gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Informing Loads: Enabling Software to Observe and React to Memory Behavior (1995)

Memory latency is an important bottleneck in system performance that cannot be adequately solved by hardware alone. Several promising software techniques have been shown to address this problem success-fully in specific situations. However, the generality of these software approaches has been limited because current architectures do not provide a fine-grained, low-overhead mechanism to observe memory behavior directly. To fill this need, we propose a new set of memory operations called informing memory operations, and in particular, we describe the design and functionality of an informing load instruction. This instruction serves as a primitive that allows the software to observe cache misses and to act upon this information inex-pensively (i.e. under the miss, when the processor would typically be idle) within the current software con-text. Informing loads enable new solutions to several important software problems. We demonstrate this through examples that show their usefulness in (i) the collection of fine-grained memory profiles with high precision and low overhead and (ii) the automatic improvement of memory system performance through compiler techniques that take advantage of cache-miss information. Overall, we find that the apparent bene-
MIMO-SAR Based UWB Imaging for Concealed Weapon Detection (2010)

In this paper we present study on a high-resolution imaging system based on the combination of UWB transmission, MIMO array and SAR. For the antenna array an optimized UWB antenna is designed for near-field operation, allowing for distortionless impulse radiation with more than 100% fractional bandwidth. A MIMO linear array is further designed based on the principle of effective aperture. By combining with SAR in the orthogonal direction, high-resolution 3-D volumetric imaging is performed with reduced number of antenna elements. The proposed design is verified by MIMO-SAR measurements in anechoic chamber. The imaging results confirm the performance of the designed system and show a strong potential of MIMO-SAR based UWB system for security applications.
T-cell Landscape in a Primary Melanoma Predicts the Survival of Patients with Metastatic Disease after Their Treatment with Dendritic Cell Vaccines (2016)

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes appear to be a predictor of survival in many cancers, including cutaneous melanoma. We applied automated multispectral imaging to determine whether density and distribution of T cells within primary cutaneous melanoma tissue correlate with survival of metastatic melanoma patients after dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. CD3(+) T cell infiltration in primary tumors from 77 metastatic melanoma patients was quantified using the ratio of intratumoral versus peritumoral T-cell densities (I/P ratio). Patients with longer survival after DC vaccination had stronger T-cell infiltration than patients with shorter survival in a discovery cohort of 19 patients (P = 0.000026) and a validation cohort of 39 patients (P = 0.000016). I/P ratio was the strongest predictor of survival in a multivariate analysis including M substage and serum lactate dehydrogenase level. To evaluate I/P ratio as a predictive biomarker, we analyzed 19 chemotherapy-treated patients. Longer survival times of DC-vaccinated compared with chemotherapy-treated patients was observed for high (P = 0.000566), but not low (P = 0.154) I/P ratios. In conclusion, T-cell infiltration into primary melanoma is a strong predictor of survival after DC vaccination in metastatic melanoma patients who, on average, started this therapy several years after primary tumor resection. The infiltration remains predictive even after adjustment for late-stage prognostic markers. Our findings suggest that the I/P ratio is a potential predictive biomarker for treatment selection. Cancer Res; 76(12); 3496-506. ©2016 AACR.
Direct Reading of Bona Fide Barcode Assays for Diagnostics with Smartphone Apps (2015)

The desire to develop new point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools has led to the adaptation of smartphones to tackle limitations in state-of-the-art instrumentation and centralized laboratory facilities. Today's smartphones possess the computer-like ability to image and process data using mobile apps; barcode scanners are one such type of apps. We demonstrate herein that a diagnostic assay can be performed by patterning immunoassay strips in a bona fide barcode format such that after target binding and signal enhancement, the linear barcode can be read directly with a standard smartphone app. Quantitative analysis can then be performed based on the grayscale intensities with a customized mobile app. This novel diagnostic concept has been validated for a real-world application, i.e., the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin, a pregnancy hormone. With the possibility of multiplex detection, the barcode assay protocol promises to boost POC diagnosis research by the direct adaptation of mobile devices and apps.
Sub-Nyquist SAR via Fourier Domain Range-Doppler Processing (2017)

Conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are limited in their ability to satisfy the increasing requirement for improved spatial resolution and wider coverage. The demand for high resolution requires high sampling rates, while coverage is limited by the pulse repetition frequency. Consequently, sampling rate reduction is of high practical value in SAR imaging. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm, equivalent to the well-known range-Doppler method, to process SAR data using the Fourier series coefficients of the raw signals. We then demonstrate how to exploit the algorithm features to reduce sampling rate in both range and azimuth axes and process the signals at sub-Nyquist rates, by using compressive sensing (CS) tools. In particular, we demonstrate recovery of an image using only a portion of the received signal's bandwidth and also while dropping a large percentage of the transmitted pulses. The complementary pulses may be used to capture other scenes within the same coherent processing interval. In addition, we propose exploiting the ability to reconstruct the image from narrow bands in order to dynamically adapt the transmitted waveform energy to vacant spectral bands, paving the way to cognitive SAR. The proposed recovery algorithms form a new CS-SAR imaging method that can be applied to high-resolution SAR data acquired at sub-Nyquist rates in range and azimuth. The performance of our method is assessed using simulated and real data sets. Finally, our approach is implemented in hardware using a previously suggested Xampling radar prototype.
Single‐Crystal X‐ray Study of Ba<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>4</sub>O<sub>11</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and Its Incommensurately Modulated Superstructure Companion (2008)

Compounds containing lone-pair elements such as Te(IV) are very interesting from the structural point of view, as the lone-pair nonbonding regions create low-dimensional geometrical arrangements. We have synthesized two new compounds with these features-Ba(2)Cu(2)Te(4)O(11)Br(2) (I) and Ba(2)Cu(2)Te(4)O(11-delta)(OH)(2delta)Br(2) (II, delta approximately equal to 0.57)-as members of the AE-M-Te-O-X (AE=alkaline-earth metal, M=transition metal, X=halide) family of compounds by solid-state reactions. Preliminary single-crystal X-ray analysis indicated that compound I crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, but attempts at refinement proved unsatisfactory. Closer inspection of the reciprocal lattice revealed systematic, non-crystallographic absences that indicate twinning. The structure is in fact triclinic, space group C_1 (equivalent to P_1), with unit cell parameters (at 120 K) of a=10.9027(9), b=15.0864(7), c=9.379(2) A, beta=106.8947 degrees . It is layered and built from [TeO(3)E] tetrahedra, [TeO(3+1)E] trigonal bipyramids (where E is the lone pair of Te(IV)), [CuO(4)] squares and irregular [BaO(10)Br] polyhedra. The crystal structure of II shows the same basic structure as I but contains additional oxygen, probably in the form of OH groups. The presence of satellites reveals that ordering on this O site creates an incommensurate modulation, primarily affecting Br and Te. The modulated structure of II was solved in the triclinic superspace group X$\bar 1$(alphabetagamma)0 with the vector q approximately equal to1/16 c*.
The Development of a Portable Hard Disk Encryption/Decryption System with a MEMS Coded Lock (2009)

In this paper, a novel portable hard-disk encryption/decryption system with a MEMS coded lock is presented, which can authenticate the user and provide the key for the AES encryption/decryption module. The portable hard-disk encryption/decryption system is composed of the authentication module, the USB portable hard-disk interface card, the ATA protocol command decoder module, the data encryption/decryption module, the cipher key management module, the MEMS coded lock controlling circuit module, the MEMS coded lock and the hard disk. The ATA protocol circuit, the MEMS control circuit and AES encryption/decryption circuit are designed and realized by FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array). The MEMS coded lock with two couplers and two groups of counter-meshing-gears (CMGs) are fabricated by a LIGA-like process and precision engineering method. The whole prototype was fabricated and tested. The test results show that the user's password could be correctly discriminated by the MEMS coded lock, and the AES encryption module could get the key from the MEMS coded lock. Moreover, the data in the hard-disk could be encrypted or decrypted, and the read-write speed of the dataflow could reach 17 MB/s in Ultra DMA mode.
Electrochemical Reduction of  CO 2 at Intentionally Oxidized Copper Electrodes (1991)

We observed reduction to at various oxidized copper electrodes at 22°C. The electrode types included anodized Cu foil, Cu foil thermally oxidized in air, and air‐oxidized Cu electrodeposited on anodized or air‐oxidized Ti foil. The highest rates to date, (geometrical area), were found using anodized Cu in ,, and −1.9 V (SCE). Faradaic yields for depended on the current and reached about 240%. The onset potential for formation was near −0.4 V (SCE). Hydrogen gas and small amounts of were also formed. A mechanism is proposed involving chemical reduction steps up to , followed by three hydrogenation steps to . Absorption of oxygen by Cum is implied. The stability of semiconductor films is discussed in terms of breakdown currents due to band‐to‐band tunneling. The major impurities deposited on the Cu electrode during electrolysis are Zn and Fe at several atom percent each. An 8% level of Cl was found, originating from the etch used to remove the native oxide before thermal oxidation.
Identification and Characterization of a Gene Encoding Phospholipase D Activity in Yeast (1996)

We have identified an open reading frame on chromosome XI of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as encoding a protein with phospholipase D (PLD) activity. We have named this open reading frame, PLD1, and show that yeast bearing a disruption in this gene are unable to catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. PLD1 encodes a hypothetical protein of 1683 amino acids and has a predicted molecular mass of 195 kDa. Yeast bearing disruptions at the PLD1 locus are morphologically normal and grow vegetatively like wild-type cells. In contrast, homozygous delta pld1 diploid cells are unable to sporulate and do not produce asci under conditions that induce meiosis and sporulation in wild-type cells. Thus, PLD1 is likely to be essential for the meiotic cycle in yeast cells. This is the first identification of a eukaryotic, nonplant, phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D gene. Because the biological role of PLD is not well understood, we expect that delta pld1 yeast will become a useful tool for the characterization of PLD functions as well as for the identification of mammalian PLD homologs.
High-Resolution PET Imaging with Therapeutic Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Tracers (2016)

Checkpoint-blocking antibodies like those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have revolutionized oncology. We developed radiotracers based on therapeutic checkpoint-blocking antibodies permitting sensitive and high-resolution PET imaging of both PD-1 and PD-L1 in immunocompetent mice. ImmunoPET of naive mice revealed similar overall expression patterns for PD-1 and PD-L1 in secondary lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes). Interestingly, PD-L1 was also detected in brown adipose tissue (BAT), confirming the notion that BAT is immunologically relevant. Under pathophysiological conditions, strong expression of the receptor/ligand pair was also found in non-lymphoid tissues. Both were specifically detected in malignant tumors. PD-1 was readily detected after combined immunoradiotherapy causing massive tumor infiltration by PD-1+ lymphocytes. PD-L1 tracer uptake was reduced in PD-L1 knockout tumors. Moreover, monitoring the expression changes of PD-L1 in response to its main inducer, the effector T cell cytokine IFN-γ, revealed robust upregulation in the lung. This suggests that T cell responses in the lung, a vital organ continuously exposed to a variety of antigens, are strongly restrained by the PD-1 checkpoint. In turn, this could explain the association of PD-1 checkpoint inhibition with potentially fatal immune-mediated pneumonitis and partially also its efficacy in lung cancer.
Trajectory planning method for reduced patient risk in image-guided neurosurgery: concept and preliminary results (2010)

We present a new preoperative planning method to quantify and help reduce the risk associated with needle and tool insertion trajectories in image-guided keyhole neurosurgery. The goal is to quantify the risk of a proposed straight trajectory, and/or to find the trajectory with the lowest risk to nearby brain structures based on pre-operative CT/MRI images. The method automatically computes the risk associated with a given trajectory, or finds the trajectory with the lowest risk to nearby brain structures based on preoperative image segmentation and on a risk volume map. The surgeon can revise the suggested trajectory, add a new one using interactive 3D visualization, and obtain a quantitative risk measure. The trajectory risk is evaluated based on the tool placement uncertainty, on the proximity of critical brain structures, and on a predefined table of quantitative geometric risk measures. Our preliminary results on a clinical dataset with eight targets show a significant reduction in trajectory risk and a shortening of the preoperative planning time as compared to the conventional method.
A new active output filter (AOF) for variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) power system in aerospace applications (2015)

In this paper a new active output filter” (AOF) for variable speed constant frequency power system in aerospace applications is proposed. The proposed AOF is envisioned as a power semiconductor filter block. In the proposed system the passive L-C output filter components are replaced by an H-bridge. The H-bridge is operated at high frequency to inject voltage harmonics to achieve a sinusoidal output voltage to the load. Advance wide band gap devices can be employed in the design of AOF block to obtain high performance with simultaneous reduction in size. The proposed AOF concept offers a significant reduction in size/weight compared to passive L-C. Further, in the presence of AOF the main VSCF inverter can be operated in a six-step and/or at a reduced PWM frequency. An example 156 kVA, 3-phase 400Hz system with the proposed AOF concept is evaluated via simulation with a corresponding passive L-C filter configuration. Experimental results on reduced kVA laboratory prototype are discussed.
Intercalation of Functional Organic Molecules with Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical and Nutraceutical Functions into Layered Double Hydroxides and Zinc Basic Salts (2001)

National Nanohybrids Materials Laboratory (NNML)School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, KoreaReceived May 26, 2001Negatively charged functional organic molecules such as retinoic acid, ascorbic acid, indole acetic acid, citricacid, salicylic acid, acidic dye (indigo carmine, Food Blue 1) are intercalatively encapsulated by zinc basic salt(hydrozincite) and layered double hydroxide. Such functional organic-inorganic nanohybrids are realized viacoprecipitation reaction involving simultaneous formation of layered inorganic lattice and intercalation ofanionic species. The heterostructural nature of these nanohybrids, their particle morphology and texturalcharacterizations are mainly discussed on the basis of Powder X-ray Diffraction and Field Emission ScanningElectron Microscopy results. Keywords : Layered double hydroxide (LDH), Zinc basic salt (ZBS), Functional molecules, Intercalation,Nanohybrid.IntroductionIntercalation of organic and biomolecules into lamellarinorganic lattices is of great interest due to its scientific andpractical importance.
Measurements of OH Diffusion in Optical-Fiber Cores (1982)

A color-center laser was used at 0.95 μm to determine the activation energy for OH diffusion in the cores of current multimode fibers. The temperature range of 600 to 800°C was investigated and the activation energy determined to be 19,700 ± 1600 cal/mole in agreement with previous values reported for bulk silica. Based on this value, some 23,000 years would be necessary at 90°C to produce a 3-percent change in the 0.95-μm OH absorption at the core center. Apparently, OH diffusion over a service life of optical fibers should not be a problem in presently envisioned lightwave applications.
A decode-and-forward scheme for LDPC coded three-way relay fading channels (2015)

In this paper a low-density pairwise check (LDPC) coded three-way relay system is considered, where three user nodes desire to exchange messages with the help of one relay node. Since physical-layer network coding is applied, two time slots are sufficient for one round information exchange. In this paper, we present a decode-and-forward (DF) scheme based on joint LDPC decoding for three-way relay channels, where relay decoder partially decodes the network code rather than fully decodes all the user messages. Simulation results show that the new DF scheme considerably outperforms other common schemes in three-way relay fading channels.
Corneal Damage from Exposure to Ir Radiation (1981)

Rabbit endothelial damage thresholds have been determined for exposure to CO2 laser radiation (10.6 μm). The laser was operated in the TEM00 mode (Gaussian irradiance profile), and the 1/e diameter of the beam was 2.0 mm. Endothelial damage was detected using a staining technique. Threshold damage is characterized by distorted cells and uneven staining of the cell borders; while at exposure times of up to 90% of the threshold, the stained endothelia were indistinguishable from those in control eyes. Three fixed peak irradiance levels (24.5, 10.0 and 3.6 W/cm2) were investigated and the exposure duration was varied until threshold damage occurred. In each instance the threshold exposure duration for endothelial damage (1.0, 5.2 and 240 sec, respectively) was about 10 or more times the accepted threshold duration for epithelial damage. These results suggest that protecting against epithelial damage will also ensure against endothelial damage for CO2 laser systems. However, the calculated peak endothelial temperature increases at these threshold exposures are similar to those of the epithelium at its damage threshold. Thus, as discussed in the text, other IR laser systems could harm the endothelium at epithelial damage threshold exposure levels.
Selenium Assimilation and Volatilization from Dimethylselenoniopropionate by Indian Mustard (2000)

Earlier work from our laboratory on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) identified the following rate-limiting steps for the assimilation and volatilization of selenate to dimethyl selenide (DMSe): (a) uptake of selenate, (b) activation of selenate by ATP sulfurylase, and (b) conversion of selenomethionine (SeMet) to DMSe. The present study showed that shoots of selenate-treated plants accumulated very low concentrations of dimethylselenoniopropionate (DMSeP). Selenonium compounds such as DMSeP are the most likely precursors of DMSe. DMSeP-supplied plants volatilized Se at a rate 113 times higher than that measured from plants supplied with selenate, 38 times higher than from selenite, and six times higher than from SeMet. The conversion of SeMet to selenonium compounds such as DMSeP is likely to be rate-limiting for DMSe production, but not the formation of DMSe from DMSeP because DMSeP was the rate of Se volatilization from faster than from SeMet and SeMet (but no DMSeP) accumulated in selenite- or SeMet-supplied wild-type plants and in selenate-supplied ATP-sulfurylase transgenic plants. DMSeP-supplied plants absorbed the most Se from the external medium compared with plants supplied with SeMet, selenate, or selenite; they also accumulated more Se in shoots than in roots as an unknown organic compound resembling a mixture of DMSeP and selenocysteine.
Synthesis, structure, and ring-opening polymerisation of strained macrocyclic biaryls: a new route to high-performance materials (1990)

A series of new, all-aromatic, macrocyclic biaryls have been obtained by intramolecular, nickel-promoted coupling of bis(4-chlorobenzoylphenoxy)-terminated oligomers, and single-crystal X-ray analysis of one such macrocycle reveals extreme distortion of the biaryl unit; these highly strained materials undergo rapid ring-opening polymerisation in the presence of nucleophilic initiators to give high molecular weight polyetherketones.
Optimization of highly efficient uncoated strained 1300-nm InGaAsP MQW lasers for uncooled high-temperature operation (1996)

Summary form only given. In conclusion, basic design rules for InGaAsP MQW lasers and the inherent trade off between far-field and 85 C temperature performance were established. Uncoated threshold currents as low as 19 mA at 85 C were recorded. An optimized uncoated production device was produced with all the elements necessary for uncooled high temperature applications.
Dependence of electroluminescence intensity and spectral distribution on ageing time in polyethylene naphthalate as modelled by space charge modified internal field (1999)

Wavelength-resolved electroluminescence and current measurements have been performed on polyethylene naphthalate thin films submitted to high direct current fields (3.4 MV cm-1) for several days. The change in the shape of the emission spectrum over time resembles that observed in short-term experiments when the field is increased. This behaviour provides the basis for a model in which the time evolution of the spectrum shape is attributed to the progressive charging of the material, through homopolar injection. The net result is an increase of the internal field in the charge-free region where luminescence occurs.
Verifying the correctness of cryptographic protocols using "Convince" (2002)

The paper describes Convince, a tool being developed to facilitate the modeling and analysis of cryptographic protocols, particularly those supporting authentication. Convince uses a belief logic to facilitate the analysis and proof of desired properties of these protocols. Convince incorporates in its front-end a commercial computer aided software engineering tool, StP/OMT, so that an analyst can model a protocol using a combination of familiar graphical and textual notations. Convince uses a Higher Order Logic theorem prover with automated support, so as to minimize the need for specialized theorem proving knowledge. The paper describes how an analyst can use Convince to rapidly construct models of authentication protocols, and outlines a strategy for verifying their correctness. It discusses the integration of StP/OMT with the theorem proving component and practical analysis techniques based on experience acquired through analyzing several published protocols.