gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expanded quantum cryptographic entangling probe (2006)

A generalized quantum circuit and design are given for an optimal entangling probe to be used in attacking the BB84 protocol of quantum key distribution and yielding maximum information to the probe. Probe photon polarization states become optimally entangled with the BB84 signal states on their way between the legitimate transmitter and receiver. The present design generalizes an earlier one by Brandt [J. Mod. Optics 52 2177 (2005)] to include a complete range of error rates that can be induced by the probe.
Iterative discrete on-axis encoding of radially symmetric computer-generated holograms (1993)

A new method for encoding high-efficiency radially symmetric computer-generated holograms is formulated. An iterative approach is used to determine fringe widths and phase values for phase-only holographic optical elements. Computer-simulation results indicate that this approach can be used to increase the efficiency of low-f-number elements significantly. The experimental results for an f/1 element with a diffraction efficiency of 90% are presented.
A Novel Fine Tunable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (2006)

We propose a novel tunable optical add/drop multiplexer, based on Asymmetric Bragg Coupler and the liquid crystal as the active layer. Such device provides the features of small size, wide tuning range, narrow channel bandwidth, low electric power, high tuning speed, and simple control mechanisms. The transmission bandwidth is about 32.5GHz and the tunable range is about 250GHz.
Equilibrium distribution sampling device for preparation of calibration mixtures for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2013)

A simple approach for preparing standard mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds is reported. When placed in a closed container, standard mixture components partition between a polymeric material such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and headspace to provide constant vapor concentrations. The granular form of heat-conditioned PDMS provides rapid equilibration with the headspace vapor and serves as a standard reservoir. Solid phase micro extraction (SPME) or gas-tight syringe can be used to deliver sample from the headspace to the analytical instrument. Quantitative calibration can be achieved with either active temperature control or by using a previously constructed look-up table. The effects of PDMS form and temperature on equilibrium distribution, initial equilibrium time, and re-equilibrium time after sampling were investigated. With respect to long term use and stability, analytes introduced onto 2.0 g of PDMS in a 7.4 mL vial were sampled more than 114 times during a test period of 43 days, giving chromatographic peak area %RSD values below 4.5% for all compounds. This device was designed to be solventless, quantitative, reproducible, environmentally friendly, and robust for routine evaluation and calibration of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems.
Alternative switching logic designs for multiple model filters (2007)

A study is performed of several multiple model tracking filter architectures that do not employ a Markov Switching Matrix in its weighting mathematics. The Markov Switching Matrix which is common to multiple model tracking filters does not have an "optimum" rule for defining its constituent probabilities. The only real constraint on the probabilities is that each row of the matrix must add to unity. The other general rule is that the diagonal elements should be "close to unity" and the off-diagonal terms should be correspondingly "small". Other than these constraints, values are typically selected by observing the filter tracking performance over a wide set of trajectory types and target dynamics. Several architectures are presented and their tracking performance discussed. Comparisons are made with the performance of a conventional IMM for the same data.
Toward a Defined Anti-<i>Leishmania</i> Vaccine Targeting Vector Antigens (2001)

Leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected phlebotomine sand fly bites. Sand fly saliva is known to enhance Leishmania infection, while immunity to the saliva protects against infection as determined by coinoculation of parasites with vector salivary gland homogenates (SGHs) or by infected sand fly bites (Kamhawi, S., Y. Belkaid, G. Modi, E. Rowton, and D. Sacks. 2000. Science. 290:1351-1354). We have now characterized nine salivary proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of Leishmania major. One of these salivary proteins, extracted from SDS gels and having an apparent mol wt of 15 kD, was able to protect vaccinated mice challenged with parasites plus SGH. A DNA vaccine containing the cDNA for the predominant 15-kD protein (named SP15) provided this same protection. Protection lasted at least 3 mo after immunization. The vaccine produced both intense humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. B cell-deficient mice immunized with the SP15 plasmid vaccine successfully controlled Leishmania infection when injected with Leishmania plus SGH. These results indicate that DTH response against saliva provides most or all of the protective effects of this vaccine and that salivary gland proteins or their cDNAs are viable vaccine targets against leishmaniasis.
Genetic characterization of QTL associated with resistance to Fusarium head blight in a doubled-haploid spring wheat population (2005)

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most important fungal wheat diseases worldwide. Understanding the genetics of FHB resistance is the key to facilitating the introgression of different FHB resistance genes into adapted wheat. The objectives of the present study were to detect and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance genes and characterize the genetic components of the QTL in a doubled-haploid (DH) spring wheat population using both single-locus and two-locus analysis. A mapping population, consisting of 174 DH lines from the cross between DH181 (resistant) and AC Foremost (susceptible), was evaluated for type I resistance to initial infection during a 2-year period in spray-inoculated field trials, for Type II resistance to fungal spread within the spike in 3 greenhouse experiments using single-floret inoculation, and for resistance to kernel infection in a 2001 field trial. One-locus QTL analysis revealed 7 QTL for type I resistance on chromosome arms 2DS, 3AS, 3BS, 3BC (centromeric), 4DL, 5AS, and 6BS, 4 QTL for type II resistance on chromosomes 2DS, 3BS, 6BS, and 7BL, and 6 QTL for resistance to kernel infection on chromosomes 1DL, 2DS, 3BS, 3BC, 4DL, and 6BS. Two-locus QTL analysis detected 8 QTL with main effects and 4 additive by additive epistatic interactions for FHB resistance and identified novel FHB resistance genes for the first time on chromosomes 1DL, 4AL, and 4DL. Neither significant QTL by environment interactions nor epistatic QTL by environment interactions were found for either type I or type II resistance. The additive effects of QTL explained most of the phenotypic variance for FHB resistance. Marker-assisted selection for the favored alleles at multiple genomic regions appears to be a promising tool to accelerate the introgression and pyramiding of different FHB resistance genes into adapted wheat genetic backgrounds.
Vacuum-arc plasma deposition: macroparticle filtering, scaling, and other problems (1994)

Micron-size macroparticles can be removed from vacuum arc plasmas using magnetic filters, permitting the deposition of high-quality thin films of the cathode material. The principle of magnetic filtering is explained, and ways of improving filter efficiency using additional electric and magnetic fields are explored. Under optimum conditions, about 25% of all ions entering the filter can be used for deposition. Other problems such as down or upscaling of deposition facilities are briefly discussed.
<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin expression reveals growth phase and infection‐dependent regulation (2010)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes acute and chronic respiratory infections, including tracheobronchitis and community acquired pneumonia, and is linked to asthma and an array of extra-pulmonary disorders. Recently, we identified an ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin of M. pneumoniae, designated Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin. In this study we analysed CARDS toxin gene (annotated mpn372) transcription and identified its promoter. We also compared CARDS toxin mRNA and protein profiles in M. pneumoniae during distinct in vitro growth phases. CARDS toxin mRNA expression was maximal, but at low levels, during early exponential growth and declined sharply during mid-to-late log growth phases, which was in direct contrast to other mycoplasma genes examined. Between 7% and 10% of CARDS toxin was localized to the mycoplasma membrane at mid-exponential growth, which was reinforced by immunogold electron microscopy. No CARDS toxin was released into the medium. Upon M. pneumoniae infection of mammalian cells, increased expression of CARDS toxin mRNA was observed when compared with SP-4 broth-grown cultures. Further, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that M. pneumoniae readily expressed CARDS toxin during infection of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Analysis of M. pneumoniae-infected mouse lung tissue revealed high expression of CARDS toxin per mycoplasma cell when compared with M. pneumoniae cells grown in SP-4 medium alone. Taken together, these studies indicate that CARDS toxin expression is carefully controlled by environmental cues that influence its transcription and translation. Further, the acceleration of CARDS toxin synthesis and accumulation in vivo is consistent with its role as a bona fide virulence determinant.
Analyzing the impact of ISO on digital imager defects with an automatic defect trace algorithm (2010)

Reliability of image sensors is limited by the continuous development of in-field defects. Laboratory calibration on 21 DSLRs has revealed hot pixels as the main defect type found in all tested cameras, with 78% of the identified defects having a time-independent offset. The expanded ISO range that exists in new cameras enables natural light photography. However, the gain applied to all pixels also enhances the appearance of defects. Analysis of defects at varying ISO levels shows that compared to the number of defects at ISO 400, the number of defects at ISO 1600 is 2-3 times higher. Amplifying the defect parameters helps differentiate faults from noise, thus detecting larger defect sets and causes some hot pixels to become saturated. The distribution of defect parameters at various ISO levels shows that the gain applied to faults with moderate defect magnitude caused 2-10% of the defects to saturate at short exposure times (0.03-0.5s). With our expanded defect collection, spatial analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of defects, indicating a random defect source. In our extended study, the temporal growth of defects is analyzed using our defecttracing algorithm. We introduce an improved defect model which incorporates the ISO gain, allowing the detection of defects even in short exposure images at high ISO and thus providing a wider selection of historical images and more accurate defect tracing. Larger area sensors show more hot pixels, while hot pixel rates strongly grow as the pixel size decreases to 2.2 microns.
Hole analysis for functional coverage data (2002)

One of the main goals of coverage tools is to provide the user with informative presentation of coverage information. Specifically, information on large, cohesive sets of uncovered tasks with common properties is very useful. This paper describes methods for discovering and reporting large uncovered spaces (holes) for cross-product functional coverage models. Hole analysis is a presentation method for coverage data that is both succinct and informative. Using case studies, we show how hole analysis was used to detect large uncovered spaces and improve the quality of verification.
Cloning of spiramycin biosynthetic genes and their use in constructing Streptomyces ambofaciens mutants defective in spiramycin biosynthesis (1990)

Several cosmid clones from Streptomyces ambofaciens containing the spiramycin resistance gene srmB were introduced into S. fradiae PM73, a mutant defective in tylosin synthesis, resulting in tylosin synthesis. The DNA responsible for this complementation was localized to a 10.5-kilobase EcoRI fragment. A 32-kilobase DNA segment which included the srmB spiramycin resistance gene and DNA which complemented the defect in strain PM73 were mutagenized in vivo with Tn10 carrying the gene for Nmr (which is expressed in Streptomyces spp.) or in vitro by insertional mutagenesis with a drug resistance gene (Nmr) cassette. When these mutagenized DNA segments were crossed into the S. ambofaciens chromosome, three mutant classes blocked in spiramycin synthesis were obtained. One mutant accumulated two precursors of spiramycin, platenolide I and platenolide II. Two mutants, when cofermented with the platenolide-accumulating mutant, produced spiramycin. Tylactone supplementation of these two mutants resulted in the synthesis of a group of compounds exhibiting antibiotic activity. Two other mutants failed to coferment with any of the other mutants or to respond to tylactone supplementation.
An interactive "retrographic sensor" for touch, texture, and shape (2009)

Retrographic sensing is a novel method for measuring surface texture and shape. It uses a sensor made of clear elastomer with a painted skin to non-destructively change an object's reflectance characteristics. When an object is pressed into the sensor, the painted skin conforms to the shape of the object. Viewed from behind, the object appears as a shaded surface and the shape of the surface can be estimated using photometric stereo techniques. In previous work [Johnson and Adelson 2009], we describe a method for reconstructing high-resolution 2.5D surface data from a single image of the sensor. In this work, we demonstrate an implementation of the system that runs at interactive rates.
Minor Withanolides of <i>Physalis longifolia</i>: Structure and Cytotoxicity (2012)

In our recent publication on bioactive guided isolation of compounds from Physalis longifolia (Solanaceae) novel anti-proliferative agents withalongolides A (4) and B (5), and their highly cytotoxic analogues, withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate (4a) and withalongolide B 4,19-diacetate (5a) were elucidated. In this study, the two lead compounds (4, 5) were re-isolated in gram quantities for the purpose of further analogue preparation and in vivo testing that would continue to probe structure-activity relationships. During this process, two additional withanolides, named withalongolides O (1) and P (2), were elucidated. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques with 1 being subsequently confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Utilizing a MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] viability assay, withalongolide O (1) and its 4,7-diaceatate (1a), both containing the functionalities of Δ(2)-1-oxo- in A ring, a 5β,6β-epoxy in B ring, and a lactone ring in the nine-carbon side chain, exhibited potent cytotoxicity against human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (JMAR and MDA-1986), melanoma (B16F10 and SKMEL-28), and normal fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells with IC(50) values in the range between 0.15 and 2.95 µM. In addition, the previously reported α orientation of 7-acetate group in acnistins C and D should be revised to the β orientation on the basis of NMR data comparison.
Efficient electrically small apertures and their applications in microwave components (2012)

In this paper, we present the design of efficient electrically small apertures loaded with metamaterial-inspired sub-wavelength resonators. The employment of the proposed resonators, whose resonant frequency is independent from the surrounding environment, enables efficient radiation and automatic impedance matching, without increasing the physical dimensions of the aperture. This interesting phenomenon is applied to design a new family of microwave components, including electrically small aperture antennas, self-filtering horn radiators, waveguide microwave diplexers, waveguide filters, waveguide (un)balanced and switchable power splitters, etc.
Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials via cellulose oxalates (2019)

Nanocellulose prepared from cellulose oxalate has been discussed as an alternative to other methods to prepare cellulose nanofibrils or crystals. The current work describes the use of a bulk reaction between pulp and oxalic acid dihydrate to prepare cellulose oxalate followed by homogenization to produce nanocellulose. The prepared nanocellulose is on average 350 nm long and 3-4 nm wide, with particles of size and shape similar to both cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals. Films prepared from this nanocellulose have a maximum tensile stress of 140-200 MPa, strain at break between 3% and 5%, and oxygen permeability in the range of 0.3-0.5 cm<sup>3</sup> μm m<sup>-2</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> kPa<sup>-1</sup> at 50% relative humidity. The presented results illustrate that cellulose oxalates may be a low-cost method to prepare nanocellulose with properties reminiscent of those of both cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, which may open up new application areas for cellulose nanomaterials.
Multiframe demosaicing and super-resolution from undersampled color images (2004)

In the last two decades, two related categories of problems have been studied independently in the image restoration literature: super-resolution and demosaicing. A closer look at these problems reveals the relation between them, and as conventional color digital cameras suffer from both low-spatial resolution and color filtering, it is reasonable to address them in a unified context. In this paper, we propose a fast and robust hybrid method of super-resolution and demosaicing, based on a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation technique by minimizing a multi-term cost function. The <i>L</i><sub>1</sub> norm is used for measuring the difference between the projected estimate of the high-resolution image and each low-resolution image, removing outliers in the data and errors due to possibly inaccurate motion estimation. Bilateral regularization is used for regularizing the luminance component, resulting in sharp edges and forcing interpolation along the edges and not across them. Simultaneously, Tikhonov regularization is used to smooth the chrominance component. Finally, an additional regularization term is used to force similar edge orientation in different color channels. We show that the minimization of the total cost function is relatively easy and fast. Experimental results on synthetic and real data sets confirm the effectiveness of our method.
Rapid Synthesis of Hyperbranched Aromatic Polyetherimides (1999)

High molecular weight hyperbranched polyetherimides have been synthesized in a single-pot reaction in as little as 2.5 min from an easily synthesized and scalable AB2 monomer using a rapid catalytic arylation method. NMR integration experiments and model compound studies revealed a degree of branching (DB) of 67% for hyperbranched polyetherimide 4 relative to the expected statistical value of 50%. Molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography in two different solvent systems and varied widely. The polymers are highly soluble in common organic solvents and are among the most thermally stable hyperbranched polymers yet prepared.
Thermal crosstalk in 3-dimensional RRAM crossbar array (2015)

High density 3-dimensional (3D) crossbar resistive random access memory (RRAM) is one of the major focus of the new age technologies. To compete with the ultra-high density NAND and NOR memories, understanding of reliability mechanisms and scaling potential of 3D RRAM crossbar array is needed. Thermal crosstalk is one of the most critical effects that should be considered in 3D crossbar array application. The Joule heat generated inside the RRAM device will determine the switching behavior itself, and for dense memory arrays, the temperature surrounding may lead to a consequent resistance degradation of neighboring devices. In this work, thermal crosstalk effect and scaling potential under thermal effect in 3D RRAM crossbar array are systematically investigated. It is revealed that the reset process is dominated by transient thermal effect in 3D RRAM array. More importantly, thermal crosstalk phenomena could deteriorate device retention performance and even lead to data storage state failure from LRS (low resistance state) to HRS (high resistance state) of the disturbed RRAM cell. In addition, the resistance state degradation will be more serious with continuously scaling down the feature size. Possible methods for alleviating thermal crosstalk effect while further advancing the scaling potential are also provided and verified by numerical simulation.
Structural Basis for the Interaction of isoDGR with the RGD-binding Site of αvβ3 Integrin (2008)

Asparagine deamidation at the NGR sequence in the 5th type I repeat of fibronectin (FN-I5) generates isoDGR, an alphavbeta3 integrin-binding motif regulating endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation. By NMR and molecular dynamics studies, we analyzed the structure of CisoDGRC (isoDGR-2C), a cyclic beta-peptide mimicking the FN-I5 site, and compared it with NGR, RGD, or DGR-containing cyclopeptides. Docking experiments show that isoDGR, exploiting an inverted orientation as compared with RGD, favorably interacts with the RGD-binding site of alphavbeta3, both recapitulating canonical RGD-alphavbeta3 contacts and establishing additional polar interactions. Conversely, NGR and DGR motifs lack the fundamental pharmacophoric requirements for high receptor affinity. Therefore, unlike NGR and DGR, isoDGR is a new natural recognition motif of the RGD-binding pocket of alphavbeta3. These findings contribute to explain the different functional properties of FN-I5 before and after deamidation, and provide support for the hypothesis that NGR --> isoDGR transition can work as a molecular timer for activating latent integrin-binding sites in proteins, thus regulating protein function.
Real-time optoacoustic monitoring of temperature in tissues (1999)

There is a need to monitor tissue temperature and optical properties during thermotherapy in real time in order to control the boundaries of hyperthermia or coagulation of diseased tissues and minimize the damage to surrounding normal tissues. We propose to use optoacoustic technique for monitoring of tissue temperature. Efficiency of thermoacoustic excitation in water is dependent on temperature. Therefore, the optoacoustic technique may be utilized to monitor tissue temperature if the efficiency of thermoacoustic excitation in tissue is temperature-dependent. We performed experiments on real-time optoacoustic monitoring of temperature in freshly excised canine tissues (liver and myocardium) and aqueous solution during conductive heating. Laser-induced optoacoustic pressure signals were recorded from tissues and the aqueous solution during heating with the use of sensitive wide-band acoustic transducers. Fundamental harmonic of Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers were used for pressure wave generation. Amplitude of the optoacoustic pressure induced in tissues increased linearly with temperature. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental data and theory for the aqueous solution. We demonstrated that laser optoacoustic technique is capable of measuring 1 - 2 degrees Celsius temperature change in tissue and at the distance of up to several centimeters between the investigated tissue volume and the transducer.