gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-Modal Imaging Contrast Agent (2009)

Each medical imaging modality has unique strengths and limitations and it is often through the use of mul-tiple modalities that a complete assessment of a patient is achieved. The use of CT and MR for radiation treatment planning, PET/CT in oncological diagnoses and PET/MRI in neurosurgery are a few instances of the role of multimodal imaging in treatment planning and diagnosis. However, very few attempts have been made to develop a contrast agent that can be used across multiple imaging modalities. Due to its stability, prolonged imaging window, and modular nature; the liposome-based contrast agent platform de-scribed here is an effective system to integrate the complementary information gained from the use of currently available non-invasive imaging techniques (CT, MR, SPECT, PET and optical).
On-Line Fault Tolerance for FPGA Interconnect with Roving STARs (2001)

In this paper we present a fault tolerant (FT) technique for programmable interconnect resources in FPGAs. We take advantage of faulty interconnect reuse, and present a new method for dealing with multiple interconnect faults. For our approach, the system application in the FPGA is on-line and executing while testing, diagnosis, and FT reconfiguration take place. We reuse faulty interconnect resources whenever possible to eliminate FT reconfiguration and to reduce the use of spare interconnects. When FT reconfiguration is required, our approach is based on partial, incremental routing that uses a routing window to reduce reconfiguration time, incremental configuration file size, and incremental configuration file download time. We also include the optional use of parameterizable, preallocated spare interconnect resources. Our multi-staged, interconnect FT techniques are integrated with our logic FT techniques presented in [8], and have been successfully implemented on the ORCA 2CA series of FPGAs from Lucent Technologies.
Polymer Modifications for Improved Textured Nylon 66 Yarns and Processes (1992)

Increased molecular weight and branching agents are used in melt spinning partially oriented nylon 66. The fiber solidifies more rapidly during spinning and has larger crystallites and increased elongation-to-break versus conventional PON, consistent with a stress-induced crystallization mechanism. When textured, the fiber produces higher crimp. Gains in both spinning and texturing productivity are documented.
A novel design for direct-hybrid far-infrared photoconductor arrays (2004)

Fabrication of direct hybrid far infrared photoconductor arrays, especially for low background astronomy, is particularly challenging due to arrays' relatively large pixel size, susceptibility to stray radiation even from the faintest IR source, and the requirement for low bias levels. In fact, these problems have hindered the development of far IR direct hybrid arrays, which has been the standard practice for the near and mid IR arrays. In this paper, a new and novel design is presented that addresses the complications afflicting the direct hybrid approach and paves the way for the development of large-format far IR arrays. In particular, the readout glow, detector heating, and thermal mismatch between the readout and the detector array are addressed. The use of a capacitive transimpedance amplifier effectively eliminates the detector debiasing.
Atmospheric simulator for testing adaptive optic systems (2008)

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has been conducting research in novel portable adaptive optics systems for many years. These systems are tested exhaustively in a laboratory environment before being migrated to field experiments on astronomical telescopes. As part of the laboratory testing, an atmosphere simulator hardware testbed has been developed to provide a realization of atmospheric turbulence based on Kolmogorov statistics. In this testbed, a high-pixel count liquid crystal spatial light modulator induces the atmospheric turbulence through a series of computer calculated phase maps. User controls allow a wide range of telescope apertures and seeing conditions to be explored for testing the adaptive optics system. This paper explains and reports on the use of this dynamic and expandable system in characterizing the performance and optimization parameters of the adaptive optics systems at NRL.
On the speedup required for combined input and output queued switching (2002)

Architectures based on a non-blocking fabric, such as a crosspoint switch, are attractive for use in high-speed LAN switches, ATM switches and IP routers. These fabrics, coupled with memory bandwidth limitations, dictate that queues be placed at the input of the switch. But it is well known that input-queueing can lead to low throughput, and does not allow the control of latency through the switch. This is in contrast to output-queueing, which maximizes throughput, and permits the accurate control of packet latency through scheduling. We ask the question: can a switch with combined input and output queueing be designed to behave identically to an output-queued switch? In this paper, we prove that if the switch uses virtual output queueing, and has an internal speedup of just four, it is possible for it to behave identically to an output queued switch, regardless of the nature of the arriving traffic. Our proof is based on a novel scheduling algorithm, known as most urgent cell first. This result makes possible switches that perform as if they were output-queued, yet use memories that run more slowly.
TAO (2010)

Dynamic binary translation is a key component of Hardware/Software (HW/SW) co-design, which is an enabling technology for processor microarchitecture innovation. There are two well-known dynamic binary optimization techniques based on atomic execution support. Frame-based optimizations leverage processor pipeline support to enable atomic execution of hot traces. Region level optimizations employ transactional-memory-like atomicity support to aggressively optimize large regions of code. In this paper we propose a two-level atomic optimization scheme which not only overcomes the limitations of the two approaches, but also boosts the benefits of the two approaches effectively. Our experiment shows that the combined approach can achieve a total of 21.5% performance improvement over an aggressive out-of-order baseline machine and improve the performance over the frame-based approach by an additional 5.3%.
PLLA-Nanodiamond Composites and Their Application in Bone Tissue Engineering (2010)

Nanodiamond (ND) is an attractive nanomaterial for reinforcement of polymers [1] due to the ND’s superior mechanical and chemical properties, and low biotoxicity. A novel composite material has been produced for bone scaffolds utilizing the biodegradable polymer, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), and octadecylamine-functionalized nanodiamond (ND-ODA) [2]. Composites were prepared by admixing to a PLLA/chloroform solution chloroform suspensions of ND-ODA at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 (w/w). Dispersion of ND-ODA in the composites was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lower-resolution TEM micrograph of 1% wt ND-ODA/PLLA film (Fig. 1a) shows nanodiamond particles dispersed in PLLA film on amorphous carbon support. Due to long hydrocarbon chains of ODA the ND-ODA particles have good wettability with the PLLA so there is no segregation of ND-ODA and PLLA, and the polymer completely surrounds the particles. The high-resolution TEM image (Fig. 1b) shows ND crystals with attached organic material that can be ODA or PLLA. Nanoindentation tests show that the mechanical strength of ND-ODA/PLLA composites improves upon addition of ND (Table 1). Even at low concentrations (1% wt) the ND-ODA increased the hardness of the composite by 60% and Young’s modulus by 20% over neat PLLA. Based on our preliminary observations, we conclude that further additions of ND-ODA resulted in smaller changes with subsequent saturation in the mechanical properties at ∼7% wt (see Table 1). ND is relatively novel nanomaterial. Establishing its biocompatibility requires further studies, especially for modified ND. We studied the biocompatibility of 5–10nm ND and ND-ODA in experiments with a murine osteoblast cell line (7F2, from ATCC). Incubation of a cultured osteoblasts with 1–100μg/ml of ND or ND-ODA particles for 4 hours did not show much influence on the cell viability (Fig. 2), as inferred from an alamarBlue™ assay. To test the feasibility of ND-ODA/PLLA as a matrix material supporting cell growth, osteoblasts were cultured on the composites for 6 days. The attactment and proliferation of 7F2 cells on the scaffolds were assessed, respectively, by fluorescent nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258 and the alamarBlueTM assay. Our results showed that the addition of ND-ODA had only a negligibly small effect on cell proliferation, which is indicative of good biocompatibility of the composites (Fig. 3). The morphology of 7F2 cells growing on all ND-ODA/PLLA composite scaffolds was assessed by SEM. The data (not shown) confirm that the osteoblasts spread on the scaffolds similar to their spreading on TCP (tissue culture plastic). To summarize, the improved mechanical properties of the PLLA/ND-ODA composites and their good biocompatibility suggest that these materials may be suitable for applications in musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
Fast Approximation of Algebraic Reconstruction Methods for Tomography (2012)

Most reconstruction algorithms for transmission tomography can be subdivided in two classes: variants of filtered backprojection (FBP) and iterative algebraic methods. FBP is very fast and yields accurate results when a large number of projections are available, with high signal-to-noise ratio and a full angular range. Algebraic methods require much more computation time, yet they are more flexible in dealing with limited data problems and noise. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that combines the best of these two approaches: for a given linear algebraic method, a filter is computed that can be used within the FBP algorithm. The FBP reconstructions that result from using this filter strongly resemble the algebraic reconstructions and have many of their favorable properties, while the required reconstruction time is similar to standard-FBP. Based on a series of experiments, for both simulation data and experimental data, we demonstrate the merits of the proposed algorithm.
Adiabatic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam in presence of lithium chloride, 2. Properties of the resultant polymer (1981)

Abstract Physical and mechanical properties of poly(ε‐caprolactam) synthesized in presence of various amounts of lithium chloride are measured on compression moulded films and correlated to the molecular organization, both in the amorphous and in the crystalline regions. By increasing the amount of LiCl present in the system it can be observed a heigtening of T g and density of the amorphous phase as well as an increase of tensile modulus and yield strength. A transition from ductile to brittle failure occurs for both semicrystalline and amorphous samples in dry conditions, when the salt content in the amorphous phase is about 6 wt.‐%. These phenomena and the capability of the salt to reduce the crystallinity of the polymer are interpreted in the frame of the already accepted model of ion‐dipole interactions between lithium ion and the carbonyl groups of the polyamide. Effects due to moisture uptake are also discussed.
<title>Modeling of a tapered tubular optical waveguide probe for fluorescent immunosensors</title> (2000)

A tubular optical probe for fluorescent immunosensors based on magnetic focusing of paramagnetic microspheres has been developed. The optical probe features a tubular optical waveguide tapered at both ends with a tapered magnet embedded inside the waveguide. Laser light is delivered to a dye-labeled spot in the inner surface of a cuvette and the fluorescent signal is guided to an optical detection system. A 3D computer model of this system has been created and its optical properties evaluated with a commercially available non-sequential ray-trace program. Up to 10,000 rays are traced from the laser to the cuvette and again from the fluorescent source to the detector. Results lead to the optimization of the component properties.
High-Throughput Communications Modulated Over Radar Transmit Waveforms (2019)

We propose a flexible methodology for the design of dual-use waveform alphabets which are suitable for simultaneous use in radar and wireless communications. Suitability for radar is enforced by one or more freely-specifiable waveform constraints. The resulting alphabets are shown to have a structure amenable to use with existing capacity-approaching coding techniques, enabling a high-throughput communications channel encoded in a waveform-diverse radar pulse train. At moderately high SNRs (5 to 16 dB) we demonstrate simulated throughputs double the closest competitor technique, using waveforms whose average radar pulse compression sidelobes are comparable to an LFM, and radar pulse-compression filter loss of -1 dB.
Human Suppressor Factors Constitutively Produced by T-T Cell Hybridomas: Functional and Biochemical Characterization (1989)

We have recently developed a new method (Hybridoma 6:589, 1987) for the generation of human T-T cell hybrids. This method is based on a new selection procedure that involves cloning the hybrids in soft agar, screening by HLA-typing or appropriate functional tests and recloning by limiting dilution. T-T cell hybrids were separated from the parent line on the basis of their ability to form colonies in soft agar, whereas the parent lymphoblastoid T cell lines did not. HAT medium was not used in our selection procedure. Using this method, we have succeeded in developing human T-T cell hybrids (as determined by HLA-typing) constitutively producing B cell growth factor (BCGF) (Hybridoma 6:589, 1987) or suppressor factors. These hybrids were obtained by fusing MLC or Con A T cell blasts with cells from the Molt 4 or Jurkat lymphoblastoid T cell lines. T-T cell hybridomas, derived by fusing Con A-stimulated lymphocytes with cells from the Jurkat T cell line, produced suppressor factors inhibiting: (1) proliferative response in vitro of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes to mitogens and to allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte culture; and (2) immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by mononuclear leukocytes in the PWM-induced differentiation system in vitro. A suppressor factor with these inhibitory properties was also identified in supernatants of the Jurkat T cell line. These suppressor factors were ammonium sulphate precipitable, pH 2 labile, non-dialyzable and they were inactivated by treatment at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. They exhibited a molecular weight in the range of 50,000-70,000, as determined by gel filtration, and were not gamma or alpha interferon or lymphotoxin/TNF. They did not lyse human lymphoblastoid tumor cell lines nor did they affect the viability and cell numbers of human mononuclear cells even after prolonged incubation (88 hr). They appeared to be cytostatic rather than cytotoxic molecules. The Jurkat suppressor factor is different from those produced by the hybrids on the basis of: (a) different isoelectric points; and (b) the ability of the Jurkat factor to arrest proliferation to PHA of human mononuclear cells in the S phase, whereas the 160 and 169 factors arrest proliferation at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Certain of these suppressor factors (produced by the hybrids 153, 160, 170, and the Jurkat T cell line) also inhibited proliferative responses of mouse lymphocytes in vitro. In contrast, suppressor factors produced by the 169 and 77 hybrids did not inhibit any murine responses.
Targeted Disruption of the Mouse Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Gene (1997)

We have established a mouse model for human LCAT deficiency by performing targeted disruption of the LCAT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Homozygous LCAT-deficient mice were healthy at birth and fertile. Compared with age-matched wild-type littermates, the LCAT activity in heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice was reduced by 30 and 99%, respectively. LCAT deficiency resulted in significant reductions in the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and apoA-I in both LCAT -/- mice (25, 7, and 12%; p < 0. 001 of normal) and LCAT +/- mice (65 and 59%; p < 0.001 and 81%; not significant, p = 0.17 of normal). In addition, plasma triglycerides were significantly higher (212% of normal; p < 0.01) in male homozygous knockout mice compared with wild-type animals but remained normal in female knockout LCAT mice. Analyses of plasma lipoproteins by fast protein liquid chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of heterogenous prebeta-migrating HDL, as well as triglyceride-enriched very low density lipoprotein. After 3 weeks on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet, LCAT -/- mice had significantly lower plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, reflecting reduced levels of both proatherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins as well as HDL, compared with controls. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that the absence of LCAT attenuates the rise of apoB-containing lipoproteins in response to dietary cholesterol. No evidence of corneal opacities or renal insufficiency was detected in 4-month-old homozygous knockout mice. The availability of a homozygous animal model for human LCAT deficiency states will permit further evaluation of the role that LCAT plays in atherosclerosis as well as the feasibility of performing gene transfer in human LCAT deficiency states.
Quantitative study of high-dynamic-range image sensor architectures (2004)

Analysis of dynamic-range (DR) and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for high fidelity, high-dynamic-range (HDR) image sensor architectures is presented. Four architectures are considered: (i) time-to-saturation, (ii) multiple-capture, (iii) asynchronous self-reset with multiple capture, and (iv) synchronous self-reset with residue readout. The analysis takes into account circuit nonidealities such as quantization noise and the effects of limited pixel area on building block and reference signal performance and accuracy. Examples that demonstrate the behavior of SNR in the extended DR and implementation and power consumption issues for each scheme are presented.
Extracting Uranium from Seawater: Promising AF Series Adsorbents (2015)

A new family of high-surface-area polyethylene fiber adsorbents named the AF series was recently developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The AF series adsorbents were synthesized by radiation-induced graft polymerization of acrylonitrile and itaconic acid (at different monomer/comonomer mol ratios) onto high surface area polyethylene fibers. The degree of grafting (%DOG) of AF series adsorbents was found to be 154–354%. The grafted nitrile groups were converted to amidoxime groups by treating with hydroxylamine. The amidoximated adsorbents were then conditioned with 0.44 M KOH at 80 °C followed by screening at ORNL with sodium-based synthetic aqueous solution, spiked with 8 ppm uranium. The uranium adsorption capacity in simulated seawater screening ranged from 170 to 200 g-U/kg-ads irrespective of %DOG. A monomer/comonomer molar ratio in the range of 7.57–10.14 seemed to be optimum for highest uranium loading capacity. Subsequently, the adsorbents were also tested with natural seawater at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) using flow-through column experiments to determine uranium loading capacity with varying KOH conditioning times at 80 °C. The highest adsorption capacity of AF1 measured after 56 days of marine testing was demonstrated as 3.9 g-U/kg-adsorbent and 3.2 g-U/kg-adsorbent for 1 and 3 h of KOH conditioning at 80 °C, respectively. Based on capacity values of several AF1 samples, it was observed that changing KOH conditioning from 1 to 3 h at 80 °C resulted in a 22–27% decrease in uranium adsorption capacity in seawater.
High quality, cost-effective film-to-video converter for high definition television (2002)

This paper describes a film-to-video converter that improves the motion portrayal of film material on high definition (HD) TV sets. To reduce the cost of motion estimation on HD resolution pictures, we use sub-sampled pictures to determine motion vectors. The motion vectors are then post-processed and used for up-conversion. A novel method of post-processing and up-conversion is introduced to obtain a high quality output.
Certain aspects of the melting, casting and welding of Ni{sub 3}Al alloys (1994)

Two alloys under development for castings are IC221M, (nominal composition Ni-8Al-7.7Cr-1.4Mo-1.7Zr wt %), and IC396M (nominal composition Ni-8Al-7.7Cr-3Mo-0.85Zr wt %). These alloys can be melted and cast using the techniques normally used for Ni-based materials. Oxidation of the liquid alloys can be controlled by vacuum processing or inert gas cover during processing. The liquid alloys can react with silica and zircon sands during casting, but this can be controlled through the use of appropriate mold washes like carbon-based materials. Welding studies showed that these alloys are susceptible to solidification cracking in weld fusion zones; the cracks are generally associated with occurrence of Ni-Ni{sub 5}Zr eutectic in interdendritic regions of the weld. Amount of eutectic in the weld microstructures increases with Zr concentration in weld filler metal. Weld filler metal Zr concentrations of 3 wt % and higher prevented solidification cracking of weld deposits on the base casting alloys; This is consistent with accepted phenomonological theory of this process. A weld filler metal with a composition of Ni-8Al-7.7Cr-1.5Mo-3.0Zr wt % was prepared and used to gas tungsten arc weld together 15-mm-thick plates of the IC221M alloy. This weldment was free of cracks. Weldment tensile specimens were machined from the plate and tested at 21, 800, and 900 C. Weldment yield strength at elevated temperatures was higher than room temperature and nearly comparable with that of the base IC221M alloy. Evaluation of the cast Ni{sub 3}Al alloys for furnace furniture, turbocharger rotors, and manufacturing tooling is also briefly discussed.
A dynamically reconfigurable computing model for video processing applications (2009)

We introduce an idealized dynamically reconfigurable computing model that is suitable for applications in video processing applications. Dynamically reconfigurable computing is characterized by a dynamic data path which has been made possible with the partial reconfiguration feature available in modern FPGA devices. Dynamically reconfigurable computing design leads to a multi-objective optimization model with constraints on power, performance and resources. We provide a review of recent reconfigurable computing applications reported by different groups and propose a new model for dynamically reconfigurable video processing applications. We provide model measurements for reconfiguration time overhead, static and reconfiguration power consumption.
Deliberately Designed Materials for Optoelectronics Applications (1999)

A novel class of semiconductors is introduced, based on computational design, to solve the long-standing problem of lattice and polarity mismatch in heteroepitaxial growth of III--V alloys on silicon substrates. Ab initio total-energy calculations and quasiparticle $\mathrm{GW}$ calculations are used to investigate the physical properties of these new semiconductors. One particular configuration is designed to match lattice constant and polarity with the Si(100) surface and to possess a direct band gap of $1.59\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, which is close to the canonical frequency used by the optoelectronics industry. These results could pave the way for eventual monolithic integration of optical materials on silicon.