gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Design of a Large, Passive Pressure-Tube Light Water Reactor (1994)

A design for a large, passive, light water reactor has been developed. The proposed concept is a pressure tube reactor of similar design to CANDU reactors, but differing in three key aspects. First, a solid SiC-coated graphite fuel matrix is used in place of pin-rod bundles to enable the dissipation of decay heat from the fuel in the absence of primary coolant. Second, the heavy water coolant in the pressure tubes is replaced by light water, which serves also as the moderator. Finally, the calandria tank, surrounded by a graphite reflector, contains a low pressure gas instead of heavy water moderator, and the normally-voided calandria is connected to a light water heat sink. The cover gas keeps the light water out of the calandria during normal operation, while during loss of coolant or loss of heat sink accidents it allows passive calandria flooding. Calandria flooding also provides redundant and diverse reactor shutdown. The entire primary system is enclosed in a robust, free standing cylindrical steel
N-Glycan Profile and Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes (2017)

Higher HbA<sub>1c</sub> in type 1 diabetes is associated with changes in the serum N-glycome that have elsewhere been shown to regulate the epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor-β pathways that are implicated in DKD. Furthermore, N-glycans are associated with ACR and eGFR slope. These data suggest that the role of altered N-glycans in DKD warrants further investigation.
A Novel Airflow Management System With Redundant Fan Field Replaceable Units (2007)

A novel airflow architecture for a networking chassis will be described in this work. This chassis is a pull system with two sets of four fans located in series at its exhaust. Each set of four fans is a field replaceable unit (FRU). The unique feature of this chassis is that one set of fans, called the rear fan FRU, is replaceable from the rear side of the chassis and the other set of fans, called the front fan FRU, is replaceable from the front side of the chassis. Computational fluid dynamics simulations and measurement data show this chassis is capable of providing up to 78% – 79% of its maximum cooling capacity when one fan FRU is removed from the chassis, and up to 62% – 67% of its maximum cooling capacity when one fan FRU has failed.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF SULFUR TRIOXIDE WITH CYCLIC FLUOROVINYL ETHERS (1977)

Abstract Reaction of Sulfur Trioxide with Cyclic Fluorovinyl Ethers.
Mucosal Adjuvants to Improve Wildlife Rabies Vaccination (2012)

RABORAL V-RG(®)a is a recombinant vaccine used in oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs for wildlife in the United States. Vaccination rates for raccoons are substantially lower than vaccination rates for gray foxes and coyotes. Research suggests that the low viscosity of the oral vaccine may preclude animals from receiving an effective dose when biting into the vaccine bait delivery system. We evaluated the possibility of using two benign compounds, chitosan and N,N,N-trimethylated chitosan (TMC), to increase the viscosity of the vaccine and potentially act as adjuvants to improve the immune response in raccoons (Procyon lotor). Forty mildly sedated raccoons were orally vaccinated via needleless syringe with either RABORAL V-RG (n = 12), chitosan+RABORAL V-RG (n = 12), TMC+ RABORAL V-RG (n = 12), or no vaccine (n = 4), on day 0 and again on day 90. We collected sera every 2-4 wk for 4 mo and evaluated rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rVNA). Raccoons were considered responders if rVNA titers were ≥ 0.1 IU/mL. Eleven of 12 raccoons vaccinated with TMC+RABORAL V-RG responded after one dose of vaccine, as did eight of 12 vaccinated with RABORAL V-RG, and three of 12 vaccinated with chitosan+ RABORAL V-RG. Our results suggest that the inclusion of an adjuvant, such as TMC, could increase vaccine efficacy to aid in controlling rabies virus spread in wildlife reservoirs.
Real-time speaker localization and speech separation by audio-visual integration (2003)

Robot audition in real-world should cope with motor and other noises caused by the robot's own movements in addition to environmental noises and reverberation. This paper reports how auditory processing is improved by audio-visual integration with active movements. The key idea resides in hierarchical integration of auditory and visual streams to disambiguate auditory or visual processing. The system runs in real-time by using distributed processing on 4 PCs connected by a Gigabit Ethernet. The system implemented in a upper-torso humanoid tracks multiple talkers and extracts speech from a mixture of sounds. The performance of epipolar geometry based sound source localization and sound source separation by active and adaptive direction-pass filtering is also reported.
A method for the estimation of hydration state during hemodialysis using a calf bioimpedance technique (2008)

Although many methods have been utilized to measure degrees of body hydration, and in particular to estimate normal hydration states (dry weight, DW) in hemodialysis (HD) patients, no accurate methods are currently available for clinical use. Biochemcial measurements are not sufficiently precise and vena cava diameter estimation is impractical. Several bioimpedance methods have been suggested to provide information to estimate clinical hydration and nutritional status, such as phase angle measurement and ratio of body fluid compartment volumes to body weight. In this study, we present a calf bioimpedance spectroscopy (cBIS) technique to monitor calf resistance and resistivity continuously during HD. Attainment of DW is defined by two criteria: (1) the primary criterion is flattening of the change in the resistance curve during dialysis so that at DW little further change is observed and (2) normalized resistivity is in the range of observation of healthy subjects. Twenty maintenance HD patients (12 M/8 F) were studied on 220 occasions. After three baseline (BL) measurements, with patients at their DW prescribed on clinical grounds (DW(Clin)), the target post-dialysis weight was gradually decreased in the course of several treatments until the two dry weight criteria outlined above were met (DW(cBIS)). Post-dialysis weight was reduced from 78.3 +/- 28 to 77.1 +/- 27 kg (p < 0.01), normalized resistivity increased from 17.9 +/- 3 to 19.1 +/- 2.3 x 10(-2) Omega m(3) kg(-1) (p < 0.01). The average coefficient of variation (CV) in three repeat measurements of DW(cBIS) was 0.3 +/- 0.2%. The results indicate that cBIS utilizing a dynamic technique continuously during dialysis is an accurate and precise approach to specific end points for the estimation of body hydration status. Since no current techniques have been developed to detect DW as precisely, it is suggested as a standard to be evaluated clinically.
A modified Baum-Welch algorithm for hidden Markov models with multiple observation spaces (2002)

In this paper, a new algorithm based on the Baum-Welch algorithm for estimating the parameters of a hidden Markov model (HMM) is presented. It allows each state to be observed using a different set of features rather than relying on a common feature set. Each feature set is chosen to be a sufficient statistic for discrimination of the given state from a common "white-noise" state. Comparison of likelihood values is possible through the use of likelihood ratios. The new algorithm is the same in theory as the algorithm based on a common feature set, but without the necessity of estimating high-dimensional probability density functions (PDFs). A simulated data example is provided showing superior performance over the conventional HMM.
New Method for Detection of Global Lightning Activity Using Schumann Resonance (2014)

In this paper we discuss a new method for a global lightning activity mapping using measurements of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves (EW) propagating in the Earth-ionosphere resonance cavity. With the data collected at the Hylaty ELF station, located in the Central Europe, we analyze the Schumann Resonances (SR) spectra with seven resonance peaks. The measurements are done quasi-continuously, using successive 10 minutes data intervals. Kulak et al. (2006) found that the interaction of the standing and traveling waves leads to asymmetric shape of observed SR curves. Following this approach, we introduce a numerical model of the ELF electromagnetic waves propagation in the spherical Earth-ionosphere cavity and using this model we compute the asymmetric SR spectral templates for selected distances between the source and the observer. We fit the asymmetric curves describing seven SR maxima to the observational data and we calculate the distances to the thunderstorm centers by solving the inverse problem. As an example we investigate the lightning activity originating from the most intensive thunderstorm center in Africa. We use the observational radio data recorded in January and August 2011 and we construct the monthly lighting activity 1D maps using these data to study the differences in the location of the African storms centers during different seasons.
Real-time white light spatial frequency and density pseudocolor encoder (1980)

A real-time white light pseudocolor encoding technique for spatial frequency and density encodings is presented. In spatial frequency color coding, the encoding is accomplished by spatial filtering of the color signal spectra, while in density pseudocoloring, the encoding consists of contrast reversal of a color object image. The technique is simple, versatile, and economical to operate, which may offer some practical applications. Because the encoding colors are primarily derived from a white light source, the annoying coherent artifact noise can be substantially reduced. Since the encoding is obtained with a broad spatial band of the signal spectra, this technique offers no apparent resolution loss. We stress that this real-time white light pseudocolor encoding technique may offer several major advantages that previous techniques have offered. Experimental demonstrations of this pseudocolor encoding technique are also provided.
Air-coupled aluminum nitride piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers at 0.3 MHz TO 0.9 MHz (2015)

Air-coupled piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) operating at frequencies ranging from 0.3 MHz to 0.9 MHz were designed, fabricated and characterized. We increased the fractional bandwidth by 51% and improved the piezoelectric coupling over 80% by patterning the diaphragm center into a ring or structural ribs, resulting in a reduction of the PMUT's mass. Pulse-echo testing was conducted in air using PMUTs at frequencies up to 0.9 MHz and the measured acoustic loss versus pathlength was compared to theoretical models. Devices were fabricated in an industrial foundry process using wafer-level bonding of a MEMS PMUT wafer to a CMOS wafer using a conductive metal eutectic bond. This process allows for close integration of PMUT arrays and signal processing circuitry and is used here to study the effects of wafer-level packaging on acoustic performance.
Power-aware 32Bit SIMSD Path Architecture Using Single/Parallel Mode Bit and 2 Step Gating Technique (2007)

This paper describes 32bit parallel data path architecture for high-energy efficiency. We apply a parallel architecture, a 2 step gating technique and single/parallel mode bit in order to high energy efficiency. The energy efficiency of the proposed 32bit SIMSD (Single Instruction Multiple/Single Data) path architecture can improve about 20% than that of the conventional 32bit parallel data architecture without using 2 step gating technique.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Coupling of Aryl Boron Reagents with sp<sup>3</sup>‐Carbon Nucleophiles: The Enolate Chan—Evans—Lam Reaction. (2016)

Abstract In this new oxidative method for the arylation of activated methylene species Cu(O‐Tf) 2 mediates the selective coupling of functionalized aryl boron species with stabilized sp 3 ‐nucleophiles.
Fabrication of an Implantable Micro-pressure Sensor to Measure Deviation Within the Cochlea (2013)

The Cochlear Implant is broadly worn by people with deep hearing damage. This device makes up an electrode array to electrically stimulate the auditory nerves. When the electrode is implanted into the inner ear by surgery, the scala tympani is ill-treated due to the strong pressure applied on the internal ear structures. To minimize this intra-cochlear trauma, it is proposed to fabricate a micro pressure-sensor and built it in the electrode array, in such a way that the pressure applied by the electrode is measured. This work selected the MEMS SU-8 Fabry-Perot interferometer-based pressure sensor. This paper describes the sensor fabrication process carried out, and explains how to integrate this sensor with the electrode array.
Circuit-Based Quantum Random Access Memory for Classical Data (2019)

A prerequisite for many quantum information processing tasks to truly surpass classical approaches is an efficient procedure to encode classical data in quantum superposition states. In this work, we present a circuit-based flip-flop quantum random access memory to construct a quantum database of classical information in a systematic and flexible way. For registering or updating classical data consisting of M entries, each represented by n bits, the method requires O(n) qubits and O(Mn) steps. With post-selection at an additional cost, our method can also store continuous data as probability amplitudes. As an example, we present a procedure to convert classical training data for a quantum supervised learning algorithm to a quantum state. Further improvements can be achieved by reducing the number of state preparation queries with the introduction of quantum forking.
Clinically Relevant Immune-Cellular Metrics of Inflammation in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (2018)

EIC and IGIC are increased in highly symptomatic patients with MGD that have minimal corneal staining, and correlate with symptoms and clinical signs. EIC and IGIC may provide reliable and clinically relevant metrics of inflammation.
Development of a bioconversion process for hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons (1995)

The hydroxylation of aromatics is a usual step in the microbial degradation pathway of these type of compounds. This ability can be exploited for the preparation of biocatalysts capable of hydroxylating a wide range of substrates. We have specifically applied it to the production of the monomer 4-hydroxy-benzocyclobutene. Various environmental isolates were screened and found to oxidize benzocyclobutene in two distinct manners. One of them included formation of a diol intermediate which could be dehydrated exclusively to the desired phenol. A fermentation process for organism growth and substrate bioconversion was developed. one phase systems with controlled substrate feed and two phase systems with an insoluble organic phase were used, and the process was applied at a 14 liters scale. Concentrations of products up to 9 g/l were obtained in around 20 hours. Details of the process development are discussed.
Surface Morphology of Epitaxial Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2007)

The surface morphology of epitaxial Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions, which show the giant tunneling magnetoresistance effect, was investigated by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. It was observed that an epitaxial MgO barrier layer forms flat surface structures. The surface was flatter with distinct steps and terraces after annealing, which would lead to an increase of the tunneling magnetoresistance ratio. Examination of the local electronic structures of 1.05-nm-thick MgO barrier layers by scanning tunneling spectroscopy revealed no pinholes in the layers, so they would be perfect barriers in magnetic tunnel junctions.
Tumor shrinkage by cyclopamine tartrate through inhibiting hedgehog signaling (2011)

The link of hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation to human cancer and synthesis of a variety of Hh signaling inhibitors raise great expectation that inhibiting Hh signaling may be effective in human cancer treatment. Cyclopamine (Cyc), an alkaloid from the Veratrum plant, is a specific natural product inhibitor of the Hh pathway that acts by targeting smoothened (SMO) protein. However, its poor solubility, acid sensitivity, and weak potency relative to other Hh antagonists prevent the clinical development of Cyc as a therapeutic agent. Here, we report properties of cyclopamine tartrate salt (CycT) and its activities in Hh signaling-mediated cancer in vitro and in vivo. Unlike Cyc, CycT is water soluble (5-10 mg/mL). The median lethal dose (LD50) of CycT was 62.5 mg/kg body weight compared to 43.5 mg/kg for Cyc, and the plasma half-life (T1/2) of CycT was not significantly different from that of Cyc. We showed that CycT had a higher inhibitory activity for Hh signaling-dependent motor neuron differentiation than did Cyc (IC50 = 50 nmol/L for CycT vs. 300 nmol/L for Cyc). We also tested the antitumor effectiveness of these Hh inhibitors using two mouse models of basal cell carcinomas (K14cre:Ptch1(neo/neo) and K14cre:SmoM2(YFP)). After topical application of CycT or Cyc daily for 21 days, we found that all CycT-treated mice had tumor shrinkage and decreased expression of Hh target genes. Taken together, we found that CycT is an effective inhibitor of Hh signaling-mediated carcinogenesis.
Ultra-Low-Power Smart Electronic Nose System Based on Three-Dimensional Tin Oxide Nanotube Arrays (2018)

In this work, we present a high-performance smart electronic nose (E-nose) system consisting of a multiplexed tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) nanotube sensor array, read-out circuit, wireless data transmission unit, mobile phone receiver, and data processing application (App). Using the designed nanotube sensor device structure in conjunction with multiple electrode materials, high-sensitivity gas detection and discrimination have been achieved at room temperature, enabling a 1000 times reduction of the sensor's power consumption as compared to a conventional device using thin film SnO<sub>2</sub>. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed E-nose can identify indoor target gases using a simple vector-matching gas recognition algorithm. In addition, the fabricated E-nose has achieved state-of-the-art sensitivity for H<sub>2</sub> and benzene detection at room temperature with metal oxide sensors. Such a smart E-nose system can address the imperative needs for distributed environmental monitoring in smart homes, smart buildings, and smart cities.
Solder Mobility for High-Yield Self-Aligned Flip-Chip Assembly (2017)

Self-aligned flip-chip assembly with sub-micron accuracy is of particular importance to low-cost manufacturing of single-mode opto-electronic components. The concept of alignment via surface tension force of melted solder has been proposed over two decades ago and appears simple. Yet, its effective working into manufacturing requires solving a few fundamental issues. In prior work, we introduced the concept of solder reservoirs which provide a solder volume self-balancing mechanism to notably enhance self-alignment yield. In this paper, we show that the effectiveness of reservoirs is impeded when the solder wetting of pads or the solder mobility between pads and reservoirs is limited. We therefore studied a wide variety of metal stacks and identified candidates for substantial wetting and solder mobility improvement. We ranked the metal stacks for solder mobility using traditional wetting angles as well as speed of wetting along narrow tracks. First test parts, manufactured with the improved metal stacks, show the expected benefit in increased yield for chip alignment.
The Skeletal Effects of Glucocorticoid Excess Override Those of Orchidectomy in Mice (2004)

Hypogonadism has been implicated as a contributing factor in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, but evidence for this is limited. Hypogonadism and glucocorticoid excess both cause bone loss, but the cellular mechanisms responsible are distinct. Loss of gonadal steroids causes an increase in bone remodeling by up-regulating osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Glucocorticoid excess, conversely, suppresses remodeling by down-regulating osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Nonetheless, both conditions increase osteoblast apoptosis and decrease osteoclast apoptosis, and both cause bone loss due to an undersupply of osteoblasts relative to the need for cavity repair. To investigate their interactions, we compared the effects of orchidectomy, glucocorticoid excess, or both combined in mice. After 28 d, serum unbound testosterone concentration and seminal vesicle weight were not diminished when prednisolone was administered alone. Vertebral bone mineral density and compression strength decreased to the same extent in animals receiving prednisolone or after orchidectomy, but the changes were not additive. Orchidectomy induced the expected up-regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast progenitors, but these changes were prevented in orchidectomized mice simultaneously receiving glucocorticoids. Likewise, the increase in cancellous osteoid, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone formation, and activation frequency caused by orchidectomy were prevented by prednisolone. The prevalence of osteoblast apoptosis increased in the mice receiving prednisolone or after orchidectomy, but the increases were not additive. These data demonstrate that hypogonadism does not occur in or contribute to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and that the adverse skeletal effects of glucocorticoid excess override those of orchidectomy.
Alendronate inhibition of protein-tyrosine-phosphatase-meg1 (1997)

Alendronate (4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate) is a potent bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and has proven effective for the treatment of osteoporosis. Its molecular mechanism of action, however, has not been defined precisely. Here we report that alendronate is a potent inhibitor of the protein-tyrosine-phosphatase-meg1 (PTPmeg1). Two substrates were employed in this study: fluorescein diphosphate and the phosphotyrosyl peptide src-pY527. With either substrate, alendronate was a slow binding inhibitor of PTPmeg1. Among the other bisphosphonates studied, alendronate was more potent and selective for PTPmeg1. The hydrolysis of fluorescein diphosphate by PTP epsilon and PTPmeg1 was sensitive to alendronate, with IC50 values of less than 1 microM; PTPsigma, however, under the same conditions, was inhibited by only 50% with 141 microM alendronate. Similarly, with the src-pY527 substrate, alendronate inhibition was also PTP dependent. Alendronate inhibited PTPmeg1 with an IC50 value of 23 microM, PTPsigma with an IC50 value of 2 microM, and did not inhibit PTP epsilon at concentrations up to 1 mM. The alendronate inhibition of these three PTPs and two substrates is consistent with the formation of a ternary complex comprised of enzyme, substrate, and inhibitor. PTP inhibition by hisphosphonates or vanadate was diminished by the metal chelating agent EDTA, or by the reducing agent dithiothreitol, suggesting that a metal ion and the oxidation of a cysteine residue are required for full inhibition. These observations show substrate- and enzyme-specific PTP inhibition by alendronate and support the possibility that a certain PTP(s) may be the molecular target for alendronate action.