious deterioration of mechanical properties at >25–30 wt% starch. Higher amounts of starch in the blends entail adding suitable functional groups on starch and other polymers in the blend to make them more compatible. The primary challenge is to develop fast reaction chemistries that can be transformed into viable processes and integrated into existing process lines with economically viable formulations. This article briefly reviews some of the most promising chemistries available for the reactive extrusion of starch-based polymer blends (biodegradable/non-biodegradable).
Hierarchical segmentation schemes for function evaluation (2004)

This paper presents a method for evaluating functions based on piecewise polynomial approximation with a novel hierarchical segmentation scheme. The use of a novel hierarchy scheme of uniform segments and segments with size varying by powers of two enables us to approximate non-linear regions of a function particularly well. This partitioning is automated: efficient look-up tables and their coefficients are generated for a given function, input range, order of the polynomials, desired accuracy and finite precision constraints. We describe an algorithm to find the optimum number of segments and the placement of their boundaries, which is used to analyze the properties of a function and to benchmark out approach. Our method is illustrated using three non-linear compound functions, /spl radic/-log(x), x log(x) and a high order rational function. We present results for various operand sizes between 8 and 24 bits for first and second order polynomial approximations.
Dramatic Enhancement of Third-Harmonic Generation in Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals (2004)

We have observed a dramatic enhancement of third-harmonic generation in 3D polystyrene-air photonic crystals pumped by a near infrared laser beam. As the pump wavelength is tuned, the peak of the enhancement occurs when the third-harmonic wavelength approaches the short-wavelength edge of the band gap. We show that the origin of the enhancement is phase matching provided by the periodic structure of the photonic crystals.
Veno‐occlusive disease of the liver after hemopoietic cell transplantation (2000)

The clinical syndrome of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) after hemopoietic cell transplantation is characterised by jaundice, painful liver enlargement, and fluid retention with weight gain. Cytoreductive therapy is presumably the primary cause of VOD, but several other agents (and a special susceptibility of the liver) can also play a role in its genesis. The risk of VOD can be predicted before BMT by analysing the presence or absence of the main risk factors. For the diagnosis of VOD most teams worldwide apply the clinical criteria developed by both the Seattle and Baltimore teams. Transjugular liver studies and some biological markers can help establish a correct differential diagnosis. In most cases clinical manifestations improve after several days, but 20-25% of patients could die of VOD. Data regarding whether or not pharmacological prophylactic measures are effective are contradictory. There a few therapeutical approaches directed towards the improvement of venular occlusion; recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and defibrotide can solve some cases of severe VOD.