gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A systematic market approach to distributed constraint problems (2002)

MarCon (Market-based Constraints) applies market-based control to distributed constraint problems. It offers a new approach to distributing constraint problems that avoids challenges to current approaches in some domains, and it provides a systematic way to apply markets to many problems. Constraint agents interact with one another via the variable agents in which they share an interest, expressing their preferences over sets of assignments. Each variable integrates this information from the constraints interested in it and provides feedback that enables the constraints to shrink their sets of assignments until they converge on a solution. MarCon has been tested in the domain of mechanical design, in which its set-narrowing process is particularly useful.
Dynamic fiber Bragg grating sensing method (2016)

The measurement of high frequency vibrations is important in many scientific and engineering problems. This paper presents a novel, cost effective method using fiber optic fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for the measurement of high frequency vibrations. The method uses wavelength matched FBG sensors, with the first sensor acting as a transmission filter and the second sensor acting as the sensing portion. Energy fluctuations in the reflection spectrum of the second FBG due to wavelength mismatch between the sensors are captured by a photodiode. An in-depth analysis of the optical circuit is provided to predict the behavior of the method as well as identify ways to optimize the method. Simple demonstrations of the method were performed with the FBG sensing system installed on a piezoelectric transducer and on a wind turbine blade. Vibrations were measured with sampling frequencies up to 1 MHz for demonstrative purposes. The sensing method can be multiplexed for use with multiple sensors, and with care, can be retrofitted to work with FBG sensors already installed on a structure.
Thermal Performance and Key Challenges for Future CPU Cooling Technologies (2005)

Over the past few years, thermal design for cooling microprocessors has become increasingly challenging mainly because of an increase in both average power density and local power density, commonly referred to as “hot spots”. The current air cooling technologies present diminishing returns, thus it is strategically important for the microelectronics industry to establish the research and development focus for future non air-cooling technologies. This paper presents the thermal performance capability for enabling and package based cooling technologies using a range of “reasonable” boundary conditions. In the enabling area a few key main building blocks are considered: air cooling, high conductivity materials, liquid cooling (single and two-phase), thermoelectric modules integrated with heat pipes/vapor chambers, refrigeration based devices and the thermal interface materials performance. For package based technologies we present only the microchannel building block (cold plate in contact with the back-side of the die). It will be shown that as the hot spot density factor increases, package based cooling technologies should be considered for more significant cooling improvements. In addition to thermal performance, a summary of the key technical challenges are presented in the paper. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference.
Poly-1,2-azepines by the photopolymerization of phenyl azides. Precursors for conducting polymer films (1988)

Polymers with a 1,2-azepinediyl structure are the primary products in the photopolymn. of aryl azides in a N atm. The polymers are through to be formed via singlet phenylnitrene and azacycloheptatetraene. The structure elucidation of these polymers is based on both spectroscopy and chem. anal. using a series of seven (substituted) Ph azides. The initially formed poly-1,2-azepines are very susceptible to oxidn.; delocalized charge species are formed upon exposure to air, while upon oxidative doping with I2 or AsF5 the polymers become elec. conductive. Conductivities ?10-2 S/cm are found. When the photopolymn. of aryl azides is performed in air, a simultaneous photooxidn. of the poly-1,2-azepines is obsd., furnishing carbonyl contg. polymers. Thin polymer films of poly-1,2-azepines are deposited on a fused silica window when the photopolymn. is carried out with gaseous PhN3. High-resoln. patterns of poly-1,2-azepines are formed when a photomask is used in this gas-phase polymn. Upon doping these patterns become elec. conductive. [on SciFinder (R)]
Series-Coupled Pairs of Silica Microresonators (2009)

Series-coupled pairs of whispering-gallery-mode optical microresonators have been demonstrated as prototypes of stable, narrow-band-pass photonic filters. Characteristics that are generally considered desirable in a photonic or other narrow-band-pass filter include response as nearly flat as possible across the pass band, sharp roll-off, and high rejection of signals outside the pass band. A single microresonator exhibits a Lorentzian filter function: its peak response cannot be made flatter and its roll-off cannot be made sharper. However, as a matter of basic principle applicable to resonators in general, it is possible to (1) use multiple resonators, operating in series or parallel, to obtain a roll-off sharper, and out-of-band rejection greater, relative to those of a Lorentzian filter function and (2) to make the peak response (the response within the pass band) flatter by tuning the resonators to slightly different resonance frequencies that span the pass band. The first of the two microresonators in each series-coupled pair was a microtorus made of germania-doped silica (containing about 19 mole percent germania), which is a material used for the cores of some optical fibers. The reasons for choosing this material is that exposing it to ultraviolet light causes it to undergo a chemical change that changes its index of refraction and thereby changes the resonance frequency. Hence, this material affords the means to effect the desired slight relative detuning of the two resonators. The second microresonator in each pair was a microsphere of pure silica. The advantage of making one of the resonators a torus instead of a sphere is that its spectrum of whispering-gallery-mode resonances is sparser, as needed to obtain a frequency separation of at least 100 GHz between resonances of the filter as a whole.
Design of a peptidic inhibitor that targets the dimer interface of a prototypic galectin (2015)

Galectins are small soluble lectins that bind α-galactosides via their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Their ability to dimerize is critical for the crosslinking of glycoprotein receptors and subsequent cellular signaling. This is particularly important in their immunomodulatory role via the induction of T-cell apoptosis. Because galectins play a central role in many pathologies, including cancer, they represent valuable therapeutic targets. At present, most inhibitors have been directed towards the CRD, a challenging task in terms of specificity given the high structural homology of the CRD among galectins. Such inhibitors are not effective at targeting CRD-independent functions of galectins. Here, we report a new class of galectin inhibitors that specifically binds human galectin-7 (hGal-7), disrupts the formation of homodimers, and inhibits the pro-apoptotic activity of hGal-7 on Jurkat T cells. In addition to representing a new means to achieve specificity when targeting galectins, such inhibitors provide a promising alternative to more conventional galectin inhibitors that target the CRD with soluble glycans or other small molecular weight allosteric inhibitors.
Antibacterial drug leads targeting isoprenoid biosynthesis (2012)

With the rise in resistance to antibiotics such as methicillin, there is a need for new drugs. We report here the discovery and X-ray crystallographic structures of 10 chemically diverse compounds (benzoic, diketo, and phosphonic acids, as well as a bisamidine and a bisamine) that inhibit bacterial undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, an essential enzyme involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The inhibitors bind to one or more of the four undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor binding sites identified previously, with the most active leads binding to site 4, outside the catalytic center. The most potent leads are active against Staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)(90) ∼0.25 µg/mL], and one potently synergizes with methicillin (fractional inhibitory concentration index = 0.25) and is protective in a mouse infection model. These results provide numerous leads for antibacterial development and open up the possibility of restoring sensitivity to drugs such as methicillin, using combination therapies.
Printed Microlens Arrays for Enhancing Light Extraction From Organic Light-Emitting Devices (2013)

The light out-coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting devices was enhanced using microlens arrays fabricated by a direct printing technique. The high surface-free energy of a glass substrate was modified through the use of a hydrophobic silane coupling agent thus achieving a high contact angle for liquid droplets. A transparent monomer mixture of multifunctional thiol and ene was employed as a lens material. The light out-coupling efficiency was improved by 30% using printed microlens arrays without altering the electroluminescent spectrum.
Inhibition of cereal rust fungi by both class <scp>I</scp> and <scp>II</scp> defensins derived from the flowers of <i> <scp>N</scp> icotiana alata </i> (2013)

Defensins are a large family of small, cysteine-rich, basic proteins, produced by most plants and plant tissues. They have a primary function in defence against fungal disease, although other functions have been described. This study reports the isolation and characterization of a class I secreted defensin (NaD2) from the flowers of Nicotiana alata, and compares its antifungal activity with the class II defensin (NaD1) from N. alata flowers, which is stored in the vacuole. NaD2, like all other class I defensins, lacks the C-terminal pro-peptide (CTPP) characteristic of class II defensins. NaD2 is most closely related to Nt-thionin from N. tabacum (96% identical) and shares 81% identity with MtDef4 from alfalfa. The concentration required to inhibit in vitro fungal growth by 50% (IC50 ) was assessed for both NaD1 and NaD2 for the biotrophic basidiomycete fungi Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca) and P. sorghi (Ps), the necrotrophic pathogenic ascomycetes Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), F. graminearum (Fgr), Verticillium dahliae (Vd) and Thielaviopsis basicola (Tb), and the saprobe Aspergillus nidulans. NaD1 was a more potent antifungal molecule than NaD2 against both the biotrophic and necrotrophic fungal pathogens tested. NaD2 was 5-10 times less effective at killing necrotrophs, but only two-fold less effective on Puccinia species. A new procedure for testing antifungal proteins is described in this study which is applicable to pathogens with spores that are not amenable to liquid culture, such as rust pathogens. Rusts are the most damaging fungal pathogens of many agronomically important crop species (wheat, barley, oats and soybean). NaD1 and NaD2 inhibited urediniospore germination, germ tube growth and germ tube differentiation (appressoria induction) of both Puccinia species tested. NaD1 and NaD2 were fungicidal on Puccinia species and produced stunted germ tubes with a granular cytoplasm. When NaD1 and NaD2 were sprayed onto susceptible oat plants prior to the plants being inoculated with crown rust, they reduced the number of pustules per leaf area, as well as the amount of chlorosis induced by infection. Similar to observations in vitro, NaD1 was more effective as an antifungal control agent than NaD2. Further investigation revealed that both NaD1 and NaD2 permeabilized the plasma membranes of Puccinia spp. This study provides evidence that both secreted (NaD2) and nonsecreted (NaD1) defensins may be useful for broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 controls the process of the in vitro sprout formation. (2004)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), the primary regulator of plasminogen activator - urokinase (uPA) plays a crucial role in the cell adhesion and migration and in angiogenesis. We had previously demonstrated that PAI-1 - endothelial cell interplay is critical for the formation of new blood vessels and the process is mostly conducted via uPA- anti-proteinase interaction. In the present study we wished to further examine the role of PAI-1 in the sprout formation, representing the first step of new capillary vessels development by evaluating the effect of PAI-1 on the sprout area. We addressed the issue by assessing the influence of cysteine-mutated PAI-1 proteins characterized by a prolonged half-life time (hD beta T - T(1/2)= 63.59 h and beta T-T(1/2)= 6931.47 h), and therefore more stable anti-uPA activity, on the appearance of newly formed sprouts. We found that both CysPAI-1 proteins significantly diminished the mean sprout area in a concentration-dependent fashion. The inhibitory effect present in the two examined endothelial cells systems of different origin and functional characteristics - human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) cultures - was noticeably greater for HLMVEC -high urokinase-producers. Moreover, the inhibition rate was significantly greater for the beta T mutant than that for the hD beta T PAI-1 mutant in all examined doses (P<0.002), proving a key role of anti-proteinase activity for this effect. We concluded that, apart from the total sprout length, as it had repeatedly been demonstrated before, also affects the sprout area in the in vitro sprout formation angiogenesis assay. This effect was achieved mainly via PAI-1's antiproteinase activity.
Digital logic using molecular electronics (2003)

A reconfigurable architecture is based on chemically-assembled electronic nanotechnology (CAEN). A molecular latch based on molecular RTDs provides I/O-isolation, voltage restoration, and fan-out using only 2-terminal devices.
Model-based estimation of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance (2007)

We describe a novel model-based approach to estimate cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) continuously from peripheral arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveforms. Our method exploits the intra-beat and inter-beat variability in ABP to estimate the lumped time constant of a beat-to-beat averaged Windkessel model of the arterial tree, from which we obtain an uncalibrated estimate of CO. To estimate absolute CO, we determine the lumped arterial compliance using calibration data, and assuming either constant or state-dependent compliance. We applied our method to a porcine data set in which stroke volume was measured with an ultrasonic flowmeter. We obtain root-mean-square normalized errors of 11-13% across all pigs, lower than those obtained on the same data set using various other estimation methods. The CO estimates, and TPR estimates derived from them track intravenous drug infusions quite closely.
A 2.9ns random access cycle embedded DRAM with a destructive-read (2003)

High performance devices available in a logic-based embedded DRAM process can be used to significantly improve eDRAM performance. However, random access cycle time of conventional eDRAMs remains around 6 ns. In this work, a novel destructive-read architecture that reduces the random access cycle time of an eDRAM by delaying the data write back operation to a later cycle is demonstrated. A single-ended direct sensing is employed to further speed up the random access cycle time of the eDRAM to 2.9ns.
Preparation and photolysis of polyamides having coumarin dimer component (1983)

Abstract The ring‐opening polyaddition reaction of anti and syn head‐to‐head Coumarin dimers with diamines and the photocleavage behavior of the resulting polyamides were investigated. Anti head‐to‐head Coumarin dimer successfully reacted with aliphatic and aromatic diamines in an aprotic polar solvent to give corresponding high molecular weight polyamides. The polyamides showed good film forming ability and exhibited solubility behavior typical of polyelectrolytes. Furthermore, these polyamides were found to undergo exclusively asymmetric photocleavage on the cyclobutane rings in the polymer main chain to give a fumaramide unit with elimination of 2,2′‐dihydroxystilbene. On the other hand, syn head‐to‐head Coumarin dimer gave only low molecular weight polyamides. These polymerization and photocleavage behaviors were elucidated in comparison with those of model reactions.
Copying Nature's Mechanism for the Decarboxylation of β-Keto Acids into Catalytic Antibodies by Reactive Immunization (1996)

Reactive immunization was used to generate catalytic antibodies that use the enamine mechanism common to the natural class I aldolase enzymes. In order to investigate the possibility of exploiting the imine and enamine intermediates programmed into antibody catalysts by reactive immunization and the features which antibody aldolases share with naturally evolved catalysts, we have studied their ability to catalyze the decarboxylation of structurally related β-keto acids. Both aldolase antibodies were shown to efficiently catalyze the decarboxylation of two hapten-related β-keto acids with rate enhancements (kcat/kuncat) between 4959 and 14 774. Inhibition studies support the role of an essential lysine residue in the active site of the antibodies and the formation of a cyanide accessible imine intermediate in the mechanism. Investigation of the decarboxylation reaction of 2-{3‘-(4‘‘-acetamidophenyl)propyl}acetoacetic acid, 4, to 6-(4‘-acetamidophenyl)-2-hexanone, 12, in the presence of 18O-labeled water by electrospray mass spectrometry revealed obligatory incorporation of 18O in the antibody-catalyzed reaction consistent with decarboxylation proceeding via an imine intermediate. These studies demonstrate that reactive immunization may be utilized to program in fine detail the mechanism of catalytic antibodies and our ability to exploit the programmed reaction coordinate for different catalytic tasks.
Sulfamylurea hypoglycemic agents. 6. High-potency derivatives (1976)

Synthetic methods for a series of novel sulfamylurea derivatives have been developed. The hypoglycemic activity of simple 1-piperidinosulfonylureas is greatly enhanced by attaching an acylaminoethyl function in the 4 position of the piperidine ring. Optimum activity is achieved when the acyl radical is 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl, 2-methoxynicotinyl, 5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinyl, 1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-ketonicotinyl, 2,3-ethylenedioxybenzoyl, quinoline-8-carbonyl, or 6-chloroquinoline-8-carbonyl. Optimal substituents on the terminal urea nitrogen are cyclohexyl, bicycloheptenylmethyl, and in certain cases propyl, 7-oxabicycloheptanylmethyl, and adamantyl. One of these compounds (81, gliamilide) was found to be well tolerated in man and it displayed a very short plasma half-life.
1,7-Naphthyridine 1-Oxides as Novel Potent and Selective Inhibitors of p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (2011)

The design, synthesis, and ability to inhibit p38α MAP kinase by a novel series of naphthyridine N-oxides will be described. Some of these compounds showed a significant reduction in the LPS-induced TNFα production in human whole blood. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that N-oxide oxygen was essential for activity and was probably a determinant factor for its marked selectivity against other related kinases. After an extensive SAR exercise, several compounds from this series were identified as very potent p38α inhibitors. In vivo efficacy of some derivatives was demonstrated to reduce TNFα levels in an acute murine model of inflammation (ED(50) = 0.5 mg/kg in LPS-induced TNFα production when dosed orally 1.5 h prior to LPS administration). The oral efficacy was further demonstrated in a chronic model of adjuvant arthritis in rats with established disease when administered orally (ED(50) < 1 mg/kg).
Coherent optical signal processing using optical frequency combs (2012)

In this paper, we show recent results in the use of stabilized optical frequency combs from mode-locked diode lasers operating in the telecommunication C-band for applications in coherent parallel signal processing architectures. For selecting and modulating single components within the frequency comb, novel approaches that rely on the properties of injection locked oscillators will be used. These approaches will show that one can simultaneously select single components from a frequency comb and realize either modulation or detection functionality. To demonstrate how stabilized frequency combs can be used in a coherent signal processing scenario, we use the frequency combs and injection locked microcavity lasers to perform real time waveform generation, measurement, and matched filtering.
Optical packet switching for WDM high speed backbones (2002)

Optical packet networking concepts and related developments in technology are reviewed. The application scenario addresses high speed IP backbones based on optical packet switching and wavelength division multiplexing.
Stable cycling and excess capacity of a nanostructured Sn electrode based on Sn(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub> confined within a nanoporous carbon scaffold (2013)

A high capacity, electrochemically stable, nanostructured Sn electrode for Li ion battery anodes is described. This electrode utilizes a rigid, electrically conductive, nanoporous carbon aerogel scaffold by incorporating tin acetate, Sn(CH3COO)2, into the scaffold pore volume through melt infusion. Incorporation of the Sn(CH3COO)2 by melt infusion ensures a chemically stable contact with the scaffold. The mechanical rigidity of the pore volume confines the Sn to nanometer dimensions without sintering, leading to stable cycling. Separation of the synthesis of the scaffold from the loading with Sn(CH3COO)2 permits optimized division of the scaffold pore volume for expansion and electrolyte access during reaction with Li. Using this design, an electrode based on an aerogel with a 5 nm mode pore size was cycled over 300 times without degradation. In addition, after subtracting the contribution from the carbon scaffold, the capacity exceeded the theoretical capacity for Sn, due to an oxidation reaction occurring at 1.2 V. This excess capacity may be related to the solid-solid or solid-electrolyte interfaces in the electrode, possibly representing a new reversible Li ion reaction.
Low-power reduced transistor image sensor (2009)

An image sensor comprising an array of 128 by 50 super pixels, column parallel current conveyors and global difference double sampling (DDS) unit is presented. The super pixel consists of: a reset transistor, a readout transistor, four transfer transistors and four photodiodes. The photo pixel address switch is placed outside the pixel, effectively implementing 1.5 transistors per pixel using a sharing scheme of the readout and reset transistor. The column FPN of 0.43% from saturated level and SNR of 43.9 dB is measured. The total power consumption is 5 mW at 30 frame/s.