gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of Directional Gamma Ray Logging Data for Hydraulic Fracture Orientation (1993)

Abstract A new directional gamma ray tool has been developed and is being incorporated into an innovative togging service. The service determines the azimuthal pattern of gamma ray emission from a completion material that has been tagged with a radioactive isotope. This paper discusses the interpretation of directional gamma ray logging data following hydraulic fracturing operations. By measuring the intensity of gamma rays emitted from tagged material placed in the induced fracture, the directional gamma ray measurement can be combined with auxiliary wellbore survey information to assist in the determination of propagation azimuth. Such results have a variety of applications – for example, designing a systematic well placement scheme to optimize reservoir drainage efficiency. Log examples derived from prototype tool measurements following hydraulic fracturing operations are presented and the analysis of the data is discussed. The interpretation of directional gamma ray data is adversely affected by damage to the near-wellbore region during fracturing operations. Data interpretation was found to be more consistent and reliable following micro-frac or mini-frac stress determination operations. In addition, where perforations were oriented in the direction of the anticipated fracture propagation, directional gamma ray data demonstrated an improvement in fracture efficiency.
CHAPTER 9. Reactive Inkjet Printing for Additive Manufacturing (2017)

This chapter outlines the different ways in which Additive Manufacturing, or 3D Printing, uses reactive inkjet (RIJ) printing materials to realise functional devices and products. This chapter aims to give an overview of the important materials and techniques that are driving the Material Jetting category of Additive Manufacturing, which includes Photo-polymerisation, Reactive Jetting, and High Viscosity Dual Materials Jetting amongst others.
Asymmetric distances for binary embeddings (2011)

In large-scale query-by-example retrieval, embedding image signatures in a binary space offers two benefits: data compression and search efficiency. While most embedding algorithms binarize both query and database signatures, it has been noted that this is not strictly a requirement. Indeed, asymmetric schemes which binarize the database signatures but not the query still enjoy the same two benefits but may provide superior accuracy. In this work, we propose two general asymmetric distances which are applicable to a wide variety of embedding techniques including Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH), Locality Sensitive Binary Codes (LSBC), Spectral Hashing (SH) and Semi-Supervised Hashing (SSH). We experiment on four public benchmarks containing up to 1M images and show that the proposed asymmetric distances consistently lead to large improvements over the symmetric Hamming distance for all binary embedding techniques. We also propose a novel simple binary embedding technique - PCA Embedding (PCAE) - which is shown to yield competitive results with respect to more complex algorithms such as SH and SSH.
564. Finding the Needle in a Haystack: Precise Genome Editing With a Multi-Reporter Selection Systems (2015)

Designer nucleases have revolutionized the study of common model organisms by enabling the simple and efficient manipulation of specified genomic sequences. However, therapeutic application of this technology may be limited by predictable and unanticipated off-target lesions that may be prevalent with all nuclease platforms to lesser and greater extents. This limitation may become even more problematic when desired targets are homologous to other genome sequences. Here we report the development of a multi-reporter selection system for the generation of nucleases that can discriminate between highly homologous targets. We have applied this system to create zinc finger nuclease (ZFNs) that can discriminate between highly homologous sequences from the CCR5 and CCR2 genes. These nucleases were tested in human cell culture and demonstrate strong on-target activity (≈10-60% indel frequency) with minimal or no nuclease activity at CCR2. Further, an unbiased screen of off-target activity demonstrates excellent genome-wide fidelity. In one case, the nuclease pair results in only one off-target with greater than 0.1% indel frequency (0.37%) and an aggregate off-target activity of 0.5%. This system offers a simple approach to generate nucleases, zinc finger or otherwise, with exceptional genome-wide fidelity regardless of target.
Semiconductor Core Optical Fibers (2011)

Presented here is a review of recent efforts to date in the field of semiconductor core optical fibers. Various processing techniques have been employed to fabricate such fibers and control the degree of crystallinity achieved within the fiber cores. Following the brief review of recent progress is a more in-depth look at the molten core approach, which allows for long lengths of highly crystalline semiconductor core fibers to be achieved.
A High Throughput String Matching Architecture for Intrusion Detection and Prevention (2005)

Network intrusion detection and prevention systems have emerged as one of the most effective ways of providing security to those connected to the network, and at the heart of almost every modern intrusion detection system is a string matching algorithm. String matching is one of the most critical elements because it allows for the system to make decisions based not just on the headers, but the actual content flowing through the network. Unfortunately, checking every byte of every packet to see if it matches one of a set of ten thousand strings becomes a computationally intensive task as network speeds grow into the tens, and eventually hundreds, of gigabits/second. To keep up with these speeds a specialized device is required, one that can maintain tight bounds on worst case performance, that can be updated with new rules without interrupting operation, and one that is efficient enough that it could be included on chip with existing network chips or even into wireless devices. We have developed an approach that relies on a special purpose architecture that executes novel string matching algorithms specially optimized for implementation in our design. We show how the problem can be solved by converting the large database of strings into many tiny state machines, each of which searches for a portion of the rules and a portion of the bits of each rule. Through the careful co-design and optimization of our architecture with a new string matching algorithm we show that it is possible to build a system that is 10 times more efficient than the currently best known approaches.
Rh(I)-Catalyzed 1,4-Conjugate Addition of Alkenylboronic Acids to a Cyclopentenone Useful for the Synthesis of Prostaglandins (2016)

An efficient and trans-diastereoselective Rh(I)-catalyzed 1,4-conjugate addition reaction of alkenylboronic acids and a homochiral (R)-4-silyloxycyclopentenone useful for the synthesis of derivatives of prostaglandins E and F is described for the first time. The reaction functions under mild conditions and is particularly rapid (≤6 h) under low power (50 W) microwave irradiation at 30 °C in MeOH in the presence of a catalytic amount of KOH. Under these conditions, 3 mol % of [RhCl(COD)]<sub>2</sub> is typically required to produce high yields. The method also functions without microwave irradiation at 3 °C in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of KOH. Under these conditions, only 1.5 mol % of [RhCl(COD)]<sub>2</sub> is needed, but the reaction is considerably slower. The method accepts a range of aryl- and alkyl-substituted alkenylboronic acids, and its utility has been demonstrated by the synthesis of PGF<sub>2α</sub> (dinoprost) and tafluprost.
Electronically scanned millimeter wave antenna using a Rotman lens (1997)

Georgia Tech developed a Ka-band (33 to 37 GHz) millimeter wave Rotman lens that is being integrated with a beam switching system and horn array to produce a low cost electronically scanned antenna system. The MMW lens was designed and analyzed by generating various lens configurations as input into a mathematical model. This model uses a contour integral equation formulation to obtain the scattering matrix associated with a particular lens design. The optimized lens configuration was fabricated, and the S-matrix of the device was measured and processed to obtain the beam patterns and insertion loss. Maximum sidelobe levels -30 dB were achieved by applying an ideal -40 dB Taylor weighting function to the measured data. The measured insertion loss (Taylor weighting loss not included) ranged between 0.8 and 2.3 dB depending on the particular beam port that was excited and the frequency that was used. The lens has 32 active antenna element ports, and 17 active beam ports. Although the maximum scan angle for the present design is only ±22.2 degrees, greater scan angles up to ±45 degrees as well as frequencies up to 95 GHz are possible with different lens designs.
All-Optical Silicon-Photonic Constellation Conversion of Amplitude–Phase Modulation Formats (2015)

Optical communication networks use electrical constellation converters requiring optical-electrical-optical conversions and expensive symbol-rate limiting electronics. In this paper, a generic method for all-optical silicon-photonic conversion of amplitude-phase modulation formats is proposed. The method is based on the implementation of single-layer radial basis function neural networks. A mathematical model is developed, and the parameters influencing the performance of the method are analyzed. Full optical simulation of a four-symbol constellation conversion was performed, resulting in error-free converted constellation that has an error vector magnitude lower than 2.5%.
Demonstration of Symmetric Lateral NPN Transistors on SOI Featuring Epitaxially Grown Emitter/Collector Regions (2017)

Symmetric lateral NPN bipolar junction transistors on Si-on-insulator having epitaxially grown emitter/collector regions are demonstrated, for the first time. A novel notch-assisted epitaxy scheme has been developed using faceted Si epitaxial (epi) layers as reactive-ion-etch mask to expose the vertical intrinsic-base epi-seeding surfaces and the epi emitter and collector are automatically connected to the extension regions for metal contact and/or for electrical probing. Functional transistors with good quality device I-V characteristics were obtained with post-epi rapid thermal annealing. The results suggest a path forward for devices suitable for low-cost THz electronics applications. Some learning about the fabrication, as revealed from measured device characteristics, are discussed.
Which infants with eczema are at risk of food allergy? Results from a population‐based cohort (2014)

Eczema, across the clinical severity spectrum in infancy, is a strong risk factor for IgE-mediated food allergy. Infants with eczema were six times more likely to have egg allergy and 11 times more likely to have peanut allergy by 12 months than infants without eczema. Our data suggest that a heightened awareness of food allergy risk among healthcare practitioners treating infants with eczema, especially if early onset and severe, is warranted.
NO{sub x} control using natural gas reburn on an industrial cyclone boiler (1996)

Eastman Kodak Company`s cyclone boiler (Unit No. 43), located in Rochester, New York, has been retrofitted with the gas reburn technology developed by the Babcock and Wilcox (B and W) Company to reduce NO{sub x} emissions in order to comply with the New York State regulations adopted in conformance with the Title I of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. At the peak load, the ozone nonattainment required NO{sub x} reduction from baseline levels necessary to meet the presumptive limit for cyclone boilers in this regulation is 56%. Eastman Kodak Company and the Gas Research Institute (GRI) are co-sponsoring this project. Chevron has supplied the natural gas. Equipment installation for the gas reburn system was performed in a September 1995 outage. Boiler No. 43`s maximum continuous rating (MCR) is 550,000 pounds per hour of steam flow (or approximately equivalent to 60 MW{sub e}). Because of the compact boiler design, there is insufficient furnace residence time to use coal or oil as the reburn fuel, thus making it a prime candidate for gas reburn. Kodak currently has four cyclone boilers. Contingent upon successful completion of this gas reburn project, modification of Kodak`s other cyclone boilers to include reburn technologymore » will be consideredd. The paper will describe B and W`s gas reburn data from a cyclone-equipped pilot facility (B and W`s Small Boiler Simulator), gas reburn system design, manufacturing, and installation information specific to Kodak`s Unit No. 43. In addition, the paper will discuss numerical modeling and the full-scale commercial boiler test results.« less
Exploring traversal strategy for web forum crawling (2008)

In this paper, we study the problem of Web forum crawling. Web forum has now become an important data source of many Web applications; while forum crawling is still a challenging task due to complex in-site link structures and login controls of most forum sites. Without carefully selecting the traversal path, a generic crawler usually downloads many duplicate and invalid pages from forums, and thus wastes both the precious bandwidth and the limited storage space. To crawl forum data more effectively and efficiently, in this paper, we propose an automatic approach to exploring an appropriate traversal strategy to direct the crawling of a given target forum. In detail, the traversal strategy consists of the identification of the skeleton links and the detection of the page-flipping links. The skeleton links instruct the crawler to only crawl valuable pages and meanwhile avoid duplicate and uninformative ones; and the page-flipping links tell the crawler how to completely download a long discussion thread which is usually shown in multiple pages in Web forums. The extensive experimental results on several forums show encouraging performance of our approach. Following the discovered traversal strategy, our forum crawler can archive more informative pages in comparison with previous related work and a commercial generic crawler.
An Improved Solution to the Frequency-Invariant Beamforming with Concentric Circular Microphone Arrays (2020)

Frequency-invariant beamforming with circular microphone arrays (CMAs) has drawn a significant amount of attention for its steering flexibility and high directivity. However, frequency-invariant beam-forming with CMAs often suffers from the so-called null problem, which is caused by the zeros of the Bessel functions; then, concentric CMAs (CCMAs) are used to deal with this problem. While frequency-invariant beamforming with CCMAs can mitigate the null problem, the beampattern is still suffering from distortion due to s-patial aliasing at high frequencies. In this paper, we find that the spatial aliasing problem is caused by higher-order circular harmonics. To deal with this problem, we take the aliasing harmonics into account and approximate the beampattern with a higher truncation order of the Jacobi-Anger expansion than required. Then, the beam-forming filter is determined by minimizing the errors between the desired directivity pattern and the approximated one. Simulation results show that the developed method can mitigate the distortion of the beampattern caused by spatial aliasing.
Majorana-like Photons from Cylindrical Vector Beams Propagating through Brain tissue (2019)

For the first time, we show mathematically that entangled states of class of vector beams are Majorana–like. Experimentally, enhanced transmission is observed in mouse brain from Majorana–like vector photons with orbital angular momentum.
<i>Cryptosporidium hominis</i>Infection of the Human Respiratory Tract (2007)

Cryptosporidium oocysts, observed in a natural sputum sample of a patient with HIV, were further studied by using DNA markers to determine the species of the parasite. C. hominis was identified as the species infecting the patient's respiratory tract, a finding that strengthens evidence regarding this pathogen's role in human disease.
Biosensing Using Porous Silicon Double-Layer Interferometers:  Reflective Interferometric Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (2005)

A simple, chip-based implementation of a double-beam interferometer that can separate biomolecules based on size and that can compensate for changes in matrix composition is introduced. The interferometric biosensor uses a double-layer of porous Si comprised of a top layer with large pores and a bottom layer with smaller pores. The structure is shown to provide an on-chip reference channel analogous to a double-beam spectrometer, but where the reference and sample compartments are stacked one on top of the other. The reflectivity spectrum of this structure displays a complicated interference pattern whose individual components can be resolved by fitting of the reflectivity data to a simple interference model or by fast Fourier transform (FFT). Shifts of the FFT peaks indicate biomolecule penetration into the different layers. The small molecule, sucrose, penetrates into both porous Si layers, whereas the large protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), only enters the large pores. BSA can be detected even in a large (100-fold by mass) excess of sucrose from the FFT spectrum. Detection can be accomplished either by computing the weighted difference in the frequencies of two peaks or by computing the ratio of the intensities of two peaks in the FFT spectrum.
Spectral anomaly detection in deep shadows (2010)

Although several hyperspectral anomaly detection algorithms have proven useful when illumination conditions provide for enough light, many of these same detection algorithms fail to perform well when shadows are also present. To date, no general approach to the problem has been demonstrated. In this paper, a novel hyperspectral anomaly detection algorithm that adapts the dimensionality of the spectral detection subspace to multiple illumination levels is described. The novel detection algorithm is applied to reflectance domain hyperspectral data that represents a variety of illumination conditions: well illuminated and poorly illuminated (i.e., shadowed). Detection results obtained for objects located in deep shadows and light-shadow transition areas suggest superiority of the novel algorithm over standard subspace RX detection.
2′,5′-Oligoadenylate Antisense Chimeras for Targeted Ablation of RNA (1994)

The unique 2′,5′-phosphodiester bond-linked oligonucleotide known as 2-5A (pn5′A2′(p5′A2′)mp5′A) plays a key role in mediation of the anti-encephalomyocarditis virus action of interferon. 2-5A acts as a potent inhibitor of translation through the activation of a constituent latent endonuclease, the 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease (RNase), which degrades RNAs. Covalent linkage of the tetrameric p5′A2′p5′A2′p5′A2′p5′A to an antisense deoxyribonucleotide provided an adduct which was unimpaired in activation of the 2-5A-dependent RNase and which annealed to the complementary sense DNA to give a hybrid complex with a melting temperature similar to the unmodified DNA antisense/sense duplex. Such 2-5A-antisense chimeras targeted to a modified HIV mRNA or to the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) mRNA induced specific cleavage in their targets without affecting non-targeted mRNA species. The unaided uptake of 2-5A-antisense against the PKR mRNA in HeLa cells resulted in ablation of the PKR mRNA, with no effect on β-actin mRNA. These findings demonstrate that 2-5A-antisense chimeras are effective and versatile reagents for the catalytic destruction of targeted RNA.
The Caspase-like Sites of Proteasomes, Their Substrate Specificity, New Inhibitors and Substrates, and Allosteric Interactions with the Trypsin-like Sites (2003)

Proteasomes are the primary sites for protein degradation in mammalian cells. Each proteasome particle contains two chymotrypsin-like, two trypsin-like, and two caspase-like proteolytic sites. Previous studies suggest a complex network of allosteric interactions between these catalytic and multiple regulatory sites. We used positional scanning combinatorial substrate libraries to determine the extended substrate specificity of the caspase-like sites. Based on this analysis, several new substrates were synthesized, the use of which confirmed earlier observations that caspase-like sites (often termed postglutamyl peptide hydrolase) cleave after aspartates better than after glutamates. Highly selective inhibitors of the caspase-like sites were also generated. They stimulated trypsin-like activity of yeast 20 S proteasomes up to 3-fold but not when binding of the inhibitor to the caspase-like sites was prevented in a mutant carrying an uncleaved propeptide. Although substrates of the caspase-like sites allosterically inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity, inhibitors of the caspase-like sites do not affect the chymotrypsin-like sites. Furthermore, when caspase-like sites were occupied by the uncleaved propeptide or inhibitor, their substrates still inhibited the chymotrypsin-like activity. Thus, occupancy of the caspase-like sites stimulates the trypsin-like activity of proteasomes, but substrates of the caspase-like sites inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity by binding to a distinct noncatalytic site.
Abstract 14328: Relation of Lipoprotein(a) Levels to Incident Diabetes and Modification by Alirocumab Treatment: An Analysis of the Odyssey Outcomes Trial (2020)

Background: Cohort studies and clinical trials have shown a greater prevalence of diabetes among subjects with lower levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Some healthy cohort studies have shown a greater incidence of new onset diabetes (NOD) among those with lower Lp(a). It is unknown whether the risk of NOD associates with Lp(a) levels in patients (pts) with established cardiovascular disease or whether pharmacologic reduction of Lp(a) with PCSK9 inhibitors modulates this risk. Objective: Using data from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial that compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab (ALI) with placebo (PBO) in pts with recent acute coronary syndrome, we examined whether NOD was related to baseline Lp(a) level and whether any such relationship was modified by ALI treatment. Methods and Results: Lp(a) was measured with a mass assay in 13,480 trial pts without diabetes at baseline; median (IQR) baseline Lp(a) was 21.9 mg/dL (6.9-61.1); median follow-up was 2.7 years. Intensive statin therapy was utilized in 89%. In the PBO group, NOD was greatest in Quartile 1 and least in Quartile 4 of baseline Lp(a) ( Figure , 4.6 vs 3.1 cases per 100 pt-years, P trend 0.0003). ALI lowered Lp(a) by a median of 23% from baseline. Absolute median reduction in Lp(a) with ALI ranged from nil in baseline Lp(a) Quartile 1 to 15 mg/dL in Quartile 4. Treatment HR (ALI/PBO) for NOD was neutral overall (0.95, 95% CI 0.85-1.05) but varied across baseline Lp(a) quartiles from 0.79 (0.64-0.96) in Quartile 1 to 1.09 (0.87-1.38) in Quartile 4 ( Figure , P trend =0.025). Conclusion: In pts with recent acute coronary syndrome, there is greater NOD among those with lower baseline Lp(a) levels. ALI has an overall neutral effect on NOD: In pts with low baseline Lp(a), ALI has minimal effect on Lp(a) levels and tends to reduce NOD. In pts with high baseline Lp(a), ALI reduces Lp(a) levels with a non-significant excess of NOD. The findings may have implications for emerging therapies that reduce Lp(a) more substantially than PCSK9 inhibitors.