gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of 2-D Electrode Configuration for Electrokinetic Remediation (1999)

A practical evaluation of one- and two-dimensional applications of electric fields for in situ extraction of contaminants is provided. The evaluation is based on contaminant transport by electroosmosis and ion migration. Parameters evaluated include electrode requirements, effectiveness of electric field distribution, remediation time, and energy expenditure. Formulation is provided for calculating cost components of the process, including electrode, energy, chemicals, posttreatment, fixed, and variable costs. Equations are also provided for evaluating optimum electrode spacings based on energy and time requirements. The derivations show that spacing between same-polarity electrodes is as significant in cost calculations and in process effectiveness as that between anodes and cathodes. Decreasing the same-polarity electrode spacing to half the anode-cathode spacing will result in a 100% increase in electrode requirements, but will decrease the area of the ineffective electric field by one half. Selection of the voltage gradient impacts the optimum electrode spacing. The analysis show that a minimum exists in the cost versus electrode spacings relationship.
Relative Capacity and Performance of Fixed- and Moving-Block Control Systems on North American Freight Railway Lines and Shared Passenger Corridors (2019)

North American railroads are facing increasing demand for safe, efficient, and reliable freight and passenger transportation. The high cost of constructing additional track infrastructure to increase capacity and improve reliability provides railroads with a strong financial motivation to increase the productivity of their existing mainlines by reducing the headway between trains. The objective of this research is to assess potential for advanced Positive Train Control (PTC) systems with virtual and moving blocks to improve the capacity and performance of Class 1 railroad mainline corridors. Rail Traffic Controller software is used to simulate and compare the delay performance and capacity of train operations on a representative rail corridor under fixed wayside block signals and moving blocks. The experiment also investigates possible interactions between the capacity benefits of moving blocks and traffic volume, traffic composition, and amount of second main track. Moving blocks can increase the capacity of single-track corridors by several trains per day, serving as an effective substitute to construction of additional second main track infrastructure in the short term. Moving blocks are shown to have the greatest capacity benefit when the corridor has more second main track and traffic volumes are high. Compared with three-aspect signal systems, much of the benefits of moving blocks can be obtained from adding signals and implementing a four-aspect signal system. Knowledge of train delay performance and line capacity under moving blocks will aid railway practitioners in determining if the benefits of these systems justify the required incremental investment over current PTC overlay implementations.
On the vulnerability of speaker verification to realistic voice spoofing (2015)

Automatic speaker verification (ASV) systems are subject to various kinds of malicious attacks. Replay, voice conversion and speech synthesis attacks drastically degrade the performance of a standard ASV system by increasing its false acceptance rates. This issue raised a high level of interest in the speech research community where the possible voice spoofing attacks and their related countermeasures have been investigated. However, much less effort has been devoted in creating realistic and diverse spoofing attack databases that foster researchers to correctly evaluate their countermeasures against attacks. The existing studies are not complete in terms of types of attacks, and often difficult to reproduce because of unavailability of public databases. In this paper we introduce the voice spoofing data-set of AVspoof, a public audio-visual spoofing database. AVspoof includes ten realistic spoofing threats generated using replay, speech synthesis and voice conversion. In addition, we provide a set of experimental results that show the effect of such attacks on current state-of-the-art ASV systems.
Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes (1994)

Formation of reactive oxygen species and disfunction of the excitatory amino acid (EAA) system are thought to be key events in the development of neuronal injury in several acute and long-term neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence suggests that the two phenomena may be interdependent. The present study is aimed at exploring possible molecular mechanisms underlying oxygen radical-EAA interaction. Exposure of cortical astrocytic cultures to either xanthine + xanthine oxidase (X/XO), a free radical-generating system, or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) results in a marked decrease of high-affinity glutamate transport. Within 10 min of X/XO application, uptake falls to approximately 60% of its control value. In parallel no detectable release of lactate dehydrogenase occurs. X/XO effect is abolished in the presence of a mixture of scavenger enzymes (superoxide dismutase+catalase) or by the disulfide-reducing agents glutathione and dithiothreitol (DTT), but not by lipophilic antioxidants or ascorbate. The time course of inhibition shows an almost linear decline of glutamate transport during cell exposure to free radicals, while upon their inactivation the decline stops but established inhibition persists for at least 1 hr. In this situation, application of DTT significantly restores transport function. These data suggest that free radicals inhibit glutamate uptake primarily by long-lasting oxidation of protein sulfhydryl (SH) groups. Chemical modifiers of free SH groups, such as p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, also induce uptake inhibition. Na+/K+ ATPase is a known target of oxygen radicals and may be involved in glutamate uptake inhibition. Indeed, ouabain, a blocker of the pump, reduces uptake in astrocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptive SIFT-Based Algorithm for Specific Fingerprint Verification (2011)

The performance of an fingerprint authentication algorithm can be decreased significantly if the fingerprint image has lots of broken ridges caused by cutline, or the overlap area between the template and input is very small. For the purpose of these specific kinds of verification, a Scale Invariant Feature Transformation (SIFT) feature-based algorithm for fingerprint verification is presented. This approach is not based on traditional minutiae or ridge features. The SIFT keypoints in Gaussian scale-space and the local descriptor for each SIFT keypoint can be extracted by using this method. The verification is done by matching the descriptor, which is invariant to image scale and rotation. In this paper a proper pre-processing is carried out on the fingerprint image instead of using the original fingerprint image. This can make the algorithm adaptive to the variation of the impression condition. Furthermore, a Hough transform adapted to fingerprint verification is performed rather than only using SIFT keypoint descriptor matching. The fusion with minutiae information is also applied for efficiency and accuracy. Two specific databases are captured for experiments. Experiment results of proposed algorithm on specific databases show significant improvement compared with common minutiae-based method. Experiment results on FVC2002 Database show that Equal Error Rate (EER) and False Matching Rate (FMR) of our proposed algorithm can be decreased to about 20% of previous SIFT-based works.
Rapid one-step biotinylation of biological and non-biological surfaces (2018)

We describe a rapid one-step method to biotinylate virtually any biological or non-biological surface. Contacting a solution of biotin-spacer-lipid constructs with a surface will form a coating within seconds on non-biological surfaces or within minutes on most biological membranes including membrane viruses. The resultant biotinylated surface can then be used to interact with avidinylated conjugates, beads, vesicles, surfaces or cells.
Full-duplex communication via adaptive nulling (2013)

Simultaneous communication in the same frequency band is gaining interest as an approach to increasing spectral efficiency. This functionality is usually prevented by the close proximity of the transmit and receive antennas, resulting in interference at, or saturation of, the receiver electronics. Furthermore, it is of interest to minimize complexity of mobile units; a worst case is to assume that the mobile units are unable to cooperate in the channel estimation and beamforming processes. In this paper, we develop an uncooperative wide-band MIMO adaptive channel estimation and nulling approach for simultaneous transmit and receive on the same channel. Low-power training waveforms are used to estimate the time-varying MIMO interference channel. Transmit beamforming weights that span the null space of the interference channel are then calculated via an algebraic approach. Results are reported, which show null depths at the receive antennas of greater than 40dB in simulation and 30dB in a slow-update wide-band experiment.
A Versatile and Cost-Effective Approach to Automated Laboratory Organic Synthesis (1999)

The application of a commercial laboratory automated synthesis system, the Anachem SK233 Workstation, is described for use in organic synthesis. A novel reactor design feature has been developed to enable the sampling of reactions under ambient to reflux temperatures while maintaining an effective inert atmosphere. Up to 10 reactions can be run simultaneously on the reactor block supplied. Examples are reported of multiple parallel reactions covering a range of chemistries encountered in synthesis encompassing heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions, air-sensitive and aggressive reagents, ambient to full reflux temperature, and full inert atmospheres with concomitant automated HPLC product analysis. The equipment and modifications described are of moderate cost, are robust in use, are of acceptable size for modern chemistry laboratories, and are readily acceptable to practising chemists.
[Applications of ionic liquids in chromatography]. (2007)

Ionic liquids are solvents that may have great potentials in chemical analysis. A large variety of analytical applications of ionic liquids have emerged recently. In this paper, the applications of ionic liquids in chromatography including capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are reviewed.
Combination of brinzolamide and brimonidine for glaucoma and ocular hypertension: critical appraisal and patient focus (2014)

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness and is characterized by optic nerve damage that results in visual field loss. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) has been associated with glaucoma progression; thus, IOP-lowering medications are the standard of care for glaucoma. Guidelines suggest monotherapy with IOP-lowering agents such as β-blockers (eg, timolol), prostaglandin analogs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (eg, brinzolamide), and α2-receptor agonists (eg, brimonidine). However, monotherapy may provide insufficient IOP reduction in some patients, thereby necessitating the use of multiple IOP-lowering medications. Multidrug regimens may be complex, may increase the risk of preservative-related ocular symptoms, and may potentially reduce overall drug exposure as a consequence of drug washout during closely timed sequential administrations; these difficulties may reduce overall drug efficacy and decrease patient persistence and adherence with multidrug treatment regimens. Fixed-combination medications that provide two IOP-lowering therapies within a single solution are available and may overcome some of these challenges. However, all currently available fixed combinations combine timolol with another IOP-lowering agent, indicating that additional fixed-combination alternatives would be beneficial. To meet this demand, a novel fixed combination of brinzolamide 1% and brimonidine 0.2% (BBFC) has recently been developed. In two randomized, double-masked, multinational clinical trials, BBFC had greater IOP-lowering efficacy than brinzolamide or brimonidine monotherapy after 3 months of treatment in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In both studies, the overall safety profile of BBFC was consistent with that of brinzolamide and brimonidine. Comparative studies with BBFC versus other IOP-lowering monotherapy and fixed-combination medications are not available, but the IOP reductions observed with BBFC are similar to or greater than those reported in the literature for other glaucoma treatments; thus, BBFC provides an additional fixed-combination therapeutic option for patients who require further efficacious IOP reduction and improved convenience and tolerability versus concomitant administration of two separate medications.
Potlatch (2018)

“Potlatch” is a term used by anthropologists to describe gift giving that is intended to enhance the status of the giver, and it often implies that the relationship between the giver and some or all of the recipients is agonistic or at least competitive. The term derives from Chinook jargon and describes occasions of feasting, dancing, and giving in the Pacific Northwest Coast of the Americas.
Novel coupling schemes for microwave resonator filters (2002)

This paper introduces novel coupling schemes for microwave resonator filters. It is shown that higher order filter characteristics can be obtained from lower order sections, which are connected in parallel between the source and load, by proper superposition of the individual lower order responses. This property can be used in modular filter design by focusing on separate sections of the filter one at a time. In addition, some of these coupling schemes exhibit zero-shifting properties, whereby transmission zeros can be shifted from one side of the passband to the other by simply changing the resonant frequencies of the resonators while keeping all the coupling coefficients unchanged. Several novel filter designs of different kinds (microstrip, planar waveguide cavity, and dual-mode types) are introduced to prove the new method and to give an idea of the extended design possibilities. Good agreement between measured, computed, and synthesized results is demonstrated.
NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NO synthase is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype (2020)

Hypertension is the most important cause of death and disability in the elderly. In 9 out of 10 cases, the molecular cause, however, is unknown. One mechanistic hypothesis involves impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Indeed, ROS forming NADPH oxidase (Nox) genes associate with hypertension, yet target validation has been negative. We re-investigate this association by molecular network analysis and identify NOX5, not present in rodents, as a sole neighbor to human vasodilatory endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling. In hypertensive patients, endothelial microparticles indeed contained higher levels of NOX5-but not NOX1, NOX2, or NOX4-with a bimodal distribution correlating with disease severity. Mechanistically, mice expressing human Nox5 in endothelial cells developed-upon aging-severe systolic hypertension and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to uncoupled NO synthase (NOS). We conclude that NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NOS is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype. Nox5 knock-in (KI) mice represent the first mechanism-based animal model of hypertension.
Adaptive PTS approach for reduction of peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signal (2000)

An adaptive partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique is presented for the reduction of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAP) of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. The main problem for PTS is how to minimise the number of iterations necessary for locating the optimal weighting factors (which increases exponentially with the number of sub-blocks). In the proposed adaptive PTS approach, the iterations are stopped once the PAP drops below a preset threshold. For an OFDM system with 256 subcarriers and QPSK data symbols, adaptive PTS reduces the 0.1% PAP by 4 dB, while PTS (non-adaptive) reduces it by 4.1 dB. The complexity of adaptive PTS is just 2% of that of PTS.
Role of adipose tissue in facial aging (2017)

Age-dependent modification of the facial subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) connected with reduction of its volume, modification of collagen content and adhesion between dermal and adipose layers can significantly influence mechanical stability of the skin and cause the development of aging symptoms such as wrinkles. Typical aging appearance in facial skin is at least partly connected with special phenotypical features of facial preadipocytes and mature adipocytes. In this paper, we have discussed the possible roles of local inflammation, compartmental structure of facial sWAT and trans-differentiation processes such as beiging of white adipocytes and adipocyte-myofibroblast transition in facial skin aging.
Histone Interaction Landscapes Visualized by Crosslinking Mass Spectrometry in Intact Cell Nuclei (2018)

Cells organize their actions partly through tightly controlled protein-protein interactions-collectively termed the interactome. Here we use crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to chart the protein-protein interactions in intact human nuclei. Overall, we identified ∼8,700 crosslinks, of which 2/3 represent links connecting distinct proteins. From these data, we gain insights on interactions involving histone proteins. We observed that core histones on the nucleosomes expose well-defined interaction hot spots. For several nucleosome-interacting proteins, such as USF3 and Ran GTPase, the data allowed us to build low-resolution models of their binding mode to the nucleosome. For HMGN2, the data guided the construction of a refined model of the interaction with the nucleosome, based on complementary NMR, XL-MS, and modeling. Excitingly, the analysis of crosslinks carrying posttranslational modifications allowed us to extract how specific modifications influence nucleosome interactions. Overall, our data depository will support future structural and functional analysis of cell nuclei, including the nucleoprotein assemblies they harbor.
Marijuana-based Drugs: Innovative Therapeutics or Designer Drugs of Abuse? (2011)

The principal psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), activates CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs). Unfortunately, pharmacological research into the design of effective THC analogs has been hampered by psychiatric side effects. THC-based drug design of a less academic nature, however, has led to the marketing of "synthetic marijuana," labeled as K2 or "Spice," among other terms, which elicits psychotropic actions via CB1R activation. Because of structural dissimilarity to THC, the active ingredients of K2/Spice preparations are widely unregulated. The K2/Spice "phenomenon" provides a context for considering whether marijuana-based drugs will truly provide innovative therapeutics or merely perpetuate drug abuse.
A PCR Assay To Discriminate Human and Ruminant Feces on the Basis of Host Differences in <i>Bacteroides-Prevotella</i> Genes Encoding 16S rRNA (2000)

Our purpose was to develop a rapid, inexpensive method of diagnosing the source of fecal pollution in water. In previous research, we identified Bacteroides-Prevotella ribosomal DNA (rDNA) PCR markers based on analysis. These markers length heterogeneity PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism distinguish cow from human feces. Here, we recovered 16S rDNA clones from natural waters that were close phylogenetic relatives of the markers. From the sequence data, we designed specific PCR primers that discriminate human and ruminant sources of fecal contamination.
Diagnostic efficacy of cell block method for vitreoretinal lymphoma (2016)

Cell block specimens using diluted vitreous fluid demonstrated a high diagnostic sensitivity and a low pseudo-positive rate for the cytological diagnosis of VRL. The cell block method contributed to clear differentiation between VRL and idiopathic uveitis with vitreous opacity.
Engineering manual for the Jammer effectiveness model (1995)

This engineering manual describes a user–friendly and menu–driven computer program called the Jammer Effectiveness Model (JEM). The models used in JEM to analyze the effectiveness of a jammer in jamming a receiver/transmitter pair or network of receivers and transmitters are described. The JEM runs on a personal computer in a Windows environment. The extensive design and analysis capabilities of this program have been previously limited to mainframe computers. This computer model is highly structured and modular in design, which allows for flexibility and expandability for future modifications.
Bandwidth sharing and scheduling for multimodal radar with communications and tracking (2012)

A multimodal radar varies its bandwidth (and hence resolution) based on the arrangement of target scattering features, possibly leaving unused bandwidth for other applications. In this paper, we explore bandwidth sharing scenarios between radar and communications. We divide the surveillance space into sectors and use fuzzy logic to arrive at priorities for each sector. Multi-objective optimization is used to arrive at solutions making the best use of available bandwidth between radar and communications. We also consider the problem of scheduling between tracking and surveillance for the multimodal radar. Smart scheduling is necessary to make the best use of available radar resources. We look at algorithms for special target scenarios. Tracking is performed using the particle filter algorithm.
Measurement and gender-specific analysis of user publishing characteristics on MySpace (2010)

Online social networks have become popular platforms for people to make connections, share information, and interact with each other. In an online social network, user publishing activities such as sending messages and posting photos represent online interactions between friends that involve the use of network and system resources. As more and more businesses use online social networks as a means to promote their 'brand names', a good understanding of user publishing characteristics is important not only for capacity planning (server scaling estimation, network bandwidth provisioning, and performance tuning), but also for marketing analysis and security measures of online social networks. Recently there have been many efforts to measure and analyze various characteristics of online social networks. Most of these studies have focused on the network graph properties such as node degree distribution, clustering coefficient, and connected components. In this work, we measure and analyze the gender-specific user publishing characteristics on MySpace. Our results show that there are recognizable patterns with respect to profile attributes, user interactions, temporal usages, and blog contents for users of different genders. In particular, gender neutral profiles (most of them are music bands, TV shows, and other commercial sites) differ significantly from normal male and female profiles for several publishing patterns.
Synthesis of New Chiral Monodentate Phosphite Ligands and Their Use in Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2003)

[reaction: see text] New monodentate phosphite ligands have been developed from axially chiral biphenols, which show excellent enantioselectivity in the Rh(I)-catalyzed hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate. The new chiral ligand system is suitable to create libraries and possesses fine-tuning capability.