gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: an intracellular study in rat thalamus (2004)

High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the thalamus alleviates most kinds of tremor, yet its mechanism of action is unknown. Studies in subthalamic nucleus and other brain sites have emphasized non-synaptic factors. To explore the mechanism underlying thalamic DBS, we simulated DBS in vitro by applying high-frequency (125 Hz) electrical stimulation directly into the sensorimotor thalamus of adult rat brain slices. Intracellular recordings revealed two distinct types of membrane responses, both of which were initiated with a depolarization and rapid spike firing. However, type 1 responses repolarized quickly and returned to quiescent baseline during simulated DBS whereas type 2 responses maintained the level of membrane depolarization, with or without spike firing. Individual thalamic neurones exhibited either type 1 or type 2 response but not both. In all neurones tested, simulated DBS-evoked membrane depolarization was reversibly eliminated by tetrodotoxin, glutamate receptor antagonists, and the Ca(2+) channel antagonist Cd(2+). Simulated DBS also increased the excitability of thalamic cells in the presence of glutamate receptor blockade, although this non-synaptic effect induced no spontaneous firing such as that found in subthalamic nucleus neurones. Our data suggest that high-frequency stimulation when applied in the ventral thalamus can rapidly disrupt local synaptic function and neuronal firing thereby leading to a 'functional deafferentation' and/or 'functional inactivation'. These mechanisms, driven primarily by synaptic activation, help to explain the paradox that lesions, muscimol and DBS in thalamus all effectively stop tremor.
Soft-logic Control System Based on IPC (2004)

This paper presents the approach to design and realization of the soft-logic control system, by analyzing and discussing the related concepts and systematic contents of the soft-logic technology, also gives detailed discussion on the realization strategies of each composing parts. The soft-logic development system adopts a stratified architecture. Especially, the expansibility and applicability of the system are enhanced via building the algorithm library.
A Traumatic Macular Hole Secondary to a High-Energy Nd:YAG Laser (2001)

A case is reported of a traumatic macular hole caused by a high-energy Nd:YAG laser. The initial ocular examination revealed an explosive, crater-shaped, full-thickness macular hole surrounded by local edema and detachment. By the 12th day after the injury, the hole had shrunk progressively and was covered by a thin fibrin-like membrane. A thick epiretinal membrane covered the injured area 1 month after the injury. Nine months after the injury, the macular hole closed spontaneously with a partially detached epiretinal membrane. This case demonstrates one of the natural healing processes of a traumatic macular hole. Although the hole finally closed, the patient did not regain his vision because of the severe damage to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid.
Precursors of human CD4 <sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T lymphocytes identified by single-cell transcriptome analysis (2018)

Human CD4 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes that play a vital role in antiviral immunity are highly heterogeneous.
Inhibition of human melanoma growth by prostaglandin A, D, and J analogues. (1986)

The relative inhibitory potency of prostaglandin A (PGA) and prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) analogues compared to prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) was determined in a clonogenic assay system. Three human melanoma cell strains (C8146A, C8146C, and C8161), a human melanoma cell line (M1RW5) and a human neuroblastoma cell line (IMR-32) were used. Prostaglandin analogues were screened in the clonogenic assay system and the dose effect curves were analyzed by linear regression utilizing the median effect relationship. The computer-generated 50% and 95% inhibitory doses showed that 15-deoxy-16-hydroxyl-16-vinyl-prostaglandin A2 (DHV-PGA2) was from two- to three-fold more active than PGA1 in inhibiting the clonogenic growth of human melanoma cells. Based on the 50% inhibitory dose, PGJ2 and its analogues were from two to five times more potent than PGA1. The delta 12- and delta 12,14-PGJ2 were the most potent of the prostaglandins tested. However, the 95% inhibitory dose for prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), PGJ2 and its analogues against neuroblastoma did not show any enhancement in activity in comparison to PGA1, suggesting that some tumor specificity in the activity of these analogues may be signified by the neuroblastoma data. Prostaglandins which contained a fluoride substitution at position 11 were also tested for activity. As we previously observed with other analogues which did not contain an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl group in the cyclopentane ring, 9 beta, 15 alpha-dihydroxy-11 beta-fluoroprosta-5-cis-13-trans-dienoic acid and 9 alpha, 15 alpha-dihydroxy-11 beta-fluoroprosta-5-cis-13-trans-dienoic acid did not inhibit the clonogenic growth of human melanoma cells. Administration s.c. to established human melanoma tumors growing in athymic nude mice caused a significant growth inhibition. The treatment schedules ranged from 1 to 8 days. Injection s.c. of PGA1 at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day resulted in a 20% suppression in tumor growth. Higher doses (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) effected an 80% reduction in tumor growth. The higher doses were associated with reversible toxicities, diarrhea and skin inflammation. Administration of DHV-PGA2 at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day resulted in 40% reduction in tumor growth. The increased in vivo potency of DHV-PGA2 corresponds to the results obtained in the clonogenic assay system.
Analysis and control of master-slave systems with time delay (2002)

Time delay usually makes master-slave systems unstable, even if the system is stable under no time delay. In this paper, we propose a control scheme for master-slave systems with time delay which maintains stability defined by scattering theory. We define four types of realization of the ideal response and describe control schemes which strictly realize the ideal response. Based on these schemes, we propose a practical control scheme and its stability is proven. We also discuss stability of conventional schemes, and show that they cannot maintain stability. Finally, some experimental results are presented.
Analyzing Federated Learning through an Adversarial Lens (2018)

Federated learning distributes model training among a multitude of agents, who, guided by privacy concerns, perform training using their local data but share only model parameter updates, for iterative aggregation at the server. In this work, we explore the threat of model poisoning attacks on federated learning initiated by a single, non-colluding malicious agent where the adversarial objective is to cause the model to misclassify a set of chosen inputs with high confidence. We explore a number of strategies to carry out this attack, starting with simple boosting of the malicious agent's update to overcome the effects of other agents' updates. To increase attack stealth, we propose an alternating minimization strategy, which alternately optimizes for the training loss and the adversarial objective. We follow up by using parameter estimation for the benign agents' updates to improve on attack success. Finally, we use a suite of interpretability techniques to generate visual explanations of model decisions for both benign and malicious models and show that the explanations are nearly visually indistinguishable. Our results indicate that even a highly constrained adversary can carry out model poisoning attacks while simultaneously maintaining stealth, thus highlighting the vulnerability of the federated learning setting and the need to develop effective defense strategies.
Morphology and properties of silica-based coatings with different functionalities for Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, ZnO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles (2015)

A facile single-step method for obtaining 2–3 nm thick silsesquioxane coatings on metal oxide nanoparticles using different carbon-functional silane precursors is presented.
Parallel Viterbi search algorithm for speech recognition (1992)

The Viterbi search is an important, but computationally expensive, algorithm for speech recognition. Even with the substantial advances expected in processor technology, the massive computational resources required will remain prohibitive for operation of a speech recognition system in real time. This problem motivates the development of a parallel Viterbi search algorithm. A software implementation of a Viterbi search algorithm was written for NuMesh, a network of programmable communications routers supporting a set of digital signal processors with local memory. Communication between the processors occurs in the logical pattern of a binary tree, embedded in the physical topology of a twodimensional Cartesian mesh. Despite the limited architecture of the routers, efficient merging and broadcasting of data were achieved by simple protocols for pipelined communication. Experimental results were collected in evaluation of an analytical model, which projects excellent scaling of performan...
Sampling of isocyanates in air (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSampling of isocyanates in airJuergen. Keller and R. L. SandridgeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 11, 1868–1870Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50047a064https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50047a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Limited Role of Nuclear Receptor Nur77 in Escherichia coli-Induced Peritonitis (2013)

Nuclear receptor Nur77 (NR4A1, TR3, or NGFI-B) has been shown to play an anti-inflammatory role in macrophages, which have a crucial function in defense against peritonitis. The function of Nur77 in Escherichia coli-induced peritoneal sepsis has not yet been investigated. Wild-type and Nur77-knockout mice were inoculated with E. coli, and bacterial outgrowth, cell recruitment, cytokine profiles, and tissue damage were investigated. We found only a minor transient decrease in bacterial loads in lung and liver of Nur77-knockout compared to wild-type mice at 14 h postinfection, yet no changes were found in the peritoneal lavage fluid or blood. No differences in inflammatory cytokine levels or neutrophil/macrophage numbers were observed, and bacterial loads were equal in wild-type and Nur77-knockout mice at 20 h postinfection in all body compartments tested. Also, isolated peritoneal macrophages did not show any differences in cytokine expression patterns in response to E. coli. In endothelial cells, Nur77 strongly downregulated both protein and mRNA expression of claudin-5, VE-cadherin, occludin, ZO-1, and β-catenin, and accordingly, these genes were upregulated in lungs of Nur77-deficient mice. Functional permeability tests pointed toward a strong role for Nur77 in endothelial barrier function. Indeed, tissue damage in E. coli-induced peritonitis was notably modulated by Nur77; liver necrosis and plasma aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT)/alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels were lower in Nur77-knockout mice. These data suggest that Nur77 does not play a role in the host response to E. coli in the peritoneal and blood compartments. However, Nur77 does modulate bacterial influx into the organs via increased vascular permeability, thereby aggravating distant organ damage.
Modification of the fatty acid composition in Arabidopsis and maize seeds using a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase-1 (ZmSAD1) gene (2016)

Our work demonstrates that the contents of stearic acid, oleic acid, and long-chain saturated acids, and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, are modified in maize seeds by seed-specific overexpression or down-regulation of ZmSAD1. Therefore, the ZmSAD1 gene is a useful tool for engineering the seed oil composition in maize and other crops.
χ-C_3 MODULES (2002)

As a generalization of C \-3\|modules, χ\|C\-3 modules are defined, and an equivalent proposition for χ\|C\-3 modules is obtained. It is proved that under some conditions the direct sum of χ\|C\-3 modules and type 1 χ\|C\-\{11\} modules is type 1 χ\|C\-\{11\} modules.
ADAMTS Proteinases: Potential Therapeutic Targets? (2006)

ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) proteinases have been implicated in a number of connective tissue pathologies including Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VII C, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, encephalomyelitis, and arthritis. These proteinases therefore represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of such conditions. The synthesis and activity of ADAMTS proteinases is regulated at multiple levels: transcription, RNA splicing, translation, proteolytic processing, cofactor stimulation and inhibition, each of which represents a possible point of therapeutic intervention. Recent research suggests that, in addition to the direct inhibition of ADAMTS proteinases with low molecular weight non-peptidic inhibitors, targeting the transcription and protein processing of these enzymes could be effective therapeutic approaches.
Transposon Tn5 mutagenesis of Pseudomonas fluorescens to isolate mutants deficient in antibacterial activity (1994)

Pseudomonas fluorescens was subjected to insertion mutagenesis studies using the transposon Tn5-GM to generate mutants deficient in antibacterial activity minus mutants. The transposon located on the temperature-sensitive plasmid pCHR84 was conjugally transferred into the non-pathogenic pseudomonad using the triparental mating procedure. Random integration of Tn5-GM into the chromosome of P. fluorescens was achieved by heat ttreatment of the transformed cells at 42°C. Approximately 2% of transconjugants revealed an auxotrophic phenotype indicating efficient integration of the employed transposon into the chromosome of P. fluorescens. One transposon insertion mutant was obtained showing an antibacterial activity minus phenotype. This mutant (MM-7) was found to be defective in the production of an unidentified antibacterial compound against B. subtilis. These results introduce Tn5 transposon mutagenesis as a new useful tool for the molecular analysis of P. fluorescens.
A Note on Robust Variance Estimation for Cluster‐Correlated Data (2000)

There is a simple robust variance estimator for cluster-correlated data. While this estimator is well known, it is poorly documented, and its wide range of applicability is often not understood. The estimator is widely used in sample survey research, but the results in the sample survey literature are not easily applied because of complications due to unequal probability sampling. This brief note presents a general proof that the estimator is unbiased for cluster-correlated data regardless of the setting. The result is not new, but a simple and general reference is not readily available. The use of the method will benefit from a general explanation of its wide applicability.
Development of a Microwave-Induced Nitrogen Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure (MINDAP) (1985)

A microwave-induced plasma has been sustained with the use of nitrogen as the nebulizer and plasma supporting gas. A concentric tube torch was constructed so the plasma could be easily ignited and maintained. This new plasma emission source has a flame-like appearance and extends 10 cm beyond the cavity, at an applied power of 250 W. The nitrogen plasma readily accepts aerosol samples and is compatible with sample introduced from a conventional nebulizer system. The radial (side-on) optical viewing configuration was found to have lower background emission than the more commonly employed axial (end-on) configuration. Optimum operating conditions were established from the effects of applied power, flow rate, and signal-to-background noise on the intensity of both atom and ion transitions. A discussion of the background spectral features and the analytical potential of this new source is presented.
The genomics of COVID (2022)

Coronaviruses, named for their crown-like appearance, are relative newcomers to the human viral encyclopedia, but they are anything but new to the viral landscape. Initially thought to cause relatively mild disease in humans, it is now clear that coronaviruses can cause significant morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 provided a ringside seat from which to watch scientists use genomics in hundreds of ways to learn about, protect against, and ultimately control the effects of this novel virus. This article provides an overview of how genomics was used from the very first reported case in Wuhan, China to the development of at-home test kits, vaccines, and understanding the genetic association with increased risk for severe illness.
Dynamic range of high-Q OTA-C and enhanced-Q LC RF bandpass filters (2002)

Dynamic range limitations of high-Q operational transconductance amplifier capacitor (OTA-C) active bandpass filters are reviewed, and expressions are derived relating the dynamic range to the power consumed by the active circuitry. Similar expressions are then derived for the case of inductor/capacitor (LC) filters whose Q have been increased through active, negative resistance circuitry. It is shown that for a fixed power consumption and bandwidth, the enhanced-Q LC filter realizes a factor of Q/sub 0//sup 2/ improvement in dynamic range over the OTA-C filter, where Q/sub 0/ is the quality factor of the passive LC circuit. The reasons for the improvement are discussed and the importance of the improvement is illustrated for active RF bandpass filters employed in radio receiver applications.
From Pixels to Region: A Salient Region Detection Algorithm for Location‐Quantification Image (2014)

Image saliency detection has become increasingly important with the development of intelligent identification and machine vision technology. This process is essential for many image processing algorithms such as image retrieval, image segmentation, image recognition, and adaptive image compression. We propose a salient region detection algorithm for full‐resolution images. This algorithm analyzes the randomness and correlation of image pixels and pixel‐to‐region saliency computation mechanism. The algorithm first obtains points with more saliency probability by using the improved smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus operator. It then reconstructs the entire saliency region detection by taking these points as reference and combining them with image spatial color distribution, as well as regional and global contrasts. The results for subjective and objective image saliency detection show that the proposed algorithm exhibits outstanding performance in terms of technology indices such as precision and recall rates.
Negating Bookchin* (1997)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes I am indebted to Dee Dee Halleck, Mitchel Cohen, John Clark, Jonathan Stevens and James O'Connor for constructive advice in preparing this essay.
Analysis of Steady and Unsteady Performance for 3-D Surface Effect Wing (1998)

This paper describes the numerical modelling for the steady and unsteady forces of 3-D wings flying near the free surface based on a potential based panel method. For the steady problem where a wing flies over the fixed float surface, steady lift and drag forces are calculated for wings with and without end-plates having different sections, angle of attacks, aspect patios and flying heights. These numerical results are compared with the wind tunnel test results. The unsteady problem is treated as a boundary value one where a wing flies over the described wavy surface. The unsteady lift force variations of a wing due to different wave lengths and heights are calculated at different flying heights.
Multicomponent shearography employing four measurements channels (2003)

Shearography is a full-field non-contact optical technique usually used to measure displacement gradient. Correlation fringes sensitive to displacement gradient are generated by the correlation of speckle interferograms recorded before and after object deformation. Shearography is sensitive to a component of displacement gradient that is determined by the illumination and viewing directions and by the direction of applied shear. The sensitivity of shearography to displacement gradient is determined by the magnitude of the applied shear and by the optical wavelength. In general, to perform a multi-component measurement three components of displacement gradient are measured, by using three illumination, or viewing, directions, followed by a coordinate transformation to an orthogonal coordinate system. The coordinate transformation procedure relies on good quality data from all three measured channels. The adddition of a fourth measurement channel gives duplicate measurements for all the surface displacement gradient components. A good agreement between duplicate measurements gives a high level of confidence in the measurement accuracy. A fourth measurement channel also allows the surface strain to be fully characterized when correlation fringe quality is poorer, or when one of the views is obstructed as a result of the object shape. In this paper a theoretical analysis of multi-component shearography using four measurement channels is given and the issues and benefits are discussed.
Why Is My Classifier Discriminatory? (2018)

Recent attempts to achieve fairness in predictive models focus on the balance between fairness and accuracy. In sensitive applications such as healthcare or criminal justice, this trade-off is often undesirable as any increase in prediction error could have devastating consequences. In this work, we argue that the fairness of predictions should be evaluated in context of the data, and that unfairness induced by inadequate samples sizes or unmeasured predictive variables should be addressed through data collection, rather than by constraining the model. We decompose cost-based metrics of discrimination into bias, variance, and noise, and propose actions aimed at estimating and reducing each term. Finally, we perform case-studies on prediction of income, mortality, and review ratings, confirming the value of this analysis. We find that data collection is often a means to reduce discrimination without sacrificing accuracy.