gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Simulation of a COVID-19 Epidemic Based on a Deterministic SEIR Model (2020)

An epidemic disease caused by a new coronavirus has spread in Northern Italy with a strong contagion rate. We implement an SEIR model to compute the infected population and the number of casualties of this epidemic. The example may ideally regard the situation in the Italian Region of Lombardy, where the epidemic started on February 24, but by no means attempts to perform a rigorous case study in view of the lack of suitable data and the uncertainty of the different parameters, namely, the variation of the degree of home isolation and social distancing as a function of time, the initial number of exposed individuals and infected people, the incubation and infectious periods, and the fatality rate. First, we perform an analysis of the results of the model by varying the parameters and initial conditions (in order for the epidemic to start, there should be at least one exposed or one infectious human). Then, we consider the Lombardy case and calibrate the model with the number of dead individuals to date (May 5, 2020) and constrain the parameters on the basis of values reported in the literature. The peak occurs at day 37 (March 31) approximately, with a reproduction ratio <i>R</i><sub>0</sub> of 3 initially, 1.36 at day 22, and 0.8 after day 35, indicating different degrees of lockdown. The predicted death toll is approximately 15,600 casualties, with 2.7 million infected individuals at the end of the epidemic. The incubation period providing a better fit to the dead individuals is 4.25 days, and the infectious period is 4 days, with a fatality rate of 0.00144/day [values based on the reported (official) number of casualties]. The infection fatality rate (IFR) is 0.57%, and it is 2.37% if twice the reported number of casualties is assumed. However, these rates depend on the initial number of exposed individuals. If approximately nine times more individuals are exposed, there are three times more infected people at the end of the epidemic and IFR = 0.47%. If we relax these constraints and use a wider range of lower and upper bounds for the incubation and infectious periods, we observe that a higher incubation period (13 vs. 4.25 days) gives the same IFR (0.6 vs. 0.57%), but nine times more exposed individuals in the first case. Other choices of the set of parameters also provide a good fit to the data, but some of the results may not be realistic. Therefore, an accurate determination of the fatality rate and characteristics of the epidemic is subject to knowledge of the precise bounds of the parameters. Besides the specific example, the analysis proposed in this work shows how isolation measures, social distancing, and knowledge of the diffusion conditions help us to understand the dynamics of the epidemic. Hence, it is important to quantify the process to verify the effectiveness of the lockdown.
Realistic CT simulation using the 4D XCAT phantom (2008)

The authors develop a unique CT simulation tool based on the 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom, a whole-body computer model of the human anatomy and physiology based on NURBS surfaces. Unlike current phantoms in CT based on simple mathematical primitives, the 4D XCAT provides an accurate representation of the complex human anatomy and has the advantage, due to its design, that its organ shapes can be changed to realistically model anatomical variations and patient motion. A disadvantage to the NURBS basis of the XCAT, however, is that the mathematical complexity of the surfaces makes the calculation of line integrals through the phantom difficult. They have to be calculated using iterative procedures; therefore, the calculation of CT projections is much slower than for simpler mathematical phantoms. To overcome this limitation, the authors used efficient ray tracing techniques from computer graphics, to develop a fast analytic projection algorithm to accurately calculate CT projections directly from the surface definition of the XCAT phantom given parameters defining the CT scanner and geometry. Using this tool, realistic high-resolution 3D and 4D projection images can be simulated and reconstructed from the XCAT within a reasonable amount of time. In comparison with other simulators with geometrically defined organs, the XCAT-based algorithm was found to be only three times slower in generating a projection data set of the same anatomical structures using a single 3.2 GHz processor. To overcome this decrease in speed would, therefore, only require running the projection algorithm in parallel over three processors. With the ever decreasing cost of computers and the rise of faster processors and multi-processor systems and clusters, this slowdown is basically inconsequential, especially given the vast improvement the XCAT offers in terms of realism and the ability to generate 3D and 4D data from anatomically diverse patients. As such, the authors conclude that the efficient XCAT-based CT simulator developed in this work will have applications in a broad range of CT imaging research.
Discovery and Characterization of the Potent and Selective P2X4 Inhibitor <i>N</i> -[4-(3-Chlorophenoxy)-3-sulfamoylphenyl]-2-phenylacetamide (BAY-1797) and Structure-Guided Amelioration of Its CYP3A4 Induction Profile (2019)

The P2X4 receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel that is expressed on a variety of cell types, especially those involved in inflammatory and immune processes. High-throughput screening led to a new class of P2X4 inhibitors with substantial CYP 3A4 induction in human hepatocytes. A structure-guided optimization with respect to decreased pregnane X receptor (PXR) binding was started. It was found that the introduction of larger and more polar substituents on the ether linker led to less PXR binding while maintaining the P2X4 inhibitory potency. This translated into significantly reduced CYP 3A4 induction for compounds <b>71</b> and <b>73</b>. Unfortunately, the in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of these compounds were insufficient for the desired profile in humans. However, BAY-1797 (<b>10</b>) was identified and characterized as a potent and selective P2X4 antagonist. This compound is suitable for in vivo studies in rodents, and the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of BAY-1797 were demonstrated in a mouse complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) inflammatory pain model.
Hydration, swelling and solubility behaviour of rice in relation to other physicochemical properties (1994)

Abstract Water uptake at 90°C and above in 16 rice cultivars, representing eight cooking‐quality types, showed positive correlation ( P ≤0.001) with the surface area of the grain, while at 60°C it was negatively related to amylose ( P ≤0.01), and gelatinisation temperature ( P ≤0.001), and positively to equilibrium moisture content on soaking ( P ≤0.001). The swelling and solubility curves for all varieties showed a two‐stage swelling pattern. Swelling at 60°C was positively correlated ( P ≤0.001) with water uptake at 60 and 70°C, while swelling at 70°C, and solubility at 60 and 70°C, showed highly negative correlation ( P ≤0.001 and P ≤0.01, respectively) with water uptake at high temperatures. Waxy rices showed distinct differences from non‐waxy rices in their hydration, swelling and solubility behaviour. They swelled more but solubilised less than the non‐waxy rices at 96°C.
Cleavage at the twelve-base-pair sequence 5′-TCTAGATCTAGA-3′ using M·<i>Xbal</i>(TCTAG<sup>m6</sup>A) methylation and<i>Dpnl</i>(G<sup>m6</sup>A/TC) cleavage (1990)

The DNA methylase M.Xbal was isolated from an E. coli recombinant clone. We deduce that the enzyme methylates at the sequence 5'-TCTAGm6A-3'. In combination with the methylation-dependent restriction endonuclease, DpnI (5'-Gm6A/TC-3'), DNA cleavage occurs at the sequence 5'-TCTAGA/TCTAGA-3'. This twelve-base-pair site should occur once every 16,000,000 base pairs in a random sequence of DNA. The exceptional rarity of the M.XbaI/DpnI sequence makes it an ideal candidate for transpositional integration of a unique cleavage site into bacterial genomes. Retrotransposition into mammalian genomes is also an attractive possibility.
An Ergonomic Design of Flight Suit Pattern According to Wearing characteristics (2011)

The purpose of this research is to conduct a survey of the wearing characteristics of flight suits from current pilots and to design from this survey a new flight suit pattern suitable for the physical characteristics of Korean pilots. A pool of 563 pilots was surveyed in order to analyze the wearing characteristics. In order to confirm the improved effects of the newly designed suit compared to the current one, an evaluation was conducted by assessing the subjective satisfaction and objective functionality through a measurement of the range of motion. Results of the evaluation have shown that significant improvements have been made in the areas of suit that many of the respondents had indicated as being uncomfortable, such as neck circumference, armscye circumference, and crotch. This was achieved through increasing the ease in respective parts of the suit using anthropometric data of the pilot in the design process, thus correcting the pattern of the uncomfortable areas. The areas that showed the greatest improvements were the ones associated with lengthwise mobility; the fit and the mobility of the overall flight suits have ameliorated by a significant degree.
An X Chromosome Gene, <i>WTX</i> , Is Commonly Inactivated in Wilms Tumor (2007)

Wilms tumor is a pediatric kidney cancer associated with inactivation of the WT1 tumor-suppressor gene in 5 to 10% of cases. Using a high-resolution screen for DNA copy-number alterations in Wilms tumor, we identified somatic deletions targeting a previously uncharacterized gene on the X chromosome. This gene, which we call WTX, is inactivated in approximately one-third of Wilms tumors (15 of 51 tumors). Tumors with mutations in WTX lack WT1 mutations, and both genes share a restricted temporal and spatial expression pattern in normal renal precursors. In contrast to biallelic inactivation of autosomal tumor-suppressor genes, WTX is inactivated by a monoallelic "single-hit" event targeting the single X chromosome in tumors from males and the active X chromosome in tumors from females.
Development and functional specialization of CD103<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells (2010)

CD103 (alpha(E)) integrin expression distinguishes a population of dendritic cells (DCs) that can be found in many if not all lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. CD103(+) DCs display distinct functional activities. Migratory CD103(+) DCs derived from skin, lung, and intestine efficiently present exogenous antigens in their corresponding draining lymph nodes to specific CD8(+) T cells through a mechanism known as cross-presentation. On the T cells they prime, intestinal CD103(+) DCs can drive the induction of the chemokine receptor CCR9 and alpha(4)beta(7) integrin, both known as gut-homing receptors. CD103(+) DCs also contribute to control inflammatory responses and intestinal homeostasis by fostering the conversion of naive T cells into induced Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, a mechanism that relies on transforming growth factor-beta and retinoic acid signaling. This review discusses recent findings that identify murine CD103(+) DCs as important regulators of the immune response.
Clear and Present Data: Opaque Traffic and its Security Implications for the Future. (2013)

Abstract—Opaque traffic, i.e., traffic that is compressed or encrypted, incurs particularly high overhead for deep packet inspection engines and often yields little or no useful information. Our experiments indicate that an astonishing 89 % of payload-carrying TCP packets — and 86 % of bytes transmitted — are opaque, forcing us to consider the challenges this class of traffic presents for network security, both in the short-term and, as the proportion of opaque traffic continues to rise, for the future. We provide a first step toward addressing some of these challenges by introducing new techniques for accurate real-time winnowing, or filtering, of such traffic based on the intuition that the distribution of byte values found in opaque traffic will differ greatly from that found in transparent traffic. Evaluation on traffic from two campuses reveals that our techniques are able to identify opaque data with 95% accuracy, on average, while examining less than 16 bytes of payload data. We implemented our most promising technique as a preprocessor for the Snort IDS and compared the performance to a stock Snort instance by running both instances live, on identical traffic streams, using a Data Acquisition and Generation (DAG) card deployed within a campus network. Winnowing enabled Snort to handle a peak load of 1.2Gbps, with zero percent packet loss, and process almost one hundred billion packets over 24 hours — a 147 % increase over the number processed by the stock Snort instance. This increase in capacity resulted in 33,000 additional alerts which would otherwise have been missed. I.
The effects of temperature and concentration on the perceived intensity and quality of carbonation (1992)

Perceptual interactions between CO2 and temperature were investigated over a range of concentrations of aqueous solutions. It was found in experiment 1 that cooling carbonated solutions significantly increased ratings of oral irritation, and at the two lowest temperatures raising the CO2 concentration also tended to increase ratings of perceived cold. Experiment 2 showed that the sensation of carbonation sometimes grew painful when exposure was allowed to continue for several seconds, and the frequency with which pain was encountered varied directly with concentration and inversely with temperature. The final experiment demonstrated that the sensation of carbonation is more nociceptive (pungent) than tactile in quality, and that the clearly nociceptive sensations are strongly enhanced by cooling. In addition, tingling, which defies easy physiological classification, was also found to be an important aspect of the sensation of carbonation, and both tingling and numbness were noticeable attributes of the carbonation aftersensation. The results of all three experiments are discussed in terms of possible underlying physiological mechanisms.
ShopWithMe!: Collaborative Information Searching and Shopping for Online Retail (2017)

We present research on the development and evaluation of a collaborative search and shopping system for online retail tasks based on domain specific product requirements. We describe the design rationale for the system development and inclusion of collaborative features, including search, chat, clip-board, product suggestions, shared views, and shopping cart with a focus on how these features are used for collaborative online retail shopping and information searching and sharing. Our research goal is to understand whether collaborative search tools are useful in supporting actual collaborative online retail shopping tasks for experience goods. We describe system development and report findings from preliminary user studies of the system, using mixed methods analysis, with an emphasis on the qualitative findings. The findings highlight that systems for the online shopping domain can support searching, shared views, and group communication to aid in collaborative shopping for experience goods by improving information sharing among group members. Implications are that ecommerce systems, websites, and web apps should support collaboration based on product types.
The zinc/bromine battery system for utility and remote area applications (1999)

The zinc/bromine battery is capable of providing energy storage for durations of 2-10 hours. The advanced battery technology is in the early stages of commercialisation, with prototype systems ranging in size from 50 to 400 kWh. The turn around efficiencies for these systems is higher than 70%, and the projected system costs for a turnkey battery system are expected to be under $400/kWh at modest production levels.
Direct Calculation of Solid-Liquid Interfacial Free Energy for Molecular Systems: TIP4P Ice-Water Interface (2008)

By extending the cleaving method to molecular systems, we perform direct calculations of the ice Ih-water interfacial free energy for the TIP4P model. The values for the basal, prism, and {112[over]0} faces are 23.3+/-0.8 mJ m{-2}, 23.6+/-1.0 mJ m{-2}, and 24.7+/-0.8 mJ m{-2}, respectively. The closeness of these values implies a minimal role of thermodynamic factors in the anisotropic growth of ice crystals. These results are about 20% lower than the best experimental estimates. However, the Turnbull coefficient is about 50% higher than for real water, indicating a possible limitation of the TIP4P model in describing freezing.
Current Concepts in Fractures of the Distal Femur (2012)

This paper describes current treatment strategies of distal femoral fractures as well as their evidence based rationale. The treatment of distal femoral fractures has improved with the evolution of plating and nailing technologies. The commonly selected surgical approaches are outlined and surgical treatment techniques including both internal and external fixation are discussed.
Accelerating shadow rays using volumetric occluders and modified kd-tree traversal (2009)

Monte Carlo ray tracing remains a simple and elegant method for generating robust shadows. This approach, however, is often hampered by the time needed to evaluate the numerous shadow ray queries required to generate a high-quality image. We propose the use of volumetric occluders stored within a kd-tree in order to accelerate shadow rays cast on a closed, watertight mesh. Intersection with a volumetric occluder is much cheaper than intersection with mesh geometry, although performing these intersections requires modification to the traversal order through the kd-tree. We propose two such modifications, both of which enable the use of volumetric occluders for cheap shadow ray termination. We also propose using a software-managed cache to store and reuse volumetric occluders for even earlier termination. Our approach provides a performance improvement of up to 2.0x for our test scenes while producing images identical to those produced by the unaccelerated baseline.
Oxidative Stress, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, and Antioxidants Regulate Expression Levels of MicroRNAs in Parkinson's Disease (2017)

Increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation may cause neurodegeneration in PD by altering the levels of microRNAs and their target proteins. Antioxidants may provide neuroprotection by changing the levels of microRNAs and their target proteins.
A simplified criterion for repeatability and its application in constraint path planning problems (2002)

Compared to typical industrial manipulators, redundant manipulators offer more dexterity and flexibility because of their ability to reach points in their workspace in many different ways, e.g. they can perform self-motions which do not change the position of the TCP. As a consequence a given path in workspace x(t), t/sub 0/<t<t/sub 1/ can be tracked by different paths q(t) in jointspace. When some additional objective function h(q) for avoidance of collisions or singularities has to be optimized simultaneously there exists one path q/sub opt/(t) which is optimal with respect to h(q). In contrast to other work, the search for q/sub opt/(t) is not done in jointspace directly, but in a space of lower dimension. Therefore, a map q(t,s) is constructed numerically in such a way that f(q(t,s))=x(t), i.e. varying s results in self-motions. Then, the optimal path q(t) can be searched in the (t,s) space whose dimension is less than the dimension of the jointspace and therefore the complexity of the search is reduced significantly. Furthermore, a novel and simplified criterion for checking repeatability is introduced which is strongly related to the proposed algorithm.
Large amplitude dynamics of micro-/nanomechanical resonators actuated with electrostatic pulses (2010)

In the field of resonant nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS) design, it is a common misconception that large-amplitude motion, and thus large signal-to-noise ratio, can only be achieved at the risk of oscillator instability. In the present paper, we show that very simple closed-loop control schemes can be used to achieve stable large-amplitude motion of a resonant structure even when jump resonance (caused by electrostatic softening or Duffing hardening) is present in its frequency response. We focus on the case of a resonant accelerometer sensing cell, consisting of a nonlinear clamped-clamped beam with electrostatic actuation and detection, maintained in an oscillation state with pulses of electrostatic force that are delivered whenever the detected signal (the position of the beam) crosses zero. We show that the proposed feedback scheme ensures the stability of the motion of the beam much beyond the critical Duffing amplitude and that, if the parameters of the beam are correctly chosen, one can achieve almost full-gap travel range without incurring electrostatic pull-in. These results are illustrated and validated with transient simulations of the nonlinear closed-loop system.
Is a Scanning Ion Microscope Feasible? (1973)

Atomic collisions of high-energy heavy ions produce large yields of x-rays. The small de Broglie wavelength of massive ions leads to an estimate of 0.2 angstrom for the resolution of a microscope utilizing nitrogen ions with energies of 14 million electron volts. Estimates of the yield of x-rays relative to molecular radiation damage of the bases in DNA are made.
Characterization of the electrical conductivity of bone and its correlation to osseous structure (2018)

The interaction of osseous tissue with electric fields is an important subject. The electrical stimulation of bone promotes osteogenesis, while bone impedance has been proposed as a measure of osteoporosis, to follow fracture healing, or as a method to improve safety of surgical procedures. However, a deeper understanding of the electrical properties of bone and their relation to the architecture of osseous tissue is required to extend the range of use of electrical measurements to clinical studies. In this paper we apply electrical impedance spectroscopy to study the conductivity of fresh bovine tibia and we correlate the measured conductivities with its structural properties. Impedance was measured using a custom-made cell and a potentiostat. Bone conductivity was determined at 100 kHz, where the phase shift was negligible. A good agreement (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.83) was found between the measured conductivity and the bone volume fraction, determined on microCT images. Based on this relationship, an equivalent circuit model was created for bone samples. The results of this ex-vivo study are comparable to previous in-vivo observations reporting bone resistivity as a function of bone density. This information can be used to construct a map of the tissue resistivity directly derived from clinical images.
A 12b, 75MS/s Pipelined ADC Using Incomplete Settling (2006)

This paper proposes a mixed-signal technique that exploits incomplete settling to achieve ultra low power residue amplification. In the first stage of the presented 12-bit, 75-MS/s prototype ADC, the employed open-loop gain stage dissipates only 2.9mW from a 3V supply, achieving a 94% power reduction over a typical op-amp implementation. The complete pipelined ADC achieves a measured SNR of 66dB (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in </sub> = 1MHz), consumes 273mW and occupies 7.9mm in 0.35mum CMOS