gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A sustainable strategy for production and functionalization of nanocelluloses (2018)

Abstract A sustainable strategy for the neat production and surface functionalization of nanocellulose from wood pulp is disclosed. It is based on the combination of organocatalysis and click chemistry (“organoclick” chemistry) and starts with nanocellulose production by organic acid catalyzed hydrolysis and esterification of the pulp under neat conditions followed by homogenization. This nanocellulose fabrication route is scalable, reduces energy consumption and the organic acid can be efficiently recycled. Next, the surface is catalytically engineered by “organoclick” chemistry, which allows for selective and versatile attachment of different organic molecules (e.g. fluorescent probes, catalyst and pharmaceuticals). It also enables binding of metal ions and nanoparticles. This was exemplified by the fabrication of a heterogeneous nanocellulose-palladium nanoparticle catalyst, which is used for Suzuki cross-coupling transformations in water. The disclosed surface functionalization methodology is broad in scope and applicable to different nanocelluloses and cellulose based materials as well.
An electron gun for a sheet beam klystron (2003)

Summary form only given. Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. (CCR) is developing a rectangular, gridded, thermionic, dispenser-cathode gun for sheet beam devices. The first application is expected to be klystrons for advanced particle accelerators and colliders. The current generation of accelerators typically use klystrons with a cylindrical beam generated by a Pierce-type electron gun. As RF power is pushed to higher levels, space charge forces in the electron beam limit the amount of current that can be transmitted at a given voltage. The options are to increase the beam voltage leading to problems with X-Ray shielding and modulator and power supply design, or to develop new techniques for lowering the space charge forces in the electron beam. The current program addresses issues related to beam formation at the emitter surface, design and implementation of shadow and control grids in a rectangular geometry, and is directed toward a robust, cost-effective, and reliable mechanical design. A prototype device will be developed that will operate at 415 kV, 250 A for an 80 MW, X-Band, sheet-beam klystron being developed by Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The cathode will have 100 cm/sup 2/ of cathode area with an average cathode current loading of 2.5 A/cm/sup 2/. For short pulse formation, the use of a grid was chosen. We will report the electrostatic and beam optics design in both 2- and 3-D as well as a thermal-mechanical analysis of the cathode region. The 2-D calculation gives the basis for the 3-D simulation, which, particularly with the grid structure, is expected to take a great deal of time per run. The modeling was done using Trak, a code from Field Precision. This code allows the use of variable mesh size, a feature that is essential for accurately including the grid structure. To minimize the power lost to the grid, the cathode has non-emitting segments in line with the grid. These segments are in the form of sections of arcs to help focus the beam around the grid, which is formed of 1.25 mm, wire. With careful adjustment of this geometry and the grid potential, an emittance close to that of an ungridded gun can be achieved. At a beam current of 256A, the emittance was 7 10/sup -5/ /spl pi/ m rad.
Planar coupler devices of multimode fiber optics (1979)

In this paper we report on investigations of the multimode planar approach to fiber-optic coupler development. The planar approach, which utilizes photolithographic processing, is promising because of its versatility and high reproducibility. Our results indicate that this approach is indeed versatile and may lead to potential savings over conventional fabrication techniques. However, the major problem that remains to be solved is the reduction of interface losses.
Original article Evaluation of precursor prostate-specific antigen isoform ratios in the detection of prostate cancer (2005)

Objective: Disease-associated isoforms of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have recently been identified. We evaluated the efficacy of using precursor isoforms of PSA (pPSA) and their ratios for the detection of prostate cancer. Methods: Serum concentrations of [2], [4], and [7]pPSA, BPSA, and free PSA (fPSA) were retrospectively measured in 43 selected men. Of the 43 men, 15 had clinical T2 prostate cancer with ultrasound-estimated prostate volumes (PVs) of 50 cm 3 ,1 3 had clinical T2 prostate cancer with (PVs) 25 cm 3 , and 15 were prostate cancer-free with PV 50 cm 3 . We calculated sum pPSA ([2][4][7]pPSA). We also compared the ratios of: free/total PSA, [2]pPSA/fPSA, [2]pPSA/BPSA, [2]pPSA/(fPSA-BPSA), [2]pPSA/(fPSA-sum pPSA), and [2]pPSA/{fPSA-(sum pPSABPSA)} among these three groups. Results: The median [2]pPSA/(fPSA-sum pPSA) ratio was significantly higher in men with prostate cancer with or without large PV compared with men with large PV without prostate cancer. Values for median [2]pPSA/free PSA ratio were higher in men with prostate cancer with or without large PV compared with men with large PV, and without prostate cancer, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: In this preliminary study, [2]pPSA/(fPSA-sum pPSA) ratio was not associated with prostate gland volume but was associated with prostate cancer. This ratio may be useful in the detection of prostate cancer, particularly in men with larger glands. © 2005
DISQUO: A distributed 100% throughput algorithm for a buffered crossbar switch (2010)

The promise of a buffered crossbar switch - a crossbar switch with a packet buffer at each crosspoint - is that it can provide good delay performance with much less complex, practical scheduling algorithms. With today's technology, it is now possible to implement it in a single chip. Thus it has attracted great attention recently. Though simple distributed algorithms can achieve 100% throughput under uniform traffic, so far there are no distributed algorithms which can achieve 100% throughput under general admissible arrival patterns. In this paper, we propose a distributed scheduling algorithm which achieves 100% throughput for any admissible Bernoulli arrival traffic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first distributed algorithm which can achieve this. The algorithm is called DISQUO: DIStributed QUeue input-Output scheduler. Our simulation results also show that DISQUO can provide good delay performance for different traffic patterns.
Inducible gene switches with memory in human T cells for cellular immunotherapy (2018)

Abstract Cell-based therapies that employ engineered T cells—including the expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)—to target cancer cells have demonstrated promising responses in clinical trials. However, engineered T cell responses must be regulated to prevent severe side effects such as cytokine storms and off-target responses. Here we present a class of recombinase-based gene circuits that will enable inducible switching between two states of adoptive T cell therapy using an FDA-approved drug, creating a generalizable platform that can be used to control when and how strongly a gene is expressed. These circuits exhibit memory such that induced T cells will maintain any changes made even when the drug inducer is removed. This memory feature avoids prolonged drug inducer exposure, thus reducing the complexity and potential side effect associated with the drug inducer. We have utilized these circuits to control the expression of an anti-Her2-CAR, demonstrating the ability of these circuits to regulate CAR expression and T cell activity. We envision this platform can be extended to regulate other genes in T cell behavior for various adoptive T cell therapies.
Rate control of physiologic pacemakers by central venous blood temperature. (1986)

Heart rate and central venous blood temperature (CVT) were measured in 31 people with different exercise capacities by means of a thermistor integrated into a lead that was placed in the right ventricle. Bicycle ergometric and treadmill stress tests with increasing workloads were performed. The maximum increase in CVT with ergometric exercise was found to be 1.3 degrees C at 250 W in healthy young volunteers and 1.0 degrees C at 125 W in cardiac patients. Despite a relatively greater increase in CVT in the elderly patients compared with the volunteers, the correlation between the increase in CVT and that in heart rate at the end of each exercise stage was found to be very high (r = .9693 in volunteers and r = .9864 in cardiac patients), independent of physical fitness. Even with everyday activities such as walking there was a marked increase in CVT. Due to its close relationship to human metabolism, CVT represents a good parameter for physiologic control of pacing rate.
Full-time full-resolution dual stereoscopic/autostereoscopic display or rock-solid 3D on a flat screen: with glasses or without! (2003)

A stereoscopic or autostereoscopic display based on this technology provides full resolution and freedom of movement, but with no flicker. Simply put, the display is neither spatially nor temporally multiplexed. It sounds unbelievable, but it's true -- an autostereoscopic display where each eye sees every displayable pixel on the screen at all times. This technology is designed for flat-panel displays, such as LCDs and has the following characteristics: (1) The display is not spatially multiplexed. Each eye sees the full native resolution of the entire screen. (2) The display is not temporally multiplexed. The image for each eye is visible continuously, i.e., at all times. (3) In its simplest form, this technology provides a full-time, full-resolution stereoscopic display for multiple viewers wearing passive polarizing glasses. (4) A variation of this technology can be used to make a full-time, full-resolution stereoscopic projection system for viewers wearing passive polarizing glasses using just a single projector. (5) With the addition of a dynamic aiming mechanism, and an adjustment in the display's output, we can create a single-user, full-time, full-resolution autostereoscopic display requiring no glasses and providing full freedom of movement. Software applications can use the same information about viewwer position to provide natural, full "look-around." (6) A hybrid version of the display can alternate between autostereoscopic (single-user, no glasses) and stereoscopic modes (multi-user, passive glasses).
Towards a unified approach to memory- and statistical-based machine translation (2001)

We present a set of algorithms that enable us to translate natural language sentences by exploiting both a translation memory and a statistical-based translation model. Our results show that an automatically derived translation memory can be used within a statistical framework to often find translations of higher probability than those found using solely a statistical model. The translations produced using both the translation memory and the statistical model are significantly better than translations produced by two commercial systems: our hybrid system translated perfectly 58% of the 505 sentences in a test collection, while the commercial systems translated perfectly only 40-42% of them.
An octopus-bioinspired solution to movement and manipulation for soft robots (2011)

Soft robotics is a challenging and promising branch of robotics. It can drive significant improvements across various fields of traditional robotics, and contribute solutions to basic problems such as locomotion and manipulation in unstructured environments. A challenging task for soft robotics is to build and control soft robots able to exert effective forces. In recent years, biology has inspired several solutions to such complex problems. This study aims at investigating the smart solution that the Octopus vulgaris adopts to perform a crawling movement, with the same limbs used for grasping and manipulation. An ad hoc robot was designed and built taking as a reference a biological hypothesis on crawling. A silicone arm with cables embedded to replicate the functionality of the arm muscles of the octopus was built. This novel arm is capable of pushing-based locomotion and object grasping, mimicking the movements that octopuses adopt when crawling. The results support the biological observations and clearly show a suitable way to build a more complex soft robot that, with minimum control, can perform diverse tasks.
Analysis of short-pulse laser photon transport through tissues for optical tomography (2002)

We describe a method for analyzing short-pulse laser propagation through tissues for the detection of tumors and inhomogeneities in tissues with the goal of developing a time-resolved optical tomography system. Traditional methods for analyzing photon transport in tissues usually involve the parabolic or diffusion approximation, which implies infinite speed of propagation of the optical signal. To overcome such limitations we calculate the transmitted and reflected intensity distributions, using the damped-wave hyperbolic P(1) and the discrete-ordinates methods, for a wide range of laser, tissue, and tumor parameters. The results are compared with the parabolic diffusion P(1) approximation.
Electrode Circuits for Frequency- and Code-Division Multiplexed Impedance Tomography (2007)

Traditional impedance tomography measurement systems make sequential four-terminal impedance measurements. Potentially faster frequency- and code-division multiplexed impedance measurement systems require that simultaneous current injection and voltage measurement take place at all terminals, making four-terminal measurements difficult. We describe an electrode interface circuit that simultaneously implements balanced current injection, and current and potential measurement, allowing four-terminal measurements on sets of multiple electrodes using these faster techniques. Circuit results show that accurate simultaneous four-terminal measurements are possible, thereby enabling faster impedance tomography systems.
Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Caused by a CCTG Expansion in Intron 1 of <i>ZNF9</i> (2001)

Myotonic dystrophy (DM), the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, can be caused by a mutation on either chromosome 19q13 (DM1) or 3q21 (DM2/PROMM). DM1 is caused by a CTG expansion in the 3' untranslated region of the dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase gene (DMPK). Several mechanisms have been invoked to explain how this mutation, which does not alter the protein-coding portion of a gene, causes the specific constellation of clinical features characteristic of DM. We now report that DM2 is caused by a CCTG expansion (mean approximately 5000 repeats) located in intron 1 of the zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9) gene. Parallels between these mutations indicate that microsatellite expansions in RNA can be pathogenic and cause the multisystemic features of DM1 and DM2.
Metal-less x-ray phase-shift masks for nanolithography (1992)

In this article the theoretical and experimental results of metal-less x-ray phase-shift masks are reported. Features of 40 nm have been printed using gaps on the order of 5–10 μm, and lines of 0.1 μm have been printed with gaps of 30 μm with synchrotron radiation. A first prototype has been constructed of 2.75 μm of PMMA patterned on 0.8 μm Si3N4. They can be created out of a variety of low-Z materials. The model predicts a mask contrast between 5–6. Among its advantages is its ability to form nanometer lines without actually having to write them directly, because, with this technique, only the edges of the features are patterned on the mask where the two phases destructively interfere. In addition, the images do not degrade with increasing gap as quickly as a standard metal masks, resulting in a larger process window.
Unsupervised object class discovery via saliency-guided multiple class learning (2012)

Discovering object classes from images in a fully unsupervised way is an intrinsically ambiguous task; saliency detection approaches however ease the burden on unsupervised learning. We develop an algorithm for simultaneously localizing objects and discovering object classes via bottom-up (saliency-guided) multiple class learning (bMCL), and make the following contributions: (1) saliency detection is adopted to convert unsupervised learning into multiple instance learning, formulated as bottom-up multiple class learning (bMCL); (2) we utilize the Discriminative EM (DiscEM) to solve our bMCL problem and show DiscEM's connection to the MIL-Boost method[34]; (3) localizing objects, discovering object classes, and training object detectors are performed simultaneously in an integrated framework; (4) significant improvements over the existing methods for multi-class object discovery are observed. In addition, we show single class localization as a special case in our bMCL framework and we also demonstrate the advantage of bMCL over purely data-driven saliency methods.
Grazing-incidence transmission X-ray scattering: surface scattering in the Born approximation (2013)

Determination of the three-dimensional order in thin nanostructured films remains challenging. Real-space imaging methods, including electron microscopies and scanning-probe methods, have difficulty reconstructing the depth of a film and suffer from limited statistical sampling. X-ray and neutron scattering have emerged as powerful complementary techniques but have substantial data collection and analysis challenges. This article describes a new method, grazing-incidence transmission small-angle X-ray scattering, which allows for fast scattering measurements that are not burdened by the refraction and reflection effects that have to date plagued grazing-incidence X-ray scattering. In particular, by arranging a sample/beam geometry wherein the scattering exits through the edge of the substrate, it is possible to record scattering images that are well described by straightforward (Born approximation) scattering models.
Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Analyse Sequence Variation Within a Major Neutralizing Epitope of Glycoprotein B (gp58) in Clinical Isolates of Human Cytomegalovirus (1991)

The heterogeneity of low passage human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains was determined by HindIII typing of 28 clinical isolates from transplant patients. These data have shown that, in general, each patient's strain has a unique restriction profile, usually comprising combinations of HindIII sites present in one or more of the tissue culture-adapted strains AD169, Towne and Davis. To map sequence changes in a more refined manner we performed detailed analyses of 33 low passage clinical isolates, including those aforementioned, analysing a sequence within glycoprotein B containing a major neutralizing epitope. A 149 bp sequence containing the epitope (amino acids 608 to 625) was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, the products were cloned and their DNA sequence was determined. Comparison of the DNA and deduced amino acid sequences with those of HCMV strain AD169 revealed that there was a high degree of conservation of the epitope between the 33 clinical isolates. However 10 of the isolates possessed silent mutations and three isolates contained mutations producing amino acid changes within the neutralizing epitope. The possible functional significance of these changes is discussed.
Single human B cell-derived monoclonal anti-Candida antibodies enhance phagocytosis and protect against disseminated candidiasis (2018)

The high global burden of over one million annual lethal fungal infections reflects a lack of protective vaccines, late diagnosis and inadequate chemotherapy. Here, we have generated a unique set of fully human anti-Candida monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diagnostic and therapeutic potential by expressing recombinant antibodies from genes cloned from the B cells of patients suffering from candidiasis. Single class switched memory B cells isolated from donors serum-positive for anti-Candida IgG were differentiated in vitro and screened against recombinant Candida albicans Hyr1 cell wall protein and whole fungal cell wall preparations. Antibody genes from Candida-reactive B cell cultures were cloned and expressed in Expi293F human embryonic kidney cells to generate a panel of human recombinant anti-Candida mAbs that demonstrate morphology-specific, high avidity binding to the cell wall. The species-specific and pan-Candida mAbs generated through this technology display favourable properties for diagnostics, strong opsono-phagocytic activity of macrophages in vitro, and protection in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis.
Shugoshin protects cohesin complexes at centromeres (2005)

The different regulation of sister chromatid cohesion at centromeres and along chromosome arms is obvious during meiosis, because centromeric cohesion, but not arm cohesion, persists throughout anaphase of the first division. A protein required to protect centromeric cohesin Rec8 from separase cleavage has been identified and named shugoshin (or Sgo1) after shugoshin ("guardian spirit" in Japanese). It has become apparent that shugoshin shows marginal homology with Drosophila Mei-S332 and several uncharacterized proteins in other eukaryotic organisms. Because Mei-S332 is a protein previously shown to be required for centromeric cohesion in meiosis, it is now established that shugoshin represents a conserved protein family defined as a centromeric protector of Rec8 cohesin complexes in meiosis. The regional difference of sister chromatid cohesion is also observed during mitosis in vertebrates; the cohesion is much more robust at the centromere at metaphase, where it antagonizes the pulling force of spindle microtubules that attach the kinetochores from opposite poles. The human shugoshin homologue (hSgo1) is required to protect the centromeric localization of the mitotic cohesin, Scc1, until metaphase. Bub1 plays a crucial role in the localization of shugoshin to centromeres in both fission yeast and humans.
Superconducting metamaterials for waveguide quantum electrodynamics (2018)

Embedding tunable quantum emitters in a photonic bandgap structure enables control of dissipative and dispersive interactions between emitters and their photonic bath. Operation in the transmission band, outside the gap, allows for studying waveguide quantum electrodynamics in the slow-light regime. Alternatively, tuning the emitter into the bandgap results in finite-range emitter-emitter interactions via bound photonic states. Here, we couple a transmon qubit to a superconducting metamaterial with a deep sub-wavelength lattice constant (λ/60). The metamaterial is formed by periodically loading a transmission line with compact, low-loss, low-disorder lumped-element microwave resonators. Tuning the qubit frequency in the vicinity of a band-edge with a group index of n<sub>g</sub> = 450, we observe an anomalous Lamb shift of -28 MHz accompanied by a 24-fold enhancement in the qubit lifetime. In addition, we demonstrate selective enhancement and inhibition of spontaneous emission of different transmon transitions, which provide simultaneous access to short-lived radiatively damped and long-lived metastable qubit states.
Developments Toward a Micro Bistable Aerial Platform: Analysis of the Quadrantal Bistable Mechanism (2009)

The Bistable Aerial Platform (BAP) functions as a switch in that its platform can lock in two positions, up or down. The Quadrantal Bistable Mechanism (QBM), the principle component of the BAP, is described in detail. A second component of the device, the Helico-Kinematic Platform (HKP), is still under investigation. It is anticipated that the model of the QBM, described here, will be combined with the HKP model, when complete, to form a full model of the Bistable Aerial Platform.