gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Root resorption and tooth movement in orthodontically treated calcium deficient and lactating rats (1983)

Previous studies have shown that chronic dietary deficiency of calcium can result in more rapid orthodontic tooth movement. The purposes of this study were to confirm that finding in a calcium-deficient, lactating rat model and to quantify the degree to which the area of root surface resorption is affected by these conditions. Thirty-five adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: (1) nonlactating animals on a control diet and (2) lactating animals on a calcium-deficient diet. A 60-gm orthodontic force designed to tip maxillary molars mesially was applied for varying times. At sacrifice, tooth movement was quantified by measuring the space created between maxillary molars; percent bone ash was measured for each humerus, and root surface resorption was estimated by means of a morphometric technique to measure the area of cratering on the mesial roots of first molars. Both groups showed a typical two-phased tooth movement cycle lasting for 10 days, although the magnitude of movement was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) in the test animals. The humerus test from animals exhibited a significantly decreased (p less than 0.001) fat-free dry weight, ash, and percent ash weight. The test group also displayed a significantly reduced percent area of root surface resorption (p less than 0.05) by 7 and 10 days following appliance activation. These findings confirm earlier observations that lactation, coupled with calcium deficiency, will produce decreased bone density which is consistent with increased parathyroid hormone secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Very high wall plug efficiency of quantum cascade lasers (2010)

We demonstrate very high wall plug efficiency (WPE) of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in low temperature pulsed mode operation (53%), room temperature pulsed mode operation (23%), and room temperature continuous wave operation (18%). All of these values are the highest to date for any QCLs. The optimization of WPE takes the route of understanding the limiting factors of each sub-efficiency, exploring new designs to overcome the limiting factor, and constantly improving the material quality.
Collagen fibril structure of normal, aging, and osteoarthritic cartilage (1992)

The collagen architecture in normal, aging, and osteoarthritic articular cartilage was studied optically using a new silver staining technique based on specimens from 50 autopsy cases, four amputated limbs, and six osteoarthritic knees. In the normal articular cartilage, the collagen fibrils in the superficial zone were compactly arranged into layers of decussating flat ribbons mostly parallel to the artificial split lines. The fibrils showed a tendency to condense into vertical arcade columns undergirded by tangential bundles in the intermediate zone. In the deep zone, the fibrils formed a random meshwork with a slight preponderance of vertical fibrils in the perilacunar region. Three types of early degradative lesions involving the collagen network were identified. Type I lesions consisted of focal superficial disruptions related to age and friction. Type II lesions consisted of focal disruptions of tangential fibrils in the intermediate zone leading to cyst formation, probably representing a form of local stress failure. Type III lesions were found in the patella and consisted of marked swelling of the superficial zone, the cause of which was unknown. Lesions of varying severity were seen within each of the three types; the morphological changes of the more severe lesions overlapped with those of clinically overt osteoarthritis.
An efficient method for matching nucleic acid sequences (1982)

A method of computing the fraction of matches between two nucleic acid sequences at all possible alignments is described. It makes use of the Fast Fourier Transform. It should be particularly efficient for very long sequences, achieving its result in a number of operations proportional to n ln n, where n is the length of the longer of the two sequences. Though the objective achieved is of limited interest, this method will complement algorithms for efficiently finding the longest matching parts of two sequences, and is faster than existing algorithms for finding matches allowing deletions and insertions. A variety of economies can be achieved by this Fast Fourier Transform technique in matching multiple sequences, looking for complementarity rather than identity, and matching the same sequences both in forward and reversed orientations.
Systemic effects of S‐nitroso‐glutathione in the human following intravenous infusion. (1995)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. At present the clinical use of NO donors as inhibitors of platelet activation is limited by their concomitant hypotensive effect. The new NO donor S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO) has a significant antiplatelet effect at doses that cause only a small decrease in blood pressure in rats. We have examined the antiplatelet and vasodilator properties of this nitrosothiol following systemic intravenous infusion in the human. GSNO was administered intravenously to 10 normal females of reproductive age noting changes in blood pressure, pulse and reported side effects. Ex vivo platelet aggregation to ADP was then performed in a platelet-ionized calcium lumiaggregometer on blood samples taken both before and after the infusions. Side effects such as headache or palpitations occurred only in two subjects at the highest infusion rate of 250 micrograms min-1. Blood pressure and pulse did not vary significantly during the study. Ex vivo platelet aggregation in response to ADP was significantly reduced by the infusion. These results suggest that GSNO is a more potent inhibitor of platelet activation than it is a vasodilator and therefore potentially represents a more clinically useful NO donor than has so far been available where an anti-thrombotic effect is required.
A closed-loop training approach for massive MIMO beamforming systems (2013)

There has been a growing interest in wireless systems that employ a very large number of transmit antennas. Some theoretical results have shown that substantial improvements in network capacity are possible. Despite this work, a major challenge is how these large transmit arrays should perform training to allow receiver channel estimation. Without new techniques, the heavy burden of training could overwhelm the system and mitigate any possible improvements, especially in systems using frequency division duplexing (FDD) where channel reciprocity cannot be exploited. In this work, we propose the use of closed-loop training. In this framework, the transmitted training signal is optimized to improve data communications performance by using prior information about the current channel obtained from past channel estimates. The work focuses on block-fading channels with temporal and spatial correlation. Simulation results show improved performance.
PELP1: A review of PELP1 interactions, signaling, and biology (2013)

Proline, glutamic acid, and leucine rich protein 1 (PELP1) is a large multi-domain protein that has been shown to modulate an increasing number of pathways and biological processes. The first reports describing the cloning and characterization of PELP1 showed that it was an estrogen receptor coactivator. PELP1 has now been shown to be a coregulator for a growing number of transcription factors. Furthermore, recent reports have shown that PELP1 is a member of chromatin remodeling complexes. In addition to PELP1 nuclear functions, it has been shown to have cytoplasmic signaling functions as well. In the cytoplasm PELP1 acts as a scaffold molecule and mediates rapid signaling from growth factor and hormone receptors. PELP1 signaling ultimately plays a role in cancer biology by increasing proliferation and metastasis, among other cellular processes. Here we will review (1) the cloning and characterization of PELP1 expression, (2) interacting proteins, (3) PELP1 signaling, and (4) PELP1-mediated biology.
Amniotic fluid dynamics. (2004)

Amniotic fluid was once considered to be a stagnant pool, approximately circulating with a turnover time of one day. Adequate amniotic fluid volume is maintained by a balance of fetal fluid production (lung liquid and urine) and resorption (swallowing and intramembranous flow). Even though different hypotheses have been advanced on the mechanisms regulating this turnover, the inflow and outflow mechanism that keeps amniotic fluid volume within the normal range is not entirely clear. Regulatory mechanisms act at three levels: placental control of water and solute transfer; regulation of inflows and outflows from the fetus; and, maternal effect on fetal fluid balance. Amniotic fluid is 98-99% water. The chemical composition of its substances varies with gestational age. When fetal urine begins to enter the amniotic sac, amniotic osmolarity decreases slightly compared with fetal blood. After keratinization of the fetal skin, amniotic fluid osmolarity decreases further with advancing gestational age. The low amniotic fluid osmolarity, which is produced by the inflow of markedly hypotonic fetal urine, provides a large potential osmotic force for the outward flow of water across the intramembranous and transmembranous pathways. Within certain limits, amniotic fluid mirrors the metabolic status of the fetoplacental unit; for that reason, a study of its components and their respective variations in the different weeks of pregnancy provides useful indications, both for a correct assessment of fetal maturation and for an evaluation of kidney function parameters and placental insufficiency.
Active Devices Based on Organic Semiconductors for Wearable Applications (2010)

Plastic electronics is an enabling technology for obtaining active (transistor based) electronic circuits on flexible and/or nonplanar surfaces. For these reasons, it appears as a perfect candidate to promote future developments of wearable electronics toward the concept of fabrics and garments made by functional (in this case, active electronic) yarns. In this paper, a panoramic view of recent achievements and future perspectives is given.
Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2002)

Temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation was effective in selected patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A full-night polysomnography is required after completion of treatment to rule out residual disease.
Biologically-Inspired Autonomous Adaptability in a Communication Endsystem : An Approach Using an Artificial Immune Network (2001)

This paper describes the adaptability of communication software through a biologically-inspired policy coordination. Many research efforts have developed adaptable systems that allow various users or applications to meet their specific requirements by configuring different design and optimization policies. Navigating through many policies manually, however, is tedious and error-prone. Developers face the significant manual and ad-hoc work of engineering an system. In contrast, we propose to provide autonomous adaptability in communication endsystem with OpenWebServer/iNexus, which is both a web server and an object-oriented framework to tailer various web services and applications. The OpenWebServer&apos;s modular architecture allows to abstract and maintain a wide range of aspects in a HTTP server, and reconfigure the system by adding, deleting, changing, or replacing their policies. iNexus is a tool for automated policy-based management of OpenWebServer. Its design is inspired by the natural immune system, particularly immune network, a truly autonomous decentralized system. iNexus inspects the current system condition of OpenWebServer periodically, measures the delivered quality of service, and selects suitable set of policies to reconfigure the system dynamically by relaxing constraints between them. The policy coordination process is performed through decentralized interactions among policies without a single point of control, as the natural immune system does. This paper discusses a communication software can evolve continuously in the piecemeal way with biological concepts and mechanisms, adapting itself to ever-changing environment
TFET-Based Circuit Design Using the Transconductance Generation Efficiency <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {g}_{m}/ {I}_{d}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Method (2015)

Tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs) have emerged as one of the most promising post-CMOS transistor technologies. In this paper, we: 1) review the perspectives of such devices for low-power high-frequency analog integrated circuit applications (e.g., GHz operation with sub-0.1 mW power consumption); 2) discuss and employ a compact TFET device model in the context of the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$g_{m}/I_{d}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> integrated analog circuit design methodology; and 3) compare several proposed TFET technologies for such applications. The advantages of TFETs arise since these devices can operate in the sub-threshold region with larger transconductance-to-current ratio than traditional FETs, which is due to the current turn-on mechanism being interband tunneling rather than thermionic emission. Starting from technology computer-aided design and/or analytical models for Si-FinFETs, graphene nano-ribbon (GNR) TFETs and InAs/GaSb TFETs at the 15-nm gate-length node, as well as InAs double-gate TFETs at the 20-nm gate-length node, we conclude that GNR TFETs might promise larger bandwidths at low-voltage drives due to their high current densities in the sub-threshold region. Based on this analysis and on theoretically predicted properties, GNR TFETs are identified as one of the most attractive field effect transistor technologies proposed-to-date for ultra-low power analog applications.
Molecular-beam-epitaxy GaAs regrowth with clean interfaces by arsenic passivation (1985)

Clean interfaces between GaAs layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) have been achieved by deposition of arsenic on the surface of the first layer grown, before removing it from the vacuum. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, deep level transient spectroscopy, and capacitance-voltage carrier profiling show that this arsenic passivation procedure results in no measurable impurity incorporation, no deep levels, and no perturbation of carrier profiles in either n-type or p-type GaAs growth/regrowth interfaces after exposure to air. This is in contrast to growth over nonpassivated etched surfaces which showed large perturbations in free carrier profiles, deep level densities, and impurity incorporation at the interface. This demonstrates that nearly ideal growth/regrowth interfaces are achievable in MBE if impurity incorporation and nonstoichiometry are controlled.
A generalized OWA operator (1999)

The ordered weighting averaging (OWA) Operator of Yager was introduced to provide a method for nonlinearly aggregating a set of input arguments ai. A fundamental aspect of the OWA operator is a reordering step in which the input arguments are rearranged according to their values. Recently, a generalized OWA operator was described in which each input argument ai has its own priority bi. The input arguments are then rearranged according to the priorities bi and not their values. Mitchell and Estrakh extended the generalized OWA by assuming the priorities are not known exactly. In this article we describe an alternative approach to include inexact priorities in the generalized OWA operator. Finally, we give a practical application of the new OWA operator to the problem of noise smoothing in an input picture. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Photobase generation from amineimide derivatives and their use for curing an epoxide/thiol system (2002)

Abstract The structural effects of amineimide derivatives on photobase generation and the use of the resultant base for thermal curing of an epoxide/thiol system are investigated. The results of UV spectral change and gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis indicated that amineimide derivatives undergo photolysis by UV irradiation and generate bases. The order of conversion of the photolysis for the functional groups introduced to amineimide derivatives was NO 2 > N(CH 3 ) 2 > CN > OCH 3 > H. By using aminimide derivatives with NO 2 and N(CH 3 ) 2 groups, the curing of the epoxide/thiol system was shifted to lower temperature after UV irradiation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4045–4052, 2002
{Regularity of Gaseous Product Release During Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue Pyrolysis Process]. (2016)

The pyrolysis characteristic of direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) was studied with thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), which is used to discuss the emitted regulation of gaseous product during pyrolysis process. This research shows that the weight loss process of DCLR can be divided into three stages: the first is before the temperature of 405.10 ℃; stage from 405.10 to 523.83 ℃ which is mainly pyrolysis of high boiling point of oil and asphaltene et al, and the total weight loss of DCLR can up to 40.27% when the temperature reaches 478.45 ℃, meanwhile the mass loss rate is maximum; after 523.83 ℃, the weight loss curve becomes gentle and the total weight loss of DCLR reaches 50.55% , which is due to the secondary cracking of residue and decomposition of mineral matter. The emitted process of gaseous product can be divided into three stages too: the first is the generation of H2O and CO2, the second stage mainly emitted CO2,CH4,CO,H2O and a small quantity of SO2, in which plenty of tar is generated from 458.4 to 791.9 ℃, the final stage mainly generated CO2, CO and H2O. CO2 mainly emitted owing to the cracking of oxygenheterocycle and OCO or other oxygen-containing groups, CO emitted due to cracking of ether and oxygenheterocycle, and CH4 generated as a result of cracking of aliphatic hydrocarbon.
Vertical Stacked 48V-1V LEGO-PoL CPU Voltage Regulator with 1A/mm<sup>2</sup> Current Density (2022)

This paper presents a 48 V–1 V merged-two-stage hybrid-switched-capacitor voltage regulator with a Linear Extendable Group Operated Point-of-Load (LEGO-PoL) architecture for high-current microprocessors, featuring vertical stacked packaging and coupled inductors. The architecture is highly modular and scalable. The switched-capacitor circuits are connected in series on the input side to split the high input voltage into multiple stacked voltage domains. The multiphase buck circuits are connected in parallel to distribute the high output current into multiple parallel current paths. A 780 A vertical stacked CPU voltage regulator with a peak efficiency of 91.1% and a full load efficiency of 79.2% at 1 V output voltage with liquid cooling is built and tested. This is the first demonstration of a 48 V–1 V CPU voltage regulator achieving over 1 A/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> current density and 1,000 W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> power density. The output voltage is regulated between 0.8 V and 1.5 V through the entire 780 A range.
Mode of Action of (1′ <i>S</i> ,2′ <i>R</i> )-9-{[1′,2′-Bis(hydroxymethyl) cycloprop-1′-yl]methyl}guanine (A-5021) against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 and Varicella-Zoster Virus (1998)

The mode of action of (1'S,2'R)-9-([1', 2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl)guanine (A-5021) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was studied. A-5021 was monophosphorylated at the 2' site by viral thymidine kinases (TKs). The 50% inhibitory values for thymidine phosphorylation of A-5021 by HSV-1 TK and HSV-2 TK were comparable to those for penciclovir (PCV) and lower than those for acyclovir (ACV). Of these three agents, A-5021 inhibited VZV TK most efficiently. A-5021 was phosphorylated to a mono-, di-, and triphosphate in MRC-5 cells infected with HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. A-5021 triphosphate accumulated more than ACV triphosphate but less than PCV triphosphate in MRC-5 cells infected with HSV-1 or VZV, whereas HSV-2-infected MRC-5 cells had comparable levels of A-5021 and ACV triphosphates. The intracellular half-life of A-5021 triphosphate was considerably longer than that of ACV triphosphate and shorter than that of PCV triphosphate. A-5021 triphosphate competitively inhibited HSV DNA polymerases with respect to dGTP. Inhibition was strongest with ACV triphosphate, followed by A-5021 triphosphate and then (R,S)-PCV triphosphate. A DNA chain elongation experiment revealed that A-5021 triphosphate was incorporated into DNA instead of dGTP and terminated elongation, although limited chain extension was observed. Thus, the strong antiviral activity of A-5021 appears to depend on a more rapid and stable accumulation of its triphosphate in infected cells than that of ACV and on stronger inhibition of viral DNA polymerase by its triphosphate than that of PCV.
Combining experts' opinions. An application to target identification (2003)

There is an increasing utilization of multiple sensor fusion in many disciplines, but a general systematic formulation has not been well developed. An attempt is made to provide a guideline in applying data fusion techniques to a practical problem, the fusion of target identification (ID) attribute measurements. Formation of a consensus function is first presented, and is followed by construction of a hierarchical probabilistic network for computing a joint probability density function. An ID fusion method is described and then integrated into a generalized track/data association algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polarization-encoded optical shadow casting: design of a J-K flip-flop (1988)

The device architecture and the corresponding codings of the inputs of a polarization-encoded optical shadow-casting J-K flip-flop are presented. Three different flip-flop designs are considered and compared.
Performance and route stability analysis of RPL protocol (2012)

Wireless Sensor Networks are getting more deployed in dierent environment where they provide many bene ts for industrial and home automation, smart buildings, medical and environmental monitoring. Sensors are low cost devices with limited storage, computation, and power. Finding optimal based routing solutions is a challenging task in wireless sensor networks because of constraint over nodes and lossy links. The IETF Routing over Low power and Lossy network (ROLL) working group has recently developed the IPv6 based RPL routing protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). It is very important to evaluate the performance of RPL in order to make it relevant for real-world applications. Performance evaluations of RPL were already done in a simulation environment that does provide valuable results but cannot replace the real word experiments on real hardware devices. In the current implementation of RPL, Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is used as a metric to select the path from the sender nodes toward sink. Nodes select the parent with lower ETX value and changing their parent as the ETX metric has variation. This thesis aims to investigate the nodes parent changes under dierent inter-packet time intervals and transmission power with two dierent MAC layer duty cycling protocols ContikiMAC and X-MAC. In this thesis, we assess the impact of nodes parent changes on packet lost. We also investigate that based on a single metric ETX, nodes select accurate preferred parent that provide optimal path with higher packet delivery ratio. Experiments are performed on a real deployed test-bed. Experimental results reveal that the nodes in RPL based network changes their route toward the sink and frequent route changes have negative impact on the performance of sensor network.