gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomic Layer Deposition of Pt on Tungsten Monocarbide (WC) for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (2011)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was utilized as a synthesis method to deposit monolayers of Pt onto WC substrates for applications as oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Samples utilizing various Pt ALD cycles were characterized using surface analytical methods and scanning electron microscopy, whereas cyclic voltammetry was used to determine whether the oxygen reduction reaction takes place on the catalyst surface. ALD Pt was found to deposit onto WC substrates following an island growth mechanism. When few Pt ALD cycles are used, discrete Pt particles first formed and dispersed over the WC substrate, but at least 100 ALD cycles is required for the WC substrate to be covered with Pt. Whereas Pt monolayers are not obtained, ALD Pt on WC still shows activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. Cyclic voltammetry conducted in an O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte indicate that as few as 20 Pt ALD cycles on WC is needed to produce oxygen reduction reaction activity that is comparable to Pt bulk. Efforts to make Pt films that are even thinner and more monolayer-like are desired, and potential approaches are discussed.
Facet Violation With the Placement of Percutaneous Pedicle Screws (2011)

In Brief Study Design. Independent review and classification of therapeutic procedures performed on cadavers by surgeons blinded to purpose of study. Objective. The objective of this study is to determine the rate of facet violation with the placement of percutaneous pedicle screws. Summary of Background Data. Improvements in percutaneous instrumentation and fluoroscopic imaging have led to a resurgence of percutaneous pedicle screw insertion in lumbar spine surgery in an attempt to minimize many of the complications associated with open techniques of pedicle screw placement. Rates of pedicle breech and neurologic injury resulting from percutaneous insertion are reportedly similar to those of open techniques. Postoperative pain because of impingement and instability is believed to result from violation of the facet capsule or facet joint. To the authors' knowledge, however, the rate of facet injury associated with the placement of percutaneous pedicle screws is unreported in the literature. Methods. Percutaneous pedicle screw placement was performed on 4 cadaveric specimens by 4 certified orthopedic surgeons who had clinical experience in the procedure and who were blinded to the study's purpose. The surgeons were instructed to place pedicle screws from L1–S1 using their preferred clinical techniques and a 5.5-mm screw system with which they were all familiar. All surgeons utilized 1 OEC C-arm for fluoroscopic imaging. After insertion, 2 independent spine surgeons each reviewed and classified the placement of all facet screws. Results. A total of 48 screws were inserted and classified. The placement of 28 screws (58%) resulted in violation of facet articulation, with 8 of these screws being intra-articular. Interobserver reliability of the classification system was 100%. Conclusion. Percutaneous pedicle screw placement may result in a high rate of facet violation. Facet injury can be reliability classified and therefore, perhaps, easily prevented. This study quantifies the rate of facet violation with the placement of percutaneous pedicle screws from L1–S1 in cadavers by certified orthopedic surgeons. Independent surgeons classified the placement of the screws and the type of facet violation. A high rate (58%) of violation of facet articulation resulted from screw insertion.
Design and implementation of a hardware unit for complex division (2005)

The purpose of the thesis was to investigate and evaluate existing algorithms for division of complex numbers. The investigation should include implementation of a few suitable algorithms in VHDL. The main application for the divider is compensation for fading in a baseband processor. Since not much public research is done within the area of complex division in hardware, a divider based on real valued division was designed. The design only implements inversion of complex numbers instead of complete division because it is simpler and the application does not need full division, thus the required chip size is reduced. An examination of the different kinds of algorithms that exists for real valued division was done and two of the methods were found suitable for implementation, digit recurrence and functional iteration. From each of the two classes of algorithms one algorithm was chosen and implemented in VHDL. Two different versions of the inverter were designed for each method, one with full throughput and one with half throughput. The implementations show very similar results in terms of speed, size and performance. For most cases however, the digit recurrence implementation has a slight advantage.
Digital Memories Based Mobile User Authentication for IoT (2015)

The increasing number of devices within the IoT is raising concerns over the efficiency and exploitability of existing authentication methods. The weaknesses of such methods, in particular passwords, are well documented. Although alternative methods have been proposed, they often rely on users being able to accurately recall complex and often unmemorable information. With the profusion of separate online accounts, this can often be a difficult task. The emerging digital memories concept involves the creation of a repository of memories specific to individuals. We believe this abundance of personal data can be utilised as a form of authentication. In this paper, we propose our digital memories based two-factor authentication mechanism, and also present our promising evaluation results.
Hypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes (2008)

The primary cause of hypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes is diabetes medication-in particular, those which raise insulin levels independently of blood glucose, such as sulphonylureas (SUs) and exogenous insulin. The risk of hypoglycaemia is increased in older patients, those with longer diabetes duration, lesser insulin reserve and perhaps in the drive for strict glycaemic control. Differing definitions, data collection methods, drug type/regimen and patient populations make comparing rates of hypoglycaemia difficult. It is clear that patients taking insulin have the highest rates of self-reported severe hypoglycaemia (25% in patients who have been taking insulin for > 5 years). SUs are associated with significantly lower rates of severe hypoglycaemia. However, large numbers of patients take SUs in the UK, and it is estimated that each year > 5000 patients will experience a severe event caused by their SU therapy which will require emergency intervention. Hypoglycaemia has substantial clinical impact, in terms of mortality, morbidity and quality of life. The cost implications of severe episodes-both direct hospital costs and indirect costs-are considerable: it is estimated that each hospital admission for severe hypoglycaemia costs around pound1000. Hypoglycaemia and fear of hypoglycaemia limit the ability of current diabetes medications to achieve and maintain optimal levels of glycaemic control. Newer therapies, which focus on the incretin axis, may carry a lower risk of hypoglycaemia. Their use, and more prudent use of older therapies with low risk of hypoglycaemia, may help patients achieve improved glucose control for longer, and reduce the risk of diabetic complications.
Penetration-Rate Performance of Roller-Cone Bits (1987)

Summary The rate of penetration (ROP) obtained with a roller-cone bit is limited by either the cuttings-generation or cuttings-removal process. An ROP model that includes the effect of both the initial chip formation and cuttings-removal processes is presented. Laboratory observations show that the reduction in ROP at high borehole pressure is the result of both local cratering effects and global cleaning effects.
Mechanism of Cell Cycle Arrest Caused by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Human Carcinoma Cells. (2000)

Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) block cell cycle progression at G1 in many cell types. We investigated the mechanism by which trichostatin A (TSA), a specific inhibitor of HDAC, induces G1 arrest in human cervix carcinoma HeLa cells. TSA treatment induced histone hyperacetylation followed by growth arrest in G as well as hypophosphorylation of pRb. The Cdk4 kinase activity was essentially unchanged during the TSA-induced G1 arrest. On the other hand, the arrest was accompanied by down-regulation of kinase activity of Cdk2, although the total protein levels of Cdk2 and its activator Cdc25A were unaffected. Upon TSA treatment, amounts of cyclin E and the CDK inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1 were markedly increased, while that of cyclin A was reduced. The induction of p21 and down-regulation of cyclin A correlated well with the decreased Cdk2 activity and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, gel filtration chromatography showed the association of p21 with the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex, suggesting that the activation of Cdk2 by the enhanced expression of cyclin E is blocked by the increased p21. The elevated expression of p2 is also observed in cells treated with trapoxin and FR901228, structurally unrelated histone deacetylase inhibitors. A human colorectal carcinoma cell line lacking both alleles of the p21 gene (p21-/-) was resistant to TSA several times more than the parental line (p21+/+). These results suggest that the suppression of Cdk2 kinase activity due to p21 overexpression play a critical role in HDAC inhibitor-induced growth inhibition.
An initial blueprint for myogenic differentiation (2005)

We have combined genome-wide transcription factor binding and expression profiling to assemble a regulatory network controlling the myogenic differentiation program in mammalian cells. We identified a cadre of overlapping and distinct targets of the key myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs)--MyoD and myogenin--and Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 (MEF2). We discovered that MRFs and MEF2 regulate a remarkably extensive array of transcription factor genes that propagate and amplify the signals initiated by MRFs. We found that MRFs play an unexpectedly wide-ranging role in directing the assembly and usage of the neuromuscular junction. Interestingly, these factors also prepare myoblasts to respond to diverse types of stress. Computational analyses identified novel combinations of factors that, depending on the differentiation state, might collaborate with MRFs. Our studies suggest unanticipated biological insights into muscle development and highlight new directions for further studies of genes involved in muscle repair and responses to stress and damage.
SARS–CoV-2–specific T cell responses and correlations with COVID-19 patient predisposition (2020)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). So far, viral targets of cellular immunity and factors determining successful mounting of T cell responses are poorly defined. We therefore analyzed cellular responses to membrane, nucleocapsid, and spike proteins in individuals suffering from moderate or severe infection and in individuals who recovered from mild disease. We demonstrate that the CoV-2-specific CD4+ T helper cell response is directed against all 3 proteins with comparable magnitude, ex vivo proliferation, and portions of responding patients. However, individuals who died were more likely to have not mounted a cellular response to the proteins. Higher patient age and comorbidity index correlated with increased frequencies of CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells, harboring higher portions of IL-2-secreting, but lower portions of IFN-γ-secreting, cells. Diminished frequencies of membrane protein-reactive IFN-γ+ T cells were particularly associated with higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores in patients admitted to intensive care. CoV-2-specific T cells exhibited elevated PD-1 expression in patients with active disease as compared with those individuals who recovered from previous mild disease. In summary, our data suggest a link between individual patient predisposition with respect to age and comorbidity and impairment of CoV-2-specific Th1-type cellular immunity, thereby supporting a concept of altered T cell function in at-risk patients.
Lattice parameter of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>−</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mi>−</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>alloys (2000)

The introduction of carbon into silicon-germanium--based heterostructures offers increased flexibility in tailoring their strain state and electronic properties. Still, however, fundamental physical properties such as the lattice parameter and the elastic properties of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ random alloys are not precisely known. In this paper, we present a quantitative study of the effect of carbon on the lattice parameter of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ alloys in the technologically relevant range of Ge and C compositions. A strong deviation from Vegard's rule is experimentally and theoretically derived. The influence of the correlation between Ge and C on the lattice parameter is discussed. The results allow us to establish the compensation ratio $\ensuremath{\nu}$ of Ge to C concentrations (where the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ epilayer is lattice matched to Si), for which we find a value of $\ensuremath{\nu}=12.$
New insight into diversity in the genus Xenorhabdus, including the description of ten novel species (2006)

We investigated the diversity of a collection of 76 Xenorhabdus strains, isolated from at least 27 species of Steinernema nematodes and collected in 32 countries, using three complementary approaches: 16S rRNA gene sequencing, molecular typing and phenotypic characterization. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the Xenorhabdus strains were highly conserved (similarity coefficient >95 %), suggesting that the common ancestor of the genus probably emerged between 250 and 500 million years ago. Based on comparisons of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, we identified 13 groups and seven unique sequences. This classification was confirmed by analysis of molecular typing profiles of the strains, leading to the classification of new isolates into the Xenorhabdus species described previously and the description of ten novel Xenorhabdus species: Xenorhabdus cabanillasii sp. nov. (type strain USTX62(T)=CIP 109066(T)=DSM 17905(T)), Xenorhabdus doucetiae sp. nov. (type strain FRM16(T)=CIP 109074(T)=DSM 17909(T)), Xenorhabdus griffiniae sp. nov. (type strain ID10(T)=CIP 109073(T)=DSM 17911(T)), Xenorhabdus hominickii sp. nov. (type strain KE01(T)=CIP 109072(T)=DSM 17903(T)), Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi sp. nov. (type strain USNJ01(T)=CIP 109199(T)=DSM 18168(T)), Xenorhabdus kozodoii sp. nov. (type strain SaV(T)=CIP 109068(T)=DSM 17907(T)), Xenorhabdus mauleonii sp. nov. (type strain VC01(T)=CIP 109075(T)=DSM 17908(T)), Xenorhabdus miraniensis sp. nov. (type strain Q1(T)=CIP 109069(T)=DSM 17902(T)), Xenorhabdus romanii sp. nov. (type strain PR06-A(T)=CIP 109070(T)=DSM 17910(T)) and Xenorhabdus stockiae sp. nov. (type strain TH01(T)=CIP 109067(T)=DSM 17904(T)). The Xenorhabdus strains studied here had very similar phenotypic patterns, but phenotypic features nonetheless differentiated the following species: X. bovienii, X. cabanillasii, X. hominickii, X. kozodoii, X. nematophila, X. poinarii and X. szentirmaii. Based on phenotypic analysis, we identified two major groups of strains. Phenotypic group G(A) comprised strains able to grow at temperatures of 35-42 degrees C, whereas phenotypic group G(B) comprised strains that grew at temperatures below 35 degrees C, suggesting that some Xenorhabdus species may be adapted to tropical or temperate regions and/or influenced by the growth and development temperature of their nematode host.
A 83-W, 51% GaN HEMT Doherty power amplifier for 3.5-GHz-band LTE base stations (2016)

This paper presents a high-power, high-efficiency GaN HEMT Doherty power amplifier (DPA) for 3.5-GHz-band LTE macro-cell base-stations. To enhance the efficiency of the DPA, a new input matching circuit design based on a normalized peak amplifier's power ratio is proposed. A symmetrical DPA with the circuit is designed using 64.6% drain efficiency, 200W GaN HEMTs. The design shows significant improvement of both backed-off and peak efficiency of the DPA. At 3.51-GHz, high drain efficiency of 51.7% and 49.2 dBm (83 W) output power are achieved with a power gain of 13.5 dB and ACLR of -50.6 dBc using a LTE single carrier and digital predistortion system. This is the first demonstration of a GaN HEMT DPA of over 80W for 3.5-GHz-Band LTE macro-cell base-stations.
Biochemical Manipulation via Iron Chelation to Enhance Porphyrin Production from Porphyrin Precursors (2007)

Topical protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) induced photodynamic therapy (PDT) of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) produces good clinical outcomes with excellent cosmesis as long as the disease remains superficial. Efficacy for nodular BCC, however, appears inferior to standard treatment unless repeat treatments are performed. Enhancement is therefore required and may be possible by employing iron chelating agents to temporarily increase PPIX accumulation above the levels normally obtained using aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) or the methyl ester of ALA (MAL) alone. In vitro studies investigated the efficacies of the novel iron chelator, CP94 (1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one hydrochloride), and the established iron chelator, desferrioxamine (DFO), at increasing PPIX fluorescence in cultured human lung fibroblasts and squamous carcinoma cells incubated with ALA/MAL. CP94 was found to produce greater PPIX fluorescence when administered with ALA/MAL than either congener could produce alone. CP94 was also found to be superior to DFO in the enhancement of PPIX fluorescence and could be employed to accumulate the same levels of PPIX within a shorter time period. Clinical utilization of CP94 to enhance ALA/MAL-PDT could potentially result in greater PPIX accumulation or alternatively could be employed to reduce the length of the required drug-light interval. Clinical investigation of this is currently underway.
Noise-resistant hall magnetometer (1987)

The neutrino detector built by the Institute of High-Energy Physics and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research contains 52 modules of frame and ring magnets. Their parameters are monitored remotely from the control panel for the entire experimental setup. The authors describe a noise-resistant magnetometer with a Hall transducer, which is employed to monitor the fringing magnetic fields in the zone of the drift chambers and the ZhSS photomultiplier.
Study on Metal/Diamond Binary Composite Coatings by Cold Spray (2007)

Metal/diamond binary composite coatings on Al substrate without grit blasting were deposited by cold spray process with in-situ powder preheating. Microstructural characterization of the as-sprayed coatings with different diamond size, strength and with/without Ti coating on diamond was carried out by OM and SEM. The assessment of basic properties such as tensile bond strength and hardness of the coatings, and the deposition efficiency was also carried out. Particular attention on the composite coatings was on the diamond fracture phenomenon during the cold spray deposition and the interface bonding between the diamond and the Fe-based metal matrix.
Microscopic Imagery of Mammalian Cells Expressing an Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein Gene (2003)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP; 1–5) from the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria has emerged as an important reporter for monitoring gene expresston, protein localization, cell transformation, and cell lineage in VIVO and in real time. Unlike other bioluminescent reporters, the chromophore in GFP is mtrinsic to the primary structure of the protein, and GFP does not require additional factors other than molecular oxygen (see Note 2) to fluoresce (6, 7). GFP emits bright green light (λmax = 510 nm) when excited with ultraviolet (UV) or blue light (λmax = 395 nm, minor peak at 470 nm). Full-length GFP (238 ammo acids; 27 kDa) appears to be required for fluorescence. However, the mimmal chromophore responsible for light absorption conststs of a Ser65-dehydroTyr66-Gly67 cyclic tripeptide, which is postulated to be buried inside the folded protein (6). GFP fluorescence is stable (see Note 5), species-independent, and can be monitored noninvasively in livmg cells by either fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or macroscopic imaging technrques. GFP has been used as a reporter in a wide range of species, including a number of different mammalian cell lines (Table 1). Moreover, a variety of N-and C-terminal protein fusions with GFP have been constructed, and shown to maintain both the fluorescence properties of native GFP and the biological function of the fusion partner (5, 8–12).
Late Eocene-Oligocene nonmarine mollusks of the northern Kishenehn Basin, Montana and British Columbia (2001)

The Kishenehn Basin is a narrow, asymmetric graben, developed during an episode of crustal extension occurring from middle Eocene to early Miocene time . The Flathead listric normal fault system defines the northeast margin of the basin. The southwest margin is either bounded by antithetic normal faults or is onlapped by Kishenehn Basin strata. High rates of basin subsidence and synextensional sedimentation resulted in an immense thickness of middle Eocene-early Miocene strata (stratigraphic thickness, -5000 m) and a relatively uninterupted depositional record. Provenance and paleocurrent studies indicate that the ancestral Livingston, Lewis, and Clark ranges to the east contributed not only vast amounts of detritus to the Basin, but also ample runoff that included seasonal snow-melt. Sediment ages of outcrops within the basin are linearly banded, with the course of the Flathead River exposing late Eocene-early Oligocene sediments (Chadronian-Orellan NALMA's), and with the oldest sediments on the southwest and youngest on the east margins of the basin, respectively. An unnamed tephra at the north end of the basin provides a date of 33.01.0 Ma (early Oligocene, Orellan NALMA).