gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NOx reduction using nitrogen nonthermal plasma desorption (2004)

In the flue emission from internal combustion system using diffusing combustion such as coal or oil fuel boiler, incinerator or diesel engine, around 10% oxygen is usually included. It is difficult to reduce the NO/sub X/ in the emission completely using catalysts or plasma alone because the part of NO/sub X/ is oxidized under O/sub 2/ rich environment. In order to overcome these difficulties, we proposed a new after treatment system of NO/sub X/ included in exhaust gas of combustion system using nonthermal plasma (NTP) desorption and reduction. In this system, exchangeable adsorbent columns are equipped. First, the exhaust gas including NO/sub X/ is adsorbed to a NO/sub X/ adsorbent for a period of /spl Delta/T/sub a/. After the period of /spl Delta/T/sub a/ the path of exhaust gas is changed with a pair of rotary valves and NO/sub X/ adsorbent is changed. The adsorbed NO/sub X/ is desorbed from the adsorbent and reduced by applying NTP for a period of /spl Delta/T/sub a/ using N/sub 2/ or low oxygen concentration gas. The exhaust gas is always kept clean by the exchange of adsorbent. Further, total electric energy can be reduced by taking /spl Delta/T/sub d///spl Delta/T/sub a/ smaller because NTP is not applied for /spl Delta/T/sub a/. This system can be operated at atmospheric temperature because no catalyst is used. As an initial step to realize such kind of after treatment system, the basic characteristics of the N/sub 2/ NTP desorption and NO/sub X/ reduction were examined experimentally using a pulse corona NTP reactor. After several adsorption/desorption processes, the amount of NO/sub X/ adsorbed becomes equal to that of NO/sub X/ desorbed, that is, all the NO/sub X/ was desorbed in a single desorption process. It is confirmed that the NO/sub X/ complete reduction using N/sub 2/ NTP desorption is possible not only for a simulated exhaust gas but for a real diesel engine gas. The effective or apparent SED can be decreased down to 29 Wh/m/sup 3/. Further improvement will be obtained by decreasing the ratio of /spl Delta/T/sub d///spl Delta/T/sub a/.
Sensor orientation invariant mobile gait biometrics (2014)

Accelerometers and gyroscopes embedded in mobile devices have shown great potential for non-obtrusive gait biometrics by directly capturing a user's characteristic locomotion. Despite the success in gait analysis under controlled experimental settings using these sensors, their performance in realistic scenarios is unsatisfactory due to data dependency on sensor placement. In practice, the placement of mobile devices is unconstrained. In this paper, we propose a novel gait representation for accelerometer and gyroscope data which is both sensor-orientation-invariant and highly discriminative to enable high-performance gait biometrics for real-world applications. We also adopt the i-vector paradigm, a state-of-the-art machine learning technique widely used for speaker recognition, to extract gait identities using the proposed gait representation. Performance studies using both the naturalistic McGill University gait dataset and the Osaka University gait dataset containing 744 subjects have shown dominant superiority of this novel gait biometrics approach compared to existing methods.
Fast numerical solution of optimal control problems for switched systems: An application to path planning (2020)

We consider a finite element approximation of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation for the optimal control of switched systems. In particular, we show that the obtained finite dimensional problem belongs to a special class of problems that we already studied in a previous work. In that work, we also presented a simple and efficient solution algorithm.As an application, we present the problem of generating parking maneuvers for self-driving vehicles. The vehicle is described by a switched system. Each change between forward and backward motion is associated to a switching cost. This added cost penalizes the maneuvers with a larger number of direction changes and allows obtaining simpler and more human-like trajectories.
A novel germanium implanted salicide technology for CMOS VLSI (1988)

A novel salicided twin-tub CMOS process using germanium implantation has been developed and characterized. Implantation of n/sup +/ and p/sup +/ dopants after titanium salicidation is used to fabricate devices with low junction leakage and good short-channel effects. The technology is based on a conventional twin-tub CMOS process that uses LTO sidewall spacers for both the LDD (lightly doped drain) and salicide formation. The high-dose phosphorus and boron implants that are performed through the silicide layer to form the n/sup +/ and p/sup +/ regions result in an enhanced diffusivity in the n/sup -/ and p/sup -/ regions, causing anomalously deep source-drain junctions with degraded device punchthrough leakage. This is confirmed by electrical measurements. Since the projected implantation range for phosphorus is greater than arsenic, thicker titanium silicide layers with lower sheet resistance are possible. Spreading resistance and electrical device measurements indicate that the lateral diffusion of the n/sup -/ and p/sup -/ regions is reduced by as much as 0.15 mu m when germanium implantation is performed prior to titanium deposition. Diode leakage was less than 10 nA/cm/sup 2/ for a 5 V bias at room temperature for both cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High spatial resolution, focused electrical stimulation of electrically-excitable tissue (2002)

A theoretical method is presented which uses wave-guiding principles to construct a focused point of stimulation at any location within a region of electrically-excitable tissue. The excitation is formed through the constructive interference of different frequency wave energies, traveling at frequency-dependent velocities, which coalesce at the stimulation point. Further energy is brought to the stimulation point through reflection(s) at the boundaries of the wave-guiding structure. The resulting excitation signal depends upon several factors, including pulse envelope and duration, allowable frequency range, and stimulation time. A necessary trade-off exists amongst stimulation time, pulse duration, and the degree of focus.
Split of Phase Shifts in a Phase Mask for Fiber Bragg Gratings (2004)

Using rigorous finite-difference in time-domain analysis for near field diffraction of a phase-shifted phase mask, we discover that the phase shift is not replicated in the fiber by side-writing through the mask, but is split into two half-magnitude phase shifts with a separation proportional to the fiber-to-phase mask spacing. We show by a physical model for cumulated phase that spectral asymmetry observed in a multichannel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with a binary phase Dammann sampling function is caused by this split. We propose a new binary phase-only sampling design, which precompensates the phase-shift splitting effect and produces high channel count FBGs without asymmetry in the channel spectrum.
Continuous-wave trio upconversion laser (1990)

We report operation of what we believe is the first continuous-wave laser which relies exclusively on cooperative upconversion by coupled ion trios to achieve population inversion.
Applicability of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer (2004)

Early diagnosis of prostate cancer can increase the curative success rate for this disease. Although serum prostate-specific antigen measurement is regarded as the best conventional tumor marker available, there is little doubt that it has great limitations. The threshold above which biopsies are indicated has now decreased to a serum prostate-specific antigen value of 3 ng/ml, which results in a negative biopsy rate of 70-80%. This can readily be explained by the fact that prostate-specific antigen is not specific for prostate cancer. Clinicians need more sensitive tools to help diagnose prostate cancer and monitor progression of the disease. Molecular oncology is playing an increasing role in the fields of diagnosis and therapy for prostate cancer and has already been instrumental in elucidating many of the basic mechanisms underlying the development and progression of this disease. The identification of new prostate cancer-specific genes, such as DD3PCA3, would represent a considerable advance in the improvement of diagnostic tests for prostate cancer. This could subsequently lead to a reduction of the number of unnecessary biopsies.
Visible light photoreduction of CO.sub.2 using heterostructured catalysts (2015)

The method provides for use of sensitized photocatalyst for the photocatalytic reduction of CO.sub.2 under visible light illumination. The photosensitized catalyst is comprised of a wide band gap semiconductor material, a transition metal co-catalyst, and a semiconductor sensitizer. The semiconductor sensitizer is photoexcited by visible light and forms a Type II band alignment with the wide band gap semiconductor material. The wide band gap semiconductor material and the semiconductor sensitizer may be a plurality of particles, and the particle diameters may be selected to accomplish desired band widths and optimize charge injection under visible light illumination by utilizing quantum size effects. In a particular embodiment, CO.sub.2 is reduced under visible light illumination using a CdSe/Pt/TiO2 sensitized photocatalyst with H.sub.2O as a hydrogen source.
Intermodal Raman Scattering of Ultrashort Pulses in Multimode Fibers (2018)

We study numerically the competition between intramodal and intermodal Raman scattering of ultrashort pulses in a multimode fiber. Considerable pulse energy can be transferred between different modes depending on the extent of group velocity matching.
Passive mode-locked and tunable soliton fiber laser (2002)

There has been great interest in the generation of ultrashort pulses from a fiber laser with a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM). In the past five years, erbium-doped fiber lasers have been developed especially for the use as a simple source of solitons. Various phenomena related to the soliton in the fiber lasers have also been intensively investigated by several research groups. In figure eight lasers, the generated solitons are randomly separated in time within one round trip period and the pulse trains repeat themselves at the same period. The exact pulse pattern and the total number of pulses in one period are highly sensitive to the input pump power. The general principle of operation of the figure eight lasers is understood and many features of its behavior have been explained by several researchers. In this letter, we present the passive mode-locked fiber laser with discrete tunability over the wavelength range from 1540 nm to 1570 nm.
A Simple Iterative Algorithm for Wellness Applications (2010)

The concept of "wellness mobile" is one wherein wireless handheld devices such as cell phones are equipped with "wellness monitoring," thereby enabling real-time self-wellness monitoring by the cell phone user. However, this new technology is still in its infancy, and developing quantifiable measures of wellness and designing intelligent monitoring systems is quite challenging. The overriding purpose of this paper is to propose a simple wellness monitoring algorithm. The novel algorithm iteratively computes and tracks the variations in clusters of biometric measurements aiding in effective wellness management. Stress is a key indicator of wellness in human beings, and is widely regarded as a prime contributor to performance degradation and errors during various human activities. The proposed algorithm tracks the deviations in clusters of skin temperatures measurements during different activities to infer the stress states in humans. The advantage is that this simple algorithm can be implemented on handheld devices by deploying existing biometric sensors that are available in most smart phones today. This will provide cellular phones users an application to monitor their stress states easily and consistently in a non-invasive way because a stressed-out lifestyle is rarely a healthy one.
Error-Resilient Unequal Error Protection of Fine Granularity Scalable Video Bitstreams (2006)

This paper deals with the optimal packet loss protection issue for streaming the fine granularity scalable (FGS) video bitstreams over IP networks. Unlike many other existing protection schemes, we develop an error-resilient unequal error protection (ER-UEP) method that adds redundant information optimally for loss protection and, at the same time, cancels completely the dependency among bitstream after loss recovery. In our ER-UEP method, the FGS enhancement-layer bitstream is first packetized into a group of independent and scalable data packets. Parity packets, which are also scalable, are then generated. Unequal protection is finally achieved by properly shaping the data packets and the parity packets. We present an algorithm that can optimally allocate the rate budget between data packets and parity packets, together with several simplified versions that have lower complexity. Compared with conventional UEP schemes that suffer from bit contamination (caused by the bit dependency within a bitstream), our method guarantees successful decoding of all received bits, thus leading to strong error-resilience (at any fixed channel bandwidth) and high robustness (under varying and/or unclean channel conditions).
Analysis of configuration of planar cable-driven parallel robot on natural frequency (2016)

This paper studies the configuration of a planar cable-driven parallel robot to reduce the vibration of an end-effector. Since cables are more flexible than rigid links, external disturbances may cause a significant vibration during operation. The characteristics of the vibration are closely related to the natural frequency of the end-effector. And, we consider that the shapes of the frame and the end-effector, and the connection methods of the cables can affect the vibration of the cable-driven parallel robot. Therefore, the first natural frequencies in a required workspace are analyzed by the configuration change of a planar cable-driven parallel robot. The simulation shows that planar cable robots can be designed to reduce vibration by utilizing robots configurations.
Adaptive algorithms for two-channel polarization sensing under various polarization statistics with nonuniform distributions (2006)

The polarization of light carries much useful information about the environment. Biological studies have shown that some animal species use polarization information for navigation and other purposes. It has been previously shown that a bioinspired polarization-difference imaging (PDI) technique can facilitate detection and feature extraction of targets in scattering media. It has also been established [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 359 (1998)] that polarization sum and polarization difference are the optimum pair of linear combinations of images taken through two orthogonally oriented linear polarizers of a scene having a uniform distribution of polarization directions. However, in many real environments the scene has a nonuniform distribution of polarization directions. Using principal component analysis of the polarization statistics of the scene, we develop a method to determine the two optimum information channels with unequal weighting coefficients that can be formed as linear combinations of the images of a scene taken through a pair of linear polarizers not constrained to the horizontal and vertical directions of the scene. We determine the optimal orientations of linear polarization filters that enhance separation of a target from the background, where the target is defined as an area with distinct polarization characteristics as compared to the background. Experimental results confirm that in most situations adaptive PDI outperforms conventional PDI with fixed channels.
A 29.5 dBm Class-E Outphasing RF Power Amplifier With Efficiency and Output Power Enhancement Circuits in 45nm CMOS (2017)

A CMOS class-E outphasing RF power amplifier is presented with a new passive combining circuit that provides high efficiency and high output power. An efficiency enhancement circuit and a power enhancement circuit are proposed as part of the combiner that improve efficiency at power back-off and increase output power without violating reliability limits, respectively. The proposed power amplifier is designed in a 45nm CMOS technology. The power amplifier (PA) delivers 29.5 dBm peak output power at 2.4 GHz with 46.76% drain efficiency at peak output power, 32.96% drain efficiency at 3 dB power back-off, and 21.16% drain efficiency at 6 dB power back-off. The proposed power amplifier shows excellent linearity with digital pre-distortion. Better than -50 dBc adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) is obtained with 64-QAM long-term evolution (LTE) signal with 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidth. For two-carrier 20 MHz LTE signal, -44 dBc ACPR is achieved. 21% average drain efficiency is obtained with LTE signal with a 6 dB peak-to-average power ratio. The PA is also tested with 802.11g WLAN signal and it satisfies the spectral mask requirement with high margin. 1.4% (-37.1 dB) error vector magnitude (EVM) is obtained with LTE signal (64-QAM) with a 10 MHz bandwidth.
A transmitter diversity scheme for wideband CDMA systems based on space-time spreading (2001)

We present a transmit diversity technique for the downlink of (wideband) direct-sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. The technique, called space-time spreading (STS), improves the downlink performance by using a small number of antenna elements at the base and one or more antennas at the handset, in conjunction with a novel spreading scheme that is inspired by space-time codes. It spreads each signal in a balanced way over the transmitter antenna elements to provide maximal path diversity at the receiver. In doing so, no extra spreading codes, transmit power or channel information are required at the transmitter and only minimal extra hardware complexity at both sides of the link. Both our analysis and simulation results show significant performance gains over conventional single-antenna systems and other open-loop transmit diversity techniques. Our approach is a practical way to increase the bit rate and/or improve the quality and range in the downlink of either mobile or fixed CDMA systems. A STS-based proposal for the case of two transmitter and single-receiver antennas has been accepted and will be included as an optional diversity mode in release A of the IS-2000 wideband CDMA standard.
Method for measuring thermal diffusivity on bulk samples (2004)

The measurement of thermal diffusivity on bulk samples has been previously performed using techniques which require a modulated point heating of the surface and a movement of the temperature detector or of the heating source to determine the phase shift of the modulated surface temperature at an increasing distance from the heating source. Such a movement must be realized with great accuracy and can be the cause of many experimental difficulties. The method proposed herewith is based on the fact that the modulated heating of a bulk sample on a surface spot gives a phase shift, between modulated temperature and heating source, which only depends on the ratio between the spot linear dimension and the thermal diffusion length. A frequency sweep produces a variation of the thermal diffusion length and a variation of the measured phase shift between 0° and -45°, thus allowing for a static single sided measurement of the thermal diffusivity of the sample.
Singularity robust steering logic for redundant single-gimbal control moment gyros (2000)

In this paper we investigate a problem inherent in a system of redundant single-gimbal control moment gyros (CMGs). In particular, we present a simple yet effective way of passing through, and also escaping from, any internal singularities. The proposed approach is based on the so-called singularity robust inverse, but it utilizes a nondiagonal weighting matrix in the mixed, two-norm and weighted least-squares minimization problem. The proposed steering logic effectively generates deterministic dither signals when the CMG system becomes near singular. Because the proposed CMG steering logic is based on the simple minimum two-norm, pseudoinverse solution, it does not explicitly avoid encounters but it rather approaches and rapidly transits unavoidable singularities whenever needed. However, the proposed steering logic is not intended for special missions in which prescribed attitude trajectories are to be exactly tracked in the presence of internal singularities.
Complexity-Constrained Video Encoding and Delivery using Configuration Transfer Matrix (2018)

Many applications require video content to be encoded and uploaded under specific complexity constraints. While many speed-ups are available in practical video encoder implementations, it is difficult to predict the impact of such techniques on the actual content being encoded and therefore select the best configuration to meet the given constraints. A method is proposed in this paper to automatically select the encoder configuration in order to meet complexity constraints in terms of encoding and uploading time, using a pre-trained encoder configuration transfer matrix. The algorithm ensures that the content is processed within the specified targets, as presented in the experimental evaluation, where it is shown that the encoder can accurately meet specific constraints under a variety of conditions.
Identifying Dormant Functionality in Malware Programs (2010)

To handle the growing flood of malware, security vendors and analysts rely on tools that automatically identify and analyze malicious code. Current systems for automated malware analysis typically follow a dynamic approach, executing an unknown program in a controlled environment (sandbox) and recording its runtime behavior. Since dynamic analysis platforms directly run malicious code, they are resilient to popular malware defense techniques such as packing and code obfuscation. Unfortunately, in many cases, only a small subset of all possible malicious behaviors is observed within the short time frame that a malware sample is executed. To mitigate this issue, previous work introduced techniques such as multipath or forced execution to increase the coverage of dynamic malware analysis. Unfortunately, using these techniques is potentially expensive, as the number of paths that require analysis can grow exponentially. In this paper, we propose REANIMATOR, a novel solution to determine the capabilities (malicious functionality) of malware programs. Our solution is based on the insight that we can leverage behavior observed while dynamically executing a specific malware sample to identify similar functionality in other programs. More precisely, when we observe malicious actions during dynamic analysis, we automatically extract and model the parts of the malware binary that are responsible for this behavior. We then leverage these models to check whether similar code is present in other samples. This allows us to statically identify dormant functionality (functionality that is not observed during dynamic analysis) in malicious programs. We evaluate our approach on thousands of realworld malware samples, and we show that our system is successful in identifying additional, malicious functionality. As a result, our approach can significantly improve the coverage of malware analysis results.