gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase-shift effect on a two-dimensional surface-emitting photonic-crystal laser (2005)

Theoretical analysis was performed by means of the finite-difference time-domain method to examine the mode properties of two-dimensional surface-emitting photonic-crystal lasers with elliptical air holes. It was found that a single-lobed beam pattern could be obtained from the device surface by introducing a phase shift to the center of the crystal. The effects of the shift on the polarization mode and on two-dimensional optical coupling (which is needed for single-mode lasing over a large area) were also investigated. It was shown that the phase shift emphasized the linear polarization of the emitted beam due to symmetry reversal. On the other hand, it was also found that the shift did not spoil the two-dimensional optical coupling.
Overview of the Tenth Dialog System Technology Challenge: DSTC10 (2023)

This article introduces the Tenth Dialog System Technology Challenge (DSTC-10). This edition of the DSTC focuses on applying end-to-end dialog technologies for five distinct tasks in dialog systems, namely 1. Incorporation of Meme images into open domain dialogs, 2. Knowledge-grounded Task-oriented Dialogue Modeling on Spoken Conversations, 3. Situated Interactive Multimodal dialogs, 4. Reasoning for Audio Visual Scene-Aware Dialog, and 5. Automatic Evaluation and Moderation of Open-domainDialogue Systems. This article describes the task definition, provided datasets, baselines, and evaluation setup for each track. We also summarize the results of the submitted systems to highlight the general trends of the state-of-the-art technologies for the tasks.
Novel Polyamide 6,10 Variants Synthesized by Modified Interfacial Polymerization for Application as a Rate-Modulated Monolithic Drug Delivery System (2007)

The aim of this study was to explore and elucidate the possibility of employing an aliphatic polyamide 6,10 (PA 6,10) synthesized by a modified interfacial polymerization process as a novel rate-modulated monolithic matrix drug delivery system. A Plackett—Burman experimental design was used to synthesize 14 different PA 6,10 polymers using the interfacial polymerization process of synthesis comprising the monomers namely hexamethylenediamine and sebacoyl chloride and the solvents namely hexane (nonpolar phase) and deionized water (polar phase). This process was modified by variations in stoichiometry of monomers, volume ratios of solvents as well as solvent phase modification using cyclohexane and sodium hydroxide for the nonpolar and polar solvent phases, respectively. The micromechanical parameters of the newly synthesized PA 6,10 variants were elucidated in terms of the matrix resilience (MR), matrix hardness and deformation energy, in which case matrix hardness and deformation energy were expressed as second-order polynomial hydration rate constants. The effect of changes in pH of the hydration media on these parameters was also explored as part of the characterization process. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to correlate the effect of synthesis variables on the micromechanical behavior PA 6,10 and its subsequent ability to impact drug release. The micromechanical values revealed that all independent formulation variables had a significant influence on the responses. Furthermore, the applied statistical model was utilized in selecting a combination of reaction variables to produce optional physicomechanical properties. The MR was selected for optimization among other parameters since it had a prominent effect on matrix integrity as well as drug release. The one-way analysis of variance, comparison of experimental versus fitted data, the R 2 and P-values as well as the Durbin—Watson statistic indices were used in ascertaining the accuracy of the model. The rate-modulating drug release ability of synthetic aliphatic PA 6,10 was explored to direct the optimization using a higher resolution Box—Behnken statistical design. Constraints were set to obtain levels of independent variables that optimized the physicomechanical properties and the mean dissolution time fixed at eight hours.
Focused ultrasound-facilitated molecular delivery to the brain using drug-loaded nanodroplets (2017)

Acoustically-activated nanodroplets facilitate localized drug delivery after vaporization with improved in vivo stability, drug payload, and minimal interference outside of the ultrasound focal zone compared with microbubbles. They are new acoustic mediators to induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening for drug delivery to the brain, with promising potential of extravasation to enhance targeted delivery in the extravascular space due to the nano sizes.
Identification of Potent Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors Based on a Phenylimidazole Scaffold (2018)

Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an attractive immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Dysregulation of this enzyme has also been implicated in other disorders including Alzheimer's disease and arthritis. Herein, we report the structure-based design of two related series of molecules: <i>N</i>1-substituted 5-indoleimidazoles and <i>N</i>1-substituted 5-phenylimidazoles. The latter (and more potent) series was accessed through an unexpected rearrangement of an imine intermediate during a Van Leusen imidazole synthesis reaction. Evidence for the binding modes for both inhibitor series is supported by computational and structure-activity relationship studies.
Method for Implementing Optical Phase Adjustment (2011)

A method has been developed to mechanically implement the optical phase shift by adjusting the polarization of the pump and probe beams in an NMOR (nonlinear magneto-optical rotation) magnetometer as the proper phase shift is necessary to induce self-oscillation. This innovation consists of mounting the pump beam on a ring that surrounds the atomic vapor sample. The propagation of the probe beam is perpendicular to that of the pump beam. The probe beam can be considered as defining the axis of a cylinder, while the pump beam is directed radially. The magnetic field to be measured defines a third vector, but it is also taken to lie along the cylinder axis. Both the pump and probe beams are polarized such that their electric field vectors are substantially perpendicular to the magnet field. By rotation of the ring supporting the pump beam, its direction can be varied relative to the plane defined by the probe electric field and the magnetic field to be measured.
Maize-Produced Ag2 as a Subunit Vaccine for Valley Fever (2019)

Coccidioides is the causative agent of San Joaquin Valley fever, a fungal disease prevalent in the semiarid regions of the Americas. Efforts to develop a fungal vaccine over the last 2 decades were unsuccessful. A candidate antigen, Antigen 2 (Ag2), is notoriously difficult to express in Escherichia coli, and this study sought to accumulate the antigen at high levels in maize. Transformed maize lines accumulated recombinant Ag2 at levels >1 g/kg. Mice immunized with this antigen and challenged with live Coccidioides arthroconidia showed a reduction in the fungal load when Ag2 derived from either E. coli or maize was loaded into glucan chitin particles. A fusion of Ag2 to dendritic cell carrier peptide (DCpep) induced a T-helper type 17 response in the spleen when orally delivered, indicative of a protective immune response. The maize production platform and the glucan chitin particle adjuvant system show promise for development of a Coccidioides vaccine, but further testing is needed to fully assess the optimal method of administration.
Quantum entanglement generation with surface acoustic waves (2006)

We propose a scheme to produce spin entangled states for two interacting electrons. One electron is bound in a well in a semiconductor quantum wire and the second electron is transported along the wire, trapped in a surface acoustic wave (SAW) potential minimum. We investigate the conditions for which the Coulomb interaction between the two electrons induces entanglement. Detailed numerical investigation reveals that the two electrons can be fully spin entangled depending on the confinement characteristics of the well and the SAW potential amplitude.
PCR-based cloning and immunocytological titration of infectious porcine endogenous retrovirus subgroup A and B (2002)

Two pig endogenous retroviruses (PERV), PERV-A and -B, productively infect human cells and are therefore considered to constitute a potential risk in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. A PCR-based cloning technique to isolate infectious PERV proviruses was established. Overlapping 3' half and 5' halves of PERV proviral genomes were amplified using DNA extracted from human 293 cells infected with PERV-A or -B. These clones were fused at a unique restriction site in the overlapping region and tested for their infectivity. Representative constructs possessed the same infectious properties as their parent isolates. We also developed a polyclonal anti-PERV serum by using recombinant PERV capsid protein derived from one of the infectious constructs as immunogen and established an immunocytological method for detection and titration of PERV infection. This detection method proved to be more sensitive than the current method of choice (transfer of MLV-lacZ vectors) for infectivity assessment of PERV. These findings should be considered for future characterization of PERV isolates.
Technique for Solving Electrically Small to Large Structures for Broadband Applications (2011)

Fast iterative algorithms are often used for solving Method of Moments (MoM) systems, having a large number of unknowns, to determine current distribution and other parameters. The most commonly used fast methods include the fast multipole method (FMM), the precorrected fast Fourier transform (PFFT), and low-rank QR compression methods. These methods reduce the O(N) memory and time requirements to O(N log N) by compressing the dense MoM system so as to exploit the physics of Green s Function interactions. FFT-based techniques for solving such problems are efficient for spacefilling and uniform structures, but their performance substantially degrades for non-uniformly distributed structures due to the inherent need to employ a uniform global grid. FMM or QR techniques are better suited than FFT techniques; however, neither the FMM nor the QR technique can be used at all frequencies. This method has been developed to efficiently solve for a desired parameter of a system or device that can include both electrically large FMM elements, and electrically small QR elements. The system or device is set up as an oct-tree structure that can include regions of both the FMM type and the QR type. The system is enclosed with a cube at a 0- th level, splitting the cube at the 0-th level into eight child cubes. This forms cubes at a 1st level, recursively repeating the splitting process for cubes at successive levels until a desired number of levels is created. For each cube that is thus formed, neighbor lists and interaction lists are maintained. An iterative solver is then used to determine a first matrix vector product for any electrically large elements as well as a second matrix vector product for any electrically small elements that are included in the structure. These matrix vector products for the electrically large and small elements are combined, and a net delta for a combination of the matrix vector products is determined. The iteration continues until a net delta is obtained that is within the predefined limits. The matrix vector products that were last obtained are used to solve for the desired parameter. The solution for the desired parameter is then presented to a user in a tangible form; for example, on a display.
Breath-Hold Three-dimensional Contrast-enhanced Coronary MR Angiography: Motion-matched k-Space Sampling for Reducing Cardiac Motion Effects (2000)

A view order that matches k-space sampling to cardiac motion within the acquisition window was developed for breath-hold three-dimensional contrast material-enhanced coronary magnetic resonance angiography. In vivo experiments in seven volunteers demonstrated that blurring was substantially reduced with this motion-matched view order as compared with the standard centric view order. Coronary arteries were well delineated.
1310-nm single-mode grating-outcoupled surface-emitting semiconductor lasers with a detuned second-order grating (2004)

Single-frequency grating outcoupled surface emitting (GSE) semiconductor lasers emitting at 1310 nm with output powers exceeding 5.25 mW into a multi-mode fiber, threshold currents below 13 mA and with > 30 dB side-mode suppression ratios are reported. These lasers consist of a 400 μm long horizontal cavity, and a 15 μm long second-order outcoupler grating sandwiched between 200 μm long first-order distributed Bragg reflector (DBRs) gratings. Higher output powers can be achieved with longer outcoupler gratings. These GSE lasers operate at 3.125 Gbps and have a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) beam divergence of 5 x 12 degrees.
Substrate Specificity of the Heparan Sulfate Hexuronic Acid 2-<i>O</i>-Sulfotransferase (2001)

The interaction of heparan sulfate with different ligand proteins depends on the precise location of O-sulfate groups in the polysaccharide chain. We have previously shown that overexpression in human kidney 293 cells of a mouse mastocytoma 2-O-sulfotransferase (2-OST), previously thought to catalyze the transfer of sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to C2 of L-iduronyl residues, preferentially increases the level of 2-O-sulfation of D-glucuronyl units [Rong, J., Habuchi, H., Kimata, K., Lindahl, U., and Kusche-Gullberg, M. (2000) Biochem. J. 346, 463-468]. In the study presented here, we further investigated the substrate specificity of the mouse mastocytoma 2-OST. Different polysaccharide acceptor substrates were incubated with cell extracts from 2-OST-transfected 293 cells together with the sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[(35)S]sulfate. Incubations with O-desulfated heparin, predominantly composed of [(4)alphaIdoA(1)-(4)alphaGlcNSO(3)(1)-](n)(), resulted in 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid. When, on the other hand, an N-sulfated capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia coli K5, with the structure [(4)betaGlcA(1)-(4)alphaGlcNSO(3)(1)-](n)(), was used as an acceptor, sulfate was transferred almost exclusively to C2 of glucuronic acid. Substrates containing both iduronic and glucuronic acid residues in about equal proportions strongly favored sulfation of iduronic acid. In agreement with these results, the 2-OST was found to have a approximately 5-fold higher affinity for iduronic acid-containing substrate disaccharide units (K(m) approximately 3.7 microM) than for glucuronic acid-containing substrate disaccharide units (K(m) approximately 19.3 microM).
Clean-up of Contaminated Indoor Air Using Photocatalytic Technology (2000)

A number of Sick Building Syndrome\nstudies have concluded that microorganisms,\nendotoxins and VOCs in indoor air are involved in\nthe development and/or aggravation of allergies and\nillnesses in buildings. The phototcatalytic indoor air\ndisinfection and detoxification technology provides\none of the most viable solutions to the growing need\nto remediate and purify contaminated indoor air.\nThe experiments were conducted in a stainless steel\nenvironmental chamber to quantitatively measure the\nphotocatalytic VOC destruction using Acetone as a\nrepresentative VOC. While monitoring the VOC\ndestruction, carbon dioxide (C02) levels were also\nmeasured. By performing a mass balance between\nthe VOC destruction and C02 production, the\nphotocatalytic technology was found to be\ncompletely effective. Dark control experiments were\nperformed for each condition to confirm the validity\nof each experiment. The photocatalytic technology\ntested in these experiments was demonstrated to\ncompletely oxidize acetone at normal indoor air\natmospheric conditions.
Perceptual coding of images for halftone display (1994)

The authors present a new technique for coding gray-scale images for facsimile transmission and printing on a laser printer. They use a gray-scale image encoder so that it is only at the receiver that the image is converted to a binary pattern and printed. The conventional approach is to transmit the image in halftoned form, using entropy coding (e.g., CCITT Group 3 or JBIG). The main advantages of the new approach are that one can get higher compression rates and that the receiver can tune the halftoning process to the particular printer. They use a perceptually based subband coding approach. It uses a perceptual masking model that was empirically derived for printed images using a specific printer and halftoning technique. In particular, they used a 300 dots/inch write-black laser printer and a standard halftoning scheme ("classical") for that resolution. For nearly transparent coding of gray-scale images, the proposed technique requires lower rates than the standard facsimile techniques.
Dimerization of zinc fingers mediated by peptides evolved <i>in vitro</i> from random sequences (1999)

Peptides that mediate dimerization of attached zinc finger DNA-binding domains have been evolved in vitro starting from random sequences. We first used phage display to select dimerization elements from libraries of random 15-residue polypeptides that were fused to the N terminus of the zinc finger domains. We then reoptimized these peptides by sequentially randomizing five-residue blocks (proceeding across the peptide in three steps) and selecting variant peptides that further stabilized the protein-DNA complex. Biochemical experiments confirmed that the selected peptides promote dimerization of the zinc fingers on an appropriate DNA target site. These results demonstrate that dimerization units can be obtained readily from random polypeptide libraries of moderate complexity. Our success reemphasizes the utility of searching random peptide libraries in protein design projects, and the sequences presented here may be useful when designing novel transcription factors.
Targeted chemical upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass to platform molecules (2014)

This review presents an overview of the initial targeted chemical processing stages for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to platform molecules that serve as intermediates for the production of carbon-based fuels and chemicals. We identify four classes of platform molecules that can be obtained in an initial chemical processing step: (i) sugars, (ii) dehydration products, (iii) polyols and (iv) lignin monomers. Special emphasis is placed on reporting and comparing parameters that affect process economics and/or sustainability, including product yields, amount of catalyst used, processing conditions, and product concentrations. We discuss the economic trade-offs associated with choices related to these parameters, depending on the product that is targeted. We also address the effects of real biomass on the ability to recover, recycle, and potentially regenerate catalysts and solvents used in the biomass conversion processes.
Valine: a limiting amino acid for high-producing lactating sows (1993)

A total of 152 lactating sows was used to determine the influence of dietary valine level on sow and litter performance. During lactation, sows were fed corn-soybean meal based diets containing .9% lysine and either .75 or .9% valine. Lactation diet had no influence on litter birth weight, pig survivability, pigs weaned per litter, or daily sow feed intake. However, sows fed the .90% valine diet had increased pig and litter weaning weights. These differences were magnified as number of pigs weaned and sow milk production increased. These results indicate that further research is needed to determine the valine requirement of the high-producing sow. However, the practical implication of this trial is that valine deficiencies limit the amount of synthetic lysine that can be used in high protein diets for the lactating sow.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18,1993
New Derivatives of 1α,25‐Dihydroxy‐19‐norvitamin D<sub>3</sub> with Two Substituents at C‐2: Synthesis and Biological Activity. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
<title>Glasses for waveguide lasers</title> (1994)

Waveguide lasers formed by ion exchange in rare-earth-doped glasses have emerged as an attractive new technology on the threshold of commercial insertion. These devices can be used as both laser oscillators and optical amplifiers. In this article, we review ion exchange and glass composition. We then discuss the performance of ion-exchanged waveguide lasers made in silicate and phosphate glasses.
The pathogenesis of maturity‐onset diabetes mellitus: Is there a link to islet amyloid polypeptide? (1988)

Abstract The discovery of a novel polypeptide (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: IAPP) isolated from human and cat islet amyloid and from amyloid of a human insulinoma is reviewed. Structurally, IAPP from the human and cat resembles calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). The structural similarities between the neuropeptide CGRP and IAPP support the premise that IAPP is hormonal in nature. Our immunohistochemical studies also indicate that normal islet B‐cells of several mammalian species (including man and cat) give strong immunoreactivity with antiserum directed to a synthetic peptide segment of IAPP. The fact that IAPP is deposited as amyloid in the pancreatic islets of type 2 (noninsulin‐dependent) diabetics strongly supports an important but yet unknown link between IAPP and the development of this disease.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids by Chiral Phase‐Transfer Catalysis (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photoreversible cellular imaging using photochrome-conjugated fullerene silica nanoparticles (2011)

Photochromic compound-conjugated fluorescent fullerene-silica nanoparticles prepared by the reverse-microemulsion method was utilized for photoswitchable cellular imaging by repeatable irradiation of ultraviolet and visible light.
A Network-based GNSS Structural Interference Detection, Classification and Source Localization (2015)

GNSS receivers are highly susceptible to structural interference sources such as spoofing and meaconing. Recent spoofing detection and mitigation methods are mainly designed to detect and neutralize a spoofing attack based on a stand-alone GNSS receiver processing. However, in many applications a communication link might exist among different receivers operating in the vicinity of each other that can help the countermeasure process. This paper proposes a network-based antispoofing receiver architecture that uses spatially distributed receivers (operating within a radius of few kms) connected to a Central Authenticity Verification (CAV) unit. The essence of this method is that the CAV unit receives simultaneous measurements from adjacent receivers and detects a spoofing attack, classifies authentic and spoofing signals based on the measurements received and then localizes the spoofer source. Practical consideration and limitation factors have been discussed. Some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.