gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variation in Nitrogenase and Hydrogenase Activity of Alaska Pea Root Nodules (1979)

Hydrogenase activity of root nodules in the symbiotic association between Pisum sativum L. and Rhizobium leguminosarum was determined by incubating unexcised nodules with tritiated H(2) and measuring tissue HTO. Hydrogenase activity saturated at 0.50 millimolar H(2) and was not inhibited by the presence of 0.10 atmosphere C(2)H(2), which prevented H(2) evolution from nitrogenase. Total H(2) production from nitogenase was estimated as net H(2) evolution in air plus H(2) exchange in 0.10 atmosphere C(2)H(2). Although such an estimate of nitrogenase function may not be quantitatively exact, due to uncertain relationships between H(2) exchange and H(2) uptake activity of hydrogenase, differences observed in H(2) exchange under various conditions represent an indication of changes in hydrogenase activity. Hydrogenase activity was lower in associations grown under higher photosynthetic photon flux densities and decreased relative to total H(2) production by nitrogenase. Total H(2) production and hydrogenase activity were maximum 28 days after planting. Thereafter, hydrogenase activity and H(2) production declined, but the potential proportion of nitrogenase-produced H(2) recovered by the uptake hydrogenase system increased. Of five R. leguminosarum strains tested two possessed hydrogenase activity. Strains which had the potential to reassimilate H(2) had significantly higher rates of N(2) reduction than those which did not exhibit hydrogenase activity.
A Sparsity-Based Approach to 3D Binaural Sound Synthesis Using Time-Frequency Array Processing (2010)

Localization of sounds in physical space plays a very important role in multiple audio-related disciplines, such as music, telecommunications, and audiovisual productions. Binaural recording is the most commonly used method to provide an immersive sound experience by means of headphone reproduction. However, it requires a very specific recording setup using high-fidelity microphones mounted in a dummy head. In this paper, we present a novel processing framework for binaural sound recording and reproduction that avoids the use of dummy heads, which is specially suitable for immersive teleconferencing applications. The method is based on a time-frequency analysis of the spatial properties of the sound picked up by a simple tetrahedral microphone array, assuming source sparseness. The experiments carried out using simulations and a real-time prototype confirm the validity of the proposed approach.
Understanding Deep Image Representations by Inverting Them (2014)

Image representations, from SIFT and Bag of Visual Words to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are a crucial component of almost any image understanding system. Nevertheless, our understanding of them remains limited. In this paper we conduct a direct analysis of the visual information contained in representations by asking the following question: given an encoding of an image, to which extent is it possible to reconstruct the image itself? To answer this question we contribute a general framework to invert representations. We show that this method can invert representations such as HOG and SIFT more accurately than recent alternatives while being applicable to CNNs too. We then use this technique to study the inverse of recent state-of-the-art CNN image representations for the first time. Among our findings, we show that several layers in CNNs retain photographically accurate information about the image, with different degrees of geometric and photometric invariance.
<title>Capturing multimedia design knowledge using TYRO, the constraint-based designer's apprentice</title> (1991)

TYRO is a visual programming environment that uses a case-based reasoning approach to capturing and reusing knowledge about the design of multimedia presentations. Case-based reasoning assumes that people solve problems by remembering relevant scenarios and modifying or adapting them to the situation at hand, then storing this new approach away for future reuse. In TYRO, the designer constructs a case library by demonstrating solutions of prototypical multimedia problems and defining constraining relations between object sequences. Adaptation and augmentation of the case library takes place as trial presentations reveal failure conditions. The designer constructs rule objects which are combinations of condition objects and actions objects. Condition objects trigger when the failure conditions is detected and action objects, or rules of thumb, fire and revise the constraint network, or revise the sequence of objects, etc. The resulting cases generated are stored and indexed for future use by the system.
Classification and Discrimination (1999)

Delivery of my third daughter Diana was prolonged, occasioned not by reluctance on my daughter’s part, but by the need to assemble the delivery table. When we met up with the by-now-familiar obstetrician in the new wing of Bronson Methodist Hospital, he was staring at an assembly manual with a puzzled frown. “Not quite English,” he said.
Buttons as first class objects on an X desktop (1991)

A high-level user interface toolkit, called XButtons, has
Modes of elliptical waveguides: a correction (1990)

It is shown that the fields associated with the TM/sub 01/ (transverse magnetic) mode of an elliptical waveguide are qualitatively different from those which have appeared in the standard literature for the past 50 years, and that the original fields as plotted were also in qualitative disagreement with the analytic expressions which accompanied them. Nonetheless, the cutoff frequencies given for that mode as well as for five other modes are exceedingly accurate (within roughly 1%) for elliptical eccentricities as large as 0.75; for eccentricities in excess of 0.9, the inaccuracy increases from 5% to nearly 50%, depending on the mode in question.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Downlink transmit diversity schemes for CDMA networks (2003)

This paper discusses a number of transmit diversity schemes that have been proposed for the downlink in CDMA networks. They provide diversity gain against Rayleigh fading at the mobile, which can significantly improve performance. Results from a number of simulation studies are presented, which can be used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the algorithms and their effect on a typical CDMA network. Finally, the effects of Rician fading on transmit diversity is discussed.
Multi‐view 3‐D display employing a flat‐panel display with slanted pixel arrangement (2010)

Abstract— A flat‐panel display with a slanted subpixel arrangement has been developed for a multi‐view three‐dimensional (3‐D) display. A set of 3 M × N subpixels ( M × N subpixels for each R, G, and B color) corresponds to one of the cylindrical lenses, which constitutes a lenticular lens, to construct each 3‐D pixel of a multi‐view display that offers M × N views. Subpixels of the same color in each 3‐D pixel have different horizontal positions, and the R, G, and B subpixels are repeated in the horizontal direction. In addition, the ray‐emitting areas of the subpixels within a 3‐D pixel are continuous in the horizontal direction for each color. One of the vertical edges of each subpixel has the same horizontal position as the opposite vertical edge of another subpixel of the same color. Cross‐talk among viewing zones is theoretically zero. This structure is suitable for providing a large number of views. A liquid‐crystal panel having this slanted subpixel arrangement was fabricated to construct a mobile 3‐D display with 16 views and a 3‐D resolution of 256 × 192. A 3‐D pixel is comprised of 12 × 4 subpixels ( M = 4 and N = 4). The screen size was 2.57 in.
Large scale antenna system with hybrid digital and analog beamforming structure (2014)

Large scale antenna systems (LSAS) are expected to significantly enhance the energy efficiency (EE) and spectrum efficiency (SE) of wireless communication systems. However, there are many open issues regarding the implementation of digital beamforming (BF) structures: calibration, complexity, and cost. In a practical LSAS deployment, hybrid digital and analog BF structures with active antennas can be an alternative choice. In this paper, an N (the number of transceivers) by M (the number of active antennas per transceiver) hybrid BF structure is investigated, where the analog BF is performed per transceiver and digital BF is performed across N transceivers. Analysis of the N by M BF structure includes: the optimal analog and digital BF design, EE-SE relationship at the green point (i.e. the point with highest EE) in EE-SE curve, impact of N on EE performance at a given SE value, and impact of N on the green point EE. Numerical simulations are provided to support the analysis.
A C-LSTM Neural Network for Human Activity Recognition Using Wearables (2018)

Recognizing human activities and the context in which they occur form sensor data is at the core of many research areas in pervasive computing and has extensive applications in solving real-life, human-centric problems. However, human activity recognition (HAR) is challenging due to the large variability in motor movements employed for a given action. By the way of enhancing recognition accuracy and decreasing reliance on engineered features to address increasingly complex recognition problems we introduce a new framework for wearable human activity recognition which combines convolutional and recurrent layers. The convolutional layers act as feature extractors and provide abstract representations of the input sensor data in feature maps. The recurrent layers model the temporal dynamics of the activation of the feature maps. Generally, the proposed network shows improvements compared with conventional machine learning methods. Experiments with the opportunity Dataset show that, comparing with baseline LSTM, our algorithm can recognize the human activities with an F1 score of 0.918, increased by 2.4%.
No Classification without Representation: Assessing Geodiversity Issues in Open Data Sets for the Developing World (2017)

Modern machine learning systems such as image classifiers rely heavily on large scale data sets for training. Such data sets are costly to create, thus in practice a small number of freely available, open source data sets are widely used. We suggest that examining the geo-diversity of open data sets is critical before adopting a data set for use cases in the developing world. We analyze two large, publicly available image data sets to assess geo-diversity and find that these data sets appear to exhibit an observable amerocentric and eurocentric representation bias. Further, we analyze classifiers trained on these data sets to assess the impact of these training distributions and find strong differences in the relative performance on images from different locales. These results emphasize the need to ensure geo-representation when constructing data sets for use in the developing world.
TEMPORARY CENTER LINE MARKERS FOR SEAL COAT PROJECTS (1981)

The author describes a two-step system that marks center line position prior to seal coating and adds reflective markers that serve until new line is placed.
The use of mood stabilizers as plasticity enhancers in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. (2003)

Mood disorders have traditionally been conceptualized as neurochemical disorders, but there is now evidence from a variety of sources demonstrating regional reductions in central nervous system (CNS) volume, as well as reductions in the numbers and/or sizes of glia and neurons in discrete brain areas. Although the precise cellular mechanisms underlying these morphometric changes remain to be fully elucidated, the data suggest that severe mood disorders are associated with impairments of structural plasticity and cellular resilience. It is thus noteworthy that lithium and valproate have recently been demonstrated to robustly increase the expression of the cytoprotective protein bcl-2 (an abbreviation for the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene) in the CNS in vivo and in cells of human neuronal origin. Lithium and valproate also robustly activate a signaling cascade utilized by endogenous growth factors-the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Complementary human studies have shown that chronic lithium administration significantly increases gray matter content in a regionally selective manner, suggesting a reversal of illness-related atrophy and an increase in the volume of the neuropil. These unique and unexpected properties of lithium and valproate suggest that they may have broader utility as adjunctive agents in the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with cell atrophy or loss. The adjunctive use of these agents-at low doses-may provide the trophic support necessary to restore, enhance, and maintain normal synaptic connectivity, thereby allowing the chemical signal to reinstate the optimal functioning of critical circuits necessary for normal functioning.
Highly processable bulk metallic glass-forming alloys in the Pt–Co–Ni–Cu–P system (2004)

Highly processable bulk metallic glass alloys in the Pt–Co–Ni–Cu–P system were discovered. The alloys show low liquidus temperature below 900 K, excellent processability with low critical cooling rate reflecting in maximum casting thicknesses in quartz tubes of up to 20 mm, and a large supercooled liquid region. The Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 composition has a liquidus temperature of 795 K, a glass transition temperature of 508 K with a supercooled liquid region of 98 K. For medical and jewelry applications a Ni-free alloy, Pt60Cu16Co2P22 was discovered with a liquidus temperature of 881 K, a glass transition temperature of 506 K, and a supercooled liquid region of 63 K. Glass formation was observed in a wider composition range. Vickers hardness of these alloys is in the 400 Hv range. The alloys can be processed in the supercooled liquid region in air without any measurable oxidation. In this region, a large processing window is available in which the material does not embrittle. Embrittlement in these alloys is correlated with crystallization. It can be avoided as long as substantial crystallization does not take place during isothermal processing in the supercooled liquid region. Also, liquid processing can be performed in air when flux with B2O3.
Rapid Detection Viable Escherichia Coli O157 in Raw Milk Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification with Aid of Ethidium Monoazide (2011)

The distinction between viable and dead cells was a major issue in detection of pathogenic microbe in foods especially when foods had been subjected to thermal processing. The performance of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay with aid of ethidium monoazide (EMA) for detecting viable Escherichia coli O157 in raw milk was presented in this paper. Three pairs of primers were specially designed for recognizing eight distinct sequences of rfbE gene. LAMP can only amplified DNA of viable Escherichia coli O157 because EMA selectively penetrated dead cells and covalently bound to DNA, detection limit level for artificially contaminated raw milk samples by the EMA-LAMP assay was 440 cfu/mL corresponding to 3–5 cells per reaction tube, while the detection level by EMA-PCR was 4.4×104 cfu/mL. In conclusion, EMA-LAMP had offered a novel assay for distinction between viable and dead cells with promising application in food safety detection.
Effect of recombinant monokines, lymphokines, and other agents on clonal proliferation of human lung cancer cell lines. (1987)

The modulation of clonal growth of cells of 15 human lung cancer lines was examined by coculture with different recombinant lymphokines, monokines, and several agents which induce differentiation in other malignant cell systems. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) was inhibitory to all non-small cell lung cancer cell lines with a 50% effective dose of clonal inhibition (ED50) in the range of 30-2000 units/ml. Two representative squamous lines (SK-MES and P3) had 150 to 250 high affinity (Kd approximately equal to pM) cell surface TNF receptors. In contrast, clonal growth of small cell lung cancer lines was not inhibited by TNF, and two representative lines (H69c and R592) expressed negligible cell surface TNF receptors. Recombinant alpha, beta, and gamma interferons (4000 units/ml) each inhibited greater than or equal to 30% clonal growth of more than 50% of the non-small cell lung cancer lines. TNF (100-1000 units/ml) in combination with gamma-interferon was synergistic in the inhibition of clonal growth of these cells. Further studies showed that synergism of clonal inhibition occurred even when the cells were initially exposed to gamma-interferon, washed, and plated in soft agar with TNF. All-trans-retinoic acid (ED50, 5 X 10(-7)-10(-6) M), dimethyl sulfoxide (ED50, 1.2-1.6%), and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (ED50, 5 X 10(-8)-10(-10) M) inhibited clonal proliferation of 7 of 9, 7 of 9, and 8 of 9 non-small cell lung cancer lines, respectively. In contrast, clonal proliferation of cells of small cell lung cancer lines was decreased only slightly at almost all concentrations of each of the agents. Interleukin-1 and -2 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor had no effect on the clonal growth of any of the lung cancer lines. Our results suggest that TNF in combination with gamma-interferon may be therapeutically active for some patients with non-small cell lung cancer, but small cell lung cancer probably will be unresponsive to all the agents that we examined.
Inserting Placeholder Slack to Improve Run-Time Scheduling of Non-preemptible Real-Time Tasks in Heterogeneous Systems (2014)

This paper proposes a method to pre-schedule slack windows in a non-preemptive heterogeneous system that executes a mix of hard-periodic and soft-aperiodic tasks. The goal is to improve the acceptance rate and waiting time of aperiodic tasks without violating periodic task deadlines. The method creates an offline schedule of periodic tasks and pre-scheduled slack that models the estimated characteristics of the aperiodic tasks. At runtime, the local schedulers use this offline schedule to guide their decisions to adjust periodic task instance start times and to schedule aperiodic tasks arriving from the global scheduler. We evaluate several dynamic local schedulers. Our results show that token-based dynamic schedulers are particularly effective for reducing waiting time and increasing acceptance rate when attempting to maintain aperiodic task execution fairness.
Regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation (2001)

Intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes) are the target cells of chronic cholestatic liver diseases (i.e., cholangiopathies), which makes these cells of great interest to clinical hepatologists. This review will focus on "typical" cholangiocyte proliferation, whereas "atypical" (extension of cholangiocyte proliferation into parenchyma), and premalignant "oval" cell proliferation are reviewed elsewhere. The bile duct ligated (BDL) rat model, where most of the known mechanisms of cholangiocyte proliferation have been illustrated, was the first and remains the prototype animal model for "typical" cholangiocyte proliferation. Following a short overview of cholangiocyte functions, we briefly discuss the: (i) in vivo models [i.e., BDL (Fig. 1 and 4), chronic alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) or bile acid feeding (Fig. 2), acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) feeding and partial hepatectomy; and (ii) in vitro experimental tools [e.g., purified cholangiocytes and isolated intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDU)] that are key to the understanding of the mechanisms of "typical" cholangiocyte growth. In the second part of the review, we discuss a number of potential factors or conditions [e.g., gastrointestinal hormones, nerves, estrogens, blood supply, and growth factors] as well as the intracellular mechanisms [e.g., adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and protein kinase C (PKC)] that may regulate "typical" cholangiocyte hyperplasia.
RNA Modifications in Genomic RNA of Influenza A Virus and the Relationship between RNA Modifications and Viral Infection (2021)

Recent studies about the transcriptome-wide presence of RNA modifications have revealed their importance in many cellular functions. Nevertheless, information about RNA modifications in viral RNA is scarce, especially for negative-strand RNA viruses. Here we provide a catalog of RNA modifications including m1A, ac4C, m7G, inosine, and pseudouridine on RNA derived from an influenza A virus infected into A549 cells, as studied by RNA immunoprecipitation followed by deep-sequencing. Possible regions with RNA modifications were found in the negative-strand segments of viral genomic RNA. In addition, our analyses of previously published data revealed that the expression levels of the host factors for RNA modifications were affected by an infection with influenza A virus, and some of the host factors likely have a proviral effect. RNA modification is a novel aspect of host-virus interactions leading to the discovery of previously unrecognized viral pathogenicity mechanisms and has the potential to aid the development of novel antivirals.
PAMM: A Redox Regulatory Protein That Modulates Osteoclast Differentiation (2009)

The central role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in osteoclast differentiation and in bone homeostasis prompted us to characterize the redox regulatory system of osteoclasts. In this report, we describe the expression and functional characterization of PAMM, a CXXC motif-containing peroxiredoxin 2-like protein expressed in bone marrow monocytes on stimulation with M-CSF and RANKL. Expression of wild-type (but not C to G mutants of the CXXC domain) PAMM in HEK293 cells results in an increased GSH/GSSG ratio, indicating a shift toward a more reduced environment. Expression of PAMM in RAW264.7 monocytes protected cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, indicating that PAMM regulates cellular redox status. RANKL stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells caused a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio (reflecting a complementary increase in ROS). In addition, RANKL-induced osteoclast formation requires phosphorylation and translocation of NF-kappaB and c-Jun. In stably transfected RAW 264.7 cells, PAMM overexpression prevented the reduction of GSH/GSSG induced by RANKL. Concurrently, PAMM expression completely abolished RANKL-induced p100 NF-kappaB and c-Jun activation, as well as osteoclast formation. We conclude that PAMM is a redox regulatory protein that modulates osteoclast differentiation in vitro. PAMM expression may affect bone resorption in vivo and help to maintain bone mass.