gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of GERD: Lower Esophageal Sphincter defects (2004)

44 INTRODUCTION T he most common cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction. The LES is a 3–4 cm high-pressure zone of muscular activity in the distal esophagus. The LES is anatomically and histologically distinct from the esophageal body. Manometric and radiographic studies can be used to identify the LES. Intraluminal manometry can detect the LES as a 2–4 cm high pressure region at the gastroesophageal junction. The basal pressure of the LES is 10–45 mmHg. LES pressures are asymmetric; a higher pressure can be detected at the left side of the LES where it is abutted by the diaphragm and gastric sling fibers (Figure 1). The crural diaphragm and gastric sling fibers provide structural support and contribute to LES pressure and competence. Ultrasound images demonstrate thicker muscle at the middle of the LES compared to the proximal and distal ends (2). The LES can be distinguished from the esophageal body by its propensity to maintain tonic contraction. The ability of the LES to maintain a tone higher than structures proximal and distal is a result of spikes of calcium influx that are mediated by excitatory cholinergic neurons (1). Higher intracellular calcium levels are present in the resting LES compared to nonsphincteric esophageal muscle. The main function of the LES is to serve as a barrier to protect the esophageal mucosa and more proximal structures from potentially damaging substances in the stomach including gastric acid, pepsin, and bile salts. Incompetence in some form of the LES is the predominant determinant of GERD. The aim of this article is to review the three main LES sphincter defects that lead to GERD. These defects include transient LES relaxations, a chronically hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter, and the effects of a hiatal hernia on sphincteric function.
Array-fed parabolic-cylindrical reflector antenna for multifunction surveillance radar (1997)

An array-fed parabolic-cylindrical reflector antenna equipped with a phase shifter in every element can rapidly switch between different elevation beam shapes and offer some multifunction possibilities with low or moderate cost. The synthesis examples indicate, that usable vertical coverage diagrams can be synthesised using only the phase synthesis with fixed element excitation amplitudes.
Multivariate methods in pharmaceutical applications (2002)

Abstract This review covers material published within the field of pharmacy in the last five years. Articles concerning experimental design, optimization and applications of multivariate techniques have been published, from factorial designs to multivariate data analysis, and the combination of the two in multivariate design. The number of publications on this topic testifies to the good results obtained in the studies. Much of the published material highlights the usefulness of experimental design, with many articles dealing with optimization, where much effort is spent on getting useful results. Examples of multivariate data analysis are comparatively few, but these methods are gaining in use. The employment of multivariate techniques in different applications has been reviewed. The examples in this review represent just a few of the possible applications with different aims within pharmaceutical applications. A number of companies are using experimental design as a standard tool in preformulation and in combination with response surface modeling. The properties of e.g. a tablet can be optimized to fulfill a well‐specified aim such as a specific release profile, hardness, disintegration time etc. However, none of the companies apply multivariate methods in all steps of the drug development process. As this is still very much a growing field, it is only a question of time before experimental design, optimization and multivariate data analysis are implemented throughout the entire formulation process, from performulation to multivariate process control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PP.33.05 (2015)

Objective: Obesity in childhood has been shown to increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Identification of obese youth with cardiometabolic components may define a high-risk group within the obese child population. The objective was to assess the prevalence of the cardiometabolic risk factors in obese youth. Design and method: Six hundred and eleven obese Caucasians of both sexes (270 females), of European origin, from 6 to 18 years of age (mean age 11.3 2.4) were included. Obesity was defined as higher than or equal to 95th percentile for age and sex. The subjects were qualified as normotensive or high blood pressure (BP) according to the ESH office BP criteria (Lurbe et al, 2009). Fasting blood was obtained and glucose, insulin, and lipid profile, were assessed. Hyperinsulinism was defined from norms for pubertal stage. Abnormal fasting lipids were defined from normative data (Daniels et al, 2008). Results: Moderate obesity was present in 86% and there were no sex differences in mean BMI z-score. From the total population, 354 (57.8%) had at least one cardiometabolic risk factor in addition to obesity. The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors were: 235 subjects (39%) with one risk factor, 101 subjects (16.5%) with two factors, 17 subjects (2.8%) with three, and one subject had four components (0.2%). There were no significant differences in the prevalence between males and females. Among all the risk factors the most prevalent was hyperinsulinism (30.8%), followed by lipid abnormalities (12.9%), and high BP (10.5%). High BP was associated with hyperinsulinism in 10%, with lipid abnormalities in 8%, and with both hyperinsulinism and lipid abnormalities in 0.6%.Conclusions: The presence in more than half of the obese population of at least one cardiometabolic risk factor stresses the importance of adiposity. High BP is frequently associated with one or more cardiometabolic risk factor.
Copper(I) Complex O<sub>2</sub>-Reactivity with a N<sub>3</sub>S Thioether Ligand:  a Copper−Dioxygen Adduct Including Sulfur Ligation, Ligand Oxygenation, and Comparisons with All Nitrogen Ligand Analogues (2007)

In order to contribute to an understanding of the effects of thioether sulfur ligation in copper-O(2) reactivity, the tetradentate ligands L(N3S) (2-ethylthio-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-yl)methylethanamine) and L(N3S')(2-ethylthio-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-yl)ethylethanamine) have been synthesized. Corresponding copper(I) complexes, [CuI(L(N3S))]ClO(4) (1-ClO(4)), [CuI(L(N3S))]B(C(6)F(5))(4) (1-B(C(6)F(5))(4)), and [CuI(L(N3S'))]ClO(4) (2), were generated, and their redox properties, CO binding, and O(2)-reactivity were compared to the situation with analogous compounds having all nitrogen donor ligands, [CuI(TMPA)(MeCN)](+) and [Cu(I)(PMAP)](+) (TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; PMAP = bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-(2-pyridyl)methylamine). X-ray structures of 1-B(C(6)F(5))(4), a dimer, and copper(II) complex [Cu(II)(L(N3S))(MeOH)](ClO(4))(2) (3) were obtained; the latter possesses axial thioether coordination. At low temperature in CH(2)Cl(2), acetone, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF), 1 reacts with O(2) and generates an adduct formulated as an end-on peroxodicopper(II) complex [{Cu(II)(L(N3S))}(2)(mu-1,2-O(2)(2-))](2+) (4)){lambda(max) = 530 (epsilon approximately 9200 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 605 nm (epsilon approximately 11,800 M(-1) cm(-1))}; the number and relative intensity of LMCT UV-vis bands vary from those for [{Cu(II)(TMPA)}(2)(O(2)(2-))](2+) {lambda(max) = 524 nm (epsilon = 11,300 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 615 nm (epsilon = 5800 M(-1) cm(-1))} and are ascribed to electronic structure variation due to coordination geometry changes with the L(N3S) ligand. Resonance Raman spectroscopy confirms the end-on peroxo-formulation {nu(O-O) = 817 cm(-1) (16-18O(2) Delta = 46 cm(-1)) and nu(Cu-O) = 545 cm(-1) (16-18O(2) Delta = 26 cm(-1)); these values are lower in energy than those for [{Cu(II)(TMPA)}(2)(O(2)(2-))](2+) {nu(Cu-O) = 561 cm(-1) and nu(O-O) = 827 cm(-1)} and can be attributed to less electron density donation from the peroxide pi* orbitals to the Cu(II) ion. Complex 4 is the first copper-dioxygen adduct with thioether ligation; direct evidence comes from EXAFS spectroscopy {Cu K-edge; Cu-S = 2.4 Angstrom}. Following a [Cu(I)(L(N3S))](+)/O(2) reaction and warming, the L(N3S) thioether ligand is oxidized to the sulfoxide in a reaction modeling copper monooxygenase activity. By contrast, 2 is unreactive toward dioxygen probably due to its significantly increased Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potential, an effect of ligand chelate ring size (in comparison to 1). Discussion of the relevance of the chemistry to copper enzyme O(2)-activation, and situations of biological stress involving methionine oxidation, is provided.
Effect of the New Zinc Compound Beta-Alanyl-<i>L</i>-Histidinato Zinc on Bone Metabolism in Elderly Rats (1990)

The effect of a new zinc compound beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc (AHZ) on bone metabolism was investigated in aged rats (30 weeks old). AHZ (1.0, 2.5 and 7.5 mg/100 g body weight) was orally administered to rats 3 times at 24-hour intervals, and the rats were bled 24 h after the last administration. The administration of AHZ (7.5 mg/100 g) did not cause an appreciable alteration of calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in the serum, and zinc, calcium and deoxyribonucleic acid contents in the femoral diaphysis were significantly increased by the administration of AHZ (7.5 mg/100 g). The bone alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased by doses of 1.0-7.5 mg AHZ/100 g. These results suggest that AHZ has a stimulatory effect on bone formation and calcification in aged rats.
Sources of Error in Iris Biometrics (2022)

Two decades ago, the United States issued the first patent claiming the idea of an automated iris biometrics system. Today, multiple companies offer commercial biometrics products. However, there are still many unanswered questions about the workings of the iris biometrics algorithms. Before iris recognition systems are more widely employed, we must ask, ``when do these algorithms fail?' Previous research has assumed that all parts of an iris code are equally valuable. Alternatively, some researchers claim that parts of the iris are more valuable, but they still use the same portions of the iris for all subjects. No previous researcher has attempted to experimentally determine how different parts of a particular subject's iris code may be more or less valuable. I obtained multiple images of 24 subjects' eyes to study the reliability of individual bits in the iris codes. I develop a theoretical explanation of the sources of inconsistencies, based on the coarse quantization of complex coefficients in creating the iris code. Another source of inconsistency in the iris code is dilation of the iris. The majority of iris research ignores the degree of dilation in processing iris images for biometric purposes. I experimentally quantify how much the Hamming distance is affected by iris dilation.
Neural respiratory drive, pulmonary mechanics and breathlessness in patients with cystic fibrosis (2011)

sEMGpara%max provides a non-invasive marker of neural drive, which reflects disease severity and exercise-induced breathlessness in CF.
Graphene based piezoresistive pressure sensor (2013)

We present a pressure sensor based on the piezoresistive effect of graphene. The sensor is a 100 nm thick, 280 μm wide square silicon nitride membrane with graphene meander patterns located on the maximum strain area. The multilayer, polycrystalline graphene was obtained by chemical vapor deposition. Strain in graphene was generated by applying differential pressure across the membrane. Finite element simulation was used to analyze the strain distribution. By performing electromechanical measurements, we obtained a gauge factor of ∼1.6 for graphene and a dynamic range from 0 mbar to 700 mbar for the pressure sensor.
Context information extraction of the query based on single document (2004)

We take the word (or word sequence) that a reader marked in a document as a query and combine global analysis with local analysis to extract the query's context information from the document where query is. By global analysis, we extract keywords from the whole document to reflect the user's research preference. While in the local analysis step, we disambiguate query by extracting keywords from the text that is around the marked query. We use these keywords to reflect the query s context information and suggest interactive query expansion finally.
The t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcomas involves two distinct loci on the X chromosome. (1994)

A high proportion of synovial sarcomas contain the reciprocal translocation t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2). We have previously localized the breakpoint on the X chromosome between the X chromosome marker DXS255 and an ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) pseudogene region designated OATL2. Subsequently by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we provided evidence that YACs corresponding to the OATL2 locus spanned the break-point. In order to confirm the position of this breakpoint cosmids corresponding to the OATL2 region were isolated. Most of these cosmids mapped to four cosmid contigs designated C1-C4. Analysis of two contigs, C1- and C4, using FISH established that in four of six synovial sarcomas examined the breakpoint occurs between these two contigs: C1 lies distal to the break-point while C4 is proximal. In contrast we provide evidence that the breakpoint in the remaining two tumours mapped to a second pseudogene region called OATL1 that is telomeric to the OATL2 locus. This heterogeneity of the breakpoint position on the X chromosome explains why in previous mapping studies there have been discrepancies between the results obtained by different laboratories.
An arctangent type wideband PM/FM demodulator with improved performance (1992)

Hagiwara and Nakagawa (1985, 1986) added a jump detector at the output of an arctangent-type baseband FM demodulator in order to transform this intrinsic narrowband demodulator into a wideband one. It is shown in the present work that the performance of the Hagiwara and Nakagawa wideband FM demodulator can be improved, at low input signal-to-noise ratio, by placing the jump detector before, rather than after, the differentiator. An alternative jump detector is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coronary Artery Calcium Score Combined With Framingham Score for Risk Prediction in Asymptomatic Individuals (2004)

These data support the hypothesis that high CACS can modify predicted risk obtained from FRS alone, especially among patients in the intermediate-risk category in whom clinical decision making is most uncertain.
Novel base metal-palladium catalytic diesel filter coating with NO2 reducing properties (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A novel base metal-palladium catalytic coating was applied on commercial silicon carbide wall flow diesel filters and tested in an engine test bench. This catalytic coating limits the NO<sub>2</sub> formation and even removes NO<sub>2</sub> within a wide temperature range. Soot combustion, HC conversion and CO conversion properties are comparable to current platinum-based coatings, but at a lower cost. This paper compares the results from engine bench tests of present commercial solutions as regards NO<sub>2</sub>-, HC-, CO-removal and soot combustion with the novel coating. Furthermore, emission test results from base metal-palladium coated diesel particulate filters installed on operating taxis and related test cycle data are presented. A significant reduction in NO<sub>2</sub> emission compared to present technology is measured.</div>
Formation of microtubes from strained SiGe/Si heterostructures (2005)

We report the formation of micrometre-sized SiGe/Si tubes by releasing strained SiGe/Si bilayers from substrates in a wet chemical-etching process. In order to explore statistical studies of dynamic formation of microtubes, we fabricated arrays of square bilayers. Due to the dynamic change in curvature of the bilayers, and hence the underlying etch channels, the etching process deviates from a transport-controlled regime to one of kinetic controlled. We identified two distinct modes of etching. A slow etching mode is associated with symmetric surface deformation in which the bilayers mostly retain their initial pattern. In the fast mode, bilayers are asymmetrically deformed while large etch channels are induced and etching becomes kinetically controlled. Etch rate dispersion is directly related to the degree of asymmetry in surface deformation. When the dimensions of the bilayers become significantly larger than the curvature radius, kinetic etching dominates. During the formation of tubes, SiGe/Si bilayers strongly interact with the liquid environment of etchant and solvent. Assisted by the surface tension of evaporating liquids, the tubes are drawn near the substrate and eventually fixed to it because of van der Waals forces. Our study illuminates the dynamic etching and curling processes involved with and provides insight on how a uniform etch rate and consistent curling directions can be maintained.
A Combined Motion-Audio School Bullying Detection Algorithm (2018)

School bullying is a common social problem, which affects children both mentally and physically, making the prevention of bullying a timeless topic all over the world. This paper proposes a method for detecting bullying in school based on activity recognition and speech emotion recognition. In this method, motion and voice data are gathered by movement sensors and a microphone, followed by extraction of a set of motion and audio features to distinguish bullying incidents from daily life events. Among extracted motion features are both time-domain and frequency-domain features, while audio features are computed with classical MFCCs. Feature selection is implemented using the wrapper approach. At the next stage, these motion and audio features are merged to form combined feature vectors for classification, and LDA is used for further dimension reduction. A BPNN is trained to recognize bullying activities and distinguish them from normal daily life activities. The authors also propose an action transition detection method to reduce computational complexity for practical use. Thus, the bullying detection algorithm will only run, when an action transition event has been detected. Simulation results show that the combined motion-audio feature vector outperforms separate motion features and acoustic features, achieving an accuracy of 82.4% and a precision of 92.2%. Moreover, with the action transition method, the computation cost can be reduced by half.
Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (2014)

This chapter starts with a brief history of the growing public interest in the ecology of resistance genes and then moves on to a survey of some of the conceptual problems that have emerged. It focuses on a few groups of bacteria that are major players in the oral and intestinal ecosystems of humans and animals, the obligate anaerobes. Perhaps the first modern example of the sudden importance of understanding the ecology of antibiotic resistance genes arose in connection with the debate over the safety of GM plants. Studies have shown that many soil bacteria are naturally transformable, although it is still unclear what significance this fact has in the overall ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. Bacteria in and on the human body have participated in the distribution of resistance genes. An interesting case in point is the population of bacteria that makes its home in the periodontal pocket, the region between the gums and the roots of the teeth. Prominent among these are the Porphyromonas and Prevotella species. These bacteria have been of particular interest in dentistry because they are thought to be instrumental in the development of periodontal disease, the main cause of tooth loss in adults. Currently, the treatment for periodontal disease is surgery that cuts into the gums, exposing the buried surface of the teeth to allow scraping of the plaque that has accumulated there and is causing inflammation.
<italic>Introduction to Semiconductor Integrated Optics</italic> (1996)

Basic Electromagnetics. A Summary of Semiconductors. Optical Properties of Semiconductors. Optical Semiconductor Materials. Basics of Semiconductor Processing. Reflections at Boundaries. Guided Waves and Slab Waveguides. Dielectric Waveguides. Optical Channel Waveguides. Lasers. Photodetectors. Modulators. Hybridization and Monolithic Integration.
A Heuristic Data Allocation Method for Multi-tenant SaaS Application in Distributed Database Systems (2011)

Multi-tenant Software as a Service (aka, SaaS) applications generally run on distributed database systems for better performance and scalability. How to partition and allocate data of the application on distributed database servers is important to the efficiency of the whole system. This paper proposes a tenant data set based data partitioning method. And based on the characteristics of the data operations of each tenant, this paper put forward a heuristic data allocation method to achieve minimum data operation cost of all the tenants of the SaaS application. Experimental results show that the proposed data allocation method reduces data operation cost, thus improves the execution efficiency of the application.
Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 (2021)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04427501.
Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to ethylene: Plant design, evaluation and prospects for the future (2022)

In support of the energy and feedstock transition, new concepts of producing chemical building blocks are necessary. While currently ethylene is mainly produced from fossil feedstocks, this paper explores its production via the electrochemical conversion of CO2. Different process routes were reviewed and a most promising route was selected based on Faradaic efficiency, current density, overpotential, and material availability. In this preferred route, syngas is produced electrochemically from CO2, which is then converted into methanol before the final conversion into ethylene and other high-value chemicals. On this preferred route, a design has been made which includes process design, unit design and a techno-economic evaluation, with CAPEX and OPEX included. Also the CO2 emission is evaluated and it was found that a net consumption of 2.5 ton CO2 per ton high-value chemical can be achieved. As expected, the investment and operational costs are very high with the applied price sets. However, when the electricity price decreases due to developments in renewable energy and a tax is implemented on CO2 emissions, this process can become economically viable and can contribute to CO2 emission reduction in view of climate change.