gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A framework for modeling and optimization of prescient instruction prefetch (2003)

This paper describes a framework for modeling macroscopic program behavior and applies it to optimizing prescient instruction prefetch -- novel technique that uses helper threads to improve single-threaded application performance by performing judicious and timely instruction prefetch. A helper thread is initiated when the main thread encounters a spawn point, and prefetches instructions starting at a distant target point. The target identifies a code region tending to incur I-cache misses that the main thread is likely to execute soon, even though intervening control flow may be unpredictable. The optimization of spawn-target pair selections is formulated by modeling program behavior as a Markov chain based on profile statistics. Execution paths are considered stochastic outcomes, and aspects of program behavior are summarized via path expression mappings. Mappings for computing reaching, and posteriori probability; path length mean, and variance; and expected path footprint are presented. These are used with Tarjan's fast path algorithm to efficiently estimate the benefit of spawn-target pair selections. Using this framework we propose a spawn-target pair selection algorithm for prescient instruction prefetch. This algorithm has been implemented, and evaluated for the Itanium Processor Family architecture. A limit study finds 4.8%to 17% speedups on an in-order simultaneous multithreading processor with eight contexts, over nextline and streaming I-prefetch for a set of benchmarks with high I-cache miss rates. The framework in this paper is potentially applicable to other thread speculation techniques.
Thermal profiling of photonic integrated circuits by thermoreflectance microscopy (2006)

We demonstrate the use of thermoreflectance imaging for wafer-scale testing of photonic integrated circuits. The technique is used to identify damaged devices in a dysfunctional photonic circuit comprised of cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Deterministic replay of Java multithreaded applications (1998)

Threads and concurrency constructs in Java introduce nondeterminism to a program's execution, which makes it hard to understand and analyze the execution behavior. Nondeterminism in execution behavior also makes it impossible to use execution replay for debugging, performance monitoring, or visualization.
Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes from Alkaliphiles (2003)

The market in industrial enzymes for detergents, starch, food, fabric, and so on has been estimated at more than 1600 million US dollars in 1999. The usage of detergent enzymes, such as protease, cellulase, aamylase, and lipase, forms 35% of the world market. The enzymes now are incorporated into more than 80% of heavy-duty laundry detergents in the world. Furthermore, alkaline protease and alkaline aamylase have been frequently used in automatic dishwashing detergents especially in the US and Europe. We have exploited large-scale production of alkaline cellulases, alkaline proteases, and an alkaline α-amylase, and the enzymes have been incorporated into heavy-duty compact detergents and/or bleaches. The problems are that traditional alkaline proteases and alkaline α-amylases are seriously inactivated by chemical oxidants and chelating reagents and are thermally unstable, especially when the enzymes are used in automatic dishwashers. Here, we describe the improvement of thermostability and oxidative stability of our alkaline liquefying α-amylase designated LAMY. Furthermore, we show a novel amylase that is extremely resistant to chemical oxidants and chelating reagents.
p-Phenylenebistetrathiafulvalene (1977)

The synthesis and properties of p-phenylenebistetrathiafulvalene are described; this molecule contains two donor units which allows the preparation of charge-transfer (CT) complexes with a band structure higher than the quasi-one-dimensional structure characteristic of all presently known electrically conducting organic CT complexes.
High‐Capacity Carbons Prepared from Phenolic Resin for Anodes of Lithium‐Ion Batteries (1995)

Carbons were made from resol and novolak resins at temperatures from 700 to 1100°C by pyrolysis in inert gas. Using electrochemical methods, we have studied the insertion of lithium within these materials. Resol resin, heated to 1000°C, has a reversible capacity of about 550 mAh/g, shows little hysteresis, and exhibits good cycling performance. Since these resins cost about 2.2 $/kg and the pyrolysis yields are over 50%, we feel that inexpensive carbons for Li‐ion cells can be prepared by this route.
Scalable security architecture for trusted software (2010)

Security-critical tasks executing on general-purpose computers require protection against software and hardware attacks to achieve their security objectives. Security services providing this protection can be offered by mechanisms rooted in processor hardware, since its storage and computing elements are typically outside the reach of attackers. 
This thesis presents the Bastion architecture, a hardware-software security architecture for providing protection scalable to a large number of security-critical tasks. Protection is enabled by three sets of new mechanisms: for protecting a trusted hypervisor, for fine-grained protection of modules in application or operating system space, and for securing the input and output of Bastion-protected software modules. This thesis also presents an implementation and evaluation of Bastion, and explores alternatives for one of its core security functions: memory authentication. 
The hypervisor, a layer of software dedicated to the virtualization of machine resources, is increasingly being involved in security solutions. We use it in Bastion as a manager of security-critical tasks. While past solutions protect the hypervisor from runtime software attacks, Bastion also protects the hypervisor from physical attacks, protects it from offline attacks, and provides it with a secure launch mechanism. Within this protected Bastion hypervisor, we design a second set of mechanisms that provide separate execution compartments for each security-critical task running in the virtual machines hosted by the hypervisor. These compartments are protected against both hardware attacks and software attacks originating from a potentially compromised operating system. To enable security-critical tasks to communicate with the outside world, we provide a third set of mechanisms for secure input and output to and from Bastion-protected compartments. We implement and evaluate a Bastion prototype by modifying the source code of the OpenSPARC processor and hypervisor systems. Addionally, we survey the design space of alternatives to the Bastion memory authentication mechanism, which is central to protecting critical software execution in Bastion. These contributions can improve security in the digital world by informing the design of the next generation of general-purpose computing platforms.
Using UV to inactivate Cryptosporidium (2000)

Even extremely low dosages of ultraviolet light can be highly effective for inactivating Cryptosporidium oocysts. Recent studies have shown that Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts demonstrate high susceptibility to low dosages of medium‐pressure ultraviolet (UV) light. These investigations have raised several questions, which include determination of minimum medium‐pressure UV dosages necessary to inactivate C. parvum oocysts, elucidation of differences (if any) between medium‐ and low‐pressure UV light for inactivating C. parvum oocysts, and evaluation of medium‐pressure UV effectiveness in inactivating oocysts suspended in poorer quality water. To compare low‐ and medium‐pressure UV, the authors exposed oocysts suspended in deionized water to UV delivered by either medium‐ or low‐pressure UV lamps at bench scale using a collimated beam apparatus. The applied UV dosages ranged from 3 to 33 mJ/cm 2 , and oocyst inactivation was assessed using the neonatal mouse infectivity assay. At 3 mJ/cm 2 , medium‐pressure UV showed a 3.4‐log inactivation of oocysts, and low‐pressure UV showed a 3.0‐log inactivation, demonstrating medium‐ and low‐pressure UV did not differ significantly in inactivating C. parvum oocysts.
Deep Learning Based Caching for Self-Driving Cars in Multi-Access Edge Computing (2020)

Without steering wheel and driver's seat, the self-driving cars will have new interior outlook and spaces that can be used for enhanced infotainment services. For traveling people, self-driving cars will be new places for engaging in infotainment services. Therefore, self-driving cars should determine themselves the infotainment contents that are likely to entertain their passengers. However, the choice of infotainment contents depends on passengers' features such as age, emotion, and gender. Also, retrieving infotainment contents at data center can hinder infotainment services due to high end-to-end delay. To address these challenges, we propose infotainment caching in self-driving cars, where caching decisions are based on passengers' features obtained using deep learning. First, we proposed deep learning models to predict the contents need to be cached in self-driving cars and close proximity of self-driving cars in multi-access edge computing servers attached to roadside units. Second, we proposed a communication model for retrieving infotainment contents to cache. Third, we proposed a caching model for retrieved contents. Fourth, we proposed a computation model for the cached contents, where cached contents can be served in different formats/qualities based on demands. Finally, we proposed an optimization problem whose goal is to link the proposed models into one optimization problem that minimizes the content downloading delay. To solve the formulated problem, a block successive majorization-minimization technique is applied. The simulation results show that the accuracy of prediction for the contents that need to be cached is 97.82% and our approach can minimize the delay.
Ambient Infrared Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry (AIRLAB-MS) of Live Plant Tissue with Plume Capture by Continuous Flow Solvent Probe (2015)

A new experimental setup for spatially resolved ambient infrared laser ablation-mass spectrometry (AIRLAB-MS) that uses an infrared microscope with an infinity-corrected reflective objective and a continuous flow solvent probe coupled to a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer is described. The efficiency of material transfer from the sample to the electrospray ionization emitter was determined using glycerol/methanol droplets containing 1 mM nicotine and is ∼50%. This transfer efficiency is significantly higher than values reported for similar techniques. Laser desorption does not induce fragmentation of biomolecules in droplets containing bradykinin, leucine enkephalin and myoglobin, but loss of the heme group from myoglobin occurs as a result of the denaturing solution used. An application of AIRLAB-MS to biological materials is demonstrated for tobacco leaves. Chemical components are identified from the spatially resolved mass spectra of the ablated plant material, including nicotine and uridine. The reproducibility of measurements made using AIRLAB-MS on plant material was demonstrated by the ablation of six closely spaced areas (within 2 × 2 mm) on a young tobacco leaf, and the results indicate a standard deviation of <10% in the uridine signal obtained for each area. The spatial distribution of nicotine was measured for selected leaf areas and variation in the relative nicotine levels (15-100%) was observed. Comparative analysis of the nicotine distribution was demonstrated for two tobacco plant varieties, a genetically modified plant and its corresponding wild-type, indicating generally higher nicotine levels in the mutant.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL ANTITUMOR AGENTS. 23. 4′‐(9‐ACRIDINYLAMINO)ALKANESULFONANILIDE CONGENERS BEARING HYDROPHILIC FUNCTIONALITY (1977)

Abstract Aufgrund der pharmakologischen Eigenschaften von Anilino‐acridinen werden ähnliche Verbindungen hergestellt, ndem z.B. die Chloracridine (I) mit entsprechenden Anilinen zu (II) kondensiert werden.
A Monoclonal Antibody Specific to<i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>Biovar 3 and its Utilization for Indexing Grapevine Propagation Material (1989)

AbF21-1D3G7C8 does not react with A. tumefaciens biovars 1 or 2, or with other plant pathogens, symbionts, or saprophytes. AbF21-1D3G7C8 is useful for laboratory diagnosis of A. tumefaciens biovar 3, and thus for detection and diagnosis of grapevine crown gall, indexing of propagation wood, and quarantine testing. A. tumefaciens biovar 3 was identified in grapevine cultivars and rootstocks from New York and Washington states by means of the monoclonal antibody
Activity-Based Probe for <i>N</i>-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (2015)

N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal cysteine hydrolase involved in the degradation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs), a family of endogenous lipid signaling molecules that includes oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Among the reported NAAA inhibitors, α-amino-β-lactone (3-aminooxetan-2-one) derivatives have been shown to prevent FAE hydrolysis in innate-immune and neural cells and to reduce reactions to inflammatory stimuli. Recently, we disclosed two potent and selective NAAA inhibitors, the compounds ARN077 (5-phenylpentyl-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-4-oxo-oxetan-3-yl]carbamate) and ARN726 (4-cyclohexylbutyl-N-[(S)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl]carbamate). The former is active in vivo by topical administration in rodent models of hyperalgesia and allodynia, while the latter exerts systemic anti-inflammatory effects in mouse models of lung inflammation. In the present study, we designed and validated a derivative of ARN726 as the first activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe for the in vivo detection of NAAA. The newly synthesized molecule 1 is an effective in vitro and in vivo click-chemistry activity based probe (ABP), which is able to capture the catalytically active form of NAAA in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing human NAAA as well as in rat lung tissue. Competitive ABPP with 1 confirmed that ARN726 and ARN077 inhibit NAAA in vitro and in vivo. Compound 1 is a useful new tool to identify activated NAAA both in vitro and in vivo and to investigate the physiological and pathological roles of this enzyme.
Beamforming beyond the λ/2 limit with microphone arrays (2003)

One limitation of microphone arrays is that the inter-microphone spacing is restricted to λ/2 of the shortest wavelength (highest frequency) of interest. For an increase in frequency range, the array must either be made smaller (thereby losing low-frequency directivity) or the number of microphones must be increased (thereby increasing cost). The other problem is that the beamwidth decreases with increasing frequency and sidelobes become more problematic. This results in significant off-axis ‘‘coloration’’ of the signals. The extension of the working frequency range for an existing narrow-band (300–3 kHz) telephony microphone array to wide-band telephony (up to 7 kHz), without modifying its geometry and the number of microphones will be shown. Microphones are embedded in a diffraction structure that provides the desired directivity at high frequencies. To provide the desired directionality at lower frequencies, beamforming of the microphones is performed using digital signal processing techniques. The combination of beamforming and embedding the microphones in a diffraction structure that provides the desired directivity at high frequencies addresses the two weaknesses that arise in previous approaches: low-frequency directivity with small arrays and high-frequency difficulties that arise in conventional sensor arrays. [Work supported in part by Carleton University.]
High-resolution zero-dispersion wavelength mapping in single-mode fiber (1998)

We present a new noninvasive technique for measuring the spatial variation of the zero-dispersion wavelength (lambda(0)) in single-mode fibers. This technique uses low-power continuous-wave lasers and is simple to implement. When applying this technique to dispersion-shifted fibers, we can resolve subnanometer fluctuations in lambda(0) with a potential spatial resolution of better than 100 m. We also discuss and show the limits of this and other techniques that arise from polarization-mode dispersion in the fibers.
Divided-Pulse Lasers (2014)

We demonstrate coherent combining of pulses within a laser cavity and discuss applications to energy scaling and pulse-burst operation. 16-times enhancement of the pulse energy from a fiber laser is demonstrated.
Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (2012)

Nanoparticles can be used for the treatment of various retinal diseases. Due to small sizes, they can improve bioavailability of therapeutic agents and pass through biological barriers of the eye, such as the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and even more, blood-retinal barriers. Another important characteristic of nanoparticles is the ability to be fabricated based on the researchers' design through chemical processes. In this regard, they can act as a novel drug delivery system, enabling targeted therapies for angiogenesis-related blindness (ARB). With these possibilities, many researchers have utilized nanoparticles as novel therapeutic options for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, both of which are characterized by pathologic neovascularization. In this review, we summarize various attempts and rationales in using nanoparticles to treat ARB. After that, we discuss the toxicity of nanoparticles on the retina. We expect this review to be a stepping stone for novel therapeutics for ARB, resulting in improvement in visual outcomes.
Biothermal gasification of biomass (2014)

The BIOTHERMGAS Process is described for conversion of biomass, organic residues, and peat to substitute natural gas (SNG). This new process, under development at IGT, combines biological and thermal processes for total conversion of a broad variety of organic feeds (regardless of water or nutrient content). The process employs thermal gasification for conversion of refractory digester residues. Ammonia and other inorganic nutrients are recycled from the thermal process effluent to the bioconversion unit. Biomethanation and catalytic methanation are presented as alternative processes for methanation of thermal conversion product gases. Waste heat from the thermal component is used to supply the digester heat requirements of the bioconversion component. The results of a preliminary systems analysis of three possible applications of this process are presented: (1) 10,000 ton/day Bermuda grass plant with catalytic methanation; (2) 10,000 ton/day Bermuda grass plant with biomethanation; and (3) 1000 ton/day municipal solid waste (MSW) sewage sludge plant with biomethanation. The results indicate that for these examples, performance is superior to that expected for biological or thermal processes used separately. The results of laboratory studies presented suggest that effective conversion of thermal product gases can be accomplished by biomethanation.
Discovery and Metabolic Stabilization of Potent and Selective 2-Amino-<i>N</i>-(adamant-2-yl) Acetamide 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors (2006)

Starting from a rapidly metabolized adamantane 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) inhibitor 22a, a series of E-5-hydroxy-2-adamantamine inhibitors, exemplified by 22d and (+/-)-22f, was discovered. Many of these compounds are potent inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1 and are selective over 11beta-HSD2 for multiple species (human, mouse, and rat), unlike other reported species-selective series. These compounds have good cellular potency and improved microsomal stability. Pharmacokinetic profiling in rodents indicated moderate to large volumes of distribution, short half-lives, and a pharmacokinetic species difference with the greatest exposure measured in rat with 22d. One hour postdose liver, adipose, and brain tissue 11beta-HSD1 inhibition was confirmed with (+/-)-22f in a murine ex vivo assay. Although 5,7-disubstitued-2-adamantamines provided greater stability, a single, E-5-position, polar functional group afforded inhibitors with the best combination of stability, potency, and selectivity. These results indicate that adamantane metabolic stabilization sufficient to obtain short-acting, potent, and selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors has been discovered.
<title>Achromatized-transmission-type holographic screen for stereo imaging and the multiview projection</title> (1996)

The main drawback of a transmission type holographic screen is the color separation when the color images are projected on it due to its high dispersion. This drawback can be overcome by recording the screen with use of a long narrow slit type diffuser as an object. With the diffuser, a holographic screen of size 30 by 40 cm<SUP>2</SUP> has been recorded to display a full color stereoscopic image. The images displayed on the screen show a good resolution and are naturally colored, except near the edges of the screen. The color distortions in the edges of the screen are reduced by a lenticular sheet attached to the screen. The lenticular sheet enlarges the viewing zone. The image that appears on the screen is bright enough to watch even in a normally illuminated room
Critical BEOL Aspects of the Fabrication of a Thermally-Assisted MRAM Device (2015)

Recent developments in new switching methods, such as spin transfer torque and temperature-assisted switching (TAS), have greatly increased interest in MRAM. However, MRAM fabrication is challenging due to the lack of magnetic materials processing experience by semiconductor lines. In this talk, we will discuss key BEOL fabrication aspects for a CMOS-integrated TAS MRAM on 200 mm wafers with, e.g., opens/shorts yields of 100% and 99% for 1 Mb and 16 Mb arrays, resp. This was achieved in our R&D line through careful process optimization and adherence to good BEOL processing.
A computationally efficient cochlear filter bank for perceptual audio coding (2002)

Many applications in auditory modeling require analysis filters that approximate the frequency selectivity given by psychophysical data, e.g., from masking experiments using narrow-band maskers. This frequency selectivity is largely determined by the spectral decomposition process inside the human cochlea. Currently used spectral decomposition schemes for masking modeling in audio coding generally do not achieve the non-uniform time and frequency resolution provided by the cochlea. These applications rather take advantage of the computational efficiency of uniform filter banks or transforms at the expense of coding gain. This paper presents a suitable analysis filter-bank structure employing cascaded low-order IIR filters and appropriate downsampling to increase efficiency. In an application example, the filter responses were optimized to model auditory masking effects. The results show that the time and frequency resolution of the filter bank matches or exceeds the masking properties. Thus, the filter bank enables improved masking modeling for audio coding at low computational costs.
Antibodies Specific for Carbamylated Proteins Precede the Onset of Clinical Symptoms in Mice with Collagen Induced Arthritis (2014)

In mice with collagen induced arthritis we did not observe an immune response against citrullinated antigens, but we did observe an immune response against carbamylated antigens. This anti-CarP response already appeared before disease onset, indicating that collagen induced arthritis can be used as an in vivo model to study anti-CarP antibodies. Our data also indicate that the tolerance to carbamylated proteins, in contrast to the response to citrullinated proteins, is easily broken and that arthritis boosts the immune response against these proteins. The anti-CarP response in mice with CIA can be used as a model for immune responses to post-translationally modified proteins.