gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydration of Ionomers and Schroeder’s Paradox in Nafion (2008)

Schroeder's paradox, i.e., different uptake of a liquid solvent and its vapor, is analyzed for ionomers in general and Nafion in particular within a proposed general model of hydrated ionomers. The model considers four types of energy involved in a microphase-separated hydrated ionomer: hydration (solvation) of ionic groups, interfacial energy, and two distinct types of elastic energy associated, respectively, with inflation of the matrix upon hydration and varying stretching of the corona regions adjacent to the microscopic interface. By analyzing equilibrium in the bulk and surface regions of the polymer using approximate phenomenological relations for each contribution, it is shown that Schroeder's paradox is a consequence of a composite interfacial-elastic "Laplace" pressure that is exerted on the aqueous microphase in equilibrium with a solvent vapor but exactly cancels out in equilibrium with a liquid as a result of structural rearrangements starting from the surface. The crucial difference with the previous models is association of this pressure with the microscopic polymer-liquid interface. The model conforms to the general picture of structural evolution of Nafion in the full range of hydrations and to the available scattering data, indicating a 2D morphology in a wide hydration range. It also allows for analysis of realistic nonequilibrium hydrated states stabilized by a transient rigidity of the matrix, apparently characteristic of Nafion at ambient conditions. Available data on hydrated Nafion strongly suggests that transient rigidity may be responsible for many of its unusual properties, such as unique morphologies, high conductivity, and its loss at high temperatures. Slow relaxation in the bulk and at the surface may also explain the controversies regarding observation of Schroeder's paradox and the importance of thermal and hydration history.
Removing Shadows Using Background Features in the Images of a Surveillance Camera (2013)

In the image processing for VS (Video Surveillance), the detection of moving entities in a monitored scene is an important step. A background subtraction technique has been widely employed to find the moving entities. However, the extracted foreground regions often include not only real entities but also their cast shadows, and this can cause errors in following image processing steps, such as tracking, recognition, and analysis. In this paper, a novel technique is proposed to determine the shadow pixels of moving objects in the foreground image of a VS camera. Compared to existing techniques where the same decision criteria are applied to all moving pixels, the proposed technique determines shadow pixels using local features based on two facts: First, the amount of pixel intensity drop due to a shadow depends on the intensity level of background. Second, the distribution pattern of pixel intensities remains even if a shadow is cast. The proposed method has been tested at various situations with different backgrounds and moving humans in different colors.
A Cellular Repressor of E1A-Stimulated Genes That Inhibits Activation by E2F (1998)

The adenovirus E1A protein both activates and represses gene expression to promote cellular proliferation and inhibit differentiation. Here we report the identification and characterization of a cellular protein that antagonizes transcriptional activation and cellular transformation by E1A. This protein, termed CREG for cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes, shares limited sequence similarity with E1A and binds both the general transcription factor TBP and the tumor suppressor pRb in vitro. In transfection assays, CREG represses transcription and antagonizes 12SE1A-mediated activation of both the adenovirus E2 and cellular hsp70 promoters. CREG also antagonizes E1A-mediated transformation, as expression of CREG reduces the efficiency with which E1A and the oncogene ras cooperate to transform primary cells. Binding sites for E2F, a key transcriptional regulator of cell cycle progression, were found to be required for repression of the adenovirus E2 promoter by CREG, and CREG was shown to inhibit activation by E2F. Since both the adenovirus E1A protein and transcriptional activation by E2F function to promote cellular proliferation, the results presented here suggest that CREG activity may contribute to the transcriptional control of cell growth and differentiation.
Influence of the pore architecture on the selective conversion of ethene to propene and butenes over medium pore zeolites (2016)

Conversion of ethene on selected zeolites structures allowed for high selectivities for propene and butenes.
Where am I? What am I looking at? (cinematography) (1988)

The author considers the problem, in making space movies, of figuring out where to place the camera and in what direction to point it to get an interesting picture. He develops an approach whereby the program is told what is to appear on the screen and determines where to place and point the camera. He bases the approach on the standard 'look at' transformation. >
[no title] (1974)

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Localization of Faults in Radix-n Signed Digit Adders (2006)

It is widely known that an adder can be checked by using check symbols that are residues of the numbers modulo some base. This paper extends this characteristic to a radix r signed digit (SD) representation. The confinement of the carry operation can also be exploited to localize the faulty resources in the SD adder and to reconfigure the adder in order to work with a reduced dynamic range. The fault localization procedure is presented in this paper and the reconfiguration the SD adder after the fault localization is discussed
Imaging of metals and metal-containing species in biological tissues and on gels by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): A new analytical strategy for applications in life sciences (2008)

Abstract Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has become established as a very efficient and sensitive trace, ultratrace, and surface analytical technique in the life sciences. We have developed a new analytical imaging technique using LA-ICP-MS to study element distribution in biological tissues. Nowadays, LA imaging ICP-MS using double-focusing sector field (LA-ICP-SFMS) or quadrupole-based mass spectrometers (LA-ICP-QMS) can be applied as an exciting tool providing new information on the pathophysiology, pharmacology, and toxicology of elements of interest in biological systems. The quantitative determination of elements (e.g., Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, and others) in biological tissues is of growing interest especially in brain research (e.g., for studying neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease). LA-ICP-SFMS was employed to produce images of detailed regionally specific element distributions in thin tissue sections of different sizes (such as control human or rat brain tissues or tumor regions). In addition, imaging MS using LA-ICP-QMS was applied to study the uptake and transport of nutrient and toxic elements in plant tissues. Besides the quantitative imaging of essential and toxic elements in tissues, powerful analytical techniques are also required for the determination and characterization of phosphoproteins and metal-containing proteins within a large pool of proteins, after electrophoretic separation (e.g., blue native, BN and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE) into 1D and 2D gels. LA-ICP-MS was used to detect metalloproteins in protein bands of 1D gels or protein spots separated after 2D gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). In addition to elemental determination by LA-ICP-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS was employed to identify metal-containing proteins. Recent progress will be discussed in applying LA-ICP-MS in the life sciences, including the imaging of thin slices of tissue and applications in proteome analysis in combination with MALDI-MS to investigate phosphoproteins and metal-containing proteins.
Antipsychotic drugs: atypical advantages and typical disadvantages (2003)

Atypical antipsychotic drugs are recommended for the first line treatment of all patients with schizophrenia. This is because it has been demonstrated that atypical antipsychotic drugs are more effective across a broader range of symptoms of schizophrenia than typical antipsychotic drugs and because they are dramatically less likely to cause the extrapyramidal and endocrine side effects that greatly impair quality of life for patients and reduce their willingness to adhere to maintenance treatment. Atypical antipsychotic drugs are not perfect but they are the most effective and the safest treatment for schizophrenia presently available. The atypical antipsychotic drugs currently marketed in Ireland for the first line treatment of schizophrenia include amisulpride, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. These agents differ somewhat in chemical class, indications, daily dose range, need for titration, daily dosing regimen and available formulations (see Table 1). Clozapine is marketed for patients unresponsive to, or intolerant of, other antipsychotic drugs and must thus be regarded as a second line treatment for schizophrenia. Zotepine is not yet available in Ireland while the marketing of sertindole has been suspended following reports of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac deaths.
Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among voluntary blood donors. (1989)

HIV infection was found among voluntary blood donors at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore (south India), the prevalence rate of infection among these donors being 1.63 per 1000. Based on these findings, the authors recommend that appropriate steps be taken immediately by all blood transfusion centres in India to evaluate the prevalence of HIV infection among blood donors and to prevent the transmission of the infection through blood transfusion.
A common metric for the Griffiths Scales (2002)

The GQ and individual scales from the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (2-8 years) have differing means and standard deviations. They differ from the common standard among developmental tests. Direct comparisons between Griffiths subscale scores and between the Griffiths and other test scores are therefore prone to misinterpretation. A corrective formula for Griffiths scores is supplied with tables for popularly used ranges.
The Dynamics and Control of a Biped Walking Robot With Seven Degrees of Freedom (1996)

This research studies the dynamics and motion control of a biped walking robot with seven degrees of freedom. The main features of the biped robot include variable length legs and a translatable balance weight in the body. The statically stable walking of the biped robot is implemented by maintaining the center-of-gravity (cg) inside the convex region of the supporting foot/feet during both single-support and double-support phases. The dynamically stable walking of the biped robot is realized by maintaining the zero moment point (ZMP), which is the virtual total ground reaction point, within the region of the supporting foot during the single-support phases. An implementation of a prototype biped BR-1 and its experimental walking test results are described. The biped robot is able to walk on an even floor both statically and dynamically. On a flat plane, the biped can walk with a speed of 8 cm/second statically, and 20 cm/second dynamically.
Endothelial extracellular vesicles contain protective proteins and rescue ischemia-reperfusion injury in a human heart-on-chip (2020)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various stem cell sources induce cardioprotective effects during ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). These have been attributed mainly to the antiapoptotic, proangiogenic, microRNA (miRNA) cargo within the stem cell-derived EVs. However, the mechanisms of EV-mediated endothelial signaling to cardiomyocytes, as well as their therapeutic potential toward ischemic myocardial injury, are not clear. EV content beyond miRNA that may contribute to cardioprotection has not been fully illuminated. This study characterized the protein cargo of human vascular endothelial EVs (EEVs) to identify lead cardioactive proteins and assessed the effect of EEVs on human laminar cardiac tissues (hlCTs) exposed to IRI. We mapped the protein content of human vascular EEVs and identified proteins that were previously associated with cellular metabolism, redox state, and calcium handling, among other processes. Analysis of the protein landscape of human cardiomyocytes revealed corresponding modifications induced by EEV treatment. To assess their human-specific cardioprotection in vitro, we developed a human heart-on-a-chip IRI assay using human stem cell-derived, engineered cardiac tissues. We found that EEVs alleviated cardiac cell death as well as the loss in contractile capacity during and after simulated IRI in an uptake- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that EEVs increased the respiratory capacity of normoxic cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that vascular EEVs rescue hlCTs exposed to IRI possibly by supplementing injured myocytes with cargo that supports multiple metabolic and salvage pathways and therefore may serve as a multitargeted therapy for IRI.
DNA Vaccine Molecular Adjuvants SP-D-BAFF and SP-D-APRIL Enhance Anti-gp120 Immune Response and Increase HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Titers (2015)

Recent identification of antibodies that neutralize most HIV-1 strains has revived hopes and efforts to create novel vaccines that can effectively stimulate HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. However, the multiple immune evasion properties of HIV have hampered these efforts. These include the instability of the gp120 trimer, the inaccessibility of the conserved sequences, highly variable protein sequences, and the loss of HIV-1-specific antibody-producing cells during development. We have shown previously that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily ligands, including BAFF and APRIL, can be multitrimerized using the lung protein SP-D (surfactant protein D), enhancing immune responses. Here we show that DNA or DNA-protein vaccines encoding BAFF or APRIL multitrimers, IL-12p70, and membrane-bound HIV-1 Env gp140 induced tier 1 and tier 2 neutralizing antibodies in a mouse model. BAFF and APRIL enhanced the immune reaction, improved antibody binding, and increased the numbers of anti-HIV-1 antibody-secreting cells. Adaptation of this vaccine design may prove useful in designing preventive HIV-1 vaccines for humans.
Subzero organ preservation (2017)

As the field of organ preservation undergoes significant development, the field of subzero preservation also receives renewed interest. Although many obstacles remain to be overcome to make subzero preservation feasible, novel techniques are beginning to show their potential in achieving long-term preservation.
Optimizing power consumption of always-on applications based on timer alignment (2011)

In modern smartphones there exist several applications that periodically establish data connection and/or send data to the network. For example, a mobile email application periodically checks for incoming messages from the server. Packet transmission is usually triggered by expiration of a timer. Wireless radio access resources are activated during transmission, which increases energy consumption of the terminal, particularly when connected over 3G network. Fortunately, timing requirements are usually not strict and therefore application timers can be grouped together by using a timer alignment method. In this paper, we present two timer alignment methods for reduction of energy consumption. In the first both minimum and maximum thresholds of timers are available for alignment, and in the second only the maximum timer value is available. One of the methods was tested in the real environment by using Nokia N97 mobile phone in two different cellular networks. In addition, both methods were tested with a large number of randomly generated timers to find out certain statistical properties of their behavior. The tests presented very promising results, maximal power savings were ~50%. However, the results depend on certain parameters of the cellular network.
Precision of ADC Gain and Offset Error Estimation with the Standard Histogram Test (2006)

Extensive dynamic testing of Analog to Digital Converters is often carried out using the Standard Histogram Test. With this test one can estimate the converter transfer function, including gain, offset error, integral and differential non-linearity. Since the Histogram Test is inherently a statistic test, the estimated parameters are random variables affected by bias and uncertainty. This paper verses specifically the precision of terminal based gain and offset error precision
Malignant tumors associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Five cases from a single surgical unit (2020)

Endoscopy combined with computed tomography and gastrointestinal imaging is of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of PJS, and pathological examination and gene detection are the gold standards for detecting malignant changes secondary to PJS. Some malignant polyps can be removed under endoscopy, and surgery is feasible when malignant polyps cannot be removed under an endoscope. For patients unable to achieve R0 resection, clinical symptoms should be relieved, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy could improve long-term prognosis. Meanwhile, close and regular surveillance should be conducted to prevent severe complications.
Perceptions and evaluation regarding clinical teaching among nursing students in a selected nursing college in Selangor (2016)

Background: Clinical teaching is an important and essential teaching tool in the clinical area. Clinical teaching and learning is essential for the development and progression of experiential nursing knowledge.
1979 – Cognitive Subtypes In Non-affected Siblings Of Patients With Schizophrenia: Characteristics And Profile Congruency With Affected Family Member (2013)

Introduction Although cognitive subtypes have been suggested in schizophrenia patients, similar analyses have not been carried out in their unaffected siblings. Subtype classification may provide more insight into genetically driven variation in cognitive function. Objectives/aims To investigate cognitive subtypes in siblings. Methods Cluster analyses were performed in 654 unaffected siblings, on a cognitive battery that included tests of attention, intellectual function, and episodic memory. Resulting subtypes in the siblings were analyzed for cognitive, demographical, and clinical characteristics and compared with that of their proband. Results Three sibling subtypes of cognitive function were distinguished: ‘normal’, ‘mixed’, and ‘impaired’. Normal profile siblings (n= 192) were unimpaired on cognitive tests, in contrast to their proband (n= 184). Mixed profile siblings (n= 228) and their probands (n= 222) had a more similar performance pattern. Impaired profile siblings had poorer functional outcomes (n= 234), and their profile was almost identical to that of their proband (n= 223). Probands with cognitively impaired siblings could be distinguished from other schizophrenia patients by their own cognitive performance. They also had poorer clinical characteristics, including achievement of symptomatic remission. Conclusions Unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia are heterogeneous with respect to cognitive function. The poorer the cognitive profile of the sibling, the higher the level of correspondence with the proband. The sibling's cognitive subtype was predictive for disease course in the proband. Distinguishing cognitive subtypes of unaffected siblings may be of relevance for genetic studies.
Design Principles for a Family of Direct-Drive Legged Robots (2016)

This letter introduces Minitaur, a dynamically running and leaping quadruped, which represents a novel class of direct-drive (DD) legged robots. We present a methodology that achieves the well-known benefits of DD robot design (transparency, mechanical robustness/efficiency, high-actuation bandwidth, and increased specific power), affording highly energetic behaviors across our family of machines despite severe limitations in specific force. We quantify DD drivetrain benefits using a variety of metrics, compare our machines' performance to previously reported legged platforms, and speculate on the potential broad-reaching value of “transparency” for legged locomotion.
Genetic modification of mammalian genome at chromosome level (2000)

The review is concerned with a progress in genetic modification of a mammalian genome in vitro and in vivo at chromosomal level. Recently three new approaches for the chromosome biotechnology have been developed: Using Cre/loxP-system a researcher is able to produce targeted rearrangements of whole chromosomes or their segments or particular genes within the genome, and therefore to modify the set, position and copy number of the endogenous elements of the genome. Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) provide a possibility to introduce into genome relatively large segments of alien chromosome material, either artificially constructed or derived from the genome of different species. Using ES-somatic cell hybrids allows to transfer whole chromosomes or their fragments between different genomes within and between species. Advantages and limitations of these approaches are discussed.
Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour (2001)

There are strong suggestions of benefit for oxytocin in terms of postpartum haemorrhage, and the need for therapeutic oxytocics, but without sufficient information about other outcomes and side-effects it is difficult to be confident about the trade-offs for these benefits, especially if the risk of manual removal of the placenta may be increased. There seems little evidence in favour of ergot alkaloids alone compared to either oxytocin alone, or to Syntometrine, but the data are sparse. More trials are needed in domiciliary deliveries in developing countries, which shoulder most of the burden of third stage complications.