gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Nucleoside Analogues with Fluorophores Replacing the DNA Base (1999)

We describe the preparation and fluorescence properties of a set of new nucleosides in which a known hydrocarbon or oligothiophene fluorophore replaces the DNA base at C(1) of the deoxyribose moiety (see 3a - f). These compounds are potentially useful as probes in the study of the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids and their complexes with proteins. In addition, they may find use as fluorescent labels for nucleic-acid-based biomedical diagnostics methods. The fluorophores conjugated to deoxyribose at C(1) in the α-d-form include terphenyl, stilbene, terthiophene, benzoterthiophene, and pyrene. Also included is a non-fluorescent spacer in which cyclohexene replaces the DNA base. The nucleosides are derived from brominated fluorophore precursors and Hoffer's 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-(p-toluoyl)-d-ribofuranosyl chloride. The emission maxima of the free nucleosides range from 345 to 536 nm. Also described are the 5'-(dimethoxytrityl) 3'-O-phosphoramidite derivatives 5a - f, suitable for incorporation into oligonucleotides by automated synthesizers.
A maximum likelihood proton path formalism for application in proton computed tomography (2008)

The limited spatial resolution in proton computed tomography (pCT) in comparison to x-ray CT is related to multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) within the imaged object. The current generation pCT design utilizes silicon detectors that measure the position and direction of individual protons prior to and post-traversing the patient to maximize the knowledge of the path of the proton within the imaged object. For efficient reconstruction with the proposed pCT system, one needs to develop compact and flexible mathematical formalisms that model the effects of MCS as the proton traverses the imaged object. In this article, a compact, matrix-based most likely path (MLP) formalism is presented employing Bayesian statistics and a Gaussian approximation of MCS. Using GEANT4 simulations in a homogeneous 20 cm water cube, the MLP expression was found to be able to predict the Monte Carlo tracks of 200 MeV protons to within 0.6 mm on average when employing 3sigma cuts on the relative exit angle and exit energy. These cuts were found to eliminate the majority of events not conforming to the Gaussian model of MCS used in the MLP derivation. M riszwana Banu
Floating-Gate Circuits and Systems (2006)

In this chapter, we will look into the whereabouts of floating-gate circuits and systems. Our goal is to present how floating-gate circuits may be used in a constructive way without any technological “special effects”. We will only briefly touch digital circuits and focus primarily on analog properties. The floating-gate MOS device is not new. Experiments on floating-gate devices from Fairchild Research Laboratories are reported as early as the mid1960s [1,27]. Some of the first published scientific reports dates back to 1967 [2]. In 1971, the first commercial product was announced and became known as EPROM [3] using a floating-gate avalanche-injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor. Since then floating-gate devices have been utilized in many digital systems. The Flash-EPROM of present computers is storing vital programs (BIOS) and parameters in a non-volatile way using floating-gate structures. With research in neural networks picking up in the 1980s, demand for analog non-volatile storage arise and floating-gate structures were obvious candidates [4,5]. Fundamentally the stored charge on a floating gate is an analog quantity, but finding ways to control this storage with sufficient precision has turned out to be difficult. In the following, we will briefly go through the fundamentals of floatinggate physics. Then, we will proceed with simple circuit elements. Finally, we will present some real working circuits and systems.
Placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: In vitro and in vivo evaluation for cardiac cell therapy (2013)

Objective: Neonatal allogenic mesenchymal stromal Cells from the placenta overcome the shortcomings posed by autologous adult mesnchymal stromal cells due to their invasive isolation and purification techniques. Furthermore, they are exposed to age and disease related impairments caused by the patient's disease conditions. We therefore evaluated the in vitro and in vivo potential of placenta-derived adherent stromal cells (PLX) for cardiac cell therapy.
Designing Higher Surface Area Metal–Organic Frameworks: Are Triple Bonds Better Than Phenyls? (2012)

We have synthesized, characterized, and computationally validated the high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and hydrogen uptake of a new, noncatenating metal-organic framework (MOF) material, NU-111. Our results imply that replacing the phenyl spacers of organic linkers with triple-bond spacers is an effective strategy for boosting molecule-accessible gravimetric surface areas of MOFs and related high-porosity materials.
Synergistic Therapeutic Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol With Either Sildenafil or Bosentan on Amelioration of Monocrotaline-induced Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Remodeling (2010)

2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is a major nonestrogenic metabolite of estradiol. Our previous studies suggest that 2ME, in several models of cardiac and/or vascular injury, strongly inhibits cardiac and vascular remodeling. Furthermore, our most recent study shows that in male rats, 2ME attenuates the development and retards the progression of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and in female rats, 2ME eliminates the exacerbation of PAH and the increased mortality due to ovariectomy. The current standard of care of patients with PAH includes treatment with an endothelin receptor antagonist (eg, bosentan) or a phosphodiesterase5 inhibitor (eg, sildenafil). Moreover, combination therapy is often prescribed. Therefore, in the present study, we compared the efficacy of 2ME (10 μg · kg(-1) · h(-1), 2ME-10) to the effects of bosentan (200 mg/kg; BOS), sildenafil (50 mg/kg; SIL), and their respective combinations with 2ME-10 (2ME + BOS and 2ME + SIL groups, respectively). Treatments were initiated 12 days after administration of MCT (60 mg/kg). Twenty-eight days after MCT administration, right ventricular peak systolic pressure was measured and morphometric analysis was conducted. 2ME exhibited beneficial effects in pulmonary hypertensive animals and had efficacy comparable to that of BOS and SIL. Importantly, combination treatments had favorable effects on survival, vascular remodeling, and inflammatory response, and the 2ME + SIL combination was significantly more efficacious than any other treatment. These results indicate that 2ME is effective in experimental PAH and suggests that 2ME may provide additional therapeutic benefit over existing drugs used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Method to Profile the Maintenance Needs of a Fleet of Rotating Machine Assets using Partial Discharge Data (2020)

Online partial discharge (PD) measurements have long been used as an effective means to evaluate the condition of the stator windings of generators and motors. Those who manage a fleet of such assets have the responsibility to minimize the risk of disruption in service. The efficient way of managing is to allocate maintenance funds only to the asset(s) that needs immediate attention and to delay or skip maintenance for the rest in the population. The common practice to shortlist the worst performing assets is to use preset criteria based on PD pulse magnitude, its repetition rate or its derivatives. These metrics are unreliable as PD activity inside electrical insulation can accelerate or decelerate without a change in the physical condition of the electric insulation. Using them to shortlist the worst performing assets often results in incorrect identification and wastage of time and resources investigating the wrong bunch. Therefore, a better method to identify and profile the maintenance needs of an asset is needed. In the paper, a method to identify the worst performing assets in a fleet and determine if maintenance action is needed using PD measurement data is described. The fleet screening tool is based on the estimation of a sampling of destructive energy absorbed by the electrical insulation from PD activity and comparing its longterm accumulated values against a base distribution which is effectively a historical database of annual averages of actual power dissipated by a large population of similar assets. This tool provides a quick and usable result: what percent of similar assets in the population have suffered more damage than any given asset. This allows the asset owner to prioritize the asset for maintenance and minimize the risk of disruption in service. An example of the implementation is illustrated.
CVD silicon carbide monofilament reinforced SrO-Al2O3-2SiO2 (SAS) glass-ceramic composites (1995)

Unidirectional CVD SiC fiber-reinforced SrO.Al2O3.2SiO2 (SAS) glass-ceramic matrix composites have been fabricated by hot pressing at various combinations of temperature, pressure and time. Both carbon-rich surface coated SCS-6 and uncoated SCS-0 fibers were used as reinforcements. Almost fully dense composites have been obtained. Monoclinic celsian, SrAl2Si2O8, was the only crystalline phase observed in the matrix from x-ray diffraction. During three point flexure testing of composites, a test span to thickness ratio of approximately 25 or greater was necessary to avoid sample delamination. Strong and tough SCS-6/SAS composites having a first matrix crack stress of approximately 300 MPa and an ultimate bend strength of approximately 825 MPa were fabricated. No chemical reaction between the SCS-6 fibers and the SAS matrix was observed after high temperature processing. The uncoated SCS-0 fiber-reinforced SAS composites showed only limited improvement in strength over SAS monolithic. The SCS-0/SAS composite having a fiber volume fraction of 0.24 and hot pressed at 1400 deg C exhibited a first matrix cracking stress of approximately 231 +/- 20 MPa and ultimate strength of 265 +/- 17 MPa. From fiber push-out tests, the fiber/matrix interfacial debonding strength (tau(sub debond)) and frictional sliding stress (tau(sub friction)) in the SCS-6/SAS system were evaluated to be approximately 6.7 +/- 2.3 MPa and 4.3 +/- 0.6 MPa, respectively, indicating a weak interface. However, for the SCS-0/SAS composite, much higher values of approximately 17.5 +/- 2.7 MPa for tau(sub debond) and 11.3 +/- 1.6 MPa for tau(sub friction) respectively, were observed; some of the fibers were so strongly bonded to the matrix that they could not be pushed out. Examination of fracture surfaces revealed limited short pull-out length of SCS-0 fibers. The applicability of various micromechanical models for predicting the values of first matrix cracking stress and ultimate strength of these composites were examined.
Low power, wide dynamic range carbon nanotube vacuum gauges (2008)

We present carbon nanotube vacuum gauges that operate at low power (nW-muW) and exhibit a wide- dynamic range (760 Torr - 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> Torr). Pressure sensitivity was found to increase rapidly as the bias power was increased. In addition, by etching part of the thermal SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> beneath the tubes and minimizing heat conduction through the substrate, pressure sensitivity was extended toward lower pressures. Results are compared to a conventional thin film meander resistor, which was fabricated and whose pressure response was also measured for comparative purposes.
A common polymorphism associated with antibiotic-induced cardiac arrhythmia (2000)

Drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a prevalent disorder of uncertain etiology that predisposes to sudden death. KCNE2 encodes MinK-related peptide 1 (MiRP1), a subunit of the cardiac potassium channel I(Kr) that has been associated previously with inherited LQTS. Here, we examine KCNE2 in 98 patients with drug-induced LQTS, identifying three individuals with sporadic mutations and a patient with sulfamethoxazole-associated LQTS who carried a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in approximately 1.6% of the general population. While mutant channels showed diminished potassium flux at baseline and wild-type drug sensitivity, channels with the SNP were normal at baseline but inhibited by sulfamethoxazole at therapeutic levels that did not affect wild-type channels. We conclude that allelic variants of MiRP1 contribute to a significant fraction of cases of drug-induced LQTS through multiple mechanisms and that common sequence variations that increase the risk of life-threatening drug reactions can be clinically silent before drug exposure.
High-performance cellular automata random number generators for embedded probabilistic computing systems (2003)

High-performance random number generators (RNGs) can be economically implemented in popular field programmable gate arrays without the need for arithmetic circuitry by employing cellular automata (CA) with a neighborhood size of four and an asymmetrical, non-local neighborhood connection scheme. Each cell (i.e., RNG bit) requires only a single 4-input lookup table and a single flip-flop. From each of various 1-d, 2-d, and 3-d networks with periodic boundary conditions, the 1000 highest entropy CA RNGs were selected from the set of 65,536 possible uniform (all CA truth tables the same) implementations. Each set of 1000 high-entropy CA was then submitted to Marsaglia's DIEHARD suite of random number tests. A number of 64-bit, neighbor-of-four CA-based RNGs have been discovered that pass all tests in DIEHARD without resorting to either site spacing or time spacing to improve the RNG quality.
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR-9) Polymorphisms and CARD15/NOD-2 Mutations in Hispanics with Crohnʼs Disease (2006)

Purpose: Crohn's disease (CD) exhibits phenotypic heterogenicity. The pattern of inheritance is unknown. Variable penetrance and expression support a complex genetic predisposition. CARD15/NOD-2 was described as the first susceptibility gene for CD. TLR-9 is a toll-like intracellular receptor that recognizes muramyl dipeptide motifs derived from bacterial peptidoglycan and acts on the innate mucosal response. TLR-9 participates in the innate response, it controls the immune response to bacterial infections. Particular interest has evolved over the role of NOD-2 and TLR-9 polymorphisms in IBD patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of polymorphisms of CARD15 and TLR-9 in Puerto Ricans with Crohn's and describe possible phenotypic associations. Methods: Samples from 113 Puerto Ricans with Crohn's disease and 107 controls recruited for the IBD Genetics Consortium project were studied for the presence of mutations of, NOD-2_8, NOD-2_13, and TLR 9_rs352140. These polymorphisms were correlated with disease behavior, location and need for surgery. Results: Polymorphisms in NOD-2 were identified in 18.67% of CD as compared to 9.4% of controls (p= 0.049). The presence of NOD-2_13 was significant for the absence of colorectal disease (p= 0.02), the presence of stricturing disease (p= 0.02), and the absence of perianal disease (p= 0.01). The presence of NOD-2_8 and NOD-2_13 were significant for the absence of perianal disease (p= 0.00). TLR9_rs352140 was more frequent in subjects with no CD-related surgery (p= 0.04). Conclusions: NOD-2 was found to be more prevalent in Puerto Ricans with CD as compared to racially similar controls. Association of some mutations with specific disease behavior or location support the influence of genetic variants on clinical expression of the disease.
Potent Anti-Cancer Activity of Anti-NTB-a Monoclonal Antibodies in Preclinical Leukemia and Lymphoma Models (2008)

Abstract NTB-A is a CD2-related cell surface protein expressed on lymphoid cells including B-lymphocytes from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and lymphoma patients. We have generated a series of mAbs against NTB-A and assessed their therapeutic potential in preclinical models. Selected mAbs to NTB-A were further tested in functional Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) and Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicty (ADCC) assays in cell lines and B lymphocytes freshly isolated from CLL and lymphoma patients. Potent cytotoxic activity was demonstrated against B cells isolated from CLL patients and B lymphoma cell lines. Chimeric anti-NTB-A mAbs demonstrated anti-tumor activity equal to rituximab against CA46 human lymphoma xenografts in nude mice at a low dose. In a chimpanzee safety study, a single dose of lead anti-NTB-A mAb 994.1 resulted in near-complete depletion of peripheral lymphocytes while having a minimal effect on T cell activation. Taken together, these results demonstrate NTB-A as a promising target with an acceptable safety profile for immunotherapy of leukemia and lymphomas.
Comparative evaluation of the image-reconstruction algorithms of single-shot phase-shifting digital holography (2012)

We comparatively evaluated two types of image-reconstruction algorithms in two types of single-shot phase-shifting digital holography techniques to investigate which algorithm is more suitable for high-quality and instantaneous three-dimensional imaging. Two types of image-reconstruction algorithms were proposed for each single-shot phase-shifting interferometry so far. One generates multiple phase-shifted holograms from the recorded single hologram by utilizing interpolation and derives the complex amplitude of the object wave by applying the calculation of phase-shifting interferometry to the multiple phase-shifted holograms. The other does not use interpolation but applies the calculation of phase-shifting interferometry to the neighboring pixels in the recorded hologram to derive the complex amplitude. We experimentally evaluated the qualities of the image reconstructed by the algorithms in each single-shot phase-shifting technique. It was clarified that the former algorithm is more effective for high-quality imaging free from the unwanted images in single-shot technique using an array of optical elements. In single-shot technique using spatial carrier, although the latter algorithm is able to reconstruct a brighter image for wide area than the former, spatial-filtering technique is needed for removing the conjugate image.
A proposed model for dragline spider silk self‐assembly: Insights from the effect of the repetitive domain size on fiber properties (2009)

Dragline spider silk has been intensively studied for its superior qualities as a biomaterial. In previous studies, we made use of the baculovirus mediated expression system for the production of a recombinant Araneus diadematus spider silk dragline ADF4 protein and its self-assembly into intricate fibers in host insect cells. In this study, our aim was to explore the function of the major repetitive domain of the dragline spider silk. Thus, we generated an array of synthetic proteins, each containing a different number of identical repeats up to the largest recombinantly expressed spider silk to date. Study of the self-assembly properties of these proteins showed that depending on the increasing number of repeats they give rise to different assembly phenotypes, from a fully soluble protein to bona fide fibers with superior qualities. The different assembly forms, the corresponding chemical resistance properties obtained as well as ultrastructural studies, revealed novel insights concerning the structure and intermolecular interactions of the repetitive and nonrepetitive domains. Based on these observations and current knowledge in the field, we hereby present a comprehensive hypothetical model for the mechanism of dragline silk self-assembly and fiber formation.
Computational screening of metal‐organic frameworks for xenon/krypton separation (2010)

Abstract A variety of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with varying linkers, topologies, pore sizes, and metal atoms were screened for xenon/krypton separation using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The results indicate that small pores with strong adsorption sites are desired to preferentially adsorb xenon over krypton in multicomponent adsorption. However, if the pore size is too small, it can significantly limit overall gas uptake, which is undesirable. Based on our simulations, MOF‐505 was identified as a promising material due to its increased xenon selectivity over a wider pressure range compared with other MOFs investigated. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Progress with Closed-loop Systems in Type 1 Diabetes (2010)

Automated insulin delivery by means of a glucose-responsive closed-loop system has often been cited as the ‘holy grail’ of type 1 diabetes management. Reflecting the technological advances in interstitial glucose measurements and wider use of continuous glucose monitoring, recent research in closed-loop glucose control has focused on the subcutaneous route for glucose measurements and insulin delivery. The primary aim of such systems is to keep blood glucose within the target range while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia with minimal input from the user. This article examines recent developments in the field of interstitial glucose measurement, limitations of the current generation of devices and implications on the performance of closed-loop systems. Clinical results and the advantages and disadvantages of different closed-loop configurations are summarized. Potential future advances in closed-loop systems are highlighted.
Low current heaterless hollow cathode neutralizer for plasma propulsion—Development overview (2019)

Hollow cathodes serve as electron sources for the operation of electric thrusters aboard spacecraft. Conventionally, hollow cathodes utilize a heating element to raise the temperature of the electron emitting material embedded in the cathode. To simplify cathode design and operation, in recent years, heaterless cathode technology has been under development in various facilities around the world. This paper overviews the development of a low current heaterless hollow cathode, designed and produced by Rafael, and denoted the ARC-1A. The ARC-1A generates a discharge current of 0.3-1.2 A and is ignited using breakdown voltages below 400 V. Each of the development phases is elaborated upon. These phases included activities such as a technology study, the development of manufacturing processes, the study of failure modes, and performance characterization and culminated with two primary tests-a 5000 h endurance test and a 3500 cold ignition cycles test. In its current state of development, the ARC-1A proves suitable for a wide range of low power electric thrusters and was successfully coupled with two different Hall effect thrusters in a wide range of low discharge current levels (0.5-1.1 A).