gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of ionic photoacid generator (PAG) and base quencher into the resist polymer main chain for sub-50 nm resolution patterning (2008)

Previous research has shown that polymer-bound PAG resists exhibit improved lithographic performance in both 193 nm and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) applications as compared to their more traditional blended PAG analogs. The further incorporation of base directly into the resist polymer backbone is a potential route for improving the resist performance and processing window. In this work, a new series of chemically amplified resists (CARs) that incorporate both PAG and base quencher functional groups into the polymer main chain are reported. The lithographic performance of these materials was investigated using electron-beam lithography (EBL). The polymer-bound PAG cation resist showed higher photospeed than the polymer-bound PAG anion resists. Base quencher incorporation slightly decreased the photospeed but improved the resolution in the case of resists with the polymer-bound PAG cation and pyridine base. Base quencher incorporation showed no improvement on the lithographic performance of polymer-bound PAG anion resists.
Demonstration of cortical recording and reduced inflammatory response using flexible polymer neural probes (2007)

We present the fabrication, characterization, use in cortical recording and histological results of a flexible implantable neural probe. The device is microfabricated in polyimide and platinum, allowing for greater flexibility. It incorporates two layers of platinum electrodes, which greatly reduces the size of neural probes and limits the insertion damage. In recording experiments, acute in-vivo measurements were performed in the mouse cortex. Local field potential, single- and multi-neuron activity were simultaneously recorded. We demonstrate using immunohistochemistry techniques reduced inflammation at the implantation site for microfabricated polyimide neural probes. We therefore show that the major advantage of using polymer probes over silicon probes is the reduced damage due to insertion and probe-brain compliance mismatch.
An Improved Fluorescence-enhanced Pd2+ Probe Derived from Rhodamine Fluorophore (2011)

A new fluorescence-enhanced Pd2+ probe RPd5 was synthesized which shows both fluorescent and colorimetric responses to Pd2+ within 16 minutes. The fluorescent intensity was enhanced 40 times. With a pKa value of 3.96±0.01, it can detect Pd2+ in a wide pH range, especially in the neutral pH environment. RPd5 has the detection limit of 2.31×10-6 mol/L suggesting its high sensitivity for Pd2+ detection. Proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate its potential application for Pd2+ detection in real soil and water samples. Additionally, RPd5 can be loaded as test paper for Pd2+ evaluation in the clean water solution.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation reverses vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress with aging in mice (2016)

We tested the hypothesis that supplementation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a key NAD(+) intermediate, increases arterial SIRT1 activity and reverses age-associated arterial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Old control mice (OC) had impaired carotid artery endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) (60 ± 5% vs. 84 ± 2%), a measure of endothelial function, and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated EDD (37 ± 4% vs. 66 ± 6%), compared with young mice (YC). This age-associated impairment in EDD was restored in OC by the superoxide (O2-) scavenger TEMPOL (82 ± 7%). OC also had increased aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV, 464 ± 31 cm s(-1) vs. 337 ± 3 cm s(-1) ) and elastic modulus (EM, 6407 ± 876 kPa vs. 3119 ± 471 kPa), measures of large elastic artery stiffness, compared with YC. OC had greater aortic O2- production (2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1 AU), nitrotyrosine abundance (a marker of oxidative stress), and collagen-I, and reduced elastin and vascular SIRT1 activity, measured by the acetylation status of the p65 subunit of NFκB, compared with YC. Supplementation with NMN in old mice restored EDD (86 ± 2%) and NO-mediated EDD (61 ± 5%), reduced aPWV (359 ± 14 cm s(-1) ) and EM (3694 ± 315 kPa), normalized O2- production (0.9 ± 0.1 AU), decreased nitrotyrosine, reversed collagen-I, increased elastin, and restored vascular SIRT1 activity. Acute NMN incubation in isolated aortas increased NAD(+) threefold and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) by 50%. NMN supplementation may represent a novel therapy to restore SIRT1 activity and reverse age-related arterial dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress.
Mycoviruses related to chrysovirus affect vegetative growth in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (2010)

Mycoviruses causing impaired growth and abnormal pigmentation of the host were found in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Four dsRNAs, dsRNA 1 (3554 bp), dsRNA 2 (3250 bp), dsRNA 3 (307 bp) and dsRNA 4 (3043 bp), were detected in isolate S-0412-II 1a of M. oryzae. By picking up single conidia of S-0412-II 1a, cured strains of the fungus were isolated that had completely lost the mycovirus. The cured strains had normal mycelial growth and pigmentation, suggesting that this mycovirus modulates host traits. The buoyant densities of isometric virus particles (∼35 nm diameter) containing these dsRNAs in CsCl ranged from 1.37 to 1.40 g cm⁻³. The single ORF (3384 nt) of dsRNA 1 encoded a gene product highly homologous to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of members of the family Chrysoviridae. It is noteworthy that mycovirus S-0412-II 1a was detected not only in host cells but also in culture supernatant. Furthermore, abnormal aggregation of mycelia was observed after adding the mycovirus-containing culture supernatant to an uninfected strain of M. oryzae and mycoviral dsRNAs were detectable from the aggregated mycelia. This novel dsRNA mycovirus was named Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1.
Effects of composition and processing conditions on the properties of a series of shock mitigating phenolic foams (1979)

Abstract The effects of variations in the chemical composition and processing conditions of the series of phenolic foams described in the two previous papers were studied. Compressive stiffness and density increased with increasing concentrations of the acid catalysts, the slower reacting phenolic resin component, water, the lipophilic component of the surfactant system, and age of the phenolic resins. These properties decreased with increasing concentration of the fluorocarbon blowing agent and process temperature. The compressive stiffness and density increased to a maximum and then decreased with increasing concentrations of the hydrophilic surfactant. Permeability or “breathability” of the foam decreased with the hydrophilic surfactant at low concentrations and then became essentially independent of further increases of this component. Increasing concentrations of the lipophilic surfactant gave foam having greater breathability. In all other cases the permeability of the foam decreased as its density increased. Effects of the variations in processing and composition on the dependency of load bearing upon density, on relationships between permeability and density and permeability and compressive stiffness, and upon cell structures are also described.
Joint Erasure Marking and List Viterbi Algorithm for Decoding in Unknown Non-Gaussian Noise (2008)

In many real-world communication systems, the channel noise is non-Gaussian due to the presence of impulsive noise as well as the background Gaussian noise. In such situations, the conventional Euclidean distance based decoder may suffer from the problem of severe metric mismatch. To overcome the problem, we recently proposed the joint erasure marking and Viterbi algorithm (JEVA) as a robust trellis decoder that does not require an estimate of the impulsive noise distribution. In this work, two ways to further improve JEVA are presented for systems with an error detecting code. Specifically, the JEVA is integrated with the list Viterbi algorithm (LVA) to form the two-dimensional joint erasure marking and list Viterbi algorithm (JELVA) and the switched JELVA, respectively. By combining the respective strengths of the JEVA and the LVA, the integrated decoding schemes are able to achieve significant performance gains over the original JEVA and achieve a wide range of performance-complexity-delay tradeoffs.
A Wearable Electrochemical Sensor to Monitor Progression of Wound Healing (2017)

An enzymatic electrochemical biosensor comprising the enzyme, urate oxidase (uricase, UOx), has been investigated for detection of real-time changes in uric acid. Uric acid (UA) is a key biomarker for monitoring severity of wounds, a complex process initiated to restore tissue damage. With its presence in different bio-fluids, this work explores possibilities of continuous, non-invasive detection of systemic UA levels. Here, hydrolysis of UA was explored to detect the oxidation of its byproduct, H2O2. The role of metal nano-particles was investigated on detection, through cyclic voltammetry. Use of a redox electron shuttle, ferrocene carboxylic acid (FCA), was seen to enable electron transfer between the active site of the enzyme and the electrode. The constructed enzymatic uric acid biosensor provided a sensitivity of 0.14 µA µM-1 cm-2 and detection limit of 14µM within the physiologically relevant range. This biosensor has the potential of providing wound care through continual systemic UA monitoring.
Fixed-angle observation of surface plasmon coupled chemiluminescence from palladium thin films (2009)

In this letter, the fixed-angle observation of surface plasmon coupled chemiluminescence (SPCC) from palladium thin films is reported. Fresnel calculations predict that light 492–549 nm spectral range can efficiently induce surface plasmon modes in 15 nm palladium thin films. Free-space emission from blue, green, and chartreuse chemiluminescent solutions on palladium thin films was isotropic, while the SPCC emission was highly directional and predominantly p-polarized in accordance with the predictions of the Fresnel calculations. In addition, the decay rates of the SPCC and free-space emission were similar, which suggests that palladium thin films have no catalytic effect on chemiluminescence emission.
Silk Fibroin Scaffolds Promote Formation of the <i>Ex Vivo</i> Niche for Salivary Gland Epithelial Cell Growth, Matrix Formation, and Retention of Differentiated Function (2015)

Salivary gland hypofunction often results from a number of causes, including the use of various medications, radiation for head and neck tumors, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and aging. Since treatments for this condition are lacking and adult salivary glands have little regenerative capacity, there is a need for cell-based therapies to restore salivary gland function. Development of these treatment strategies requires the establishment of a system that is capable of replicating the salivary gland cell "niche" to support the proliferation and differentiation of salivary gland progenitor cells. In this study, a culture system using three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds (SFS) and primary salivary gland epithelial cells (pSGECs) from rat submandibular (SM) gland and parotid gland (PG) was established and characterized. pSGECs grown on SFS, but not tissue culture plastic (TCP), formed aggregates of cells with morphological features resembling secretory acini. High levels of amylase were released into the media by both cell types after extended periods in culture on SFS. Remarkably, cultures of PG-derived cells on SFS, but not SM cells, responded to isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, with increased enzyme release. This behavior mimics that of the salivary glands in vivo. Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) formed by pSGECs in culture on SFS contained type IV collagen, a major component of the basement membrane. These results demonstrate that pSGECs grown on SFS, but not TCP, retain important functional and structural features of differentiated salivary glands and produce an ECM that mimics the native salivary gland cell niche. These results demonstrate that SFS has potential as a scaffold for creating the salivary gland cell niche in vitro and may provide an approach for inducing multipotent stem cells to provide therapeutically meaningful numbers of salivary gland progenitor cells for regenerating these tissues in patients.
Digital encoding by means of new T-codes to provide improved data synchronisation and message integrity (1984)

A new class of variable-length synchronisable codes offers improved data integrity in the presence of additive and timing errors. Character synchronisation occurs automatically during normal decoding procedures. The estimated improvements obtainable using these codes in the transmission of ASCII text over a noisy channel are shown in a comparison with conventional serial code systems.
Cat's eye quantum well modulating retroreflectors for free-space optical communications (2003)

Modulating retro-reflectors (MRR) couple passive optical retro-reflectors with electro-optic modulators to allow free-space optical communication with a laser and pointing/acquisition/tracking system required on only one end of the link. In operation a conventional free space optical communications terminal, the interrogator, is used on one end of the link to illuminate the MRR on the other end of the link with a cw beam. The MRR imposes a modulation on the interrogating beam and passively retro-reflects it back to the interrogator. These types of systems are attractive for asymmetric communication links for which one end of the link cannot afford the weight, power and expense of a conventional free-space optical communication terminal. Recently, MRR using multiple quantum well (MQW) modulators have been demonstrated using a large area MQW placed in front of the aperture of a corner-cube. For the MQW MRR, the maximum modulation can range into the gigahertz, limited only by the RC time constant of the device. This limitation, however, is a serious one. The optical aperture of an MRR cannot be too small or the amount of light retro-reflected will be insufficient to close the link. For typical corner-cube MQW MRR devices the modulator has a diameter between 0.5-1 cm and maximum modulation rates less than 10 Mbps. In this paper we describe a new kind of MQW MRR that uses a cat's eye retro-reflector with the MQW in the focal plane of the cat's eye. This system decouples the size of the modulator from the size of the optical aperture and allows much higher data rates. A 50 Mbps device has been demonstrated.
Modeling intra-speaker variability for speaker recognition (2005)

In this paper we present a speaker recognition algorithm that models explicitly intra-speaker inter-session variability. Such variability may be caused by changing speaker characteristics (mood, fatigue, etc.), channel variability or noise variability. We define a session-space in which each session (either train or test session) is a vector. We then calculate a rotation of the session-space for which the estimated intra-speaker subspace is isolated and can be modeled explicitly. We evaluated our technique on the NIST-2004 speaker recognition evaluation corpus, and compared it to a GMM baseline system. Results indicate significant reduction in error rate.
A Distributed RF Front-End for UWB Receivers (2006)

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a novel silicon-based distributed RF front-end for ultra wideband (UWB) receivers (RX). The proposed UWB distributed RF front-end, called UWB-DRF, is suitable for UWB IF transceiver architectures. The circuit constitutes of combined low-noise amplifier (LNA) and down-conversion mixer cells distributed along the artificial transmission lines (TLs), to achieve wideband conversion gain, noise figure (NF), and linearity. A 3 stage UWB-DRF was fabricated in a 0.13 mum CMOS process. The prototype UWB-DRF achieves 13.8-15.5 dB gain over the entire UWB frequency range, while exhibiting flat NF of 5.2 dB across the band. The radio-frequency (RF), local-oscillator (LO), and intermediate-frequency (IF) ports are wideband-matched to 50Q. A programmable RF termination allows the UWB-DRF to achieve higher gain of 17.7 dB and lower NF of 3.5 dB, while trading off with few decibels of mismatch at the RF input port
Technique for frequency transfer over packet networks (2012)

This paper describes the design and performance analysis of a new approach for frequency synchronization over packet networks. The technique which includes a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) is timestamp-based and involves a transmitter clock sending periodically an explicit time indication or timestamp to the receiver so that it can synchronize its local clock to that of the transmitter. The digital oscillator used in the PLL is a divide-by-N counter type oscillator (DNCO). We explain how the DPLL can be designed using standard control theory concepts and show how the DPLL performs in the presence of network perturbations like packet delay variations (PDV) which is the main source of clock errors in packet-based synchronization.
Galactosyl-Lactose Sialylation Using Trypanosoma cruzi trans-Sialidase as the Biocatalyst and Bovine κ-Casein-Derived Glycomacropeptide as the Donor Substrate (2014)

trans-Sialidase (TS) enzymes catalyze the transfer of sialyl (Sia) residues from Sia(α2-3)Gal(β1-x)-glycans (sialo-glycans) to Gal(β1-x)-glycans (asialo-glycans). Aiming to apply this concept for the sialylation of linear and branched (Gal)nGlc oligosaccharide mixtures (GOS) using bovine κ-casein-derived glycomacropeptide (GMP) as the sialic acid donor, a kinetic study has been carried out with three components of GOS, i.e., 3'-galactosyl-lactose (β3'-GL), 4'-galactosyl-lactose (β4'-GL), and 6'-galactosyl-lactose (β6'-GL). This prebiotic GOS is prepared from lactose by incubation with suitable β-galactosidases, whereas GMP is a side-stream product of the dairy industry. The trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Its temperature and pH optima were determined to be 25°C and pH 5.0, respectively. GMP [sialic acid content, 3.6% (wt/wt); N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), >99%; (α2-3)-linked Neu5Ac, 59%] was found to be an efficient sialyl donor, and up to 95% of the (α2-3)-linked Neu5Ac could be transferred to lactose when a 10-fold excess of this acceptor substrate was used. The products of the TcTS-catalyzed sialylation of β3'-GL, β4'-GL, and β6'-GL, using GMP as the sialic acid donor, were purified, and their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Monosialylated β3'-GL and β4'-GL contained Neu5Ac connected to the terminal Gal residue; however, in the case of β6'-GL, TcTS was shown to sialylate the 3 position of both the internal and terminal Gal moieties, yielding two different monosialylated products and a disialylated structure. Kinetic analyses showed that TcTS had higher affinity for the GL substrates than lactose, while the Vmax and kcat values were higher in the case of lactose.
Biocompatible 3D Liquid Crystal Elastomer Cell Scaffolds and Foams with Primary and Secondary Porous Architecture (2015)

3D biodegradable and highly regular foamlike cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side-chain liquid crystal elastomers have been prepared. Scaffolds with a primary porosity characterized by spatially interlaced, interconnected microchannels or an additional secondary porosity featuring interconnected microchannel networks define the novel elastomeric scaffolds. The macroscale morphology of the dual porosity 3D scaffold resembles vascular networks observed in tissue. 3D elastomer foams show four times higher cell proliferation capability compared to conventional porous templated films and within the channels guide spontaneous cell alignment enabling the possibility of tissue construct fabrication toward more clinically complex environments.
Determination of single nucleotide polymorphisms in N-acetyltransferase2 gene using an electrochemical DNA chip and an automated DNA detection system. (2007)

An electrochemical DNA chip using an electrochemically active intercalator and DNA probe immobilized on a gold electrode has been developed for genetic analysis. In this study, N-acetyltransferase2 (NAT2) gene polymorphisms (C481T G590A G857A) were determined by the electrochemical DNA chip and the automated DNA detection system that performs hybridization reaction, washing, detection, and data analysis. Human genomic DNAs were extracted from blood and DNA fragments containing the three polymorphisms were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Double-stranded PCR products were treated with T7 exonuclease and single-stranded target DNAs were obtained. A sample containing the single-stranded target DNAs was injected into a cassette including the electrochemical DNA chip and set in an automated system. The turnaround time for genotyping with this system was 90 min. A total of 38 samples were automatically genotyped by an SNP determination algorithm. The results of genotype were completely consistent with those determined by the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Consequently, this method requires no labeling step and has the advantage of realizing a compact and automatic system, and so the system is expected to contribute to personalized medicine based on genotype.
Real‐Time, In Situ Monitoring of Room‐Temperature Silicon Surface Cleaning Using Hydrogen and Ammonia Plasmas (1993)

Cleaning wafer surfaces in situ using gaseous reagents facilitates automated cluster tool processing of microelectronic devices. Moreover, to remain within stringent thermal processing budgets for making ultralarge scale integrated (ULSI) circuit devices, it is desirable to perform these dry cleaning processes at low temperatures. We report here the use of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy to study and optimize room‐temperature plasma cleaning of native oxide contaminated Si surfaces. By monitoring the vibrational modes of Si‐H, , O‐H, and C‐H in real‐time, we develop a hybrid process where an upstream microwave discharge and the gas‐flow rate are used to control the neutral atom flux while direct exposure to a radio‐frequency plasma is used to control the ion energy flux. To remove from the Si surface, a high flow rate (i.e., H flux) and weak RF plasma exposure (i.e., ion bombardment) are required. Hydrocarbon contaminants can be removed easily using the microwave plasma effluent alone. Too large an ion energy flux damages the surface, producing a large Si‐H absorption peak which we attribute to formation of a‐Si:H. These results demonstrate the power of real‐time monitoring for developing and optimizing dry cleaning processes.
Tumor uptake of radioruthenium compounds (1980)

The use of ruthenium-97 as a scintigraphic agent, particularly for tumor localization, is investigated. The tumor uptake of ruthenium chloride and ruthenium-labelled transferrin is evaluated and their application as tumor-imagine agents is compared to gallium-67 citrate. (ACR)