gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flight deck display of airborne traffic wake vortices (2002)

Over the coming decades, aviation operations are predicted to rise steadily, increasing the burden on already congested and constrained airports and terminal areas. It has long been recognized that a major factor governing the safe minimum separation distance between aircraft is the hazard associated with the wake generated by the preceding aircraft. A flight deck display that allows the pilot to "see" the neighboring aircraft, as well as its wake, may allow for a decrease in spacing and an increase in airport and airspace capacity, while maintaining safe separation distances from wake vortices. This research evaluates a model based on aircraft parameters that are readily available in flight to predict aircraft wake vortices in real time. Using this model, a number of graphical representations of wake symbology were created for use in a 3-D perspective view flight deck display. This research determines the feasibility of this method of wake vortex display and ascertains the most favorable symbology for use in flight deck operations.
Low power low voltage wide frequency resonant clock and data circuits for power reductions (2013)

Driver circuits that save global clock and data switching power by 25% or more using LC resonance for energy recovery are shown. A 10x operating frequency range with power reductions allows dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for power management. The resonance operation is used only for the brief transition periods rather than the entire clock cycle and thus small on-chip inductors around 2nH range are sufficient. The design is readily scaled from 90nm to 45nm in standard CMOS processes and is robust with 50% variation in component values. The resulting power savings add up to 10's of watts in high performance processors.
Surprising transformation of a block copolymer into a high performance polystyrene ultrafiltration membrane with a hierarchically organized pore structure (2018)

A novel strategy is developed for fabrication of high-flux isoporous polystyrene membranes from an ordered diblock copolymer by an alkaline degradation pathway.
Low Temperature Inactivation in Milk of Heat-Resistant Proteases from Psychrotrophic Bacteria (1976)

Development of bitter flavor or gelation in ultra-high temperature sterilized milk may be the result of bacterial proteases which survive the heat treatment. The heat-resistance of these proteases appear to preclude their destruction by heat during processing. These proteases, however, can be inactivated at pasteurization temperatures apparently by some mechanism other than or in addition to heat. The parameters for this low temperature inactivation of these proteases were investigated. Activity of buffer solutions of bacterial proteases was reduced by more than 90% during 10 min at 55 C. Inactivation of protease in raw or sterile milk was slower and less complete but approached 70% during 60 min at 55 C. Effectiveness of the low temperature inactivation treatment appeared to be independent of protease concentration. The treatment did not alter the flavor or casein composition of raw or ultra-high temperature sterilized milk containing protease much greater than would be expected to occur normally in milk.
Efficient −2 frameshifting by mammalian ribosomes to synthesize an additional arterivirus protein (2012)

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) is a gene-expression mechanism used to express many viral and some cellular genes. In contrast, efficient natural utilization of -2 PRF has not been demonstrated previously in eukaryotic systems. Like all nidoviruses, members of the Arteriviridae (a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses) express their replicase polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab from two long ORFs (1a and 1b), where synthesis of pp1ab depends on -1 PRF. These polyproteins are posttranslationally cleaved into at least 13 functional nonstructural proteins. Here we report that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and apparently most other arteriviruses, use an additional PRF mechanism to access a conserved alternative ORF that overlaps the nsp2-encoding region of ORF1a in the +1 frame. We show here that this ORF is translated via -2 PRF at a conserved G_GUU_UUU sequence (underscores separate ORF1a codons) at an estimated efficiency of around 20%, yielding a transframe fusion (nsp2TF) with the N-terminal two thirds of nsp2. Expression of nsp2TF in PRRSV-infected cells was verified using specific Abs, and the site and direction of frameshifting were determined via mass spectrometric analysis of nsp2TF. Further, mutagenesis showed that the frameshift site and an unusual frameshift-stimulatory element (a conserved CCCANCUCC motif 11 nucleotides downstream) are required to direct efficient -2 PRF. Mutations preventing nsp2TF expression impair PRRSV replication and produce a small-plaque phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that -2 PRF is a functional gene-expression mechanism in eukaryotes and add another layer to the complexity of arterivirus genome expression.
Smooth perovskite thin films and efficient perovskite solar cells prepared by the hybrid deposition method (2015)

The hybrid deposition method was developed to overcome the difficulties that the vacuum-based techniques face for fabricating perovskite solar cells. Our results provide an explanation of various factors that need optimizing to achieve convenient and reliable fabrication of large-area smooth perovskite thin films for solar cell applications without the use of solvents.
FootSLAM: Pedestrian Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Without Exteroceptive Sensors&#x2014;Hitchhiking on Human Perception and Cognition (2012)

In this paper, we describe FootSLAM, a Bayesian estimation approach that achieves simultaneous localization and mapping for pedestrians. FootSLAM uses odometry obtained with foot-mounted inertial sensors. Whereas existing approaches to infrastructure-less pedestrian position determination are either subject to unbounded growth of positioning error, or require either a priori map information, or exteroceptive sensors, such as cameras or light detection and ranging (LIDARs), FootSLAM achieves long-term error stability solely based on inertial sensor measurements. An analysis of the problem based on a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model reveals that this surprising result becomes possible by effectively hitchhiking on human perception and cognition. Two extensions to FootSLAM, namely, PlaceSLAM, for incorporating additional measurements or user provided hints, and FeetSLAM, for automated collaborative mapping, are discussed. Experimental data that validate FootSLAM and its extensions are presented. It is foreseeable that the sensors and processing power of future devices such as smartphones are likely to suffice to position the bearer with the same accuracy that FootSLAM achieves with foot-mounted sensors already today.
Scalable Scheduling for Hardware-Accelerated Functional Verification (2011)

We consider an application of scheduling to hardware-accelerated functional verification, a massively-parallel computational paradigm used in the simulation of complex integrated circuits. Our domain requires the compilation of logical primitives into a set of instruction memories that optimize the concurrency and communication between tightly synchronized processing units. The scheduling process is burdened by a complex model in which all logical dependencies must be resolved by a dynamic network of routes that compete for sparsely distributed resources. We describe a series of optimization steps that cooperate to minimize simulation depth while scaling to problem sizes on the order of a billion gates. Our approach targets an industrial acceleration architecture containing 262,144 parallel processors.
Early Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus with a Rapid Flow Assay Using Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein Antigen (r56) of <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i> (2001)

The variable 56-kDa major outer membrane protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi is the immunodominant antigen in human scrub typhus infections. We developed a rapid immunochromatographic flow assay (RFA) for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to O. tsutsugamushi. The RFA employs a truncated recombinant 56-kDa protein from the Karp strain as the antigen. The performance of the RFA was evaluated with a panel of 321 sera (serial bleedings of 85 individuals suspected of scrub typhus) which were collected in the Pescadore Islands, Taiwan, from 1976 to 1977. Among these 85 individuals, IgM tests were negative for 7 cases by both RFA and indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) using Karp whole-cell antigen. In 29 cases specific responses were detected by the RFA earlier than by IFA, 44 cases had the same detection time, and 5 cases were detected earlier by IFA than by RFA. For IgG responses, 4 individuals were negative with both methods, 37 cases exhibited earlier detection by RFA than IFA, 42 cases were detected at the same time, and 2 cases were detected earlier by IFA than by RFA. The sensitivities of RFA detection of antibody in sera from confirmed cases were 74 and 86% for IgM and IgG, respectively. When IgM and IgG results were combined, the sensitivity was 89%. A panel of 78 individual sera collected from patients with no evidence of scrub typhus was used to evaluate the specificity of the RFA. The specificities of the RFA were 99% for IgM and 97% for IgG. The sensitivities of IFA were 53 and 73% for IgM and IgG, respectively, and were 78% when the results of IgM and IgG were combined. The RFA test was significantly better than the IFA test for the early detection of antibody to scrub typhus in primary infections, while both tests were equally sensitive with reinfected individuals.
MaXLinker: proteome-wide cross-link identifications with high specificity and sensitivity (2019)

ABSTRACT Protein-protein interactions play a vital role in nearly all cellular functions. Hence, understanding their interaction patterns and three-dimensional structural conformations can provide crucial insights about various biological processes and underlying molecular mechanisms for many disease phenotypes. Cross-linking mass spectrometry has the unique capability to detect protein-protein interactions at a large scale along with spatial constraints between interaction partners. However, the current cross-link search algorithms follow an “MS2-centric” approach and, as a result, suffer from a high rate of mis-identified cross-links (~15%). We address this urgent problem, by designing a novel “MS3-centric” approach for cross-link identification and implemented it as a search engine called MaXLinker. MaXLinker significantly outperforms the current state of the art search engine with up to 18-fold lower false positive rate. Additionally, MaXLinker results in up to 31% more cross-links, demonstrating its superior sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, we performed proteome-wide cross-linking mass spectrometry using K562 cells. Employing MaXLinker, we unveiled the most comprehensive set of 9,319 unique cross-links at 1% false discovery rate, comprising 8,051 intraprotein and 1,268 interprotein cross-links. Finally, we experimentally validated the quality of a large number of novel interactions identified in our study, providing a conclusive evidence for MaXLinker’s robust performance.
The selectivity of autophagy and its role in cell death and survival (2008)

Autophagy is a cellular process whose primary function is to degrade long-lived proteins and recycle cellular components. Beside macroautophagy, there are several forms of selective autophagy, including chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt), pexophagy and mitophagy. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about selective autophagy, and discuss its role in cell death and survival. We also discuss possible mechanisms underlying the selectivity of macroautophagy.
A portable, pulsed-molecular-beam, Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer designed for chemical analysis (1999)

M. D. Harmony, K. A. Beran, D. M. Angst, and K. L. Ratzlaff [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 5196 (1995)] recently published some design specifications for a smaller version of a Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectrometer. In that work they used a nozzle arrangement which pulsed the molecular beam perpendicular to the axis of the Fabry–Pérot cavity. They found that even though the size of the vacuum chamber and Fabry–Pérot cavity mirrors had been reduced, the overall sensitivity of the instrument was nearly the same as one with a conventional sized resonator. In an effort to establish FTMW spectroscopy as a viable new technique for analytical chemists, we have constructed a miniaturized version of our laboratory instrument for use as an analytical instrument. The vacuum chamber of the instrument is based on a commercially available, multiport 30 cm (12 in.) sphere. An integral end-flange mirror permits a coaxial nozzle injection of the molecular beam which greatly improves the sensitivity of the instrument. The movable cavity mirror rides on a fast motorized stage which allows tuning to any frequency within the range of the spectrometer in 1–2 s. The entire spectrometer is mounted on a mobile cart, allowing it to be easily transported to other laboratories or remote locations. The per-pulse sensitivity of this smaller instrument is slightly less than the larger laboratory instruments, however the smaller vacuum chamber allows the nozzle to be pulsed much faster without overloading the vacuum pumps. The new miniaturized FTMW spectrometer is only a factor of 2 less sensitive than the larger laboratory instrument. This instrument provides analytical chemists with a new tool that can unambiguously identify trace amounts of large organic compounds in gas streams. The instrument also permits real-time analysis which should be useful for monitoring and optimization of process gas streams. Lower detection limits are typically in the nanomol/mol regime.
Amides of de-acetylglucosaminyl-deoxy teicoplanin active against highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. Synthesis and antibacterial activity. (1994)

Removal, by selective reduction, of the acetylglucosamine from teicoplanin A2-2 (CTA/2) produced the 34-de(acetylglucosaminyl)-34-deoxy pseudoaglycone (II). This compound was more active in vitro than CTA/2 against coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Amide derivatives obtained by condensation of the carboxyl group of II with primary amines were particularly active against Streptococcus pyogenes and had some in vitro activity against VanA enterococci highly resistant to both teicoplanin and vancomycin. Among them, a carboxamide (VII) with a branched tetramine also had better activity than the corresponding amide of teicoplanin against CNS. In contrast, the dimethylamide (VIII) of II had little activity against VanA enterococci. While the overall structure of the heptapeptide backbone of the secondary carboxamides of II is the same as in CTA/2 and its amide derivatives, in deoxy pseudoaglycone II and its tertiary amide VIII the 51,52-peptide bond undergoes a conformational change from the original cisoid to the transoid orientation. This difference between the secondary amides of II and dimethylamide VIII is reflected in their different antibacterial spectrum. The direct synthesis of the amides of deoxy pseudoaglycone II from parent CTA/2-amides by reaction with sodium borohydride is also described.
Effect of Polarization Dependent Loss on the Quality of Transmitted Polarization Entanglement (2018)

Quantum networking brings together several diverse research areas, such as fiber-optic communication, quantum optics, and quantum information, to achieve capabilities in security, secret sharing, and authentication which are unavailable classically. The development of practical fiber-based quantum networks requires an understanding of the reach, rates, and quality of the entanglement of distributed quantum states. Here, we present a theoretical model describing how the magnitude and orientation of polarization dependent loss (PDL), a common impairment in fiber-optic networks, affects the entanglement quality of distributed quantum states. Furthermore, we theoretically characterize how PDL in one fiber channel can be optimally applied in order to nonlocally compensate for the PDL present in another channel. We present experimental results that verify our theoretical model.
Statistical estimation of ultrasonic propagation path parameters for aberration correction (2006)

Parameters in a linear filter model for ultrasonic propagation are found using statistical estimation. The model employs an inhomogeneous-medium Green’s function that is decomposed into a homogeneous-transmission term and a path-dependent aberration term. Power and cross-power spectra of random-medium scattering are estimated over the frequency band of the transmit-receive system by using closely situated scattering volumes. The frequency-domain magnitude of the aberration is obtained from a normalization of the power spectrum. The corresponding phase is reconstructed from cross-power spectra of subaperture signals at adjacent receive positions by a recursion. The subapertures constrain the receive sensitivity pattern to eliminate measurement system phase contributions. The recursion uses a Laplacian-based algorithm to obtain phase from phase differences. Pulse-echo waveforms were acquired from a point reflector and a tissuelike scattering phantom through a tissue-mimicking aberration path from neighboring volumes having essentially the same aberration path. Propagation path aberration parameters calculated from the measurements of random scattering through the aberration phantom agree with corresponding parameters calculated for the same aberrator and array position by using echoes from the point reflector. The results indicate the approach describes, in addition to time shifts, waveform amplitude and shape changes produced by propagation through distributed aberration under realistic conditions.
Bandwidth-Aware Last-Level Caching: Efficiently Coordinating Off-Chip Read and Write Bandwidth (2019)

The last two decades have witnessed a large number of proposals on the last-level cache (LLC) replacement policy aiming to minimize the number of LLC read misses. Another independent large body of work has explored mechanisms to address the inefficiencies arising from the DRAM writes introduced by the LLC replacement policy. These DRAM scheduling proposals, however, leave the LLC replacement policy unchanged and, as a result, miss the opportunity of synergistically shaping and scheduling the DRAM write bandwidth demand. In this paper, we argue that DRAM read and write bandwidth demands must be coordinated carefully from the LLC side and hence, introduce bandwidth-awareness in the LLC policy. Our bandwidth-aware LLC policy proposal enables long uninterrupted stretches of DRAM reads while maintaining the efficiency of the last-level cache and controlling precisely when and for how long writes can demand DRAM bandwidth. Our proposal comfortably outperforms the state-of-the-art eager DRAM write scheduling proposals and bridges 75% of the performance gap between the baseline and a hypothetical system that deploys an unbounded DRAM write buffer.
Inkjet Printed Bilayer Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells for Display and Lighting Applications (2014)

A new bilayer light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) device, which allows well-defined patterned light emission through an easily adjustable, mask-free, and additive fabrication process, is reported. The bilayer stack comprises an inkjet-printed lattice of micrometer-sized electrolyte droplets, in a "filled" or "patterned" lattice configuration. On top of this, a thin layer of light-emitting compound is deposited from solution. The light emission is demonstrated to originate from regions proximate to the interfaces between the inkjetted electrolyte, the light-emitting compound, and one electrode, where bipolar electron/hole injection and electrochemical doping are facilitated by ion motion. By employing KCF3 SO3 in poly(ethylene glycol) as the electrolyte, Super Yellow as the light-emitting compound, and two air-stabile electrodes, it is possible to realize filled lattice devices that feature uniform yellow-green light emission to the naked eye, and patterned lattice devices that deliver well-defined and high-contrast static messages with a pixel density of 170 PPI.
Hydrogen plasma etching of semiconductors and their oxides (1982)

Hydrogen plasmas have been used to etch surfaces of semiconducting materials (e.g., GaAs, GaSb, InP, Si), their oxides, and Si nitride. Using a combination of analytical techniques—spectroscopic ellipsometry, Auger spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the etch rates, the surface composition and morphology have been studied. It is demonstrated that the selective etching rate of hydrogen plasma for Si over SiO2 is ∠30, and that for GaAs oxide over GaAs is ∠2. It is also shown that the hydrogen plasma etched (and air exposed) GaAs surfaces have a Ga/As concentration ratio nearly equal to that of the air cleaved GaAs surface. Similar results have also been obtained for GaSb. Hydrogen plasma etched InP shows surface segregation and is rich in In. The etch rates of the semiconductors and their oxides vary by several orders of magnitude from compound to compound as determined from ellipsometry and SEM. It is also demonstrated that scanning ellipsometry can be used to monitor surface etching processes. Some advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydrogen plasma for surface preparation and etching applications are discussed.
Putative metabolites derived from dietary combinations of calcium glucarate and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide act synergistically to inhibit the induction of rat mammary tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. (1988)

Calcium glucarate and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide were evaluated individually and in combination in the diet as preventative chemical agents, by using the induction of rat mammary tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene as the test system. When tested separately over 18 weeks, optimal doses of calcium glucarate (128 mmol/kg of diet) or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (1.5 mmol/kg of diet) administered daily inhibited tumor incidence by 50% or 57% and tumor multiplicity by 50% or 65%, respectively. Suboptimal doses of calcium glucarate (32 mmol/kg) and of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (0.75 mmol/kg) inhibited tumor incidence by 15% and 5% but had no inhibitory effect on tumor multiplicity. In contrast, the combination of calcium glucarate (32 mmol/kg) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (0.75 mmol/kg) inhibited tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity by 50%. Similar synergism was observed with the combination of calcium glucarate (64 mmol/kg) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (0.75 mmol/kg), the inhibition being 55-60%. HPLC analysis of the bile of female rats injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of the retinamide [60 mg/kg (body weight)] showed that the excretion of the retinamide and its glucuronide were markedly suppressed by pretreatment with an oral dose of calcium glucarate [4.5 mmol/kg (body weight)].
<title>High-performance seismic data compression using wavelet transforms</title> (1996)

Chevron recently developed and deployed a seismic data compression algorithm based on multidimensional wavelet transforms. Development was motivated by the large volumes of data acquired in modern 3D marine surveys. We demonstrate an algorithm that can compress seismic data at ratios between 50 and 100 to 1 without losing geophysically significant information. The algorithm was successfully field tested on a vessel in the North Sea in July 1995, demonstrating the feasibility of on board real-time compression and satellite transmission of the data to a land based processing center. Compressed and decompressed data from the field test were processed into a final image. Differences between this image and the image based on the original data are geophysically insignificant, demonstrating that all geophysical information in the original was retained