gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Economics of Bacterial Leaching (1985)

Most bacterial leaching techniques to improve the recovery of metals from sulphide ores exploit the basic oxidation reactions performed by naturally occurring bacteria, the oxidation of sulphur to sulphate and the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. However, up to now bacterial leaching techniques have only been economical when a natural reactor system was used, e.g. dump leaching. The long leach residence times and low pulp densities made agitated leach tanks large and uneconomical.Joint development work has been undertaken by Davy McKee (Stockton) and University College Cardiff to reduce bacterial leach residence times and increase pulp densities such that bacterial leaching in reactors would be economical.
Reactive Oxygen Species Originating From Mitochondria Regulate the Cardiac Sodium Channel (2010)

Altering the oxidized to reduced NAD(H) balance can activate mitochondrial ROS production, leading to reduced I(Na). This signaling cascade may help explain the link between altered metabolism, conduction block, and arrhythmic risk.
High-Efficiency, Magnetized, Virtual-Cathode Microwave Generator (1986)

Microwave generation by electron beams in virtual-cathode configurations can achieve significant power levels. However, most designs inherently have two competing mechanisms generating microwaves: the oscillating virtual cathode and the reflexing electrons. These mechanisms interfere destructively with each other. This paper reports investigation of a novel idea of using an external axial magnetic field and a thick anode with an appropriate collimating slot to extract the electron beam and to suppress the reflexing electrons. It was found that high-power, narrow-band, monochromatic microwaves could be generated with efficiency of 10% to 20%.
The photophone–an optical telephone receiver (1976)

A theoretical discussion is given of optical telephone receivers employing the optoacoustic effect, which are here called photophones, for use in an optical-fiber telephone subscriber loop. The basic receiver consists of an absorption cell, a response-equalizing device such as a gas column or diaphragm, a tapered acoustic tube acting as a transformer, and an earpiece similar to a conventional telephone earpiece including a response-equalizing device. These photophones are designed to give a flat (3-dB) response to intensity modulated light over the telephone voice band 300–3300 Hz. The optoacoustic effect is treated on the basis of a pseudogas model for solid absorbers in the form of a fine mesh disbusrsed in a gas. We find that the sensitivity (the optical power modulation required to produce a sound pressure level SPL = 81 dB in a closed volume of 6 cm3, representing the earpiece pressed against the ear) is 2.8 and 0.9 mW for the air-filled and xenon-filled photophones, respectively. Subject Classification: [43]85.76, [43]85.40, [43]85.60; [43]35.65.
Toughened mica‐filled polypropylene systems (1988)

Abstract A family of rubber‐toughened, mica‐filled polypropylene materials was developed. The rubber modifier used was an ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) compound. A unique feature of this rubber‐modified system is that it can be directly molded from a dry blend. This simplifies processing by eliminating the need for melt compounding which, in turn, contributes to greater flexural moduli since attrition of the mica platelets is reduced. In addition, impact measurements were conducted as a function of temperature for EPDM/polypropylene and EPM D/poly(propylene‐ethylene) copolymer blends. The low temperature impact resistance was improved for both systems; however, the modified copolymer system maintained ductile behavior to a far lower temperature than the corresponding homopolymer system.
A Novel Cytosolic Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2 Contains Eight Ankyrin Motifs (1997)

We report the purification, molecular cloning, and expression of a novel cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) from Chinese hamster ovary cells, which lacks extended homology to other phospholipases. iPLA2 is an 85-kDa protein that exists as a multimeric complex of 270-350 kDa with a specific activity of 1 micromol/min/mg. The full-length cDNA clone encodes a 752-amino acid cytoplasmic protein with one lipase motif (GXS465XG) and eight ankyrin repeats. Expression of the cDNA in mammalian cells generates an active 85-kDa protein. Mutagenesis studies show that Ser465 and the ankyrin repeats are required for activity. We demonstrate that iPLA2 selectively hydrolyzes the sn-2 over sn-1 fatty acid by 5-fold for 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in a mixed micelle. Moreover, we found the fatty acid preference at the sn-2 position to be highly dependent upon substrate presentation. However, iPLA2 does have a marked preference for 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid presented in a vesicle, generating the lipid second messenger lysophosphatidic acid. Finally the enzyme is able to hydrolyze the acetyl moiety at the sn-2 position of platelet-activating factor.
Multivalent Conjugation of Peptides, Proteins, and DNA to Semiconductor Quantum Dots (2011)

Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) have become well-established as a unique nanoparticle scaffold for bioapplications due to their robust luminescent properties. In order to continue their development and expand this technology, improved methodologies are required for the controllable functionalization and display of biomolecules on QDs. In particular, efficient routes that allow control over ligand loading and spatial orientation, while minimizing or eliminating cross-linking and aggregation are needed. Two conjugation approaches are presented that address these needs: (1) polyhistidine-based metal-affinity self-assembly to QD surfaces and (2) carbodiimide-based amide bond formation to carboxy-functionalized polyethylene glycol or PEGylated QDs. These approaches can be successfully employed in the construction of a variety of QD-biomolecule constructs utilizing synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, peptides, and even modified DNA oligomers.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2‐Disubstituted Propionic Anhydrides: Effective Coupling Reagents for the Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Benzylic Alcohols Using BTM. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Alzheimer's Therapeutics Targeting Amyloid Beta 1–42 Oligomers I: Abeta 42 Oligomer Binding to Specific Neuronal Receptors Is Displaced by Drug Candidates That Improve Cognitive Deficits (2014)

Synaptic dysfunction and loss caused by age-dependent accumulation of synaptotoxic beta amyloid (Abeta) 1-42 oligomers is proposed to underlie cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alterations in membrane trafficking induced by Abeta oligomers mediates reduction in neuronal surface receptor expression that is the basis for inhibition of electrophysiological measures of synaptic plasticity and thus learning and memory. We have utilized phenotypic screens in mature, in vitro cultures of rat brain cells to identify small molecules which block or prevent the binding and effects of Abeta oligomers. Synthetic Abeta oligomers bind saturably to a single site on neuronal synapses and induce deficits in membrane trafficking in neuronal cultures with an EC50 that corresponds to its binding affinity. The therapeutic lead compounds we have found are pharmacological antagonists of Abeta oligomers, reducing the binding of Abeta oligomers to neurons in vitro, preventing spine loss in neurons and preventing and treating oligomer-induced deficits in membrane trafficking. These molecules are highly brain penetrant and prevent and restore cognitive deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Counter-screening these compounds against a broad panel of potential CNS targets revealed they are highly potent and specific ligands of the sigma-2/PGRMC1 receptor. Brain concentrations of the compounds corresponding to greater than 80% receptor occupancy at the sigma-2/PGRMC1 receptor restore cognitive function in transgenic hAPP Swe/Ldn mice. These studies demonstrate that synthetic and human-derived Abeta oligomers act as pharmacologically-behaved ligands at neuronal receptors--i.e. they exhibit saturable binding to a target, they exert a functional effect related to their binding and their displacement by small molecule antagonists blocks their functional effect. The first-in-class small molecule receptor antagonists described here restore memory to normal in multiple AD models and sustain improvement long-term, representing a novel mechanism of action for disease-modifying Alzheimer's therapeutics.
Widely Controllable Syngas Production by a Dye‐Sensitized TiO<sub>2</sub> Hybrid System with Re<sup>I</sup> and Co<sup>III</sup> Catalysts under Visible‐Light Irradiation (2016)

Visible-light irradiation of a ternary hybrid catalyst prepared by grafting a dye, an H<sub>2</sub> evolving Co<sup>III</sup> catalyst and a CO-producing Re<sup>I</sup> catalyst on TiO<sub>2</sub> have been found to produce both H<sub>2</sub> and CO (syngas) in CO<sub>2</sub> -saturated N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF)/water solution containing a 0.1 m sacrificial electron donor. The H<sub>2</sub> /CO ratios are effectively controlled by changing either the water content of the solvent or the molar ratio of the Re<sup>I</sup> and Co<sup>III</sup> catalysts ranging from 1:2 to 15:1. The controlled syngas formation is discussed in terms of competitive electron flow from TiO<sub>2</sub> to each of the CO<sub>2</sub> -reduction and hydrogen-evolving sites depending on the efficiencies of the two catalytic reaction cycles under given reaction conditions.
Spectroscopic diagnosis and imaging of invisible pre-cancer (2003)

The theme of this paper is the use of optical spectroscopy to diagnose invisible pre-cancer in patients undergoing endoscopy and similar medical procedures. We describe three techniques that provide diagnostic information and two instruments to implement them, the FastEEM for studying small regions of tissue and the LSS (light scattering spectroscopy) imaging system for wide-area surveillance. The FastEEM is an optical fiber clinical device that collects spectra of reflected light and fluorescence at multiple excitation wavelengths from the tissue, all in a fraction of a second. Quantitative information is obtained in real time, without removing the tissue and without the need for staining and fixation. Three types of spectral information are extracted intrinsic fluorescence, diffuse reflectance and elastic light scattering. Each of the three analyses is based on a biophysical model, and each provides complementary quantitative physical and chemical information about cellular/tissue structures. This information is used to make a combined spectral diagnosis, a method we call tri-modal spectroscopy (TMS). Promising clinical studies are being carried out on patients undergoing routine pre-cancer surveillance in the oral cavity, the uterine cervix and the gastrointestinal tract. The LSS imaging system provides wide-area spectroscopic images of the epithelium, typically 2 cm in each dimension, depicting the size distribution and chromatin content of the cell nuclei, which are key parameters in diagnosing pre-cancer. This instrument is in preclinical stages of development, although a laboratory prototype has been used to create diagnostic images in resected colon polyp samples. The combination of the TMS/FastEEM and LSS imaging instrument will constitute a powerful new diagnostic tool, with LSS imaging to provide wide area surveillance and the TMS probe to provide detailed information on suspect tissue sites.
Large aperture diffractive elements in PTR glass (2006)

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glasses have shown high efficiency and stability for different applications in laser systems. One of the applications of diffractive elements in PTR glasses is to use them for high power laser beam control and combining which requires an increase of the size of these elements. The opportunities of recording large aperture Bragg gratings by using a translational (multi-frame exposure) technique and by using an Ar<sup>+</sup> ion laser with higher power operating at 334.5 nm and 351 nm are studied. It is shown that photosensitivity of PTR glass at 334.5 nm and 351 nm is comparable to that of 325 nm. Because of higher power at 334.5 nm and 351 nm, the recording of large aperture holograms at these wavelengths is possible. Large-aperture holograms produced by multi-frame technique are demonstrated.
An <i>Arabidopsis</i> histone H2A mutant is deficient in <i>Agrobacterium</i> T-DNA integration (2000)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetically transforms plant cells by transferring a portion of the bacterial Ti-plasmid, the T-DNA, to the plant and integrating the T-DNA into the plant genome. Little is known about the T-DNA integration process, and no plant genes involved in integration have yet been identified. We characterized an Arabidopsis mutant generated by T-DNA insertional mutagenesis, rat5, that is resistant to Agrobacterium root transformation. rat5 contains two copies of T-DNA integrated as a tandem direct repeat into the 3' untranslated region of a histone H2A gene, upstream of the polyadenylation signal sequence. Transient and stable beta-glucuronidase expression data and assessment of the amount of T-DNA integrated into the genomes of wild-type and rat5 Arabidopsis plants indicated that the rat5 mutant is deficient in T-DNA integration. We complemented the rat5 mutation by expressing the RAT5 histone H2A gene in the mutant plant. Overexpression of RAT5 in wild-type plants increased Agrobacterium transformation efficiency. Furthermore, transient expression of a RAT5 gene from the incoming T-DNA was sufficient to complement the rat5 mutant and to increase the transformation efficiency of wild-type Arabidopsis plants.
Virtual computer monitor for visually-impaired users (1996)

Conventional computer display products for the visually impaired are limited by the amount of enlarged imagery that can be displayed at any one time, and by awkward methods for navigating about the scene. This paper describes a prototype system designed to address these problems by providing a head-mounted display interface which allows the user to position a cursor anywhere on an enlarged virtual page by turning to view that location in space. Also discussed are human subject trials underway at SRI
18.1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> Efficiency, stability, and angular dependence of plasmonic PHOLEDs (2023)

Until recently, organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have operated under the paradigm that the surface plasmon mode of contacts is lossy and should be avoided. We proposed and demonstrated a phosphorescent light emitting device (PHOLED) which intentionally couples the emissive exciton to the plasmon mode of a nearby metal contact to reduce the excited state lifetime [1]. This, in turn, reduces the steady state exciton density and the likelihood of destabilizing excited state interactions. We further demonstrated that a nanoparticle‐based outcoupling scheme extracts the energy coupled to the plasmon mode into air. In this paper, we demonstrate that the plasmon based PHOLED can exceed the efficiency of a conventional PHOLED while simultaneously increasing the stability.
Scheduling multiple queries on a parallel machine (1994)

There has been a good deal of progress made recently towards the efficient parallelization of individual phases of single queries in multiprocessor database systems. In this paper we devise and evaluate a number of scheduling algorithms designed to handle multiple parallel queries. One of these algorithms emerges as a clear winner. This algorithm is hierarchical in nature: In the first phase, a good quality precedence-based schedule is created for each individual query and each possible number of processors. This component employs dynamic programming. In the second phase, the results of the first phase are used to create an overall schedule of the full set of queries. This component is based on previously published work on nonprecedence-based malleable scheduling. Even though the problem we are considering is NP-hard in the strong sense, the multiple query schedules generated by our hierarchical algorithm are seen experimentally to achieve results which are close to optimal.
Locating prefix hijackers using LOCK (2009)

Prefix hijacking is one of the top known threats on today’s Internet. A number of measurement based solutions have been proposed to detect prefix hijacking events. In this paper we take these solutions one step further by addressing the problem of locating the attacker in each of the detected hijacking event. Being able to locate the attacker is critical for conducting necessary mitigation mechanisms at the earliest possible time to limit the impact of the attack, successfully stopping the attack and restoring the service. We propose a robust scheme named LOCK, for LO-Cating the prefix hijacKer ASes based on distributed Internet measurements. LOCK locates each attacker AS by actively monitoring paths (either in the control-plane or in the data-plane) to the victim prefix from a small number of carefully selected monitors distributed on the Internet. Moreover, LOCK is robust against various countermeasures that the hijackers may employ. This is achieved by taking advantage of two observations: that the hijacker cannot manipulate AS path before the path reaches the hijacker, and that the paths to victim prefix “converge ” around the hijacker AS. We have deployed LOCK on a number of PlanetLab nodes and conducted several large scale measurements and experiments to evaluate the performance. Our results show that LOCK is able to pinpoint the prefix hijacker AS with an accuracy up to 94.3%. 1
17.3: Color Correction in TFTLCD Displays for Compensation of Color Dependency with the Viewing Angle (2002)

Abstract Most today's twisted nematic TFTLCD displays show a color dependency with the viewing angle. This paper describes a method for compensation of the pixel color variations in these displays relative to a single viewer position. The color correction can be recomputed automatically as the viewer position changes, as long as the position is known. The method determines the color correction required for each pixel of the screen, such that a single viewer for a given position can see the color unaffected by the viewing angle differences to the screen. Color is measured in few points over the screen relative to a viewer position, and then an interpolation procedure is used to compute the color correction for each intermediate pixel, between the measured positions. The measurements for different positions of the viewer are used in a second interpolation procedure for computing color correction for intermediate position of the viewer between the measured positions. The method was experimented for portable and desktop displays. It was found that, for relative small viewing angle variations, with acceptable approximation, the color variation with the viewing angle can be modeled as variations of the transfer function. It was found that the proposed method can also be effectively used to compensate for panel uniformity.
Ultrasonic distance sensor and monitoring of surface profile utilizing ultrasonic distance sensor (1991)

First Page
Quantitative x-ray radiography using grating interferometry: a feasibility study (2013)

X-ray grating interferometry is a promising tool for medical imaging because of its capability of providing additional and complementary information to conventional absorption-based methods. This technology can simultaneously measure absorption, differential phase and small-angle scattering signals from the sample, significantly improving the diagnostic content. In this work, we present a method which uses the image (dubbed the <em>R</em> image) obtained by taking the ratio of the absorption and small-angle scattering signals to gain quantitative insight from a radiographic x-ray projection. We demonstrate that with the help of the <em>R</em> image we can successfully distinguish among different (light-<em>Z</em>) plastic materials, which are usually used to mimic soft tissues. Two potential applications in medical imaging, such as quantitative x-ray radiography and volumetric breast density estimation, are demonstrated.
High-power tunable two-wavelength generation in a two chip co-linear T-cavity vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (2012)

We report the design and experimental results of a two chip co-linear T-cavity vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) capable of generating two continuously tunable orthogonally polarized lasing wavelengths. A polarizing beamsplitter is used to overlap two VECSEL cavities thus generating high-power intra-cavity two-wavelength generation ideal for type-II nonlinear frequency conversion. Nearly equal power at each wavelength with a combined dual-wavelength CW output power in excess of 13 W was observed. In a high Q cavity, the wavelength separation was tuned from 35 nm to 52 nm by using birefringent filters in regions where each wavelength lases independently of the other.
Serial Measurement of Cell-Cycle Arrest Biomarkers [TIMP-2] · [IGFBP7] and Risk for Progression to Death, Dialysis, or Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Septic Shock (2020)

<b>Rationale:</b> Urinary TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2) and IGFBP7 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7) can predict acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with sepsis.<b>Objectives:</b> To address critical questions about whether biomarkers can inform the response to treatment and whether they might be used to guide therapy, as most sepsis patients present with AKI.<b>Methods:</b> We measured [TIMP-2] · [IGFBP7] before and after a 6-hour resuscitation in 688 patients with septic shock enrolled in the ProCESS (Protocol-based Care for Early Septic Shock) trial. Our primary endpoint was stage 3 AKI, renal replacement therapy, or death within 7 days.<b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> The endpoint was reached in 113 patients (16.4%). In patients with negative [TIMP-2] · [IGFBP7] at baseline, those who became positive (>0.3 U) after resuscitation had three-times higher risk compared with those who remained negative (21.8% vs. 8.5%; <i>P</i> = 0.01; odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-6.87). Conversely, compared with patients with a positive biomarker at baseline that were still positive at Hour 6, risk was reduced for patients who became negative (23.8% vs. 9.8%; <i>P</i> = 0.01; OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.17-3.95). A positive [TIMP-2] · [IGFBP7] after resuscitation was associated with worse outcomes in both patients with and without AKI at that time point. The clinical response to resuscitation, as judged by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, was weakly predictive of the endpoint (area under the curve, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.62-0.73) and improved with addition of [TIMP-2] · [IGFBP7] (0.72; 95% CI, 0.66-0.77; <i>P</i> = 0.03). Different resuscitation protocols did not alter biomarker trajectories, nor did they alter outcomes in biomarker-positive or biomarker-negative patients. However, biomarker trajectories were associated with outcomes.<b>Conclusions:</b> Changes in urinary [TIMP-2] · [IGFBP7] after initial fluid resuscitation identify patients with sepsis who have differing risk for progression of AKI.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00510835).