gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria implicated in activated sludge bulking (2004)

Filamentous bacteria have long been associated with activated sludge bulking and foaming and are known to be the main cause of this problem. Chemical control methods such as chlorination and the use of hydrogen peroxide have been, and still are, used to cure bulking and foaming but are only effective as interim measures. More detailed understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of filamentous bacteria is still required for effective long-term control of bulking and foaming. Isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria in pure culture have shown promise as methods to gaining better understanding of bulking and foaming. The aim of this project was, therefore, to assess different techniques for effective isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria in pure culture. Activated sludge samples from Durban and surrounding areas were screened microscopically to identify constituent filamentous bacterial populations. Samples with varieties of different filamentous bacteria were subjected to various floc break-up procedures (nonidet surfactant treatment, sonication and cellulase hydrolysis) in conjunction with physical separation (centrifugation) to separate filamentous bacteria from floc-forming bacteria. Both treated and untreated samples were serially diluted and plated onto a variety of different solid media, whereafter discrete bacterial colonies were isolated and screened microscopically for filamentous morphology. Cellulase hydrolysis proved unsuccessful for filament isolation while direct inoculation, nonidet pretreatment and sonication resulted in the isolation of five different filaments, one via sonication and two each via the other methods. The filaments were provisionally identified as Sphaerotilus natans, Microthrix parvicella, Type 1863, Type 0092 and Haliscomenobacter hydrossis. WaterSA Vol.29(4) 2003: 405-410
A Combinatorial Study of the Dependence of Organic LED Characteristics on Layer Thickness (1999)

Optimization of the device structure of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is required for improved reliability and performance. An apparatus is described that enables a matrix of OLEDs to be fabricated in a single experiment, i.e., under comparable conditions, on a single substrate by combinatorial techniques. It is demonstrated that the influence of layer thickness variation of one or more layers on the device performance can be easily studied—as illustrated on the cover of this issue. The technique is also suitable for the fast screening and optimization of materials.
Digital audio broadcasting: US technologies and systems, terrestrial and satellite (2002)

The world of audio has gone digital. Listeners are demanding the same compact disk ("CD") quality music wherever they go-witness the widespread availability and use of battery operated CD players. Over-the-air broadcasting has yet to participate in this digital revolution. The United States has taken the lead in the development of inband, on-channel ("IBOC") and in-band, adjacent-channel ("IBAC") technologies which will allow existing broadcasters to deliver CD-quality music with the areas they currently serve without additional frequency allocations. Further, the US has initiated licensing of satellite and complementary digital audio radio systems ("DARS") in the 2310-2360 MHz band.
Electrical characterization of bell-type electrostatic painting systems (1992)

A numerical model that determines the electrical characteristics of a bell-type electrostatic painting system is presented. The model is capable of handling the complex geometries of practical sprayers and accounts for the space charge effect of charged paint droplets. The influence of aerodynamic forces is also considered in tracing individual droplet trajectories. As a test of tile simulation, the restricted case of a sprayer emitting ions, rather than charged paint droplets, was modeled. The simulation results were compared with experimental data and showed good agreement. For the more general case, maps of equipotential contours and the paint droplet trajectories are generated for a bell-type sprayer. It was found that the space charge tends to increase the deposition field, although not as strongly as increased bell potential or decreased bell-to-target spacing. However, the space charge also caused the spray pattern to expand, possibly leading to increased overspray.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mobile TV using scalable video coding and layer-aware forward error correction (2008)

A new approach to error protection for scalable media is presented for mobile TV applications. Mobile TV is typically characterized by a number of receiver capabilities and connection qualities. A broadcast service should preferably work for multiple receiver capabilities without the need for downscaling or transcoding at the battery-powered mobile devices. Moreover, a media quality that gracefully degrades with reception quality instead of a complete signal loss is also a desirable feature. The scalable video coding (SVC) extension of H.264/AVC offers an efficient way to support the aforementioned features. In mobile broadcast channels forward error correction (FEC) is used to overcome packet losses. This work proposes a layer-aware forward error correction (L-FEC) approach in combination with SVC. L-FEC increases robustness of the more important layers by generating protection across layers. L-FEC is integrated as an extension of an Raptor FEC implementation. It is shown by experimental results that L-FEC outperforms traditional FEC and UEP protection schemes.
Electrical Conduction Through Small Contact Spots (2006)

Earlier literature has reported that the voltage-temperature (V-T) relation for electrical contacts, and classical electrical contact theory in general, are invalid where the a-spots are on the order of nanometers. This paper reviews earlier literature dealing with the breakdown of the V-T relation and presents quantitative arguments to propose that this breakdown stems from the ballistic motion of electrons through nanometer-sized constrictions. Earlier literature also suggested that the breakdown of classical theory stems in part from thermal losses from a-spots to contaminant layers in an electrical interface. Through the use of a simple a-spot model, this paper shows that this cooling mechanism is not sufficiently important to affect the validity of the classical V-T relation and classical electrical contact theory in general
Prepared for Anything (2013)

Abstract From prevention to preparedness: Cultural anthropologists are re‐examining pandemics as globalised and globalising diseases. Viral infections such as SARS need to be understood in a wider context, beyond a purely medical dimension.
Transactional filer for grid storage server (2005)

Future demands on storage systems are expected to stress current storage architectures on ail dimensions: amount of aggregate storage is expected to grow by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude, while data-granularity is expected to fall by at least an order of magnitude. Further, the network access bandwidths are also increasing at least by two orders of per link, and several times that in aggregate. We present a transactional filer, a extensible scalable file-system capable of "petabyte" and "petabit-per-sec" performance. This filer is built using, as its components, an all-silicon grid storage server, whose scalability derives from a no-software "server-less server" design. The grid storage server implements multiple layers of a protocol stack which are compiled into a hardware engine that processes all layers concurrently on-chip, without any software involvement. The protocol engine chip has a vanishingly low price point, at which it is possible to directly network-enable each individual hard-disk drive. This "serverless" design allows it to scale up to match "terabit" network speeds and "terabyte" disk capacities per node, aggregating to petabyte-petabit capacities across the large scale grid application. The transactional filer is a file-system is built upon this distributed silicon protocol engine architecture; and benefits from the advantages of reconfigrable computing. The file-system primitives which are implemented in the hardware protocol engine are simple and hence silicon-friendly, yet they can be combined together in ways to provide a very rich transactional versioned file-system interface to the end-application. While this newer grid-friendly file-system interface is exposed for new applications, the same hardware primitives can be used in a backward compatible POSIX manner to support legacy applications
Modeling and simulation of nuclear fuel materials (2010)

We review the state of modeling and simulation of nuclear fuels with emphasis on the most widely used nuclear fuel, UO2. The hierarchical scheme presented represents a science-based approach to modeling nuclear fuels by progressively passing information in several stages from electronic structure calculations to continuum level simulations. Such an approach is essential to overcome the challenges posed by radioactive materials handling, experimental limitations in modeling extreme conditions and accident scenarios, and the small time and distance scales of fundamental processes. When used in conjunction with experimental validation, this multiscale modeling scheme can provide valuable guidance to development of fuel for advanced reactors to meet rising global energy demand.
A Toxicity Index of Skin and Wound Cleansers Used on In Vitro Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes (2005)

Successful cutaneous tissue repair depends on the viability of the principal cell types involved (fibroblasts and keratinocytes). Toxicity indexes provide helpful guidelines for subsequent in vivo evaluations and clinical applications. The study findings also suggest that judicious use of these supposedly innocuous agents should be considered in a clinical setting.
Estimating the State of Charge of Lithium-ion Battery based on Sliding Mode Observer (2016)

Battery management system (BMS) requires an accurate prediction of state of charge (SOC) of electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, a first-order RC network equivalent circuit battery model with the hysteresis characteristic of Lithium-ion battery is built up. The parameters of battery equivalent circuit model (BECM) is identified. And then, we design a sliding mode observer (SMO) to estimate SOC of batteries in EVs. The robustness and observability of the SMO of SOC estimation are proved. Matlab/Simulink and AMESim co-simulation method is adopted to evaluate the performance of the presented algorithm. The simulation results show that the SOC estimation error is less than 3%.
Cloning, tissue distribution and functional characterization of the chicken P2X<sub>1</sub> receptor (2002)

We describe a new chicken P2X subunit that is an orthologue of the mammalian P2X1 receptor. Functional characterization of chicken P2X1 receptors was performed using the amphotericin B perforated patch configuration to avoid the current run-down observed under whole-cell patch-clamp conditions. Responses to agonists and to the antagonist PPADS (pyridoxal 5-phosphate 6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid) were similar to what has been described for mammalian orthologues. However, the antagonists suramin and NF023 were much less potent at chicken P2X1 receptors than at human P2X1 receptors. In embryonic tissues, transcript expression is predominant in lung, liver and skeletal muscle. Overlapping expression with cP2X4 and cP2X5 subunits in several embryonic tissues, including skeletal muscle, indicates that the native embryonic P2X receptors could be heteromultimeric.
Photo-oxidized bovine pericardium in congenital cardiac surgery: single-centre experience (2016)

Photo-oxidized bovine pericardium demonstrated excellent performance when used as a patch material in cardiovascular repair in children. Its handling characteristics and biocompatibility are consistent with a wide range of applications.
The Future of English in Asia (1975)

On the basis of census figures and some 'guesstimates' on trends of population growth, an attempt is made in this paper to extrapolate the future of English in Asia. Asia, as used in this study, will be limited to East Asia and the Pacific, precluding from consideration the Middle East and the Near East or the Mediterranean area. More specifically, considerations will be limited to the following countries: Hongkong, Singapore Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the People's Republic of China, Nationalist China, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand. While the focus of interest has to do with the extent of language competence in one signaling system, the English language, the factual base has to be the population of language users or performers. The sources of data are based on secondary sources, UNESCO statistical yearbooks and UN reports of the Population Reference Bureau, Inc.
Absorption of benzoic acid in segmental regions of the vascularly perfused rat small intestine preparation. (2001)

Oral bioavailability is a consequence of intestinal absorption, exsorption, and metabolism and is further modulated by the difference in activities among segmental regions. The influence of these factors on the net absorption of benzoic acid (BA), a substrate that is metabolized to hippurate and is transported by the monocarboxylic acid transporter 1, was studied in the recirculating, vascularly perfused, rat small intestine preparation. Metabolism of BA was not observed for both systemic and intraluminal injections into segments of varying lengths. But, secretion of BA into lumen was noted. Absorption of BA (0.166-3.68 micromol) introduced at the duodenal end for absorption by the entire intestine was complete (>95% dose at 2 h) and dose-independent, yielding similar absorption rate constants (k(a) of 0.0464 min(-1)). The extent of absorption remained high (92-96% dose) when BA was injected into closed segments of shorter lengths (12 or 20 cm), suggesting a large reserve length of the rat intestine. However, k(a) was higher for the jejunum (0.0519 and 0.0564 min(-1), respectively, for the 12- and 20-cm segments) and exceeded that for the duodenum (12-cm segment, 0.0442 min(-1)) and ileum (20-cm segment, 0.0380 min(-1)) at closed injection sites. The finding paralleled the distribution of monocarboxylic acid transporter isoform 1 detected by Western blotting along the length of the small intestine. Fits of the systemic and oral data (based on duodenal injection for absorption by the whole intestine) to the traditional, physiological model and to the segregated flow model (SFM) that describes partial intestinal flow to the enterocyte region showed a better fit with the SFM even though metabolite data were absent.
Reduced Fluorescence Quenching of Cyclodextrin−Acetylene Dye Rotaxanes (2006)

An acetylene dye rotaxane with α-CD has been synthesized using the Heck−Cassar−Sonogashira−Hagihara-type reaction in aqueous solution. Free dye with tetracarboxylic acids is found to be highly sensitive to various metal ions, showing high Stern−Volmer constants, KSV. As CD encapsulation protects and stabilizes the threaded chromophore against an outside quencher, metal-insensitive biological tags are an obvious application for this class of molecules.
Differences in cardiac microcirculatory wave patterns between the proximal left mainstem and proximal right coronary artery (2008)

Despite having almost identical origins and similar perfusion pressures, the flow-velocity waveforms in the left and right coronary arteries are strikingly different. We hypothesized that pressure differences originating from the distal (microcirculatory) bed would account for the differences in the flow-velocity waveform. We used wave intensity analysis to separate and quantify proximal- and distal-originating pressures to study the differences in velocity waveforms. In 20 subjects with unobstructed coronary arteries, sensor-tipped intra-arterial wires were used to measure simultaneous pressure and Doppler velocity in the proximal left main stem (LMS) and proximal right coronary artery (RCA). Proximal- and distal-originating waves were separated using wave intensity analysis, and differences in waves were examined in relation to structural and anatomic differences between the two arteries. Diastolic flow velocity was lower in the RCA than in the LMS (35.1 +/- 21.4 vs. 56.4 +/- 32.5 cm/s, P < 0.002), and, consequently, the diastolic-to-systolic ratio of peak flow velocity in the RCA was significantly less than in the LMS (1.00 +/- 0.32 vs. 1.79 +/- 0.48, P < 0.001). This was due to a lower distal-originating suction wave (8.2 +/- 6.6 x 10(3) vs. 16.0 +/- 12.2 x 10(3) W.m(-2).s(-1), P < 0.01). The suction wave in the LMS correlated positively with left ventricular pressure (r = 0.6, P < 0.01) and in the RCA with estimated right ventricular systolic pressure (r = 0.7, P = 0.05) but not with the respective diameter in these arteries. In contrast to the LMS, where coronary flow velocity was predominantly diastolic, in the proximal RCA coronary flow velocity was similar in systole and diastole. This difference was due to a smaller distal-originating suction wave in the RCA, which can be explained by differences in elastance and pressure generated between right and left ventricles.
Understanding Chinese Society (2012)

1. Introduction 2. Sources of Chinese identity Marjorie Dryburgh 3. Rituals and the life cycle Lucy Zhao 4. Family and marriage Xiaowei Zang 5. Gender and sexuality Jieyu Liu 6. Contested ground: Community and neighbourhood Chunrong Liu 7. Education Gerard Postiglione 8. Status and Hierarchy Qian Forrest Zhang 9. Ethnic minorities Colin Mackerras 10. Transformation of work in post-Mao China Yi-min Lin 11. Urbanization and its impacts on China Yu Hong 12. The mass media Xiaoling Zhang 13. Environmental protection Vic Li 14. Civil society in a birdcage? Kamyee Law 15. Government and changing state-society relations Xiaowei Zang
Silver Release from Silver Nanoparticles in Natural Waters (2013)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used increasingly in consumer products for their antimicrobial properties. This increased use raises ecological concern because of the release of AgNPs into the environment. Once released, zero-valent silver may be oxidized to Ag(+) and the cation liberated or it may persist as AgNPs. The chemical form of Ag has implications for its toxicity; it is therefore crucial to characterize the persistence of AgNPs to predict their ecotoxicological potential. In this study, we evaluated the release of Ag from AgNPs of various sizes exposed to river and lake water for up to 4 months. Several AgNP-capping agents were also considered: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), tannic acid (Tan), and citric acid (Cit). We observed a striking difference between 5, 10, and 50 nm AgNPs, with the latter being more resistant to dissolution in oxic water on a mass basis. However, the difference decreased when Ag was surface-area-normalized, suggesting an important role of the surface area in determining Ag loss. We propose that rapid initial Ag(+) release was attributable to desorption of Ag(+) from nanoparticle surfaces. We also observed that PVP- and Tan-AgNPs are more prone to Ag(+) release than Cit-AgNPs. In addition, it is likely that oxidative dissolution also occurs but at a slower rate. This study clearly shows that small AgNPs (5 nm, PVP and Tan) dissolve rapidly and almost completely, while larger AgNPs (50 nm) have the potential to persist for an extended period of time and could serve as a continuous source of Ag ions.
2-Aryl-4,4,8-trimethyl-2-phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes:  Reactive Chiral Phosphine Catalysts for Enantioselective Acylation (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXT2-Aryl-4,4,8-trimethyl-2-phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes: Reactive Chiral Phosphine Catalysts for Enantioselective AcylationEdwin Vedejs and Olafs DaugulisView Author Information Chemistry Department University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 24, 5813–5814Publication Date (Web):June 2, 1999Publication History Received14 January 1999Published online2 June 1999Published inissue 1 June 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja990133ohttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja990133orapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1754Altmetric-Citations176LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Catalysts,Group 15 compounds,Organic reactions,Post-translational modification Get e-Alerts
Technological Challenges for Spray Chilling Encapsulation of Functional Food Ingredients (2013)

Spray chilling technology (also known as spray cooling and spray congealing technology) has been widely studied and used in the pharmaceutical field. In the food industry, this technique is gaining interest and can become useful because functional food formulations can be developed. Spray chilling is a fat-based system, which involves the addition of the component of interest to a molten lipid carrier, and the resulting mixture is fed through an atomiser nozzle. When the nebulised material is put into contact with the environment, which is cooled below the melting point of the matrix material, the vehicle solidifies (due to heat exchange between the molten material and cold air), and solid lipid microparticles are formed at the same time. This technology is fat based, and lipid carriers, such as wax and oil (e.g. palm oil, beeswax, cocoa butter, and kernel oil) can be used. This encapsulation technique can potentially change the functionality, reduce the hygroscopicity, mask taste or odour, change solubility, and provide physical protection in addition to allowing the controlled release of these ingredients. This low-cost technology is relatively simple to apply and scale up, and it does not require the use of organic solvents and the application of high temperatures in the process. Therefore, spray chilling encapsulation may facilitate the development and production of functional and enriched foods as it may solve some technological problems associated with the use of certain ingredients, such as those that have high reactivity and low stability.
Residual stress measurement on plasma sprayed coatings (1989)

(1989). Residual stress measurement on plasma sprayed coatings. Welding International: Vol. 3, No. 11, pp. 947-953.