gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calmodulin-mediated Activation of Akt Regulates Survival of c-Myc-overexpressing Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells (2004)

c-Myc-overexpressing mammary epithelial cells are proapoptotic; their survival is strongly promoted by epidermal growth factor (EGF). We now demonstrate that EGF-induced Akt activation and survival in transgenic mouse mammary tumor virus-c-Myc mouse mammary carcinoma cells are both calcium/calmodulin-dependent. Akt activation is abolished by the phospholipase C-gamma inhibitor U-73122, by the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, and by the specific calmodulin antagonist W-7. These results implicate calcium/calmodulin in the activation of Akt in these cells. In addition, Akt activation by serum and insulin is also inhibited by W-7. EGF-induced and calcium/calmodulin-mediated Akt activation occurs in both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic mouse and human mammary epithelial cells, independent of their overexpression of c-Myc. These results imply that calcium/calmodulin may be a common regulator of Akt activation, irrespective of upstream receptor activator, mammalian species, and transformation status in mammary epithelial cells. However, only c-Myc-overexpressing mouse mammary carcinoma cells (but not normal mouse mammary epithelial cells) undergo apoptosis in the presence of the calmodulin antagonist W-7, indicating the vital selective role of calmodulin for survival of these cells. Calcium/calmodulin-regulated Akt activation is mediated directly by neither calmodulin kinases nor phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase). Pharmacological inhibitors of calmodulin kinase kinase and calmodulin kinases II and III do not inhibit EGF-induced Akt activation, and calmodulin antagonist W-7 does not inhibit phosphotyrosine-associated PI-3 kinase activation. Akt is, however, co-immunoprecipitated with calmodulin in an EGF-dependent manner, which is inhibited by calmodulin antagonist W-7. We conclude that calmodulin may serve a vital regulatory function to direct the localization of Akt to the plasma membrane for its activation by PI-3 kinase.
Master for Co-Simulation Using FMI (2011)

Co-Simulation is a general approach to simulate coupled technical systems. In a master-slave concept the slaves simulate sub-problems whereas the master is responsible for both coordinating the overall simulation as well as transferring data. To unify the interface between master and slave the FMI for Co-Simulation was developed. Using FMI a master was implemented with simple and advanced algorithms which can be applied depending on the properties of the involved slave simulators. The master was tested amongst others by coupling with SimulationX.
Defect-based analog fault coverage analysis using mixed-mode fault simulation (2009)

A fault coverage analysis has become an important tool to evaluate the testability of developing circuits and to come up with an effective test plan. However, the fault coverage analysis of analog circuits has not gained much attention due to the long fault simulation time and the absence of widely accepted fault models. This paper presents an efficient framework for the analog fault coverage analysis to provide repeatable and predictable analog test metrics. The presented method uses a defect-based analysis method in which faults are modeled at a transistor-level to examine faulty behavior in a structural way. In order to conduct the defect-based fault simulation in a manageable time, we develop a mixed-mode fault simulation how which uses both behavioral-level HDL (Hardware Description Language) model and transistor-level SPICE model simultaneously. Also, the information of transistor geometry is used in the analysis to reflect the different defect probabilities of transistors of various sizes. Our method was applied to a full-chip level fault analysis of a commercial mixed-signal IP, and the analysis result shows a good correlation with an actual post-silicon test data.
IL-15 Transpresentation Augments CD8+ T Cell Activation and Is Required for Optimal Recall Responses by Central Memory CD8+ T Cells (2008)

Although the adaptive immune system has a remarkable ability to mount rapid recall responses to previously encountered pathogens, the cellular and molecular signals necessary for memory CD8(+) T cell reactivation are poorly defined. IL-15 plays a critical role in memory CD8(+) T cell survival; however, whether IL-15 is also involved in memory CD8(+) T cell reactivation is presently unclear. Using artificial Ag-presenting surfaces prepared on cell-sized microspheres, we specifically addressed the role of IL-15 transpresentation on mouse CD8(+) T cell activation in the complete absence of additional stimulatory signals. In this study we demonstrate that transpresented IL-15 is significantly more effective than soluble IL-15 in augmenting anti-CD3epsilon-induced proliferation and effector molecule expression by CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, IL-15 transpresentation and TCR ligation by anti-CD3epsilon or peptide MHC complexes exhibited synergism in stimulating CD8(+) T cell responses. In agreement with previous studies, we found that transpresented IL-15 preferentially stimulated memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells; however, in pursuing this further, we found that central memory (T(CM)) and effector memory (T(EM)) CD8(+) T cells responded differentially to transpresented IL-15. T(CM) CD8(+) T cells undergo Ag-independent proliferation in response to transpresented IL-15 alone, whereas T(EM) CD8(+) T cells are relatively unresponsive to transpresented IL-15. Furthermore, upon Ag-specific stimulation, T(CM) CD8(+) T cell responses are enhanced by IL-15 transpresentation, whereas T(EM) CD8(+) T cell responses are only slightly affected, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our findings distinguish the role of IL-15 transpresentation in the stimulation of distinct memory CD8(+) T cell subsets, and they also have implications for ex vivo reactivation and expansion of Ag-experienced CD8(+) T cells for immunotherapeutic approaches.
The Differential Expression of Sucrose Synthase in Relation to Diverse Patterns of Carbon Partitioning in Developing Cotton Seed (1997)

Developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed exhibits complex patterns of carbon allocation in which incoming sucrose (Suc) is partitioned to three major sinks: the fibers, seed coat, and cotyledons, which synthesize cellulose, starch, and storage proteins or oils, respectively. In this study we investigated the role of Suc synthase (SuSy) in the mobilization of Suc into such sinks. Assessments of SuSy gene expression at various levels led to the surprising conclusion that, in contrast to that found for other plants, SuSy does not appear to play a role in starch synthesis in the cotton seed. However, our demonstration of functional symplastic connections between the phloem-unloading area and the fiber cells, as well as the SuSy expression pattern in fibers, indicates a major role of SuSy in partitioning carbon to fiber cellulose synthesis. SuSy expression is also high in transfer cells of the seed coat facing the cotyledons. Such high levels of SuSy could contribute to the synthesis of the thickened cell walls and to the energy generation for Suc efflux to the seed apoplast. The expression of SuSy in cotyledons also suggests a role in protein and lipid synthesis. In summary, the developing cotton seed provides an excellent example of the diverse roles played by SuSy in carbon metabolism.
Ordered Mesoporous Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with Crystalline Walls (2006)

Alpha-Fe(2)O(3) has been synthesized with an ordered mesoporous structure and crystalline walls that exhibit a near-single crystal-like order. The unique magnetic behavior of the material, distinct from bulk nanoparticles of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) or mesoporous Fe(2)O(3) with disordered walls, has been established. Magnetic susceptibility, Mössbauer, and neutron diffraction data show that the material possesses the same long-range magnetic order as bulk alpha-Fe(2)O(3), despite the wall thickness being less than the 8 nm limit below which magnetic ordering breaks down in nanoparticulate alpha-Fe(2)O(3), yet the Morin transition of bulk alpha-Fe(2)O(3) is absent. It is also shown by TEM, PXRD, and EXAFS that alpha-Fe(2)O(3) with the same ordered mesoporous structure but disordered walls contains small crystalline domains. Mössbauer and magnetic susceptibility data demonstrate that this material exhibits no long-range magnetic order but superparamagnetic behavior.
3-Dimension Burden Surface Imaging System with T-shaped MIMO Radar in the Blast Furnace (2015)

This paper presents a T-shaped MIMO radar imaging system for use within a Blast Furnace. A T-shaped MIMO antenna array consisting of 32 antenna elements has been developed. A dielectric loaded waveguide is employed as the antenna element. The antenna has good mechanical hardness and is resistant to dust and high temperature. A cooling system, employing a combination of Nitrogen and water, has been designed for this application. The function of cooling system is to maintain the temperature inside the radar between 30°C and 65°C whilst the outside temperature varies from 80°C to 200°C. A pilot study has been conducted using a prototype version of the radar system installed upon the coke surface. In this way it was possible to obtain measurement results concerned with a real burden surface distribution. These results have been carefully compared with results obtained via computer simulation.
Experimental study of mutual coupling compensation in direction finding using a compact antenna array (2010)

An experimental study of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a compact antenna array is presented. Compared to standard antenna array with a half wavelength element separation, the element separation of the compact array used in this experiment is only a quarter wavelength. As will be demonstrated, the strong mutual coupling effect of this compact array can be almost totally removed by using the measured receiving mutual impedances, resulting in much higher accuracies in the estimation of DOAs.
Effectiveness of Tai Chi as a Therapeutic Exercise in Improving Balance and Postural Control (2000)

AbstractTai Chi (TC) is an ancient form of meditative exercise used to improve and maintain good health. To determine whether TC is effective in improving balance, a meta-analysis of the published literature was completed. Two investigators independently identified articles by searching 4 databases using the keywords: Tai Chi, balance, and postural control. Seven eligible articles were evaluated using a score-sheet that quantifies methodologic rigor developed by the investigators for this study; scores ranged from 33 to 43 (out of a maximum score of 49). For each article, the effect size of each outcome measure was quantified using the d-index (d). The mean d of measures corresponding to static conditions, internal perturbations, and external perturbations were -0.07 Q0.37, 1.52 []1.13, and 0.04 []0.40 respectively. Pearson's r between d and the score was []0.70, indicating a strong negative correlation between effect size and methodologic rigor. There is moderate research-based evidence to support the use of TC to improve balance and postural control as measured by responses to internal perturbations.Key Words: Tai Chibalancepostural controlmeta-analysis Additional informationNotes on contributorsWendy W. ChanJennifer R. Johnson was a graduate student in the School of Occupational Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX at the time of this study. She is currently employed as an Occupational Therapist at Touro Infirmary in New Orleans, LADebra Stewart is Lecturer, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University and staff therapist at Erinoak Centre, Missis-sauga, Ontario. She is currently completing a MSc (Design, Measurement and Evaluation) at McMaster University.Ronald L. Mace (deceased, June 29, 1998) was also affiliated with The Center for Universal Design, School of Design, North Carolina University.Lois Rosage and Geraldine Shaw are Occupational Therapist Consultants who provide evaluations for the housing programs at the Philadelphia Corporation for Aging.
Effects of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, and their combinations in the diets of growing pigs. (1989)

In 2 studies, the effects of dietary aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were evaluated in growing crossbred barrows. The first study consisted of 4 treatments of 5 barrows each (6 weeks old) at dosages of 0 mg of DON and AF (control), 2.5 mg of DON/kg of feed, 0.75 mg of AF/kg of feed, and 2.5 mg of DON + 0.75 mg of AF/kg of feed. Pigs were fed their respective diets for 21 days. Treatment with DON caused decreases in weight gains, but no other treatment-related differences could be attributed to diets. In a second study, the experimental design consisted of 4 treatments of 5 barrows each (6 weeks old) at dosages of 0 mg of DON and AF (control), 3 mg of DON/kg of feed, 3 mg of AF/kg of feed, and 3 mg of DON + 3 mg of AF/kg of feed fed ad libitum for 28 days. The pigs were observed twice daily for clinical signs, hematologic and serum biochemical measurements were made weekly, and body weights and feed consumption were determined weekly. Body weight gains were significantly depressed by the AF and the AF + DON treatments for days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Body weights and body weight gains were only slightly reduced in the DON treatment. Changes in serum enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase were noticed in pigs given treatments with AF alone and those given AF + DON.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biallelic expression of imprinted genes in the mouse germ line: implications for erasure, establishment, and mechanisms of genomic imprinting. (1995)

Genomic imprinting in mammals determines parental-specific (monoallelic) expression of a relatively small number of genes during development. Imprinting must logically be imparted in the germ line, where inherited maternal and paternal imprinting is erased and new imprinting established according to the individual's sex. We have assessed the allele-specific expression of four imprinted genes, two of which exhibit maternal-specific (H19 and Igf2r) and two of which exhibit paternal-specific (Igf2 and Snrpn) monoallelic somatic expression, in the germ line of F1 hybrid mice utilizing quantitative RT-PCR single-nucleotide primer extension assays. The expression of each gene was biallelic in the female and male germ line from the time that migratory mitotic PGCs entered the embryonic genital ridge and throughout gametogenesis, except that H19 RNA was not detected late in gametogenesis. These findings demonstrate that inherited imprinting is erased, or not recognized, in germ cells by the time of genital ridge colonization; also that new imprinting may not be established until late in gametogenesis, or that it is incomplete or not recognized at this stage. Regardless of imprinting status, a generalized neutralization of imprinting is evident in the germ line, associated with the totipotent state of this unique cell lineage.
Effects of Enzyme-Treated Asparagus Extract on Heat Shock Protein 70, Stress Indices, and Sleep in Healthy Adult Men (2014)

Enzyme-treated asparagus extract (ETAS) has been developed as a novel anti-stress functional food ingredient that is produced from asparagus. Two human intervention trials with ETAS were conducted in healthy adult male volunteers. Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the effects of ETAS on expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA in blood and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ETAS group showed a tendency to enhance HSP70 mRNA expression level compared to the placebo group. Several ANS condition parameters were significantly improved in the ETAS group when compared to the placebo group. In Study 2, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigated the influence on stress-related hormones and sleep. Serum and salivary cortisol levels were significantly elevated compared to baseline during the placebo period, but remained unchanged during the ETAS period. The salivary chromogranin A level was significantly decreased in the ETAS-treated subjects compared to their baseline levels. The actual sleep time was not significantly different between ETAS and placebo. However, when the subjects were divided into two categories based on sleep efficiency or the average of night sleeping time, ETAS intake was effective to modulate the sleep state among those with low sleep efficiency or excess sleep time.
Mutants of CHO cells resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitors, cryptopleurine and tylocrebrine: genetic and biochemical evidence for common site of action of emetine, cryptopleurine, tylocrebrine, and tubulosine (1977)

Stable mutants resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitors cryptopleurine and tylocrebine can be isolated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, in a single step. The frequency of occurrence of cryptopleurine (CryR) and tylocrebrine (TylR) resistant mutants in normal and mutagenized cell populations is similar to that observed for emetine resistant (EmtR) mutants. The CryR, TylR, and EmtR mutants exhibit strikingly similar cross-resistance to the three drugs used for selection, to tubulosine and also to two emetine derivatives cephaeline and dehydroemetine, based on assays of in vivo cytotoxicity and on assays of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts. The identity of cross-resistance patterns of the CryR, TylR, and EmtR mutants indicates that the resistance to all these compounds results from the same primary lesion, which in the case of EmtR cells has been shown to affect the 40S ribosomal subunit. This conclusion is strongly supported by the failure of EmtR, TylR, and CryR mutants to complement each other in somatic cell hybrids. Based on these results it is suggested that the above group of compounds possesses common structural determinants which are responsible for their activity. The above mutants, however, do not show any cross-resistance to other inhibitors of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide, trichodermin, anisomycin, pactamycin, and sparsomycin, either in vivo or in vitro, indicating that the site of action of these inhibitors is different from that of the emetine-like compounds.
Antimalarial Dual Drugs Based on Potent Inhibitors of Glutathione Reductase from <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2008)

Plasmodium parasites are exposed to higher fluxes of reactive oxygen species and need high activities of intracellular antioxidant systems providing a steady glutathione flux. As a future generation of dual drugs, 18 naphthoquinones and phenols (or their reduced forms) containing three different linkers between the 4-aminoquinoline core and the redox active component were synthesized. Their antimalarial effects have been characterized in parasite assays using chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium, alone or in drug combination, and in the Plasmodium berghei rodent model. In particular, two tertiary amides 34 and 36 showed potent antimalarial activity in the low nanomolar range against CQ-resistant parasites. The ability to compete both for (Fe (III))protoporphyrin and for chloroquine transporter was determined. The data are consistent with the presence of a carrier for uptake of the short chloroquine analogue 2 but not for the potent antimalarial amide 34, suggesting a mode of action distinct from chloroquine mechanism.
Microtubule-Targeting Drugs: More than Antimitotics (2019)

Nature has yielded numerous compounds that bind to tubulin/microtubules and disrupt microtubule function. Even with the advent of targeted therapies for cancer, natural products and their derivatives that target microtubules are some of the most effective drugs used in the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. For decades, these drugs were thought to work solely through their ability to inhibit mitosis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that their actions are much more complex, in that they also have significant effects on microtubules in nondividing cells that inhibit a diverse range of signaling events important for carcinogenesis. The abilities of these drugs to inhibit oncogenic signaling likely underlies their efficacy, especially in solid tumors. In this review, we describe the role of microtubules in cells, the proliferation paradox of cells in culture as compared to cancers in patients, and evidence that microtubule-targeting drugs inhibit cellular signaling pathways important for tumorigenesis. The potential mechanisms behind differences in the clinical indications and efficacy of these natural-product-derived drugs are also discussed. Microtubules are an important target for structurally diverse natural products, and a fuller understanding of the mechanisms of action of these drugs will promote their optimal use.
Insulator leakage current monitoring: Challenges for high voltage direct current transmission lines (2014)

Power transmission using HVDC transmission technology has existed for several years. As part of the design specification for such schemes, transmission line and substation insulator selection is crucial to ensure good operational performance. Leakage current may occur on insulators due to contamination, ageing of insulation materials and aggressive weather conditions, amongst others. If not mitigated, these currents can lead to line faults which occur as flashover of the insulator and the degradation of the insulator material. Monitoring leakage current on alternating current transmission lines may be accomplished using current transformer devices. However, this cannot be used in direct current transmission lines due to static magnetic fields. Toughened glass insulators are generally preferred for HVDC schemes, but composite insulators are proving to be cost-effective alternatives. However, because of its relatively new application in HVDC schemes, little has been published relating to operational data on typical leakage current magnitudes, waveforms and consequential effects thereof. ESKOM currently operates and maintains the South African sections of the Cahora Bassa HVDC scheme. At present, the utility does not have an in-situ, non-intrusive solution for monitoring the leakage currents on this scheme. This paper presents an overview of leakage current and the options available for measuring it. In-situ and non-intrusive sensors have the benefit of being used for real time monitoring as well as for live line work.
Effect of Zirconium on the Structure and Congruent Crystallization of a Supercooled Calcium Aluminosilicate Melt (2015)

The influence of zirconium as a nucleating agent on the congruent crystallization and relevant physical properties of a supercooled calcium aluminosilicate melt of a composition close to CaAl 2 SiO 6 has been investigated up to 6 mol% ZrO 2 . Zirconium marginally affects rheological and structural properties, decreasing the viscosity of the Zr‐free melt by no more than 0.25 log unit and, as observed by Raman spectroscopy, not changing significantly the polymerization state of the material. Whereas the Zr‐free melt crystallizes congruently and heterogeneously from the sample surface to yield yoshiokaite, a stuffed derivative of the nepheline structure, addition of zirconia promotes instead bulk crystallization of tetragonal ZrO 2 and then of yoshiokaite. The latter process takes place in two stages: dissolved Zr first promotes homogeneous precipitation of zirconia before yoshiokaite crystallizes congruently from a Zr‐depleted volume of melt around zirconia precipitates. This process makes zirconium, and probably other poorly soluble oxides, valuable to control congruent crystallization in silicate glass‐ceramics. From the recorded thermograms, an enthalpy of crystallization of 40 and 46 kJ/mol has been determined at 1060 and 1140 K, respectively, for CaAl 2 SiO 6 yoshiokaite, a very low value that is likely due to the extensive atomic disorder of crystals precipitating at high degrees of supercooling.