gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel electrically resonant terahertz metamaterials (2006)

We present a new class of artificial materials which exhibit a tailored response to the electrical component of electromagnetic radiation. These electric metamaterials (EM-MMs) are investigated theoretically, computationally, and experimentally using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. These structures display a resonant response including regions of negative permittivity (epsilon < 0) ranging from ~500 GHz to 1 THz. Conventional electric media such as distributed wires are difficult to incorporate into metamaterials. In contrast, these new localized structures will simplify the construction of future metamaterials - including those with negative index of refraction - and will enhance the design and fabrication of functional THz devices.
Photorefractive Keratectomy for Astigmatism (1991)

Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, developed to perform radially symmetric ablations to correct myopic or hyperopic refractive errors, was used to perform toric ablations designed to correct cylindrical errors. An expanding slit was used to flatten the cornea in the steep meridian. Four contact lens-intolerant patients underwent this procedure for correction of astigmatism (two patients after penetrating keratoplasty, one patient after corneal ulcer, and one patient with naturally occurring high astigmatism). In each patient, surgery reduced the regular component of the astigmatism; residual irregular astigmatism limited spectacle-corrected acuity in one patient. All patients experienced a shift in spherical equivalent toward hyperopia. Toric ablations with the excimer laser appear to represent a promising strategy for the correction of compound myopic astigmatism that does not rely on creation of deep corneal incisions, excisions, or compression sutures.
Blue-emitting AlN:Eu2+ nitride phosphor for field emission displays (2007)

An Eu2+-activated AlN phosphor was synthesized by firing the powder mixture of AlN, α-Si3N4, and Eu2O3 at 2050°C for 4h under 1.0MPa N2. This nitride phosphor emits a strong blue color with the chromaticity coordinates of x=0.139 and y=0.106 at an accelerating voltage of 3kV. The cathodoluminescence properties of AlN:Eu2+ was evaluated by utilizing it in the Spindt-type field emission display panel. It shows that the nitride phosphor exhibits higher brightness, higher color purity, lower saturation, and longer lifetime than the currently used Y2SiO5:Ce3+, indicative of the suitability of the AlN:Eu2+ blue phosphor in field emission displays.
Ear canal acoustic distortion at 2<i>f</i>1−<i>f</i>2 from human ears: Relation to other emissions and perceived combination tones (1988)

Two aspects of the intermodulation distortion product at 2f1-f2 generated by normal human ears and measured acoustically in the ear canal were studied: (1) its relation to tone-evoked and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, and (2) its relation to the perceived combination tone at the same frequency. With regard to (1), substantial differences among ears in the detectability of emissions were observed; ears tended to exhibit all or none of the emission types that were sought. Within ears possessing emissions, the magnitudes of tone-evoked emissions and acoustic distortion showed a similar dependence on frequency. With regard to (2), a three-primary-tone stimulus was employed to ask whether the ear canal acoustic distortion tone is canceled under the same stimulus conditions that produce perceptual cancellation. Simultaneous cancellation of perceptual and acoustic distortion was produced rarely. Results are interpreted qualitatively with a model in which primary tones produce distortion at their interaction region within the cochlea; this distortion propagates to the distortion-frequency place where it mediates perception. This same distortion wave produces emission components at additional locations, including the primary-tone interaction region, which sum vectorially to mediate the emitted acoustic distortion product.
Design and Fabrication of Directly-Coupled HTS-SQUID Magnetometer With a Multi-Turn Input Coil (2012)

To improve the field resolution of a magnetometer for use in the Earth's field, we have developed a new magnetometer using a hybrid superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). A multi-turn input coil (N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> turns) is inserted between a directly-coupled SQUID and a pickup coil in series in the hybrid SQUID. Screening current couples with the SQUID by both direct current injection and magnetic coupling. To avoid flux trapping, which occurs during cooling in the Earth's field, the width of the SQUID is restricted to be 5 μm. Therefore, the input coil is not stacked on the SQUID inductor like a conventional integrated SQUID but formed around the SQUID. There is an optimal N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> as a result of the trade-off relationship between the increase of the coupling strength and the decrease of the screening current with increasing N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> . The magnetometer using the hybrid SQUID with a slit hole inductor showed an effective area of 0.45 mm>; <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at the optimal N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> of 3. The magnetic coupling was enhanced by using a square hole inductor that had a larger flux capturing area. The obtained A <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> (~ 0.6 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) was almost doubled from that of the conventional directly coupled magnetometer, resulting in a field noise as low as 18 fT/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> (white).
Potential Role for Gene Therapy in the Enhancement of Fracture Healing (1998)

Various proteins have the potential to initiate and accelerate fracture healing. Although osteogenic growth factors are the most prominent of these, there also may be important roles for other agents including growth factor receptors, angiogenic factors, and cytokine antagonists. Gene based delivery systems offer the potential to achieve therapeutic levels of these proteins locally within the fracture site for sustained times. Moreover, these delivery systems may deliver their products in a more biologically active form than that achieved by the exogenous application of recombinant proteins. Genes may be transferred to fractures by direct in vivo delivery or by indirect ex vivo delivery, using viral or nonviral vectors. Two examples are described in this article. With an ex vivo procedure, it was possible to transfer lac Z and neo(r) marker genes to the bones of mice, using retroviral transduction of bone marrow stromal cells. Gene expression in vivo persisted for several weeks. This procedure has the advantage of providing not only gene products but also osteoprogenitor cells to sites of bone healing. In vivo, local transfer of the lucerifase and lac Z marker genes was accomplished in a segmental defect model in the rabbit using adenoviral vectors. Under these conditions, gene expression in most tissues in and around the defect lasted between 2 and 6 weeks. These data encourage additional development of gene therapy for fracture healing. Such developments should go hand in hand with studies in the basic biology of fracture healing.
Defects and degradation of nitride-based laser diodes (2006)

We report on various kinds of structural defects frequently observed in nitride-based laser diodes (LDs). First, we discuss threading dislocations in the nitride-based LDs. By investigating structural analysis of epitaxial lateral overgrown (ELO) GaN layers, comparison study between short-lived LDs and long-lived LDs, and degradation analysis, we show that although threading dislocations do not multiple during the device operation, reduction of threading dislocations is primarily important for improving device reliability. Secondly, we investigate the Mg-related structural defects. The other important aspect for extending the device lifetime is optimization of Mg doping. During the course of our study of LDs, inverse pyramidal defects were often found in Mg-doped layers. We analyze the relationship between the pyramidal defects and the atomic concentration of Mg [Mg] and discuss device degradation mechanism in terms of degradation rate and Mg doping. Thirdly, we describe structural defects observed in GaInN multiple quantum wells (MQWs). Apart from previously reported structural defects such as In-rich precipitates and clusters, we found a new type of structural defects in GaInN MQWs with higher In concentrations. These defects consist of planar defects and associated dislocations. These multiple defects can be formed merely by one monolayer In-In bond.
Genetic control of vaccine‐induced immunity against a parasitic helminth, <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> (1988)

Abstract Schistosoma mansoni is one of several species of trematode helminths responsible for schistosomiasis, a major parasitic infection of man. Genetic analysis in mice has revealed that the protective immunity induced against this parasite by an attenuated larval vaccine is strongly influenced by genes regulating the activation of macrophage effector cells. The latter finding suggests that the induction of cell‐mediated immunity may be a successful strategy for a non‐living vaccine against the human infection.
A General Bifunctional Catalyst for the Anti-Markovnikov Hydration of Terminal Alkynes to Aldehydes Gives Enzyme-Like Rate and Selectivity Enhancements (2004)

A new, bifunctional catalyst for anti-Markovnikov hydration of terminal alkynes to aldehydes (6) allows practical room-temperature hydration of alkyl-substituted alkynes. Other outstanding features include near-quantitative aldehyde yields from both alkyl- and aryl-substituted alkynes and wide functional group tolerance. The uncatalyzed rate of alkyne hydration is measured for the first time, showing the enzyme-like rate and selectivity enhancements of aldehyde formation by 6. For aldehyde formation, an uncatalyzed rate <1 x 10-10 mol h-1 means a half-life >600 000 years. The catalyzed rate is up to 23.8 mol (mol 6)-1 h-1 and 10 000:1 ratio in favor of aldehyde. Changes in rate and selectivity induced by 6 are thus >2.4 x 1011 and 300 000, respectively.
A Plutonium Air Monitor With a Background Compensation System (1979)

A plutonium air monitor with a solid state detector (SSD) and a special background compensation circuit utilizing an arbitrary random pulse divider was developed for attaining high sensitivity and stable operation. The background count rate in the plutonium channel (5.2 MeV) caused by degradation of a particle energies from the natural radioactivity in air is automatically compensated. This is possible because of the good correlation between the background count rate in the plutonium channel and the total count rate from the natural radioactivity having a energies greater than 5.5 MeV. The detection limit of this air monitor for airborne soluble plutonium is about 2 (MPC)a hr, with a radon and thoron daughter concentration of 1 × 10−11 microCi/cm3 and is not affected very much by the variation of this background concentration.
Transmission properties of some hollow glass waveguides at 10.6 μm wavelength (1989)

The CO2 laser transmission properties of two hollow glass waveguides of different composition are reported. The results for both straight and bent guide clearly demonstrate the reductions in waveguide loss with a glass of refractive index of less than unity at 10.6 μm wavelength.
New spin-on oxycarbosilane low-k dielectric materials with exceptional mechanical properties (2005)

Bridged oxycarbosilane monomers are excellent precursors for the formation of spin on porous low-k materials using sacrificial pore generators. The measured Young's modulus numbers for the as-synthesized thin films without any post porosity toughening are the highest by far of any that we have observed for porous films generated using the sacrificial porogen route. For a given dielectric constant, the Young's modulus of these oxycarbosilane films are 4-5 times higher than available organosilicates and at least 2 times higher than UV treated organosilicate materials.
High quality agreement-based semi-supervised training data for acoustic modeling (2016)

This paper describes a new technique to automatically obtain large high-quality training speech corpora for acoustic modeling. Traditional approaches select utterances based on confidence thresholds and other heuristics. We propose instead to use an ensemble approach: we transcribe each utterance using several recognizers, and only keep those on which they agree. The recognizers we use are trained on data from different dialects of the same language, and this diversity leads them to make different mistakes in transcribing speech utterances. In this work we show, however, that when they agree, this is an extremely strong signal that the transcript is correct. This allows us to produce automatically transcribed speech corpora that are superior in transcript correctness even to those manually transcribed by humans. Furthermore, we show that using the produced semi-supervised data sets, we can train new acoustic models which outperform those trained solely on previously available data sets.
Calcium Mobilization in Freeze-Dried Human Platelets (2004)

In previous studies, we reported on a freeze-drying protocol for human platelets, using trehalose as the main lyophilization protectant. Using this protocol, we investigated calcium mobilization in rehydrated platelets upon stimulation with thrombin and the ability of rehydrated platelets to bind fibrinogen. Calcium mobilization was measured with a calcium dye, Indo-1, and the binding of fibrinogen was measured using fibrinogen conjugated with Oregon Green. Rehydrated platelets showed elevated levels of intra-cellular calcium, but that level was still below the threshold required for activation. In addition, the calcium mobilization upon stimulation with thrombin was reduced compared to that of fresh control platelets. Both populations of platelets demonstrated a dosedependent saturation of calcium mobilization when stimulated with thrombin. The diminished calcium mobilization upon stimulation with thrombin did not affect the ability of rehydrated platelets to bind fibrinogen, which suggests that freeze-dried platelets bind fibrinogen in a clinically relevant manner. Despite somewhat reduced intra- cellular calcium, freeze-dried rehydrated platelets have adequate calcium to upregulate their integrins and bind fibrinogen. Flow cytometry demonstrated that rehydrated platelets contained virtually the identical number of copies of the major platelet integrin αIIbβ3a as fresh platelets. We have demonstrated that freeze-dried rehydrated platelets maintain intra-cellular calcium levels required for long-term storage in the dry state and subsequent platelet transfusion and activation in vivo.
Exploiting isolobal relationships to create new ionic liquids: novel room-temperature ionic liquids based upon (N-alkylimidazole)(amine)BH2+“boronium” ions (2005)

Readily prepared imidazole-based boronium ions form stable, hydrophobic, room-temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) with unique electronic and spectroscopic characteristics.
High-order pattern discovery from discrete-valued data (1997)

To uncover qualitative and quantitative patterns in a data set is a challenging task for research in the area of machine learning and data analysis. Due to the complexity of real-world data, high-order (polythetic) patterns or event associations, in addition to first-order class-dependent relationships, have to be acquired. Once the patterns of different orders are found, they should be represented in a form appropriate for further analysis and interpretation. The authors propose a novel method to discover qualitative and quantitative patterns (or event associations) inherent in a data set. It uses the adjusted residual analysis in statistics to test the significance of the occurrence of a pattern candidate against its expectation. To avoid exhaustive search of all possible combinations of primary events, techniques of eliminating the impossible pattern candidates are developed. The detected patterns of different orders are then represented in an attributed hypergraph which is lucid for pattern interpretation and analysis. Test results on artificial and real-world data are discussed toward the end of the paper.
Counterrotating brushless dc permanent magnet motor (1990)

An brushless DC permanent magnet motor is provided for driving an autonomous underwater vehicle. In one embodiment, the motor comprises four substantially flat stators disposed in stacked relationship, with pairs of the stators being axially spaced and each of the stators comprising a tape-wound stator coil; and a first and second substantially flat rotors disposed between the spaced pairs of stators. Each of the rotors includes an annular array of permanent magnets embedded therein. A first shaft is connected to the first rotor and a second, concentric shaft is connected to the second rotor, and drive unit causes rotation of the two shafts in opposite directions. The second shaft comprises a hollow tube having a central bore therein in which the first shaft is disposed. Two different sets of bearings support the first and second shAfts. In another embodiment, the motor comprises two ironless stators and pairs and rotors mounted no opposite sides of the stators and driven by counterrotating shafts.
Steady-state operation in compact tokamaks with copper coils (2011)

This paper considers a fast track to non-energy applications of nuclear fusion that is associated with the ‘fusion for neutrons’ (F4N) paradigm. Being a useful product accompanying energy, fusion neutrons are more valuable than the energy released in DT reactions and they are urgently needed for research purposes and to develop and validate modern technologies. In the near future neutron yield in fusion devices will become significantly larger than that of fission and accelerator sources. This paper describes a compact tokamak fusion neutron source based on a small spherical tokamak (FNS-ST) with a MW range of DT fusion power and considers the key physics issues of this device. The major and minor radii are ∼0.5 and ∼0.3 m with magnetic field ∼1.5 T, heating power less than 15 MW and plasma current 1–2 MA. The production rate of DT neutrons of (3–10) × 10 17 n s −1 and their flux at the first wall of 0.2 MW m −2 ensure that the device is capable of fusion–fission demonstration experiments. The problems of major concern are discharge initiation, current drive, plasma—fast ion beam stability and high first wall and divertor loads. The conceptual design provides solutions to these problems and suggests the feasibility of the FNS-ST.
Study of the characteristics of the MPEG2 4:2:2 profile-application of MPEG2 in studio environment (1996)

We describe the MPEG2 4:2:2 Profile and present a study of its characteristics. The MPEG2 4:2:2 Profile provides a conformance point that addresses, among other applications, the needs of the professional studio and post-production environment, and that provides interoperability. The requirements of such an environment for compressed digital video together with a functional description of the 4:2:2 Profile are given. The 4:2:2 Profile provides a flexible compression solution that allows editability, supports a wide range of bit rates, and provides good to excellent quality in both an intra and interstudio environment. Our experiments show that the 4:2:2 Profile is very robust in a multigeneration environment, provides an efficient coding solution for transmission and storage, and provides transparency or near transparency in chroma keying operations. In addition, it compares favorably with existing digital compression standards, such as Motion-JPEG, and is superior to widely used analog technology.
Generation of high quality tests for functional sensitizable paths (2002)

Some previously published results show that in a number of combinational circuits a significant portion of long paths is neither robustly nor non-robustly testable. However, not all of those untestable paths may be ignored in delay testing. Functional sensitizable paths are robust and non-robust untestable but, under some faulty conditions, may degrade the performance of the circuit. Even though the need for testing functional sensitizable paths was recognized in previous research, up till now, there was no strategy for generating tests for them. In this paper we present an algorithm for generating high quality tests for functional sensitizable paths based on including the timing information into the process of test derivation. Our experimental results prove that the quality of delay testing increases if additional test vectors for functional sensitizable path delay faults are included.
Spontaneous intestinal carcinomas and skin neoplasms in Msh2-deficient mice. (1996)

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is associated with defects in DNA mismatch repair. Here, we characterize tumor susceptibility of the recently described Msh2-deficient mouse model. Within the first year of observation, all homozygous mice succumbed to disease, with lymphomas observed in at least 80% of the cases. The majority (70%) of animals 6 months or older developed intestinal neoplasms associated with APC inactivation. Microsatellite instability was more common in carcinomas than in adenomas, but uncommon in normal tissues. Some animals (7%) developed a variety of skin neoplasms analogous to the Muir-Torre syndrome. Msh2-/- mice implicate a direct role for mismatch repair in several neoplasms with striking phenotypic similarities to humans.
Sleep switch dual threshold Voltage domino logic with reduced standby leakage current (2004)

A circuit technique is presented for reducing the subthreshold leakage energy consumption of domino logic circuits. Sleep switch transistors are proposed to place an idle dual threshold voltage domino logic circuit into a low leakage state. The circuit technique enhances the effectiveness of a dual threshold voltage CMOS technology to reduce the subthreshold leakage current by strongly turning off all of the high threshold voltage transistors. The sleep switch circuit technique significantly reduces the subthreshold leakage energy as compared to both standard low-threshold voltage and dual threshold voltage domino logic circuits. A domino adder enters and leaves a low leakage sleep mode within a single clock cycle. The energy overhead of the circuit technique is low, justifying the activation of the proposed sleep scheme by providing a net savings in total power consumption during short idle periods.
Noise Reduction in Class-AB Microwave-Photonic Links (2005)

A Class-AB microwave-photonic link is presented as a means to reduce noise associated with DC-bias. By operating with two complementary, approximately half-wave-rectified, optical sources and generating the difference in a balanced detector, linear modulation with high modulation efficiency is achieved with near zero DC. Using two mode-converter intensity modulators, we demonstrate a 5 dB reduction in shot noise and elimination of intensity noise, relative to a quadrature-biased Mach-Zehnder, for the same received RF signal power.
Cystatin B As a Tissue and Urinary Biomarker of Bladder Cancer Recurrence and Disease Progression (2009)

Cystatin B is elevated in tissue and urine of bladder cancer patients. Cystatin B urine levels are positively correlated with tumor grade, stage, and shorter time to disease recurrence and progression. Consequently, cystatin B may be useful as a novel predictive biomarker in TCC of the bladder.