gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tagging CO<sub>2</sub> to Enable Quantitative Inventories of Geological Carbon Storage (2014)

In the wake of concerns about the long term integrity and containment of sub-surface CO2 sequestration reservoirs, many efforts have been made to improve the monitoring, verification, and accounting methods for geo-sequestered CO2. Our project aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of a system designed to tag CO2 with carbon isotope 14C immediately prior to sequestration to a level that is normal on the surface (one part per trillion). Because carbon found at depth is naturally free of 14C, this tag would easily differentiate pre-existing carbon from anthropogenic injected carbon and provide an excellent handle for monitoring its whereabouts in the subsurface. It also creates an excellent handle for adding up anthropogenic carbon inventories. Future inventories in effect count 14C atoms. Accordingly, we have developed a 14C tagging system suitable for use at the part-per-trillion level. This system consists of a gas-exchange apparatus to make disposable cartridges ready for controlled injection into a fast flowing stream of pressurized CO2. We built a high-pressure injection and tagging system, and a 14C detection system. The disposable cartridge and injection system have been successfully demonstrated in the lab with a high-pressure flow reactor, as well as in the field at the CarbFix CO2 sequestration site in Iceland. The laser-based 14C detection system originally conceived has been shown to possess inadequate sensitivity for ambient levels. Alternative methods for detecting 14C, such as saturated cavity absorption ringdown spectroscopy and scintillation counting, may still be suitable. KEYWORDS
A Technique for Estimating RMS Waveheight and Dominant Wave Period Using A Coherent Shipboard Radar (1984)

Techniques are described which utilize a marine navigation radar to measure dominant wave period and radar Doppler spectral characteristics of sea scatter, and allow an estimate of rms wave height. Along with a measure of the sea surface radar cross section, one can then estimate wind stress, including both gravity and capillary wave contributions. Such techniques could ultimately be used to provide surface truth for satellite remote sensors, as well as serve a source of synoptic data if a sufficient number of commercial vessels were equipped appropriately. We also present some preliminary experimental measurements from a program utilizing NOAA and Navy resources.
Thermal-anneal wavelength modification of multiple-well <i>p</i>-<i>n</i> Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i> As-GaAs quantum-well lasers (1984)

Data are presented showing that ordinary thermal annealing can be used to modify GaAs square wells into rounded AlxGa1−xAs quantum wells and shift the continuous 300-K laser operation of a p-n multiple-well AlxGa1−xAs–GaAs heterostructure laser to higher energy. Transmission electron microscopy is used to show that thermal annealing at 900 °C for 10-h changes, for example, well sizes from 85 to 105 Å and coupling barriers from 95 to 75 Å, which results in a change of laser photon energy of Δℏω∼50 meV. Bandfilling is minimal in multiple quantum-well lasers, thus making thermal annealing a useful method to ‘‘tune’’ a continuous 300-K quantum-well laser to shorter wavelength as shown here. These thermal annealing experiments indicate that the Al-Ga interdiffusion coefficient at a heterointerface is D(900)∼10−18 cm2/s.
Analysis and design of monolithic, high PSR, linear regulators for SoC applications (2004)

Linear regulators are critical analog blocks that shield a system from fluctuations in supply rails and the importance of determining their power supply rejection (PSR) performance is magnified in SoC systems, given their inherently noisy environments. In this work, a simple, intuitive, voltage divider model is introduced to analyze the PSR of linear regulators, from which design guidelines for obtaining high PSR performance are derived. The PSR of regulators that use PMOS output stages for low drop-out (LDO), crucial for modern low-voltage systems, is enhanced by error amplifiers which present a supply-correlated ripple at the gate of the PMOS pass device. On the other hand, amplifiers that suppress the supply ripple at their output are optimal for NMOS output stages since the source is now free from output ripple. A better PSR bandwidth, at the cost of dc PSR, can be obtained by interchanging the amplifiers in the two cases. It has also been proved that the dc PSR, its dominant frequency breakpoint (where performance starts to degrade), and three subsequent breakpoints are determined by the dc open-loop gain, error amplifier bandwidth, unity-gain frequency (UGF) of the system, output pole, and ESR zero, respectively. These results were verified with SPICE simulations using BSIM3 models for the TSMC 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process from MOSIS.
[<sup>18</sup>F]-SuPAR: A Radiofluorinated Probe for Noninvasive Imaging of DNA Damage-Dependent Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Activity (2019)

Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes generate poly(ADP ribose) post-translational modifications on target proteins for an array of functions centering on DNA and cell stress. PARP isoforms 1 and 2 are critically charged with the surveillance of DNA integrity and are the first line guardians of the genome against DNA breaks. Here we present a novel probe ([<sup>18</sup>F]-SuPAR) for noninvasive imaging of PARP-1/2 activity using positron emission tomography (PET). [<sup>18</sup>F]-SuPAR is a radiofluorinated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) analog that can be recognized by PARP-1/2 and incorporated into the long branched polymers of poly(ADP ribose) (PAR). The measurement of PARP-1/2 activity was supported by a reduction of radiotracer uptake in vivo following PARP-1/2 inhibition with talazoparib treatment, a potent PARP inhibitor recently approved by FDA for treatment of breast cancer, as well as ex vivo colocalization of radiotracer analog and poly(ADP ribose). With [<sup>18</sup>F]-SuPAR, we were able to map the dose- and time-dependent activation of PARP-1/2 following radiation therapy in breast and cervical cancer xenograft mouse models. Tumor response to therapy was determined by [<sup>18</sup>F]-SuPAR PET within 8 h of administration of a single dose of radiation equivalent to one round of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy.
Genetic Variants Associated With Phenytoin-Related Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (2014)

This study identified CYP2C variants, including CYP2C9*3, known to reduce drug clearance, as important genetic factors associated with phenytoin-related severe cutaneous adverse reactions.
The impact of melting during reset operation on the reliability of phase change memory (2012)

Operation impact on endurance performance in GST-based phase change memory is investigated from small arrays to large test chips. SET operation induced electromigration and phase segregation are observed. For the first time, the RESET melting healing effect is proposed to partially repair the SET induced damage and further extend the endurance. This concept can be easily implemented by accordingly designing the control circuits.
Extracting the heart rate variability from an electrocardiogram sampled at a very low frequency (2003)

Our study focuses on a new method of estimating the heart rate variability (HRV) which does not need the use of R-wave detection from the electrocardiogram (ECG). Contrary to this detection method which requires a sampling frequency higher than 100 Hz, the one proposed here could calculate the HRV from an ECG signal sampled around 5 Hz with a mean error of 0.03 beats/sup -1/. The method also worked efficiently to extract the HRV from an ECG measured from a subject in an exercise condition. The overall error was smaller as we low-pass filtered the heart rate variability.
Frequency domain simultaneous tone interrogation for faster, sweep-free Brillouin distributed sensing (2011)

We propose a frequency-sweep-free method for a SBS sensor, where the Brillouin shift is determined without the need of sweeping the frequency of any of the optical waves. This is implemented by generating simultaneous frequency tones in both probe and pump channels and by properly arranging their frequency values. The closest tone to the Brillouin shift receives the most amplification, and thus the Brillouin gain frequency center can be obtained from a single measurement. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility with CW probes and pumps. The extension to a fast sweep-free Brillouin optical time domain sensing is performed through detailed simulations.
Widely tunable long-period fibre gratings (1999)

The authors report the realisation of a new type of long-period fibre grating with an enhanced temperature sensitivity of 80 nm/100°C by the use of specially-designed fibre structures incorporating polymers. These new gratings should enable broadly tunable filters for communications systems.
A Phage Single-Stranded DNA (ssDNA) Binding Protein Complements ssDNA Accumulation of a Geminivirus and Interferes with Viral Movement (1999)

Geminiviruses are plant viruses with circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes encapsidated in double icosahedral particles. Tomato leaf curl geminivirus (ToLCV) requires coat protein (CP) for the accumulation of ssDNA in protoplasts and in plants but not for systemic infection and symptom development in plants. In the absence of CP, infected protoplasts accumulate reduced levels of ssDNA and increased amounts of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), compared to accumulation in the presence of wild-type virus. To determine whether the gene 5 protein (g5p), a ssDNA binding protein from Escherichia coli phage M13, could restore the accumulation of ssDNA, ToLCV that lacked the CP gene was modified to express g5p or g5p fused to the N-terminal 66 amino acids of CP (CP66:6G:g5). The modified viruses led to the accumulation of wild-type levels of ssDNA and high levels of dsDNA. The accumulation of ssDNA was apparently due to stable binding of g5p to viral ssDNA. The high levels of dsDNA accumulation during infections with the modified viruses suggested a direct role for CP in viral DNA replication. ToLCV that produced the CP66:6G:g5 protein did not spread efficiently in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, and inoculated plants developed only very mild symptoms. In infected protoplasts, the CP66:6G:g5 protein was immunolocalized to nuclei. We propose that the fusion protein interferes with the function of the BV1 movement protein and thereby prevents spread of the infection.
Mechanical Performance of Nanostructured Thermoplastic Polyimide Films (2010)

The effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical performance, namely, strength, fracture resistance, and creep recovery of polyimide (PI) films, were investigated by testing different formulations of PI/MWCNTs films. The loadings of MWCNTs used were 0.1 and 0.5 wt%. A novel method of dispersing MWCNTs in PI was developed and optimized. The processing conditions for fabricating PI films have also been developed and optimized. The mechanical performance of the optimized PI films was evaluated. It was found that the strength of the PI films dried at 60°C increased by 55% and 72% for the 0.1% MWCNT and 0.5% MWCNT loadings, respectively, while the fracture resistance increased by 23% for the 0.1% MWCNTs and then decreases at a loading of 0.5% MWCNTs. The strength of the neat and nanostructured films increased after annealing. However, there was a shift in the annealing temperature at which the maximum strength occurs as the MWCNT loadings increased. The fracture resistance of all the samples increased at an annealing temperature of 150°C and then decreased as the temperature continued to increase up to 250°C. Creep recovery studies showed that the compliance of the PI films decreased with increasing MWCNT loading at room temperature and increases for all the samples as the testing temperature increases to 200°C. Also, the viscosity and percentage strain recovery of the samples increased with increasing MWCNT loading and decreased with increasing temperature. Generally, the percentage strain recovery is between 85%, for samples tested at high temperatures (200°C), and 94%, for those tested at low temperatures (25°C).
Selective In Vitro Anticancer Effect of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded in Hyaluronan Polymeric Micelles (2014)

Due to its native origin, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, hyaluronan (HA) represents an attractive polymer for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) coating. Herein, we report HA polymeric micelles encapsulating oleic acid coated SPIONs, having a hydrodynamic size of about 100 nm and SPION loading capacity of 1-2 wt %. The HA-SPION polymeric micelles were found to be selectively cytotoxic toward a number of human cancer cell lines, mainly those of colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29). The selective inhibition of cell growth was even observed when the SPION loaded HA polymeric micelles were incubated with a mixture of control and cancer cells. The selective in vitro inhibition could not be connected with an enhanced CD44 uptake or radical oxygen species formation and was rather connected with a different way of SPION intracellular release. While aggregated iron particles were visualized in control cells, nonaggregated solubilized iron oxide particles were detected in cancer cells. In vivo SPION accumulation in intramuscular tumor following an intravenous micelle administration was confirmed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histological analysis. Having a suitable hydrodynamic size, high magnetic relaxivity, and being cancer specific and able to accumulate in vivo in tumors, SPION-loaded HA micelles represent a promising platform for theranostic applications.
Unified, Efficient, and Scalable Synthesis of Halichondrins: Zirconium/Nickel‐Mediated One‐Pot Ketone Synthesis as the Final Coupling Reaction (2017)

Abstract Unified, efficient, and scalable syntheses of the halichondrin natural products are reported. A newly developed Zr/Ni‐mediated one‐pot ketone synthesis was used to couple the two halves of the final product at a late stage in the synthesis. With the use of a slight excess of the left halves, the desired ketones were isolated in yields of 80–90 %. The halichondrins were obtained from these ketones in two steps, namely desilylation and [5,5]‐spiroketal formation. The new synthetic route was effective for the total synthesis of all members in the homohalichondrin subgroup. The scalability of this process was demonstrated with halichondrin B; 150 mg of halichondrin B (68 % overall yield) were obtained from 200 mg of the right‐half precursor.
232. Oocytes prevent bovine cumulus cell apoptosis by maintaining a morphogenic paracrine gradient of bone morphogenetic proteins (2005)

Paracrine factors secreted by the oocyte regulate a broad range of cumulus cell (CC) functions. Previously we have shown that the low incidence of apoptosis in CCs is due to unidentified oocyte-secreted factors (OSF) acting in an anti-apoptotic manner. Here we examine the nature of the paracrine network of oocyte BMP growth factors and their binding proteins regulating CC apoptosis. Bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were aspirated from abattoir-derived ovaries and oocytes microsurgically removed to create oocytectomized (OOX) complexes. OOX were treated with denuded oocytes (DO) or various growth factors for 24 h, then CC apoptosis was assessed using TUNEL together with confocal microscopy plus image analysis and by Western blotting for Bcl-2 and Bax. CC apoptosis was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by DO, bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), BMP6 or BMP7 as assessed by TUNEL. Accordingly, expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was high in OOX+DO and OOX+BMP15, and low with OOX+GDF9 and OOX alone, whereas the reverse was observed for pro-apoptotic Bax. Combined treatment of OOXs with BMP6 and BMP15 did not further decrease apoptosis levels beyond that of BMP15 alone (P > 0.05), suggesting no additive effect of these two BMPs. Follistatin (FS) effectively antagonized BMP15 anti-apoptotic effects, and likewise, a BMP6 neutralizing antibody (NAb) antagonized the inhibitory effect of BMP6. Gremlin blocked BMP7 anti-apoptotic effects on CCs, but had no significant effect on BMP15. FS or BMP6. NAb antagonized ~50% of the anti-apoptotic activity of oocytes; however, these effects were not additive suggesting the additional involvement of other OSF. These results indicate for the first time that OSF (BMP15 and BMP6 in particular) maintains the low incidence of CC apoptosis by establishing a localized morphogenic gradient of bone morphogenetic proteins.
Magnetic Switching of Charge Separation Lifetimes in Artificial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers (1998)

Excitation of a triad artificial photosynthetic reaction center consisting of a porphyrin (P) covalently linked to a fullerene electron acceptor (C60) and a carotenoid secondary donor (C) leads to the formation of a long-lived C•+−P−C60•- charge-separated state via photoinduced electron transfer. This reaction occurs in a frozen organic glass down to at least 8 K. At 77 K, charge recombination of C•+−P−C60•- occurs on the microsecond time scale, and yields solely the carotenoid triplet state. In the presence of a small (20 mT) static magnetic field, the lifetime of the charge-separated state is increased by 50%. This is ascribed to the effect of the magnetic field on interconversion of the singlet and triplet biradicals. At zero field, the initially formed singlet biradical state is in equilibrium with the three triplet biradical sublevels, and all four states have comparable populations. Decay to the carotenoid triplet only occurs from the three triplet sublevels. In the presence of the field, the S and T0 states are still rapidly interconverting, but the T+ and T- states are isolated from the other two due to the electronic Zeeman interaction, and are not significantly populated. Under these conditions, recombination to the triplet occurs only from T0, and the lifetime of the charge-separated state increases. This effect can be used as the basis for a magnetically controlled optical or optoelectronic switch (AND gate).
Room temperature source of single photons of definite polarization (2007)

A definite polarization in fluorescence from single emitters (dye molecules) at room temperature is demonstrated. A planar-aligned, nematic liquid-crystal host provides definite alignment of single dye molecules in a preferred direction. Well-defined polarized fluorescence from single emitters (single photon source) is important for applications in photonic quantum information. Polarized single-photon sources based on single emitters, for example, are key hardware elements both for absolutely secure quantum communication and quantum computation systems.
A maximum a posteriori MIMO detector using recursive metric computations (2006)

A complexity reduction technique for soft-output maximum a posteriori probability detection in wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels using rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations is derived. In contrast to existing low-complexity detection schemes that reduce the number of candidate tests, we instead focus on lowering the computational burden per candidate. The search over a large number of hypotheses to generate output L-values is facilitated by a doubly recursive mechanism, exploiting differential updates of the distance metrics from candidate to candidate. Moreover, the search over all transmit candidates is simplified using a hierarchical "triangular" (zig-zag) shaped candidate scanning order. The technique is derived conceptually using mathematical terms, and then illustrated by means of a 2 times 2 MIMO system using 64-QAM modulation. Under certain practical assumptions, the new scheme is shown to reduce the overall number of operations per candidate by a factor of about 50-100. While the concept is demonstrated by means of the exhaustive search case, it can be combined with other search-based MIMO detection techniques such as spherical decoding
Real-time control policy for single-arm cluster tools with residency time constraints and activity time variation by using Petri net (2012)

With wafer residency time constraints, to obtain a feasible schedule for cluster tools is to balance the wafer sojourn time to some extent among the processing steps. However, the wafer sojourn time fluctuation caused by activity time variation can result in the violation of residency time constraint at some step such that a feasible schedule under the assumption of deterministic activity times may become infeasible. Thus, it is a great challenge to operate a cluster tool subject to wafer residency time constraints and activity time variation. This paper addresses the real-time operation issues of single-arm cluster tools. The system is modeled by a Petri net. With this model, a real-time control policy is proposed to offset the activity variation as much as possible by dynamically adjusting the robot waiting times. In this way, an off-line schedule under deterministic activity times is made to be adaptable to certain activity time disturbance such that it becomes feasible. An illustrative example is given to show the applications of the work.
Bead Compacts. I. Effect of Compression on Maintenance of Polymer Coat Integrity in Multilayered Bead Formulations (1998)

Little information is available on the compactability of beads for oral sustained-release dosage forms. It is known that polymer-coated beads may fuse together to produce a non-disintegrating controlled-release matrix tablet when compressed. This study evaluates the effect of compression on beads with multiple layers of polymer and drug coat, and the effect of cushioning excipients and compaction pressure on drug release from compressed bead formulations. The multilayered beads consist of several alternating layers of acetaminophen (APAP) and polymer coats (Aquacoat) with an outer layer of mannitol as a cushioning excipient. Percent drug release versus time profiles showed that the release of drug decreases from noncompacted beads as the amount and number of coatings increases, with only 43% of drug released in 24 hr for coated beads with 10 layers. It was shown that the compacted multilayered beads will disintegrate in gastrointestinal fluids, providing a useful drug release pattern. It was shown that beads of drug prepared by any method can be spray-layered with excipients such as Avicel and mannitol. Spray-layering of the cushioning excipient onto beads can provide an effective way to circumvent segregation issues associated with mixing of the polymer-coated beads and powdered or spherical/nonspherical cushioning excipients. Spray layering of the cushioning excipient can also provide excellent flow properties of the final formulation as visually observed in our experiments. Triple-layered caplets (TLC) were also prepared with outer layers of Avicel PH-101 or polyethylene oxide (PEO), and a center layer of polymer-coated beads. For TLC, the polymer coating on the beads fractured, and nondisintegrating matrix formulations were obtained with both caplet formulations.