gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stacked white organic light-emitting devices based on a combination of fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters (2006)

We demonstrate a white stacked organic light-emitting device (WSOLED) employing the blue fluorescent emitter, 4,4′-bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene)-1,1′-biphenyl, and the green and red phosphorescent emitters, fac-tris(2-phenylpyridinato-N,C2′) iridium (III) and iridium (III) bis(2-phenyl quinolyl-N,C2′) acetylacetonate, respectively. The charge generation region consists of a Li-doped electron transport layer and a highly transparent MoOx thin film. For a two-element white SOLED (2-WSOLED), the combination of red and green phosphors with a blue fluorophore yields maximum external quantum and power efficiencies of ηext=23%±2% at a current density of J=1mA∕cm2 and ηp=14±1lm∕W at J=0.17mA∕cm2, respectively. Due to the low optical and electrical losses of the charge generation layer, the efficiencies scale approximately linearly with the number of independent emissive elements in the WSOLED. Hence, for a 3-WSOLED, the total external and power efficiencies estimated for operation of the device in a light fixture are ηext,tot=57%±6% and ηp,tot=22±2lm∕W, respectively, at a luminance of 1000cd∕m2, with Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage chromaticity coordinates of (x=0.38, y=0.44), and a color rendering index of 82. The high-efficiency, high brightness, stacked white OLED is potentially useful for solid state lighting applications.
The graded bandgap multilayer avalanche photodiode: A new low-noise detector (1982)

We propose a new multistage avalanche photodiode for low-noise optical detection. In each stage, the ionization energy is provided by a heterointerface conduction-band step. Thus, ideally, only electrons cause ionization, and the device mimics a photomultiplier. This detector has intrinsically lower noise and lower operating voltage than conventional avalanche detectors. Designs for 1.3 µm fiber optic systems are presented and possible realizations using molecular beam epitaxy discussed.
Injectable drug‐delivery systems based on supramolecular hydrogels formed by poly(ethylene oxide)s and α‐cyclodextrin (2003)

Polymeric hydrogels long have attracted interest for biomaterials applications because of their generally favorable biocompatibility. High in water content, they are particularly attractive for delivery of delicate bioactive agents, such as proteins. However, because they require covalent crosslinking for gelation, many hydrogels can be applied only as implantables, and incorporation of drugs by sorption may be time-consuming and limiting with regard to the loading level. Therefore a delivery formulation where gelation and drug loading can be achieved simultaneously, taking place in an aqueous environment and without covalent crosslinking, would be attractive. Herein is described a new class of injectable and bioabsorbable supramolecular hydrogels formed from poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) and alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) for controlled drug delivery. The hydrogel formation is based on physical crosslinking induced by supramolecular self-assembling with no chemical crosslinking reagent involved. The supramolecular structure of the hydrogels was confirmed with wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies. The gelation kinetics was found to be dependent on the concentrations of the polymer and alpha-CD as well as on the molecular weight of the PEO used. The rheologic studies of the hydrogels showed that the hydrogels were thixotropic and reversible and that they could be injected through fine needles. The components of the supramolecular hydrogels potentially are biocompatible and nontoxic. Drugs can be encapsulated directly into the hydrogels in situ at room temperature without any contact with organic solvents. The supramolecular hydrogels were evaluated in terms of their in vitro release kinetics. The rate-controlling mechanism of macromolecular drug release might be the erosion of the hydrogels.
Method for making Mo sub 4 S sub 4 L sub 6 (C-2386) (1992)

This patent describes a method for preparing a compound of the formula Mo{sub 4}S{sub 4}L{sub 6} wherein L is a 1,1-dithioacid. It comprises contacting a Mo(III) halide and a salt of a 1,1-dithioacid in an organic solvent at temperatures in the range of from about 25{degrees} C to 250{degrees} C for a time sufficient to form the Mo{sub 4}S{sub 4}L{sub 6} compound, the salt of the 1,1-dithioacid being selected from alkali, ,alkaline earth, ammonium and organoammonium salts of 1,1-dithioacids, the 1,1-dithioacid being selected from the group consisting of dithiocarbamates, thioxanthates, xanthates, dithiophosphates, dithiophosphinates and mixtures thereof; and the organic solvent selected from the group consisting of alcohols, nitriles, toluene, CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} and mixtures thereof.
An Effective Scheme for Email Virus Detection and Containment (2004)

Email has evolved to be a convenient and important communication media. It greatly facilitates the communication among people from all over the world. The existence of all kinds of free email services makes email communication even more attractive. The convenience and popularity of emails has also made them ideal vehicles to spread computer worms and viruses. Email viruses and worms have appeared more frequently in recent months. How to detect and contain the spread of email viruses and worms while minimizing the side effects on normal email communications is a very important topic. This paper proposes an email virus detection and containment scheme to address this issue. Our scheme is inspired by the infectious disease control schemes used in real world. An infected computer is identified if it meets two conditions. Firstly, the computer has to demonstrate abnormal behavior by sending out large number of emails with attachments. Secondly, some of the computers which receive these emails have to demonstrate similar abnormal behavior. We propose to apply the &amp;quot;stone-in-the-pond &amp;quot; principle to reduce the overhead of the email virus detection system. The identified infected computers can then be isolated. Simulation experiments demonstrate that our proposed scheme is effective in controlling the spread of email viruses.
Uplink Capacity and Interference Avoidance for Two-Tier Femtocell Networks (2007)

Two-tier femtocell networks-- comprising a conventional macrocellular network plus embedded femtocell hotspots-- offer an economically viable solution to achieving high cellular user capacity and improved coverage. With universal frequency reuse and DS-CDMA transmission however, the ensuing cross-tier cochannel interference (CCI) causes unacceptable outage probability. This paper develops an uplink capacity analysis and interference avoidance strategy in such a two-tier CDMA network. We evaluate a network-wide area spectral efficiency metric called the \emph{operating contour (OC)} defined as the feasible combinations of the average number of active macrocell users and femtocell base stations (BS) per cell-site that satisfy a target outage constraint. The capacity analysis provides an accurate characterization of the uplink outage probability, accounting for power control, path-loss and shadowing effects. Considering worst case CCI at a corner femtocell, results reveal that interference avoidance through a time-hopped CDMA physical layer and sectorized antennas allows about a 7x higher femtocell density, relative to a split spectrum two-tier network with omnidirectional femtocell antennas. A femtocell exclusion region and a tier selection based handoff policy offers modest improvements in the OCs. These results provide guidelines for the design of robust shared spectrum two-tier networks.
Integrated micro-opto-mechanical systems (1995)

We are developing integrated micro-opto-mechanical systems (MOMS) based upon wafer integration of optical and micro-electromechanical components. In this paper, we describe our developments in micro-opto-mechanical systems in the area of microscanners and moveable optical elements. The microscanners are based upon the fabrication of micro-optical elements on the rotors of large diameter, i.e. 500 to 2,000 micrometers , polysilicon micromotors and have resulted in two approaches to scanning. In the first approach, nickel plating and high-aspect- ratio photolithography were used to produce 175 micrometers diameter, 20 micrometers tall nickel polygon reflectors on the rotors of polysilicon micromotors. These polygon microscanners are suitable for planar scanning as well and other planar applications such as optical fiber and waveguide switches. In a second approach, 2 - 4 micrometers spatial period diffraction gratings were fabricated on the solid rotors of polysilicon micromotors. Such devices are suitable for applications requiring out-of-plane scanning, e.g., bar code readers, and take advantage of planar processing. Chemical-mechanical polishing was used to reduce the polysilicon rotor's average surface roughness (R<SUB>a</SUB>) from 420 angstrom to below 17 angstrom, improving the optical performance of the diffraction gratings. Diffraction grating microscanners using salient pole micromotors have been operated at voltages as low as 45 V, with maximum operational speeds of 1100 rpm. Although microscanners based upon rotating reflectors and diffraction gratings are significant, future MOMS also require linear motion of optical elements and optical waveguides to carry light between optical elements. To this end, we have produced optical reflectors on linear translational comb actuators.
Metabolic activation of benzo[a]pyrene in vitro by hepatic cytochrome P450 contrasts with detoxification in vivo: experiments with hepatic cytochrome P450 reductase null mice (2007)

Many studies using mammalian cellular and subcellular systems have demonstrated that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are metabolically activated by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In order to evaluate the role of hepatic versus extra-hepatic metabolism of BaP and its pharmacokinetics, we used the hepatic cytochrome P450 reductase null (HRN) mouse model, in which cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, the unique electron donor to CYPs, is deleted specifically in hepatocytes, resulting in the loss of essentially all hepatic CYP function. HRN and wild-type (WT) mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 125 mg/kg body wt BaP daily for up to 5 days. Clearance of BaP from blood was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. DNA adduct levels were measured by (32)P-post-labelling analysis with structural confirmation of the formation of 10-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Hepatic microsomes isolated from BaP-treated and untreated mice were also incubated with BaP and DNA in vitro. BaP-DNA adduct formation was up to 7-fold lower with the microsomes from HRN mice than with that from WT mice. Most of the hepatic microsomal activation of BaP in vitro was attributable to CYP1A. Pharmacokinetic analysis of BaP in blood revealed no significant differences between HRN and WT mice. BaP-DNA adduct levels were higher in the livers (up to 13-fold) and elevated in several extra-hepatic tissues of HRN mice (by 1.7- to 2.6-fold) relative to WT mice. These data reveal an apparent paradox, whereby hepatic CYP enzymes appear to be more important for detoxification of BaP in vivo, despite being involved in its metabolic activation in vitro.
Image Compression in Noise (1989)

Use of the CSF in Image Compression The visual system’s variations in sensitivity to spatial frequencies are critical to any imaging system where the image is to be displayed and viewed by a human observer. These variations are described by the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) which has found wide application in image compression schemes using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) [1-3], vector quantization [4], and spatial filter hierarchies [5]. All of these approaches provide access to the frequency domain, and the use of the CSF becomes straightforward in controlling the quantization process of the algorithm. Quantization is used to code the algorithm coefficients or vectors; an increase in the size of the quantization interval reduces the entropy, and thus the bit rate. However, larger quantization intervals increase the quantization error of the algorithm, which can be regarded as noise that will degrade the image if it is visible. This quantization noise must be detected in the presence of the effective internal noise of the visual system, which is proportional to the inverse of the CSF. Therefore, the inverse CSF can be used to scale the quantization intervals, allowing larger intervals for frequencies where the visual system is less sensitive and smaller intervals where it is more sensitive. If, for all frequencies, the maximum error of the frequency specific quantization noise is kept less than the effective internal noise of the frequency, the compressed image will be visually indistinguishable from the uncompressed image. We refer to this condition as perceptually lossless , as opposed to mathematically lossless , in which the digital code values are exactly preserved. Since the bit rates for perceptually lossless compression are less than a quarter of those for mathematically lossless compression, perceptually lossless compression is a useful criterion when the image is to be viewed by human observers.
Deposition of copper by using self-sputtering (1999)

A magnetron sputtering source using sustained self-sputtering has been developed for uniform deposition of copper on large wafers (200 mm in diameter). Usually, Ar gas is used in sputter deposition. In sustained self-sputtering, no Ar gas was used for deposition, the sputtered Cu atoms were ionized in the magnetron plasma, and some Cu ions were accelerated to sputter more Cu atoms out of the target. In this work, the magnetron was optimized to allow sustained self-sputter deposition of Cu on 200 mm wafers with reasonable power (9–12 kW). When sputtering a target of 325 mm in diameter, the minimum power density to sustain plasma without using Ar gas was found to be 10.8 W/cm2. This was much lower than the threshold power density reported in the literature. A chamber employing a large spacing between the target and wafer (16 cm) was used. The resulting deposition rate was about 320 nm/min, when a 12 kW of dc power was applied. The standard deviation in film thickness was less than 2.5% in our limited experiments. The pressure during sputtering was less than 4×10−4 Pa. In comparison with Ar sputtering at an Ar pressure of 0.13 Pa, the bottom coverage, defined by the ratio of film thickness on the trench bottom to the film thickness on the open field area, was increased by about 20% by using sustained self-sputtering. The bottom coverage can be further increased when the throw distance is increased. However, we did not observe significant enhancement of bottom coverage by applying dc and rf biases to the wafer during sustained self-sputtering, although about 20% of Cu species arriving at the wafers was ionized.
Hydrogen Production from Hydrolytic Oxidation of Organosilanes Using a Cationic Oxorhenium Catalyst (2005)

We describe herein the novel application of a transition metal oxo complex, a cationic oxorhenium(V) oxazoline, in the production of molecular hydrogen (H2) from the catalytic hydrolytic oxidation of organosilanes. The main highlights of the reaction are quantitative hydrogen yields, low catalyst loading, ambient conditions, high selectivity for silanols, water as the only co-reagent, and no solvent requirement. The amount of hydrogen produced is proportional to the water stoichiometry. Thus, reaction mixtures of polysilyl organics such as HC(SiH3)3 and water contain potentially >6 wt % hydrogen. Kinetic and isotope labeling experiments have revealed a new mechanistic paradigm for the activation of Si-H bonds by oxometalates.
A bivalent ligand targeting the putative mu opioid receptor and chemokine receptor CCR5 heterodimer: binding affinity versus functional activities (2013)

Opioid substitution and antiretroviral therapies have steadily increased the life spans of AIDS patients with opioid addiction, while the adverse drug-drug interactions and persistence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders still require new strategies to target opioid abuse and HIV-1 comorbidities. A bivalent ligand <b>1</b> with a 21-atom spacer was thus synthesized and explicitly characterized as a novel pharmacological probe to study the underlying mechanism of opioid-enhanced NeuroAIDS. The steric hindrance generated from the spacer affected the binding affinity and Ca<sup>2+</sup> flux inhibition function activity of bivalent ligand <b>1</b> at the chemokine receptor CCR5 more profoundly than it did at the mu opioid receptor (MOR). However, the CCR5 radioligand binding affinity and the Ca<sup>2+</sup> flux inhibition function of the ligand seemed not necessarily to correlate with its antiviral activity given that it was at least two times more potent than maraviroc alone in reducing Tat expression upon HIV-1 infection in human astrocytes. Furthermore, the ligand was also about two times more potent than the simple mixture of maraviroc and naltrexone in the same viral entry inhibition assay. Therefore bivalent ligand <b>1</b> seemed to function more effectively by targeting specifically the putative MOR-CCR5 heterodimer in the viral invasion process. The results reported here suggest that a properly designed bivalent ligand may serve as a useful chemical probe to study the potential MOR-CCR5 interaction during the progression of NeuroAIDS.
Deep-learning optics (2019)

In the first part of this presentation, we will discuss recently emerging applications of the state-of-art deep learning methods on optical microscopy and microscopic image reconstruction, which enable image enhancement and new transformations among different modalities of microscopic imaging, driven entirely by image data. In this second part, we introduce a physical mechanism to perform machine learning by demonstrating a Diffractive Deep Neural Network architecture that can all-optically implement various functions following the deep learning-based design of passive layers that work collectively. We created 3D-printed diffractive networks that implement classification of images of handwritten digits and fashion products as well as the function of an imaging lens at terahertz spectrum. This passive diffractive network can perform, at the speed of light, various complex functions that computer-based neural networks can implement, and will find applications in all-optical image analysis, feature detection and object classification, also enabling new camera designs and optical components that perform unique tasks using diffractive neural networks.
Hybrid Diffractive Optical Element Based Spectrometer (2011)

We present the fabrication and characterization of a hybrid planar diffractive element, which combines the functions of a grating and a Fresnel lens (G-Fresnel). A proof-of-concept spectrometer based on the G-Fresnel is also demonstrated.
Best linear unbiased channel estimation for frequency selective multipath channels with long delay spreads (2003)

We provide an iterative channel impulse response (CIR) estimation algorithm for communication systems which utilize a periodically transmitted training sequence within a continuous stream of information symbols. This iterative procedure calculates the (semi-blind) best linear unbiased estimate (BLUE) of the CIR. We first provide a formulation of the received data and correlation processing with the adjacent information symbol correlation taken into account, and we then present the connections of the correlation based CIR estimation scheme to the ordinary least squares CIR estimation. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the novel algorithm.
Cavity-locked ring-down spectroscopy (1998)

We have performed cavity ring-down spectroscopy by locking a high-finesse resonator to the probe laser. We have obtained combination overtone spectra of water vapor in the ambient environment with a baseline noise of 5×10−9 cm−1 for decay constants (R=99.93% reflectors) of 1 μs. This cavity-locked approach ensures single transverse mode excitation, reduces shot-to-shot fluctuations in the decay constant to 4×10−3, and eliminates oscillations in spectral backgrounds. This approach also allows ring-down decay acquisition rates limited only by the ring-down and buildup constants of the resonator, and holds the promise of offering truly shot-noise-limited cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements.
Identification of Secreted Proteins of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>by a Bioinformatic Approach (2000)

Proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are usually targets of immune responses in the infected host. Here we describe a search for secreted proteins that combined the use of bioinformatics and phoA' fusion technology. The 3,924 proteins deduced from the M. tuberculosis genome were analyzed with several computer programs. We identified 52 proteins carrying an NH(2)-terminal secretory signal peptide but lacking additional membrane-anchoring moieties. Of these 52 proteins-the TM1 subgroup-only 7 had been previously reported to be secreted proteins. Our predictions were confirmed in 9 of 10 TM1 genes that were fused to Escherichia coli phoA', a marker of subcellular localization. These findings demonstrate that the systematic computer search described in this work identified secreted proteins of M. tuberculosis with high efficiency and 90% accuracy.
Simultaneous BOC Subcarrier Ambiguity Fixing Using the LAMBDA Method (2015)

The autocorrelation function of binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated signals contains multiple peaks, and therefore multiple stable tracking points when a conventional early-minus-late tracking loop is used. A false lock to such a side-peak leads to an offset in the corresponding pseudorange measurement, which in turn corrupts the PVT solution. A variety of techniques have been proposed for the tracking of BOC modulated signals. This paper analyses the background of the most important BOC tracking techniques which are able to provide independent pseudoranges both from subcarrier tracking and from code tracking. This analysis shows that further BOC tracking architectures can be proposed, which are outlined briefly. However, all of these techniques aim at fixing the subcarrier ambiguity -i.e. to detect and correct false locks - for each channel independently. Mathematically, the problem of fixing subcarrier ambiguities is identical to the problem of fixing carrier phase ambiguities. Therefore, it is possible to use the well-established techniques for carrier phase ambiguity resolution also for subcarrier ambiguity fixing, e.g. the LAMBDA method. An outline of this idea is given, and experimental results are provided, obtained from the tracking BOC(1,1) modulated signals generated by a space segment simulator. The experimental results clearly indicate the superiority of the LAMBDA-based simultaneous subcarrier ambiguity fixing w.r.t. the standard techniques, which solve the subcarrier ambiguities for each tracking channel independently.
Investigation of a Nondestructive Method for Measuring the Overlay-Clad Thickness of Reactor Pressure Vessels. (1995)

A magnetic means is proposed for nondestructively measuring the thickness of the non-magnetic stainless steel overlay-clad of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV). A part of the RPV made of low-alloy steel is magnetized with a two-pole magnetic yoke through the overlay-clad, and the magnetic field distribution on the surface of overlay-clad is measured in the vicinity of one of the poles. The overlayclad thickness is then determined from the half-width and the center value of the pattern of the measured magnetic field distribution. The feasibility of the proposed method was examined by rnagnetostatic analysis, with positive results. The thickness can be determined with an uncertainty of ±0.025 mm when the RPV low-alloy steel is magnetized to the level where its permeability reaches over 500.