gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On two-step routing for FPGAS (1997)

We present results which show that a separate global and detailed routing strategy can be competitive with a combined routing process. Under restricted architectural assumptions, we compute a new lower bound for detailed routing and show that our detailed router typically requires no more than two extra routing tracks above this computed limit. Also, experimental results show that the Mapping Anomaly presented in [20], which suggests that separated routing may yield arbitrarily poor results in certain instances, is a concern only if nets are restricted to a single track domain. Finally, to motivate future work, we show the latest two-step routing results that we have achieved with the VPR global router and SEGA detailed router tools on the largest CBL benchmark circuits.
Robust and transparent membrane of crystalline silicone via a melt-drawing technique (2013)

A melt-drawing technique was applied to crystalline silicone, poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylenesiloxane) (PTMPS) containing a rigid phenylene ring in the main chain. The resultant melt-drawn membrane had double-melting endotherms located at the usual 130 °C and the higher temperature of 160 °C. The higher melting temperature for PTMPS is expected, but has not been experimentally observed. A series of in situ structural analyses during heating also reveal that it is attributed to the melting of the extended chain crystals within the melt-drawn PTMPS membrane. Due to the highly oriented crystalline structure, the obtained melt-drawn PTMPS membrane is transparent but exhibits an excellent tensile modulus and strength of 2 GPa and 20 MPa, which are a few hundred times greater than those of commercial silicone elastomers.
The CHERI capability model (2014)

Motivated by contemporary security challenges, we reevaluate and refine capability-based addressing for the RISC era. We present CHERI, a hybrid capability model that extends the 64-bit MIPS ISA with byte-granularity memory protection. We demonstrate that CHERI enables language memory model enforcement and fault isolation in hardware rather than software, and that the CHERI mechanisms are easily adopted by existing programs for efficient in-program memory safety. In contrast to past capability models, CHERI complements, rather than replaces, the ubiquitous page-based protection mechanism, providing a migration path towards deconflating data-structure protection and OS memory management. Furthermore, CHERI adheres to a strict RISC philosophy: it maintains a load-store architecture and requires only singlecycle instructions, and supplies protection primitives to the compiler, language runtime, and operating system. We demonstrate a mature FPGA implementation that runs the FreeBSD operating system with a full range of software and an open-source application suite compiled with an extended LLVM to use CHERI memory protection. A limit study compares published memory safety mechanisms in terms of instruction count and memory overheads. The study illustrates that CHERI is performance-competitive even while providing assurance and greater flexibility with simpler hardware
Effects of promoter strengths and growth conditions on copy number of transcription-fusion vectors. (1984)

Promoters with widely different transcriptional activities have been fused to the galactokinase gene contained in a multicopy plasmid ( McKenny , K., Shimatake , H., Court, D., Schmeissner , U., Brady, C., and Rosenberg, M. (1982) in Gene Amplification and Analysis: Analysis of Nucleic Acids ( Chirkjian , J. G., and Papas , T., eds) pp. 383-415, Elsevier /North-Holland Biomedical Press, Netherlands). Assay methods which allow determination of galactokinase-specific activity (nanomoles of galactose 1-phosphate/min/mg of protein) and plasmid-specific number (femtomoles of plasmid/mg of protein) in the same sonicated cellular extract are described. These methods provide a way to accurately measure and compare the promoter activities (nanomoles of galactose 1-phosphate/min/fmol of plasmid) of different plasmid constructions which exhibit different in vivo plasmid copy numbers. It is demonstrated that in vivo, copy number fluctuations are correlated with such parameters as promoter strength and cellular growth conditions. The ability to account for these uncontrolled in vivo copy number variations when comparing the transcriptional activities of different DNA inserts in multicopy transcription-fusion plasmids greatly facilitates the utility of these systems.
SUMO-1 Modification of Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) Modulates Its Biological Activities (2002)

Histone deacetylation plays a central role in the regulation of genes linked to virtually all biological processes. This modification reaction is dependent on a family of related histone deacetylases (HDACs), which function as key components of large multiprotein complexes involved in the development of normal and neoplastic cells. The mechanisms regulating HDACs and their roles in such processes are not understood, and these form the major focus for the current study. Here, in the course of assessing possible post-translational modifications of HDAC1, we demonstrated that HDAC1 is a substrate for SUMO-1 (small ubiquitin-related modifier) modification in vitro and in vivo. The HDAC1 lysines targeted for modification were identified as C-terminal Lys-444 and Lys-476, which are also present in mammalian HDAC2 and lower vertebrate HDAC1/2 orthologs yet absent from other HDAC family members, pointing to a means of differential regulation among HDAC proteins. Mutation of these target residues (lysine to arginine substitution) profoundly reduced HDAC1-mediated transcriptional repression in reporter assays without affecting HDAC1 ability to associate with mSin3A and eliminated HDAC1-induced cell cycle and apoptotic responses upon overexpression. Together, the results demonstrate that HDAC1 is modified by SUMO-1, and this modification can dramatically affect HDAC1 activity in a number of surrogate biological assays.
Lack of effectiveness of several chelators in removing internally deposited strontium from mice following repeated parenteral strontium administration. (1992)

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenglycolbis-(beta-amino-ethylether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), tartaric acid, KRYPTOFIX 222, and KRYPTOFIX 5 were evaluated for their efficacy in mobilization of strontium from the body of mice which had received 20 sc injections of strontium nitrate (95 mg/kg/injection) for 4 w. Twenty-four hours after the last strontium injection, ip administration of 1 of the various chelators or 0.9% saline was initiated and continued daily for 5 d. Mice were housed in metabolic cages, and urine and feces were collected daily for 5 d. After this period, the animals were killed and tissues removed. Tartaric acid, KRYPTOFIX 222, and KRYPTOFIX 5 had no effect on urinary or fecal strontium elimination, whereas DTPA and EGTA significantly decreased the fecal strontium excretion. The concentration of strontium in bone was only lowered in tartaric-treated mice. This study indicates the use of the above chelators is not an effective treatment to enhance the removal of strontium following repeated parenteral strontium administration.
Histopathologic Characteristics of Lung Adenocarcinomas With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Lung Adenocarcinoma Classification (2011)

The upcoming International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma is relevant in that it shows a phenotype-genotype correlation. Comprehensive histologic subtyping should be recommended because of the association of particular subtypes with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations.
Prediction of Sea Surface Temperature Using Long Short-Term Memory (2017)

This letter adopts long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict sea surface temperature (SST), and makes short-term prediction, including one day and three days, and long-term prediction, including weekly mean and monthly mean. The SST prediction problem is formulated as a time series regression problem. The proposed network architecture is composed of two kinds of layers: an LSTM layer and a full-connected dense layer. The LSTM layer is utilized to model the time series relationship. The full-connected layer is utilized to map the output of the LSTM layer to a final prediction. The optimal setting of this architecture is explored by experiments and the accuracy of coastal seas of China is reported to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The prediction accuracy is also tested on the SST anomaly data. In addition, the model's online updated characteristics are presented.
Sulforhodamine Adsorbed Langmuir−Blodgett Layers on Silver Island Films:  Effect of Probe Distance on the Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (2007)

Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) has become an important method in biomedical sensing. In this paper, we present the distance-dependent MEF of sulforhodamine B (SRB) monolayer on silver island films (SIFs). SRB is electrostatically incorporated into the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) layers of octadecylamine (ODA) deposited on glass and SIFs substrates. The distances between SRB and SIFs or glass surfaces are controlled by depositing a varied number of inert stearic acid (SA) spacer layers. SRB is incorporated into positively charged LB layers of ODA by immersing the ODA deposited substrates into aqueous solution of SRB. Dye incorporated ODA layers with 10 nm separation distance from the SIFs surface show maximum metal-enhanced fluorescence intensity; ~7-fold increase in intensity as compared to that from the glass surface. The corresponding enhancement factor is reduced with increasing or decreasing the probe distance from the SIFs surface. Additionally, SRB on SIF surfaces show reduced lifetimes. We observed the shortest lifetime from the SRB with 5 nm distance from the SIF surfaces and the lifetime increased consistently with increasing the distances between the fluorophore and the SIFs surface. These observed spectral changes, increase in fluorescence intensity and decreased fluorescence lifetimes, are in accordance with the expected effects due to near-field interactions between the silver nanoparticles and fluorophores. We have also analyzed the complex fluorescence heterogeneous decays on metallic nanostructured surfaces using continuous distributions of decay times. The decay-time distributions appear to be sensitive to the distance between the metal and fluorophore and represent the underlying heterogeneity of the samples. The present systematic study provides significant information on the effect of fluorophore distance on the metal-enhanced fluorescence phenomenon.
Emergence of Drift Variants That May Affect COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Antibody Treatment (2020)

New coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) treatments and vaccines are under development to combat COVID-19. Several approaches are being used by scientists for investigation, including (1) various small molecule approaches targeting RNA polymerase, 3C-like protease, and RNA endonuclease; and (2) exploration of antibodies obtained from convalescent plasma from patients who have recovered from COVID-19. The coronavirus genome is highly prone to mutations that lead to genetic drift and escape from immune recognition; thus, it is imperative that sub-strains with different mutations are also accounted for during vaccine development. As the disease has grown to become a pandemic, B-cell and T-cell epitopes predicted from SARS coronavirus have been reported. Using the epitope information along with variants of the virus, we have found several variants which might cause drifts. Among such variants, 23403A>G variant (p.D614G) in spike protein B-cell epitope is observed frequently in European countries, such as the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France, but seldom observed in China.
Contactless battery charger with bi-directional energy transfer for plug-in vehicles with vehicle-to-grid capability (2011)

Bi-directional battery charger based on an inductive coupled contactless energy transfer system is presented in this work. To minimize total losses of the system, a series resonant compensation circuit is applied assuring zero-current switching condition for insulated-gate bipolar transistor. The analytical expression of the dc voltage gain, current gain as well as efficiency is presented and discussed. The resonant frequency is adjusted by an integral control method witch guarantees very fast and stable operation. Some simulation and experimental results illustrating the operation of the developed 25-kW laboratory prototype are given.
The Role of MmpL8 in Sulfatide Biogenesis and Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2004)

To study the role of MmpL8-mediated lipid transport in sulfatide biogenesis, we insertionally inactivated the mmpL8 gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Characterization of this strain showed that the synthesis of mature sulfolipid SL-1 was interrupted and that a more polar sulfated molecule, termed SL-N, accumulated within the cell. Purification of SL-N and structural analysis identified this molecule as a family of 2,3-diacyl-alpha,alpha'-D-trehalose-2'-sulfates. This structure suggests that transport and biogenesis of SL-1 are coupled and that the final step in sulfatide biosynthesis may be the extra-cellular esterification of two trehalose 6-positions with hydroxyphthioceranic acids. To assess the effect of the loss of this anionic surface lipid on virulence, we infected mice via aerosol with the MmpL8 mutant and found that, although initial replication rates and containment levels were identical, compared with the wild type, a significant attenuation of the MmpL8 mutant strain in time-to-death was observed. Early in infection, differential expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors revealed that the mutant strain less efficiently suppresses key indicators of a Th1-type immune response, suggesting an immunomodulatory role for sulfatides in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Stress–Strain Measurements in Vitrified Arteries Permeated With Synthetic Ice Modulators (2015)

This study measures the Young's modulus in vitrified blood vessels below the glass transition temperature in conditions relevant to cryogenic storage and focuses on the cryoprotective agents (CPAs) cocktail DP6 mixed with synthetic ice modulators (SIMs). Small steplike strain changes were observed during the loading without affecting the bulk behavior, suggesting microfracture occurrences resembling previous observation on microfracture formation under compression in crystallized blood vessels. Young's modulus was measured to be 0.92-3.01 GPa, with no clear indication of SIM dependency on the Young's modulus. Instead, the range of values is attributed to variations between specimens of the same species.
Reexamining low rank matrix factorization for trace norm regularization (2022)

<abstract><p>Trace norm regularization is a widely used approach for learning low rank matrices. A standard optimization strategy is based on formulating the problem as one of low rank matrix factorization which, however, leads to a non-convex problem. In practice this approach works well, and it is often computationally faster than standard convex solvers such as proximal gradient methods. Nevertheless, it is not guaranteed to converge to a global optimum, and the optimization can be trapped at poor stationary points. In this paper we show that it is possible to characterize all critical points of the non-convex problem. This allows us to provide an efficient criterion to determine whether a critical point is also a global minimizer. Our analysis suggests an iterative meta-algorithm that dynamically expands the parameter space and allows the optimization to escape any non-global critical point, thereby converging to a global minimizer. The algorithm can be applied to problems such as matrix completion or multitask learning, and our analysis holds for any random initialization of the factor matrices. Finally, we confirm the good performance of the algorithm on synthetic and real datasets.</p></abstract>
Analysis on the resolution of the different signals in an on-line handwritten signature verification system applied to portable devices (2010)

Nowadays, the use of portable devices with touch screens has reached an extended use among the population. With this technology, it is possible to incorporate to such devices the possibility of using handwritten signature to authenticate the user. In order to study the possibilities to carry on this authentication, a previous analysis has been carried out in this paper to evaluate how an already implemented on-line signature authentication algorithm will work in portable devices. Signature database signals have been re-scaled to emulate signals taken from a portable device, emulating two technologies, capacitive and resistive screens. For this, using only 3 of the 5 standard signals captured by graphic tablets: X, Y and P. Support Vector Machines have been used as an algorithm to test against the modified database, and results show good performance of the algorithms, obtaining rates around EER=3%, showing that the algorithms will give good results implemented in real smart phones.
Search for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in Xenon 136 with the Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) (2012)

resolved a puzzling mismatch between theory and a published limit [2]. Here we report on a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 136Xe with EXO-200 [3]. No signal is observed for a 136Xe exposure of 26.3 kg-yr, with a background of ∼ 1.5× 10−3 kg(enrLXe)−1yr−1keV−1 in the ±1σ region of interest. This sets a lower limit on the half-life of the neutrinoless double-beta decay T 0νββ 1/2 ( 136Xe) > 1.6 × 1025 yr (90% CL), corresponding to effective Majorana masses of
40nm embedded Select in Trench Memory (eSTM) Technology Overview (2019)

The eStM (embedded Select in Trench Memory) is a floating gate based non-volatile memory cell conceived, developed and industrialized by STMicroelectronics for General Purpose and Secure Microcontrollers embedded applications. Thanks to its unique architecture, the eStM cell gathers the advantages of a conventional split-gate NVM cell together with a more compact cellbit area than a typical 1T Flash Memory cell, and it is claimed to represent the scalability limit for a floating gate based NOR NVM.
Possible Antimigraine Mechanisms of Action of the 5HT<sub>1F</sub> Receptor Agonist LY334370 (1999)

This study investigated whether the selective 5HT1F receptor agonist LY334370 has other possible antimigraine mechanisms in addition to the proposed inhibition of dural plasma extravasation. LY334370 (up to 10(-5) M) had no vasoconstrictor effects on human cerebral arteries in vitro. It had no effect (up to 10 mg kg-1, i.v.) on neurogenic vasodilation of dural blood vessels produced by electrical stimulation of the dura mater in anesthetized rats. Nor had it any effect (at 3 mg kg-1, i.v.) on the hyperalgesia produced by injection of carrageenan into the paw of conscious rats or on nociceptive reflex responses in the spinalized, decerebrate rabbit (up to 3 mg kg-1, i.v.), indicating that it has no general analgesic properties. However, it significantly inhibited activation of second-order neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis produced by electrical stimulation of the dura mater in anesthetised rats at 3 mg kg-1, i.v. These results provide evidence to suggest that LY334370 has a central mechanism of action in blocking the transmission of nociceptive impulses within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and that this may represent a mechanism through which it has its antimigraine effect.
Fundamentals of Energy Storage (1984)

This book describes the various forms of energy storage, the principles used in storage devices, and state-of-the-art systems aspects of applications of energy storage. It covers mechanical, electromagnetic, organic and hydrogen fuels, electrochemical, chemical and physical aspects of the subject. The applications include utilities, transport, industry and buildings. It views energy storage for load-leveling, for use with renewable energy sources, resource handling system optimization, and more. Total systems on small and large scales are covered.
RSOA-based External Cavity Laser as Cost-effective Upstream Transmitter for WDM Passive Optical Network (2011)

We experimentally investigate a cost-effective upstream transmitter for WDM PON using external cavity laser based on reflective semiconductor optical amplifier. The laser can be directly modulated and shows good performance at 1.25 and 2.5 Gb/s.
Sound texture modelling with linear prediction in both time and frequency domains (2004)

Sound textures - for instance, a crackling fire, running water, or applause - constitute a large and largely neglected class of audio signals. Whereas tonal sounds have been effectively and flexibly modelled with sinusoids, aperiodic energy is usually modelled as white noise filtered to match the approximate spectrum of the original over 10-30 ms windows, which fails to provide a perceptually satisfying reproduction of many real-world noisy sound textures. We attribute this failure to the loss of short-term temporal structure, and we introduce a second modelling stage in which the time envelope of the residual from conventional linear predictive modelling is itself modelled with linear prediction in the spectral domain. This cascade time- and frequency-domain linear prediction (CTFLP) leads to noise-excited resyntheses that have high perceptual fidelity. We perform a novel quantitative error analysis by measuring the proportional error within time-frequency cells across a range of timescales.
Skin absorption through atopic dermatitis skin: a systematic review (2016)

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have skin barrier impairment in both lesional and nonlesional skin. They are typically exposed daily to emollients and intermittently to topical anti-inflammatory medicaments, thereby increasing the risk of developing contact allergy and systemic exposure to chemical ingredients found in these topical preparations. We systematically searched for studies that investigated skin absorption of various penetrants, including medicaments, in patients with AD, but also in animals with experimentally-induced dermatitis. We identified 40 articles: 11 human studies examining model penetrants, 26 human studies examining AD drugs, and three animal studies. We conclude that patients with AD have almost twofold increased skin absorption compared with healthy controls. There is a need for well-designed epidemiological and dermatopharmacokinetic studies that examine to what extent AD causes patients to be systemically exposed to chemicals compared with nonatopic dermatitis.
Video Deblurring via Temporally and Spatially Variant Recurrent Neural Network (2019)

The camera shake and high-speed motion of objects often produce a blurry video. However, it is hard to recover sharp videos using existing single or multiple image deblurring methods, as the blur artifacts in blurry videos are both temporally and spatially varying. In this paper, we propose a temporally and spatially variant recurrent neural network for video deblurring, in which both temporally and spatially variants employ ConvGRU blocks and a weight generator to capture spatio-temporal features. Meanwhile, the proposed model is trained in an end-to-end manner, where the model input and output are set to the same number. Thus, our model does not reduce the number of frames both in training and testing stages, which is important in practical applications. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations on standard benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods.