gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Heating an Aqueous Suspension of Chitosan on the Crystallinity and Polymorphs (1991)

Changes in the crystallinity and polymorph of chitosan, which may affect its functionality, by heating (up to 200°C) its water suspension were studied by X-ray diffraction measurements, using tendon chitosan prepared by N-deacetylation of a crab tendon chitin, and chitosan powders with various degrees of polymerization (DPv = 1,720–12,600) and N-acetylation (zero to 26%). It was found that the presence of hydrated polymorphs or anhydrous crystals in a chitosan sample could be examined easily by measuring the powder diffraction pattern of a sample. Chitosan with a low molecular weight or low degree of N-acetylation was highly crystallized, especially in the anhydrous form that is considered to spoil chitosan’s functionality, by heating.
GE, explosive grammars and the lasting legacy of bad initialisation (2010)

This paper explores some of the initialisation schemes that can be used to create the starting population of a Grammatical Evolution (GE) run. It investigates why two typical initialisation schemes (random bit and ramped half and half) produce very different, but in each case skewed, tree types. A third methodology, Sean Luke's Probabilistic Tree-Creation version 2 (PTC2), is also examined and is shown to produce a wider variety of trees. Two experiments on different problem sets are carried out and it is shown that for each of these test cases, where the “wrong” initialisation method is utilised, the chance of achieving a successful run is decreased even if the runs are continued long enough for the populations to stagnate. This would seem to suggest that the system does not typically recover from a “bad” start.
Suspension codeposition in electrowinning cells: The role of hydrodynamics (1991)

Abstract Electrolytic codeposition of particles suspended in a plating bath constitutes a novel method for producing certain alloys. The suitability of this approach for the manufacture of copper‐phosphorus alloy from a suspension of red phosphorus in acid copper sulphate solution was assessed in a scaled, full‐depth, transparent electrowinning cell operated continuously. The suspension was maintained both by the jetting of recirculated electrolyte and by the natural flows of electrolyte and anodic bubbles. Smooth thick deposits of copper containing acceptably uniform, optimal levels of phosphorus were produced. The vertical variation of phosphorus in the cathode is explained by a detailed consideration of hydrodynamic flow near the cathode.
Self-Assembly of Virus Particles on Flat Surfaces via Controlled Evaporation (2010)

Dynamic self-assembly of nonvolatile solutes via controlled solvent evaporation has been exploited as a simple route to create a variety of hierarchically assembled structures. In this work, two glass slides were used to form a confined space in which a solution of a rodlike nanoparticle, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), was evaporated to create large-scale stripe patterns. The height and width of the stripes are dependent on the TMV concentration. The large-scale-patterned surfaces can be applied to control surface hydrophobicity and direct the growth of bone marrow stromal cells. We systematically studied the effects of stripe width and height on surface hydrophobicity using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurements. This technique offers a facile approach to form 2D patterns on a large surface from a wide range of proteins as well as other biomacromolecules.
Exploration of nano carbons in relevance to plant systems (2018)

The potential applications of nano-carbons and biochar towards plant growth are highlighted and discussed in this perspective article.
CD26 Surface Antigen Expression on Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes from Children with Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21) (1994)

A phenotypical analysis carried out by two-colour flow cytometry showed that the proportion of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes co-expressing the membrane-associated ectoenzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26 antigen), a functional collagen receptor involved in T-cell triggering through its interaction with the CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase, was significantly lower in 28 children with non-translocated trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) (DS) than that calculated in the bloodstream of 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Agonist anti-CD26 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), such as anti-1F7, not only modulate the surface expression of this molecule, but also enhance the proliferative activity of normal human T cells via the CD3- and CD2-mediated activation pathways. T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by antigen or polyclonal T-cell activators, including anti-CD3 or -CD2 MoAbs, is severely impaired in DS. Although the physiological ligand of CD26 surface structure is unknown, the fact that CD4+ T lymphocytes found in the blood of trisomic subjects are mostly CD26- (anti-1F7-) suggests that their faulty mitogenic response may be due to phenotypical and, perhaps, strictly correlated functional abnormalities.
A study of nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA study of nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions by electrospray ionization mass spectrometryStephen R. Wilson and Yunhui WuCite this: Organometallics 1993, 12, 4, 1478–1480Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00028a081https://doi.org/10.1021/om00028a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views353Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical and radiological effects of anakinra in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2003)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inhibiting the activities of IL-1 at the receptor level with the recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (Kineret; Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA) is a new therapeutic option for the management of patients with RA. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated that anakinra, alone and in combination with methotrexate, improves the signs and symptoms of RA. Anakinra also produces improvements in patient functionality and health-related quality of life, as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire and the Nottingham Health Profile, and reduces the number of productivity days missed due to illness. Furthermore, an initial study indicates that anakinra retards the progression of radiographic joint damage. Such clinical findings suggest that anakinra is an important addition to the rheumatology treatment armamentarium.
Effect of Simultaneous Inhibition of Starch Branching Enzymes I and IIb on the Crystalline Structure of Rice Starches with Different Amylose Contents (2013)

Mutating or inhibiting genes encoding starch branching enzymes (SBEs) can increase the amylose content (AC) of cereals. We analyzed endosperm starches from three rice cultivars with different ACs and from transgenic lines derived from them. The transgenic lines had simultaneously inhibited SBE I and IIb genes. Compared with the starch from their wild-type parents, the starch from transgenic lines showed significantly increased apparent ACs and lamella size and decreased relative crystallinity, double helix content, and lamellar peak scattering intensity, and altered short-range ordered structure in the external region. These changes were more prominent in the line derived from the high-AC cultivar than in those derived from waxy and low-AC cultivars. Inhibiting both SBE I and IIb changed the crystalline structure of starch from A-type to CA-type in lines derived from waxy and low-AC cultivars, and from A-type to C-type in that derived from the high-AC cultivar.
Joint server/peer receiver-driven rate-distortion optimized video streaming using asynchronous clocks (2005)

This paper proposes a joint server/peer video streaming architecture for wireless networks, where a receiver can access a video server via an access point using the infrastructure mode and at the same lime communicate with its peers using the ad hoc mode of its IEEE 802.11 interface card. We introduce a joint infrastructure/peer-to-peer, receiver-driven streaming scheme, and formulate it as a combinatorial optimization problem. We decouple the problem into two steps: first selecting the sender (server or peer) by introducing asynchronous clocks, and then applying point-to-point rate-distortion optimization algorithm between a specific sender-receiver pair. Simulation results show that our joint approach has better performance than those systems with single server or with round-robin selection scheme.
First-principles calculations for defects and impurities: Applications to III-nitrides (2004)

First-principles calculations have evolved from mere aids in explaining and supporting experiments to powerful tools for predicting new materials and their properties. In the first part of this review we describe the state-of-the-art computational methodology for calculating the structure and energetics of point defects and impurities in semiconductors. We will pay particular attention to computational aspects which are unique to defects or impurities, such as how to deal with charge states and how to describe and interpret transition levels. In the second part of the review we will illustrate these capabilities with examples for defects and impurities in nitride semiconductors. Point defects have traditionally been considered to play a major role in wide-band-gap semiconductors, and first-principles calculations have been particularly helpful in elucidating the issues. Specifically, calculations have shown that the unintentional n-type conductivity that has often been observed in as-grown GaN cannot be attributed to nitrogen vacancies, but is due to unintentional incorporation of donor impurities. Native point defects may play a role in compensation and in phenomena such as the yellow luminescence, which can be attributed to gallium vacancies. In the section on impurities, specific attention will be focused on dopants. Oxygen, which is commonly present as a contaminant, is a shallow donor in GaN but becomes a deep level in AlGaN due to a DX transition. Magnesium is almost universally used as the p-type dopant, but hole concentrations are still limited. Reasons for this behavior are discussed, and alternative acceptors are examined. Hydrogen plays an important role in p-type GaN, and the mechanisms that underlie its behavior are explained. Incorporating hydrogen along with acceptors is an example of codoping; a critical discussion of codoping is presented. Most of the information available to date for defects and impurities in nitrides has been generated for GaN, but we will also discuss AlN and InN where appropriate. We conclude by summarizing the main points and looking towards the future.
Carbon-hydrogen activation in completely saturated hydrocarbons: direct observation of M + R-H .fwdarw. M(R)(H) (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-hydrogen activation in completely saturated hydrocarbons: direct observation of M + R-H .fwdarw. M(R)(H)Andrew H. Janowicz and Robert G. BergmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 1, 352–354Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00365a091https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00365a091research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5498Altmetric-Citations538LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamic imaging of cellular pH and redox homeostasis with a genetically encoded dual-functional biosensor, pHaROS, in yeast (2019)

Intracellular pH and redox states are critical for multiple processes and partly determine cell behavior. Here, we developed a genetically encoded dual-function probe, named <u>p</u><u>H</u><u>a</u>nd <u>r</u>ed<u>o</u>x-<u>s</u>ensitive fluorescent protein (pHaROS), for simultaneous real-time detection of changes in redox potential and pH in living cells. pHaROS consists of the <i>Arabidopsis</i> flavin mononucleotide-binding fluorescent protein iLOV and an mKATE variant, mBeRFP. Using pHaROS in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> cells, we confirmed that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> raises the overall redox potential of the cell and found that this increase is accompanied by a decrease in cytosolic pH. Furthermore, we observed spatiotemporal pH and redox homeostasis within the nucleus at various stages of the cell cycle in budding yeast (<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>) during cellular development and responses to oxidative stress. Importantly, we could tailor pHaROS to specific applications, including measurements in different organelles and cell types and the GSH/GSSG ratio, highlighting pHaROS's high flexibility and versatility. In summary, we have developed pHaROS as a dual-function probe that can be used for simultaneously measuring cellular pH and redox potential, representing a very promising tool for determining the cross-talk between intracellular redox- and pH-signaling processes in yeast and mammalian U87 cell.
A Global Shutter Wide Dynamic Range Soft X-Ray CMOS Image Sensor With Backside- Illuminated Pinned Photodiode, Two-Stage Lateral Overflow Integration Capacitor, and Voltage Domain Memory Bank (2021)

This article presents a prototype 22.4 μ\textm pixel pitch global shutter (GS) wide dynamic range (WDR) soft X-ray CMOS image sensor (sxCMOS). Backside-illuminated (BSI) pinned photodiodes with a 45- μ\textm thick Si substrate were introduced for low noise and high radiation hardness to high energy photons. Two-stage lateral overflow integration capacitor (LOFIC) and voltage domain memory bank with high-density Si trench capacitors were introduced for WDR and for GS. The developed sxCMOS achieved maximum 21.9 Me <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> full well capacity with a single exposure 129 dB dynamic range by GS operation. Over 70% quantum efficiency (QE) toward soft X-ray was successfully achieved. The developed prototype sxCMOS is a step forward toward a 4 M pixel detector system to be utilized in next-generation synchrotron radiation facilities and X-ray free-electron lasers.
Radio-frequency bulk acoustic wave duplexer with a differential receiver port (2010)

This paper presents a novel bulk acoustic wave (BAW) duplexer with a single-ended to differential receiver (Rx) filter. The single-ended to differential Rx filter uses a single-ended ladder section on the antenna side of the Rx path to provide the proper impedance in the transmitter (Tx) band as to not load the Tx hurting its performance in the duplexer. Then a balun follows the initial ladder section to convert single-ended to differential. Finally a lattice filter follows with its small size and beneficial rejection. Taking full advantage of the characteristics of ladder and lattice structures respectively, the filter features low insertion loss, steep near-band skirts and deep out-of-band attenuations. As an optimal implementation the ladder, the balun and the lattice sections have been fabricated on a single die. This novel “balun in the middle of the filter” solution provides the best combination of loss, size and functionality in a duplexer.
Stoichiometric Self-Assembly of Isomeric, Shape-Persistent, Supramacromolecular Bowtie and Butterfly Structures (2012)

Two novel macromolecular constitutional isomers have been self-assembled from previously unreported terpyridine ligands in a three-component system. The terpyridine ligands were synthesized in high yields via a key Suzuki coupling. Restrictions of the possible outcomes for self-assembly ultimately provided optimum conditions for isolation of either a molecular bowtie or its isomeric butterfly motif. These isomers have been characterized by ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR. Notably, these structural isomers have remarkably different drift times in ion mobility separation, corresponding to different sizes and shapes at high charge states.
Coordinate Transmissions Centrally: A Cross-Layer Approach for WLANs (2016)

This paper represents the design, feasibility evaluation and performance validation of concurrency-based coordination mechanism (CCM), a novel cross-layer protocol that can coordinate among nodes effectively to avoid data packet interference in wireless local area networks (WLANs), achieving higher throughput compared to 802.11 standard and other state-of-the-art protocols. The design of CCM contains OpenCCM which is based on the architecture of software defined network to schedule the transmissions in both the uplink and downlink directions centrally to maximize transmission concurrency. It also contains an interference-resistant mechanism in the physical layer that can make the control message transmitted with the data packet simultaneously to eliminate the coordination overhead. Experiment results with USRP2 demonstrate the feasibility of the interference-resistant mechanism, and the simulations by ns-2 show that CCM can outperform other protocols significantly.
Optimal Transport for Gaussian Mixture Models (2018)

We introduce an optimal mass transport framework on the space of Gaussian mixture models. These models are widely used in statistical inference. Specifically, we treat Gaussian mixture models as a submanifold of probability densities equipped with the Wasserstein metric. The topology induced by optimal transport is highly desirable and natural because, in contrast to total variation and other metrics, the Wasserstein metric is weakly continuous (i.e., convergence is equivalent to convergence of moments). Thus, our approach provides natural ways to compare, interpolate and average Gaussian mixture models. Moreover, the approach has low computational complexity. Different aspects of the framework are discussed and examples are presented for illustration purposes.
Prevention and Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Therapies Based on CIPN Mechanisms (2018)

Multiple drugs have been used and studied for decades, their effect against CIPN are still controversial according to different antineoplastic agents due to the diverse manifestations among different antineoplastic agents and complex drug-drug interactions. In addition, novel therapies or drugs that have proven to be effective in animals require further investigation, and it will take time to confirm their efficacy and safety.
Integrating 3D seismic curvature and curvature gradient attributes for fracture characterization: Methodologies and interpretational implications (2013)

ABSTRACT In 3D seismic interpretation, curvature is a popular attribute that depicts the geometry of seismic reflectors and has been widely used to detect faults in the subsurface; however, it provides only part of the solutions to subsurface structure analysis. This study extends the curvature algorithm to a new curvature gradient algorithm and integrates both algorithms for fracture detection using a 3D seismic test data set over Teapot Dome (Wyoming). In fractured reservoirs at Teapot Dome formed by tectonic folding and faulting, curvature helps define the crestal portion of reservoirs that is associated with strong seismic amplitude and high oil productivity. In contrast, curvature gradient helps define the regional northwest-trending and the cross-regional northeast-trending lineaments that are associated with weak seismic amplitude and low oil productivity. In concert with previous reports from image logs, cores, and outcrops, an integrated seismic curvature and curvature gradient analysis suggests that curvature might help define areas of enhanced potential to form tensile fractures, whereas curvature gradient might help define zones of enhanced potential to develop shear fractures. In fractured reservoirs at Teapot Dome where faulting and fault-related folding contribute dominantly to the formation and evolution of fractures, curvature and curvature gradient attributes can be potentially applied to differentiate fracture mode, to predict fracture intensity and orientation, to evaluate fracture volume and connectivity, and to model fracture networks.
Prolonged RNA changes in the Hermissenda eye induced by classical conditioning. (1988)

The incorporation of 32P into mRNA and the total amount of mRNA were increased 3- to 4-fold in eyes isolated from Hermissenda crassicornis trained to associate light with rotation on a turntable compared with animals trained with equal numbers of light and rotation events presented randomly and with naive animals. Incorporation of 32P into poly(A)- RNA was reduced by as much as 60%. The RNA changes were strongly correlated with the degree of learning and could not be accounted for by changes in [32P]ATP content. The RNA changes were maximal at 24 hr and were still detectable after 4 days, indicating that associative conditioning produces a period of increased DNA transcription that could be an intermediate step in memory consolidation. The RNA changes may in part account for recently observed conditioning-specific changes in the synthesis rates of specific proteins.
Surface quantum wells (1987)

Surface quantum wells of InP have been grown, by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, on top of graded GaxIn1−xP epitaxial layers. The surface quantum well is confined on one side by vacuum, and on the other side by the graded GaxIn1−xP. Photoluminescence measurements show two transitions for electron-hole recombination within the surface quantum well. Surface recombination appears to be saturated by the high density of carriers collected in the well, and plays a minor role. The bending of the conduction and valence bands in the GaxIn1−xP leads to a high collection efficiency of excess carriers near the surface, and suggests that high efficiency surface light emitters could be built in similar structures.