gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New high sensitivity silicon photodetectors for medical imaging applications (2003)

We have developed a new silicon photodiode design that reduces the dark current and can improve the sensitivity of low noise silicon photodetector arrays for medical imaging applications. The reduction in dark current eliminates the need for cooling, which facilitates the mechanical design and allows for the optimum performance of the scintillators that are coupled to the photodiodes. The photodetectors are based on a p+ planar entrance window on n-type silicon substrates, with n+ pixels surrounded by a p+ separating grid. Using this approach, dark currents on the order of 0.1 nA/cm/sup 2/ have been achieved (for 0.3 mm thick devices, at 23/spl deg/C). The quantum efficiency of the p+ entrance window contact is 83% at 560 nm, which makes it an excellent match for CsI(Tl) scintillators. The current/voltage characteristics, and the response of the photodiodes to X-rays and gamma-rays when coupled to CsI(Tl), have been measured. These prototypes are being evaluated with respect to their applications in gamma cameras for medical imaging.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Anti-Apoptotic Immunosuppressive Compound for Improving the Outcome of Islet Transplantation (2013)

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a commonly used immunosuppressive drug for human islet transplantation. However, it is toxic to transplanted islets, causing primary nonfunction. We recently synthesized a quinic acid derivative, 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-N-propylcyclohexanecarboxamide (KZ41), which has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. We hypothesized that the conjugate (E)-2,3,5-trihydroxy-5-(propylcarbamoyl) cyclohexyl 6-(4-ethoxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoate (JP-3-110), which is composed of KZ41 and MPA through esterification, can suppress the immune rejection while inducing less toxicity. Early characterization showed that the solubility of JP-3-110 was significantly higher than that of MPA, though JP-3-110 was still poorly water-soluble. The ester bond connecting KZ41 and MPA is stable for a limited duration (<4 weeks). Pharmacological studies demonstrated that JP-3-110 induced significantly less activated caspase 3 and apoptotic cell death of human islets than MPA, while maintaining an equally potent immunosuppressive effect. A similar immunosuppressive effect of JP-3-110 and MPA in humanized NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ (NOD scid gamma, NSG) mice with adoptively transferred human immunity was observed. Taken together, our results demonstrated that JP-3-110 can be a safer immunosuppressive agent for human islet transplantation.
Conversion of dc Fields in a Capacitor Array to Radiation by a Relativistic Ionization Front (1995)

A mechanism for generating coherent radiation of high power, variable duration, and broad tunability over several orders of magnitude from a laser-ionized gas-filled capacitor array is described. The scheme directly converts a dc electric field "wave" into a coherent electromagnetic wave train when a relativistic ionization front passes between the plates. The frequency and duration of the radiation is controlled by the gas pressure and/or capacitor spacing. Output frequency and power are calculated and compared to 2D particle-in-cell simulations.
Mode of Entry and Sites of Development of Steinernema scapterisci in Mole Crickets. (1991)

Key words: entomopathogenic nematode, mole cricket, Scapteriscus acletus, Steinernema scapterisci.
Majorana fermions in multiband semiconducting nanowires (2010)

We study multiband semiconducting nanowires proximity-coupled with an s-wave superconductor. We show that when odd number of subbands are occupied the system realizes non-trivial topological state supporting Majorana modes localized at the ends. We study the topological quantum phase transition in this system and analytically calculate the phase diagram as a function of the chemical potential and magnetic field. Our key finding is that multiband occupancy not only lifts the stringent constraint of one-dimensionality but also allows to have higher carrier density in the nanowire and as such multisubband nanowires are better-suited for observing the Majorana particle. We study the robustness of the topological phase by including the effects of the short- and long-range disorder. We show that in the limit of strong interband mixing there is an optimal regime in the phase diagram (sweet spot) where the topological state is to a large extent insensitive to the presence of disorder.
Soliton compression in quadratic media: high-energy few-cycle pulses with a frequency-doubling crystal (2006)

We present a soliton effect pulse compression technique that uses self-defocusing cascaded-quadratic nonlinearities, with no fundamental limit to its scalability to high pulse energies and the capability of generating few-cycle pulses with only a frequency-doubling crystal. The conditions for which group-velocity mismatch causes an acceptable perturbation to soliton compression are analyzed and underlie optimization of the compressor. Calculations predict compression to near-single-cycle durations, with compression ratios as high as 100. Initial experiments closely agree with calculations, demonstrating compression to durations under three optical cycles (12 fs) and generation of 600 nm bandwidths.
Tunability and synthetic lineshapes in high-W optical whispering-gallery modes (2003)

We demonstrate novel techniques to manipulate spectral properties of high quality factor whispering-gallery modes (WGM) in optical dielectric microresonators. These include permanent frequency trimming of WGM frequencies by means of UV photosensitivity of germanium doped silica resonators; electro-optical tuning of WGM in lithium niobate resonators, and cascading of microresonators for obtaining second-order filtering function. We present theoretical interpretation of experimental results, and examples of applications of these techniques for photonic microwave filtering.
Mutation of Three Critical Amino Acids of the N-Terminal Domain of IGF-Binding Protein-3 Essential for High Affinity IGF Binding (2001)

The N-terminal domain is conserved in all members of the IGF-binding protein superfamily. Most recently, studies have demonstrated the importance of an IGF-binding protein N-terminal hydrophobic pocket for IGF binding. To examine more critically the amino acids important for IGF binding within the full-length IGF-binding protein-3 protein while minimizing changes in the tertiary structure, we targeted residues I56, L80, and L81 within the proposed hydrophobic pocket for mutation. With a single change at these sites to the nonconserved glycine there was a notable decrease in binding. A greater reduction was seen when both L80 and L81 were substituted with glycine, and complete loss of affinity for IGF-I and IGF-II occurred when all three targeted amino acids were changed to glycine. Furthermore, the ability of the IGF-binding protein-3 mutants to inhibit IGF-I-stimulated phosphorylation of its receptor was a reflection of their affinity for IGF, with the lowest affinity mutants having the least inhibitory effect. These studies, thus, support the hypothesis that an N-terminal hydrophobic pocket is the primary site of high affinity binding of IGF to IGF-binding protein-3. The mutants provide a tool for future studies directed at IGF-dependent and IGF-independent actions of IGF-binding protein-3.
Cloning and sequencing of the intronless gene for angiogenin, a human angiogenesis factor (1985)

Human cDNAs coding for angiogenin, a human tumor derived angiogenesis factor, were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from human liver poly(A) mRNA employing a synthetic oligonucleotide as a hybridization probe. The largest cDNA insert (697 base pairs) contained a short 5'-noncoding sequence followed by a sequence coding for a signal peptide of 24 (or 22) amino acids, 369 nucleotides coding for the mature protein of 123 amino acids, a stop codon, a 3'-noncoding sequence of 175 nucleotides, and a poly(A) tail. The gene coding for human angiogenin was then isolated from a genomic lambda Charon 4A bacteriophage library employing the cDNA as a probe. The nucleotide sequence of the gene and the adjacent 5'- and 3'-flanking regions (4688 base pairs) was then determined. The coding and 3'-noncoding regions of the gene for human angiogenin were found to be free of introns, and the DNA sequence for the gene agreed well with that of the cDNA. The gene contained a potential TATA box in the 5' end in addition to two Alu repetitive sequences immediately flanking the 5' and 3' ends of the gene. The third Alu sequence was also found about 500 nucleotides downstream from the Alu sequence at the 3' end of the gene. The amino acid sequence of human angiogenin as predicted from the gene sequence was in complete agreement with that determined by amino acid sequence analysis. It is about 35% homologous with human pancreatic ribonuclease, and the amino acid residues that are essential for the activity of ribonuclease are also conserved in angiogenin. This provocative finding is thought to have important physiological implications.
Nonparametric analysis of time-resolved fluorescence data based on the Laguerre expansion technique (2004)

To estimate the intrinsic fluorescence intensity decay of a compound, the excitation light pulse must be deconvolved from the measured fluorescence pulse trace. The most commonly used deconvolution method is the multiexponential least-square iterative reconvolution (LSIR) technique. A variant of LSIR in which the intrinsic fluorescence intensity decay is expressed as an expansion on the discrete time Laguerre basis, was recently introduced. In this study, the performance of the Laguerre deconvolution technique was successfully tested with simulated and fluorescence standard data. It was also demonstrated that the Laguerre deconvolution presents a number of advantages over the classical multiexponential LSIR, including less expensive computational resolution, and the property to generate a unique set of expansion coefficients highly correlated with the intrinsic lifetimes. A novel method for concentration estimation based on the analysis of the Laguerre expansion coefficients was also proposed and successfully applied to different fluorescence standard mixtures, performing even better (error<2%) than more traditional methods of spectral analysis, such as PCR (error<7%) and PLS (error<10%). These findings suggest that the use of Laguerre expansion coefficients represents an alternative nonparametric approach to characterize and discriminate biological systems, in terms of their spectral and lifetime characteristics.
Polyphosphazene-Based Proton-Exchange Membranes for Direct Liquid Methanol Fuel Cells (2005)

Abstract : Proton-exchange membranes for direct methanol fuel cells were prepared from sulfonated poly[bis(3-methylphenoxy)phosphazene] and sulfonated poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene]. The methylphenoxy polymer was blended with Kynar Flex and solution cast into thin films, whereas the bisphenoxy material was blended with polybenzimidazole (for acid-base complexation crosslinking) prior to membrane casting. Some of the films containing poly[bis(3- methylphenoxy)phosphazene] were UV-crosslinked for added control of swelling and methanol permeability. For most membranes, the proton conductivity was sufficiently high for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications but the methanol permeability was significantly lower than that in DuPont's Nafion. Membranes composed of sulfonated poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene] (SPOP) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) worked particularly well in a DMFC (at 60 degrees C 1.0 M methanol, and ambient pressure air). Membrane performance in a DMFC was dependent on the blend composition (ion-exchange capacity of SPOP and wt% of added PBI). For an 82 m thick membrane composed of 1.2 mmol/g IEC SPOP with 3 wt% PBI, the maximum power density was 89 mW/cm2 (versus 96 mW/cm2 with Nafion 117), while the methanol crossover was 2.6 times lower than that with Nafion 117.
Resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade lasers at long wavelengths (2004)

We report a resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade laser at a wavelength of /spl lambda/ /spl ap/ 141 /spl mu/m (2.1 THz) that uses a low-loss, high-confinement metal-metal waveguide. Continuous wave operation is obtained up to 40 K.
Design of 5-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, -1,3,4-oxadiazoles, and -1,2,4-triazoles as orally active, nonulcerogenic antiinflammatory agents (1993)

To discover dual inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (LO) and cyclooxygenase (CO) with improved pharmacokinetic properties, we have designed and synthesized series of 1,2,4-triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole di-tert-butylphenol derivatives which exhibit a wide range of log P (2.3 to > 4) and pKa (5.5-12) values. From this work 5-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)- thione, choline salt (12a, CI-986) was found to be a potent inhibitor of 5-LO (IC50 = 2.8 microM) and CO (IC50 = 0.8 microM), orally active in rat models of inflammation and nonulcerogenic.
Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary, Hypercalcemic Type–Genetics, New Treatment Targets, and Current Management Guidelines (2020)

Small-cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is a rare and highly aggressive ovarian malignancy. In almost all cases, it is associated with somatic and often germline pathogenic variants in <i>SMARCA4</i>, which encodes for the SMARCA4 protein (BRG1), a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Approximately 20% of human cancers possess pathogenic variants in at least one SWI/SNF subunit. Because of their role in regulating many important cellular processes including transcriptional control, DNA repair, differentiation, cell division, and DNA replication, SWI/SNF complexes with mutant subunits are thought to contribute to cancer initiation and progression. Fewer than 500 cases of SCCOHT have been reported in the literature and approximately 60% are associated with hypercalcemia. SCCOHT primarily affects females under 40 years of age who usually present with symptoms related to a pelvic mass. SCCOHT is an aggressive cancer, with long-term survival rates of 30% in early-stage cases. Although various treatment approaches have been proposed, there is no consensus on surveillance and therapeutic strategy. An international group of multidisciplinary clinicians and researchers recently formed the International SCCOHT Consortium to evaluate current knowledge and propose consensus surveillance and therapeutic recommendations, with the aim of improving outcomes. Here, we present an overview of the genetics of this cancer, provide updates on new treatment targets, and propose management guidelines for this challenging cancer.
Extracting parallel sub-sentential fragments from non-parallel corpora (2006)

We present a novel method for extracting parallel sub-sentential fragments from comparable, non-parallel bilingual corpora. By analyzing potentially similar sentence pairs using a signal processing-inspired approach, we detect which segments of the source sentence are translated into segments in the target sentence, and which are not. This method enables us to extract useful machine translation training data even from very non-parallel corpora, which contain no parallel sentence pairs. We evaluate the quality of the extracted data by showing that it improves the performance of a state-of-the-art statistical machine translation system.
Room temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (1996)

Operation of a quantum cascade laser at λ ~5 µm is reported up to 300 K in pulsed mode. The device uses a new design which incorporates a funnel injector and a three quantum well active region. This is the first mid-IR semiconductor laser operating at room temperature in this wavelength range. Optical powers of 15 mW at 274 K and 1.5 mW at 300 K are obtained.
Fast adaptive edge-aware mask generation (2012)

Figure 1: An example of complex editing. The user uses one stroke to increase local contrast and another to increase local brightness on the original image (a). With just two strokes, our adaptive masking computes editing masks to the respective user-strokes as shown in (b) and (c), resulting the output image (d). Our paper focuses on producing high quality results in an efficient framework with low user intervention. Selective editing, also known as masking, is a common technique to create localized effects, such as color (hue, saturation) and tonal management, on images. Many current techniques require parame-ter tuning or many strokes to achieve suitable results. We propose a fast novel algorithm that requires minimal strokes and parameter tuning from users, segments the desired selection, and produces an adaptive feathered matte. Our approach consists of two steps: first, the algorithm extracts color similarities using radial basis functions; second, the algorithm segments the region the user selects to respect locality. Because of the linear complexity and simplicity in required user-input, the approach is suitable for multiple applications includ-ing mobile devices.
Ground penetrating impulse radar for detection of small and shallow-buried objects (2003)

The video impulse system ground penetrating radar system for detection of small and shallow buried objects has been developed. The hardware combines commercially available components with components (e.g. antennas) specially developed or modified for being used in the system. Antenna system has been designed so that it provides sufficient spatial resolution and power budget together with small coupling and ringing. The GPR has been tested in different environmental conditions and has proved its ability to detect small and shallow buried targets.
Diamondlike carbon deposition on silicon using radio-frequency inductive plasma of Ar and C2H2 gas mixture in plasma immersion ion deposition (1998)

Diamondlike carbon (DLC) was deposited on silicon using a plasma immersion ion deposition (PIID) method. Inductive radio-frequency plasma sources were used to generate Ar and C2H2 plasmas at low gas pressures ranging from 0.04 to 0.93 Pa. The film stress and hardness were sharply dependent upon bias voltage at an operating pressure of 0.04 Pa. A maximum hardness of 30 GPa and compressive stress of 9 GPa was observed at a pulsed bias of −150 V bias (carbon energy of 80 eV). The mechanical properties of DLC films are correlated with UV Raman peak positions which infer sp3-bonded carbon contents.
A new standardized method for objectively measuring video quality (2004)

The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) General Model for estimating video quality and its associated calibration techniques were independently evaluated by the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) in their Phase II Full Reference Television (FR-TV) test. The NTIA General Model was the only video quality estimator that was in the top performing group for both the 525-line and 625-line video tests. As a result, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) adopted the NTIA General Model and its associated calibration techniques as a North American Standard in 2003. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has also included the NTIA General Model as a normative method in two Draft Recommendations. This paper presents a description of the NTIA General Model and its associated calibration techniques. The independent test results from the VQEG FR-TV Phase II tests are summarized, as well as results from eleven other subjective data sets that were used to develop the method.
Dual band multi-beam base station antennas (2017)

This paper presents the design and implementation of dual band dual polarized multi-beam base station antennas. By utilizing the interleaved single band elements with asymmetrical non-uniform spacing arrangements, the proposed multi-beam antennas have the following dual band hybrid functions: normal L multiple beams at low band (0.698–0.96 GHz) and double 2L multiple beams at high band (1.71–2.36/1.69–2.69GHz) with the same beam coverage. Detailed array architecture and the corresponding measured results of dual band dual polarized 6/3 beam base station antennas (i.e., L=3) are presented.
An isotropic earth field scalar magnetometer using optically pumped helium 4 (1994)

Optical pumping was originally suggested by Kastler [1] in 1950 and since the early 1960's numerous helium magnetometers based upon that technique have been developed. Since then the main evolution has consisted in the advent in 1986 of tunable lasers suitable for helium optical pumping. They led to a renewed interest in helium magnetometry essentially because the magnetometer resolution is expected to significantly increase with the optical power. For airborne applications however, these improvements must be associated with a reduction of the anisotropy inherent to optically pumped helium sensors in order to be useful. Our group has therefore recently designed a new helium magnetometer structure which suppresses the sensor orientation effects. To achieve this we perform both the laser optical pumping and the RF resonance excitation in a fixed configuration whatever the sensor orientation with respect to the magnetic field to be measured is. This is performed by rotating simultaneously the laser linear polarization and the RF field direction to maintain them perpendicular to the static field. In this paper, we explain the principles of operation of such a magnetometer and describe this new sensor which drastically reduces the amplitude and frequency anisotropies of standard helium pumped resonance magnetometers. Finally, we present the preliminary sensor isotropy test results which show a perfect amplitude isotropy and frequency effects smaller than 150 pT.
Gas Turbine Exhaust Temperature Measurement Approach Using Time-Frequency Controlled Sources (2015)

Siemens has developed a novel approach for measuring the process gas temperature leaving the power turbine in their heavy industrial gas turbine engines using active acoustic tomography. Siemens has deployed this measurement technique on two test engines of different power ranges and different combustion and exhaust duct configurations. These engine tests have demonstrated that this technology is effective and robust. All working parts are outside the heat effective zone so, unlike the traditional intrusive point temperature measurement method, sensors are easily replaceable during engine operation. Bulk exhaust temperature is used in performance testing of industrial gas turbine engines and is a critical measurement for power production. Temperature distribution information in the exhaust plane is valuable for safe engine operation and can be used to prevent lifetime reduction due to hotspots or to monitor the burner flames. Siemens used broadband sound sources for the previously reported acoustic pyrometer experiments. This paper extends this work utilizing sparse time-frequency encoded sources to improve the robustness of time of flight estimation in the high noise area of the turbine exhaust. The goal is to achieve a higher signal to noise ratio between the emitted and received signals by focusing the acoustic energy into narrow time-frequency bins that are little affected by turbine noise. Different acoustic patterns are tested and compared to the previously used broadband source both in laboratory experiments and a turbine test bed. The patterns are evaluated regarding their noise robustness, sound pressure levels and narrow autocorrelation which are important for accurate time of flight estimation in high noise environments.