gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Viscosity Predictions of Viscous Oil from a Kuwait Oil Field by Low-field NMR (2014)

Abstract In-situ viscous oil viscosity estimation is critical for identifying sweet spots, selecting depths to collect samples, designing well completion and recovery strategies, and production predictions. NMR logging is the only technique that allows an indirect yet continuous assessment of viscosity. Accuracy of NMR based viscosity prediction largely depends on the robustness of the correlation. The existing empirical NMR viscosity correlations are either based on light and medium viscose crude oils, synthetic oils or extremely viscous oils or tar. The Kuwait viscous oil has viscosity ranging from tens to few thousands of cP. The present study was focused on developing an NMR T2-viscosity correlation through low-field NMR experiments applicable to data acquired by different logging instruments, which operate at different frequencies and have different data acquisition parameters. In order to limit number of unknowns, a viscosity correlation was developed that implemented the relationship between T2 geometrical mean (T2GM) at 5 inter-echo spacings (TE) to account for the signal loss related to the faster relaxing components of the crude oil. Compared to previously published T2GM or apparent hydrogen index based viscosity correlations, which uses a single TE measurement, the inclusion of multiple TE data reduces the sensitivity of variations due to noise or inversion of the fast decaying components. This allows the correlation to be easily applied to the analysis of logging data, which may be acquired from various logging service providers at different TEs. The robustness of the viscosity correlation derived from this data was subsequently tested on select unconsolidated viscous oil core plugs. In-situ viscosity determination using the derived correlation was demonstrated by comparing NMR log measurements and oil data at reservoir temperature for different service provider data. Better agreement between the NMR predicted and the rheological viscosities are obtained in comparison to using the known correlations.
Iterative algorithm for design of vector quantisation codebooks in nonorthogonal domains (2002)

An iterative algorithm for codebook accuracy enhancement, applicable to both waveform and linear prediction (LP) model-based vector quantisation in nonorthogonal domains, is developed and presented. Sample results are provided which clearly demonstrate the improved performance for the same bit rate.
Novel Antisense Anti-MDM2 Mixed-Backbone Oligonucleotides: Proof of Principle, In Vitro and In Vivo Activities, and Mechanisms (2005)

The MDM2 oncogene has been suggested as a novel target for cancer therapy, based on the following observations: 1) MDM2 is overexpressed in many human cancers, including breast, colon, and prostate cancer; 2) high MDM2 levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer; 3) MDM2 overexpression is associated with advanced cancer phenotypes such as metastatic tumors and hormone-independent tumors; 4) MDM2 overexpression is associated with tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy; and 5) inhibiting MDM2 expression or function results in tumor growth inhibition and regression. There are many options for inhibiting MDM2 function, including the use of gene silencing technologies, antibodies, peptides and small molecules. Considering the complexity of MDM2 functions, we have chosen to use gene silencing technologies including antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference. In this article, we summarize the investigation of the antisense technology for inhibiting MDM2 expression. Antisense mixed-backbone oligonucleotides (MBO) specifically inhibit MDM2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, resulting in significant anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The MBO also potentiates the therapeutic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy in various tumors, through both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms, indicating that MDM2 inhibitors have a broad spectrum of anti-tumor activity in human cancers, regardless of p53 status. These results provide a basis for clinical evaluation of antisense anti-MDM2 oligonucleotides as chemosensitizers and radiosensitizers. In addition, the MBO has been successfully used to identify novel functions of MDM2.
Object Recognition using Feature- and Color-Based Methods (2008)

An improved adaptive method of processing image data in an artificial neural network has been developed to enable automated, real-time recognition of possibly moving objects under changing (including suddenly changing) conditions of illumination and perspective. The method involves a combination of two prior object-recognition methods one based on adaptive detection of shape features and one based on adaptive color segmentation to enable recognition in situations in which either prior method by itself may be inadequate. The chosen prior feature-based method is known as adaptive principal-component analysis (APCA); the chosen prior color-based method is known as adaptive color segmentation (ACOSE). These methods are made to interact with each other in a closed-loop system to obtain an optimal solution of the object-recognition problem in a dynamic environment. One of the results of the interaction is to increase, beyond what would otherwise be possible, the accuracy of the determination of a region of interest (containing an object that one seeks to recognize) within an image. Another result is to provide a minimized adaptive step that can be used to update the results obtained by the two component methods when changes of color and apparent shape occur. The net effect is to enable the neural network to update its recognition output and improve its recognition capability via an adaptive learning sequence. In principle, the improved method could readily be implemented in integrated circuitry to make a compact, low-power, real-time object-recognition system. It has been proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of such a system by integrating a 256-by-256 active-pixel sensor with APCA, ACOSE, and neural processing circuitry on a single chip. It has been estimated that such a system on a chip would have a volume no larger than a few cubic centimeters, could operate at a rate as high as 1,000 frames per second, and would consume in the order of milliwatts of power.
Turbo ASL: Arterial spin labeling with higher SNR and temporal resolution (2000)

A modified pulsed arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique is introduced here that has both higher temporal resolution and higher SNR per unit time than existing ASL techniques. In this technique, the time TI between the application of the tag and image acquisition is longer than the repetition time TR, allowing for the use of greatly reduced TR values without a significant decrease in the amplitude of the ASL signal. This improves both the temporal resolution and the sensitivity of ASL for functional brain mapping. Magn Reson Med 44:511–515, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
De Novo Synthesis of N and P Proteins as a Key Step in Sendai Virus Gene Expression (2007)

Among the members of the paramyxovirus family, the transcription process and the components involved have been studied under in vitro conditions thus far. Here, we reexamined the function of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through infection studies with Sendai virus (SeV) N and P deletion (Delta) mutants. To elucidate solely transcription-specific processes, all virus mutants also were rendered deficient in genome replication. Using mutant SeV DeltaP, the earlier suspected supplemental role of P protein was clearly demonstrated to be essential during viral gene expression. Moreover, when SeV DeltaN or DeltaN PDelta2-77 (with the 5' end of the P gene deleted) mutant was used for infections, a completely unexpected new and essential role for N protein was discovered for viral gene expression. In the early phases of an infection and in the absence of de novo viral protein synthesis, primary transcription occurs at hardly detectable levels. In contrast, if newly synthesized N protein is present, primary viral transcription reaches normal levels. From our data, we conclude that de novo synthesis of SeV N and P proteins is a key step for viral gene expression that facilitates the transition from preliminary to normal primary transcriptional activity.
A 180 Amp/4.5 kV 4H-SiC PiN Diode for High Current Power Modules (2006)

Discrete 4H-SiC PiN diode chips have been developed for extremely high power handling applications. These diodes have a forward voltage of less than 3.2 V at 180 A (100 A/cm) and are capable of blocking 4.5 kV with a reverse leakage current of less than one muA. At 1.5 cm times 1.5 cm, these discrete 4H-SiC PiN diode chips have over two times the area of the previous largest discrete 4H-SiC power device. Furthermore, considerable progress has been made in achieving V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> stability, as no measurable increase in V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> was observed on a packaged diode following a 120 hour DC stress at 90 A. When switched from 180 A forward current at a dI/dt of 300 A/mus, the diodes showed a peak reverse current of 50 A and a reverse recovery time of 320 ns. These diodes demonstrate the outstanding capabilities of 4H-SiC power devices given state-of-the-art 4H-SiC substrates, epitaxy, device design, and processing
Design of a Multi-Segmented Magnetic Robot for Hull Inspection (2014)

The use of a hull-climbing robot is proposed to assist hull surveyors in their inspection tasks, reducing cost and risk to personnel. A novel multi-segmented hull-climbing robot with magnetic wheels is introduced where multiple two-wheeled modular segments are adjoined by flexible linkages. Compared to traditional rigid-body tracked magnetic robots that tend to detach easily in the presence of surface discontinuities, the segmented design adapts to such discontinuities with improved adhesion to the ferrous surface. Coordinated mobility is achieved with the use of a motion-control algorithm that estimates robot pose through position sensors located in each segment and linkage in order to optimally command each of the drive motors of the system. Self-powered segments and an onboard radio allow for wireless transmission of video and control data between the robot and its operator control unit. The modular-design approach of the system is highly suited for upgrading or adding segments as needed. For example, enhancing the system with a segment that supports an ultrasonic measurement device used to measure hull-thickness of corroded sites can help minimize the number of areas that a surveyor must personally visit for further inspection and repair. Future development efforts may lead to the design of autonomy segments that accept high-level commands from the operator and automatically execute wide-area inspections. It is also foreseeable that with several multi-segmented robots, a coordinated inspection task can take place in parallel, significantly reducing inspection time and cost.
Optimizing the Synthesis of Monodisperse Colloidal Spheres Using Holographic Particle Characterization (2019)

Holographic particle characterization measures the sizes and compositions of individual colloidal particles dispersed in fluid media and rapidly amasses statistics on the distributions of these properties, even for complex heterogeneous dispersions. This information is useful for analyzing and optimizing protocols for synthesizing colloidal particles. We illustrate how holographic characterization can guide process design through a case study on a particularly versatile model system composed of an aqueous dispersion of micrometer-scale spheres synthesized from the organosilane monomer 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate.
Shear wave elastography on the GE LOGIQ E9 with Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) and time aligned sequential tracking (TAST) (2014)

Two-dimensional (2D) shear wave elastography has emerged as a popular clinical and research tool for a variety of applications. Implementing 2D shear wave elastography on a conventional ultrasound scanner, however, is a challenging task due to the low imaging frame rate, which is essentially limited by the low parallel beamforming capability provided by the hardware beamformers on these scanners. This study developed a time aligned sequential tracking (TAST) technique that enables high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) shear wave tracking on conventional ultrasound scanners. The Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) technique was combined with TAST to realize large field-of-view (FOV) 2D shear wave elastography. CUSE and TAST were implemented on the General Electric LOGIQ E9 (LE9) scanner. Phantom experiments showed that the LE9 could reconstruct large FOV, high quality 2D shear wave speed maps with accurate shear wave speed measurements that are in good agreement to other 2D shear wave imaging techniques. An inclusion phantom study showed that LE9 had comparable performance to the Aixplorer (Supersonic Imagine) in terms of bias and precision in measuring different sized inclusions. Finally, in vivo case studies of a breast with a malignant mass, and a liver from a healthy subject demonstrated the feasibility of using LE9 for in vivo 2D shear wave elastography.
VIDAS-EDRA fully automated testing of autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (2004)

Background La/SSB is a phosphoprotein that associates with various small RNA molecules. It has been found that the primary phosphorylation site of the molecule during various physiological processes is in Ser366. Objectives To determine whether the phosphorylation state of Ser366 could affect the antigenicity and the recognition of the protein by antibodies from patients with primary Sjgren's syndrome (pSS). Methods Peptides 349-368aa and phos349-368aa (with the Ser366 residue phosphorylated) were synthesized. Sera with anti-La specificity from 30 patients with pSS and sera from 19 normal individuals were examined against the two synthetic peptides in ELISA. The antibody specificity against the epitopes was tested with homologous and heterologous inhibition assays. Results Of pSS sera 23% reacted against the 349-368aa peptide. Sera binding to unphosphorylated peptide reacted also with phos349-368aa. Although the same sera gave a positive reaction against both peptides, the optical density values received from antibodies to phos349-368aa were higher, indicating a higher concentration or stronger affinity. When phos349-368aa was used as soluble inhibitor, in homologous inhibition the reactivity was almost completely abolished (92%). In contrast, when the unphosphorylated peptide was used as inhibitor, the reactivity of sera against phos349-368aa was only partially reduced (35%), indicating that sera from these patients possess two distinct groups of antibodies: one against the unphosphorylated and one against the phosphorylated epitope. Conclusion The phosphorylation of the serine366 residue resulted in a significant increase in antibody binding on epitope 349-368aa of La/SSB. These observations might explain the increased antigenicity of La/SSB autoantigen in various pathological situations in which phosphorylation may occur.
Expression of NTB-A in Normal Tissue, Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas and Investigation of Its Potential Therapeutic Impact for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. (2006)

Abstract Introduction: Expressed on T, B, NK cells and neutrophils, NTB-A belongs to the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of immune receptors. It was reported recently that cross-linking of NTB-A induces T cell activation and Ly108 (the presumed mouse orthologue of NTB-A) controls the production of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. To date, little is known about its expression at the protein level in normal tissues, or in hematologic malignancies. Methods: We have generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to NTB-A and used tissue microarrays (TMAs) to screen normal tissues and lymphomas. Western blotting and flow cytometry were used for confirmation of selected entities. Complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assays were performed using the CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit (Promega). Results: NTB-A was not detected in normal tissues including heart, liver, breast, kidney, brain, lung, uterus, small intestine, skin, prostate, pancreas, ovary, bladder, testis and stomach (5/5 negative cases for all above tissues) by IHC. Expression was observed in lymphocytes of normal tonsil and spleen. In lymphomas, we found NTB-A expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL), follicular lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), mantle cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Western blotting and flow cytometry of B-cell lymphoma cell lines DOHH2 (DLBL) and Raji (Burkitt) confirmed NTB-A expression in these lines. Myeloma cell lines were negative for expression. Flow cytometry of normal blood cells showed expression of NTB-A in B-cells, T-cells and NK cells (95.5 ± 6.7%, 62.6 ± 29.5% and 72.7 ± 26.5%, respectively) but not in CD66+ granulocytes. Furthermore, CD34+ progenitor cells from bone marrow were negative. Because of the expression in SLL, we focused on chronic lymphocytic leykemia (CLL) cells. All (15/15) patient samples were confirmed positive by flow cytometry. No significant differences in expression levels were observed comparing CLL B-cells vs normal B-cells (n = 10). However, anti-NTB-A antibodies were capable of inducing CDC in white blood cells from CLL patients (n=5) but not in normal white blood cells (n=5), in addition to CDC activity against Raji cells. Preliminary data also suggests that the CDC effect is greater in purified CLL B-cells than purified normal B-cells. Conclusions: These results show that NTB-A is expressed in normal lymphocytes but not in other solid tissues or in CD34+ progenitor cells. B cell malignancies, including Non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells appear to express NTB-A. In particular CLL patient cells express NTB-A, and an anti-NTB-A mouse mAb is capable of inducing CDC, suggesting NTB-A may be a potential immunotherapeutic target. Further studies examining the expression patterns in hematologic malignancies are ongoing.
Distinct Cytokine Regulation by Cholera Toxin and Type II Heat-Labile Toxins Involves Differential Regulation of CD40 Ligand on CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells (2001)

Cholera toxin (CT) and the type II heat-labile enterotoxins (HLT) LT-IIa and LT-IIb act as potent systemic and mucosal adjuvants and induce distinct T-helper (Th)-cell cytokine profiles. In the present study, CT and the type II HLT were found to differentially affect cytokine production by anti-CD3-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and the cellular mechanisms responsible were investigated. CT suppressed interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-12 production by PBMC cultures more than either LT-IIa or LT-IIb. CT but not LT-IIa or LT-IIb reduced the expression of CD4(+) T-cell surface activation markers (CD25 and CD69) and subsequent proliferative responses of anti-CD3-stimulated T cells. CT but not LT-IIa or LT-IIb significantly reduced the expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) on CD4(+) T cells. In a coculture system, CT-treated CD4(+) T cells induced significantly less TNF-alpha and IL-12 p70 production by both autologous monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells than either LT-IIa- or LT-IIb-treated CD4(+) T cells. These findings demonstrate that CT, LT-IIa, and LT-IIb differentially affect CD40-CD40L interactions between antigen-presenting cells and T cells and help explain the distinct cytokine profiles observed with type I and type II HLT when used as mucosal adjuvants.
Redox Molecules for a Resonant Tunneling Barrier in Nonvolatile Memory (2012)

To attain better program/erase (P/E) efficiency while maintaining retention, durable redox molecules were integrated into the flash memory gate stack to form resonant tunneling barrier by either a hybrid organic/inorganic deposition or a simple solution-based layer-by-layer (LBL) method. Compared with fullerene molecules, the proposed porphyrin has high number density and a wafer-ready LBL process. Improvement in electron retention of approximately six orders of magnitude to programming time ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">tR</i> / <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PE</sub> ) was observed for Au nanocrystal memory with a hybrid organic-inorganic tunnel barrier. With the LBL method, the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">tR</i> / <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PE</sub> improved by at least two orders of magnitude for both electron and hole carriers, with the P/E cycling endurance larger than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> cycles. Furthermore, the gate current is used to characterize the transport mechanism and study the electrical reliability of the organic layers. A better understanding of the charge storage and insulation properties of these organic barriers can improve future design integration on all-organic or hybrid molecular electronics.
A FACILE AND SELECTIVE HIGH YIELD SYNTHESIS OF SYMMETRIC DIALKYL-SUBSTITUTED METHYLENEBISPHOSPHONIC ACIDS (2002)

ABSTRACT Symmetric P,P′-dialkyl partial esters of methylenebisphosphonic acid were prepared in high yield and high selectivity from the corresponding acid chloride via a facile two-step, one-pot process. The newly developed synthesis, which does not require chromatographic or acid–base extractive purification, offers substantial advantages over previously used procedures.
Dark-field illuminated reflectance fiber bundle endoscopic microscope (2011)

We propose a reflectance fiber bundle microscope using a dark-field illumination configuration for applications in endoscopic medical imaging and diagnostics. Our experiment results show that dark-field illumination can effectively suppress strong specular reflection from the proximal end of the fiber bundle. We realized a lateral resolution of 4.4 μm using the dark-field illuminated fiber bundle configuration. To demonstrate the feasibility of using the system to study cell morphology, we obtained still and video images of two thyroid cancer cell lines. Our results clearly allow differentiation of different cancer cell types.
Flexible ceramic powder separators for molten salt electrolyte galvanic cells (1982)

Separators composed of ceramic powders are used in many molten-salt electrolyte high-temperature cells. For separators fabricated by pressing, considerable effort is required to achieve adequate uniformity and mechanical stability of the material. A new procedure was developed by which flexible sheets of any size are fabricated by rolling. Even at low production rates, the cost of fabrication for these separators is low. The new separator material has been manufactured from AlN and MgO powders. Separators made from both types of material have been tested in a number of LiAl/FeS cells.