gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A primary role for protein kinase A in smooth muscle relaxation induced by adrenergic agonists and neuropeptides (1992)

Many studies suggest that smooth muscle relaxation caused by beta-adrenergic agents and various neuropeptides occurs as a result of an increase in cellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). However, the evidence is indirect, and furthermore does not demonstrate that an increase in cAMP is essential for mediating relaxation. To define more clearly the role of cAMP in receptor-mediated smooth muscle relaxation, we used a specific competitive antagonist of the action of cAMP on protein kinase A, (R)-p-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate [(R)-p-cAMPS], and its S isomer, (S)-p-cAMPS, which functions as a cAMP agonist. In gastric smooth muscle cells from guinea pig, (S)-p-cAMPS caused a dose-related relaxation [50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) 86 +/- 59 nM]. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) produced smooth muscle cell relaxation (IC50 2.3 +/- 0.8 nM) through occupation of specific VIP receptors. (R)-p-cAMPS inhibited VIP-induced relaxation, with a rightward shift in the VIP dose-response curve, suggesting competitive antagonism. Furthermore, (R)-p-cAMPS inhibited relaxation induced by other agents that increase cellular cAMP (isoproterenol, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and glucagon) but not that induced by ATP or sodium nitroprusside. (R)-p-cAMPS had no effect on contraction stimulated by carbachol, cholecystokinin, or substance P. These data demonstrate that activation of protein kinase A is primarily responsible for mediating gastrin smooth muscle relaxation produced by adrenergic agents and various neuropeptides.
The effective index method and its application to semiconductor lasers (1982)

By the effective index method a two-dimensional field problem is transformed to a problem for a one-dimensional effective waveguide. This method is applied to semiconductor lasers having a gradual lateral variation in the complex permittivity. For the special case of a parabolic variation, analytical formulas for the required gain in the center and the half width of the intensity distribution are derived. The results are compared with a numerical method and very good agreement is found except in some cases where convergence problems occur for the numerical method. This agreement is taken as evidence for the validity of results obtained using the effective index method for analysis of semiconductor laser structures.
Link Propagation: A Fast Semi-supervised Learning Algorithm for Link Prediction (2009)

We propose Link Propagation as a new semi-supervised learning method for link prediction problems, where the task is to predict unknown parts of the network structure by using auxiliary information such as node similarities. Since the proposed method can fill in missing parts of tensors, it is applicable to multi-relational domains, allowing us to handle multiple types of links simultaneously. We also give a novel efficient algorithm for Link Propagation based on an accelerated conjugate gradient method.
Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase is gene 63 product, the protein that promotes tail fiber attachment to the baseplate. (1977)

RNA ligase and tail fiber attachment activities, normally induced following bacteriophage T4 infection of Escherichia coli, are not induced when gene 63 amber mutants of T4 infect nonpermissive host cells. Both activities are induced when these mutants infect permissive hosts, or when revertants of these mutants infect nonpermissive hosts. When one of these mutants infects a host that carries supF, both activities are more than normally heat labile. RNA ligase, purified to homogeneity, promotes the tail fiber attachment reaction in vitro with a specific activity similar to that of the most highly purified preparations of gene 63 product isolated on the basis of tail fiber attachment activity. We conclude that T4 RNA ligase is gene 63 product. The RNA ligase and tail fiber attachment reactions differ in requirements and in response to some inhibitors, suggesting that the two activities of the gene 63 product may be mechanistically unrelated.
Channel order and RMS delay spread estimation for AC power line communications (2000)

AC power lines have been considered as a convenient and low-cost medium for intra-building automation systems. We investigate the problem of estimating the channel order and root mean squared (RMS) delay spread associated with the power lines, which are channel parameters that provide important information for determining the data transmission rate and designing appropriate equalization techniques for power line communications (PLC). We start by showing that the key to the RMS delay spread estimation problem is the determination of the channel order, i.e., the effective duration of the channel impulse response. We next discuss various ways to estimate the impulse response length from a noise-corrupted channel estimate. In particular, four different methods, namely a signal energy estimation (SEE) technique, a generalized Akaike information criterion (GAIC) based test, a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), and a modified GLRT, are derived for determining the effective length of a signal contaminated by noise. These methods are compared with one another using both simulated and experimentally measured power line data. The experimental data was collected for power line characterization at frequencies between 1 and 60 MHz.
Electrodeposition of Cobalt for Interconnect Application: Effect of Dimethylglyoxime (2016)

The effect of dimethylglyoxime on Co electrodeposition was investigated with cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, quartz microbalance as well as electrochemical impedance. A potential dependent suppression effect was observed at low potential with a breakdown of the suppression at high potential, resulting in a hysteresis in CV. The addition of dimethylglyoxime not only causes a fast and strong suppression in potential transients but also modifies the impedance spectra. Additional capacitive loops and inductance loops emerged depending on the applied potential, suggesting a competitive adsorption between different surface adsorbed intermediates. A relaxation of suppression effect was observed in absence of agitation and a strong suppression was re-established upon agitation. A reverse relation between Co deposition rate and rotation rate was observed when the rotation rate is below a critical value, providing a path to enable the preferential deposition at the bottom of a small damascene feature.
Evolución de la justicia restaurativa en el sistema penal conaplicación al derecho comparado (2018)

El presente artículo es producto de una revisión documental que tuvo por objetivo conocer la evolución de la Justicia Restaurativa en América, Oceanía y Europa. A través de la hermenéutica se utilizó el método exegético con el objetivo de visualizar la transformación del derecho penal en el siglo XX. Se aplicó el método de análisis documental, de enfoque cualitativo no experimental. Se encontraron los primeros antecedentes en la Ciudad de Ontario Canadá en 1974, sin embargo, el análisis observó distintos procesos restaurativos establecidos por las Naciones Unidas, también se determinó la trascendencia de la Justicia Restaurativa en el ámbito Internacional, como un nuevo paradigma de justicia, en esencia más humano con énfasis en la dimensión social del delito. Se concluyó que los programas restaurativos centran vías pacíficas en la solución de controversias para atender las necesidades de la víctima u ofendido, el victimario y la comunidad lesionada por el delito, en función de la restructuración del tejido social, dejando atrás el proceso penal convencional.
Synchronized Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (2015)

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) has emerged as a powerful technique for mass spectral analysis and imaging under ambient conditions. Synchronization of DESI (sDESI) with the ion injection period (IT)of low-duty cycle mass spectrometers has been previously shown to improve sensitivity and reduce the amount of sample depleted during the acquisition of each spectrum (viz. MS scan time). In this report, we describe the development and characterization of an sDESI mass spectrometry imaging source (sDESI-MSI). Our results show that synchronization of DESI with the IT of an LTQ Orbitrap-XL mass spectrometer improves spatial resolution by factors of ∼4-6. In addition, under certain experimental conditions, synchronization was essential to acquire distinct MS images of low-intensity endogenous FAs (< 5% relative intensity) in fingermarks at high sampling frequencies (step sizes ≤ 75 μm). The magnitudes of these improvements in performance depend on the properties of the microdroplet spray, sample, and surface. Simulations that model analyte movement during desorption and the "washing effect" replicate the experimental results with the washing parameter having the greatest impact on performance. Thus, synchronization improves spatial resolution and sensitivity by decreasing the percentage of the total MS scan time that analytes are influenced by the "washing effect". Generally, synchronization of DESI with IT improves performance and expands the range of analytes, surfaces, and experimental conditions amenable to DESI-MSI, especially for analytes that are weakly attached to a surface.
Reproducibility of Cephalometric Measurements (1988)

This cephalometric study was undertaken to compare and contrast the errors involved in taking linear and angular measurements using three different methods; hand instruments on tracings, digitization of tracings, and direct digitization of the radiographs. Of the three methods direct digitization of the radiographs proved to be the most reproducible particularly with angular measurements, although statistically significant differences were rarely found. Tracings were advantageous only with linear measurements involving constructed points such as Gonion and Articulare. Traditional methods of measurement using a ruler and protractor compared well with computer based methods involving the digitizer.
Aminoglycosides: a practical review. (1998)

Aminoglycosides are potent bactericidal antibiotics that act by creating fissures in the outer membrane of the bacterial cell. They are particularly active against aerobic, gram-negative bacteria and act synergistically against certain gram-positive organisms. Gentamicin is the most commonly used aminoglycoside, but amikacin may be particularly effective against resistant organisms. Aminoglycosides are used in the treatment of severe infections of the abdomen and urinary tract, as well as bacteremia and endocarditis. They are also used for prophylaxis, especially against endocarditis. Resistance is rare but increasing in frequency. Avoiding prolonged use, volume depletion and concomitant administration of other potentially nephrotoxic agents decreases the risk of toxicity. Single daily dosing of aminoglycosides is possible because of their rapid concentration-dependent killing and post-antibiotic effect and has the potential for decreased toxicity. Single daily dosing of aminoglycosides appears to be safe, efficacious and cost effective. In certain clinical situations, such as patients with endocarditis or pediatric patients, traditional multiple dosing is still usually recommended.
Is that it, then, for blockbuster drugs? (2004)

2 weeks ago, an Advisory Committee to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rejected an application for ximelagatran, AstraZeneca's new thrombin inhibitor. The Committee cited worries about liver toxicity, which has led to three deaths, together with doubts about the company's plans to monitor and manage liver complications.
PTEN suppresses breast cancer cell growth by phosphatase activity-dependent G1 arrest followed by cell death. (1999)

PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1, a tumor suppressor gene, is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers. Germ-line mutations of phosphatase and tensin homolog, deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) are found in two inherited hamartoma tumor syndromes: Cowden syndrome, which has a high risk of breast, thyroid, and other cancers; and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, a related disorder. PTEN encodes a phosphatase that recognizes both protein substrates and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN seems to be important for growth suppression through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. We established clones with stable PTEN expression controlled by a tetracycline-inducible system to examine the consequences of increased levels of wild-type and mutant PTEN expression in a well-characterized breast cancer line, MCF-7. When we overexpressed PTEN in MCF-7, growth suppression was observed, but only if PTEN phosphatase activity is preserved. The initial growth suppression was attributable to G1 cell cycle arrest, whereas subsequent growth suppression was attributable to a combination of G1 arrest and cell death. Of note, the decrease in Akt phosphorylation preceded the onset-of suppression of cell growth. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor, caused cell growth inhibition in a way similar to the effects of overexpression of PTEN in this cell. In general, the inverse correlation between PTEN protein level and Akt phosphorylation was found in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, PTEN appears to suppress breast cancer growth through down-regulating PI3K signaling, which leads to the blockage of cell cycle progression and the induction of cell death, in a sequential manner.
Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy: Results of a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial (2011)

This study did not meet the primary efficacy end point. However, clear biologic activity consistent with the proposed mechanism of action was observed. The results suggest that decreasing the expression of RF may not be sufficient to induce clinical improvement in RA. The safety of atacicept was considered acceptable in this patient population.
Evidence for non-covalent clusters of the c-met proto-oncogene product. (1992)

The met proto-oncogene is a member of the tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family and is the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or scatter factor. The primary met product is a 150 kDa precursor that is glycosylated to generate a 170 kDa (p170met) proreceptor protein. The mature form of the receptor is generated by cleavage of p170met to yield a disulfide-linked 140 kDa beta-subunit (p140met) and a 45 kDa alpha-subunit (p45met). Both products are glycosylated. Under non-reducing conditions both p170met and the alpha, beta-disulfide-linked protein are detected as a 185 kDa product (p185met), but only alpha-beta heterodimeric p185met is cross-linked and rendered resistant to disulfide reduction with membrane-impermeable 6.4 A linker length cross-linking reagents. These data indicate that the p170 precursor is not on the cell surface. Cross-linking experiments using 12-A linker reagents yield multimeric forms of alpha-beta heterodimeric p185met greater than 500 kDa in size. These multimeric forms are produced in all cell lines tested regardless of the levels of protein expressed. These data suggest that alpha-beta heterodimeric p185met occurs in clusters or patches on the cell surface. Immunohistochemical analysis of met protein in the absence of ligand reveals a clustered staining pattern on the cell surface.
The Medieval Globe 1 (2014) - Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death (2014)

The plague organism (Yersinia pestis) killed an estimated 40% to 60% of all people when it spread rapidly through the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe in the fourteenth century: an event known as the Black Death. Previous research has shown, especially for Western Europe, how population losses then led to structural economic, political, and social changes. But why and how did the pandemic happen in the first place? When and where did it begin? How was it sustained? What was its full geographic extent? And when did it really end? Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World is the first to synthesize the new evidence and research methods that are providing fresh answers to these crucial questions. It was only in 2011, thanks to ancient DNA recovered from remains unearthed in London’s East Smithfield cemetery, that the full genome of the plague pathogen was identified. This single-celled organism probably originated 3000-4000 years ago and has caused three pandemics in recorded history: the Justinianic (or First) Plague Pandemic, around 541-750; the Black Death (Second Plague Pandemic), conventionally dated to the 1340s; and the Third Plague Pandemic, usually dated from around 1894 to the 1930s. This ground-breaking book brings together scholars from the humanities and social and physical sci­ences to address the question of how recent work in genetics, zoology, and epi­de­miology can enable a rethinking of the Black Death's global reach and its larger historical significance. It forms the inaugural double issue of The Medieval Globe, a new journal sponsored by the Program in Medieval Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This issue of The Medieval Globe is published with the support of the World History Center at the University of Pittsburgh.
Detection of Isolated Tumor Cells by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism for K-ras Mutations in Tissue Samples of 199 Colorectal Cancer Patients (2004)

The aim of this study was to identify K-ras mutations as marker for isolated tumor cells in liver, lymph node, and bone marrow specimens of colorectal cancer patients. To detect these, a PCR-RFLP assay was used with a sensitivity exceeding that of routine histopathology by at least 1 order of magnitude. In addition, the ratio of mutated versus wild-type alleles was determined by an internal standard. Of 199 patients, 74 (37.5%) were found to bear a K-ras-positive tumor. Of these, 60 (81%) were mutated in codon 12 and 14 (19%) in codon 13 (P < 0.001). In addition, 14 organs were found K-ras positive, 13 of which were from 12 patients with a K-ras-positive tumor (16%) and 1 from a patient with a K-ras-negative tumor (0.8%). Eight patients exhibited liver involvement and 6 showed lymph node involvement. Remarkably, no bone marrow specimen was found K-ras positive (P < 0.017 versus liver involvement). Sequence analysis of tumor DNA revealed that GGT (Gly) was replaced by GAT (Asp; 35%), GTT (Val; 32%), AGT (Ser; 13%), GCT (Ala; 10%), TGT (Cys; 8%), and CGT (Arg; 2%) for codon 12, and by GAC (Asp) as the only type of mutation for codon 13. In colorectal carcinomas the ratio of K-ras mutated versus wild-type alleles ranged over 4 orders of magnitude (10(0)-10(-4), median: 10(-2)) and was correlated with both, residual tumor load (R1/2; P = 0.028) and distant metastasis (M1; P = 0.057). These results show that detection of K-ras mutated alleles by PCR-RFLP in patients with colorectal carcinoma may aid in the identification of isolated tumor cells. High ratios of K-ras alleles were correlated with certain negative prognostic parameters (R,M). In accord with its function as a primary filter for colorectal carcinoma cells, the liver was more often contaminated with K-ras-positive cells than bone marrow.
Single PCN Threshold Marking by using PCN baseline encoding for both admission and termination controls (2009)

This document proposes an algorithm for marking and metering by using
pre-congestion notification (PCN) baseline encoding for both flow
admission and flow termination. The proposed algorithm uses threshold
marking whose TBthreshold.threshold is set to the number of bits of a
metered-packet smaller than the token bucket size. Another threshold
for the token bucket is required to change the marking. frequency.
Under the flow termination state, all the packets are to be threshold-
marked. Under the admission stop state, 1/Nth of packets are to be
threshold-marked when the meter indicates. We evaluates the
performance of the proposed algorithm by simulations. Our simulation
indicates that the performance is almost the same as that of the
CL[I-D.briscoe-tsvwg-cl-architecture] algorithm.
Origin of Thermal Degradation of Sr<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Si<sub>5</sub>N<sub>8</sub>:Eu<sub><i>x</i></sub> Phosphors in Air for Light-Emitting Diodes (2012)

The orange-red emitting phosphors based on M(2)Si(5)N(8):Eu (M = Sr, Ba) are widely utilized in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) because of their improvement of the color rendering index (CRI), which is brilliant for warm white light emission. Nitride-based phosphors are adopted in high-performance applications because of their excellent thermal and chemical stabilities. A series of nitridosilicate phosphor compounds, M(2-x)Si(5)N(8):Eu(x) (M = Sr, Ba), were prepared by solid-state reaction. The thermal degradation in air was only observed in Sr(2-x)Si(5)N(8):Eu(x) with x = 0.10, but it did not appear in Sr(2-x)Si(5)N(8):Eu(x) with x = 0.02 and Ba analogue with x = 0.10. This is an unprecedented investigation to study this phenomenon in the stable nitrides. The crystal structural variation upon heating treatment of these compounds was carried out using the in situ XRD measurements. The valence of Eu ions in these compounds was determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The morphology of these materials was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Combining all results, it is concluded that the origin of the thermal degradation in Sr(2-x)Si(5)N(8):Eu(x) with x = 0.10 is due to the formation of an amorphous layer on the surface of the nitride phosphor grain during oxidative heating treatment, which results in the oxidation of Eu ions from divalent to trivalent. This study provides a new perspective for the impact of the degradation problem as a consequence of heating processes in luminescent materials.
From: Recuerdos de mi vida. Volume 2, Historia de mi labor científica, Chapter 21, Pages 516–546 (1991)

The investigations undertaken during the triennium 1910–1912 were quite diverse, being dispersed over many and varied topics. The harvest of acquisition in the field of the spinal cord degeneration and regeneration was copious and highly interesting. In the spinal cord such favorable conditions are often established, following the simultaneous section of the white matter and sensory and motor roots. The connective tissue cells of scars also possess the capability of elaborating neurotropic materials during the initial phases. Not all of the deviated dorsal column fibers or sprouts arising from the lesioned motor and sensory roots respond to neurotropic processes. Cajal's studies on traumatized subjects revealed the existence of notable phenomena of compensation—morphological adaptation of the neurons to the artificial physiological conditions promoted by the mutilation. From the point of view of regeneration, the cerebrum and cerebellum are less active than the ganglia and spinal cord.