gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OC84: Biochemical normalization of ADAM 12—towards serum‐only screening for Down syndrome in the first‐trimester (2007)

ADAM 12 (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 12) is a maternal serum marker for Down syndrome (DS). Studies of the marker have relied on distribution data based on ultrasound gestational dating. We analyzed the potential of ADAM 12 if normalised with hPL as a gestational age marker. The concentrations of ADAM 12 and placental lactogen (hPL) were determined by an in-house ELISA method in maternal sera from 47 DS and 131 control pregnancies from week 8–13. Log10MoM distributions of ADAM 12 were established using hPL as marker of gestational age. The screening performance of ADAM was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. ADAM 12 was normalized with hPL and the mean log10MoM ADAM 12 was − 0.514 (SD 0.199) in DS (n = 32) and 0.000 (0.307) (n = 88) in control pregnancies with an hPL concentration > 0.075 mg/L. Using ADAM 12 and age as markers was associated with a detection rate (DR) of 82% for a false-positive rate (FPR) of 5%. Adding nuchal translucency increased DR to 93% for a FPR of 5%. In a contingent screening model using ADAM 12 to select for NT screening a DR of 88% was found for a FPR of 5% while only performing NT screening in 12.5% of pregnancies. ADAM 12 is a very efficient maternal serum marker for DS. Using hPL for normalization increases performance, particularly in the later part of the first trimester. With the recent introduction of a commercial ADAM 12 assay it has become possible to improve the quality of first-trimester serum screening for DS and—through the use of contingent first-trimester screening—to reduce the need for NT scanning. This is an attractive option in areas where high-quality ultrasound examinations are scarce.
Super-resolution imaging by high-index microspheres immersed in a liquid (2012)

We demonstrate that the super-resolution imaging of a commercial Blu-ray® disk containing a one-dimensional array of 200 nm width stripes separated by 100 nm width grooves can be achieved using high-index microspheres in a liquid environment. By using barium titanate glass microspheres (2-20 μm diameters) with index around 1.9 totally immersed in isopropanol with index 1.37 we demonstrate better than λ/6 far field resolution, where λ= 600 nm is the peak wavelength of the white-light illumination system. The results of this work can be used in biomedical microscopy, microfluidics and nanophotonics applications for imaging individual cells and/or nanoparticles in a liquid environment.
A Mechanism Design Approach for Coordination of Thermostatically\n Controlled Loads (2015)

This paper focuses on the coordination of a population of thermostatically\ncontrolled loads (TCLs) with unknown parameters to achieve group objectives.\nThe problem involves designing the device bidding and market clearing\nstrategies to motivate self-interested users to realize efficient energy\nallocation subject to a peak energy constraint. This coordination problem is\nformulated as a mechanism design problem, and we propose a mechanism to\nimplement the social choice function in dominant strategy equilibrium. The\nproposed mechanism consists of a novel bidding and clearing strategy that\nincorporates the internal dynamics of TCLs in the market mechanism design, and\nwe show it can realize the team optimal solution. A learning scheme is proposed\nto address the unknown load model parameters. Numerical simulations are\nperformed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed coordination framework.\n
Blue light emission by a Pr : LiYF4 − laser operated at room temperature (1977)

Room-temperature operation of a solid-state laser has been achieved for the first time in the blue region using Pr : YLF. The 0.2% Pr : YLF crystal was longitudinally pumped at 444 nm using a pulsed dye laser. Laser emission was observed at 479 nm and required a pump-energy density of 8 J/cm2 at threshold.
Interference Filters for Thermophotovoltaic Applications (1997)

Direct conversion of heat to electricity using Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems is attracting renewed attention due to recent advances on low bandgap (0.5-0.7 eV) III-V semiconductor materials and devices. TPV systems utilize the same principle of operation as solar cells. In particular, a heat source radiatively emits photons which are incident on a semiconductor TPV device. Photons with energy greater than the semiconductor bandgap, E g (typically ranging from 0.50 eV to 0.73 eV for TPV devices), excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. The resultant electron-hole pairs are then collected by metal contacts and can power electrical loads. Photons with energy less than the semiconductor bandgap are parasitically absorbed as heat. In order to increase the efficiency of a TPV system, some form of spectral control is used to reflect photons with energy less than the semiconductor bandgap back to the radiator.
Improving test quality through resource reallocation (2002)

Test program generation typically involves the resolution of constraints to make the tests legal and interesting for verification. This is often achieved through the values of resources used by the instructions in the test. The difficulty is that the number of available resources is limited, and there may be fewer available resources than needed values (especially in long tests). One way to get a large number of values from a limited number of resources, is to insert value-assigning instructions into the test before the instruction that is to use the resource's value. We refer to this as resource reloading. This paper presents a reloading technique that minimizes the interference caused. by the reloading instructions and avoids fixed code patterns by distancing the reloading instruction from the instruction that uses the resource value. The basic technique is presented along with several useful extensions and is compared with other reloading approaches.
Halogen exchange reactions for CFC alternatives. (1999)

Highly active catalysts are required for the conversion of CF3CH2Cl to the CFC-alternative refrigerant, CF3CH2F, by HF vapour under heterogeneous conditions. Chromia impregnated with a very low level of zinc(II) is a superior catalyst precursor to chromia alone. The behaviour of prefluorinated chromia and prefluorinated chromia containing zinc(II) or nickel(II) towards fluorine-18 labelled HF indicates that two types of labile surface fluoride are present, only one of which is catalytically active. Proposals are made to account for the role of ZnII and NiII.
A class of costimulatory CD28-bispecific antibodies that enhance the antitumor activity of CD3-bispecific antibodies (2020)

T cell activation is initiated upon binding of the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex to peptide-major histocompatibility complexes ("signal 1"); activation is enhanced by engagement of a second "costimulatory" receptor, such as the CD28 receptor on T cells binding to its cognate ligand(s) on the target cell ("signal 2"). CD3-based bispecific antibodies act by replacing conventional signal 1, linking T cells to tumor cells by binding a tumor-specific antigen (TSA) with one arm of the bispecific and bridging to TCR/CD3 with the other. Although some of these so-called TSAxCD3 bispecifics have demonstrated promising antitumor efficacy in patients with cancer, their activity remains to be optimized. Here, we introduce a class of bispecific antibodies that mimic signal 2 by bridging TSA to the costimulatory CD28 receptor on T cells. We term these TSAxCD28 bispecifics and describe two such bispecific antibodies: one specific for ovarian and the other for prostate cancer antigens. Unlike CD28 superagonists, which broadly activate T cells and resulted in profound toxicity in early clinical trials, these TSAxCD28 bispecifics show limited activity and no toxicity when used alone in genetically humanized immunocompetent mouse models or in primates. However, when combined with TSAxCD3 bispecifics, they enhance the artificial synapse between a T cell and its target cell, potentiate T cell activation, and markedly improve antitumor activity of CD3 bispecifics in a variety of xenogeneic and syngeneic tumor models. Combining this class of CD28-costimulatory bispecific antibodies with the emerging class of TSAxCD3 bispecifics may provide well-tolerated, off-the-shelf antibody therapies with robust antitumor efficacy.
Discovery and preclinical evaluation of anti-miR-17 oligonucleotide RGLS4326 for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease (2019)

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), caused by mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2 genes, is one of the most common human monogenetic disorders and the leading genetic cause of end-stage renal disease. Unfortunately, treatment options for ADPKD are limited. Here we report the discovery and characterization of RGLS4326, a first-in-class, short oligonucleotide inhibitor of microRNA-17 (miR-17), as a potential treatment for ADPKD. RGLS4326 is discovered by screening a chemically diverse and rationally designed library of anti-miR-17 oligonucleotides for optimal pharmaceutical properties. RGLS4326 preferentially distributes to kidney and collecting duct-derived cysts, displaces miR-17 from translationally active polysomes, and de-represses multiple miR-17 mRNA targets including Pkd1 and Pkd2. Importantly, RGLS4326 demonstrates a favorable preclinical safety profile and attenuates cyst growth in human in vitro ADPKD models and multiple PKD mouse models after subcutaneous administration. The preclinical characteristics of RGLS4326 support its clinical development as a disease-modifying treatment for ADPKD.
Electrographically patterned thin-film silicon transistors (1996)

The authors made amorphous silicon thin-film transistors on glass foil using exclusively electrophotographic printing for pattern formation, contact hole opening and device isolation. Toner masks were applied by feeding the glass substrate through a photocopier, or from laser-printed patterns on transfer paper, This all-printed patterning is an important step toward demonstrating a low-cost large-area circuit processing technology.
Aerosol-derived Ni1−xZnx electrocatalysts for direct hydrazine fuel cells (2012)

This article reports the synthesis and performance of unsupported Ni(1-x)Zn(x) electrocatalysts for the oxidation of hydrazine in alkaline media. Characterization of these catalysts was achieved using XRD, SEM, and TEM to confirm phase compositions, crystal structures, and morphologies. High performance was observed for the α-Ni(0.87)Zn(0.13) and β(1)-Ni(0.50)Zn(0.50) electrocatalysts with an onset potential of -0.15 V (vs. RHE) and a mass activity of 4000-3800 A g(cat)(-1) at 0.4 V (vs. RHE), respectively. Additionally, in situ IRRAS studies were conducted to understand the mechanism of oxidation. These results demonstrate the feasibility of Ni(1-x)Zn(x) catalysts for direct hydrazine anionic fuel cells.
Pilot symbols distribution for compressive sensing based NBI mitigation in UWB systems (2013)

Ultra wideband (UWB) technology is promising a cutting edge in delivering high data rate for short range wireless communication systems. Because of their large bandwidth, UWB signals may encounter some problems especially with high sampling rate requirements. Moreover, coherence existence with other narrowband systems is a major concern which needs to be addressed through proper mechanisms. Since narrowband interference (NBI) signals have sparse representation in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain, they can be estimated and suppressed using Compressive Sensing (CS). CS also has the ability to reduce the high sampling rate requirements. For training based NBI mitigation with CS, three pilot groups symbol are used to estimate the NBI signal subspace, UWB signal subspace, and provide information about the channel. In this paper, the distribution of pilot symbols among the three groups is investigated in the presence of strong NBI. The investigation is based on the bit error rate (BER). The influence of each pilot group symbols is also studied. Simulation results show that the third pilot group symbols is the most dominant one; hence more symbols should be assigned to estimate the channel information.
Enhanced boosting-based algorithm for intrusion detection in virtual machine environments (2012)

Intrusion detection is one of the high priority and challenging tasks in many technologies, particularly, in virtualization technology. There is a need to safeguard these systems from known vulnerabilities and at the same time take steps to detect new and unseen, but possible, system abuses by developing more reliable and efficient intrusion detection systems.
Sodium--sulfur electric cell. [P and Se possible cathodes] (1977)

The invention relates to a new structure for a sodium--sulfur cell. Such a cell comprises a cathode tank containing sulfur, an electrolyte tube closed at its lower end containing sodium and immersed in sulfur, a sodium anode tank, and a ceramic support holding the tank and the tube. The cathode tank is fitted with graphite felt washers to ensure cathode collection of the current. The outside face of the electrolyte tube, except for the lower end, is lined with a porous insulating coating. A graphite felt part is inserted between the lower end of the electrolyte tube and the bottom of the cathode tank. The invention is implemented in sodium--sulfur cell batteries for electric vehicles. 1 figure.
Effect of the LoBAG<sub>30</sub> diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes (2007)

In subjects with untreated type 2 diabetes, we previously determined that a weight-maintenance, non-ketogenic diet containing 30 % protein, 50 % fat and 20 % carbohydrate (30:50:20) decreased the percentage total glycohaemoglobin (%tGHb) by 2.2 % glycohaemoglobin over 5 weeks compared to a diet recommended for the American public (protein-fat-carbohydrate 15:30:55). Both the fasting and postprandial glucose were decreased. The objective of the present study was to determine if increasing the carbohydrate content from 20 to 30 % at the expense of fat would still provide a similar effect on %tGHb, fasting and postprandial glucose concentration. Eight men with untreated type 2 diabetes were studied over a 5-week period. Results at the beginning (standard diet) and end of the 5-week study were analysed. Body weight was stable. Fasting glucose concentration decreased by 40 %; 24 h glucose area response decreased by 45 %. Insulin did not change. Mean %tGHb decreased by 1.7 (from 10.8 to 9.1 %), and was still decreasing linearly at 5 weeks. In conclusion, a high-protein, 30 % carbohydrate diet could be a patient-empowering method of improving the hyperglycaemia of type 2 diabetes without pharmacologic intervention. Long-term effects and general applicability of this diet remain to be determined.
Involvement of a Plasmid in Production of Ropiness (Mucoidness) in Milk Cultures by <i>Streptococcus cremoris</i> MS (1986)

Curing and genetic transfer experiments showed that lactose-fermenting ability (Lac) and the ability to produce mucoidness in milk cultures (Muc) in Streptococcus cremoris MS were coded on plasmids. The Lac phenotype was associated with a 75.8-megadalton plasmid, pSRQ2201. The Muc phenotype was associated with a 18.5-megadalton plasmid, pSRQ2202. The Lac plasmid, pSRQ2201, was first conjugatively transferred from S. cremoris MS to LacS. lactis ML-3/2.2. Later, the Muc plasmid, pSRQ2202, was conjugatively transferred from Lac MucS. cremoris MS04 to Lac nonmucoid S. lactis transconjugant ML-3/2.201. Subsequently, pSRQ2201 and pSRQ2202 were cotransferred from Lac MucS. lactis transconjugant ML-3/2.202 to Lac, nonmucoid, malty S. lactis 4/4.2 and S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis SLA3.25. Transconjugants showing pSRQ2201 were Lac; those containing pSRQ2202 were Muc. With the transfer of pSRQ2202, the transconjugants S. lactis ML-3/2.202 and S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis SLA3.2501 not only acquired the Muc phenotype but also resistance to bacteriophages, which were lytic to the respective parent strains S. lactis ML-3/2.201 and S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis SLA3.25.
Efficient Cooperative HARQ for Multi-Source Multi-Relay Wireless\n Networks (2018)

In this paper, we compare the performance of three different cooperative\nHybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) protocols for slow-fading half-duplex\northogonal multiple access multiple relay channel. Channel State Information\n(CSI) is available at the receiving side of each link only. Time Division\nMultiplexing is assumed, where each orthogonal transmission occurs during a\ntime-slot. Sources transmit in turns in consecutive time slots during the first\ntransmission phase. During the second phase, the destination schedules in each\ntime-slot one node (source or relay) to transmit redundancies based on its\ncorrectly decoded source messages (its decoding set) with the goal to maximize\nthe average spectral efficiency. Bidirectional limited control channels are\navailable from sources and relays towards the destination to implement the\nnecessary control signaling of the HARQ protocols. Among the three proposed\nHARQ, two follow the Incremental Redundancy (IR) approach. One consists in\nsending incremental redundancies on all the messages from the scheduled node\ndecoding set (Multi-User encoding) while the other one helps a single source\n(Single User encoding) chosen randomly. The third one is of the Chase Combining\n(CC) type, where the selected node repeats the transmission (including\nmodulation and coding scheme) of one source chosen randomly from its decoding\nset. Monte-Carlo simulations confirm that the IR-type of HARQ with Multi-User\nencoding offers the best performance, followed by IR-type of HARQ with Single\nUser encoding and CC-type of HARQ. We conclude that IR-type of HARQ with Single\nUser encoding offers the best trade-off between performance and complexity for\na small number of sources in our setting.\n
Power exploration for dynamic data types through virtual memory management refinement (1998)

In this p ap er we pr esent our novelpower exploration methodolo gy for applic ations with dynamic data types. Our methodolo gy is crucial to obtain effe ctive solutions in an emb edded (HW or SW) processor context. The c ontributionsare twofold. First we define the complete search sp ace for Virtual Memory Management (VMM) mechanisms in a structured way with orthogonal de cision tr eesSe condly we present our systematic methodolo gy for explor ation of the maximal power that takes into account characteristics of the application to he avily prune the search space guiding the choies of a VMM mechanism. Finally we demonstrate for two industrial examples that power can vary consider ably dep ending on the VMM chosen. Moreover these exp eriments show the effe ctiveness of our exploration methodolo gy.
Reconfigurable Physical Unclonable Function Based on Spin-Orbit Torque Induced Chiral Domain Wall Motion (2021)

A reliable design of physical unclonable function (PUF) based on spin-orbit torque (SOT) induced domain wall (DW) motion has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Magnetic DWs are nucleated and propagate in Ta/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures in which their device-to-device variation enables the PUF, while cycle-to-cycle variation in DW motion enables the reconfigurable design. Furthermore, field-free SOT switching has been observed in the chiral domain wall likely caused by the large Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) effect. The proposed DW motion based anti-counterfeiting device shows good promises as a CMOS-compatible PUF for hardware security.
Ergonomic control strategies for a handheld force-controlled ultrasound probe (2012)

An ergonomic, handheld, force-controlled ultrasound probe has been developed for medical imaging applications. The device, which consists of an ultrasound probe mounted to a backlash-free ball screw actuator and driven by a compact servo motor, maintains a prescribed contact force between the ultrasound probe and patient's body. A control system which combines both a position and a force controller enables ergonomic operation by keeping the actuator centered within its range of motion and permits the repeated making and breaking of probe-patient contact. By controlling ultrasound probe contact force and consequently the amount of tissue deformation, the system enhances the repeatability, usability, and diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound imaging.
Multi-level Shunt Active Power Filter Using Modular Cascade H-bridge and Delay Firing (2013)

A novel design of a multi-level shunt active power filter using a modular cascade H-bridge is presented in this article. The proposed approach enables a modular approach in the design of a multi-level active power filter. As an illustration, a five-level H-bridge active power filter with a novel switching strategy has been implemented. The design is able to reduce the voltage stress across the filter inductor and to reduce the average switching frequency. Proportional plus integral controllers have been implemented for the current control loop, overall voltage control loop, and voltage balancing loop. A feedforward controller has also been added to the current control loop to improve the current tracking. By delaying the firing time of one of the H-bridges, five levels can be realized from a cascade H-bridge active power filter. The proposed switching strategy and the realization of the five-level switching scheme are presented. Experimental results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed filter scheme.
β-<scp>d</scp>-2′-<i>C</i>-Methyl-2,6-diaminopurine Ribonucleoside Phosphoramidates are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Are Bioconverted Intracellularly to Bioactive 2,6-Diaminopurine and Guanosine 5′-Triphosphate Forms (2015)

The conversion of selected β-D-2,6-diaminopurine nucleosides (DAPNs) to their phosphoramidate prodrug (PD) substantially blocks the conversion to the G-analog allowing for the generation of two bioactive nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) in human hepatocytes. A variety of 2'-C-methyl DAPN-PDs were prepared and evaluated for inhibition of HCV viral replication in Huh-7 cells, cytotoxicity in various cell lines, and cellular pharmacology in both Huh-7 and primary human liver cells. The DAPN-PDs were pan-genotypic, effective against various HCV resistant mutants, and resistant variants could not be selected. 2'-C-Me-DAPN-TP and 2'-C-Me-GTP were chain terminators for genotype 1b HCV-pol, and single nucleotide incorporation assays revealed that 2'-C-Me-DAPN-TP was incorporated opposite U. No cytotoxicity was observed with our DAPN-PD when tested up to 50 μM. A novel, DAPN-PD, 15c, has been selected for further evaluation because of its good virologic and toxicologic profile and its ability to deliver two active metabolites, potentially simplifying HCV treatment.
Software Defined Surgical Stereo Microscope (2014)

A software defined surgical visual aid platform as an alternative to the existing fixed form optical surgical microscope is described. A software defined digital stereo microscope, similar in principle as an endoscope, decouples the light gathering components and functions from those for light processing and image visualization components and provides digital implementations for the latter. It comprises an array of zoom cameras replacing the microscope objective, a realtime graphics engine pipeline replacing the optical processing pipeline, a flat screen 3D display replacing the oculars and a set of surgeon and procedure presets replacing the initial mechanical setting up of the microscope. The user interfaces for focus and zoom control are retained through the familiar foot pedal and additional interaction devices such as 3D measurement tools are added on demand for analysis and documentation. It replicates and augments the functionality of the optical stereo microscope, but removes the usage limitations of the optical pipeline. To be an effective surgical microscope, the realtime nature of the optical stereo microscope and the hand-eye collocation ability must be retained in this alternative visual aid.