gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The reactivity of derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin as measured by the Na-K-atpase displacement assay and by radioimmunoassay. (1975)

Derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin were measured by the Na-K-ATPase displacement assay and by radioimmunoassay and the data compared with biological potency of these compounds. There was a slightly higher affinity of digoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside as compared with digoxin using digoxin-specific antiserum and considerably less affinity of digoxigenin and dihydrodigoxin than the parent compound in the same system. A similar trend was observed for the derivatives of digitoxin using digoxin-specific antiserum. The recovery on extraction of some of the derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin differed from that of the parent compounds in the ATPase assay. The potency of the derivatives of these drugs in displacing 3H ouabain also differed from the parent compoundmboth the recovery on extraction and the potency for displacing ouabain must be considered in the estimation of the contribution of the derivatives of digoxin or digitoxin to the result of Na-K-ATPase assay. Quantitative information of the metabolites of digoxin and digitoxin in normal and pathological conditions is needed to properly interpret assay data obtained either by radioimmunoassay or by ATPase assay.
Color point cloud registration with 4D ICP algorithm (2011)

This paper presents methodologies to accelerate the registration of 3D point cloud segments by using hue data from the associated imagery. The proposed variant of the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm combines both normalized point range data and weighted hue value calculated from RGB data of an image registered 3D point cloud. A k-d tree based nearest neighbor search is used to associated common points in {x, y, z, hue} 4D space. The unknown rigid translation and rotation matrix required for registration is iteratively solved using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method. A mobile robot mounted scanner was used to generate color point cloud segments over a large area. The 4D ICP registration has been compared with typical 3D ICP and numerical results on the generated map segments shows that the 4D method resolves ambiguity in registration and converges faster than the 3D ICP.
Polymeric Drug-Carriers Containing Doxorubicin and Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone:<i>In Vitro</i>and<i>In Vivo</i>Evaluation Against Murine Melanoma (1993)

N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers containing doxorubicin (DOX, approximately 8% by weight) bound via the lysosomally degradable spacer Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly and, in certain cases, also melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH, 5-10% by weight) were synthesized with the aim of developing a drug conjugate for site-specific delivery to malignant melanoma. Polymer-bound MSH, like free MSH, was able to stimulate tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells in vitro, confirming the ability of conjugated hormone to interact with the MSH receptor. Similarly, a 125I-labelled conjugate containing MSH was captured by B16F10 cells in vitro more rapidly than a similar polymer without the targeting moiety. HPMA copolymers containing DOX bound via the lysosomally degradable Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly linkage were cytotoxic to a mouse melanoma cell line (M3 S91) in vitro, the MSH-containing conjugate being more active than that without (although the difference in the ID50 was not significant). When administered intraperitoneally or intravenously to C57BL/6J mice bearing intraperitoneal B16F10 tumours, HPMA copolymers containing DOX linked via this biodegradable spacer (with or without MSH) significantly increased animal survival, the maximum ratio of the mean survival of the test group (T) to that of the untreated control (C) T/C observed (approximately 200) over the dose range 5-20 mg DOX/kg being similar to that seen for free DOX. In contrast, neither polymer conjugates containing DOX bound via a non-degradable linkage (Gly-Gly) nor free MSH showed antitumour activity. In mice bearing established subcutaneous B16F10 tumours, biodegradable polymer-bound DOX conjugates given intraperitoneally were more effective than free DOX (which was virtually inactive in this system); conjugates containing MSH were significantly more effective than those without, the maximum T/C being approximately 148 and 324 respectively. Preliminary pharmacokinetic experiments showed evidence of selective MSH targeting of polymer conjugates to subcutaneous B16F10.
Presence of Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres Mechanism in Patients With Glioblastoma Identifies a Less Aggressive Tumor Type With Longer Survival (2010)

Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) have variable clinical courses, but the factors that underlie this heterogeneity are not understood. To determine whether the presence of the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALTs) mechanism is a significant prognostic factor for survival, we performed a retrospective analysis of 573 GBM patients. The presence of ALT was identified in paraffin sections using a combination of immunofluorescence for promyelocytic leukemia body and telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization. Alternative lengthening of telomere was present in 15% of the GBM patients. Patients with ALT had longer survival that was independent of age, surgery, and other treatments. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1mut) 1 frequently accompanied ALT, and in the presence of both molecular events, there was significantly longer overall survival. These data suggest that most ALT+ tumors may be less aggressive proneural GBMs, and the better prognosis may relate to the set of genetic changes associated with this tumor subtype. Despite improved overall survival of patients treated with the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy and surgery, ALT and chemotherapy independently provided a survival advantage, but these factors were not found to be additive. These results suggest a critical need for developing new therapies to target these specific GBM subtypes.
Enhancement of Lateral Flow Assay for the Detection of Whole Viral Particle and Chlamydial Elementary Bodies (2023)

Chlamydia trachomatis accounts for 3.6% of blindness worldwide, and is the leading cause of bacterial-induced blindness in the world. With the subtle initial presentation of the disease and the difficulty in clearing the infection without the aid of antibiotics, C. trachomatis can spread rapidly following introduction into a population. This problem is further compounded in resource limited areas due to the lack of trained personnel (i.e. Medical Doctors, Nurses), equipment, and finances to test and treat large portions of the population. A testing method that is both cheap and easy to interpret is necessary. Lateral flow assays (LFA) have been used for years to evaluate pregnancy status in the developed world, and their low cost, ease of use and disposable nature make them a worthwhile candidate, but the current use of visual reporters (i.e. gold or latex nanoparticles) does not allow for adequate sensitivity for true clinical use. Fluorescent reporters, particularly fluorescent nanoparticles, would lower the limit of detection (LOD) and allow for the detection of acute and subclinical infections, which would allow for an effective and objective screening method for trachoma and many other diseases. An effective, rapid, and disposable test would allow for mass screening to be implemented which, in turn, would allow for rapid and targeted treatment. The results in this study show that the use of fluorescent-based reporters greatly improve the LOD of the LFA, with both FITC and RuSNP reporters showing a reduction in the LOD by 1 and 2.5 logs respectively when compared to traditional colorimetric reporters. This substantial improvement in the LOD of the LFA allows for the tests to be used to detect relevant levels of viral pathogens. A similar improvement in the LOD was seen when using FITC-labeled antibodies which improved the sensitivity of LFAs with regards to the detection of C. trachomatis. The use of fluorescent-based reporters in LFAs greatly improves the LOD for both viruses and bacteria, allowing for their detection at clinically relevant levels.
Geometric continuity, shape parameters, and geometric constructions for Catmull-Rom splines (1988)

Catmull-Rom splines have local control, can be either approximating or interpolating, and are efficiently computable. Experience with Beta-splines has shown that it is useful to endow a spline with shape parameters , used to modify the shape of the curve or surface independently of the defining control vertices. Thus it is desirable to construct a subclass of the Catmull-Rom splines that has shape parameters. We present such a class, some members of which are interpolating and others approximating. As was done for the Beta-spline, shape parameters are introduced by requiring geometric rather than parametric continuity. Splines in this class are defined by a set of control vertices and a set of shape parameter values. The shape parameters may be applied globally, affecting the entire curve, or they may be modified locally, affecting only a portion of the curve near the corresponding joint. We show that this class results from combining geometrically continuous (Beta-spline) blending functions with a new set of geometrically continuous interpolating functions related to the classical Lagrange curves . We demonstrate the practicality of several members of the class by developing efficient computational algorithms. These algorithms are based on geometric constructions that take as input a control polygon and a set of shape parameter values and produce as output a sequence of Bézier control polygons that exactly describes the original curve. A specific example of shape design using a low-degree member of the class is given.
Deducing Ground-to-Air Emissions from Observed Trace Gas Concentrations: A Field Trial (2004)

The gas emission rate Q from an artificial 36-m 2 surface area source was inferred from line-average concentration C L measured by an open-path laser situated up to 100 m downwind. Using a backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) model, a theoretical C L /Q relationship was established for each experimental trial by simulating an ensemble of fluid-element paths arriving in the laser beam under the prevailing micrometeorological conditions. The diagnosed emission rates (Q bLS ) were satisfactory for trials done when Monin-Obukhov similarity theory gave a good description of the surface layer, but were poor during periods of extreme atmospheric stability ( | L | 2 m) and transition periods in stratification. With such periods eliminated, the average value of the 15-min ratios Q bLS /Q over n 77 fifteen-minute trials spanning 6 days was 1.02. Individual 15-min estimates, however, exhibited sizable variability about the true rate, with the standard deviation in Q bLS /Q being Q/Q 0.36. This variability is lessened ( Q/Q 0.22, n 46) if one excludes cases in which the detecting laser path lay above or immediately downwind from the source-a circumstance in which the laser path lies at the edge of the gas plume.
Role of Hydrogen in CVD Growth of Large Single Crystal Graphene (2009)

We show that graphene chemical vapor deposition growth on copper foil using methane as a carbon source is strongly affected by hydrogen, which appears to serve a dual role: an activator of the surface bound carbon that is necessary for monolayer growth and an etching reagent that controls the size and morphology of the graphene domains. The resulting growth rate for a fixed methane partial pressure has a maximum at hydrogen partial pressures 200400 times that of methane. The morphology and size of the graphene domains, as well as the number of layers, change with hydrogen pressure from irregularly shaped incomplete bilayers to well-defined perfect single layer hexagons. Raman spectra suggest the zigzag termination in the hexagons as more stable than the armchair edges.
Metabolic changes underlying31P MR spectral alterations in human hepatic tumours (1998)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) remains the technique of choice for observing tumour metabolism non-invasively. Although initially 31P MR spectroscopy showed much promise as a non-invasive diagnostic tool, studies of a wide range of hepatic tumours have conclusively shown that this technique cannot be utilized to distinguish between different tumour types. This lack of specificity and sensitivity appears to be a consequence of the fact that hepatic tumours develop with a range of modalities and not as a single abnormal disease process, and also because of the limited availability of MR detectable metabolic markers. This has led, in recent years, to a re-evaluation of the role of 31P MR spectroscopy, re-emerging as a non-invasive tool to follow the efficacy of the treatment regime. Furthermore, since the principal changes observed in tumours by 31P MRS appear to be an elevation in the concentration of phosphorylcholine (PCho) and phosphoethanolamine (PEth), new research using a combination of MRS and tissue culture of cell lines which carry a combination of known inducible oncogenes, are helping to elucidate some of the metabolic pathways that give rise to these metabolic alterations.
Reformulating Level Sets as Deep Recurrent Neural Network Approach to Semantic Segmentation (2017)

Variational Level Set (LS) has been a widely used method in medical segmentation. However, it is limited when dealing with multi-instance objects in the real world. In addition, its segmentation results are quite sensitive to initial settings and highly depend on the number of iterations. To address these issues and boost the classic variational LS methods to a new level of the learnable deep learning approaches, we propose a novel definition of contour evolution named Recurrent Level Set (RLS)} to employ Gated Recurrent Unit under the energy minimization of a variational LS functional. The curve deformation process in RLS is formed as a hidden state evolution procedure and updated by minimizing an energy functional composed of fitting forces and contour length. By sharing the convolutional features in a fully end-to-end trainable framework, we extend RLS to Contextual RLS (CRLS) to address semantic segmentation in the wild. The experimental results have shown that our proposed RLS improves both computational time and segmentation accuracy against the classic variations LS-based method, whereas the fully end-to-end system CRLS achieves competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-art semantic segmentation approaches.
Effects of image orientation and ground control points distribution on unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry projects on a road cut slope (2016)

The morphology of road cut slopes, such as length and high slopes, is one of the most prevalent causes of landslides and terrain stability troubles. Digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthoimages are used for land management purposes. Two flights with different orientations with respect to the target surface were planned, and four photogrammetric projects were carried out during these flights to study the image orientation effects. Orthogonal images oriented to the cut slope with only sidelaps were compared to the classical vertical orientation, with sidelapping, endlapping, and both types of overlapping simultaneously. DEM and orthoimages obtained from the orthogonal project showed smaller errors than those obtained from the other three photogrammetric projects, with the first one being much easier to manage. One additional flight and six photogrammetric projects were used to establish an objective criterion to locate the three ground control points for georeferencing and rectification DEMs and orthoimages. All possible sources of errors were evaluated in the DEMs and orthoimages.
High performance MMICs with submillimeter wave InP-based HEMTs (2002)

This paper presents some recently developed MMICs based on a 0.1-/spl mu/m gate-length InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMT process with an f/sub max/ above 600 GHz. InP-based HEMTs provide more power gain and lower noise at higher frequencies than any other transistor, including GaAs-based pHEMTs. A number of state-of-the-art InP HEMT MMICs will be presented. This includes a 150-205 GHz amplifier with 15 dB of gain, a broadband 60-140 GHz amplifier with 25 mW output power at 140 GHz, a high gain Ka-band LNA and static frequency-divider circuits operating at clock rates above 45 GHz. The high frequency performance of a next-generation 0.08-/spl mu/m-gate InAlAsSb/InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMT technology will also be presented.
FPGAs in the Datacenters: the Case of Parallel Hybrid Super Scalar String Sample Sort (2020)

String sorting is an important part of database and MapReduce applications; however, it has not been studied as extensively as sorting of fixed-length keys. Handling variable-length keys in hardware is challenging and it is no surprise that no string sorters on FPGA have been proposed yet. In this paper, we present Parallel Hybrid Super Scalar String Sample Sort (pHS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> ) on Intel HARPv2, a heterogeneous CPU-FPGA system with a server-grade multi-core CPU. Our pHS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> is based on the state-of-the-art string sorting algorithm for multi-core shared memory CPUs, pS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> , which we extended with multiple processing elements (PEs) on the FPGA. Each PE accelerates one instance of the most effectively parallelizable dominant kernel of pS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> by up to 33% compared to a single Intel Xeon Broadwell core running at 3.4 GHz. Furthermore, we extended the job scheduling mechanism of pS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> to enable our PEs to compete with the CPU cores for processing the accelerable kernel, while retaining the complex high-level control flow and the sorting of the smaller data sets on the CPU. We accelerate the whole algorithm by up to 10% compared to the 28 thread software baseline running on the 14-core Xeon processor and by up to 36% at lower thread counts.
Performance of natural language classifiers in a question-answering system (2017)

Deep-learning algorithms are being used extensively in question–answering systems based on natural language classifiers to classify an incoming user question into a set of classes with the same answer. We treat a natural language classifier as a black box and study its performance with respect to the ground truth that is used to train and test the system. We have observed that maintaining ground truth is challenging; for example, 1) the number of answer classes can be large (in the several hundreds), 2) manual mapping of questions to answers can result in inconsistent mappings, leading to overlap and confusion among them, and 3) users ask questions within a context that is not apparent by examining the question standalone, leading to erroneous mappings. We propose a methodology for guided evolution of the ground truth, from its initial creation to its ongoing maintenance in the deployed production environment. We measure performance using two metrics: accuracy and confidence. Accuracy measures how many classifications are correct, based on an assessment, while confidence is a raw metric, output by the classifier, which correlates with accuracy. Confidence can further be used to effectively manage the perceived accuracy of the system from a user's perspective, appropriately trading off accuracy versus coverage.
HYPOTENSIVE RESUSCITATION OF MULTIPLE HEMORRHAGES USING CRYSTALLOID AND COLLOIDS (2004)

Hypotensive resuscitation has been advocated as a better means to perform field resuscitation of penetrating trauma. Our hypothesis is that hypotensive resuscitation using either crystalloid or colloid provides equivalent or improved metabolic function while reducing the overall fluid requirement for resuscitation of hemorrhage. We compared hypotensive and normotensive resuscitation of hemorrhage using lactated Ringer's (LR) with hypotensive resuscitation using Hextend (Hex), 6% hetastarch in isotonic buffered saline. Instrumented conscious sheep were hemorrhaged in three separate bleeds, 25 mL/kg at T0 and 5 mL/kg at both T50 and T70. Resuscitation was started at T30 and continued until T180. Hypotensive resuscitation to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 65 mmHg was performed with LR or Hex using a closed-loop resuscitation (CLR) system for a LR-65 and Hex-65 treatment protocol. A control treatment protocol was resuscitation with LR to a MAP target of 90 mmHg, LR-90. All treatment protocols were successfully resuscitated to near target levels. Two animals in the hypotensive treatment protocols died during the second and third bleedings, one in the LR-65 and one in the Hex-65 treatment protocol. Mean infused volumes were 61.4 +/- 11.3, 18.0 +/- 5.9, and 11.6 +/- 1.9 mL/kg in the LR-90, LR-65, and Hex-65 treatments, respectively (*P < 0.05 versus LR-90). Mean minimum base excess (BE) values were +1.9 +/- 1.4, -5.8 +/- 4.3, and -5.9 +/- 4.0 mEq/L in the LR-90, LR-65, and Hex-65 treatments, respectively. Hypotensive resuscitation with LR greatly reduced volume requirements as compared with normotensive resuscitation, and Hex achieved additional volume sparing. However, trends toward lower BE values and the occurrence of deaths only in the hypotensive treatment protocols suggest that resuscitation to a target MAP of 65 mmHg may be too low for optimal outcomes.
Experimental observation of the trapped rainbow (2010)

We report on the experimental demonstration of the broadband “trapped rainbow” in the visible frequency range using an adiabatically tapered optical nano waveguide. Being a distinct case of the slow light phenomenon, the trapped rainbow effect could be applied to optical computing and signal processing, such as spectroscopy on a chip, and to providing enhanced light-matter interactions.
RAFT cryopolymerizations of <i>N,N</i>‐dimethylacrylamide and <i>N</i>‐isopropylacrylamide in moderately frozen aqueous solution (2009)

Abstract Aqueous reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) cryopolymerizations of N,N ‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and N ‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) with potassium persulfate/sodium ascorbate as redox initiators were performed at −15 °C. For the homopolymerizations, water‐soluble chain transfer agents (CTAs) of 2‐(1‐carboxy‐1‐methylethyl‐sulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)‐2‐methylpropionic acid and 2‐dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl‐2‐methylpropionyl‐capped methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) were used. For the sequential block copolymerizations, the obtained trithiocarbonate‐functionalized polymers were used as macro‐CTAs. Although well‐defined homo and block polymers of DMA and NIPAM were synthesized and these RAFT cryopolymerizations were well controlled, their behavior depended on the monomers and CTAs. The polymerization kinetic and polymer structure were studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and gel permeation chromatography measurement. Poly( N,N ‐dimethylacrylamide)‐based cryogels crosslinked with reductively cleavable disulfide‐containing diacrylamide, N , N ′‐bisacryloylcystamine, were synthesized via RAFT cryopolymerization. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the porous structure of cryogels depended on the CTA used. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009