gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Speech endpoint detection with non-language speech sounds for generic speech processing applications (2009)

Non-language speech sounds (NLSS) are sounds produced by humans that do not carry linguistic information. Examples of these sounds are coughs, clicks, breaths, and filled pauses such as "uh" and "um" in English. NLSS are prominent in conversational speech, but can be a significant source of errors in speech processing applications. Traditionally, these sounds are ignored by speech endpoint detection algorithms, where speech regions are identified in the audio signal prior to processing. The ability to filter NLSS as a pre-processing step can significantly enhance the performance of many speech processing applications, such as speaker identification, language identification, and automatic speech recognition. In order to be used in all such applications, NLSS detection must be performed without the use of language models that provide knowledge of the phonology and lexical structure of speech. This is especially relevant to situations where the languages used in the audio are not known apriori. We present the results of preliminary experiments using data from American and British English speakers, in which segments of audio are classified as language speech sounds (LSS) or NLSS using a set of acoustic features designed for language-agnostic NLSS detection and a hidden-Markov model (HMM) to model speech generation. The results of these experiments indicate that the features and model used are capable of detection certain types of NLSS, such as breaths and clicks, while detection of other types of NLSS such as filled pauses will require future research.
Improved Calibration of Time-of-Flight Mass Spectra by Simplex Optimization of Electrostatic Ion Calculations (2000)

A novel time-of-flight mass calibration method has been developed. In contrast to conventional methods, where the relationship between ion flight time and mass is an arbitrary polynomial equation, this method is based on the physics of ion motion. Parameters needed to describe the physics are numerically optimized using a simplex algorithm. Once these parameters are established, unknown masses can be determined from their times-of-flight. This calibration method gives intrinsically well-behaved results, since nonlinearities (due to extraction delay, desorption velocity, etc.) are properly taken into account in the time-of-flight calculation. The simplex method is compared to curve fitting for the analysis of time-of-flight data, and some significant advantages are demonstrated. Salient features of the method include greatly improved mass extrapolation accuracy, no loss of interpolated calibration accuracy, the ability to obtain an accurate calibration with a minimal number of calibrants, and the ability to extract unknown parameters such as desorption velocities.
Encapsulated Cores: Host‐Free Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Solution‐Processible Electrophosphorescent Dendrimers (2005)

A solution-processible phosphorescent dendrimer, which has a fac-tris(2-phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) complex at its core and is encapsulated by six first-generation dendrons (see Figure), eliminates luminescence quenching in the solid state. The dendrimer can be used as a host-free light-emitting layer to give highly efficient bilayer dendrimer light-emitting diodes.
Optical and infrared detection using microcantilevers (1996)

The feasibility of micromechanical optical and infrared (IR) detection using microcantilevers is demonstrated. Microcantilevers provide a simple means for developing single- and multi-element sensors for visible and infrared radiation that are smaller, more sensitive and lower in cost than quantum or thermal detectors. Microcantilevers coated with a heat absorbing layer undergo bending due to the differential stress originating from the bimetallic effect. Bending is proportional to the amount of heat absorbed and can be detected using optical or electrical methods such as resistance changes in piezoresistive cantilevers. The microcantilever sensors exhibit two distinct thermal responses: a fast one ((tau) <SUB>1</SUB><SUP>thermal</SUP> less than ms) and a slower one ((tau) <SUB>2</SUB><SUP>thermal</SUP> approximately 10 ms). A noise equivalent temperature difference, NEDT equals 90 mK was measured. When uncoated microcantilevers were irradiated by a low-power diode laser ((lambda) equals 786 nm) the noise equivalent power, NEP, was found to be 3.5 nW/(root)Hz which corresponds to a specific detectivity, D*, of 3.6 multiplied by 10<SUP>7</SUP> cm (DOT) (root)Hz/W at a modulation frequency of 20 Hz.
Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors (2013)

The HIV-1 pandemic continues to expand while no effective vaccine or cure is yet available. Existing therapies have managed to limit mortality and control viral proliferation, but are associated with side effects, do not cure the disease and are subject to development of resistance. Finding new therapeutic targets and drugs is therefore crucial. We have previously shown that the dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR), a C-type lectin receptor expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), acts as an attachment factor for HIV-1 to DCs and contributes to HIV-1 transmission to CD4(+) T lymphocytes (CD4TL). Directly involved in HIV-1 infection, DCIR is expressed in apoptotic or infected CD4TL and promotes trans-infection to bystander cells. Here we report the 3D modelling of the extracellular domain of DCIR. Based on this structure, two surface accessible pockets containing the carbohydrate recognition domain and the EPS binding motif, respectively, were targeted for screening of chemicals that will disrupt normal interaction with HIV-1 particle. Preliminary screening using Raji-CD4-DCIR cells allowed identification of two inhibitors that decreased HIV-1 attachment and propagation. The impact of these inhibitors on infection of DCs and CD4TL was evaluated as well. The results of this study thus identify novel molecules capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission by DCs and CD4TL.
Stimulation of proteinase and amidase activities in Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis by amino acids and dipeptides (1991)

Proteolytic enzymes from the organism Porphyromonas gingivalis are believed to be involved in the development of periodontitis. Studies on both crude extracts and purified trypsinlike enzymes from this organism indicate that substantial stimulation of both amidase and proteinase activities can be obtained during incubation with glycine-containing compounds. We postulate that P. gingivalis may have developed this unusual property to take advantage of the glycine-rich environment which occurs during the periodontitis-associated degradation of gingival collagen. The finding of such a stimulation in crevicular fluids from discrete periodontal sites has been correlated with the presence of P. gingivalis and could be utilized for the early detection of infection by this organism during the onset of periodontitis.
Superior Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2005)

Sulfonic acid groups have been successfully linked onto carbon particles supporting a catalyst by decomposing in the presence of the supported catalyst. Electrodes made using such sulfonated catalysts need less Nafion in the catalyst layer and perform much better than those made using the unsulfonated counterpart.
Quantitative collection of milk and active recombinant proteins from the mammary glands of transgenic mice (1992)

Summary Transgenic mice expressing foreign genes specifically in their mammary glands have been obtained by several groups in the world. The mouse is generally considered as a good reference animal to evaluate the efficiency of gene constructs to be used in larger mammals for the preparation of the corresponding recombinant proteins at an industrial scale. The method described here shows that mammary glands from lactating mice separated from their pups for one day spontaneously released 1.5 ml milk when stored at O'C. The proteins of milk obtained by this method were essentially similar to those obtained after milking. Human growth hormone (hGH) gene under the control of the rabbit whey acidic (WAP) gene promoter was expressed at a high level in the milk of transgenic mice (4 mg/ml milk in the mice examined here). hGH was present in milk obtained after milking or after the incubation of the mammary glands at O'C. In both cases, the hormone was present in essentially similar concentration, undegraded and biologically active (as judged by its prolactin‐like activity). The method depicted here is very simple and can be applied easily to many mice. Its major limitation is that it implies the breeding and the sacrifice of a relatively large number of animals. One gram of crude recombinant protein can be virtually obtained in this way with about 200 lactating mice from their milk containing the proteins at the concentration of 3‐4 mg/ml. The milk of transgenic mice can therefore be considered as a practical source of recombinant proteins for biochemical and pharmaceutical studies.
Fully integrated wearable impedance cytometry platform on flexible circuit board with online smartphone readout (2018)

We present a wearable microfluidic impedance cytometer implemented on a flexible circuit wristband with on-line smartphone readout for portable biomarker counting and analysis. The platform contains a standard polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel integrated on a wristband, and the circuitry on the wristband is composed of a custom analog lock-in amplification system, a microcontroller with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a Bluetooth module wirelessly paired with a smartphone. The lock-in amplification (LIA) system is implemented with a novel architecture which consists of the lock-in amplifier followed by a high-pass filter stage with DC offset subtraction, and a post-subtraction high gain stage enabling detection of particles as small as 2.8 μm using the 8-bit ADC. The Android smartphone application was used to initiate the system and for offline data-plotting and peak counting, and supports online data readout, analysis, and file management. The data is exportable to researchers and medical professionals for in-depth analysis and remote health monitoring. The system, including the microfluidic sensor, microcontroller, and Bluetooth module all fit on the wristband with a footprint of less than 80 cm<sup>2</sup>. We demonstrate the ability of the system to obtain generalized blood cell counts; however the system can be applied to a wide variety of biomarkers by interchanging the standard microfluidic channel with microfluidic channels designed for biomarker isolation.
Synthesis of fluorine analogues of protoporphyrin potentially useful for diagnosis and therapy of tumors. (1990)

With the aim of obtaining a porphyrin derivative useful for diagnosis and therapy of cancer, fluorine analogues of protoporphyrin, in which the vinyl group(s) were replaced by difluorovinyl group(s), were synthesized by the reaction of the formylporphyrins with sodium chlorodifluoroacetate in the presence of triphenylphosphine. Some improvements in the reported procedures for the synthesis of formylporphyrins are also described. Preliminary results of biological tests of the products showed that 8(2),8(2)-difluoroprotoporphyrin accumulates to gastric cancer more selectively than other fluorine analogues and that 3(2),3(2),8(2),8(2)-tetrafluoroprotoporphyrin is taken up by rat hepatoma cells more readily than the others.
Neosaxitoxin in Rat Sciatic Block (2015)

NeoSTX-Bup and NeoSTX-Bup-Epi hold promise for prolonged-duration local anesthesia.
Optical eigenmode imaging (2011)

We present an indirect imaging method that measures both amplitude and phase information from a transmissive target. Our method is based on an optical eigenmode decomposition of the light intensity and the first-order cross correlation between a target field and these eigenmodes. We demonstrate that such optical eigenmode imaging does not need any a priori knowledge of the imaging system and corresponds to a compressive full-field sampling leading to high image extraction efficiencies. Finally, we discuss the implications with respect to second-order correlation imaging.
<title>Buried heterostucture lasers using a single-step metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth over patterned substrates</title> (1992)

A single-step metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth has been used to fabricate a buried heterostructure InGaAs/GaAs multi-quantum well laser over a patterned GaAs substrate. The pattern used here is a re-entrant mesa formed by wet chemical etching oriented along [011] direction. Growth over the mesa results in isolated buried heterostructures. The 250 micrometers long lasers have threshold currents of 30 mA and emit > 100 mW/facet at room temperature. The external differential quantum efficiency is found to be almost independent of temperature in the temperature range of 10 degree(s)C to 90 degree(s)C which suggests a low temperature dependence of leakage current. The threshold current of the laser as a function of temperature can be represented by the usual expression I<SUB>th</SUB> approximately I<SUB>o</SUB> exp(T/T<SUB>o</SUB>) with a characteristic temperature (T<SUB>o</SUB>) of about 120 K in the temperature range 10 degree(s)C to 90 degree(s)C.
HIGH CURRENT DENSITY/HIGH VOLTAGE <font>AlGaN</font>/<font>GaN</font> HFETs ON SAPPHIRE (2009)

AlGaN / GaN heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) on sapphire substrates for power-switching applications have been fabricated. Design parameters such as source-gate spacing (L sg ), gate length (L g ), and gate width (W g ) have been varied to check their effects on the device performances. For a gate-drain spacing (L gd ) of 10µm, a specific on-resistance (AR on ) of 1.35mΩ-cm 2 and off-state breakdown voltage (BV) of 770V was achieved, which is close to the 4- H SiC theoretical limit.
Coupled Helmholtz Resonators for Acoustic Attenuation (2000)

Helmholtz resonators are used in a variety of applications to reduce the transmission of unwanted sound. This work demonstrates that mechanically coupled resonators can be used to design a particular transmission loss response, provide a wider bandwidth of attenuation, and adapt the transmission loss characteristics of a structure to attenuate disturbances of varying frequency. An analytical model is developed for a single, coupled resonator system mounted on a one-dimensional duct. Experiments are conducted on a similar system that uses a thin membrane to couple the resonator volumes. A simplistic model of the membrane is presented to estimate equivalent “piston” properties from measured physical properties. Experiments confirm that the coupled resonator system behaves as predicted by the model simulations, and that the transmission loss can be shaped by adjusting the mass or stiffness of the coupling member. The experimental results also illustrate the structural-acoustic coupling effects between the resonators and the membrane, and indicate that a more inclusive model of the membrane and acoustic dynamics is required in order to accurately predict the resonator transmission loss.
Novel Generation Mycobacterial Adjuvant Based on Liposome-Encapsulated Monomycoloyl Glycerol from <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (2009)

The immunostimulatory activity of lipids associated with the mycobacterial cell wall has been recognized for several decades and exploited in a large variety of different adjuvant preparations. Previously, we have shown that a mycobacterial lipid extract from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin delivered in cationic liposomes was a particular efficient Th1-inducing adjuvant formulation effective against tuberculosis. Herein, we have dissected the adjuvant activity of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin lipid extract showing that the majority of the activity was attributable to the apolar lipids and more specifically to a single lipid, monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG), previously also shown to stimulate human dendritic cells. Delivered in cationic liposomes, MMG induced the most prominent Th1-biased immune response that provided significant protection against tuberculosis. Importantly, a simple synthetic analog of MMG, based on a 32 carbon mycolic acid, was found to give rise to comparable high Th1-biased responses with a major representation of polyfunctional CD4 T cells coexpressing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2. Furthermore, comparable activity was shown by an even simpler monoacyl glycerol analog, based on octadecanoic acid. The use of these synthetic analogs of MMG represents a promising new strategy for exploiting the immunostimulatory activity and adjuvant potential of components from the mycobacterial cell wall without the associated toxicity issues observed with complex mycobacterial preparations.
Novel magnetic sensors using high<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>superconductors (2004)

We propose a novel magnetic sensor to apply a new phenomenon in high Tc superconductors of strongly anisotropic materials. We have found periodic oscillations in the flux-flow resistance of Josephson vortices in intrinsic Josephson junctions of single crystalline Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+y, fabricated by using a focused ion beam. The periodic oscillations in the flux-flow resistance have been observed at higher magnetic fields than 70 kOe at low temperatures. The period depends only on the junction width perpendicular to the magnetic fields and the current, independent of temperature and magnetic field. The detailed analyses of the oscillations show that the characteristics of the flux-flow device can be applied as magnetic sensors to detect an absolute magnetic field and to measure the field precisely to an accuracy in the 1 mOe range, even under magnetic fields as high as 70 kOe. We believe that this kind of sensor opens up new applications of high Tc superconductors.
Circuit boards with integrated optical interconnects-technology, modeling, and application examples (2000)

This contribution presents concepts, technologies, and first results for novel hybrid electrical/optical circuit boards which extend the conventional setup of existing electrical printed circuit boards by incorporating additional layers with optical waveguide structures. A major aspect of the inclusion of optically functional layers into conventional circuit boards is the requirement of maximum compatibility with existing board fabrication and assembly techniques. Any substantial change in board fabrication and assembly parameters has to be avoided in order to obtain the desired cost efficiency.
Atom phase controlled noise-free photon echoes (2011)

Rephasing in photon echoes is a fundamental mechanism of retrieving optical information stored in a collective ensemble of atoms or ions. With an extremely weak quantum optical data, population inversion by the rephasing process is inevitable resulting in serious quantum noise. Here, an inversion-free rephasing method in photon echoes is presented by using deshelving-based atom phase control. The present method makes photon echoes directly applicable to quantum memories with benefits of extended photon storage time and nearly perfect retrieval efficiency. In this revised version only the rephasing pulse propagation direction is corrected to make a silent echo of E1 in Fig. 1.
CD47 blockade reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury and improves survival in a rat liver transplantation model (2014)

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains the standard treatment option for nonresponsive liver failure. Because ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is an important impediment to the success of OLT, new therapeutic strategies are needed to reduce IRI. We investigated whether blocking the CD47/thrombospondin-1 inhibitory action on nitric oxide signaling with a monoclonal antibody specific to CD47 (CD47mAb400) would reduce IRI in liver grafts. Syngeneic OLT was performed with Lewis rats. Control immunoglobulin G or CD47mAb400 was administered to the donor organ at procurement or to both the organ and the recipient at the time of transplant. Serum transaminases, histological changes of the liver, and animal survival were assessed. Oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and hepatocellular damage were also quantified. A significant survival benefit was not achieved when CD47mAb400 was administered to the donor alone. However, CD47mAb400 administration to both the donor and the recipient increased animal survival afterward. The CD47mAb400-treated group showed lower serum transaminases, bilirubin, oxidative stress, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining, caspase-3 activity, and proinflammatory cytokine expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. Thus, CD47 blockade with CD47mAb400 administered both to the donor and the recipient reduced liver graft IRI in a rat liver transplantation model. This may translate to decreased liver dysfunction and increased survival of liver transplant recipients.
Detail preserving continuum simulation of straight hair (2009)

Hair simulation remains one of the most challenging aspects of creating virtual characters. Most research focuses on handling the massive geometric complexity of hundreds of thousands of interacting hairs. This is accomplished either by using brute force simulation or by reducing degrees of freedom with guide hairs. This paper presents a hybrid Eulerian/Lagrangian approach to handling both self and body collisions with hair efficiently while still maintaining detail. Bulk interactions and hair volume preservation is handled efficiently and effectively with a FLIP based fluid solver while intricate hair-hair interaction is handled with Lagrangian self-collisions. Thus the method has the efficiency of continuum/guide based hair models with the high detail of Lagrangian self-collision approaches.
EFFECT OF CATIONS, ANIONS AND SALT CONCENTRATIONS ON OVIPOSITION BY <i>TRICHOGRAMMA PRETIOSUM</i> IN WAX EGGS (1983)

K + , Mg 2+ , Cl − , and SO 4 2‐ were important components eliciting oviposition by Trichogramma pretiosum in aqueous solutions in wax eggs. Ca 2+ inhibited oviposition in a KCl‐MgSO 4 solution. The solutions most active in stimulating oviposition were 124.7–36.5 and 83.1–24.3 mM, respectively, of KCl‐MgSO 4 . RÉSUMÉ Effet des concentrations en cations, anions et sels sur la ponte de Trichogramma pretiosum sur des œufs en paraffine La ponte de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley dans des œufs artificiels était induite par une combinaison de K + , Mg 2+ , Cl − et SO 4 2‐ . Par contre Na + , Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ , Zn 2+ et Cn 2+ avaient peu ou aucun effet sur la ponte. Ca 2+ inhibait la ponte quand il était ajouté à une solution de KCl‐MgSO 4 . Quand des solutions salines étaient testées seules, KCl était légèrement actif, NaCl faiblement actif et MgSO 4 très faiblement actif. La concentration la plus efficace était 124,7 mM KCl‐36,5 mM MgSO 4 ; cette solution permettait d'obtenier 5000 œufs de Trichogramma par œuf artificiel. Quand les concentrations en K + et Mg 2+ étaient maintenues constantes à respectivement 84,1 et 48,6 meq/l. et que les concentrations de Cl − et SO 4 2‐ variaient, l'ordre d'activité de ponte était: 83,1 meq/l Cl − −48,6 meq/l SO 4 2‐ > 48,6 meq/l Cl − 83,1 meq/l SO 4 2‐ > 131,7 meq/l Cl −131.7 meq/l SO 4 2‐ .