gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscle GLUT4 regulation by estrogen receptors ERβ and ERα (2006)

Estrogen is known to influence glucose homeostasis with dominant effects in the liver, but the role of estrogen receptors in muscle glucose metabolism is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the expression of the two estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta, and their influence on regulation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, and its associated structural protein, caveolin-1, in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ERalpha and ERbeta are coexpressed in the nuclei of most muscle cells, and that their levels were not affected by absence of estradiol [in aromatase-knockout (ArKO) mice]. GLUT4 expression on the muscle cell membrane was not affected by loss of ERbeta but was extremely reduced in ERalpha(-/-) mice and elevated in ArKO mice. RT-PCR confirmed a parallel reduction in GLUT4 mRNA levels in ERalpha(-/-) mice. Upon treatment of ArKO mice with the ERbeta agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile, GLUT4 expression was reduced. By immunofluorescence and Western blotting, caveolin-1 expression was higher in ArKO mice and lower in ERbeta(-/-) and ERalpha(-/-) mice than in WT littermates. GLUT4 and caveolin-1 were colocalized in WT and ArKO mice but not in ERbeta(-/-) and ERalpha(-/-) mice. These results reveal that ERalpha is a positive regulator of GLUT4 expression, whereas ERbeta has a suppressive role. Both ERbeta and ERalpha are necessary for optimal caveolin-1 expression. Taken together, these results indicate that colocalization of caveolin-1 and GLUT4 is not an absolute requirement for muscle glucose metabolism but that reduction in GLUT4 could be contributing to the insulin resistance observed in ERalpha(-/-) mice.
Untersuchungen an 1,3‐Thiazinen, 23. Mitt. Neuartige Umwandlungen an Tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐2‐thionen mittels Thionylchlorid (1985)

Abstract Die Tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐2‐thione 1 wurden mittels Thionylchlorid in die teilweise isolierbaren 2,2‐Dichlor‐tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazine 2 überführt, die bei der Hydrolyse die Tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐2‐one 3 , bei der Umsetzung mit Stickstoffbasen mit primären Aminogruppen die 2‐Iminotetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazine 4 ergaben. Durch Stickstoffabspaltung aus den 2‐Nitrosoiminotetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazinen 6 gelangt man ebenfalls zu den 2‐Oxo‐thiazinen 3 , die zu den Sulfonstrukturen 7 oxidiert werden konnten.
Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Based on Nucleic Acid Analysis (2019)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most widely recognized threats to global health, and one that continues to grow as new mechanisms of resistance evolve and resistant pathogens spread. Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, but their misuse and overuse has constantly and consistently reduced their efficacy to the critically low levels we observe today. As a result, the rate of mortality as a direct result of AMR is approaching over a million deaths annually, with 20-year projections in the ten-millions. Rapid, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) that could be performed at the point of care (most notably in ≤ 30 min) would decrease the overuse of antimicrobials, allow physicians to make informed choices about which antimicrobials to prescribe, and improve patient outcomes. Today no such method exists. The ultimate goal of the below work is to allow physicians to choose, instead of guess, which antibiotics to use. We envision that development of these tests into distributable diagnostics will drastically improve patient outcomes, curb the spread of resistance, strengthen global antibiotic stewardship, and forestall the post-antibiotic era.
High-Brightness Quantum Well Tapered Lasers (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> High-power quantum well lasers with high brightness in the spectral range between 650 nm and 1080 nm will be presented. Improved layer structures with a narrow vertical far-field divergence down to angles of 15 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula> (full-width at half-maximum) were developed. For these layer structures, optimized tapered lasers were processed to achieve laterally a nearly diffraction-limited beam quality with beam propagation factors smaller than 2. Depending on the emission wavelength, the tapered devices reach an output power up to 12 W and a brightness of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{1 GW}{\cdot}\hbox{cm}^{-2}{\cdot}\hbox{sr}^{-1}$</tex></formula>. </para>
Gradient methods in unsupervised neural networks (1991)

The authors discuss the application of gradient methods (steepest descent and conjugate gradients) to an unsupervised neural network that uses potential functions in the output layer as previously reported by the authors (1990). The nature of most unsupervised neural networks makes the gradient step algorithm the only possible way to optimize the network's function. The network reported by the authors in 1990 can make use of other gradient methods. Experiments with the steepest descent/ascent and conjugate gradients algorithms show a potential decrease in the number of iterations. The contours of the network's function showed considerable variation, especially close to the local optima. This nature restricted the line search algorithms that could be used. Simulations confirm this fact by showing how a crude line search algorithm performs better than a semiexact line search algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Road Traffic Control Gesture Recognition using Depth Images (2012)

This paper presents a systemused toautomatically recognize the road traffic control gestures of police officers. In this approach,the control gestures of traffic police officers are captured inthe form of depth images.A human skeleton is then constructed using a kinematic model. The feature vector describing a traffic control gesture is built from the relative angles found amongstthe joints of the constructed human skeleton. We utilizeSupport Vector Machines (SVMs) to perform the gesture recognition. Experiments show that our proposed method is robust and efficient and is suitable for realtime application. We also present a testbed system based on the SVMs trained data for real-time traffic gesture recognition.
Autonomously constructing hierarchical task networks for planning and human-robot collaboration (2016)

Collaboration between humans and robots requires solutions to an array of challenging problems, including multi-agent planning, state estimation, and goal inference. There already exist feasible solutions for many of these challenges, but they depend upon having rich task models. In this work we detail a novel type of Hierarchical Task Network we call a Clique/Chain HTN (CC-HTN), alongside an algorithm for autonomously constructing them from topological properties derived from graphical task representations. As the presented method relies on the structure of the task itself, our work imposes no particular type of symbolic insight into motor primitives or environmental representation, making it applicable to a wide variety of use cases critical to human-robot interaction. We present evaluations within a multi-resolution goal inference task and a transfer learning application showing the utility of our approach.
Insight into the Atomic Structure of Cycled Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Li<sub>1.20</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using HAADF STEM and Electron Nanodiffraction (2014)

Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM) and electron nanodiffraction investigations have been carried out to follow changes in the local atomic structure of three Li-rich layered oxides recovered after a single charge–discharge cycle, performed in different conditions. The structure of the pristine material Li1.20Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 was fully characterized. It was then compared to those of the materials recovered after one electrochemical cycle in a lithium battery, with the upper voltage limit being either just below the voltage of the irreversible “plateau” typical of Li-rich layered oxides or just above. An in-depth study of the material obtained chemically, after oxidation to deintercalate Li and then reduction to reintercalate Li, was also performed for comparison. The main message of this paper is that the “plateau” is not associated with an extended structural reorganization of the material. The irreversible processes associated with cation migration are restricted to the external part of the particles. The results reported here support the oxidation of oxygen ions we earlier proposed to occur reversibly in the core of the particles and to be the actual origin for the exceptional capacity of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides.
Leptin Levels, β-Cell Function, and Insulin Sensitivity in Families with Congenital and Acquired Generalized Lipoatropic Diabetes1 (1998)

Lipoatropic diabetes (LD) designates a group of syndromes characterized by diabetes mellitus with marked insulin resistance and either a localized or generalized absence of adipose tissue. In this study, we evaluated plasma leptin levels in subjects with congenital generalized lipoatropic diabetes (CGLD, n = 11) or acquired generalized lipoatropic diabetes (AGLD, n = 11), and assessed correlations between leptin levels and estimations of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Leptin levels were 0.86 +/- 0.32, 1.76 +/- 0.78, and 6.9 +/- 4.4 ng/mL in subjects with CGLD, AGLD, and controls (n = 19), respectively (ANOVA P < 0.0001). Specific insulin levels were 154 +/- 172, 177 +/- 137 and 43 +/- 22 pmol/L, respectively (P < 0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was significantly decreased in both groups with LD (P < 0.0001), whereas HOMA beta-cell function was not significantly different when compared with controls. Leptin levels were significantly correlated with body mass index, insulin levels, and HOMA beta-cell function, and inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in control subjects but not in subjects with generalized LD. In conclusion, decreased leptin levels were observed in subjects with generalized LD, with a trend towards lower levels in the acquired than in the congenital form (P = 0.06). The temporal relationship between the decrease in leptin levels and the development of lipoatrophy should be investigated in at-risk young relatives of subjects with the acquired forms to assess the usefulness of leptin levels as a marker of lipoatrophy.
On the Feasibility of Unlicensed Communications in the TV White Space: Field Measurements in the UHF Band (2015)

In practical unlicensed communications in TV band, radio devices have to identify, at first, the transmission opportunities, that is, the portion of the spectrum licensed for broadcasting services unoccupied in a certain region at certain time, that is, the so-called TV white space. In this paper the outcome of field measurements in the UHF TV band (470–860 MHz) conducted in EU is presented. To obtain empirical values for the parameters upon which unlicensed radio devices are able to distinguish in a real scenario between empty and occupied TV channels, signal power measurements have been performed in Italy, Spain, and Romania on rural, suburban, and urban sites, at different heights over the ground by using different analysis bandwidths. The aim of this work is to provide a set of practical parameters upon which harmless unlicensed communication in the UHF TV white space is feasible. The results have been analyzed with respect to the hidden node margin problem, spectrum sensing bandwidth, and occupancy threshold.
Towards Improvements in Thermal Efficiency and Reduced Harmful Emissions of Combustion Processes by Using Recirculation of Heat and Mass: A Review (2009)

Combustion processes are main constituents of several energy technologies. A key issue in combustion researches is the improvement in reduction of harmful emissions. Besides, the achievement of high-energy-efficiency processes through advanced heat recovery systems is desirable. When recirculated systems are utilized those two aspects can be achieved simultaneously. Therefore, the current review describes recent patented developments in heat and massrecirculating systems over the last 10 years (2000-2009). In relation to heat-recirculating systems recuperative, regenerative and porous media combustion are covered. The most significant inventions are discussed and their improvements and possible applications are emphasized. Further, flue gas recirculating systems novel configurations and solutions are described. Their practical power engineering applications in the field of e.g. boilers, internal combustion engines, gas turbines and radiant tube burners are emphasized. For each group of patents the principles of improvements in thermal efficiency and in reducing harmful emissions are expounded. Keywords: Heat and mass recirculation, combustion, energy efficiency, &, harmful emissions
Ambient Ionization and Miniature Mass Spectrometry Systems for Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring (2017)

Mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool in the field of biomedicine. The combination of ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometry systems could most likely fulfill a significant need in medical diagnostics, providing highly specific molecular information in real time for clinical and even point-of-care analysis. In this review, we discuss the recent development of ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometers as well as their potential in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, with an emphasis on their capability in analysis of biofluids and tissues. We also speculate the future development of the integrated, miniature MS systems and provide our perspectives on the challenges in technical development as well as possible solutions for path forward.
The Fate of the Fixed Syndesmosis Over Time (2015)

Level IV, retrospective case series.
In<inf>0.7</inf>Ga<inf>0.3</inf>As channel n-MOSFETs with a novel self-aligned Ni-InGaAs contact formed using a salicide-like metallization process (2011)

Spacer-less In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> As n-MOSFETs with self-aligned Ni-InGaAs contacts formed using a direct reaction between Ni and InGaAs were demonstrated. A novel salicide-like metallization process was developed to achieve self-aligned Ni-InGaAs contacts, comprising the steps of Ni reaction with In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> As and selective removal of excess Ni. Dopantless n-MOSFETs with metallic Ni-InGaAs source/drain (S/D) and n-MOSFETs with Si-doped S/D and Ni-InGaAs contacts were compared. Si implant performed before the metallization effectively suppressed the off-state current I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> by more than 10 times.
Effect of Dialyzer Reprocessing Methods on Complement Activation and Hemodialyzer‐Related Symptoms (1987)

The effects of different dialyzer processing methods and of reuse on complement activation and dialyzer-related symptoms were studied in 96 maintenance hemodialysis patients. New dialyzers were either unprocessed (Group 1) or machine-washed with bleach and stored in formaldehyde (Group 2). Reused dialyzers were manually cleansed using the combination of bleach and formaldehyde (Group 3), or machine-washed in formaldehyde (Group 4) or peracetic acid (Group 5). Prewashed new dialyzers (Group 2) were associated with greater complement activation during dialysis when compared with unprocessed, new dialyzers (Group 1) (p less than 0.05). Reused, unbleached but formaldehyde-treated or peracetic acid-treated dialyzers (Groups 4 and 5) were associated with reduced complement activation (p less than 0.05). Complement activation was not reduced when bleach was used for reprocessing (Group 3). The percentage of patients without symptoms during dialysis was significantly greater with reused dialyzers than with new dialyzers (Groups 3 through 5 versus Groups 1 and 2; 39 versus 25%; p = 0.035). The severity of total symptoms correlated significantly (p = 0.0004) with complement activation. Our results suggest that total symptoms during dialysis are correlated with the degree of complement activation. However, trends in the data pertaining to chest pain suggest that factors other than complement activation may be important in the pathogenesis of some dialyzer-related symptoms.
Mechanical Comparison of Fixation Techniques for the Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy (2000)

Tibial tubercle osteotomies currently are used as an exposure technique for revision total knee arthroplasty and for distal patellofemoral realignment. A review of the literature reveals no biomechanical studies that evaluate methods of osteotomy fixation in terms of static strength. This study evaluates the fixation strength of common techniques used to repair tibial tubercle osteotomies. Bevel and stepcut tibial tubercle osteotomies were created in 36 anatomic specimen knees and were repaired with either two 4.5-mm cortical screws or 18-gauge stainless steel cerclage wire. The failure load for the bevelcut osteotomies repaired with two-screws was 1,654 +/- 359 N; for the bevelcut osteotomies repaired with three cerclage wires, 622 +/- 283 N; for the stepcut osteotomies repaired with three cerclage wires, was 984 +/- 441 N; and for the stepcut osteotomy repaired with four cerclage wires, 1,099 +/- 632 N. This study shows that two bicortical screws provide the greatest static fixation strength for repairing tibial tubercle osteotomies. When repairing tibial tubercle osteotomies for distal patellofemoral realignment, screw fixation would provide the most reliable fixation. However, the placement of screws around the stem of a revision arthroplasty tibial component is difficult. Cerclage wires are easier to place and provide solid static fixation, especially with the addition of a proximal stepcut osteotomy.
Fault-injection-based testing of fault-tolerant algorithms in message-passing parallel computers (2002)

Distributed-memory parallel computers offer inherent redundancy that can be exploited to provide software-implemented fault tolerance. Numerous algorithms have been developed for fault-tolerant unicast communication, fault-tolerant broadcast, fault diagnosis, check-point/rollback, various consensus problems, algorithm-based fault tolerance, etc. Correctness proofs for these algorithms tend to be quite complex and, as a result, are error-prone. Furthermore, the way in which an algorithm is implemented can have dramatic impact on its correctness. Fault-injection-based testing is, therefore, an essential component of the validation procedure for these algorithms, which can complement other methods such as formal verification. The authors present a methodology for fault injection in distributed-memory parallel computers that use a message-passing paradigm. Their approach is based on injection of faults into interprocessor communications, and allows emulation of fault models commonly used in design of fault-tolerant parallel algorithms. The methodology has been applied in a tool for fault injection in Intel iPSC/860 multicomputers, and has been demonstrated through the extensive testing of a fault-tolerant broadcast algorithm.
Measures to inactivate viral contaminants of pooled plasma products. (1985)

In order to produce safer plasma products all possible methods of virus inactivation and reduction must be investigated systematically. Since the number and types of viruses are unknown and could change with time, a general viricidal approach is necessary. While heating has been the standard, a variety of methods are available for reducing the transmission of virus infection by blood products. Satisfactory development of these methods is limited by the cumbersome, expensive and imprecise experimental tools being used, i.e., the chimpanzee or human clinical trials.
Arbitrarily primed PCR DNA fingerprinting of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains by using templates from boiled cultures (1995)

Arbitrarily primed PCR allows genetically different bacterial strains to be distinguished with great sensitivity and efficiency. We report that informative, reproducible arbitrarily primed PCR profiles can be obtained from Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains by using boiled stationary-phase cultures, without the need for time-consuming phenol extraction. This simple template preparation procedure should be especially useful in large epidemiologic studies when many strains must be typed.
Planning of vision-based navigation for a mobile robot under uncertainty (2002)

This paper deals with planning of visual navigation strategies for a mobile robot under uncertainty of both visual data and dead reckoning data. When a robot passes through a narrow space, it has to move slowly while carefully observing surrounding objects and estimating the distances to the objects precisely. On the other hand, the robot can move fast in a widely open space. A novel method is proposed which can adaptively determine the speed of the robot and the visual landmarks, thereby realizing an efficient navigation of the robot. Experimental results show the feasibility of the method.
Accuracy and precision comparison of the hemocytometer and automated cell counting methods (2009)

The hemocytometer is the most widely used device for determining cell concentrations, requiring consistent criteria and tenacity to obtain measurements correctly and reproducibly. As an alternative, the Countess(tm) Automated Cell Counter employs digital imaging and an image analysis algorithm to identify and enumerate cells in a sample. To compare the performance of these two methods, the accuracy, precision, and effective ranges were determined for total cell count and percent viability. First, using a standardized bead solution, the accuracy and precision of glass and disposable hemocytometers were measured and found to be 30% and 5% different from the anticipated value, respectively. Subsequently, disposable hemocytometers and the automated counter were used to determine total cell numbers and percent viability for multiple cell types over a range of cell concentrations. Using a Student's t‐test, the results showed the Countess(tm) instrument measured cell concentrations and viability as accurately and precisely as the disposable hemocytometer. Additionally, the effective concentration range for the Countess(tm) instrument was two times greater than the hemocytometer, and the viability range matched the hemocytometer. The Countess(tm) Automated Cell Counter overall produces results much more rapidly without the problem of operator tedium and fatigue or compromised accuracy and precision.