gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Binaural Technology (1992)

This article reviews the fundamental ideas of the binaural recording technique.A model is given that describes the sound transmission from a source in a free field, through the external ear to the eardrum.It is shown that sound pressures recorded at any point in the ear canals--possibly even a few millimeters outside and even with a blocked ear canal--can be used for binaural recordings, since the), include the full spatial information given to the ear.The sound transmission from a headphone is also described.It is shown how the correct total transmission in a binaural system can be guaranteed by means of an electronic equalizing filter between the recording head and the headphone.The advantage of an open headphone is stated.It is shown that a certain degree of loudspeaker compatibility can be achieved, if the equalizer is divided into a recording side and a playback side.A method for true reproduction of binaural signals through loudspeakers is also described.A number of topical andprospectedapplications of binaural technology are mentioned.Some of these utilize computer synthesis of binaural signals, a technique which is also described.
The  -Catenin Destruction Complex (2012)

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is highly regulated to insure the correct temporal and spatial activation of its target genes. In the absence of a Wnt stimulus, the transcriptional coactivator β-catenin is degraded by a multiprotein "destruction complex" that includes the tumor suppressors Axin and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), the Ser/Thr kinases GSK-3 and CK1, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and the E3-ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP. The complex generates a β-TrCP recognition site by phosphorylation of a conserved Ser/Thr-rich sequence near the β-catenin amino terminus, a process that requires scaffolding of the kinases and β-catenin by Axin. Ubiquitinated β-catenin is degraded by the proteasome. The molecular mechanisms that underlie several aspects of destruction complex function are poorly understood, particularly the role of APC. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of destruction complex function and discuss several potential roles of APC in β-catenin destruction.
Field Verification of Drilling Models and Computerized Selection off Drill Bit, WOB, and Drillstring Rotation (1991)

Summary A computer program was developed for the simultaneous selection of a roller-cutter bit, bit bearing, weight on bit (WOB), and drillstring rotation that minimizes drilling cost per foot for a single bit run. Two drilling models were tested with data from five wells located offshore Alagoas, Brazil. Results show that the rate of penetration (ROP) of the fifth well can be predicted with coefficients calculated from the four previous wells, resulting in cost savings.
C-Allylation of 1- and 6-Bromosugars with Allylic Sulfides and Sulfones (1996)

Reaction of the bromosugars 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide (1), methyl 2,3-anhydro-6-bromo-6-deoxy-alpha-D-allopyranoside (2), and methyl 2,3-anhydro-4-O-benzoyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy-alpha-D-allopyranoside (3) with the allylic sulfides and sulfones 4-9 in the presence of hexabutyldistannane under photolytic conditions gave the corresponding alpha-C-allyl galactosides 10-12 and the 6-C-allylated epoxysugars 13, 15, and 16 in 61-90% yield.
One-dimensional heat conduction model for an electrical phase change random access memory device with an 8F2 memory cell (F=0.15 μm) (2003)

A one-dimensional heat conduction model is developed for a phase change random access memory device with an 8F2 memory cell structure (F=0.15 μm). The required current level for a reset operation, which corresponds to the phase switching from a crystalline (“1” state) to an amorphous phase (“0” state) of Ge2Sb2Te5, was investigated by calculating one-dimensional temperature profiles for the memory cell structure. It is revealed that a reset operation is not achieved at the current level (2 mA) reported for existing devices with a subquarter micron plug size when only TiN is used as a resistive heater. However, it is possible when an additional heating layer of 5 nm thickness is inserted between the TiN and Ge2Sb2Te5 layers, for which the electrical resistivity ρelec is higher than 105 μΩ cm, and the thermal conductivity κ and specific heat c are as low as those of Ge2Sb2Te5. In addition, it is shown that a reset operation at a low current level of 1 mA can be realized in this memory cell when amorphous carbon (κ=0.2 W/m K and ρelec=106 μΩ cm) is used as an additional heating layer. It is believed that this relatively simple one-dimensional heat conduction model is a useful tool for analyzing the device operation of phase change random access memory devices and for selecting the proper conditions for an additional heating layer allowing for low-current operation.
Molecular epidemiology of current classical swine fever virus isolates of wild boar in Germany (2010)

Classical swine fever (CSF) has caused significant economic losses in industrialized pig production, and is still present in some European countries. Recent CSF outbreaks in Europe were mainly associated with strains of genogroup 2 (subgroup 2.3). Although there are extensive datasets regarding 2.3 strains, there is very little information available on longer fragments or whole classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genomes. Furthermore, there are no detailed analyses of the molecular epidemiology of CSFV wild boar isolates available. Nevertheless, complete genome sequences are supportive in phylogenetic analyses, especially in affected wild boar populations. Here, German CSFV strains of subgroup 2.3 were fully sequenced using two different approaches: (i) a universal panel of CSFV primers that were developed to amplify the complete genome in overlapping fragments for chain-terminator sequencing; and (ii) generation of a single full-length amplicon of the CSFV genome obtained by long-range RT-PCR for deep sequencing with next-generation sequencing technology. In total, five different strains of CSFV subgroup 2.3 were completely sequenced using these newly developed protocols. The approach was used to study virus spread and evolutionary history in German wild boar. For the first time, the results of our study clearly argue for the possibility of a long-term persistence of genotype 2.3 CSFV strains in affected regions at an almost undetectable level, even after long-term oral vaccination campaigns with intensive monitoring. Hence, regional persistence in wild boar populations has to be taken into account as an important factor in the continual outbreaks in affected areas.
Venous Air Embolism, Hypotension, and End-Tidal Nitrogen (1987)

The most sensitive method of venous air embolism (VAE) detection in clinical use is the precordial Doppler detector. Because the Doppler detector may provide false-positive and false-negative data, many clinicians rely on end-tidal gas measurements for verification of VAE in the operating room. End-tidal nitrogen (ETN2) increases soon after experimental VAE are small enough to cause minimal changes in blood pressure; however, decreases in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) are more sensitive. A large VAE causes hemodynamic instability, and the effect of low cardiac output on ETN2 has not been evaluated. This study was done to compare the changes in ETN2 and ETCO2 during large bolus and infusion VAE. Five mongrel dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated (FIO2 1.0, PaCO2 38 +/- 4 (SD) mm Hg). The animals were studied in the supine position; anesthesia and paralysis were maintained with a constant infusion of thiamylal and pancuronium. Maintenance fluids were administered at 5 ml kg-1 h-1. Mean arterial and pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) and ETN2 and ETCO2 were displayed on a strip chart recorder. The dogs underwent both bolus and infusion VAE in separate experiments 10 to 14 days apart. The air emboli were given in random order by automated syringe over 1 minute (infusion) (1 to 2.5 ml kg-1 min-1) or by hand injection over 5 seconds (bolus) (1 to 2.5 ml kg-1). Changes in precordial Doppler sounds occurred in all animals at all doses. The peak increase in PAP and decrease in ETCO2 were significant after all air doses. ETN2 changes were biphasic. The peak increase was significant after all air doses; the peak decrease was significant in 37 of 40 bolus and infusion VAE episodes, occurred within 1 to 3 minutes, and lasted 20 to 30 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Critical reflections on synthetic gene design for recombinant protein expression (2016)

Gene synthesis enables the exploitation of the degeneracy of the genetic code to boost expression of recombinant protein targets for structural studies. This has created new opportunities to obtain structural information on proteins that are normally present in low abundance. Unfortunately, synthetic gene expression occasionally leads to insoluble or misfolded proteins. This could be remedied by recent insights in the effect of codon usage on translation initiation and elongation. In this review, we discuss the interplay between optimal gene and vector design to enhance expression in a particular host and highlight the benefits and potential pitfalls associated with protein expression from synthetic genes.
Design of a miniature in-vivo shock wave hydrophone (2002)

The authors discuss the development of a miniature precision acoustic sensor (hydrophone) which would survive in an in-vivo shock-wave field. The immediate application of the device is in improving the safety and efficacy of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment of kidney and gallbladder stones. The hydrophone is designed for insertion into the body using a catheter or biopsy needle, to provide reliable in-vivo acoustic pressure measurements of the ESWL. The research efforts include, (1) theoretical modeling to examine design trade-offs associated with material choice and sensor configuration; (2) prototype construction; and (3) acoustical performance characterization. The results of prototype testing are shown and compared to existing hydrophone designs. Performance differences involve bandwidth, directivity, and survivability under shock-wave exposure. The fundamental difficulty is improving survivability without sacrificing bandwidth or signal fidelity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimal polygonal approximation of digitised curves (1997)

Polygonal curve fitting involves approximating a discretised planar curve by a sequence of connected straight-line segments, with a certain error norm. The authors consider the case where the knots of the polygon are a subset of the points of the curve and the error norm is uniform. Several algorithms have been proposed for this problem, but the results are generally not optimal. An optimal polygonal-approximation algorithm is presented which gives the minimum number of sides for a uniform error norm. The algorithm employs the concept of an invalid point, leading to a new condition for terminating a segment. The algorithm is experimentally tested and its advantages demonstrated by comparing with Dunham's (1986) and Sklansky and Gonzalez's (1980) algorithms.
Nonlinear dielectric thin films for high-power electric storage with energy density comparable with electrochemical supercapacitors (2011)

Although batteries possess high energy storage density, their output power is limited by the slow movement of charge carriers, and thus capacitors are often required to deliver high power output. Dielectric capacitors have high power density with fast discharge rate, but their energy density is typically much lower than electrochemical supercapacitors. Increasing the energy density of dielectric materials is highly desired to extend their applications in many emerging power system applications. In this paper, we review the mechanisms and major characteristics of electric energy storage with electrochemical supercapacitors and dielectric capacitors. Three types of in-house-produced ferroic nonlinear dielectric thin film materials with high energy density are described, including (Pb(0.97)La(0.02))(Zr(0.90)Sn(0.05)Ti(0.05))O(3) (PLZST) antiferroelectric ceramic thin films, Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3-)Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3-)PbTiO(3) (PZN-PMN-PT) relaxor ferroelectric ceramic thin films, and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based polymer blend thin films. The results showed that these thin film materials are promising for electric storage with outstandingly high power density and fairly high energy density, comparable with electrochemical supercapacitors.
Mapping Between Digital and Continuous Projections via the Discrete Radon Transform in Fourier Space (2003)

Abstract. This paper seeks to extend the Fourier space properties of the discrete Radon transform, R(t, m), proposed by Matus and Flusser in [1], to expanded discrete projections, R(k, θ), where the wrapping of rays is removed. This expanded mode yields projections more akin to the continuous space sinogram. It is similar to the Mojette transform defined in [2], but has a pre-determined set of discrete projection angles derived from the Farey series [3]. It is demonstrated that a close approximation to the sinogram of an image can be obtained from R(k, θ), both in Radon and Fourier space. This investigation is undertaken to explore the possibilities of applying this mapping to the inverse problem, that of obtaining discrete projection data from continuous projection data as a means of efficient tomographic reconstruction that requires minimal interpolation and filtering.
The “BOUSSOLE” Buoy—A New Transparent-to-Swell Taut Mooring Dedicated to Marine Optics: Design, Tests, and Performance at Sea (2008)

Abstract A new concept of oceanographic data buoy is described, which couples a taut mooring and a “transparent-to-swell” superstructure, and is specifically designed for the collection of radiometric quantities in offshore environments. The design of the thin superstructure addresses two major requirements: stabilizing the instruments in the water column and avoiding shading them. The development of the buoy is described, starting with the theoretical assessment and then describing the various stages of development leading to the latest version of the mooring and buoy. Its performance at sea is also analyzed. This new platform has been deployed in the deep waters (&gt;2400 m) of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea for about 4 yr (since September 2003) and provides a quasi-continuous record of optical properties at this site. The data are used for bio-optics research and for calibration and validation operations of several European and U.S. ocean color satellite missions. The plan is to continue the deployment to build a decadal time series of optical properties. The instrument suite that is installed on this buoy is also briefly described, and sample results are shown to demonstrate the ability of this new system to collect the data at the desired frequency and quality.
Trafficking of asialoglycoproteins and the asialoglycoprotein receptor. (1991)

Thus, the ASGP-R, a liver parenchymal cell-specific receptor, directs the receptor-mediated endocytosis of galactose-terminal glycoprotein ligands from the circulation into the liver cell, as seen in Figure 3. Following binding at the cell surface and internalization, the major pathway of ligand and receptor movement in the cell involves trafficking to CURL. Here acidification dissociates ligand from receptor, allowing the receptor to recycle back to the cell surface and directing ligand on to lysosomal degradation. Alternative routes of ligand movement, such as the slow ligand-recycling pathway, have recently been observed, and it is tempting to speculate that this occurs by the TGR. There is now ample biochemical, kinetic, and morphological evidence to support both rapid receptor recycling as well as slow receptor recycling associated with ligand recycling. The importance of CURL in the dissociation and segregation of ligand and receptors as well as in receptor recycling and of the recently described TGR are now evident. In addition, the ASGP-R of the hepatocyte has provided interesting parallels and contrasts to other receptor systems that participate in receptor-mediated endocytosis in liver parenchymal cells (155).
Cholesteryl Esters Accumulate in the Heart in a Porcine Model of Ischemia and Reperfusion (2013)

Myocardial ischemia is associated with intracellular accumulation of lipids and increased depots of myocardial lipids are linked to decreased heart function. Despite investigations in cell culture and animal models, there is little data available on where in the heart the lipids accumulate after myocardial ischemia and which lipid species that accumulate. The aim of this study was to investigate derangements of lipid metabolism that are associated with myocardial ischemia in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion. The large pig heart enables the separation of the infarct area with irreversible injury from the area at risk with reversible injury and the unaffected control area. The surviving myocardium bordering the infarct is exposed to mild ischemia and is stressed, but remains viable. We found that cholesteryl esters accumulated in the infarct area as well as in the bordering myocardium. In addition, we found that expression of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was up-regulated, suggesting that choleteryl ester uptake is mediated via these receptors. Furthermore, we found increased ceramide accumulation, inflammation and endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress in the infarcted area of the pig heart. In addition, we found increased levels of inflammation and ER stress in the myocardium bordering the infarct area. Our results indicate that lipid accumulation in the heart is one of the metabolic derangements remaining after ischemia, even in the myocardium bordering the infarct area. Normalizing lipid levels in the myocardium after ischemia would likely improve myocardial function and should therefore be considered as a target for treatment.
A molecular toggle after exocytosis sequesters the presynaptic syntaxin1a molecules involved in prior vesicle fusion (2014)

Neuronal synapses are among the most scrutinized of cellular systems, serving as a model for all membrane trafficking studies. Despite this, synaptic biology has proven difficult to interrogate directly in situ due to the small size and dynamic nature of central synapses and the molecules within them. Here we determine the spatial and temporal interaction status of presynaptic proteins, imaging large cohorts of single molecules inside active synapses. Measuring rapid interaction dynamics during synaptic depolarization identified the small number of syntaxin1a and munc18-1 protein molecules required to support synaptic vesicle exocytosis. After vesicle fusion and subsequent SNARE complex disassembly, a prompt switch in syntaxin1a and munc18-1-binding mode, regulated by charge alteration on the syntaxin1a N-terminal, sequesters monomeric syntaxin1a from other disassembled fusion complex components, preventing ectopic SNARE complex formation, readying the synapse for subsequent rounds of neurotransmission.
The Bile Acid Membrane Receptor TGR5: A Valuable Metabolic Target (2011)

Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic molecules that facilitate the uptake of lipids, and their levels fluctuate in the intestines as well as in the circulation depending on food intake. Besides their role in dietary lipid absorption, BAs function as signaling molecules that activate specific BA receptors and trigger downstream signaling cascades. The BA receptors and the signaling pathways they control are not only important in the regulation of BA synthesis and their metabolism, but they also regulate glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure - processes relevant in the context of the metabolic syndrome. In addition to the function of the nuclear receptor FXRα in regulating local effects of BAs in the organs of the enterohepatic axis, increasing evidence points to a crucial role of the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 in mediating systemic actions of BAs. Here we review the current knowledge on BA receptors, with a strong focus on the cell membrane receptor TGR5, which has emerged as a promising target for intervention in metabolic diseases.
Underwater Image Enhancement With a Deep Residual Framework (2019)

Owing to refraction, absorption, and scattering of light by suspended particles in water, raw underwater images have low contrast, blurred details, and color distortion. These characteristics can significantly interfere with visual tasks, such as segmentation and tracking. This paper proposes an underwater image enhancement solution through a deep residual framework. First, the cycle-consistent adversarial networks (CycleGAN) is employed to generate synthetic underwater images as training data for convolution neural network models. Second, the very-deep super-resolution reconstruction model (VDSR) is introduced to underwater resolution applications; with it, the Underwater Resnet model is proposed, which is a residual learning model for underwater image enhancement tasks. Furthermore, the loss function and training mode are improved. A multi-term loss function is formed with mean squared error loss and a proposed edge difference loss. An asynchronous training mode is also proposed to improve the performance of the multi-term loss function. Finally, the impact of batch normalization is discussed. According to the underwater image enhancement experiments and a comparative analysis, the color correction and detail enhancement performance of the proposed methods are superior to that of previous deep learning models and traditional methods.
Cognitive fitness of cost-efficient brain functional networks (2009)

The human brain's capacity for cognitive function is thought to depend on coordinated activity in sparsely connected, complex networks organized over many scales of space and time. Recent work has demonstrated that human brain networks constructed from neuroimaging data have economical small-world properties that confer high efficiency of information processing at relatively low connection cost. However, it has been unclear how the architecture of complex brain networks functioning at different frequencies can be related to behavioral performance on cognitive tasks. Here, we show that impaired accuracy of working memory could be related to suboptimal cost efficiency of brain functional networks operating in the classical beta frequency band, 15-30 Hz. We analyzed brain functional networks derived from magnetoencephalography data recorded during working-memory task performance in 29 healthy volunteers and 28 people with schizophrenia. Networks functioning at higher frequencies had greater global cost efficiency than low-frequency networks in both groups. Superior task performance was positively correlated with global cost efficiency of the beta-band network and specifically with cost efficiency of nodes in left lateral parietal and frontal areas. These results are consistent with biophysical models highlighting the importance of beta-band oscillations for long-distance functional connections in brain networks and with pathophysiological models of schizophrenia as a dysconnection syndrome. More generally, they echo the saying that "less is more": The information processing performance of a network can be enhanced by a sparse or low-cost configuration with disproportionately high efficiency.