gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A photonic bandgap (PBG) structure for guiding and suppressing surface waves in millimeter-wave antennas (2001)

Periodic and regular metal posts, a photonic bandgap (PBG) structure for guiding surface waves in a parallel-plate waveguide is proposed. The isotropic PBG structure is applied to the design of an asymmetric parallel-plate waveguide Luneburg lens (APWLL). The relation between the dimensions of the metal posts and the required refraction index in the lens is derived with transmission-line theory and the transverse resonance method. Different lattices for the entire lens are also investigated. For verification, an antenna for a 76.5 GHz adaptive-cruise control radar is fabricated, consisting of an APWLL, a primary feed, and symmetric corrugated flares to improve the property of the antenna in elevation. Measured results verify the PBG structure design in the APWLL.
Novel cell based on reduced single-phase active front end for multicell converters (2005)

Multilevel converters are a very interesting alternative for medium and high power drives. One of the more flexible topologies of this type is the multicell converter. This paper presents a new regenerative cell suitable for cascaded multilevel inverters. The cell uses a reduced single-phase active rectifier at the input and an H-bridge inverter at the output side. The cell has a reduced switch count and presents a very good performance, controlling effectively the waveform of the input current and of the output voltage. The results presented in this paper confirm that this medium voltage inverter effectively eliminates low frequency input current harmonics at primary side of the transformer and operates without problem in regenerative mode
Handbook of beverage packaging (2000)

General Commercial and Technical Considerations. Packaging of Beverages in Cans. Packaging of Beverages in Glass Bottles. Packaging of Beverages in PET Bottles. Packaging of Beverages in Beer Spheres. Packaging of Beverages in PVC, HDPE and PP Bottles. Plastics as Barrier Materials in Beverage Packaging. Packaging of Beverages in Foil Pouches. Bag-in-Box Packaging of Beverages. Closures in Beverage Packaging. Decoration of Beverage Packaging. Package Processing and Handleability. Secondary Packaging of Beverages. Environmental Considerations.
E(n) Equivariant Graph Neural Networks (2021)

This paper introduces a new model to learn graph neural networks equivariant to rotations, translations, reflections and permutations called E(n)-Equivariant Graph Neural Networks (EGNNs). In contrast with existing methods, our work does not require computationally expensive higher-order representations in intermediate layers while it still achieves competitive or better performance. In addition, whereas existing methods are limited to equivariance on 3 dimensional spaces, our model is easily scaled to higher-dimensional spaces. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on dynamical systems modelling, representation learning in graph autoencoders and predicting molecular properties.
Algorithm performance contest (2002)

This contest involved the running and evaluation of computer vision and pattern recognition techniques on different data sets with known groundwidth. The contest included three areas; binary shape recognition, symbol recognition and image flow estimation. A package was made available for each area. Each package contained either real images with manual groundtruth or programs to generate data sets of ideal as well as noisy images with known groundtruth. They also contained programs to evaluate the results of an algorithm according to the given groundtruth. These evaluation criteria included the generation of confusion matrices, computation of the misdetection and false alarm rates and other performance measures suitable for the problems. The paper summarizes the data generation for each area and experimental results for a total of six participating algorithms.
Branched‐chain amino acid supplementation: impact on signaling and relevance to critical illness (2013)

The changes that occur in mammalian systems following trauma and sepsis, termed systemic inflammatory response syndrome, elicit major changes in carbohydrate, protein, and energy metabolism. When these events persist for too long they result in a severe depletion of lean body mass, multiple organ dysfunction, and eventually death. Nutritional supplementation has been investigated to offset the severe loss of protein, and recent evidence suggests that diets enriched in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may be especially beneficial. BCAAs are metabolized in two major steps that are differentially expressed in muscle and liver. In muscle, BCAAs are reversibly transaminated to the corresponding α-keto acids. For the complete degradation of BCAAs, the α-keto acids must travel to the liver to undergo oxidation. The liver, in contrast to muscle, does not significantly express the branched-chain aminotransferase. Thus, BCAA degradation is under the joint control of both liver and muscle. Recent evidence suggests that in liver, BCAAs may perform signaling functions, more specifically via activation of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, influencing a wide variety of metabolic and synthetic functions, including protein translation, insulin signaling, and oxidative stress following severe injury and infection. However, understanding of the system-wide effects of BCAAs that integrate both metabolic and signaling aspects is currently lacking. Further investigation in this respect will help rationalize the design and optimization of nutritional supplements containing BCAAs for critically ill patients.
MicroRNA-155 Is Essential for the T Cell-Mediated Control of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection and for the Induction of Chronic Gastritis and Colitis (2011)

MicroRNAs govern immune responses to infectious agents, allergens, and autoantigens and function by posttranscriptional repression of their target genes. In this paper, we have addressed the role of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in the control of Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastrointestinal tract and the development of H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis and associated gastric preneoplastic pathology. We show that miR-155 is upregulated in the gastric mucosa of experimentally infected mice and that miR-155(-/-) mice fail to control H. pylori infection as a result of impaired pathogen-specific Th1 and Th17 responses. miR-155(-/-) mice are also less well protected against challenge infection after H. pylori-specific vaccination than their wild-type (wt) counterparts. As a consequence of their impaired T cell responses to H. pylori, miR-155(-/-) mice develop less severe infection-induced immunopathology manifesting as chronic atrophic gastritis, epithelial hyperplasia, and intestinal metaplasia. T cells from miR-155(-/-) mice that are activated by CD3/CD28 cross-linking expand less and produce less IFN-γ and IL-17 than wt T cells. Finally, we show in this paper using adoptive transfers that the phenotypes of miR-155(-/-) mice are likely due to T cell-intrinsic defects. In contrast to wt T cells, miR-155(-/-) T cells from infected donors do not control H. pylori infections in T cell-deficient recipients, do not differentiate into Th1 or Th17 cells, and do not cause immunopathology. In addition, naive miR-155(-/-) T cells fail to induce chronic Th17-driven colitis in an adoptive transfer model. In conclusion, miR-155 expression is required for the Th17/Th1 differentiation that underlies immunity to H. pylori infection on the one hand and infection-associated immunopathology on the other.
Meta-analysis on the validity of pepsinogen test for gastric carcinoma, dysplasia or chronic atrophic gastritis screening (2004)

Pepsinogen test definition should include pepsinogen I/II ratio as consistency was obtained, both in population based studies and in selected groups for those studies that used pepsinogen I serum levels together with pepsinogen I/II ratio for screening for gastric cancer in high-incidence regions other than Japan. Further studies of this test in the management of high-risk patients seem to be worthwhile.
Synthesis of Carrier‐Transporting Dendrimers with Perylenebis(dicarboximide)s as a Luminescent Core (2005)

Abstract Well‐defined, modular dendrimers enable processing techniques and electronic properties to be tuned independently. Moreover, the dendritic topology can isolate the core chromophore, thus reducing or eliminating strong intermolecular interactions. This paper presents the synthesis of three series of flexible, dendron‐functionalized dendrimers as red‐light‐emitting materials by a convergent approach: (1) carbazole (CZ) or oxadiazole (OXZ) terminated imide‐type dendrimers, (2) cascade energy‐transferring imide‐type dendrimers, and (3) CZ‐terminated perylene bay‐type dendrimers. They all consist of the luminescent core of perylenebis(dicarboximide)s with specific functional groups of CZ or OXZ at the periphery and are constructed from flexible Fréchet‐type poly(aryl ether) dendrons. The chemical structures of the dendrons and dendrimers were determined by standard spectroscopic techniques including 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and low/high‐resolution mass spectrometry (ESI or MALDI‐TOF). The dendrimers are designed on the basis of the following considerations: (1) dendron functionalization to incorporate CZ or OXZ units to realize the carrier‐injection adjustment, (2) tuning or improving solubility, functionality, glass‐transition temperature ( T g ) with well‐defined dendrons, and (3) avoiding luminescence quenching with the help of high site‐isolation of dendrons to enhance core luminescence. DSC results indicate that the incorporation of Fréchet‐type poly(aryl ether) dendrons can improve the amorphous properties and increase T g . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Silicon light emitting devices in standard CMOS technology (2002)

Photon emission from reverse biased silicon pn junctions was reported for the first time in 1955. However, Si-LED's will only find applications if they can be fully integrated with standard silicon integrated circuits, and several attempts have been made in this regard. This paper discusses the characteristics and design of silicon light emitting devices in standard CMOS technology with no process modifications.
Ferroelectric Na<sub>0.5</sub>K<sub>0.5</sub>NbO<sub>3</sub> thin films by pulsed laser deposition (2000)

Abstract Highly c-axis oriented single phase Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) thin films have been deposited onto polycrystalline Pt80lr20 substrates and SiO2/Si(001) wafers using pulsed laser ablation of stoichiometric ceramic target. Strong self-assembling of NKN films along the [001] direction has been observed. Properties of NKN/Pt thin film structures have been successfully tailored by oxygen pressure control from the ferroelectric state, characterized by the remnant polarization of 12 uC/cm2, dielectric constant ∊ ∼ 520 and tan δ ∼ 0.024 @ 100 kHz, to superparaelectric state with tan δ as low as 0.003 and ∊ = 210 with very small 1.7% dispersion in the frequency domain 0.4–100 kHz and less than 10% variation in the temperature range 77–415 K. NKN films grown onto SiO2/Si(001) substrates show quadrupled super-lattice structure along c-axis, loss tan δ less than 0.01, and ∊ ∼ 110 @ 1 MHz. C-V measurements for Au/NKN (270nm)/SiO2/Si MFIS-diode structure yield memory window of 3.26 V at the programmable voltage of 8 V.
Developing a Cognitive Assistant for the Audit Plan Brainstorming Session (2018)

With technological advances, audit firms have been able to increase the level of decision support embedded within the firms' audit support tools Large audit firms have been investing substantive resources into the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to take advantage of their past audit experience and industry knowledge During the initial stages of an audit, the engagement team will meet to update their understanding of the client through brainstorming sessions. Audit firms are required by SAS No. 99 and SAS No. 109 to use brainstorming sessions to evaluate risk factors and discuss the susceptibility of the entity's financial statements to material misstatement, either as a result of error or fraud (AICPA, 2012). At present, the most commonly used decision support tool for audit plan brainstorming is the checklist To improve audit plan effectiveness, this study proposes an audit domain cognitive assistant system to provide interactive decision support for information retrieval and risk assessment in audit brainstorming session. Cognitive Assistants are speech-enabled technologies that can understand voice commands, recognize conversation's context, and answer questions in a personable manner
Long-range dependence in variable-bit-rate video traffic (1995)

We analyze 20 large sets of actual variable-bit-rate (VBR) video data, generated by a variety of different codecs and representing a wide range of different scenes. Performing extensive statistical and graphical tests, our main conclusion is that long-range dependence is an inherent feature of VBR video traffic, i.e., a feature that is independent of scene (e.g., video phone, video conference, motion picture video) and codec. In particular, we show that the long-range dependence property allows us to clearly distinguish between our measured data and traffic generated by VBR source models currently used in the literature. These findings give rise to novel and challenging problems in traffic engineering for high-speed networks and open up new areas of research in queueing and performance analysis involving long-range dependent traffic models. A small number of analytic queueing results already exist, and we discuss their implications for network design and network control strategies in the presence of long-range dependent traffic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Redundant transfer of F' plasmids occurs between Escherichia coli cells during nonlethal selections (1995)

Surface exclusion is the mechanism by which F plasmids prevent the redundant entry of additional F plasmids into the host cell during exponential growth. This mechanism is relaxed in cells that are in stationary phase. Using genetically marked F' plasmids and host strains, we extend this finding to Escherichia coli populations during extended nonlethal selection in bacterial lawns. We show that a high level of redundant transfer occurs between these nongrowing cells during the selection. This result has implications for the mechanism of adaptive mutagenesis.
Blood Pressure, Heart Tones, and Diagnoses (2009)

The primary purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the basic concepts of blood pressure, heart tones, and some common diagnoses. It remains the general consensus that even the most sophisticated electronic monitors cannot fully reduce the need for sound clinical skills like proper patient inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Furthermore, it is important to reinforce the need for a deep understanding of basic physiological principles when interpreting physical examination findings. Invasive and noninvasive methods for assessing blood pressure are discussed in addition to new technologies.
Fiber-Integrated Diamond-Based Single Photon Source (2010)

An alignment free, micrometer-scale single photon source consisting of a single quantum emitter on an optical fiber operating at room temperature is demonstrated. It easily integrates into fiber optic networks for quantum cryptography or quantum metrology applications.(1) Near-field coupling of a single nitrogen-vacancy center is achieved in a bottom-up approach by placing a preselected nanodiamond directly on the fiber facet. Its high photon collection efficiency is equivalent to a far-field collection via an objective with a numerical aperture of 0.82. Furthermore, simultaneous excitation and re-collection through the fiber is possible by introducing a fiber-connected single emitter sensor.
RAFT and click chemistry: A versatile approach to well-defined block copolymers (2006)

The combination of reversible chain transfer chemistry with highly orthogonal [2 + 3] cycloadditions ('click chemistry') allows for the synthesis of well-defined block copolymers of monomers with extremely disparate reactivities.
Inflammatory sensitization of nociceptors depends on activation of NMDA receptors in DRG satellite cells (2014)

The present study evaluated the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) expressed in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in the inflammatory sensitization of peripheral nociceptor terminals to mechanical stimulation. Injection of NMDA into the fifth lumbar (L5)-DRG induced hyperalgesia in the rat hind paw with a profile similar to that of intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which was significantly attenuated by injection of the NMDAR antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP-5) in the L5-DRG. Moreover, blockade of DRG AMPA receptors by the antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione had no effect in the PGE2-induced hyperalgesia in the paw, showing specific involvement of NMDARs in this modulatory effect and suggesting that activation of NMDAR in the DRG plays an important role in the peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia. In following experiments we observed attenuation of PGE2-induced hyperalgesia in the paw by the knockdown of NMDAR subunits NR1, NR2B, NR2D, and NR3A with antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide treatment in the DRG. Also, in vitro experiments showed that the NMDA-induced sensitization of cultured DRG neurons depends on satellite cell activation and on those same NMDAR subunits, suggesting their importance for the PGE2-induced hyperalgesia. In addition, fluorescent calcium imaging experiments in cultures of DRG cells showed induction of calcium transients by glutamate or NMDA only in satellite cells, but not in neurons. Together, the present results suggest that the mechanical inflammatory nociceptor sensitization is dependent on glutamate release at the DRG and subsequent NMDAR activation in satellite glial cells, supporting the idea that the peripheral hyperalgesia is an event modulated by a glutamatergic system in the DRG.
Techniques to increase the computational throughput of bit-serial architectures (2005)

Three architectural techniques are reported, which accelerate bit-serial computation without compromising its favourable advantages. In essence these techniques rely on multi-wire representations of serial data - a step towards bit-parallelism. Interfacing techniques are developed to support the existence of domains of different throughput within a system, thereby enhancing the range of bandwidth-matching techniques available to the systems designer. These techniques also realise the potential to mix processing wordlengths within a serial-data system.
The pathogenesis of severe malaria in African children (1996)

The pathogenesis of severe, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children is considered in the context of its two major clinical syndromes: malaria with respiratory distress; and malaria with neurological disturbance. Respiratory distress is an important prognostic marker in children with P. falciparum infections. In the majority of cases it reflects an underlying metabolic acidosis, usually associated with lactic acidaemia. Hypovolaemia and anaemia are important underlying factors. The syndrome of malaria with neurological impairment is not a homogenous condition. Four distinct groups of children fulfilling the WHO definition of cerebral malaria may be distinguished: (1) prolonged post-ictal state; (2) covert status epilepticus; (3) severe metabolic derangement (particularly hypoglycaemia and metabolic acidosis); and (4) children with a primary neurological syndrome. These distinctions are important from a therapeutic point of view, as well as for their implications for studies on underlying pathogenic factors. A simple framework is presented to summarize how three major processes, anaemia, the acute phase response and sequestration of infected cells, may interact to lead to reduced tissue oxygenation as a unifying process in the pathogenesis of both major clinical syndromes of severe malaria.
Tracking Objects Hidden from View (2016)

Although different computational techniques can provide impressive 3-D reconstructions of a hidden object, detecting an object out of the line of sight in real time with a portable system remains a major challenge. We recently presented a technique, based on single-photon counting, that can locate the position of an object hidden around a corner in a few seconds’ acquisition time, and that thus allows us to track its position as it is moving.
Distributed GIS for Monitoring and Modeling Urban Air Quality (1999)

The progress of technology has made the measurement of air quality and the simulation of complex air pollution models both feasible and cost-effective. However, there is a long way to go in terms of facilitating widespread access to the data and models, and linking the monitoring of trace gases with specific urban activities and land use that might be controllable. As part of a NASA-funded project, we are working with scientists and engineers to design and test a distributed GIS infrastructure for studying such &quot;urban respiration &quot; phenomena. Measurements of trace gases within a metropolitan area (from mobile and fixed instruments) are geo-referenced, time-stamped, and stored in a relational database server (Oracle). GIS services (using ArcInfo and ArcView) are connected to the database so that subsets of the trace gas measurements can be extracted and converted on-the-fly into GIS data layers. These subsets (by location, date, and time-of-day) can be displayed and cross-referenced with other layers such as weather conditions, land use and cover, topography, hydrography, demography, and congestion levels of road networks. A web-based interface (using ArcView Internet Map Server) allows research team members at different locations to query, visualize, and process the cross-referenced data layers in order to generate surface level estimates of initial conditions for use in the air quality models.
Estimation of Scratched Contact Fatigue Life with Artificial Dent of SUJ2 Steel Carbonitrided to Controlled Surface Nitrogen Content (2009)

It was obvious that NH3 partial pressure, H2 partial pressure, carbon activity, and atmospheric imbalance of NH3 partial pressure in a furnace is essential for carbonitriding process, thus, quantum shift of nitrogen concentration in the steel will be achieved in the factory. The scratched contact life is very important performance for rolling bearings, however, there is no research about relationship between nitrogen concentration and the scratched contact life. Keeping this situation in mind, the scratched contact life of SUJ2 (SAE52100 equivalent) of which nitrogen concentration accurately controlled is investigated in this research. To avoid uncertain accidents occurred by additive contamination to lubrication oil, ball bearing's inner rings added the artificial dent by Rockwell indenter (196 N) were used for the scratched contact life test. Weibull slope of the test results by this operation condition became shaper than that of test result by general test method (i.e., bearing's rolling contact fatigue life test under contaminated lubrication condition). Therefore, it is thought that the test method in this research is suitable to get quantitative data. Significance test of the results appeared that when the surface nitrogen concentration is over 0.05 mass%, the scratched contact life is superior to that of normal SUJ2 with a reliability of 99%. Besides, experimental results revealed that, when the surface nitrogen concentration is 0.4 mass%, the life can be longer than that of 0.1 mass% nitrogen concentration. The sample whose surface nitrogen concentration is 0.4 mass% demonstrated L50 life that was 4 times as long as normal SUJ2.