gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The design of split row-column addressing array for 2D transducer (2014)

Real-time 3D ultrasonic imaging with 2D array is difficult to implement because of the challenge in fabricating and interconnecting the 2D transducer array with a large number of elements. Row-column addressing provides a simple manufacturing method with 2N connections rather than N<sup>2</sup> for an N×N array. The top and bottom electrodes of the transducer are designed to be orthogonal, resulting in essentially two orthogonal1-D arrays in a single transducer. However, this interconnection scheme degrades the image quality because of defocusing in column direction in transmit event. To solve this problem, a split row-column addressing (SRCA) scheme is proposed in this paper. Rather than connecting all the elements in the column direction together, the array is divided into several disconnected blocks. This method can access focusing beams in both row and column directions. Selecting an appropriate split scheme is the key to maintaining a reasonable trade off in image quality and the number of connections. The relation between the number of split and the corresponding main-lobe width is discussed. The simulated point spread functions of 32×32 array with and without split row-column addressing are given out. The result shows the image quality is similar to fully addressing for 32×32 array in case of five blocks with 4, 6, 12, 6, and 4 elements of each block.
Precision microfilters as an all in one system for multiplex analysis of circulating tumor cells (2016)

Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from cancer patient blood is an established diagnostic assay used to evaluate patient status as a singleplex test. However, in the coming age of personalized medicine, multiplex analysis of patient CTCs, including proteomic and genomic techniques, will have to be integrated with CTC isolation platform technologies. Advancements in microfabrication have demonstrated that CTCs can be isolated and analyzed using microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices. However, to date, most microfluidic devices are either still in the development phase, not applicable to all clinical tests, or are not commercially available. To overcome these discrepancies, we describe an all-in-one device for the isolation and multiplexing of clinically applicable CTC assays. Microfilters present an ideal lab-on-a-chip platform for analysis of CTCs as non-toxic and inert materials allow for a multitude of tests from cell growth through clinical staining techniques, all without background interference. Lithographically fabricated microfilters, can be made with high porosity, precise pore dimensions, arrayed pore distribution, and optimized for CTC size-based isolation. In this study we describe microfilter use in isolation and <i>in situ</i> analysis of CTCs using multiple sequential techniques including culture, FISH, histopathological analysis, H&E staining, photobleaching and re-staining. Further, as a proof of principle, we then describe the ability to quantitatively release patient derived CTCS from the microfilters for potential use in downstream genomic/proteomic analysis.
<title>Encryption and authentication for scalable multimedia: current state of the art and challenges</title> (2004)

Scalable coding is a technology that encodes a multimedia signal in a scalable manner where various representations can be extracted from a single codestream to fit a wide range of applications. Many new scalable coders such as JPEG 2000 and MPEG-4 FGS offer fine granularity scalability to provide near continuous optimal tradeoff between quality and rates in a large range. This fine granularity scalability poses great new challenges to the design of encryption and authentication systems for scalable media in Digital Rights Management (DRM) and other applications. It may be desirable or even mandatory to maintain a certain level of scalability in the encrypted or signed codestream so that no decryption or re-signing is needed when legitimate adaptations are applied. In other words, the encryption and authentication should be scalable, i.e., adaptation friendly. Otherwise secrets have to be shared with every intermediate stage along the content delivery system which performs adaptation manipulations. Sharing secrets with many parties would jeopardize the overall security of a system since the security depends on the weakest component of the system. In this paper, we first describe general requirements and desirable features for an encryption or authentication system for scalable media, esp. those not encountered with the non-scalable case. Then we present an overview of the current state of the art of technologies in scalable encryption and authentication. These technologies include full and selective encryption schemes that maintain the original or coarser granularity of scalability offered by an unencrypted scalable codestream, layered access control and block level authentication that reduce the fine granularity of scalability to a block level, among others. Finally, we summarize existing challenges and propose future research directions.
Abstract 1765: A humanized anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody that directly kills human tumor cells and has additional unique functional characteristics (2018)

Abstract CD47 is a cell surface glycoprotein that interacts with signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) on macrophages and dendritic cells triggering a “don't eat me” signal that inhibits phagocytosis. Many tumors evade immune surveillance by overexpressing CD47, thereby preventing their recognition by phagocytes. Blocking the interaction of SIRPα/CD47 promotes phagocytosis and tumor cell destruction leading to a reduction in tumor burden. We have developed a humanized anti-CD47 antibody, AO-176, that blocks the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα and exhibits several additional novel functional characteristics. These characteristics include the induction of cell death in multiple human tumor cell lines in a cell autonomous manner (not ADCC), assessed by an increase in phosphatidylserine/7AAD positive staining. A second novel characteristic is enhanced binding to tumor cells at acidic pH. AO-176 binds to human tumor cell lines in the high pM to low nM range at physiologic pH, however, binding is enhanced up to 20-fold at an acidic pH of 6.5. The acidic pH of the tumor microenvironment which ranges from 6.4-7.2 is characteristic of solid tumors and correlates with tumor progression and metastasis. As a result of this enhanced binding at acidic pH, AO-176 has the potential added advantage of tumor-specific targeting. A third novel characteristic exhibited by AO-176 is its selective binding to tumor cells while exhibiting reduced binding to normal cells including red blood cells (cynomolgus monkey and human), endothelial, epithelial and skeletal muscle cells. In addition to these novel characteristics, AO-176 also exhibits dose-dependent efficacy in multiple mouse tumor models. Taken together, the unique combination of functional characteristics of AO-176, including induction of cell-autonomous killing, enhanced binding to tumor cells at acidic pH, significantly reduced binding to normal cells and potent in vivo efficacy provides the preclinical rationale for further development. Citation Format: Robyn Puro, Katherine Liu, Benjamin Capoccia, Michael Donio, Ronald Hiebsch, Myriam Bouchlaka, Alun Carter, Pamela Manning, Kathleen Crowley, Robert Karr. A humanized anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody that directly kills human tumor cells and has additional unique functional characteristics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1765.
Developing Operational Procedures for Safe and Efficient Application of New Process Control Functionality on the Drilling Rig (2013)

Abstract Introducing new control functionality on the drilling rig has an effect on handling of machinery and controls and on the overlying work process both on the rig and for off-site support. New operational procedures taking these factors into account are therefore required to ensure safe and efficient application of such new technology. This paper presents a new method for developing operational procedures for the driller when applying a system for automatic safeguarding and optimization of pump and pipe control in drilling operations. This method has been developed and subsequently applied through a lengthy study. A laboratory test environment has been used for this purpose, containing an advanced drilling simulator with the safeguarding and optimization functionality integrated. The method applied consists of three phases, all performed in the laboratory test environment. Initially, the measurable effect of use of the system on the driller’s performance was evaluated in detail, using a set of test cases and a series of test-personnel from a drilling contractor. Subsequently the ability to drill a well section with incorporated incidents and exceptions was studied. Finally, operational procedures were developed in cooperation with the test-personnel, again using the test environment for testing and checking of procedures. In this development process the focus has been on varying system modes and on handling of system and drilling process exceptions, while taking into account the effect of human factors and the wider organizational context of work conduct. The authors believe that the method described is a suitable way to develop procedures for application of new control functionality on the drilling rig, and would recommend that such studies should be performed for new technologies to be applied in control of drilling operations.
Nonlinear Optical Crystal Y<sub>x</sub>La<sub>y</sub>Sc<sub>z</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (x + y + z = 4). (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
β-Diketo Acid Pharmacophore Hypothesis. 1. Discovery of a Novel Class of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors (2004)

HIV-1 Integrase (IN) is an essential enzyme for viral replication. The discovery of beta-diketo acids was crucial in the validation of IN as a legitimate target in drug discovery against HIV infection. In this study, we discovered a novel class of IN inhibitors using a 3D pharmacophore guided database search. We used S-1360 (1), the first IN inhibitor to undergo clinical trials, and three other analogues to develop a common feature pharmacophore hypothesis. Testing this four-featured pharmacophore against a multiconformational database of 150,000 structurally diverse small molecules yielded 1,700 compounds that satisfied the 3D query. Subsequently, all 1,700 compounds were docked into the active site of IN. On the basis of docking scores, Lipinski's rule-of-five, and structural novelty, 110 compounds were selected for biological screening. We found that compounds that contain both salicylic acid and a 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (rhodanine) group (e.g. 5-13) showed significant inhibitory potency against IN, while the presence of either salicylic acid or a rhodanine group alone did not. Although some of the compounds containing only a salicylic acid showed inhibitory potency against IN, none of the compounds containing only rhodanine exhibited considerable potency. Of the 52 compounds reported in this study, 11 compounds (5, 6, 8, 10-13, 32-33, 51, and 53) inhibited 3'-processing or strand transfer activities of IN with IC(50) < or = 25 microM. This is the first reported use of S-1360 and its analogues as leads in developing a pharmacophore hypothesis for IN inhibition and for identification of new compounds with potent inhibition of this enzyme.
An Optical Fiber Thermal Conductivity Sensor (1988)

The determination of the thermal conductivities of liquids may be accomplished through the use of a variation of the transient hot-wire technique, 1 in which a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is employed to measure the change in temperature of a short length of conductively coated optical fiber.2 This segment of fiber, which forms part of one arm of the interferometer and is immersed in the liquid of interest, is heated resistively by passing current through the conductive coating. The increase in the fiber temperature, which depends upon the thermal conductivity of the surrounding liquid, results in both a change in the refractive index of the fiber core and an axial strain in the fiber and is observed as a shifting of the interference pattern at the output of the interferometer. This shifting of the interference fringes may be directly correlated to the temperature change, and the thermal conductivity determined from the rate of change of the temperature.
An advanced sensor for automated docking (2002)

This paper describes the current developments in video-based sensors at the Marshall Space Flight Center. The Advanced Video Guidance Sensor is the latest in a line of video-based sensors designed for use in automated docking systems. The X-33, X-34, X-38, and X-40 are all spacecraft designed to be unpiloted vehicles; such vehicles will require a sensor system that will provide adequate data for the vehicle to accomplish its mission. One of the primary tasks planned for re-usable launch vehicles is to resupply the space station. In order to approach the space station in a self-guided manner, the vehicle must have a reliable and accurate sensor system to provide relative position and attitude information between the vehicle and the space station. The Advanced Video Guidance Sensor is being designed and built to meet this requirement, particularly for the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART), as well as requirements for other vehicles docking to a variety of target spacecraft.
Chinese hamster ovary cells with constitutively expressed sialidase antisense RNA produce recombinant dnase in batch culture with increased sialic acid (1998)

Under some cell culture conditions, recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells lose sialic acid during the course of the culture (Sliwkowski et al., 1992; Munzert et al., 1996). A soluble sialidase of CHO cell origin degrades the expressed recombinant protein and has been shown to be released into the culture fluid as the viability of the cells decreases. To reduce the levels of the sialidase and to prevent desialylation of recombinant protein, a CHO cell line has been developed that constitutively expresses sialidase antisense RNA. Several antisense expression vectors were prepared using different regions of the sialidase gene. Co-transfection of the antisense constructs with a vector conferring puromycin resistance gave rise to over 40 puromycin resistant clones that were screened for sialidase activity. A 5′ 474 bp coding segment of the sialidase cDNA, in the inverted orientation in an SV 40-based expression vector, gave maximal reduction of the sialidase activity to about 40% wild-type values. To test if this level of sialidase would lead to increased sialic acid content of an expressed recombinant protein, the 474 antisense clone was employed as a host for expression of human DNase as a model glycoprotein. The sialic acid content of the DNase produced in the antisense cultures was compared with material made in the wild-type parental cell line. About 20–37% increase in sialic acid content, or 0.6–1.1 mole of additional sialic acid out of a total of 3.0 mole on the product, was found on the DNase made in the antisense cell lines. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 589–595, 1998.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CERIC ALKOXIDES FROM CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE (1985)

Abstract Ein bequemer Weg zu Ceralkoxiden ist die Eintopfsynthese durch Reaktion von (I) mit Alkoholen wie Methanol, Ethanol und Isopropanol bei anschließender Basen (NH 3 oder NaOMe)‐Zugabe.
Large-scale planar lightwave circuits (2011)

By leveraging advanced wafer processing and flip-chip bonding techniques, we have succeeded in hybrid integrating a myriad of active optical components, including photodetectors and laser diodes, with our planar lightwave circuit (PLC) platform. We have combined hybrid integration of active components with monolithic integration of other critical functions, such as diffraction gratings, on-chip mirrors, mode-converters, and thermo-optic elements. Further process development has led to the integration of polarization controlling functionality. Most recently, all these technological advancements have been combined to create large-scale planar lightwave circuits that comprise hundreds of optical elements integrated on chips less than a square inch in size.
Practical Demethylation of Podophyllotoxin and Efficient Preparation of 4-Amino-4-deoxy-4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin (2012)

Abstract 4′-Demethylepipodophyllotoxin (4′-DMEP) was readily available through demethylation of podophyllotoxin using methionine in methanesulfonic acid in the presence of TFA (or acetone/water). Thus, 4-amino-4-deoxy-4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin was obtained in three steps in excellent yield by a Ritter reaction on 4′-DMEP, followed by treatment with thiourea in AcOH.
Fast server-aided secret computation protocols for modular exponentiation (1993)

Four efficient server-aided computation protocols for the modular exponentiation operation are proposed. The server-aided computation protocol is a two-party protocol between the client and the server. This protocol has two objectives. The first is to allow the client to borrow the computational power from the server to reduce the computation time. Note that the server is powerful, but restricted to polynomial time. The second objective is to keep the client's exponent secret from the server. Efficient and secure protocols which disclose no knowledge about the secret exponent are proposed. The protocols are based on efficient exponentiation algorithms. The computation time depends on the server's power and the speed of the channel between the client and the server. The normalized computation time is introduced and used to evaluate the protocols. It is shown that, for typical parameters, the protocol is the most efficient one ever proposed to provide the highest security level.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of a toroidal air plasma under atmospheric conditions (2012)

Summary form only given. The University of Missouri-Columbia has recently been studying methods of generating large volume high density toroidal air plasmas. Stable, large volume high density plasma discharges in air at atmospheric pressure are difficult to achieve due to electron recombination, diffusion, and attachment as well as the high number of neutral particle collisions. In order to achieve steady state, the plasma must satisfy the continuity equation where electron generation must equal electron loss rates. This can be achieved with or without electron generation from an external source. A multi-millisecond duration, exploding wire air plasma with electron density of at least 1014 /cm3 has been developed and is presented in this study. Confining the radial expansion of an exploding wire discharge has resulted in interesting magnetohydrodynamic effects, producing a toroidal air plasma, or TAP. The critical factors of the expansion and duration of this exploding wire plasma source have been experimentally investigated and are presented in this study. The interaction with surfaces is also discussed including the ability of the plasma to adhere to surfaces for millisecond time periods.
High concordance between plasma amyloid β biomarkers by IP‐MALDI‐MS and visual assessment of amyloid PET (2023)

Abstract Background Abnormal amyloid‐β (Aβ) deposition in the brain has been defined as the earliest pathological change of Alzheimer disease (AD). We combined immunoprecipitation (IP) with MALDI‐TOF MS to develop IP‐MALDI‐MS, which is an analytical technique for plasma Aβ. This technique has previously revealed that APP669‐711/Aβ1‐42 ratio, Aβ1‐40/Aβ1‐42 ratio, and a combination of these two biomarkers (a composite biomarker) in human plasma correlates highly with SUVR obtained from amyloid PET (Nakamura et al., Nature, 2018). In this work, we validated a concordance between plasma Aβ biomarkers by IP‐MALDI‐MS and visual amyloid PET status with an independent dataset from the previous report. Method Plasma samples were obtained from 41 Aβ+ and 55 Aβ‐ subjects classified using PET with PIB tracer in National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology. Aβ‐related peptides were immunoprecipitated from the sample spiked by stable isotope‐labeled (SIL) Aβ1‐38 using beads coupled with anti‐Aβ antibody. After the IP was performed two times consecutively, Aβ‐related peptides eluted from the antibody beads were applied to MALDI‐TOF MS. SIL‐Aβ1‐38 was used as an internal standard for normalizing an intensity of each Aβ‐related peptide. APP669‐711/Aβ1‐42 ratio and Aβ1‐40/Aβ1‐42 ratio were calculated from those intensities and then the composite biomarker was generated as previous reported. Result APP669‐711/Aβ1‐42 ratio, Aβ1‐40/Aβ1‐42 ratio and the composite biomarker were significantly higher in the Aβ+ group than the Aβ‐ group (p < 0.001). IP‐MALDI‐MS discriminated Aβ‐PET positivity with high AUC in APP669‐711/Aβ1‐42 ratio (92.8%), Aβ1‐40/Aβ1‐42 ratio (95.7%) and the composite biomarker (95.8%). Furthermore, an accuracy of the three biomarkers was 89.6‐92.7% in the Aβ+/‐ classification. Conclusion Our results demonstrated high concordance of plasma Aβ biomarkers with visual amyloid PET status. The measurement by IP‐MALDI‐MS can provide the biomarker values highly associated with Aβ‐PET positivity.
System Response Function–Based Leak Detection in Viscoelastic Pipelines (2011)

The possibility of leak detection in a viscoelastic pipe system is studied. The frequency response function method (FRFM) is used for leak detection, and the analytical expression for the FRFM originally developed for an elastic pipeline is extended to the viscoelastic situation in this study. The extended FRFM is validated from numerical experiments with one-dimensional viscoelastic transient models. The analysis shows that the pipe-wall viscoelasticity effect has significant impact on the amplitude damping and phase shift of the pressure wave, but little influence on the leak-induced patterns of pressure head peaks in transient system frequency responses. The results indicate that the extended FRFM is applicable to the viscoelastic situation. The impact of viscoelastic parameters and incident wave bandwidth on the applicability of the extended FRFM i also investigated in this paper, and the results imply that transient input signals with rapid changes in time are preferable for leak location in viscoelastic pipelines.
Interaction of a synthetic jet with an actively cooled heat sink (2008)

In high power electronics applications, the most preferred way of thermal management is the use of a heat sink and a fan for active cooling. Though this thermal solution is fairly adequate for the current heat dissipation needs, it suffers from some serious limitations, which may tend to limit its use with time. In the present study, we quantify the limitations of a conventional fan-cooled heat sink with computational models, and propose a remedy to the problem in the form of synthetic jets. Synthetic jets are meso-scale devices operating at zero-net-mass-flux principle. These devices produce periodic jet streams, which may have velocities 10-20 times greater than the average fan velocities. As a result, positioning one or more of these jets closer to the fins can cause high velocity air currents in tightly spaced fin gaps and enhance the surface heat transfer. Results of a CFD based study have been presented. Different heat sink designs are considered, and the quantification of the observed heat transfer enhancement is provided along with the underlying flow physics. It is found that synthetic jets can enhance heat transfer in excess of 2.5 times over fan cooled tight-spaced aluminum heat sinks.