gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Addressable test-chip compiler for test chip design automation and transistor/yield characterization (2013)

Addressable arrays have been used in the semiconductor industry for process characterization. Compared with traditional test structures with probing pads, addressable arrays require much less pads, therefore save significantly on mask/wafer areas and testing time (due to less prober movement). However, because current from device under test (DUT) must be measured through addressable circuitry in this approach, it remains a big challenge to adopt this approach for full transistor characterization including leakage current measurement. Here we report, for the first time, an addressable array test chip that is capable of full transistor characterization including measuring transistor off current. The design of the test chips and silicon verification of its accuracy is discussed. In addition, various DUT's of different sizes and functions can be automatically integrated into addressable arrays through an “Addressable Test-chip Compiler” approach.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffness in old mice (698.10) (2014)

Reduced bioavailability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a cofactor for the deacetylase sirtuin1 (SIRT1), may contribute to age‐related vascular dysfunction via oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide (NO). We hypothesized that boosting NAD+ with the precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) might reverse these adverse effects of aging. Old (O: 26 mo, n=14) C57 male mice had impaired ex vivo carotid artery endothelium‐dependent dilation (EDD) to acetylcholine (ACh, 60 ± 5 vs. 82 ± 3%) and NO‐mediated EDD (max dilation to ACh ‐ max dilation to ACh + L‐NAME, 37 ± 4 vs. 69 ± 5%), and increased aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV, 467 ± 18 vs. 359 ± 8 cm/s) and elastic modulus (EM, 5899 ± 731 vs. 3307 ± 288 kPa, all p<0.05) (indices of arterial stiffness) vs. young (Y; 6 mo, n=12). In O treated with NMN (300 mg/kg/d in drinking water, 8 w) (n=10), EDD (89 ± 3%), NO‐mediated EDD (61 ± 5%), aPWV (364 ± 14 cm/s) and EM (3694 ± 315 kPa) all were improved (p<0.05 vs. O). Aorta from O had reduced expression (WB) of SIRT1 (0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1 AU, p=0.05 vs. Y) and increased nitrotyrosine (NT) (oxidant modification) (8.7 ± 1.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.3 AU, p<0.05 vs. Y). In O, NMN restored SIRT1 (1.1 ± 0.1 AU) and reduced NT (4.7 ± 0.7 AU) (both p<0.05 vs. O). Increasing NAD+ bioavailability may be a novel therapy for reversing age‐related vascular dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress and restoring NO signaling. Grant Funding Source : Supported by NIH AG013038 and AG000279
CP-60,993, a new dianemycin-like ionophore produced byStreptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC 39305: fermentation, isolation and characterization (1990)

CP-60,993, 19-epi-dianemycin, is a novel polycyclic ether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC 39305. Fermentation recovery, purification and crystallization were achieved using standard procedures. CP-60,993 was characterized as a monocarboxylic acid. Elemental analysis suggested a molecular formula of C47H78O14 for the free acid and C47H77O14 Na for the sodium salt. Crystalline from CP-60,993 sodium salt shows the following properties: m.p. 193-205 degrees C, E1%(1 cm) = 157 at 232 nm, [alpha]25 degrees C(D) + 11.0 (c 1, methanol). The structure, determined by MS, PMR and CMR, differs from dianemycin only in the stereochemistry at position 19. This was confirmed by X-ray crystallography carried out on the rubidium salt of CP-60,993. It exhibited activity in vitro against Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria, efficacy against Eimeria coccidia in vivo in poultry, and stimulation in vitro of rumen propionic acid production.
New prospects for “living” anionic polymerization of (meth) acrylic esters (1990)

Abstract The living low temperature polymerization in polar solvents of most methacrylates, even functional ones, can now be performed by direct and experimentally convenient anionic methods, thanks to the use of α‐methylstyrene and of complex‐purified monomers. A diversified family of block copolymers has thus been generated, that are used as compatibilizing agents in the designing of interesting heterophase materials: i.e. blends of polymers and inorganic fillers, and liquid‐solid dispersions. The living polymerization of acrylates (or of methacrylates under more drastic conditions) raises additional requirements: they have been met to a large extent by the use of specific ligands of the growing ion‐pair. Resulting structures such as f.i. block copolymers and end‐functionalized oligomers of a low dispersity, should have a great interest in the molecular engineering of (meth)acrylate‐based products. Finally, these new initiators lend themselves to structural and mechanistic studies which should shed some light on the critical features of these living propagation processes.
Current gain rolloff in graded-base SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (1993)

The authors report the experimental observation of a novel effect in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with graded bases which results in a significant emitter-base bias dependence of the current gain. The nonideal collector current is caused by the interaction of the bias dependence of the emitter-base space-charge region width and the exponential dependence of the collector current on the germanium concentration at the edge of the space-charge region. The resulting current gain rolloff must be taken into account for accurate modeling of bipolar transistors with bandgap grading in the base.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Convergent Synthesis of the HIJKLM Ring Fragment of Ciguatoxin CTX3C. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polarisation preservation in multimode fibres (1981)

Birefringent multimode fibres have been found to preserve polarisation except for one mode near cutoff. Experimental observations and theoretical considerations show that polarisation ratios better than 20 dB are possible, offering the potential for building polarisation-sensitive multimode fibre components.
RoleVAT: Visual Assessment of Practical Need for Role Based Access Control (2009)

Role based access control (RBAC) is a powerful security administration concept that can simplify permission assignment management. Migration to and maintenance of RBAC requires role engineering, the identification of a set of roles that offer administrative benefit. However, establishing that RBAC is desirable in a given enterprise is lacking in current role engineering processes. To help identify the practical need for RBAC, we propose RoleVAT, a Role engineering tool for the Visual Assessment of user and permission Tendencies. User and permission clusters can be visually identified as potential user groups or roles. The benefit and impact of this visual analysis in enterprise environments is discussed and demonstrated through testing on real life as well as synthetic datasets. Our experimental results show the effectiveness of RoleVAT as well as interesting user and role tendencies in real enterprise environments.
Impacts on a Sand Aquifer from an Old Septic System: Nitrate and Phosphate (1996)

Abstract Four hundred ground‐water sampling points were used to delineate a plume in an unconfined sand aquifer at a 44 year old septic system servicing a school in Ontario, Canada. A bromide tracer test indicated a residence time of one to two weeks for sewage effluent in the 1.6 meter unsaturated zone beneath the tile bed. This is sufficient time for the oxidation of all nitrogen to nitrate to be complete and for the content of dissolved organic carbon to decrease from about 19 mg/l in the septic tank to about 1 mg/l at the water table. The 15m wide plume core emanates more than 110 meters downgradient of the tile bed, has detectable dissolved oxygen, high nitrate (20–120 mg/l as N), chloride (42–209 mg/l), sodium (34–101 mg/l), calcium (120–249 mg/l), and above background sulphate, and potassium. Ground‐water flow velocity at this site is rapid (100 m/yr); thus the mapped extent of the plume (110 m) represents about one year effluent loading. Phosphate (PO 4 3‐ ) concentrations at the water table (∼ 1–2 mg/l as P) appear to have reached steady state at values significantly lower than that of the effluent (9 mg/l as P). Steady‐state concentrations suggest that mineral precipitation reactions control attenuation in the unsaturated zone. A comparison of phosphate sorbed (74 mg/kg) and total P in the soil (1000 mg/kg) suggests that precipitation is a more important process in the unsaturated zone than is sorption. PO 4 3‐ levels in the plume, however, remain elevated (0.3–1.8 mg/l as P) relative to background levels in ground water (<0.01 mg/l as P) up to 75 meters away from the tile bed. This migration distance of PO 4 3‐ in ground water is greater than that observed at other younger septic system sites. The extent of the plume at this site suggests that long‐term PO 4 3‐ migration in the ground‐water zone may be controlled by adsorption processes that allow slow but progressive advancement of PO 4 3‐ .
Investigation of a Segmented Electrode Hall Thruster (2004)

Thrust, thrust efficiency, and plume divergence half-angle were measured for a 9 cm laboratory model Hall thruster modified to allow insertion of cylindrical segmented electrodes in the discharge channel. Several geometries with graphite non-emissive electrodes and one with a dispenser tungsten emissive electrode were tested and compared to a baseline configuration with all boron nitride segments. To within measurement uncertainty, thrust was unaffected by insertion of electrodes while efficiency was reduced in cases in which the discharge current was increased by the presence of the electrodes. Maximum plume half-angle reductions of 4° were obtained with emissive and non-emissive electrodes.
An Improved Slack Variable Method to Determine Active Constraints in Large Surface Networks (2017)

Abstract In a fully integrated reservoir model consisting of one or more reservoirs and a surface network of complex wells and facilities, determining the active constraints in the network, while ensuring that the network equations are nonsingular, is a challenge. This paper introduces an improved slack variable method to address this difficulty. The high solution cost of the matrix equations associated with the slack variable method makes it inefficient for simulation of reservoirs with a large surface network. After elimination of the nonslack variables, the resultant Schur complement is often a dense matrix and loses the typical sparse tree structure of the original network Jacobian, which makes it costly to solve. This paper revisits the slack variable method and designs two approaches to address the solution cost. The first approach, the pseudo slacks, conserves the sparse pattern of the surface network by introducing several pseudo variables that are added to the slack matrix; it works best for cases with targeting or constraints for a large group of wells. The second approach, minimal slacks, uses a simple heuristic technique to remove slack variables unless they are required to ensure the equations are nonsingular. This method reduces the slack matrix dimension but can increase the number of iterations required to solve the network. Numerical experiments show significant performance improvements compared to the previous slack variable method in reservoir models with large surface networks.
Novel gradient coil set with canceled net thrust force for nuclear magnetic resonance applications (1995)

The interaction of the spatially varying main field components of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system with the currents of a gradient coil set generates axial and transverse Lorentz forces. In this paper, a novel technique for designing minimum inductance gradient coils with zero net axial and lateral Lorentz force is presented. Design examples are given for a short magnet geometry. A theoretical comparison between force-canceled and traditional gradient coils reveals a 270 to 2200 fold reduction for the Lorentz force, with up to 12% increase in stored energy.
Lipase‐catalyzed production of biodiesel (1996)

Abstract Lipases were screened for their ability to transesterify triglycerides with short‐chain alcohols to alkyl esters. The lipase from Mucor miehei was most efficient for converting triglycerides to their alkyl esters with primary alcohols, whereas the lipase from Candida antarctica was most efficient for transesterifying triglycerides with secondary alcohols to give branched alkyl esters. Conditions were established for converting tallow to short‐chain alkyl esters at more than 90% conversion. These same conditions also proved effective for transesterfying vegetable oils and high fatty acid‐containing feedstocks to their respective alkyl ester derivatives.
Fundamental observations on multicast congestion control in the Internet (1999)

We study congestion control for one-to-many multicast applications in the Internet and establish a three-way relationship between the choice of regulation parameter (i.e., rate or window size), the requirement to estimate receiver round trip times, and the type of fairness that may be accomplished. In particular, we show that in order to provide TCP-compatible fairness in rate-based regulation, receiver round trip times must be known. However, such a requirement does not exist in window-based regulation. We further show that measurement of receiver round-trip times in multicast communication, is fundamentally different and more complex than unicast communication, in order to avoid implosion of acknowledgments at the source. A major part of the paper deals with extending window-based regulation to multicast communications. We show that window-based regulation using a common window-size for the whole session leads to unnecessary restrictions on the throughput. To alleviate this problem, we propose a multicast window scheme using a distinct window size for each receiver, and enforcing it as the limit on the number of outstanding packets to that receiver. The complexity of window-based regulation can be defused by a receiver-driven implementation and by consolidation of receiver feedback in successive stages, e.g., using a hierarchical architecture. This hierarchical approach is also useful for scalable consolidation of receiver feedback in the case of rate-based regulation, and for distributed estimation of receiver round trip times, when such estimation is necessary.
Two-dimensional spatially selective spin inversion and spin-echo refocusing with a single nuclear magnetic resonance pulse (1987)

A new class of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulses that provides simultaneous spatially selective inversion of nuclear spins in two dimensions following a single pulse application is described and demonstrated. The two-dimensional selective pulses consist of a single square- or amplitude-modulated π rf pulse applied in the presence of an amplitude-modulated magnetic field gradient that reorients through the two dimensions during the rf pulse. For example, square and Gaussian rf pulses produce sharply peaked sombrero-, egg-carton-, and stalagmite-shaped profiles of spin inversion in the xz plane when applied in the presence of a gradient that rotates or describes a figure eight in the xz plane. The theoretical profiles, computed by numerical integration of the Bloch equation, are in good agreement with experimental results obtained by incorporating the pulses into a conventional NMR imaging sequence. The pulses are directly applicable to restricted field-of-view high-resolution imaging for the amelioration of aliasing signal artifacts, and when combined with one-dimensional localized phosphorus (31P) chemical shift spectroscopy techniques that employ surface detection coils, should permit complete three-dimensionally localized 31P NMR spectroscopy. The π pulses provide similar two-dimensional spatial selectivity of the transverse nuclear magnetization when used for refocusing Hahn spin echoes.
Estimating workpiece pose using the feature points method (1980)

The ability of a robot to estimate workpiece pose is necessary for many industrial tasks. An automatic method of visually estimating the pose of a workpiece in a robot hand has been investigated. This method is applicable to workpieces that have six continuous unknown degrees of freedom. Furthermore, partial occlusion of the workpiece by the robot hand is allowed. Workpiece pose was estimated using the three-dimensional locations of at least three noncollinear workpiece feature points. A second view of the workpiece was obtained by rotating the workpiece in front of the camera. Corresponding image features on the second view were found by searching along lines on the image which were determined by the rotation of the workpiece. A very accurate camera calibration procedure has been developed to compute rays in space from image locations. The location of workpiece features was computed by trigonometric relations between rays of corresponding image features from two views of the workpiece. The pose of a workpiece was estimated by the correspondence between the workpiece features located and the feature points of a workpiece model. Experiments have been performed on a complete functional system. The major limitation of the current system was due to the image feature extraction algorithm which only detected corners and small holes.
A phase Ib/II trial of indomethacin and enzalutamide to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). (2018)

TPS394 Background: Enzalutamide (Enza) and abiraterone (Abi) are commonly used to treat CRPC. Resistance is the most common cause of treatment failure. We discovered that a critical steroidogenic enzyme AKR1C3 was significantly elevated and contributed to intratumoral androgen synthesis in Enza-resistant prostate cancer cells and tumors. Overexpression of AKR1C3 induced androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) expression, while inhibition of AKR1C3 downregulated AR-V7. We then discovered that indomethacin (Indo) inhibited AKR1C3 activation and sensitized resistant CRPC cells to Enza and Abi. One patient accidentally took Indo and achieved biochemical as well as radiological response of his prostate cancer. These findings prompted us to design a clinical trial to test the combination of Indo with Enza for the treatment of CRPC and to study the underlying mechanisms of action and resistance. Methods: This investigator-initiated single-arm Phase Ib/II trial enrolls patients with progressive CRPC after Abi, adequate vital organ function, ECOG performance status 0-2, and serum testosterone < 50 ng/dl. Major exclusion criteria include prior Enza treatment, brain metastasis and history of seizure. In the Phase Ib cohort, patients receive Enza 160 mg po qd and Indo 50 mg po tid to determine toxicity. The Phase II expansion will enroll 26 patients with 21 evaluable patients. This sample size provides 90% power to detect, at the 0.05 level (1-sided), the difference between a PSA response rate of 50% expected with the study treatment and a historical control of 20% with Enza alone. Co-primary endpoints are safety and PSA response of ≥50% decrease. Secondary endpoints include overall response rate as determined by the Prostate Cancer Working Group 2 criteria (PCWG2), progression-free survival and overall survival. Molecular correlative studies are exploratory endpoints. Serum and intratumoral androgen levels, full-length AR, AR-V7 and AKR1C3 will be measured to assess the effect of the combination therapy. To date, 4 patients have been enrolled to the trial (clinicaltrials.gov Identifier No: NCT02935205; this trial is funded by DoD Prostate Cancer Research Program IMPACT award). Clinical trial information: NCT02935205.
Automating the design of image processing pipelines for novel color filter arrays: local, linear, learned (L<sup>3</sup>) method (2014)

The high density of pixels in modern color sensors provides an opportunity to experiment with new color filter array (CFA) designs. A significant bottleneck in evaluating new designs is the need to create demosaicking, denoising and color transform algorithms tuned for the CFA. To address this issue, we developed a method(local, linear, learned or L<sup>3</sup>) for automatically creating an image processing pipeline. In this paper we describe the L<sup>3</sup> algorithm and illustrate how we created a pipeline for a CFA organized as a 2×2 RGB/Wblock containing a clear (W) pixel. Under low light conditions, the L<sup>3</sup> pipeline developed for the RGB/W CFA produces images that are superior to those from a matched Bayer RGB sensor. We also use L<sup>3</sup> to learn pipelines for other RGB/W CFAs with different spatial layouts. The L<sup>3</sup> algorithm shortens the development time for producing a high quality image pipeline for novel CFA designs.
Abstract 3112: HMGB1 and its isoform are sensitive and specific biomarkers to detect asbestos exposure and to identify mesothelioma patients (2016)

Abstract Millions of people have been potentially exposed to asbestos, the primary cause of malignant mesothelioma (MM). Presently, no reliable biomarkers are available to identify among potentially exposed people, those individuals who have actually been exposed and who are at high risk of MM. High Mobility Group Box Protein-1 (HMGB1) is a key mediator of asbestos-induced inflammation and MM pathogenesis. Recently, HMGB1 hyper-acetylation has been functionally associated to its active release by inflammatory cells. Here, we compared the serum levels of total and hyper-acetylated HMGB1 in individuals professionally exposed to asbestos, MM patients and healthy unexposed controls. HMGB1 serum levels reliably distinguished asbestos-exposed individuals and MM patients from unexposed controls. Moreover, the levels of total and hyper-acetylated HMGB1 were significantly higher in MM patients compared to asbestos-exposed individuals, and did not vary with tumor stage, suggesting that early lesions are also associated to increased HMGB1 levels. At a cutoff value of 2.00 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of hyper-acetylated serum HMGB1 in differentiating MM patients from asbestos-exposed individuals was 100%, outperforming, in parallel experiments, other previously proposed biomarkers: osteopontin, fibulin-3, and mesothelin. When comparing MM patients to patients with other non-MM cytologically benign or malignant pleural effusion, the combination of two biomarkers, HMGB1 and fibulin-3, provided the highest sensitivity and specificity in differentiating these two groups. We propose total and hyper-acetylated HMGB1 as valuable biomarkers to differentiate MM patients from individuals professionally exposed to asbestos and from unexposed people. Citation Format: Andrea Napolitano, Daniel J. Antoine, Laura Pellegrini, Francine Baumann, Ian Pagano, Sandra Pastorino, Chandra M. Goparaju, Kirill Prokrym, Claudia Canino, Harvey I. Pass, Michele Carbone, Haining Yang. HMGB1 and its isoform are sensitive and specific biomarkers to detect asbestos exposure and to identify mesothelioma patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3112.