gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of polyacrylonitrile- based porous hollow carbon microspheres A Physicochemical and engineering aspects (2017)

Hollow carbon microspheres were successfully fabricated in a convenient fashion by employing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) emulsions as precursors. The obtained hollow carbon microspheres were shown high monodispersity, tunable pore structures—gradient pore diameters and uniform orientation of pores. Through varying the flowing rates of three phases and solidification time, the PAN microspheres with different sizes and densities could be simply synthesized. Besides the relationship between the solidification time and the density of microspheres as well as their gas barrier properties were studied in this paper. These structured microspheres have great potential applications in various areas, including foam targets, carbon molecular sieve, cargo storage, medical instruments and so on.
Development and Applications of a Fully Implicitly Coupled Wellbore-Reservoir Simulator (2019)

In this dissertation, we develop a compositional multiphase wellbore-reservoir simulator, GURU-MSW. The compositional reservoir simulator GURU serves as the starting point of this work. GURU-MSW fully implicit couples a multi-segment wellbore (MSW) model with the reservoir simulator GURU. Although taking the most developing effort, the fully implicit coupling mechanism is considered to be unconditionally stable and fast. \nAfter developing the general framework of the simulator, the coupled MSW-reservoir simulator is tested in two application scenarios, both being the first attempt in the literature. The first application is to analyze the well interference phenomenon. Well interference, introduced by the inter-well fracture hits, is a major production issue in shale reservoir development. When fracture hits occur, GURU-MSW can capture the sudden production rate jump caused by the wellbore crossflow. We also apply GURU-MSW to model a case with three wells under well group control. \nThe second application of GURU-MSW is the simulation of liquid loading phenomenon. Liquid loading is an inevitable production issue in mature gas fields, which occurs when the producing gas rate is not high enough to carry all the liquids to wellbore surface. This is a phenomenon that can neither be comprehensively simulated by a single wellbore simulator nor a single reservoir simulator because of the dynamic interaction between wellbore and reservoir. GURU-MSW successfully characterizes the dynamic interaction between wellbore multiphase flow and reservoir multiphase flow. We systematically analyze a cyclical production phenomenon, which was only reported as field observations previously. \nTwo new gas-liquid drift-flux models are proposed in this dissertation. The first model incorporates the flow regime transition criteria from annular flow to churn or slug flow for vertical, slanted and horizontal pipes. The model is specially designed for the application of liquid loading modeling in horizontal gas wells. \nThe second model is a unified model for all pipe inclinations. The new model is tested against 5805 experimental measured data points from 22 sources as well as 13440 data points from the OLGA-S library. The numerical stability of the model is tested with GURU-MSW. The drift-flux model commonly applied in MSW simulation only covers a pipe inclination range from 2 degrees (nearly horizontal) to 90 degrees (vertical upward). The proposed model has a potential in filling in the gap left by the existing drift-flux model.
Tramadol anti‐inflammatory activity is not related to a direct inhibitory action on prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases (2000)

The analgesic drug tramadol has been shown to relieve pain in inflammatory conditions, to inhibit the development of experimental inflammation, and to reduce prostaglandin (PG)E(2)concentrations in the inflammatory exudate. In this study, we evaluated the putative activity of tramadol to suppress prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 (PGHS-1), and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2) activities in human whole blood in vitro. Platelet thromboxane (Tx)B(2)production and monocyte PGE(2)production in LPS- stimulated blood were measured in samples incubated with different concentrations (300 ng/ml, 3 microg/ml, 30 microg/ml) of tramadol or its enantiomers. Neither tramadol nor the enantiomers inhibited the formation of arachidonic acid metabolites. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of tramadol demonstrated in some models is not related to a direct inhibitory effect on the formation of prostanoids.
Mice That Lack Thrombospondin 2 Display Connective Tissue Abnormalities That Are Associated with Disordered Collagen Fibrillogenesis, an Increased Vascular Density, and a Bleeding Diathesis (1998)

Thrombospondin (TSP) 2, and its close relative TSP1, are extracellular proteins whose functions are complex, poorly understood, and controversial. In an attempt to determine the function of TSP2, we disrupted the Thbs2 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, and generated TSP2-null mice by blastocyst injection and appropriate breeding of mutant animals. Thbs2-/- mice were produced with the expected Mendelian frequency, appeared overtly normal, and were fertile. However, on closer examination, these mice displayed a wide variety of abnormalities. Collagen fiber patterns in skin were disordered, and abnormally large fibrils with irregular contours were observed by electron microscopy in both skin and tendon. As a functional correlate of these findings, the skin was fragile and had reduced tensile strength, and the tail was unusually flexible. Mutant skin fibroblasts were defective in attachment to a substratum. An increase in total density and in cortical thickness of long bones was documented by histology and quantitative computer tomography. Mutant mice also manifested an abnormal bleeding time, and histologic surveys of mouse tissues, stained with an antibody to von Willebrand factor, showed a significant increase in blood vessels. The basis for the unusual phenotype of the TSP2-null mouse could derive from the structural role that TSP2 might play in collagen fibrillogenesis in skin and tendon. However, it seems likely that some of the diverse manifestations of this genetic disorder result from the ability of TSP2 to modulate the cell surface properties of mesenchymal cells, and thus, to affect cell functions such as adhesion and migration.
Comparative Study of Rapamycin and Temsirolimus Demonstrates Superimposable Anti‐Tumour Potency on Prostate Cancer Cells (2012)

Rapamycin is a macrocyclic lactone currently used for the treatment of cancer and for the prevention of transplant rejection. The primary pharmacological mode of action of rapamycin occurs through the inhibition (blocking) of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). By doing so, rapamycin interferes with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mTOR axis that controls several cellular functions involving cell growth, proliferation and angiogenesis. The frequent activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in advanced prostate cancer has provided a rationale for the use of mTOR inhibitors in this setting. We carried out a comparative study on the effects of rapamycin and temsirolimus on the in vitro and in vivo growth of the prostate cancer cell lines, LnCap and PC3. Our results demonstrate that rapamycin and temsirolimus exert similar in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative effects against prostate cancer cells.
Hepatitis C Virus Nonstructural Protein NS4B Transforms NIH3T3 Cells in Cooperation with the Ha-ras Oncogene (2000)

Although the mechanism of carcinogenesis by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not clearly known, core and NS3P protein have been shown to form tumors in specific cell lines. In this study, on the basis of the fact that the core and NS4B proteins of Kunjin virus translocate into the nucleus, we were prompted to investigate whether the HCV nonstructural protein NS4B has any function in tumor formation. First, we examined the location of the NS4B protein of HCV in transfected cells and then its oncogenic activity by transfection of NIH3T3 cells with the NS4B gene in the presence or absence of the Ha-ras gene. The NS4B protein was present only in the cytoplasm, particularly in the perinuclear region, different from the case of the Kunjun virus. The cells expressing HCV NS4B cooperatively with the Ha-ras gene showed loss of contact inhibition, morphological alterations, and anchorage-independent growth. These biological activities were confirmed by the transcription activation of the reporter gene from the AP1 promoter, by the NS4B protein in association with Ha-ras. Our results demonstrated that HCV NS4B protein in association with the Ha-ras gene played an important role in the malignant transformation of cells by HCV.
The Progress of Study on Solid Polymer Electrolytes of PVDF-HFP (2007)

Solid polymer electrolyte(SPE) has great potential for application in Li ion battery due to its advantages,such as light weight,high safety,excellent visco-elasticity,memberrane formability and easy processing.In this paper,the progress of solid polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP)was reviewed briefly and the preparation technology of the polymer electrolyte was introduced.Influences on the properties of the polymer electrolyte were analyzed and progress of modified the polymer electrolyte were discussed.
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Effect of Spark Discharge Plasma and UV Lamp Radiation on Water and an Aqueous Solution of Methyl Orange (2020)

The oxidation of methyl orange (MO) under the influence of radiation from spark discharge plasma in air and a low-pressure mercury lamp is studied. Two modes of sample processing are compared: the action of radiation on an aqueous solution of MO (mode 1, direct action) and the action of radiation on water, after which the water is mixed with a solution of MO (mode 2, indirect action). The radiation energy of the mercury lamp is ten times greater than the energy of radiation from spark discharge, but the yield of MO oxidation under the action of the mercury lamp is 100 times lesser than the yield under the action of spark discharge radiation. This is due to the difference in the spectrum of radiation and the operating regime (continuous and pulsed). The yields of MO oxidation under the action of spark discharge plasma radiation for modes 1 and 2 are the same and amount to 1.2-1.3 1/(100 eV). This means that active species are first produced in water and then interact with the dissolved substance, indirect mechanism takes place. Under the action of radiation from a mercury lamp, the oxidation yield in mode 2 is zero within the limits of experimental errors, direct mechanism takes place.
Field-induced surface modification on the atomic scale by scanning tunneling microscopy (1992)

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to study the modification of tin diselenide (SnSe2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum. We have shown that there are positive bias voltage pulse thresholds that must be exceeded to remove material from the surfaces of SnSe2 and MoS2. The voltage threshold for modification of SnSe2(+1.4 V) is significantly smaller in magnitude than the threshold for modification of MoS2(+3.5 V). These threshold results and tip-sample distance dependence data suggest that modification occurs by field evaporation. Additionally, near threshold pulses create stable atomic sizes defects that can be erased by high voltage scanning.
Pupil Size Estimation Based on Spatially Weighted Corneal Flux Density (2019)

The pupil size is an important parameter in different studies on vision and ophthalmology. A pupil size estimation model is constantly needed when actual measurements are unavailable. The reported pupil estimation models commonly adopt the product of light intensity and viewing field area, supposing the light contributes uniformly across the spatial domain. In this paper, the pupil diameters were measured for stimuli with different intensities and different sizes. Spatially varying effect were observed, especially for large field stimuli and annular bright stimuli. A spatially weighted flux density is proposed which shows a high correlation with pupil diameters. A hyperbolic equation is fitted to estimate the natural pupil diameter with independent light spatial distributions. The goodness of fit R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> reaches 0.97. The accuracy of the model is further verified with a natural indoor scene for different viewing distances and different illumination levels. The model predicted pupil diameters show a high correlation with the measured data.
Texture Analysis in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Review and Considerations for Future Applications (2016)

Texture analysis is a technique used for the quantification of image texture. It has been successfully used in many fields, and in the past years it has been applied in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a computer-aided diagnostic tool. Quantification of the intrinsic heterogeneity of different tissues and lesions is necessary as they are usually imperceptible to the human eye. In the present chapter, we describe texture analysis as a process consisting of six steps: MRI acquisition, region of interest (ROI) definition, ROI preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. There is a great variety of methods and techniques to be chosen at each step and all of them can somehow affect the outcome of the texture analysis application. We reviewed the literature regarding texture analysis in clinical MRI focusing on the important considerations to be taken at each step of the process in order to obtain maximum benefits and to avoid misleading results.
[Prognostic value of markers for proliferative activity and apoptotic regulation in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma]. (2013)

Prognosis for patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma depends on many factors, among which molecular biological markers receive ever increasing attention. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the expression of the proteins p53 and bcl-2 and the proliferation markers Ki-67 and cyclin D1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Biopsy specimens from 64 patients aged 34 to 77 years (mean age 56+1.2 years) with invasive laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, who received combination therapy at the Medical Radiology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, were studied. The level of Ki-67 and the expression of cyclin D1, p53, and bcl-2 were compared with clinical and anatomic parameters (T stage, tumor grade, and the presence of regional metastases), using Student's t-test and fourfold table analysis (X2 or Fisher's exact test). Survival rates were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method; the significance of differences between survival curves was confirmed by Cox's F-test. The value p0.05 was taken to be significant. Ki-67 is an important prognostic marker for the N status (p=0.03) and recurrence (p=0.04) and a marker for tumor grading (p<0.01). Cyclin D1 expression is associated with low overall and relapse-free survival rates (p=0.05 and 0.03, respectively). The prognostic marker for a recurrence is p53 (p=0.01) that is related to the N status at the trend level (p=0.08). The marker bcl-2 is associated with high overall survival (p=0.01) and N status at the trend level (p=0.08).
Controlled Growth of Peptide Nanoarrays on Si/SiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Substrates (2008)

PAMAM dendrimer nanopatterns on Si/ SiOx substrates generated by dip-pen nanolithography are used as anchoring scaffolds for the growth of peptides in situ by ring-opening polymerization of tryptophan-N-carboxyanhydrides. This new method for the fabrication of peptide nanoarrays (see image) on a solid substrate is unique in that the growth of peptide nanostructures is controlled by the reaction time and the concentration of the tryptophan species.
A chemical and computational approach to comprehensive glycation characterization on antibodies (2015)

Non-enzymatic glycation is a challenging post-translational modification to characterize due to the structural heterogeneity it generates in proteins. Glycation has become increasingly recognized as an important product quality attribute to monitor, particularly for the biotechnology sector, which produces recombinant proteins under conditions that are amenable to protein glycation. The elucidation of sites of glycation can be problematic using conventional collision-induced dissociation (CID)-based mass spectrometry because of the predominance of neutral loss ions. A method to characterize glycation using an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a model is reported here. The sugars present on this mAb were derivatized using sodium borohydride chemistry to stabilize the linkage and identified using CID-based MS(2) mass spectrometry and spectral search engines. Quantification of specific glycation sites was then done using a targeted MS(1) based approach, which allowed the identification of a glycation hot spot in the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 of the mAb. This targeted approach provided a path forward to developing a structural understanding of the propensity of sites to become glycated on mAbs. Through structural analysis we propose a model in which the number and 3-dimensional distances of carboxylic acid amino acyl residues create a favorable environment for glycation to occur.
Developments in hydrogenation technology for fine-chemical and pharmaceutical applications. (2001)

The continuous innovation in hydrogenation technology is testimony to its growing importance in the manufacture of specialty and fine chemicals. New developments in equipment, process intensification and catalysis represent major themes that have undergone recent advances. Developments in chiral catalysis, methods to support and fix homogeneous catalysts, novel reactor and mixing technology, high-throughput screening, supercritical processing, spectroscopic and electrochemical online process monitoring, monolithic and structured catalysts, and sonochemical activation methods illustrate the scope and breadth of evolving technology applied to hydrogenation.
Calculations of tangential neutral beam injection current drive efficiency for present moderate flux FRCs (2004)

A Monte Carlo code is employed to study tangential neutral beam injection into moderate flux field reversed configurations (FRCs) sustained by rotating magnetic fields (RMFs). The dimensions of the FRC are similar to those obtained in the Translation, Confinement and Sustainment (TCS) experiment. Two injection geometries are considered. In one case the beam is injected through the ends, at a small angle to the FRC axis while in the other the beam is injected almost perpendicularly, at some point along the separatrix. The current drive efficiency and the deposited power are calculated employing plasma parameters that can be expected in future experiments on TCS. It is shown that, although the RMF degrades beam confinement, relatively high efficiencies can be obtained provided the RMF does not penetrate too deeply into the plasma. Since the torque deposited by the neutral beam can balance the torque deposited by the RMF, the simultaneous use of both methods appears to be a very attractive option.
Holography at x-ray wavelengths (1981)

We discuss alternative holographic techniques for imaging microscopic structures with a short-pulse, high intensity, high-quantum-energy laser. We find that Fresnel transform holography using a photoresist for registration of the hologram is most likely to be within the scope of near term technology. Although it has advantages in time gating, using an in-line electron microscope for hologram registration has an unacceptable tradeoff between quantum efficiency and resolution. Fourier transform holography using a reflector to generate the reference beam might be a reasonable alternative using low resolution film, but is necessarily more complicated. We discuss the dependence of the required laser intensity on the resolution sought and on the elastic and absorption cross sections. We conclude that resonant scattering must be used to obtain holograms at reasonable intensities.
Biotransformation of β-Mangostin by an Endophytic Fungus of <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> to Furnish Xanthenes with an Unprecedented Heterocyclic Skeleton (2018)

Biotransformation of β-mangostin (1) by the endophytic fungus Xylaria feejeensis GM06 afforded hexacyclic ring-fused xanthenes with an unprecedented hexacyclic heterocylic skeleton. β-Mangostin (1) was transformed to two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, mangostafeejin A [(-)-2a/(+)-2b)] and mangostafeejin B [(-)-3a/(+)-3b)]. The chemical structures of the transformation products were elucidated by analysis of NMR and MS data, and the structure of mangostafeejin A [(-)-2a/(+)-2b)] was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configurations of 3a and 3b were established on the basis of calculated and measured ECD data using the ECD spectra of 2a and 2b as models. The fungal biotransformation described herein provides an effective method to convert an abundant achiral plant natural product scaffold into new chiral heterocyclic scaffolds representing expanded chemical diversity for biological activity screening.
Eukaryotic initiator tRNA: Finely tuned and ready for action (2009)

The initiator tRNA must serve functions distinct from those of other tRNAs, evading binding to elongation factors and instead binding directly to the ribosomal P site with the aid of initiation factors. It plays a key role in decoding the start codon, setting the frame for translation of the mRNA. Sequence elements and modifications of the initiator tRNA distinguish it from the elongator methionyl tRNA and help it to perform its varied tasks. These identity elements appear to finely tune the structure of the initiator tRNA, and growing evidence suggests that the body of the tRNA is involved in transmitting the signal that the start codon has been found to the rest of the pre-initiation complex.
보문 / 한국 성인의 식사에서의 전통식 , 비전통식의 섭취 실태 - 서울지역을 중심으로 - (1996)

This study examined `traditional` and `modern` food use in Korean adults. Using a 24 hour recall method, trained interviewers assessed dietary intakes of 240 subjects aged 20`s to 50`s living in Seoul. Depending on the cultural characteristics of foods, 495 different kinds of foods eaten by the subjects were classified into 6 (Korean, Western, Eastern, modified Korean, modofied Western, modified Eeatern) types. The foods were also divided into 3 (`main dish`. `side dish`, `others`) categories. Based on these categories, the dietary intakes of the subjects were analyzed in terms of proportionate frequencies of individual food items. The most frequenctly eaten food was the Korean food (67.68%), followed by the Western (22.61%), modified Eatern (2.31%), modified Western (1.65%), and modified Korean (1.36%) foods. Regarding the main dish category, the Korean food received the highest proportion due to the Korean`s frequent intake of rice. Korean style foods were the most frequenctly consumed side dish (43.97% of total food consumption). In particular, kimchi consisted of 27.4% of the foods consumed as a side dish. In the `others` category, Western style foods obtained the highest proportion owing to coffee consumption. The results of the study indicates some methodological problems and suggests a need for further studies.