gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive electro-optical projectiles tracker (2012)

Surveillance, detection, and tracking of multiple high-speed projectiles, particularly bullets, RPGs, and artillery shells, can help military forces immediately locate sources of enemy fire and trigger countermeasures. The traditional techniques for detection and tracing of fast moving objects typically employ various types of radar, which has inherently low resolution for such small objects. Fast moving projectiles are aerodynamically heated up to several hundred degree Kelvin temperatures depending on the speed of a projectile. Thereby, such projectiles radiate in the Mid- Infrared (MWIR) region, where electro-optical resolution is far superior, even to microwave radars. A new passive electro-optical tracker (or PET) uses a two-band IR intensity ratio to obtain a time-varying speed estimate from their time-varying temperatures. Based on an array of time-varying speed data and an array of azimuth/ elevation angles, PET can determines the 3D projectile trajectory and back track it to the source of fire. Various methods are given to determine the vector and range of a projectile, both for clear and for non-homogeneous atmospheric conditions. One approach uses the relative intensity of the image of the projectile on the pixels of a CCD camera to determine the azimuthal angle of trajectory with respect to the ground, and its range. Then by using directions to the tracked projectile (azimuth and elevation angles of the trajectory) and the array of instant projectile speeds, PET determines the distance to the projectile at any point on its tracked trajectory or its predicted trajectory backwards or forwards in time. A second approach uses a least-squares optimization technique over multiple frames based on a triangular representation of the smeared image to yield a real-time trajectory estimate. PET's estimated range accuracy is 0.2 m and the azimuth of the trajectory can be estimated within 0.2°.
Insulin-degrading enzyme is not secreted from cultured cells (2018)

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) functions in the catabolism of bioactive peptides. Established roles include degrading insulin and the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), linking it to diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. IDE is primarily located in the cytosol, and a longstanding question is how it gains access to its peptide substrates. Reports suggest that IDE secreted by an unconventional pathway participates in extracellular hydrolysis of insulin and Aβ. We find that IDE release from cultured HEK-293 or BV-2 cells represents only ~1% of total cellular IDE, far less than has been reported previously. Importantly, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and other cytosolic enzymes are released at the same relative level, indicating that extracellular IDE results from a loss of cell integrity, not secretion. Lovastatin increases IDE release from BV-2 cells as reported, but this release is mirrored by LDH release. Cell viability assays indicate lovastatin causes a loss of cell integrity, explaining its effect on IDE release. IDE is present in an exosome-enriched fraction from BV-2 cell conditioned media, however it represents only ~0.01% of the total cellular enzyme and is unlikely to be a significant source of IDE. These results call into question the secretion of IDE and its importance in extracellular peptide degradation.
Linear precoding in MIMO broadcast channel with arbitrary rank constraints (2011)

We consider the problem of maximizing the weighted sum rate (WSR) in MIMO broadcast channel where the number of transmitted streams (ranks) is constrained. The problem is treated both with or without interference pre-compensation also known as dirty paper coding (DPC). The rank constrained problem is highly motivated by the practical consideration on the receiver complexity in current wireless systems such as LTE. We propose a unified algorithm based on fixed point iteration. The proposed approach has very fast convergence rate that usually converges to the minimal number of streams for each user and finds the corresponding optimal precoding matrix. Rank minimization is particularly desirable in practice. The order in which the users' streams are encoded is crucial when dirty paper coding is allowed. We prove that the optimal user ordering does not depend on the transmission rank constraints and is given only by the weight vector. Using simulations, we compare the performance of our proposed scheme with the best known algorithms in the literature and demonstrate the effect of rank constraints.
History of parenteral nutrition in pediatrics with emphasis on amino acids. (1984)

Central venous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has proved to be a valuable and often life-saving measure in selected newborn infants with surgically repairable, major anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract and infants with chronic intractable diarrhea. However, in infants of low--and especially very low--birth weight, the TPN regimen that was so successful in older infants was frequently associated with severe risks of hyperglycemia. An alternative approach that has proved to be the most satisfactory relies on the fact that the energy expenditure of a premature infant, nursing in a thermally neutral environment, rarely exceeds 50 kcal/kg, a level that can be safely and effectively maintained. With respect to the development of parenteral amino acid solutions, three generations of such mixtures can now be identified. The first of these was represented by the protein hydrolysates. With the advent of technology for the production of pure L-amino acids, a second generation of crystalline mixtures was developed. Evaluation of these revealed that extrapolation from data on oral nutrition was often unsatisfactory for the adequate formulation of such mixtures. The direct study of the parenterally nourished patient led to the third generation of special purpose amino acid solutions such as those targeted for patients with renal failure, liver failure, or trauma or for the promotion of anabolism. It seems likely that development of other solutions will follow the trend of relying on accurate definition of a given metabolic disorder and the perfection of a specific solution to correct it.
Whole-angle-mode micromachined fused-silica birdbath resonator gyroscope (WA-BRG) (2014)

We present the fused-silica micromachined birdbath resonator gyroscope (μ-BRG) operating in the whole-angle (WA) mode. The key advantages of the whole angle mode operation is rotation angle measurement, large bandwidth, and full-scale range which is needed in detecting the motion of fast-moving objects. The μ-BRG is made with fused silica using a micro blow-torching process and has n = 2 wineglass modes at 10.46 kHz with a small frequency mismatch (Δf = 10 Hz) and a decay time (τ) of 2.2s. The WA-BRG achieves a stable angular gain (A <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> ) and a large full scale range (700 º/s).
Adaptation of metal arc plasma source to plasma source ion implantation (1995)

Summary form only given, as follows. In Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) a target is immersed in a plasma and a train of high negative voltage pulses is applied to accelerate ions into the target and to modify the properties in the near surface region. In PSII, until now we have been using gaseous species to generate plasmas. However metal ion plasma may be used to modify the surface properties of material for industrial applications. Conventionally the ion implantation of metal ions is performed using beam line accelerators which have complex engineering and high cost. The employment of a metal are source to PSII has tremendous potential due to its ability to process the conformal surfaces, simple engineering and cost effectiveness. We have installed metal arc source for generation of titanium plasma. Currently, we investigating the properties of titanium plasma material behavior of titanium implanted aluminum and 52100 steel. The recent results of this investigation are presented.
In vitro and in vivo characteristics of fluorapatite-forming calcium phosphate cements (2010)

This study reports for the first time in vitro and in vivo properties of fluorapatite (FA)-forming calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). The experimental cements contained from (0 to 3.1) mass % of F, corresponding to presence of FA at levels of approximately (0 to 87) mass %. The crystallinity of the apatitic cement product increased greatly with the FA content. When implanted subcutaneously in rats, the in vivo resorption rate decreased significantly with increasing FA content. The cement with the highest FA content was not resorbed in soft tissue, making it the first known biocompatible and bioinert CPC. These bioinert CPCs might be useful for applications where slow or no resorption of the implant is required to achieve the desired clinical outcome.
<b>Pulsed Tunable Monochromatic X-Ray Beams from a Compact Source:</b> New Opportunities (2003)

Pulsed Tunable Monochromatic X-Ray Beams from a Compact Source: New OpportunitiesFrank E. Carroll1, Marcus H. Mendenhall2, Robert H. Traeger1, Charles Brau2 and James W. Waters2Audio Available | Share
Stereospecific Pseudoproline Ligation of N-Terminal Serine, Threonine, or Cysteine-Containing Unprotected Peptides (1999)

This paper describes an orthogonal and stereospecific method for ligating free peptide segments to form a monosubstituted pseudoproline bond with a hydroxymethyl moiety at the C2 carbon. The pseudoproline ligation, comprising both the oxaproline and thiaproline ligations, initially involves an imine capture of a peptidyl glycoaldehyde ester with an N-terminal cysteine, serine, or threonine peptide segment and then two spontaneous cyclization reactions. The thiazolidine or oxazolidine ester formed in the first cyclization undergoes an O,N-acyl transfer to form an pseudoproline bond. The thiaproline ligation can be carried out exclusively with unprotected peptide segments in both aqueous and nonaqueous pyridine−acetic acid conditions. However, the oxaproline ligation is best performed in a nonaqueous pyridine−acetic acid mixture with unprotected peptide segments except for those containing N-terminal nucleophilic amino acids such as Cys, His, and Trp. Pseudoproline ligation is not only regioselective but also stereospecific. 2D 1H NMR studies of dipeptide models, Z-Xaa-ψPro-OMe, indicate that the newly created C2 stereocenter of the pseudoproline ring affords only an R-epimer and the C2-hydroxymethyl-substituted pseudoproline exhibits high preference for cis conformation. Three of the model peptides have more than 50% cis isomers. Finally, this novel method has been used successfully in ligating two segments of 24 and 35 amino acids under mild conditions to synthesize three analogues of bactenecin 7, an antimicrobial peptide containing 59 amino acid residues.
Progress in the Development of Lightweight Nickel Electrode for Nickel-Hydrogen Cell (1999)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Development of a high specific energy battery is one of the objectives of the lightweight nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H<sub>2</sub>) program at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The approach has been to improve the nickel electrode by continuing combined in-house and contract efforts to develop a lighter weight electrode for the nickel-hydrogen cell. Small fiber diameter nickel plaques are used as conductive supports for the nickel hydroxide active material. These plaques are commercial products and have an advantage of increased surface area available for the deposition of active material. Initial tests include activation and capacity measurements at five different discharge levels, C/2, 1.0C, 1.37C, 2.0C, and 2.74C. The electrodes are life cycle tested using a half-cell configuration at 40 and 80% depths-of-discharge (DOD) in a low-Earth-orbit regime. The electrodes that pass the initial tests are life cycle-tested in a boilerplate nickel-hydrogen cell before flightweight designs are built and tested.</div></div>
Anti-HIV-1 Response Elicited in Rabbits by Anti-Idiotype Monoclonal Antibodies Mimicking the CD4-Binding Site (2008)

Antibodies against conserved epitopes on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env), such as the gp120 CD4-binding site (CD4bs), could contribute to protection against HIV-1. Env-based immunogens inducing such a response could be a major component of future anti-HIV-1 strategies. In this proof-of-concept study we describe the generation of two anti-idiotype (AI) murine antibodies mimicking the CD4bs epitope. Sera were collected from long-term non-progressor patients to obtain CD4bs-directed IgG, through sequential purification steps. The purified IgG were then used as Fab fragments to immunize mice for hybridoma generation. Two hybridomas (P1 and P2), reacting only against the CD4bs-directed IgG, were identified and characterized. The P1 and P2 antibodies were shown to recognize the idiotype of the broadly neutralizing anti-CD4bs human mAb b12. Both P1 and P2 Fabs were able to induce a strong anti-gp120 response in rabbits. Moreover, the rabbits' sera were shown to neutralize two sensitive tier 1 strains of HIV-1 in an Env-pseudotype neutralization assay. In particular, 3/5 rabbits in the P1 group and 1/5 in the P2 group showed greater than 80% neutralizing activity against the HXB2 pseudovirus. Two rabbits also neutralized the pseudovirus HIV-MN. Overall, these data describe the first anti-idiotypic vaccine approach performed to generate antibodies to the CD4bs of the HIV-1 gp120. Although future studies will be necessary to improve strength and breadth of the elicited neutralizing response, this proof-of-concept study documents that immunogens designed on the idiotype of broadly neutralizing Abs are feasible and could help in the design of future anti-HIV strategies.
Relation Identification in Business Rules for Domain-specific Documents (2018)

This paper focuses on an approach to mine business rules from documents and facilitates a methodology to represent them in a formal notation. Businesses are operated abiding by some rules and complying with respect to regulation and guidelines. The business rules are often written using English in operating procedures, terms and conditions, and various other supporting documents. The manual analysis of these rules for activities like impact analysis, maintenance, business transformation leads to potential discrepancies, ambiguities, and quality issues. In this paper, we discuss our approach of mining relations among the rule intents (atomic facts) defined for business rules. We also present our preliminary studies on a couple of openly available documents.
Cell death-inducing reagents activate cancer immune surveillance via inducing Interleukin-17D in macrophages (2018)

Abstract We have previously established a role for the cytokine IL-17D during cancer immune surveillance in that its cancer-intrinsic expression recruits NK cells into the tumor microenvironment, thereby leading to cancer regression. We additionally showed that the transcription factor Nrf2 regulates IL-17D and can itself be induced by the chemical tBHQ. Here, we sought to investigate what other endogenous or exogenous signals induce IL-17D not only in cancer cells but also in macrophages that are abundant in the tumor microenvironment. By testing different agonists in vitro, we found that all reagents that led to increased cell death (such as chemotherapy) also induced IL-17D. This effect was moderate in cancer cells but more profound in macrophages and depended on Nrf2. Interestingly, the expression of IL-17D correlated with type I Interferon expression, suggesting that these molecules function in the same pathway. Additionally, the only reagent that induced IL-17D without leading to cell death was poly (dA:dT), a nucleic acid known to induce intracellular DNA sensing pathways such as the Absent in melanoma (AIM)2 or the cGAS/Stimulator of IFNs (STING) pathway. This suggests that ectopic nucleic acids (likely resulting from cell death) are inducers of IL-17D. Remarkably, co-injecting bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) that had induced IL-17D together with cancer cells increased the number of NK cells in tumors and decreased cancer growth. This effect was dependent on IL-17D because it was abolished if IL-17D deficient BMDMs were injected. We hypothesize that the IL-17D pathway evolved to sense ectopic DNA, likely present due to cell death, and that boosting this pathway in cancer cells or macrophages could serve as cancer immune therapy.
Epitope Spreading of Autoantibody Response to PLA2R Associates with Poor Prognosis in Membranous Nephropathy (2015)

The phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1) is the major autoantigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. However, the value of anti-PLA2R1 antibody titers in predicting patient outcomes is unknown. Here, we screened serum samples from 50 patients positive for PLA2R1 for immunoreactivity against a series of PLA2R1 deletion mutants covering the extracellular domains. We identified reactive epitopes in the cysteine-rich (CysR), C-type lectin domain 1 (CTLD1), and C-type lectin domain 7 (CTLD7) domains and confirmed the reactivity with soluble forms of each domain. We then used ELISAs to stratify 69 patients positive for PLA2R1 by serum reactivity to one or more of these domains: CysR (n=23), CysRC1 (n=14), and CysRC1C7 (n=32). Median ELISA titers measured using the full-length PLA2R1 antigens were not statistically different between subgroups. Patients with anti-CysR-restricted activity were younger (P=0.008), had less nephrotic range proteinuria (P=0.02), and exhibited a higher rate of spontaneous remission (P=0.03) and lower rates of renal failure progression (P=0.002) and ESRD (P=0.01) during follow-up. Overall, 31 of 69 patients had poor renal prognosis (urinary protein/creatinine ratio >4 g/g or eGFR<45 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) at end of follow-up). High anti-PLA2R1 activity and epitope spreading beyond the CysR epitope were independent risk factors of poor renal prognosis in multivariable Cox regression analysis. Epitope spreading during follow-up associated with disease worsening (n=3), whereas reverse spreading from a CysRC1C7 profile back to a CysR profile associated with favorable outcome (n=1). We conclude that analysis of the PLA2R1 epitope profile and spreading is a powerful tool for monitoring disease severity and stratifying patients by renal prognosis.
Modulated FT-Raman Fiber-Optic Spectroscopy:  A Technique for Remotely Monitoring High-Temperature Reactions in Real-Time (1997)

A modification to a commercial FT-Raman spectrometer is presented for the elimination of thermal backgrounds in FT-Raman spectra. The modification involves the use of a mechanical chopper to modulate the CW laser, remote collection of the signal via fiber optics, and connection of a dual-phase digital signal processor lock-in amplifier between the detector and the spectrometer's collection electronics to demodulate and filter the optical signals. The resulting modulated FT-Raman fiber-optic spectrometer is capable of completely eliminating thermal backgrounds at temperatures exceeding 370 °C. In addition, the signal/noise of generated Raman spectra is greater than for spectra collected with the conventional FT-Raman under identical conditions and incident laser power. This is true for both room-temperature and hot samples. The method allows collection of data using preexisting spectrometer software. The total cost of the modification (excluding fiber optics) is ∼$3000 and requires less than 2 h to implement. This is the first report of FT-Raman spectra collected at temperatures in excess of 300 °C in the absence of thermal backgrounds.
A haptic device to support the use of a glucose monitor by individuals who are blind or visually impaired (2015)

We present a simple and affordable device developed in order to address difficulties that diabetics who are blind or visually impaired encounter when attempting to independently operate a glucometer.
The Impact of miRNA-Based Molecular Diagnostics and Treatment of NRF2-Stabilized Tumors (2013)

This study determines the potential of miRNA-based molecular diagnostics and therapeutics in NRF2-stablized tumors.
Heterophasic Binaural Differential Beamforming for Speech Intelligibility Improvement (2020)

Differential beamformers with small-size microphone arrays are very attractive for audio and speech signal acquisition thanks to their high directivity and frequency-invariant spatial responses. However, such beamformers often suffer from significant white noise amplification at low frequencies, which makes their implementation in real-world systems challenging. One widely used way to circumvent this issue is to increase the number of microphones in the design of a given order differential beamformer, leading to the so-called robust differential beamformer in which the redundancy provided by the additional sensors are used to improve the white noise gain (WNG). But even with this robust solution, white noise amplification at low frequencies still exists. In this article, instead of trying to improve WNG, we adopt a method to render the white noise in such a way that it affects less the perception of the speech signal of interest. Specifically, we propose a binaural differential beamforming method in which a differential beamformer is designed with two sub-beamforming filters that simultaneously generates two outputs, one for the left ear and the other for the right ear. Motivated by psychoacoustic experiments, we design these two filters in such a way that they are orthogonal so that the coherence between the white noise at the binaural outputs is minimized while the coherence between diffuse noise is maximized. With the proposed binaural differential beamformers, the desired signal components and (amplified) white noise at the binaural differential beamformer's outputs are rendered into different directions or zones. Consequently, the human perception system can better distinguish the desired signal from white noise for improved speech intelligibility. The superiority of the proposed binaural beamforming technique is justified by simulations, experiments, as well as listening tests.
An optical reconfiguration circuit for optically reconfigurable gate arrays (2004)

An optical reconfiguration circuit suitable for optically reconfigurable gate arrays (ORGAs) is proposed to improve the gate density of ORGAs. The optical reconfiguration circuit works as a receiver circuit and temporary memory for optically-supplied reconfiguration contexts. The circuit is connected for each programming element of the gate array. Reducing the implementation area of optical reconfiguration circuits is very important to improve the gate density because the number of programming elements of the gate array is extremely large. This paper presents an optical reconfiguration circuit reduced to 43% implementation area compared with that of conventional circuits and an ORGA design with the optical reconfiguration circuit using 0.35 /spl mu/m 3-metal CMOS technology. In addition, this study presents an evaluation using HSPICE simulation and photodiode characteristics extracted from experimental results.
Phase−matched harmonic generation in a laminar structure with wave propagation in the plane of the layers (1975)

A technique for obtaining phase−matched second harmonic generation using a finely layered structure with the radiation propagating parallel to the layers is analyzed.
Projection-based Relevance Model for Table Retrieval (2020)

We propose a novel relevance model for table-retrieval using table columns (“projections”) as pseudo-relevance feedback. To demonstrate the merits of our proposed approach, we re-rank tables that were initially retrieved from a Wikipedia corpus by state-of-the-art table retrieval methods. Overall, our proposed projection-based relevance model (PTRM) results in significant performance gains.