gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using computer spreadsheets in engineering and education (2003)

A Lotus 1-2-3 template worksheet that does calculations and gives the results in their common graphical forms is described for use in two areas of machine design: calculations using the Mohr circle and fatigue failure design. The purpose of these spreadsheet templates is to relieve the user of many of the tedious tasks required to solve design problems. In both templates the ease of performing calculations makes it possible to have the students try several possible solutions to a problem. Particularly in the case of fatigue design this approach is much more realistic than having the students laboriously work through one or two examples of a complicated design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improved ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties in Mn-doped lead zirconate titanate thin films (2003)

We have investigated the effects of Mn doping on the ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 (PZT) thin films on substrates Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si. The Mn-doped (1 mol %) PZT (PMZT) showed almost no hysteretic fatigue up to 1010 switching bipolar pulse cycles, coupled with excellent retention properties. We present evidence that while a low permittivity interfacial layer forms between the Pt electrode and PZT films, this does not occur in PMZT. We propose that Mn dopants are able to reduce oxygen vacancy mobility in PZT films and Mn2+ ions consume the oxygen vacancies generated during repeated switching, forming Mn4+ ions. These mechanisms are probably responsible for their low observed fatigue characteristics. Mn doping brings additional benefits to the electrical properties of PZT films. The relevant pyroelectric coefficients (p) of a 700 nm thick film are 3.52×10−4 C m−2 K−1 and detectivity figures of merit FD=3.85×10−5 Pa−0.5 at 33 Hz for Mn-doped PZT, compared with p=2.11×10−4 C m−2 K−1 and FD=1.07×10−5 Pa−0.5 for the undoped PZT films. This means that the Mn-doped PZT thin films are excellent candidates as device materials for both memory and pyroelectric applications.
Remodeling of the Photosynthetic Chain Promotes Direct CO<sub>2</sub> Conversion into Valuable Aromatic Compounds (2018)

Directing CO<sub>2</sub> conversion using photosynthetic microorganisms offers a promising route to couple CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration with petrochemical replacement. However, the low-flux shikimate pathway remains largely unexploited for the synthesis of valuable aromatics. In addition, it is unclear how an enhanced low-flux pathway would influence the photosynthetic chain. We created a powerful metabolic sink by introducing the 2-phenylethanol pathway and an artificial feedback-inhibition-resistant cassette to Synechococcus elongatus. More than 30 % of the fixed carbon was redirected to the shikimate pathway for aromatic synthesis, and carbon fixation and O<sub>2</sub> evolution increased significantly. A "self-remodeling" mechanism of the photosynthetic chain was discovered, which accelerates electron transport and reduces energy waste. This study represents a significant step toward the industrial viability of CO<sub>2</sub> conversion into aromatic compounds and provides design guidance for improving photosynthetic efficiency.
A Survey of High Performance Office Buildings in the United States (2006)

This paper presents the results of a survey of high-performance commercial office buildings to determine the components that could best improve building performance in hot and humid climates.The case studies reviewed include high-performance buildings, high-performance components, and measurement tools.It also includes an analysis of whether or not the building systems and components can be modeled using today's simulation programs.In addition to the general survey, this paper focuses on the most promising characteristics of highperformance office buildings in hot and humid climates.
Vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis in a murine model. I. Induction of protective immunity with a soluble extract of promastigotes. (1987)

Abstract BALB/c mice can be protected against a fatal Leishmania major infection by immunization with whole radio-attenuated promastigotes; however, neither the antigens responsible for protection nor the protective immunologic mechanisms have been defined. In this study, the ability of promastigote fractions to elicit similar immunity to that obtained with whole organisms, and the immune responses associated with such protection were analyzed. Intraperitoneal immunization with a soluble, membrane-free parasite extract was found to induce protection against L. major challenge equal to that obtained with whole organisms. Induction of immunity (89% protection in seven experiments) was most effective with 100 micrograms of the soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA) and required concomitant injection of the bacterial adjuvant, Corynebacterium parvum (CP), followed by an i.p. boost of SLA alone 1 wk later. Vaccinated animals exhibited Leishmania-specific cell-mediated immunity, as assessed both by lymphocyte transformation and the production of macrophage-activating factors (MAF). In addition, although SLA + CP-immunized mice failed to exhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) before challenge, splenic lymphocytes from these mice could transfer a local DTH reaction to naive recipients. Immunization also induced the production of antibodies against two major metabolically labeled proteins of m.w. 30,000 and 53,000, but failed to stimulate a detectable humoral response against promastigote surface antigens. Thus, these experiments demonstrate that vaccine-induced immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis is strongly associated with the induction of cell-mediated immunity, but does not require the development of an antibody response to promastigote surface antigens. In addition, these studies establish the feasibility of employing soluble, nonmembrane-derived parasite material as a source of protective immunogens.
Factors Affecting Size and Swelling of Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogel Microspheres Formed in Aqueous Sodium Sulfate Solutions (2009)

The lower critical solution temperature: LCST) behavior of poly(ethylene glycol): PEG) in aqueous sodium sulfate solutions was exploited to fabricate hydrogel microspheres under mild conditions without the use of other monomers, polymers, surfactants or organic solvents. Reactive PEG derivatives underwent thermally induced phase separation to produce spherical PEG-rich domains that coarsened pending gelation, resulting in stable hydrogel microspheres that were polydisperse in size. The degree of reaction prior to phase separation, reaction rate within the PEG-rich domains, and duration of the reaction were independently varied to elucidate their effects on final microsphere size and gain insight regarding the mechanism of formation. It was found that both the time required to reach the gel point during coarsening and the extent of crosslinking after gelation impacted the final size of the microspheres. Power law analyses of microsphere sizes revealed the mean radius of PEG-rich droplets to grow with time to the 1/4th power until gelation. Together with dynamic light scattering data, this suggested that a percolation-to-cluster transition occurred soon after phase separation by off-critical spinodal decomposition. This technique of producing PEG microspheres with controlled sizes has considerable potential for an array of applications, including the production of modular scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Discovery of Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of VEGF Expression in Tumor Cells Using a Cell-Based High Throughput Screening Platform (2016)

Current anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A) therapies to treat various cancers indiscriminately block VEGF function in the patient resulting in the global loss of VEGF signaling which has been linked to dose-limiting toxicities as well as treatment failures due to acquired resistance. Accumulating evidence suggests that this resistance is at least partially due to increased production of compensatory tumor angiogenic factors/cytokines. VEGF protein production is differentially controlled depending on whether cells are in the normal "homeostatic" state or in a stressed state, such as hypoxia, by post-transcriptional regulation imparted by elements in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of the VEGF mRNA. Using the Gene Expression Modulation by Small molecules (GEMS™) phenotypic assay system, we performed a high throughput screen to identify low molecular weight compounds that target the VEGF mRNA UTR-mediated regulation of stress-induced VEGF production in tumor cells. We identified a number of compounds that potently and selectively reduce endogenous VEGF production under hypoxia in HeLa cells. Medicinal chemistry efforts improved the potency and pharmaceutical properties of one series of compounds resulting in the discovery of PTC-510 which inhibits hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in HeLa cells at low nanomolar concentration. In mouse xenograft studies, oral administration of PTC-510 results in marked reduction of intratumor VEGF production and single agent control of tumor growth without any evident toxicity. Here, we show that selective suppression of stress-induced VEGF production within tumor cells effectively controls tumor growth. Therefore, this approach may minimize the liabilities of current global anti-VEGF therapies.
High-frequency integrated gate drivers for half-bridge GaN power stage (2014)

This paper describes three driver options for integrated half-bridge power stage using depletion-mode GaN-on-SiC 0.15μm RF process: an active pull-up driver, a bootstrapped driver, and a modified active pull-up driver. The approaches are evaluated and compared in 5 W, 20 V synchronous Buck converter prototypes operating at 100 MHz switching frequency over a wide range of operating points. Measured efficiency peaks above 91% for the designs using the bootstrap and the modified active pull-up integrated drivers.
Isolation, characterization, and biological properties of an endotoxin-like material from the gram-positive organism Listeria monocytogenes (1979)

The bacterial component responsible for the induction of transient cold agglutinin syndrome in rabbits after intravenous injection of heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes type 4B has been purified and biologically and chemically characterized. A purified immunoglobulin M cold agglutinin was prepared from high-titer sera resulting from the immunization of rabbits with heat-killed L. monocytogenes type 4B and was subsequently used to monitor the purification of the bacterial component responsible for its induction. The bacterial component was isolated from a hot phenol-water extract of lyophilized L. monocytogenes type 4B by multiple molecular sieve chromatography. Upon chemical analysis the purified material was found to be strikingly similar in chemical composition to gram-negative lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. The material contained 15% total fatty acid (of which 50% was beta-hydroxymyristic acid), 40 to 45% neutral sugar (glucose, galactose, and rhamnose), 11.5% amino sugar, 12% uronic acid, 2.5% 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, 2% heptose, 0.87% phosphorus, and 1.6% amino acid, thereby accounting for 85 to 90% of the weight of the component. Electron micrographs of the purified material were similar to those of lipopolysaccharide preparations from gram-negative organisms. The purified material exist in aqueous solutions as large aggregates, but can be dissociated into a single smaller subunit (3.1S) by dialysis against sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer. The listerial component was toxic and pyrogenic to rabbits, producing symptoms typical of gram-negative endotoxins. Activity in the limulus lysate gelation assay and in the carbocyanine dye assay provides a further link of this material with classical gram-negative endotoxins.
Phase modulation control for an interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (2002)

A FOG (fiber-optic gyroscope) scale factor control has been developed by implementing a second-phase modulation producing an error function. This error function is used to drive the first original modulation depth, forcing J/sub 0/(M) to zero. A reduction factor of 100 in scale factor error is accomplished with a 0.1% loss in the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the rate signal. The implementation of this control loop can be applied in a straightforward manner to a phase-modulated FOG. Therefore, an open-loop FOG can be used for more stringent applications such as attitude and reference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Data fusion for CD metrology: heterogeneous hybridization of scatterometry, CDSEM, and AFM data (2014)

The manufacturing of next generation semiconductor devices forces metrology tool providers for an exceptional effort in order to meet the requirements for precision, accuracy and throughput stated in the ITRS. In the past years hybrid metrology (based on data fusion theories) has been investigated as a new methodology for advanced metrology [1][2][3]. This paper provides a new point of view of data fusion for metrology through some experiments and simulations. The techniques are presented concretely in terms of equations to be solved. The first point of view is High Level Fusion which is the use of simple numbers with their associated uncertainty postprocessed by tools. In this paper, it is divided into two stages: one for calibration to reach accuracy, the second to reach precision thanks to Bayesian Fusion. From our perspective, the first stage is mandatory before applying the second stage which is commonly presented [1]. However a reference metrology system is necessary for this fusion. So, precision can be improved if and only if the tools to be fused are perfectly matched at least for some parameters. We provide a methodology similar to a multidimensional TMU able to perform this matching exercise. It is demonstrated on a 28 nm node backend lithography case. The second point of view is Deep Level Fusion which works on the contrary with raw data and their combination. In the approach presented here, the analysis of each raw data is based on a parametric model and connections between the parameters of each tool. In order to allow OCD/SEM Deep Level Fusion, a SEM Compact Model derived from [4] has been developed and compared to AFM. As far as we know, this is the first time such techniques have been coupled at Deep Level. A numerical study on the case of a simple stack for lithography is performed. We show strict equivalence of Deep Level Fusion and High Level Fusion when tools are sensitive and models are perfect. When one of the tools can be considered as a reference and the second is biased, High Level Fusion is far superior to standard Deep Level Fusion. Otherwise, only the second stage of High Level Fusion is possible (Bayesian Fusion) and do not provide substantial advantage. Finally, when OCD is equipped with methods for bias detection [5], Deep Level Fusion outclasses the two-stage High Level Fusion and will benefit to the industry for most advanced nodes production.
The gntP gene of Escherichia coli involved in gluconate uptake (1996)

The gntP gene, located between the fim and uxu loci in Escherichia coli K-12, has been cloned and characterized. Nucleotide sequencing of a region encompassing the gntP gene revealed an open reading frame of 447 codons with significant homology to the Bacillus subtilis gluconate permease. Northern (RNA) blotting indicated that the gntP gene was monocistronic and was transcribed as an mRNA with an apparent molecular size of 1.54 kb. The transcriptional start point was determined by primer extension analysis. The gntP gene was found to be under catabolite repression and was not induced by gluconate. Also, expression seemed to be stringently controlled. Several observations indicated that the GntP protein is an inner membrane protein; it contains characteristic membrane-spanning regions and was isolated predominantly from the inner-membrane fraction of fractionated host cells. A topology analysis predicted a protein with 14 membrane-spanning segments. The inability of a mutant strain to grow on gluconate minimal medium could be relieved by introduction of a plasmid encoding the gntP gene. Finally, the kinetics of GntP-mediated gluconate uptake were investigated, indicating an apparent Km for gluconate of 25 microM.
Prediction of missing observations by a control method (2006)

Consider a time series with missing observations but a known final point. Using control theory ideas we estimate/predict these missing observations. We obtain recurrence equations which minimize sum of squares of a control sequence. An advantage of this method is in easily computable formulae and flexibility of its application to different structures of missing data.
Estimation of maximum current envelope for power bus analysis and design (1998)

In this p ap er we pr esent an inputpattern independent method to compute the maximum current envelope, which is an upper bound over all possible curr ent waveforms drawn by a circuit. The maximum current envelope can be used to compute the worst-c ase RMS current and average cur rent dr awn by a set of gates. These current values can be used in the design of the p ower bus to ensure that the power bus interconne cts are not susc eptible to ele ctromigration (EM) induced failur e. We also present comparisons with exhaustive/long simulations for MCNC/ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits to verify the accuracy of the method.
Clinical Grade Regulatory CD4+ T Cells (Tregs): Moving Toward Cellular-Based Immunomodulatory Therapies (2018)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells that are key players of immune tolerance. They are powerful suppressor cells, able to impact the function of numerous immune cells, including key effectors of inflammation such as effector T cells. For this reason, Tregs are an ideal candidate for the development of cell therapy approaches to modulate immune responses. Treg therapy has shown promising results so far, providing key knowledge on the conditions in which these cells can provide protection and demonstrating that they could be an alternative to current pharmacological immunosuppressive therapies. However, a more comprehensive understanding of their characteristics, isolation, activation, and expansion is needed to be able design cost effective therapies. Here, we review the practicalities of making Tregs a viable cell therapy, in particular, discussing the challenges faced in isolating and manufacturing Tregs and defining what are the most appropriate applications for this new therapy.
Physics-Based Person Tracking Using Simplified Lower-Body Dynamics (2007)

We introduce a physics-based model for 3D person tracking. Based on a biomechanical characterization of lower-body dynamics, the model captures important physical properties of bipedal locomotion such as balance and ground contact, generalizes naturally to variations in style due to changes in speed, step-length, and mass, and avoids common problems such as footskate that arise with existing trackers. The model dynamics comprises a two degree-of-freedom representation of human locomotion with inelastic ground contact. A stochastic controller generates impulsive forces during the toe-off stage of walking and spring-like forces between the legs. A higher-dimensional kinematic observation model is then conditioned on the underlying dynamics. We use the model for tracking walking people from video, including examples with turning, occlusion, and varying gait.
PAPS: A Serverless Platform for Edge Computing Infrastructures (2021)

Edge computing infrastructures are often employed to run applications with low latency requirements. Users can exploits nodes that are close to their physical positions so that the delay of sending computations and data to the Cloud is mitigated. Since users frequently change their locations, and the resources available in the Edge are limited, the management of these infrastructures poses new, difficult challenges. This paper presents PAPS (Partitioning, Allocation, Placement, and Scaling), a framework for the efficient, automated and scalable management of large-scale Edge topologies. PAPS acts as a serveless platform for the Edge. Service providers can upload applications as compositions of lightweight and stateless functions along with latency constraints. At runtime, PAPS manages these applications by executing them in containers, it changes their placement in the Edge topology according to the geographical distribution of the workload, and efficiently allocates resources according to their needs. This paper also presents the architecture of a PAPS prototype built atop Kubernetes and OpenFaaS. The assessment shows both the feasibility of the approach and the ability of efficiently managing hundreds of serverless concurrent functions and of dealing with intense and unpredictable workload variations.
Subwavelength Structure of the Evanescent Field of an Optical Bloch Wave (2009)

The periodic structure of a photonic crystal causes the propagating waves to be governed by Bloch's theorem: they are composed of multiple wave vectors or harmonics. We found, by measuring the field with phase-sensitive near-field microscopy, that the evanescent field of the composite Bloch wave decays nonexponentially as a function of height. Even the individual Bloch harmonics, having only a single wave vector along the propagation direction, do not necessarily decay single exponentially, which has its origin in the spread of wave vectors required to confine the light to the waveguide. The complex decay leads to an evolution of the mode pattern as a function of the height above the structure.
Effects of native oxides and optical confinement on microactivity VCSEL spontaneous emission (1998)

Threshold currents in small-aperture VCSELs are likely to be dominated by diffraction losses. We have developed a semianalytic technique to estimate the lasing mode energies, field profiles and cavity losses--including absorption, mirror, and diffraction losses--in oxide-apertured VCSELs. By coupling these modes to the full, nonparabolic electronic bandstructure, and by solving the resulting multimode related rate equations, we can model the light versus current characteristics of microcavity VCSELs. We apply our model to a low-threshold VCSEL structure and calculate threshold currents of 30 - 40 (mu) A, in qualitative agreement with experiments. We estimate spontaneous emission factors (beta) as large as 1.7 X 10<SUP>-2</SUP> for a 1.5 micrometers radius device.
A boost for hearing in mosquitoes (2006)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Benzodiazepines and memory. (1984)

Benzodiazepines possess anterograde amnesic properties, disrupting both short-term and long-term memory function. The amount of amnesia is systematically related to dose effects and half-life differences among the benzodiazepines. Memory deficits are found for episodic, semantic, and iconic memory function. The deficits in long-term memory are probably the result of a disruption of consolidation of information in memory and not retrieval from memory. The disruption is produced by rapid sleep onset. Thus the long-term amnesia is really a retrograde effect of sleep and not the anterograde effect of the drug.