gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Big Data and Cross-Document Coreference Resolution: Current State and Future Opportunities (2013)

Information Extraction (IE) is the task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured/semi-structured machine-readable documents. Among various IE tasks, extracting actionable intelligence from ever-increasing amount of data depends critically upon Cross-Document Coreference Resolution (CDCR) - the task of identifying entity mentions across multiple documents that refer to the same underlying entity. Recently, document datasets of the order of peta-/tera-bytes has raised many challenges for performing effective CDCR such as scaling to large numbers of mentions and limited representational power. The problem of analysing such datasets is called "big data". The aim of this paper is to provide readers with an understanding of the central concepts, subtasks, and the current state-of-the-art in CDCR process. We provide assessment of existing tools/techniques for CDCR subtasks and highlight big data challenges in each of them to help readers identify important and outstanding issues for further investigation. Finally, we provide concluding remarks and discuss possible directions for future work.
Behaviour of Solutions of Parabolic Boundary Value Problems for Large Values of Time (1998)

In ℝ ++ +1 we consider the parabolic boundary value problem: 1.1 $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\sum\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m} {{{l}_{{lkj}}}(D,{{D}_{t}}){{u}_{j}}(x,t) = 0,} } & {(x,t) \in \mathbb{R}_{{ + + }}^{{n + 1}},} & {k = 1, \ldots ,m;} \\ \end{array}$$ 1.2 $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\sum\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m} {{{b}_{{qj}}}(D,{{D}_{t}}){{u}_{j}}(x,t){{|}_{{{{x}_{n}} = + 0}}} = {{\varphi }_{q}}(x\prime ,t),} } & {(x\prime ,t) \in \mathbb{R}_{ + }^{n},q = 1, \ldots ,br,} \\ \end{array}$$ in spaces of smooth bounded Hölder functions that vanish at t = 0 together with all their derivatives that appear in (1.1) and (1.2). Here l kj (D, D t ) and b qj (D, D t ) are quasihomogeneous operators with constant coefficients of orders s k + t j and σ q + t j , respectively, $$\sum\limits_{{k = 1}}^{m} {({{s}_{k}} + {{t}_{k}}) = 2br}$$ .
<i>Arabidopsis</i> gynoecium structure in the wild type and in <i>ettin</i> mutants (1995)

The gynoecium is the female reproductive structure of flowering plants. Here we present a description of the Arabidopsis thaliana gynoecium at anthesis. The cylindrical organ can be broken down into three longitudinal regions arranged in an apical-basal order: stigma, style, and ovary. Each region can be distinguished histologically and morphologically. The transmitting (pollination) tract is axially positioned along the center of the gynoecium and spans stigma, style and ovary. Histochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and a style-specific reporter gene are used to compare the wild-type pattern of gynoecium cell types and regions, with patterns formed in gynoecia of individuals homozygous for a series of allelic mutations at the ETTIN locus. ettin gynoecia show morphological and histological alterations that appear to result from the merging of apical and basal regions and the development of abaxial into adaxial tissues. These developmental abnormalities result in a reduction of the ovary region, an expansion of the stylar and stigmatic regions, and the abaxial (outward) proliferation of transmitting tract tissue. The alterations in the mutants can be interpreted as resulting from misspecifications of position along the longitudinal and transverse axes during gynoecium development. The results suggest that early patterning events underlie wild-type gynoecium development, and that ETT functions during this early programming.
The effect of pillar misalignment on the underwater performance of high frequency multilayer 1-3 piezocomposite transducers with acoustic matching and backing layers (2005)

This paper reports 2-layer piezocomposite elements for high-density arrays operating in the 1-5 MHz range. Investigation in air without any ancillary acoustic components highlighted undesirable effects, showing that pillar misalignment led to extraneous twisting modes. In practical use, such elements include matching and backing layers, and the effects of acoustic loading must also be considered. Therefore, we report here on work to quantify the influence of pillar misalignment for a complete transducer operating in water. To evaluate performance, our analysis includes electrical impedance data and measurements of the transmit-receive transfer function which relates to device performance in practical situations. We present results from finite element analysis incorporating unidirectional and bidirectional pillar misalignments from 0% to the maximum possible. These results are validated with data from a prototype two-layer 1-3 piezocomposite transducer tested in air and underwater. We comment on the degree of acceptable pillar misalignment compared with previous studies.
A 40K cache memory and memory management unit (1986)

The development of a cache memory to support 32b microprocessors will be offered. Including an on-chip memory unit the circuit operates at 33MHz, delivers data to the CPU in 2/4 clock cycles and is fabricated in 2μm CMOS.
Synthesis of thyroid hormone analogues. Part 3. Iodonium salt approaches to SK&F L-94901 (1988)

The key step in the synthesis of L-3,5-dibromo-3′-[6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3-yl)methyl]-thyronine, SK&F L-94901 (1), a novel, selective, and potent thyromimetic, is the formation of the hindered diaryl ether moiety. This paper describes an investigation into the formation of the required diaryl ether by copper-catalysed reaction both of symmetrical iodonium salts (2a) and (10) and mixed iodonium salts (2b–e) with protected dibromotyrosine (5). The importance of the counter-ion of the iodonium salt is discussed. This work is extended to a large-scale synthesis of SK&F L-94901 (1).
On-Chip Compensated Wide Output Range Boost Converter with Fixed-Frequency Adaptive Off-Time Control for LED Driver Applications (2014)

An on-chip compensated wide output range boost converter with fixed-frequency adaptive off-time current-mode control is presented. The small signal characteristic of the boost converter with current-mode control is reviewed, and an adaptive current sensing technique is proposed to reduce the variation of phase margin at different output voltages. On-chip compensation is achieved with a Type II compensator. Adaptive off-time control is adopted for its fast response and no need for slope compensation, while its disadvantage of varying switching frequency is eliminated by the proposed off-time generator. The IC controller was fabricated in a 0.5 μm 2P3M BCD 40 V process. Measurement results confirm that an output range of 5.5 V ~ 36 V with an input voltage of 5 V is achieved. The switching frequency is fixed at 1 MHz with a variation of ±1%. The measured peak efficiency and maximum output power are 92.9% and 8.6 W, respectively. For a load step of 200 mA using a 3.3-μH inductor and a 20-μF output capacitor, overshoot and undershoot of the load transient responses are smaller than 1% of the output voltage.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed α-Functionalization of Ketals for the Regioselective Synthesis of α-Carbamoyl Ketals (2012)

Treatment of 1 with DEAD in the presence of BF(3)·OEt(2) gave 2 (R = H), which was N-alkylated to give 2 (R = CH(2)CO(2)Et), and insitu eliminated (E1cb) to give α-carbamoyl ketals.
Preclinical evaluation of the <scp>BET</scp> bromodomain inhibitor <scp>BAY</scp> 1238097 for the treatment of lymphoma (2017)

The epigenome is often deregulated in cancer and treatment with inhibitors of bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins, the readers of epigenetic acetylation marks, represents a novel therapeutic approach. Here, we have characterized the anti-tumour activity of the novel bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitor BAY 1238097 in preclinical lymphoma models. BAY 1238097 showed anti-proliferative activity in a large panel of lymphoma-derived cell lines, with a median 50% inhibitory concentration between 70 and 208 nmol/l. The compound showed strong anti-tumour efficacy in vivo as a single agent in two diffuse large B cell lymphoma models. Gene expression profiling showed BAY 1238097 targeted the NFKB/TLR/JAK/STAT signalling pathways, MYC and E2F1-regulated genes, cell cycle regulation and chromatin structure. The gene expression profiling signatures also highly overlapped with the signatures obtained with other BET Bromodomain inhibitors and partially overlapped with HDAC-inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors and demethylating agents. Notably, BAY 1238097 presented in vitro synergism with EZH2, mTOR and BTK inhibitors. In conclusion, the BET inhibitor BAY 1238097 presented promising anti-lymphoma preclinical activity in vitro and in vivo, mediated by the interference with biological processes driving the lymphoma cells. Our data also indicate the use of combination schemes targeting EZH2, mTOR and BTK alongside BET bromodomains.
Supplementation of diets with bovine colostrum influences immune function in dogs (2013)

While the need for colostrum in neonates is well established, the systemic effect of feeding bovine colostrum (BC) to adult humans is gaining increasing attention. However, no systematic studies evaluating the immunomodulatory effect of BC in dogs have been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of dietary supplementation of BC in dogs. The study was conducted in two phases: pre-test (8 weeks) and test (40 weeks), with twenty-four dogs (mean age 2.5 years) randomised into two groups. In the 'pre-test' phase, both groups were fed a nutritionally complete diet. At the end of the 'pre-test' phase, all dogs received a canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine, and dogs in the 'test group' were switched to a diet supplemented with 0.1% spray-dried BC. Response to the CDV vaccine was evaluated by measuring vaccine-specific plasma IgG levels. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue response was assessed by measuring faecal IgA levels. Gut microbiota were evaluated by the temporal temperature gel electrophoresis methodology. Dogs fed the BC-supplemented diet demonstrated a significantly higher vaccine response and higher levels of faecal IgA when compared with the control group. Supplementing diets with BC also resulted in significantly increased gut microbiota diversity and stability in the test group. In conclusion, diets supplemented with BC significantly influence immune response in dogs.
Redefining the concept of protease-activated receptors: cathepsin S evokes itch via activation of Mrgprs (2015)

Sensory neurons expressing Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) mediate histamine-independent itch. We show that the cysteine protease cathepsin S activates MrgprC11 and evokes receptor-dependent scratching in mice. In contrast to its activation of conventional protease-activated receptors, cathepsin S-mediated activation of MrgprC11 did not involve the generation of a tethered ligand. We demonstrate further that different cysteine proteases selectively activate specific mouse and human Mrgpr family members. This expansion of our understanding by which proteases interact with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) redefines the concept of what constitutes a protease-activated receptor. The findings also implicate proteases as ligands to members of this orphan receptor family while providing new insights into how cysteine proteases contribute to itch.
Administration of Propionate to Day-Old Turkeys (1994)

The effects of salts of propionic acid on newly hatched turkeys were examined. In Experiment 1, poults were injected with .25 mL of 1 M solutions of either sodium propionate or calcium propionate. After a 24-h holding period, the poults were killed and assayed for blood glucose, liver weight, and liver glycogen. Sodium propionate increased blood glucose concentration but did not alter liver weight or liver glycogen compared with controls. Calcium propionate had no effect on blood glucose but increased liver weight and liver glycogen compared with controls. There was no mortality in saline-injected controls or sodium propionate poults; 4 of 10 poults injected with calcium propionate died. In Experiment 2, poults were administered 0 or 4% sodium propionate in the feed or 0 or 2% sodium propionate in the drinking water in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Propionate depressed feed intake and body weight by both routes of administration. Propionate in the feed, but not drinking water, depressed liver weight and liver glycogen. Plasma uric acid was increased by propionate in either the feed or the water but was not above control amounts when propionate was given in both the feed and water at the same time. Plasma propionic acid was increased by propionate in the water but not by propionate in the feed. We conclude that the use of propionate in injectibles, drinking water, or feed of newly hatched turkeys is contraindicated.
Scenario-based performance analysis of routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks (1999)

This study is a comparison of three routing protocols proposed for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks.
Harmonic analysis of noninvasively recorded arterial pressure waveforms in healthy bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). (2011)

To characterize primate arterial waveforms, we prospectively studied 38 bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata; 25 female, 13 ± 4 y). Brachial artery waveforms were recorded from these animals by applanation tonometry and were decomposed into harmonics by using Fourier analysis. The ratio of individual to total harmonic amplitude (H:T) was derived from frequency spectra. Left ventricular (LV) mass, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, septal wall thickness, posterior wall thickness, LV end-diastolic diameter, and LV end-systolic diameter were obtained by echocardiography in all 38 monkeys. Blood pressure was obtained by sphygmomanometry. The fundamental frequency was 2.76 cycles/s. Harmonics ranged from 5 to 14. Indexed LV mass was inversely correlated with third H:T and second H:T but not with systolic or diastolic blood pressure. In addition, the third H:T was inversely correlated with septal wall thickness, posterior wall thickness, and LV end-diastolic diameter, whereas second H:T was inversely correlated with LV end-diastolic diameter. Heart rate was inversely correlated with eighth H:T. On multivariate analysis adjusting for age, gender, weight, and length, only third H:T was an independent predictor of LV mass. Harmonic analysis of arterial waveforms may provide information pertaining to LV mass. Lower H:T ratios (second and third) are related to LV mass, whereas higher H:T (eighth) is related to heart rate.
Forced oscillations of the keyhole in penetration laser beam welding (1996)

The dynamic behaviour of the keyhole in penetration laser beam welding is essential for the entire welding process, and is closely connected to welding seam defects and splash generation. To improve understanding of the process and to help interpret measured process signals, forced oscillations of the keyhole due to fluctuations of the CW laser power are theoretically studied. It is shown that even very small laser power fluctuations can lead to strong keyhole oscillations dominated by eigenfrequency response. Because the governing differential equation is nonlinear, bifurcation effects can occur which tend to broaden eigenfrequency peaks in the keyhole vibration spectrum. Calculated Fourier spectra are in good agreement with corresponding measurements of the ultraviolet and near infrared light emission during welding with an industrial CW laser.
Facilitation of Direct Conditional Knockout of Essential Genes in <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> DSM13 by Comparative Genetic Analysis and Manipulation of Genetic Competence (2010)

The genetic manageability of the biotechnologically important Bacillus licheniformis is hampered due to its poor transformability, whereas Bacillus subtilis efficiently takes up DNA during genetic competence, a quorum-sensing-dependent process. Since the sensor histidine kinase ComP, encoded by a gene of the quorum-sensing module comQXPA of B. licheniformis DSM13, was found to be inactive due to an insertion element within comP, the coding region was exchanged with a functional copy. Quorum sensing was restored, but the already-poor genetic competence dropped further. The inducible expression of the key regulator for the transcription of competence genes, ComK, in trans resulted in highly competent strains and facilitated the direct disruption of genes, as well as the conditional knockout of an essential operon. As ComK is inhibited at low cell densities by a proteolytic complex in which MecA binds ComK and such inhibition is antagonized by the interaction of MecA with ComS (the expression of the latter is controlled by cell density in B. subtilis), we performed an in silico analysis of MecA and the hitherto unidentified ComS, which revealed differences for competent and noncompetent strains, indicating that the reduced competence possibly is due to a nonfunctional coupling of the comQXPA-encoded quorum module and ComK. The obtained increased genetic tractability of this industrial workhorse should improve a wide array of scientific investigations.
Review of ultrasound image guidance in external beam radiotherapy: I. Treatment planning and inter-fraction motion management (2015)

In modern radiotherapy, verification of the treatment to ensure the target receives the prescribed dose and normal tissues are optimally spared has become essential. Several forms of image guidance are available for this purpose. The most commonly used forms of image guidance are based on kilovolt or megavolt x-ray imaging. Image guidance can also be performed with non-harmful ultrasound (US) waves. This increasingly used technique has the potential to offer both anatomical and functional information.This review presents an overview of the historical and current use of two-dimensional and three-dimensional US imaging for treatment verification in radiotherapy. The US technology and the implementation in the radiotherapy workflow are described. The use of US guidance in the treatment planning process is discussed. The role of US technology in inter-fraction motion monitoring and management is explained, and clinical studies of applications in areas such as the pelvis, abdomen and breast are reviewed. A companion review paper (O'Shea et al 2015 Phys. Med. Biol. submitted) will extensively discuss the use of US imaging for intra-fraction motion quantification and novel applications of US technology to RT.
The Theoretical Yardsticks (1982)

Textbook discussions of economic systems are often a confusing mixture of so-called utopian (or perfect) models of enterprise forms on the one hand, and the description and explanation of actual industrial systems on the other. Wiles (1977, p. 5) finds that 'extremists to the right and left who discuss, for instance, resource allocation, juxtapose the perfect (and non-existent) form of what they like with the imperfect (and maybe the only attainable) form of what they do not like'.
Trends in U.S. Burden of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Infection and Outcomes (2020)

The estimated national burden of <i>C. difficile</i> infection and associated hospitalizations decreased from 2011 through 2017, owing to a decline in health care-associated infections. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Investigation on the Electrolytic Hydrogenation of n‐Silicon (111) (1995)

The surface condition of Si(111) exposed to acidic fluoride solutions at fixed anodic potential (+1.1 V vs. flatband) is investigated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) in the multiple internal reflection (MIR) configuration. It is shown that a transient dark current, , can be used to monitor the degree of hydrogenation of the surface. Hydrogenation sets in shortly after the maximum of and is completed when reaches a low stationary value. The pH dependence of the hydrogenation shows larger contributions from at low pH indicating microscopic roughness at steps and smoothing after a two‐step procedure (electrochemical etching at pH 4.0 or 4.5 followed by the same procedure at pH 4.9). At pH values larger than 5.3 (up to 9), no surface hydrogen could be detected and is considerably increased.
The Effectiveness of Vaccination Against The Spread of COVID-19 with SEIR Mathematical Modeling in Gowa District (2021)

The spread of disease in epidemic range, endemic range, as well as in the pandemic range that is spreading of the disease can be stopped with getting vaccinated. The vaccines that are effective and efficient can be the missile that stopped this Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this research is to (1) know the mapping model of mathematics SEIR in distributing vaccines toward the spread of Covid-19 in Kabupaten Gowa, (2) know the analysis and model simulation of mathematics SEIR in distributing vaccine toward the spread of Covid-19 in Kabupaten Gowa, also (3) know the impact of distributing vaccine toward the spread of Covid-19 in Kabupaten Gowa. The method we used is the literature review, the collecting data obtained by an interview and documentation review. The research result discovered that the model of mathematics SEIR is used to describe the distribution of vaccines toward the spread of Covid-19 in Kabupaten Gowa. The analysis and simulation results model of mathematics SEIR showed that the higher vaccines effectiveness and the number of the population in Kabupaten Gowa that already had vaccinated is higher, then showed no more spreads of Covid-19 and the pandemic is over.
High-efficiency tunable circular asymmetric transmission using dielectric metasurface integrated with graphene sheet (2017)

High-efficiency tunable asymmetric transmission (AT) based on simple-constructed metasurface is highly desired for next generation optical polarization devices. Here, we numerically investigate high-efficiency and frequency-tunable circular AT effect in mid-infrared region by combining simple-shape silicon array with a graphene sheet. The asymmetric parameter of the dielectric nanostrip structure reaches 0.92 at 12.68 THz and the width of tunable spectra (AT > 0.7) is 1100 nm, which represent a major advance compared with previously reported AT. The AT behavior originates from extrinsic chirality induced by oblique illumination, and the high AT efficiency results from the constructive and deconstructive interferences of selectively excited electric and magnetic resonances. In addition, the working waveband of AT is shifted by dynamically modulating graphene's Fermi energy, which offers a new degree of freedom to achieve multifunctions without refabricating structures. The proposed array system possessing the merits of high efficiency, simple inclusions and frequency-tunability has significant potentials for practical applications in polarization devices such as polarization sensor, polarizer, etc.
Using Big Data and Real-Time Analytics to Support Smart City Initiatives (2016)

A central issue in the context of smart cities is related to the capability to acquire timely information about city events. This paper describes a platform which focuses on processing messages posted in Twitter social network. Key issues here are the high throughput a large volume of data per second that needs to be processed, and the need to process ill formed natural language texts. With these in mind the platform has pipelined modules for robust, fast, real time tweet acquisition and storage, filtering of several kinds, natural language processing and sentiment analysis, that feed a final analysis and visualization module. A case study of sentiment analysis during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil is used to validate the effort made so far.