gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topological Ferroelectric Bistability in a Polarization-Modulated Orthogonal Smectic Liquid Crystal (2012)

We report a bent-core liquid crystal (LC) compound exhibiting two fluid smectic phases in which two-dimensional, polar, orthorhombic layers order into three-dimensional ferroelectric states. The lower-temperature phase has a uniform polarization field which responds in an analog fashion to applied electric field. The higher-temperature phase is a new smectic state with periodic undulation of the polarization, structurally modulated layers, and a bistable response to applied electric field which originates in the periodically splay-modulated bulk of the LC rather than by surface stabilization at the cell boundaries.
Intra-block algorithm for digital watermarking (2002)

We present a variant to the DCT-based block algorithm proposed in Hsu and Wu (1996) for signal embedding in digital images. Instead of inter-block relations, our algorithm uses intra-block relations to generate the watermarked image. We describe the algorithm and its performance against translation and cropping. The features of our method are: (1) the watermark is perceptually invisible; (2) little loss of relevant information of original image; (3) the watermark can be retrieved by using a secret key; and (4) the watermark is robust against translation and area cropping.
Exploiting the replication cache to improve performance for multiple-issue microprocessors (2005)

Performance and reliability are both of great importance for microprocessor design. Recently, the replication cache has been proposed to enhance data cache reliability against soft errors. The replication cache is a small fully associative cache to store the replica for every write to the L1 data cache. In addition to enhance data reliability, this paper proposes several cost-effective techniques to improve performance of multiple-issue microprocessors by exploiting the replication cache. The idea is to make use of the replication cache to increase cache bandwidth through dual load and to reduce the L1 data cache miss rate through partial victim caching. Built upon these two schemes, we also propose a hybrid approach to combine the benefits of both dual load and partial victim caching for improving performance further. Our experimental results show that exploiting a replication cache with only 8 entries can improve performance by 13.0% on average without compromising the enhanced data integrity.
Análisis del cambio gramatical del lenguaje soez u ofensivo en la traducción inglés-español de Breaking Bad (2021)

El presente artículo muestra el análisis del cambio de categoría gramatical de una de las características más complejas de la traducción audiovisual (TAV): el lenguaje soez u ofensivo. Concretamente, este trabajo se centra en la traducción de este tipo de lenguaje en series, como el caso del doblaje en español de la serie estadounidense Breaking Bad (Gilligan, 2008-2013). Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se ha empleado un modelo de análisis basado en fichas específicamente diseñadas a tal efecto en las que se expondrán los datos más relevantes de los ejemplos recogidos en la muestra de 10 capítulos seleccionados ad hoc. Estas fichas se han elaborado para analizar los distintos aspectos que influyen en la efectividad del lenguaje soez u ofensivo de la versión doblada de un producto audiovisual y, para ello, se han tenido en cuenta diferentes estudios de relevancia en el campo de la TAV. Estos aspectos, que son susceptibles de sufrir alguna modificación en la versión meta, son la categoría gramatical, la variedad lingüística, el tipo de lenguaje soez u ofensivo, y la estrategia de traducción utilizada en cada caso. Los casos de lenguaje soez u ofensivo se extraen tanto de la versión original (VO) como de la versión doblada o versión meta (VM) y, tras realizar el análisis del cambio gramatical, los resultados muestran que en el 60,74 % de los casos no se produce este cambio. No obstante, se ha comprobado que se mantiene la efectividad y el registro en la versión doblada al español del lenguaje soez u ofensivo.
Dual Functional Roles for the X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Gene Product SAP/SH2D1A in Signaling through the Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM) Family of Immune Receptors (2003)

The X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome gene encodes a protein named SAP or SH2D1A that is composed of a single Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. Two models have been proposed for its function in lymphocyte signaling. One postulates that it acts as an inhibitor of interactions between the phosphatase SHP-2 and the immune receptor SLAM. The other suggests that it functions as an adaptor to promote the recruitment of a kinase, FynT, to SLAM. Here, we provide evidence in support of both roles for SAP. Using an array of peptides derived from the SLAM family of receptors, we demonstrate that SAP binds with comparable affinities to the same sites in these receptors as do the SH2 domains of SHP-2 and SHIP, suggesting that these three proteins may compete against one another in binding to a given SLAM family receptor. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo binding studies indicate that SAP is capable of binding directly to FynT, an interaction mediated by the FynT SH3 domain. In cells, FynT was shown to be indispensable for SLAM tyrosine phosphorylation, which, in turn, was drastically enhanced by SAP. Because SAP also blocked the recruitment of SHP-2 to SLAM in these cells, we propose a dual functional role for SAP in SLAM signaling by acting both as an adaptor for FynT and an inhibitor to SHP-2 binding. The physiological relevance of the dual functional role for SAP is underscored by the observation that disease-causing SAP mutants exhibited significantly reduced affinities to both FynT and SLAM.
Mutual Influences of Intermodal Visual/Tactile Apparent Motion and Auditory Motion with Uncrossed and Crossed Arms (2013)

Intra-modal apparent motion has been shown to be affected or ‘captured’ by information from another, task-irrelevant modality, as shown in cross-modal dynamic capture effect. Here we created inter-modal apparent motion between visual and tactile stimuli and investigated whether there are mutual influences between auditory apparent motion and inter-modal visual/tactile apparent motion. Moreover, we examined whether and how the spatial remapping between somatotopic and external reference frames of tactile events affect the cross-modal capture between auditory apparent motion and inter-modal visual/tactile apparent motion, by introducing two arm postures: arms-uncrossed and arms-crossed. In Experiment 1, we used auditory stimuli (auditory apparent motion) as distractors and inter-modal visual/tactile stimuli (inter-modal apparent motion) as targets while in Experiment 2 we reversed the distractors and targets. In Experiment 1, we found a general detrimental influence of arms-crossed posture in the task of discrimination of direction in visual/tactile stream, but in Experiment 2, the influence of arms-uncrossed posture played a significant role in modulating the inter-modal visual/tactile stimuli capturing over auditory apparent motion. In both Experiments, the synchronously presented motion streams led to noticeable directional congruency effect in judging the target motion. Among the different modality combinations, tactile to tactile apparent motion (TT) and visual to visual apparent motion (VV) are two signatures revealing the asymmetric congruency effects. When the auditory stimuli were targets, the congruency effect was largest with VV distractors, lowest with TT distractors; the pattern was reversed when the auditory stimuli were distractors. In addition, across both experiments the congruency effect in visual to tactile (VT) and tactile to visual (TV) apparent motion was intermediate between the effect-sizes in VV and TT. We replicated the above findings with a block-wise design (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, we introduced static distractor events (visual or tactile stimulus), and found the modulation of spatial remapping of distractors upon AA motion is reduced. These findings suggest that there are mutual but a robust asymmetric influence between intra-modal auditory apparent motion and intermodal visual/tactile apparent motion. We proposed that relative reliabilities in directional information between distractor and target streams, summed over a remapping process between two spatial reference frames, determined this asymmetric influence.
Vehicle Counting Using Detecting-Tracking Combinations: A Comparative Analysis (2020)

In light of the rapid progress in building smart cities and smart traffic systems, the need for an accurate and real-time counting vehicles system has become a very urgent need. Finding a robust and accurate counting system is a challenge, as the system must detect, classify and track multi vehicles in complex and dynamic scene situations, different models and classes, and various traffic densities. Several hardware and software systems have emerged for this purpose and their results have varied. In recent years, and due to the great growth in computational capacities and deep learning techniques, deep learning based vehicle counting systems have delivered an impressive performance at low costs. In this study, several state-of-the-art detection and tracking algorithms are studied and combined with each other to render different models. These models are applied in automatic vehicle counting frameworks in traffic videos to assess how accurate are their results against the ground truth. Experiments on these models present the existing challenges that hinder their ability to extract the distinctive object features and thus undermine their efficiency such as problems of occlusion, large scale objects detection, illumination, and various weather conditions. The study revealed that the detectors coupled with the Deep Sort tracker, such as YOLOv4, Detectron2 and CenterNet, achieved the best results compared to the rest of the models.
Postoperative Sensitization and Pain After Cesarean Delivery and the Effects of Single IM Doses of Tramadol and Diclofenac Alone and in Combination (2003)

The parenteral combination of tramadol and diclofenac resulted in more prolonged and pronounced postoperative analgesia and reduced sensory sensitization compared with the single drugs, with no increase in side effects.
The Effects of Induction of Autotetraploidy on the Essential Oil Content and Compositions of Dragonhead (<i>Dracocephalum moldavica</i>L.) (2011)

Abstract Induction of autotetraploidy in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) had a significant effect on its essential oil content and compositions. The seedlings of dragonhead were treated with colchicine by applying dropping method in the stage of emergence of two true leaves. Ploidy level in the treated plants was estimated by flow cytometric analysis. The essential oils of both tetraploid plants and diploid parents were extracted by hydro distillation technique and were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The essential oil content of herb was increased 27.5 % in tetraploid plants. 30 components were identified in the oils of both diploid and tetraploid plants. The major components of the oil of diploid plants were geranyl acetate (40.4 %), geraniol (16. 3%), Z-citral (14.1 %), E-citral (9.9 %), nerol (5.8 %) and neryl acetate (5.4 %), While the main components of the oil of tetraploid plants were geranyl acetate (36.3 %), geraniol (19.5 %), Z-citral (15.4 %), E-citral (9.1 %), nerol (5.5 %) and neryl acetate (4.7%).
An efficient asymmetric distributed lock for embedded multiprocessor systems (2012)

Efficient synchronization is a key concern in an embedded many-core system-on-chip (SoC). The use of atomic read-modify-write instructions combined with cache coherency as synchronization primitive is not always an option for shared-memory SoCs due to the lack of suitable IP. Furthermore, there are doubts about the scalability of hardware cache coherency protocols. Existing distributed locks for NUMA multiprocessor systems do not rely on cache coherency and are more scalable, but exchange many messages per lock. This paper introduces an asymmetric distributed lock algorithm for shared-memory embedded multiprocessor systems without hardware cache coherency. Messages are exchanged via a low-cost inter-processor communication ring in combination with a small local memory per processor. Typically, a mutex is used over and over again by the same process, which is exploited by our algorithm. As a result, the number of messages exchanged per lock is significantly reduced. Experiments with our 32-core system show that when having locks in SDRAM, 35% of the memory traffic is lock related. In comparison, our solution eliminates all of this traffic and reduces the execution time by up to 89%.
Membrane Fixation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 Ligand-Binding Domain Is Important for Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis in Mice (2004)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis by using two tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. VEGFR1 null mutant mice die on embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) to E9.0 due to an overgrowth of endothelial cells and vascular disorganization, suggesting that VEGFR1 plays a negative role in angiogenesis. We previously showed that the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of VEGFR1 is dispensable for embryogenesis, since VEGFR1 TK-deficient mice survived and were basically healthy. However, the molecular basis for this is not yet clearly understood. To test the hypothesis that the specific role of VEGFR1 during early embryogenesis is to recruit its ligand to the cell membrane, we deleted the transmembrane (TM) domain in TK-deficient VEGFR1 mice. Surprisingly, about half of the VEGFR1(TM-TK)-deficient mice succumbed to embryonic lethality due to a poor development of blood vessels, whereas other mice were healthy. In VEGFR1(TM-TK)(-/-) mice with growth arrest, membrane-targeted VEGF was reduced, resulting in the suppression of VEGFR2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the embryonic lethality in VEGFR1(TM-TK)(-/-) mice was significantly increased to 80 to 90% when the genotype of VEGFR2 was changed from homozygous (+/+) to heterozygous (+/-) in 129/C57BL6 mice. These results strongly suggest that the membrane-fixed ligand-binding region of VEGFR1 traps VEGF for the appropriate regulation of VEGF signaling in vascular endothelial cells during early embryogenesis.
Vitamin K<sub>2</sub> treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia (2006)

Treatment with 45 mg vitamin K2 with 1500 mg calcium per day for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis for 48 weeks resulted in a significant increase in lumbar BMD and a significant decrease in undercarboxylated OC levels.
A blueprint for solving problems in your IT architecture (1999)

An IT architecture is a series of principles, guidelines, drawings, standards, and rules that guide an organization through acquiring, building, modifying, and interfacing IT resources. These resources include hardware, software, communication protocols, application development methodologies, database systems, modeling tools, IT organizational structures, data, and more. It should provide a purposeful and executable design so that you know what you need to build, what you are actually building, and how you can make transformations at maximum speed with minimal cost and disruption. Blueprints visualize and communicate that design by illustrating architectural adaptability points. They are the focal point for understanding the relationships between IT assets and for changing those relationships. Many companies end up with an architectural mess because they never institute a clear and manageable architecture definition. They take isolated actions under the rubric of architecture, but never institute effective ways to govern, change, and record architecture. The article gives advice on how to achieve effective IT architecture management.
The influenza virus hemagglutinin head evolves faster than the stalk domain (2018)

The limited ability of current influenza virus vaccines to protect from antigenically drifted or shifted viruses creates a public health problem that has led to the need to develop effective, broadly protective vaccines. While current influenza virus vaccines mostly induce an immune response against the immunodominant and variable head domain of the hemagglutinin, the major surface glycoprotein of the virus, the hemagglutinin stalk domain has been identified to harbor neutralizing B-cell epitopes that are conserved among and even between influenza A virus subtypes. A complete understanding of the differences in evolution between the main target of current vaccines and this more conserved stalk region are missing. Here, we performed an evolutionary analysis of the stalk domains of the hemagglutinin of pre-pandemic seasonal H1N1, pandemic H1N1, seasonal H3N2, and influenza B viruses and show quantitatively for the first time that the stalk domain is evolving at a rate that is significantly slower than that of the head domain. Additionally, we found that the cross-reactive epitopes in the stalk domain targeted by broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are evolving at an even slower rate compared to the full head and stalk regions of the protein. Finally, a fixed-effects likelihood selection analysis was performed for these virus groups in both the head and stalk domains. While several positive selection sites were found in the head domain, only a single site in the stalk domain of pre-pandemic seasonal H1 hemagglutinin was identified at amino acid position 468 (H1 numbering from methionine). This site is not located in or close to the epitopes of cross-reactive anti-stalk monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, we found that changes in this site do not significantly impact virus binding or neutralization by human anti-stalk antibodies, suggesting that some positive selection in the stalk domain is independent of immune pressures. We conclude that, while the stalk domain does evolve over time, this evolution is slow and, historically, is not directed to aid in evading neutralizing antibody responses.
<i>In vivo</i> measurement of partial oxygen pressure in large vessels and in the reticuloendothelial system using fast 19F‐MRI (1995)

Quantitative in vivo 19F-MRI was performed in a rat model to monitor partial oxygen pressure (pO2) using a perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion as contrast agent. On Days 1, 4, and 8 postinjection of the PFC emulsion, transaxial T1 and pO2 maps were acquired of the abdomen of rats that were consecutively ventilated with pure oxygen, air, and a mixture of 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen. The images had a resolution of 0.75 mm x 0.75 mm x 2 mm and a total acquisition time of 24 min. In these images it was possible to distinguish between different vessels and hepatic and splenic tissue in the selected imaging plane. Serial 19F-MRI measurements on the different days postinjection of the PFC allowed to determine separately the pO2 of arterial and venous blood and the intracellular pO2 in macrophages of the liver and spleen.
Odor identification as a biomarker of preclinical AD in older adults at risk (2017)

These findings from healthy high-risk older individuals suggest that OI reflects degree of preclinical AD pathology, while its relationships with age and cognition result from the association of these latter variables with such pathology. Diminished OI may be a practical and affordable biomarker of AD pathology.
A broad-band ltcc integrated transition of laminated waveguide to air-filled waveguide for millimeter-wave applications (2003)

In this paper, a compact and broad-band integrated transition between laminated waveguide in a multilayer low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate and standard air-filled rectangular waveguide is presented. A parallel inter-coupled two-pole filter equivalent circuit is employed to interpret the working mechanism of the transition and to predict the performance. A Ka-band prototype of the proposed broad-band transition is designed and fabricated in an LTCC substrate. The simulated and measured results of the prototyped transition show good agreement. It has been demonstrated, through the experimental results of the Ka-band prototype that the proposed transition configuration gives an effective bandwidth of over 8% with -15-dB return loss and average -0.4-dB insertion loss over the bandwidth at the Ka frequency band.
Detection of Breast Cancer with Mammography: Effect of an Artificial Intelligence Support System (2018)

Purpose To compare breast cancer detection performance of radiologists reading mammographic examinations unaided versus supported by an artificial intelligence (AI) system. Materials and Methods An enriched retrospective, fully crossed, multireader, multicase, HIPAA-compliant study was performed. Screening digital mammographic examinations from 240 women (median age, 62 years; range, 39-89 years) performed between 2013 and 2017 were included. The 240 examinations (100 showing cancers, 40 leading to false-positive recalls, 100 normal) were interpreted by 14 Mammography Quality Standards Act-qualified radiologists, once with and once without AI support. The readers provided a Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System score and probability of malignancy. AI support provided radiologists with interactive decision support (clicking on a breast region yields a local cancer likelihood score), traditional lesion markers for computer-detected abnormalities, and an examination-based cancer likelihood score. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), specificity and sensitivity, and reading time were compared between conditions by using mixed-models analysis dof variance and generalized linear models for multiple repeated measurements. Results On average, the AUC was higher with AI support than with unaided reading (0.89 vs 0.87, respectively; P = .002). Sensitivity increased with AI support (86% [86 of 100] vs 83% [83 of 100]; P = .046), whereas specificity trended toward improvement (79% [111 of 140]) vs 77% [108 of 140]; P = .06). Reading time per case was similar (unaided, 146 seconds; supported by AI, 149 seconds; P = .15). The AUC with the AI system alone was similar to the average AUC of the radiologists (0.89 vs 0.87). Conclusion Radiologists improved their cancer detection at mammography when using an artificial intelligence system for support, without requiring additional reading time. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. See also the editorial by Bahl in this issue.
Sickle Cell Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Therapy (2021)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hereditary disorder of hemoglobin (Hb), which affects approximately a million people worldwide. It is characterized by a single nucleotide substitution in the β-globin gene, leading to the production of abnormal sickle hemoglobin (HbS) with multi-system consequences. HbS polymerization is the primary event in SCD. Repeated polymerization and depolymerization of Hb causes oxidative stress that plays a key role in the pathophysiology of hemolysis, vessel occlusion and the following organ damage in sickle cell patients. For this reason, reactive oxidizing species and the (end)-products of their oxidative reactions have been proposed as markers of both tissue pro-oxidant status and disease severity. Although more studies are needed to clarify their role, antioxidant agents have been shown to be effective in reducing pathological consequences of the disease by preventing oxidative damage in SCD, i.e., by decreasing the oxidant formation or repairing the induced damage. An improved understanding of oxidative stress will lead to targeted antioxidant therapies that should prevent or delay the development of organ complications in this patient population.