gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Note: Using fast digitizer acquisition and flexible resolution to enhance noise cancellation for high performance nanosecond transient absorbance spectroscopy (2015)

We demonstrate a nanosecond transient absorbance spectrometer that utilizes flexible resolution and rapid data acquisition triggering modes. The instrument features signal-to-noise (S/N) levels enhanced by an order of magnitude especially within the first 100 ns. The primary gain in S/N comes from our sequential subtraction method, which requires a fast digitizer trigger rearm time to detect every laser trigger event.
Sequential pattern mining with the Micron automata processor (2016)

Sequential pattern mining (SPM) is a widely used data mining technique for discovering common sequences of events in large databases. When compared with the simple set mining problem and string mining problem, the hierarchical structure of sequential pattern mining (due to the need to consider frequent subsets within each itemset, as well as order among itemsets) and the resulting large permutation space makes SPM extremely expensive on conventional processor architectures. We propose a hardware-accelerated solution of the SPM using Micron's Automata Processor (AP), a hardware implementation of non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs). The Generalized Sequential Pattern (GSP) algorithm for SPM searching exposes massive parallelism, and is therefore well-suited for AP acceleration. We implement the multi-pass pruning strategy of the GSP via the AP's fast reconfigurability. A generalized automaton structure is proposed by flattening sequential patterns to simple strings to reduce compilation time and to minimize overhead of reconfiguration. Up to 90X and 29X speedups are achieved by the AP-accelerated GSP on six real-world datasets, when compared with the optimized multicore CPU and GPU GSP implementations, respectively. The proposed CPU-AP solution also outperforms the state-of-the-art PrefixSpan and SPADE algorithms on multicore CPU by up to 452X and 49X speedups. The AP advantage grows further with larger datasets.
Hybrid Traitor Tracing (2006)

In this paper we study the traitor tracing problem, a technique to help combat piracy of copyrighted materials. When a pirated copy of the material is observed, a traitor tracing scheme allows one to identify at least one of the real users (traitors) who participate in the construction of the pirated copy. The authors have been involved in what we believe is the first large-scale deployment of the tracing traitors approach. In this paper we shall present a key management scheme that provides the system designer flexibility, in that he/she can choose to trace down to an individual user or only trace to a device's model. It helps effectively defend against class attack and evil manufacturer problem. It also provides a technology to protect consumers' privacy when needed. This flexibility is believed to be needed and has been adopted by content protection standard AACS for next generation DVDs
Surface-enhanced Raman Spectral Measurements of 5-Fluorouracil in Saliva (2008)

The ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to measure 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in saliva is presented. The approach is based on the capacity of Raman spectroscopy to provide a unique spectral signature for virtually every chemical, and the ability of SERS to provide microg/mL sensitivity. A simple sampling method, that employed 1-mm glass capillaries filled with silver-doped sol-gels, was developed to isolate 5-FU from potential interfering chemical components of saliva and simultaneously provide SERSactivity. The method involved treating a 1 mL saliva sample with 1 mL of acetic acid, drawing 10 microL of sample into a SERS-active capillary by syringe, and then measuring the SER spectrum. Quality SER spectra were obtained for samples containing as little as 2 microg of 5-FU in 1 mL saliva. The entire process, the acid pretreatment, extraction and spectral measurement, took less than 5 minutes. The SERS of 5-fluorouridine and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, two major metabolites of 5-FU, were also measured and shown to have unique spectral peaks. These measurements suggest that disposable SERS-active capillaries could be used to measure 5-FU and metabolite concentrations in chemotherapy patient saliva, thereby providing metabolic data that would allow regulating dosage. Tentative vibrational mode assignments for 5-FU and its metabolites are also given.
Optical Modulation Via The Photorefractive Effect (1990)

Rotation of polarization and use of analyzer yield large variations in intensity. Experiments show one beam of light used to change intensity of another beam via photorefractive effect in GaAs. Each beam causes polarization of other beam to rotate. Rotation detected by passing modulated beam through analyzer. Results agree closely with predictions of theory of photorefractive effect. Modulation scheme works with other photorefractive materials of similar crystallographic symmetry.
Microbial Oxidation of Gaseous Hydrocarbons: Production of Methylketones from Corresponding <i>n</i> -Alkanes by Methane-Utilizing Bacteria (1980)

Cell suspensions of methane-utilizing bacteria grown on methane oxidized n-alkanes (propane, butane, pentane, hexane) to their corresponding methylketones (acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone). The product methylketones accumulated extracellularly. The rate of production of methylketones varied with the organism used for oxidation; however, the average rate of acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, and 2-hexanone production was 1.2, 1.0, 0.15, and 0.025 mumol/h per 5.0 mg of protein in cell suspensions. Primary alcohols and aldehydes were also detected in low amounts as products of n-alkane (propane and butane) oxidation, but were rapidly metabolized further by cell suspensions. The optimal conditions for in vivo methylketone formation from n-alkanes were compared in Methylococcus capsulatus (Texas strain), Methylosinus sp. (CRL-15), and Methylobacterium sp. (CRL-26). The rate of acetone and 2-butanone production was linear for the first 60 min of incubation and directly increased with cell concentration up to 10 mg of protein per ml for all three cultures tested. The optimal temperatures for the production of acetone and 2-butanone were 35 degrees C for Methylosinus trichosporium sp. (CRL-15) and Methylobacterium sp. (CRL-26) and 40 degrees C for Methylcoccus capsulatus (Texas). Metal-chelating agents inhibited the production of methylketones, suggesting the involvement of a metal-containing enzymatic system in the oxidation of n-alkanes to the corresponding methylketones. The soluble crude extracts derived from methane-utilizing bacteria contained an oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenase which catalyzed the oxidation of secondary alcohols.
Simulation-based methodology for improving the safety and efficacy of insulin therapy in critically ill patients (2015)

Critically ill patients often have hormonal stress responses due to trauma and intensive therapy. As a result, they spend an excessive amount of time with abnormally high blood glucose (BG) levels. Computerized protocols, such as the adaptive proportional feedback (APF) protocol, provide computer-directed insulin delivery to treat stress-induced hyperglycemia and its complications, while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. While better than paper-based protocols, computer-based protocols are sometimes insensitive to patients with rapidly decreasing BG levels. To improve the performance of APF insulin protocols, a simulation-based methodology was developed to optimize the protocol parameters. The simulated data was gathered by modeling the time-varying BG responses of in silico patients over time that correspond to a particular selection of APF protocol parameters. Analysis began with splitting the data into test and validation sets and identifying Pareto efficient parameters settings for both sets, which allowed for visualization of the tradeoffs between the time spent in hyper- and hypoglycemia. This yielded a Pareto frontier of potential APF parameters settings that translate to treatment options that improve upon current insulin therapy. The potential improvements can be vital in ensuring safe insulin therapy in clinical settings, and the overall methodology can be applied in a variety of healthcare situations.
Borehole logging method for determining the damping of acoustic tube waves in subsurface formations along a borehole wall (1988)

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New and Convenient Method for Incorporation of Pentafluorosulfanyl (SF<sub>5</sub>) Substituents into Aliphatic Organic Compounds. (2002)

Use of Et<sub>3</sub>B as a catalytic initiator allows the convenient, regiospecific, and highly stereoselective addition of SF<sub>5</sub>Cl in high yield to a variety\nof alkenes and alkynes.
Online Distance Metric Learning for Object Tracking (2011)

Tracking an object without any prior information regarding its appearance is a challenging problem. Modern tracking algorithms treat tracking as a binary classification problem between the object class and the background class. The binary classifier can be learned offline, if a specific object model is available, or online, if there is no prior information about the object's appearance. In this paper, we propose the use of online distance metric learning in combination with nearest neighbor classification for object tracking. We assume that the previous appearances of the object and the background are clustered so that a nearest neighbor classifier can be used to distinguish between the new appearance of the object and the appearance of the background. In order to support the classification, we employ a distance metric learning (DML) algorithm that learns to separate the object from the background. We utilize the first few frames to build an initial model of the object and the background and subsequently update the model at every frame during the course of tracking, so that changes in the appearance of the object and the background are incorporated into the model. Furthermore, instead of using only the previous frame as the object's model, we utilize a collection of previous appearances encoded in a template library to estimate the similarity under variations in appearance. In addition to the utilization of the online DML algorithm for learning the object/background model, we propose a novel feature representation of image patches. This representation is based on the extraction of scale invariant features over a regular grid coupled with dimensionality reduction using random projections. This type of representation is both robust, capitalizing on the reproducibility of the scale invariant features, and fast, performing the tracking on a reduced dimensional space. The proposed tracking algorithm was tested under challenging conditions and achieved state-of-the art performance.
Permanent-magnet structures for the production of transverse helical fields (1986)

A need has arisen for permanent-magnet structures that produce helical transverse magnetic fields of 0.5 to 2.0 kOe in circularly polarized microwave/millimeter-wave sources. Three such configurations are discussed and compared with respect to performance, economy, ease of manufacture, and general utility.
Polymer Lung Surfactants (2018)

Animal-derived lung surfactants annually save 40 000 infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in the United States. Lung surfactants have further potential for treating about 190 000 adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) each year. To this end, the properties of current therapeutics need to be modified. Although the limitations of current therapeutics have been recognized since the 1990s, there has been little improvement. To address this gap, our laboratory has been exploring a radically different approach in which, instead of lipids, proteins, or peptides, synthetic polymers are used as the active ingredient. This endeavor has led to an identification of a promising polymer-based lung surfactant candidate, poly(styrene-<i>b</i>-ethylene glycol) (PS-PEG) polymer nanomicelles. PS-PEG micelles produce extremely low surface tension under high compression because PS-PEG micelles have a strong affinity to the air-water interface. NMR measurements support that PS-PEG micelles are less hydrated than ordinary polymer micelles. Studies using mouse models of acid aspiration confirm that PS-PEG lung surfactant is safe and efficacious.
Effect of Shear Stresses on Adenovirus Activity and Aggregation during Atomization To Produce Thermally Stable Vaccines by Spray Drying (2020)

Considering the substantive potential benefits of thermally stable dry powder vaccines to public health, causes for inactivation of their sensitive viral vectors during preparation require intensive study. The focus of this work was atomization of suspensions containing encapsulating excipients and a human type 5 adenovirus, involving a detailed investigation of shear stresses in the nozzle of a spray dryer. Samples were sprayed at 25 °C into falcon tubes and immediately evaluated for viral activity by in vitro testing, minimizing the confounding of thermal effects on the deactivation of the virus, although interfacial stresses could not be decoupled from shear stresses. Despite the expectations of only virus deactivation with ever-increasing shear stresses in the spray nozzle, some conditions were found to show better activity than the positive control, leading to investigations of viral aggregation. It was found that the adenovirus experienced minor aggregation when mixed with the excipient solutions, which was reversed by subjecting samples to moderate shear conditions in the spray nozzle. At very high shear rates, the activity diminished again because of damage to the viral capsid fibers, which also led to the production of new aggregates after atomization. Despite these findings, activity losses caused by shear were small compared to the overall spray drying process loss. However, formulation composition, solution viscosity, and process conditions should be considered carefully for optimization because of their impact on aggregation. This is the first known report comparing shear, aggregation, and biological activity loss during the atomization step of spray drying viral vaccines.
Derating for static timing analysis: Theory and practice (2009)

Derating is a versatile technique supported by all static timing analysis (STA) tools in industry. In essence, it enables designers to modify any delay or slew computation performed by such tools. Despite this common use in industry, the scientific literature on derating is scarce to none. This has led to its incorrect use, misunderstanding, and even dismissal. This situation has also been exacerbated with the emergence of statistical STA. This paper is our attempt to fill this void in the literature. We review the use of derating in the context of STA, discuss the important issues, and provide answers to its correct use. We also provide experimental results to justify our claims. Our contribution builds a theoretical and practical foundation to help designers get more insight into derating.
Processable Aromatic Polyimide Thermoplastic Blends (1988)

Method developed for preparing readily-processable thermoplastic polyimides by blending linear, high-molecular-weight, polyimic acid solutions in ether solvents with ultrafine, semicrystalline, thermoplastic polyimide powders. Slurries formed used to make prepregs. Consolidation of prepregs into finsihed composites characterized by excellent melt flow during processing. Applied to film, fiber, fabric, metal, polymer, or composite surfaces. Used to make various stable slurries from which prepregs prepared.
Optimized Prediction Models from Fundus Imaging and Genetics for Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2021)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the developed world. In this study, we compare the performance of retinal fundus images and genetic-information-based machine learning models for the prediction of late AMD. Using data from the Age-related Eye Disease Study, we built machine learning models with various combinations of genetic, socio-demographic/clinical, and retinal image data to predict late AMD using its severity and category in a single visit, in 2, 5, and 10 years. We compared their performance in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and unweighted kappa. The 2-year model based on retinal image and socio-demographic (S-D) parameters achieved a sensitivity of 91.34%, specificity of 84.49% while the same for genetic and S-D-parameters-based model was 79.79% and 66.84%. For the 5-year model, the retinal image and S-D-parameters-based model also outperformed the genetic and S-D parameters-based model. The two 10-year models achieved similar sensitivities of 74.24% and 75.79%, respectively, but the retinal image and S-D-parameters-based model was otherwise superior. The retinal-image-based models were not further improved by adding genetic data. Retinal imaging and S-D data can build an excellent machine learning predictor of developing late AMD over 2-5 years; the retinal imaging model appears to be the preferred prognostic tool for efficient patient management.
Development of Pulse Ultrasonic Doppler Method for Flow Rate Measurement in Power Plant Multilines Flow Rate Measurement on Metal Pipe (2004)

Ultrasonic Doppler method for a flow metering system has been developed. The method has the capability to obtain instantaneous velocity profiles along the ultrasonic beam. Our purpose is to apply the ultrasonic Doppler method to a flow rate measurement of feed- or recirculation- water in power plants. The principle of the flow measurement method is based on the integration of an instantaneous velocity profile over a pipe diameter. Hence, it is expected to eliminate installation problems such as entry length, also to follow transient flow rate precisely by increasing ultrasonic transducers. In this paper, we report that the errors are less than 1% just below a bend and sudden expansion pipe employing three measuring lines. And then, for constructing a basic system of a flow rate measurement in power plants, a transmission of ultrasound through a metallic wall is investigated, at first. Afterward, since there is no ultrasonic reflectors in the feedwater in power plants, cavitation bubbles are induced as ultrasonic reflectors and the results are appeared that cavitation bubbles are effective when the pipe material is metallic.
Speculative p-DFAs for parallel XML parsing (2009)

XML has seen wide acceptance in a number of application domains, and contributed to the success of wide-scale grid and scientific computing environments. Performance, however, is still an issue, and limits adoption under some situations where it might otherwise be able to provide significant interoperability, flexibility, and extensibility. As CPUs increasingly have multiple cores, parallel XML parsing can help to address this concern. This paper explores the use of speculation to improve the performance of parallel XML parsing. Building on previous work, we use an initial preparsing stage to build a sketch of the document which we called the skeleton. This skeleton contains enough information so that we can then proceed to do the full parse in parallel using unmodified libxml2. The preparsing itself is parallelized using product machines which we call p-DFAs. During execution, unlikely possibilities are discarded in favor of more likely ones. Statistics are gathered to decide which possibilities are not likely. The results show good performance and scalability on both a 30 CPU Sun E6500 machine running Solaris and a Linux machine with two Intel Xeon L5320 CPUs for a total of 8 physical cores.
EO/IR Due Regard Capability for UAS Based on Intelligent Cloud Detection and Avoidance (2010)

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are becoming indispensable tools for a huge number of aeronautic tasks, such as data collection and wide area surveillance. Currently, however, UAS face limitations on their utilization in civil airspace because they have no so-called capability to meet flight safety requirements. In particular, international air navigation regulations require all aircraft must be in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) or within radar and radio contact of a surface facility providing radar separation, or the aircraft must have a radar capable of separating it from all other traffic. In this work, UtopiaCompression Corp. (UC) is expanding upon its previous work in providing due regard capabilities to UAS by creating a hybrid cloud ranging and detection algorithm that merges image information with ranging information. This novel computer vision method detects, ranges, and avoids cloud banks in monocular grayscale image sequences, particularly when the clouds are very homogeneous and difficult to distinguish from the sky or ground. UC's proposed algorithm is able to distinguish between cloud, sky, and ground regions, even though they may look very similar to one another, by fusing local image context information with ranging estimates. The detection and ranging is performed entirely on a monocular video feed without any extra maneuvers required by the UAS. False alarm suppression is achieved through fusion of GPS/IMU and image information. The result of this process is a 3D model of cloud boundaries that can be used for avoidance purposes. To the best of our knowledge, vision-based cloud detection and avoidance remains an unexplored topic in the research community. We demonstrate this method on both simulated and real flight data and show accurate results for ranging to and detecting clouds in both scenarios.
Transform-limited pulses for chirped-pulse amplification systems utilizing an active feedback pulse shaping technique enabling five time increase in peak power (2012)

A fiber-based chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) system with an active feedback loop for pulse shaping is experimentally demonstrated. A spectral processor is used in conjunction with a frequency-resolved optical gating measurement to produce high-quality pulses. Spectral phase and intensity shaping are utilized to generate a clean, high-contrast, transform-limited pulse with 15 dB pedestal suppression in the pulse wing tails, resulting in a five time increase in peak power of the CPA system.
Customized Scaffold Design Based on Natural Peripheral Nerve Fascicle Characteristics for Biofabrication in Tissue Regeneration (2019)

The microstructure of the nerve fascicles is complicated and changeable, and the spatial position of each nerve fascicle and the long segment of the nerve fascicle aggregation show great changes at different levels. Under the premise of the stability of the existing imaging techniques, a large number of scanning nerve samples can be used to set up a three-dimensional database of the peripheral nerve fascicle microstructure, integrating the gross imaging information, and provide a template for the design of the downstream nerve graft model.
Real time assessment of RF cardiac tissue ablation with optical spectroscopy (2008)

An optical spectroscopy approach is demonstrated allowing for critical parameters during RF ablation of cardiac tissue to be evaluated in real time. The method is based on incorporating in a typical ablation catheter transmitting and receiving fibers that terminate at the tip of the catheter. By analyzing the spectral characteristics of the NIR diffusely reflected light, information is obtained on such parameters as, contact of catheter with the tissue, lesion formation, depth of penetration of the lesion, formation of char and coagulum during the ablation.