gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Detection of<sup>125</sup>IdU-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks with γ-H2AX Antibody (2002)

When mammalian cells are exposed to ionizing radiation and other agents that introduce DSBs into DNA, histone H2AX molecules in megabase chromatin regions adjacent to the breaks become phosphorylated within minutes on a specific serine residue. An antibody to this phosphoserine motif of human H2AX (gamma-H2AX) demonstrates that gamma-H2AX molecules appear in discrete nuclear foci. To establish the quantitative relationship between the number of these foci and the number of DSBs, we took advantage of the ability of (125)I, when incorporated into DNA, to generate one DNA DSB per radioactive disintegration. SF-268 and HT-1080 cell cultures were grown in the presence of (125)IdU and processed immunocytochemically to determine the number of gamma-H2AX foci. The numbers of (125)IdU disintegrations per cell were measured by exposing the same immunocytochemically processed samples to a radiation-sensitive screen with known standards. Under appropriate conditions, the data yielded a direct correlation between the number of (125)I decays and the number of foci per cell, consistent with the assumptions that each (125)I decay yields a DNA DSB and each DNA DSB yields a visible gamma-H2AX focus. Based on these findings, we conclude that gamma-H2AX antibody may form the basis of a sensitive quantitative method for the detection of DNA DSBs in eukaryotic cells.
Infection and Apoptotic Cell Death of CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cells during an Immune Response to HIV-1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells (1994)

Interacting dendritic cells and helper CD4+ lymphocytes form a microenvironment that is permissive for HIV-1 replication. The virus need only be pulsed initially onto the dendritic cells, which then transfer HIV-1 to the lymphocytes that are responding to presented antigens or superantigens. We have pursued underlying mechanisms in this system, because it provides a model for the infection of antigen-reactive, primary T cells. Pulsing the T cells with HIV-1 results in much less of a subsequent infection than does pulsing the dendritic cells. The latter pulse occurs effectively in the presence of AZT. Direct examination of the interacting dendritic cells and T cells reveals extensive production of p24 by many of the lymphocytes, including syncytia. The majority of the responding T cells die during the coculture. Apoptosis accounts for much of this death as revealed by in situ nick translation assays for DNA endonucleolysis, and hypodiploid profiles on staining with DNA-binding dyes. Therefore the microenvironment that is generated between antigen-presenting dendritic cells and T cells reveals the cytopathic potential of HIV-1, because there is such extensive and rapid death by apoptosis of antigen-reactive T cells.
Further measurements of the scintillation properties of lead carbonate (1991)

Measurements are presented on the scintillation properties of lead carbonate (PbCO/sub 3/), a recently discovered, heavy inorganic scintillator. The light output of the natural crystal cerussite was measured during /sup 60/Co irradiation at 23 degrees C. After an exposure of >2.5*10/sup 6/ rad, the light output increased by 25% and no visible crystal coloring occurred, suggesting that PbCO/sub 3/ is useful in high-radiation fields. The emission spectrum was adequately described by the sum of four Gaussian peaks whose position and width did not change during the irradiation. The scintillation light output is temperature dependent, increasing with decreasing temperature from 680 photons/MeV at +30 degrees C to 3200 photons/MeV at -40 degrees C to 11900 photons/MeV at -120 degrees C. The scintillation decay lifetime was measured with the delayed coincidence method between 30 degrees C, and -140 degrees C and fit to the sum of four exponentials. At 30 degrees C the four components are 20% at 3.9 ns, 44% at 24 ns, 26% at 186 ns, and 11% at 1.40 mu s. At -40 degrees C, the four components are 24% at 37 ns, 45% at 107 ns, 18% at 359 ns, and 12% at 1.07 mu s. At -120 degrees C, the four components are 0.3% at 1.8 ns, 3.5% at 3.8 ns, 40% at 539 ns, and 56% at 2.71 mu s. From 30 degrees C to -140 degrees C, the initial flux remains constant at about 45 photons/ns/MeV.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance of sub-optimal normalisation schemes for a turbo decoder using the soft output Viterbi algorithm (2002)

It has been shown that the extrinsic information produced by the soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) is too optimistic. To compensate for this, the extrinsic information must be normalised. Standard normalisation techniques involve calculating the mean and variance of all of the bits in the SOVA output frame. Since this adds complexity to every iteration when the SOVA is used in a turbo decoder, there is merit in investigating the performance of reduced complexity techniques. We present the performance of a parallel concatenated SOVA based turbo decoder using the suggested reduced complexity normalisation techniques. BER results are presented for the case of an AWGN channel.
Cellular neural networks for image analysis using steep slope devices (2014)

Traditional CMOS based von Neumann architectures face daunting challenges in performing complex computational tasks at high speed and with low power on spatio-temporal data, e.g., image processing, pattern recognition, etc. In this study, we discuss the utilities of various steep slope, beyond-CMOS emerging devices for image processing applications within the non-von Neumann computing paradigm of cellular neural networks (CNNs). In general, the steep subthreshold swing of the devices obviates the output transfer hardware used in a conventional CNN cell. For image processing with binary stable outputs, Tunnelling FETs (TFETs) can facilitate low power operation. For multi-valued problems, devices like graphene transistors, Symmetric tunnelling FETs (SymFETs) might be leveraged to solve a problem with fewer computational steps. The potential for additional hardware reduction when compared to functional equivalents via conventional CNNs is also possible. Emerging devices can also lead to lower power implementations of the voltage controlled current sources (VCCSs) that are an integral component of any CNN cell. Furthermore, non-linear implementations of the VCCSs via emerging devices could enable simpler computational paths for many image processing tasks.
Esters of α-arylalkanoic acids from ‘masked’α-halogenoalkyl aryl ketones and silver salts: synthetic, kinetic, and mechanistic aspects (1982)

A method for the synthesis of alkyl esters of α-arylalkanoic acids is given, based on silver-ion-assisted (AgBF4, AgOSO2CF3, AgSbF6, AgNO3) solvolysis of alkyl acetals of primary and secondary α-halogenoalkyl aryl ketones (Hal = I, Br, Cl) in an alcoholic medium (methanol, ethanol). The reaction is quite selective and alkyl esters are the only reaction products; ethers, which are possible substitution products, are not found. The importance of masking the carbonyl as the acetal is emphasised. The reaction is found to be first-order in AgBF4 and in the primary α-halogeno acetal. A three-point Hammett correlation (ρ=–3.29) between σ+ and the rate constants suggests a large cationic contribution as well as strong aryl participation in the transition state.The role played by the oxygen of the acetal group in the specificity of the reaction is discussed in comparison with the reactivity of analogous compounds with saturated skeletons and of α-halogenoalkyl aryl ketones.
Fundamentals of Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry Part II: Fluid Dynamics (2016)

Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) is a new high resolution (R up to ~300) separation technique that utilizes an electric field to hold ions stationary against a moving gas. Recently, an analytical model for TIMS was derived and, in part, experimentally verified. A central, but not yet fully explored, component of the model involves the fluid dynamics at work. The present study characterizes the fluid dynamics in TIMS using simulations and ion mobility experiments. Results indicate that subsonic laminar flow develops in the analyzer, with pressure-dependent gas velocities between ~120 and 170 m/s measured at the position of ion elution. One of the key philosophical questions addressed is: how can mobility be measured in a dynamic system wherein the gas is expanding and its velocity is changing? We noted previously that the analytically useful work is primarily done on ions as they traverse the electric field gradient plateau in the analyzer. In the present work, we show that the position-dependent change in gas velocity on the plateau is balanced by a change in pressure and temperature, ultimately resulting in near position-independent drag force. That the drag force, and related variables, are nearly constant allows for the use of relatively simple equations to describe TIMS behavior. Nonetheless, we derive a more comprehensive model, which accounts for the spatial dependence of the flow variables. Experimental resolving power trends were found to be in close agreement with the theoretical dependence of the drag force, thus validating another principal component of TIMS theory.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF (+‐)‐4A,13B‐TRANS‐2,3,4,4A,8,9,13B,14‐OCTAHYDRO‐1H‐BENZO(6,7)CYCLOHEPTA(1,2,3‐DE)PYRIDO(2,1‐A)‐ISOQUINOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE (TACLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE), A NOVEL PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT (1974)

Abstract Die Titelverbindung (VI), ein neuartiges psychotropes Agens, dessen Eigenschaften noch beschrieben werden, und ihr Epimeres (V) werden jeweils auf 2 verschiedenen Wegen synthetisiert: 1. Der aus dem Amin (I) mit Valerolacton (II) erhältliche Aminoalkohol (III) wird zum Heterocyclus (IV) cyclisiert, der bei der Reduktion mit Naboranat oder durch Hydrierung an PtO 2 (V), bei der Reduktion mit Zn/HCl jedoch (VI) liefert.
Highly parallel architecture for optical disk database correlation with compensation for database errors (1992)

Architectural prototypes and algorithms for performing many simultaneous complex correlations between external data and data stored on optical disks are presented. External data are modulated onto an addressing light beam acoustooptically. Analog correlation outputs are obtained at low bandwidth. Data may be encoded on the disk either digitally, and correlated by using a digital multiplication by analog convolution scheme, or by analog area modulation. Bipolar correlations are shown possible without data biasing when two auxilliary diode lasers are used in a sign determination scheme. Error issues include variations in reflectances of encoded bits and raw disk errors.
Efficacy of a Multimechanistic Monoclonal Antibody Combination against Staphylococcus aureus Surgical Site Infections in Mice (2019)

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are commonly caused by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> We report that a combination of three monoclonal antibodies (MEDI6389) that neutralize <i>S. aureus</i> alpha-toxin, clumping factor A, and four leukocidins (LukSF, LukED, HlgAB, and HlgCB) plus vancomycin had enhanced efficacy compared with control antibody plus vancomycin in two mouse models of <i>S. aureus</i> SSI. Therefore, monoclonal antibody-based neutralization of multiple <i>S. aureus</i> virulence factors may provide an adjunctive perioperative approach to combat <i>S. aureus</i> SSIs.
Bifunctional Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by Hydrocarbons (2004)

Novel bifunctional catalysts combining two active phases, typically Cu-ZSM-5 and a modifier, were prepared and tested for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides using propylene in order to overcome the hindering effects of water typically seen for single-phase catalysts such as Cu-ZSM-5. The catalysts were made by typical preparation techniques, but parameters could be varied to influence the catalyst. The physical characterization of the materials showed that the modification phase was added strictly to the external surface of the zeolite without hindering any internal surface area. Chemical characterization by temperature-programmed reactions, DRIFTS and x-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated strong interaction between the two phases, primarily producing materials that exhibited lower reduction temperatures. Two improvements in NOx reduction activity (1000 ppm NO, 1000 ppm C3H6, 2% O2, 30,000 hr−1 GHSV) were seen for these catalysts compared with Cu-ZSM-5: a lower temperature of maximum NOx conversion activity (as low at 250°C), and an enhancement of activity when water was present in the system. The use of a second phase provides a way to furthure tune the properties of the catalyst in order to achieve mechanistic conditions necessary to maximize NOx remediation.
Direct oriented growth of armchair graphene nanoribbons on germanium (2015)

Graphene can be transformed from a semimetal into a semiconductor if it is confined into nanoribbons narrower than 10 nm with controlled crystallographic orientation and well-defined armchair edges. However, the scalable synthesis of nanoribbons with this precision directly on insulating or semiconducting substrates has not been possible. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons on Ge(001) via chemical vapour deposition. The nanoribbons are self-aligning 3° from the Ge〈110〉 directions, are self-defining with predominantly smooth armchair edges, and have tunable width to <10 nm and aspect ratio to >70. In order to realize highly anisotropic ribbons, it is critical to operate in a regime in which the growth rate in the width direction is especially slow, <5 nm h(-1). This directional and anisotropic growth enables nanoribbon fabrication directly on conventional semiconductor wafer platforms and, therefore, promises to allow the integration of nanoribbons into future hybrid integrated circuits.
Adaptive detection of DC Arc faults based on hurst exponents and current envelope (2018)

In this paper, an improved adaptive method for dc arc faults detection is proposed based on current envelope and Hurst exponents. The method is developed to be used in dc electrical distribution systems (EDS) including PV systems, DC micro-grids, and 48 V mild hybrid electric vehicles. The proposed method is shown to be effective in arc detection and immune to switching harmonics, high di/dt transients, sudden load changes, and noisy load profiles. A test setup is built and several hundred dc arcs were generated under different operation conditions including air gap, current, and various electrode thicknesses.
Sub-Shots - Basic Units of Video (2007)

Shots are commonly regarded as the basic unit of video above the frame level. Scenes and higher temporal structures are usually based upon them. However, the common definitions of shots and scenes do not completely support this hierarchy. Scene boundaries can occur within shots. Reasons and examples are given in this paper. A new level in the hierarchy of temporal video segments named sub-shots is proposed. Sub-shots are parts of shots. They are restricted to one event and limited to only a small change in visual content. The determination of scenes can then be based upon sub-shots. Sub-shots can also be used for key-frame extraction. Two algorithms, a clustering approach based on visual content and a motion analysis algorithm are proposed and yield experimentally promising results.
Evaluation of Hadamard Transform Atmospheric Pressure Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Complex Mixture Analysis (2013)

Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS) has gained popularity in the analysis of complex mixtures such as those encountered in metabolomics and proteomics. However, the challenge that exists in conventional pulsed IMMS is its inherent low duty cycle. The first application of Hadamard transform (HT)-type signal coupled with atmospheric pressure IMMS to complex mixtures is presented. Performance of the prototype was assessed by the analysis of metabolite standard mixture. With 200 times increased IMS duty cycle in HT mode compared with conventional pulsed mode, the limit of detection (LOD) was decreased by ∼10 times. Evaluation for application to complex mixtures was achieved using the NIST Standard Reference Material 1950 Metabolites in Human Plasma. Approximately 180 metabolite ions were detected within 1 min with an IMS resolving power (Rp) of ∼100. Rapid chromatographic separation prior to IMMS analysis was also demonstrated for improving the response of metabolite ions in rat brain tissue extract.
Effects of Added Microbial and Animal Lipases on Protein Hydrolysis in Blue Cheese made with Pasteurized Milk (1978)

We reported the use of lipases to accelerate flavor production in Blue cheese made with pasteurized milk. These lipases were contaminanted with proteases, so we decided to study their influence on proteolysis during ripening as well. Selected animal and microbial lipase preparations were added directly to the cheese curds along with Penicillium roqueforti spores and salt. Both lipase preparations had protease contaminants. The data for soluble nitrogen and free amino acids indicated inhibition of proteolysis during the earlier stages of ripening due to excessive lipolysis. However, after 60 days of ripening, the cheese containing microbial lipase showed higher free amino acids and the cheese containing animal lipase showed lower free amino acid concentrations than the control cheese. This indicated permanent inhibition of protease in animal lipase. The high free amino acid content in the cheese containing microbial lipase probably can be attributed to the protease contaminant in microbial lipase because the pH of the cheese became more suitable for the protease activity with time. The soluble nitrogen and free amino acid data also were confirmed by electrophoresis data, and both a-and /3-casein were degraded completely in Blue cheese towards the end of ripening. A careful screening of enzyme preparations for proper lipolytic and proteolytic activity seems essential.
CRL/NASDA airborne SAR (Pi-SAR) observations of sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk (2001)

Abstract Multi-frequency, multi-polarization airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations of sea ice in the southern Sea of Okhotsk were carried out in February 1999 in conjunction with RADARSAT SAR observations. The final goal of this study is to clarify the backscattering characteristics and to understand the scattering mechanisms of sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk by using microwave multiparametric SAR. The airborne SAR (Pi-SAR) has two frequencies (X- and L-band) and multi-polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH) with 1.5 m (X-band) and 3.0 m (L-band) resolution. It was developed by the Communications Research Laboratory (X-band) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (L-band). We show the frequency dependence and polarization properties of radar backscattering from sea ice. We find that it is possible to distinguish ice types by comparing backscattering from sea ice in the X- and L-bands. Investigation of the polarization characteristics at X-band was very useful for detecting the thin-ice area (e.g. nilas and gray ice).
Detection of fracture and quantitative assessment of displacement measures in pelvic X-RAY images (2010)

Fracture detection in cases of traumatic pelvic injuries is crucial for rapid and successful patient treatment. Initial diagnosis is typically made via X-ray images, which can be challenging and time-consuming to analyze due to their low resolution and the differing visual characteristics of fractures by their location. This paper presents a fracture detection method for the pelvic ring based on Discrete Wavelet Transform and boundary tracing applied to windows extracted from the ring, as defined by prior automated region segmentation via a deformable Spline/ASM model. Results so far are promising, and indicate that the approach can extract useful features for a trauma decision-making system to assist physicians and improve patient care.
A technique for counting natted hosts (2002)

There have been many attempts to measure how many hosts are on the Internet. Many of those end-points, however, are NAT boxes (Network Address Translators), and actually represent several different computers. We describe a technique for detecting NATs and counting the number of active hosts behind them. The technique is based on the observation that on many operating systems, the IP header's ID field is a simple counter. By suitable processing of trace data, packets emanating from individual machines can be isolated, and the number of machines determined. Our implementation, tested on aggregated local trace data, demonstrates the feasibility (and limitations) of the scheme.
Nano-plasmonic exosome diagnostics (2015)

Exosomes have emerged as a promising biomarker. These vesicles abound in biofluids and harbor molecular constituents from their parent cells, thereby offering a minimally-invasive avenue for molecular analyses. Despite such clinical potential, routine exosomal analysis, particularly the protein assay, remains challenging, due to requirements for large sample volumes and extensive processing. We have been developing miniaturized systems to facilitate clinical exosome studies. These systems can be categorized into two components: microfluidics for sample preparation and analytical tools for protein analyses. In this report, we review a new assay platform, nano-plasmonic exosome, in which sensing is based on surface plasmon resonance to achieve label-free exosome detection. Looking forward, we also discuss some potential challenges and improvements in exosome studies.
Electronic musical instrument (2009)

There is provided an electronic musical instrument which is capable of muting by a simple operation. A plurality of fret operating elements are provided on a fingerboard, for determining the pitch. Six stringed operating elements for determining sounding timing are provided on a string input section of the body of the electronic musical instrument. A tone generator and a sound system generate musical tones according to operations of the fret operating elements and the stringed operating elements. A mute fingerboard larger in transverse size than the transverse region over which the six stringed operating elements are arranged is disposed on an operating element holder protecting section engaged with latches of the operating elements. The mute fingerboard is located in the vicinity of operated ends of the stringed operating elements within the range where the stringed operating elements can be operated, and is exposed on a surface of the body.
Sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region in isolates of at least four genotypes of hepatitis C virus in The Netherlands (1994)

The RNAs of hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates from 62 patients with chronic HCV infection were analyzed by direct sequencing of the 5' untranslated region. Two important sequence motifs were recognized: one between positions -170 and -155 and the other between positions -132 and -117. These motifs are partly complementary. All three previously published genotypes were observed; 34 (55%) isolates were classified as type 1 (including prototype [from the United States] and HCV-BK [from Japan] sequences), 11 (18%) were classified as type 2 (including HC-J6 and HC-J8), and 12 (19%) were classified as type 3 (including EB1); one patient was infected with genotypes 1 and 2. Four (6%) isolates showed aberrant sequences and were therefore provisionally classified as genotype 4. These results indicate the significance of sequence variation among the 5' untranslated regions of different HCV genotypes and indicate that this region could possibly be used for consistent genotyping of HCV isolates.