gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploratory Analysis of a Smartphone-Based Travel Survey in Singapore (2015)

Future Mobility Sensing (FMS) is an innovative smartphone-based travel survey system that was field tested in 2012/2013 together with the Household Interview Travel Survey (HITS) in Singapore. This paper presents findings of exploratory analysis of the data collected in this test. Clustering of day patterns from FMS data reveals large day-to-day variability of user behavior, which cannot be captured by a snapshot with a one-day survey. Even the high cross-sectional variability from the larger sample size of a traditional survey would not have achieved the comprehensive set of heterogeneous patterns as provided by FMS. Some common problems in traditional surveys – such as under-reporting of trips, over-estimation of travel times, and inaccuracy of locations and times – can apparently be reduced by FMS. The FMS data, as compared to HITS, have higher resolution and better accuracy. In addition, FMS is well suited to collect multi-day data as additional costs are marginal and user burden reduces overtime. FMS offers a promising technology for next generation travel data collection.
The memory effect of ZnS : Mn ac thin-film electroluminescence (1977)

The electroluminescence of ZnS : Mn thin-film memory devices is observed to occur in two components, one which is spatially homogeneous and one from localized bright regions less than ∼1 μm in diameter. The brightness-voltage hysteresis, or memory effect, is observed to reside exclusively in the luminescence of the localized bright regions in our devices. It is concluded that the memory effect arises from a negative resistance of a filamentary ac conduction mechanism in these regions.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-10 Is Upregulated by Thrombin in Endothelial Cells and Increased in Patients With Enhanced Thrombin Generation (2009)

Thrombin induces MMP-10 through a PAR-1-dependent mechanism mediated by ERK1/2, JNK, and AP-1 activation. Endothelial MMP-10 upregulation could be regarded as a new proinflammatory effect of thrombin whose pathological consequences in thrombin-related disorders and plaque stability deserve further investigation.
Embedded DCT coding with significance masking (2002)

We evaluate two schemes for significance switching of DCT coefficients for block-based embedded DCT image compression. Both schemes deliver their best compression at any PSNR or vice versa, within a data stream that can be terminated within a few bits of any point. An image is partitioned into equal sized blocks, and a fixed point DCT of each block is calculated. The coefficients are then passed through successive 'significance sweeps' of the whole image from the most significant down to the least significant coefficient bitplanes. The coded data stream includes bits to refine only the significant coefficients at each sweep. With each new sweep, newly significant coefficients may appear within a block, and the two switching schemes evaluated are efficient methods based on block addressing and block masking. Both methods give good compression when used losslessly to the fixed point DCT precision. The best coder outperforms the baseline JPEG method in PSNR at any compression, and is similar to state of the art wavelet coders.
Transendocardial autologous bone marrow in myocardial infarction induced heart failure, two-year follow-up in an open-label phase I safety study (the TABMMI study) (2011)

ABMMNCs delivered with the helical needle transendocardial catheter was safe in this uncontrolled open label study. Increased EF and ETT support the safety of the procedure and technologies involved and warrant additional investigation.
A conjugate operation for mitigating intercarrier interference of OFDM systems (2005)

In order to mitigate intercarrier interference (ICI), a two-path algorithm is developed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The first path is a regular OFDM system for transmitting and receiving. The second path requires a conjugate operation of the 1st block of data to form the 2nd block of data for transmission. The received 2nd block of data is conjugated at the receiver and then demodulated. The demodulated results of the 1st path are combined with that of the 2nd path with equal weights to form the final detected data symbols. This conjugate cancellation (CC) scheme provides (1) a high signal-to-ICI power ratio in the presence of small frequency offsets - 33 dB higher than that of linear self-cancellation algorithms (Zhao, Y. and Haggman, S.-G., 2001; Armstrong, J., 1999) at /spl Delta/fT = 0.1% of subcarrier frequency spacing; (2) backward compatibility with the existing OFDM system; (3) significantly better BER performance in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channels.
A qualitative approach to classifying gaze direction (2002)

The goal of this work is to classify the focus of attention of a subject who is switching his or her attention between a number of surrounding objects. The specific application is to classify the focus of attention of a car driver as straight-ahead towards the rear-view mirror, towards the dashboard etc. An explicit quantitative approach to this problem requires (a) a priori information about the interior geometry of the car and the calibration of the camera, and (is) accurate computation of the subject's location and gaze direction. This paper describes a more qualitative approach. The subject is observed over an extended period of time, and a "pose-space histogram" is used to record the: frequency with which particular head poses occur. For observation of a car driver, peaks wilt appear in the histogram according to the frequently viewed directions of straight-ahead, toward the dashboard, and the mirrors. Each peak is labelled and the focus of attention of the driver in all subsequent images is then classified by use of the histogram.
Spectroscopic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in vivo using laser‐induced fluorescence spectra at multiple excitation wavlengths (1996)

Background and Objective The diagnostic contribution of cervical tissue fluorescence spectra acquired in vivo at 380 and 460 nm excitation were analyzed using a general multivariate statistical algorithm. Materials and Methods The primary steps of the algorithm are to: (1) preprocess data to reduce interpatient and intrapatient variation of tissue spectra from the same diagnostic category, without a priori information, (2) dimensionally reduce the preprocessed spectral data using Principal Component Analysis, and (3) develop a probability based classification scheme based on logistic discrimination using the diagnostically useful principal components. The algorithm was tested on cervical tissue spectra acquired from 165 sites at 380 nm excitation and from 147 sites at 460 nm excitation. A retrospective and prospective estimate of the algorithm's performance was determined. Results At 460 nm excitation, (1) SILs can be differentiated from normal squamous tissues with an average sensitivity and specificity of 91% ± 1.3 and 75.5% ± 1, respectively; furthermore, (2) high grade SILs can be differentiated from low grade SILs with an average sensitivity and specificity of 80% ± 4 and 76% ± 5, respectively. In addition, using tissue spectra at 380 nm excitation, SILs can be differentiated from normal columnar epithelia and inflammation with an average sensitivity and specificity of 77% ± 1 and 72% ± 9, respectively. Conclusions Fluorescence spectra at multiple excitation wavelengths are essential for the detection and differential diagnosis of SILs at colposcopy. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ester-Cross-linkable Composite Hollow Fiber Membranes for CO<sub>2</sub> Removal from Natural Gas (2013)

High-performance ester-cross-linkable composite hollow fibers were developed through simultaneous spinning of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) based polyimide and Torlon (registered trademark of Solvay Polymers) solutions. The core layer polyamide-imide polymer, Torlon, demonstrates excellent adhesion with cross-linkable 6FDA-based polyimide during spinning and ester-cross-linking. Torlon also shows superior thermal stability after cross-linking while maintaining the open substructure of the Torlon core layer. The resultant cross-linked composite hollow fibers show a CO2 permeance of 40 GPU with a CO2/CH4 selectivity of 39 in testing at 100 psi with 50/50 CO2/CH4 feed, 35 °C. The cross-linked composite hollow fibers also show high separation performance in the presence of high-level toluene contaminants up to 1000 ppm, suggesting that cross-linked composite hollow fibers are viable under realistic operation conditions. The high natural gas separation performance and significantly reduced cost of hollow fiber formation provides a significant advancement in the state of the art for natural gas separations.
Production of green aromatics and olefins by catalytic fast pyrolysis of wood sawdust (2010)

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of pine wood sawdust and furan (a model biomass compound) with ZSM-5 based catalysts was studied with three different reactors: a bench scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor and a semi-batch pyroprobe reactor. The highest aromatic yield from sawdust of 14% carbon in the fluidized bed reactor was obtained at low biomass weight hourly space velocities (less than 0.5 h−1) and high temperature (600 °C). Olefins (primarily ethylene and propylene) were also produced with a carbon yield of 5.4% carbon. The biomass weight hourly space velocity and the reactor temperature can be used to control both aromatic yield and selectivity. At low biomass WHSV the more valuable monocyclic aromatics are produced and the formation of less valuable polycyclic aromatics is inhibited. Lowering the reaction temperature also results in more valuable monocyclic aromatics. The olefins produced during the reaction can be recycled to the reactor to produce additional aromatics. Propylene is more reactive than ethylene. Co-feeding propylene to the reactor results in a higher aromatic yield in both continuous reactors and higher conversion of the intermediate furan in the fixed bed reactor. When olefins are recycled aromatic yields from wood of 20% carbon can be obtained. After ten reaction–regeneration cycles there were metal impurities deposited on the catalyst, however, the acid sites on the zeolite are not affected. Of the three reactors tested the batch pyroprobe reactor yielded the most aromatics, however, the aromatic product is largely naphthalene. The continuous reactors produce less naphthalene and the sum of aromatics plus olefin products is higher than the pyroprobe reactor.
Cone-beam correction for 3/sup rd/ generation multislice CT (2003)

Describes a rigorous adaptation of the circular source trajectory cone-beam algorithm ("FDK") to the third-generation, helical multislice CT geometry. The authors then describe two practical implementations, one designed to get high image quality (HQ) and the other for high speed patient coverage (HS). Exact conversion of FDK to 3 generation geometry requires 1) interpolation of projection data onto planar projections and 2) new kernel and pre- and post-convolution weights for the filter. For small cone-angles, an approximation leads to an implementation similar to the current (flat-panel) FDK algorithm and data flow. Comparison of preliminary results with helical weighting approaches which ignore the cone angle altogether demonstrate significant image quality improvement, even for the small cone-angles associated with current multislice systems.
Synergistic neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a chimpanzee monoclonal antibody against the V2 domain of gp120 in combination with monoclonal antibodies against the V3 loop and the CD4-binding site (1996)

Synergistic neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was observed in studies using a chimpanzee anti-V2 monoclonal antibody (MAb), C108G, in combination with anti-V3 loop and anti-CD4 binding-site (bs) MAbs of different epitope specificities. C108G paired with either of two anti-V3 loop MAbs or either of two anti-CD4 bs MAbs synergistically neutralized both the uncloned IIIB and clonal HXB2 strains of virus in H9 target cells. Synergism was quantitated by calculation of combination indices. Significant synergy with a given MAb pair was seen over a range of MAb ratios, with the optimal effect centering around the ratio at which the MAbs were equipotent for a given HIV-1 strain (on the basis of the 50% neutralization titer). In preliminary experiments with monocytotropic strains of HIV-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell targets, significant synergism was also observed between anti-V2-anti-V3 and anti-V2-anti-CD4 bs MAb pairs. Synergism by all MAb pairs tested was greater against heterogeneous isolates of HIV-1 (IIIB and Ba-L) than against clonal isolates (HXB2 and NLHXADA), suggesting that strain broadening may be a component of the synergism observed against the heterogeneous isolates. In addition, conformational changes in gp120 upon binding of one or both MAbs may result in increased affinity or exposure of the epitope of one or both MAbs. Finally, a three-MAb combination of C108G, an anti-V3 MAb, and an anti-CD4 bs MAb was more effective in neutralizing the HXB2 strain of HIV-1 than any of the three two-MAb combinations within this trio, as determined by the dose reduction indices of each MAb required to achieve a given level of neutralization. This is the first report of synergistic neutralization of HIV-1 by a three-MAb combination composed of MAbs directed against the three major neutralization epitope clusters in gp120. Implications for vaccine design and for immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy with a combination of MAbs are discussed.
Mid-Infrared Imaging using Upconversion - Principles and Applications (2018)

Different schemes for mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging using upconversion detection is implemented and compared in terms of spectral coverage, field-of-view, resolution and speed. Both broadband and narrowband, continuous wave and pulsed imaging systems are considered.
Drop Weight Testing Rig Analysis and Design (2004)

Crashworthiness studies are becoming increasingly important in mechanical design, particularly with the new advancement of the computer simulation codes. These studies generally require material and prototype testing for both modelling and validation. Large percentages of these studies lie on the limits of medium strain rate, which could be achieved by a drop weight test rig. Therefore, the drop weight test rig becomes an essential tool for such research activities besides the universal quasi-static testing machines. This paper is devoted to the analysis and design of the drop weight impact-testing rig. First, the different aspects of the mechanical design such as the propulsion, guidance, and frame layout, foundation and energy aspects are presented and discussed. Then, the basic types of data retrieval and analysis systems applicable for drop weight impact testing machines are presented and discussed. Data retrieval components considered in this study include the sensors for load, acceleration, and velocity measurements, image acquisition including high-speed cameras and PC-based image acquisition system, and data acquisition including oscilloscope or PC-based data acquisition system which utilizes an AID card and application software for visualizing and analyzing of the results. At the end of this article the designed and constructed test machine is presented as a case study.
Structure–Functional Selectivity Relationship Studies of β-Arrestin-Biased Dopamine D<sub>2</sub>Receptor Agonists (2012)

Functionally selective G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands, which differentially modulate canonical and noncanonical signaling, are extremely useful for elucidating key signal transduction pathways essential for both the therapeutic actions and side effects of drugs. However, few such ligands have been created, and very little purposeful attention has been devoted to studying what we term: “structure–functional selectivity relationships” (SFSR). We recently disclosed the first β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonists UNC9975 (44) and UNC9994 (36), which have robust in vivo antipsychotic drug-like activities. Here we report the first comprehensive SFSR studies focused on exploring four regions of the aripiprazole scaffold, which resulted in the discovery of these β-arrestin-biased D2R agonists. These studies provide a successful proof-of-concept for how functionally selective ligands can be discovered.
Progress in the Growth, Characterization and Device Performance for Nonpolar and Semipolar GaN-based Materials (2009)

Devices grown on c-plane GaN suffer from large internal electric fields due to discontinuities in spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effects which cause charge separation between holes and electrons in quantum wells and limits the radiative recombination efficiency
Ligand‐Dependent Mechanistic Dichotomy in Iron‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitutions: σ‐Allyl versus π‐Allyl Mechanism (2007)

Iron at the crossroads: A remarkable mechanistic dichotomy in iron-catalyzed allylic substition increases not only the scope of regioselective allylic alkylation but could also herald the development of asymmetric allylic substitution (see Scheme, MTBE=methyl tert-butyl ether). Depending on the ligand used, either a σ- or a π-allyl mechanism is observed.
Improving sleep/wake detection via boundary adaptation for respiratory spectral features (2015)

In previous work, respiratory spectral features have been successfully used for sleep/wake detection. They are usually extracted from several frequency bands. However, these traditional bands with fixed frequency boundaries might not be the most appropriate to optimize the sleep and wake separation. This is caused by the between-subject variability in physiology, or more specifically, in respiration during sleep. Since the optimal boundaries may relate to mean respiratory frequency over the entire night. Therefore, we propose to adapt these boundaries for each subject in terms of his/her mean respiratory frequency. The adaptive boundaries were considered as those being able to maximize the separation between sleep and wake states by means of their mean power spectral density (PSD) curves overnight. Linear regression models were used to address the association between the adaptive boundaries and mean respiratory frequency based on training data. This was then in turn used to estimate the adaptive boundaries of each test subject. Experiments were conducted on the data from 15 healthy subjects using a linear discriminant classifier with a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. We reveal that the spectral boundary adaptation can help improve the performance of sleep/wake detection when actigraphy is absent.
A radial adaptive filter for metal artifact reduction (2005)

High-density objects, such as metal prostheses or surgical clips, generate streak-like artifacts in CT images. We designed a radial adaptive filter, which directly operates on the corrupted reconstructed image, to effectively and efficiently reduce such artifacts. The filter adapts to the severity of local artifacts to preserve spatial resolution as much as possible. The widths and direction of the filter are derived from the local structure tensor. Visual inspection shows that this novel radial adaptive filter is superior with respect to existing methods in the case of mildly distorted images. In the presence of strong artifacts we propose a hybrid approach. An image corrected with a standard method, which performs well on images with regions of severe artifacts, is fused with an adaptively filtered clone to combine the strengths of both methods.
A DRM framework towards preventing digital piracy (2011)

Digital piracy is a major challenge faced by content publishers and software vendors today. This paper presents a Digital Rights Management (DRM) framework to secure digital content and software applications. The DRM framework uses cryptographic techniques and supports protection of digital content viz., PDF, image and audio files by enforcing user rights such as view, copy, play or print as applicable. The framework is extendable to safeguard libraries of software applications on multiple operating systems. The design offers protection to various file formats with a DRM license that can be upgraded for additional rights or be renewed to get an extended validity. The DRM framework also accommodates offline use of protected content by a one-time (initial) setup and a user license stored locally. Finally, the paper analyzes the design for DRM's crucial requirements like security, flexibility, efficiency and interoperability.
<title>Photodynamic therapy: computer modeling of diffusion and reaction phenomena</title> (1996)

We have developed a transient, one-dimensional mathematical model for the reaction and diffusion phenomena that occurs during photodynamic therapy (PDT). This model is referred to as the PDTmodem program. The model is solved by the Crank-Nicholson finite difference technique and can be used to predict the fates of important molecular species within the intercapillary tissue undergoing PDT. The following factors govern molecular oxygen consumption and singlet oxygen generation within a tumor: (1) photosensitizer concentration; (2) fluence rate; and (3) intercapillary spacing. In an effort to maximize direct tumor cell killing, the model allows educated decisions to be made to insure the uniform generation and exposure of singlet oxygen to tumor cells across the intercapillary space. Based on predictions made by the model, we have determined that the singlet oxygen concentration profile within the intercapillary space is controlled by the product of the drug concentration, and light fluence rate. The model predicts that at high levels of this product, within seconds singlet oxygen generation is limited to a small core of cells immediately surrounding the capillary. The remainder of the tumor tissue in the intercapillary space is anoxic and protected from the generation and toxic effects of singlet oxygen. However, at lower values of this product, the PDT-induced anoxic regions are not observed. An important finding is that an optimal value of this product can be defined that maintains the singlet oxygen concentration throughout the intercapillary space at a near constant level. Direct tumor cell killing is therefore postulated to depend on the singlet oxygen exposure, defined as the product of the uniform singlet oxygen concentration and the time of exposure, and not on the total light dose.
Fast Spiral two‐point Dixon technique using block regional off‐resonance correction (2004)

The Spiral two-point Dixon (Spiral 2PD) technique has recently been proposed as a method for unambiguous water-fat decomposition in spiral imaging. It also corrects for off-resonance blurring artifacts using only two data sets. In the Spiral 2PD technique, several predetermined off-resonance frequencies are tested to both separate water and fat signals and deblur the decomposed images. Unfortunately, the algorithm is computationally quite intensive since the range of tested frequencies must be set sufficiently large to span the full range of anticipated B(0) variation over the scanned objects. The block regional off-resonance correction (BRORC) algorithm corrects for off-resonance blurring artifacts block by block through the reconstructed image and usually provides several times higher computational efficiency than the conventional frequency-segmented off-resonance correction algorithm. This work shows that both water-fat decomposition and blurring artifact correction can be performed block by block using two spiral images with different TEs and that this new technique (BRORC-Spiral2PD technique) significantly improves the computational efficiency of other Spiral 2PD algorithms, opening new opportunities for spiral imaging.