gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the (Statistical) Detection of Adversarial Examples (2017)

Machine Learning (ML) models are applied in a variety of tasks such as network intrusion detection or Malware classification. Yet, these models are vulnerable to a class of malicious inputs known as adversarial examples. These are slightly perturbed inputs that are classified incorrectly by the ML model. The mitigation of these adversarial inputs remains an open problem. As a step towards understanding adversarial examples, we show that they are not drawn from the same distribution than the original data, and can thus be detected using statistical tests. Using thus knowledge, we introduce a complimentary approach to identify specific inputs that are adversarial. Specifically, we augment our ML model with an additional output, in which the model is trained to classify all adversarial inputs. We evaluate our approach on multiple adversarial example crafting methods (including the fast gradient sign and saliency map methods) with several datasets. The statistical test flags sample sets containing adversarial inputs confidently at sample sizes between 10 and 100 data points. Furthermore, our augmented model either detects adversarial examples as outliers with high accuracy (> 80%) or increases the adversary's cost - the perturbation added - by more than 150%. In this way, we show that statistical properties of adversarial examples are essential to their detection.
Scheduling Spots on Television (2015)

The scheduling of advertisements, or spots, is an essential operational process of the television business that must be conducted daily. An efficient distribution of viewers among advertisers allows the television network to satisfy contracts as planned and also increase ad-sales revenue. Spot scheduling is a very hard multi-period scheduling problem. Schedules have to be created such that advertiser’s campaign goals are met and ad-sales revenue is maximized. Each campaign has a specific target group of viewers and a unique set of constraints that have to be met. In addition, the number of viewers is uncertain. In this paper, we describe a practical approach that combines mathematical programming and time series methods to create daily schedules that are ready for broadcasting. This approach generates high quality schedules, according to standard business metrics and in comparison with the mathematical optimal bound. Our methods are used by leading networks and they produce substantial increases in revenue. Key words: scheduling, optimization, advertising, television–business. 1.
Analysis of protein transmembrane helical regions by a neural network (1994)

Neural networks were used to generalize common themes found in transmembrane-spanning protein helices. Various-sized databases were used containing nonoverlapping sequences, each 25 amino acids long. Training consisted of sorting these sequences into 1 of 2 groups: transmembrane helical peptides or nontransmembrane peptides. Learning was measured using a test set 10% the size of the training set. As training set size increased from 214 sequences to 1,751 sequences, learning increased in a nonlinear manner from 75% to a high of 98%, then declined to a low of 87%. The final training database consisted of roughly equal numbers of transmembrane (928) and nontransmembrane (1,018) sequences. All transmembrane sequences were entered into the database with respect to their lipid membrane orientation: from inside the membrane to outside. Generalized transmembrane helix and nontransmembrane peptides were constructed from the maximally weighted connecting strengths of fully trained networks. Four generalized transmembrane helices were found to contain 9 consensus residues: a K-R-F triplet was found at the inside lipid interface, 2 isoleucine and 2 other phenylalanine residues were present in the helical body, and 2 tryptophan residues were found near the outside lipid interface. As a test of the training method, bacteriorhodopsin was examined to determine the position of its 7 transmembrane helices.
An automotive radar network based on 77GHz FMCW sensors (2005)

Automotive radar sensors will be used in many future applications to increase comfort and safety. Adaptive cruise control (ACC), parking aid, collision warning or avoidance and pre crash are some automotive applications, which are based on high performance radar sensors. This paper describes results gained by an European Commission funded research project and a new radar network based on four individual monostatic 77 GHz FMCW radar sensors. Each sensor measures target range and velocity simultaneously and extremely accurate even in multiple target situations with a maximum range of 40 m. The azimuth angle is estimated by multilateration techniques in a radar network architecture. The system design and the signal processing of this network are described in detail in this paper. Due to the high range resolution performance of each radar sensor ordinary targets cannot be considered any longer as point but as extended targets. System capability, performance and reliability can be improved essentially if the single sensor FMCW signal processing, the target position processing in the radar network and the tracking scheme are jointly optimized.
Tumour necrosis factor-α, inflammatory biomarkers, and atherogenesis (2002)

With the increasing recognition that inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis In an interesting report in this issue, Skoog et al. explore the relationship between plasma TNF-levels, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin and carotid atherosclerosis assessed by ultrasound among healthy middle-aged Swedish men with the apolipoprotein E3/E3 genotype As expected, there was a significant correlation between TNF-and the other markers of inflammation. Furthermore TNF-was significantly associated with carotid intima-media thickness in unadjusted analysis. In multivariate analysis, however, E-selectin was an independent determinant of carotid intima-media thickness, while TNF-was not an independent predictor.
Potential for beta-glucan enrichment in brans derived from oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars of different (1 leads to 3),(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-glucan concentrations. (1991)

This paper describes a simple, small-scale milling process to produce coarse and fine fractions from a selection of oat cultivars and reports their concentrations of β-glucan and starch
Thermally stable and high reflectivity Al-doped silver thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering (2018)

Thermally stable, high reflectance thin film coatings are indispensable in optoelectronic devices, especially as a potential back reflector for LEDs and solar cells. The silver has the drawback of agglomerating easily and poor thermal stability, which is limiting its application as a highly reflective coating in various optoelectronic applications. In this study, improved thermal stability by modification of the Ag film into an Ag/Al-doped Ag structure has been confirmed. In this paper, the surface morphology, optical reflectance, and thermal stability of the Ag/Al-doped Ag are investigated. The Ag/Al-doped Ag/sapphire films showed excellent thermal stability after annealing the films at 523 K with the highest reflectance about ∼86% as compared to the pure Ag films. The grain growth analysis results revealed that the Al-doping is effective to restrain the severe grain growth of silver films. The Auger electron spectroscopy results revealed that the outer diffusion of aluminum and the formation of Al-O bond at the outermost silver layer which is beneficial to retard the Ag grain growth.
Distinct Expression Patterns of Different Subunit Isoforms of the V-ATPase in the Rat Epididymis1 (2005)

In the epididymis and vas deferens, the vacuolar H(+)ATPase (V-ATPase), located in the apical pole of narrow and clear cells, is required to establish an acidic luminal pH. Low pH is important for the maturation of sperm and their storage in a quiescent state. The V-ATPase also participates in the acidification of intracellular organelles. The V-ATPase contains many subunits, and several of these subunits have multiple isoforms. So far, only subunits ATP6V1B1, ATP6V1B2, and ATP6V1E2, previously identified as B1, B2, and E subunits, have been described in the rat epididymis. Here, we report the localization of V-ATPase subunit isoforms ATP6V1A, ATP6V1C1, ATP6V1C2, ATP6V1G1, ATP6V1G3, ATP6V0A1, ATP6V0A2, ATP6V0A4, ATP6V0D1, and ATP6V0D2, previously labeled A, C1, C2, G1, G3, a1, a2, a4, d1, and d2, in epithelial cells of the rat epididymis and vas deferens. Narrow and clear cells showed a strong apical staining for all subunits, except the ATP6V0A2 isoform. Subunits ATP6V0A2 and ATP6V1A were detected in intracellular structures closely associated but not identical to the TGN of principal cells and narrow/clear cells, and subunit ATP6V0D1 was strongly expressed in the apical membrane of principal cells in the apparent absence of other V-ATPase subunits. In conclusion, more than one isoform of subunits ATP6V1C, ATP6V1G, ATP6V0A, and ATP6V0D of the V-ATPase are present in the epididymal and vas deferens epithelium. Our results confirm that narrow and clear cells are well fit for active proton secretion. In addition, the diverse functions of the V-ATPase may be established through the utilization of specific subunit isoforms. In principal cells, the ATP6V0D1 isoform may have a physiological function that is distinct from its role in proton transport via the V-ATPase complex.
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Postsurgical Pain Management in Women Undergoing Cesarean Section (2016)

PEMF treatment after C-section decreases postsurgical pain, analgesic use, and surgical wound exudate and edema significantly, and is associated with a high level of patient satisfaction.
Humoral Immune Response to Fibrillar β-Amyloid Peptide (2003)

The beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) is a normal product of the proteolytic processing of its precursor (beta-APP). Normally, it elicits a very low humoral immune response; however, the aggregation of monomeric Abeta to form fibrillar Abeta amyloid creates a neo-epitope, to which antibodies are generated. Rabbits were injected with fibrillar human Abeta(1-42), and the resultant antibodies were purified and their binding properties characterized. The antibodies bound to an epitope in the first eight residues of Abeta and required a free amino terminus. Additional residues did not affect the affinity of the epitope as long as the peptide was unaggregated; the antibody bound Abeta residues 1-8, 1-11, 1-16, 1-28, 1-40, and 1-42 with similar affinities. In contrast, the antibodies bound approximately 1000-fold more tightly to fibrillar Abeta(1-42). Their enhanced affinity did not result from their bivalent nature: monovalent Fab fragments exhibited a similar affinity for the fibrils. Nor did it result from the particulate nature of the epitope: monomeric Abeta(1-16) immobilized on agarose and soluble Abeta(1-16) exhibited similar affinities for the antifibrillar antibodies. In addition, antibodies raised to four nonfibrillar peptides corresponding to internal Abeta sequences did not exhibit enhanced affinity for fibrillar Abeta(1-42). Antibodies directed to the C-terminus of Abeta bound poorly to fibrillar Abeta(1-42), which is consistent with models where the carboxyl terminus is buried in the interior of the fibril and the amino terminus is on the surface. When used as an immunohistochemical probe, the antifibrillar Abeta(1-42) IgG exhibited enhanced affinity for amyloid deposits in the cerebrovasculature. We hypothesize either that the antibodies recognize a specific conformation of the eight amino-terminal residues of Abeta, which is at least 1000-fold more favored in the fibril than in monomeric peptides, or that affinity maturation of the antibodies produces an additional binding site for the amino-terminal residues of an adjacent Abeta monomer. In vivo this specificity would direct the antibody primarily to fibrillar vascular amyloid deposits even in the presence of a large excess of monomeric Abeta or its precursor. This observation may explain the vascular meningeal inflammation that developed in Alzheimer's disease patients immunized with fibrillar Abeta. Passive immunization with an antibody directed to an epitope hidden in fibrillar Abeta and in the transmembrane region of APP might be a better choice in the search for an intervention to remove Abeta monomers without provoking an inflammatory response.
Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Photothermal Therapy and Nuclear Delivery. (2013)

Cancer is still a grand challenge faced by society today. Nanomedicine addresses many of the serious issues associated with conventional treatments. Nanoparticles (NPs) are advantageous for therapy because they are minimally invasive, have tunable characteristics and can be used as targeted and multifunctional treatment platforms. This thesis focuses on the use of both polymeric and gold NPs for photothermal therapy (PTT) of cancer cells, and describes the surface engineering of gold NPs for optimized, cell specific nuclear delivery. The first ever use of the FDA approved Coomassie Brilliant blue (CB) dye as a photosensitizer for PTT of cancer is detailed. The CB dye is covalently linked into the matrix of biologically compatible, hydrogel NPs. Also, a portable, inexpensive, low intensity LED is used as the light source. Incubation with moderate NP concentrations, combined with relatively low light levels, yielded nearly complete cell death within 3 hours of treatment. Another part of this dissertation research describes the stepwise surface engineering of specialty gold NPs for optimized delivery to cancer cell nuclei. These femtosecond laser ablation generated gold NPs have virgin surfaces to which cell-specific and nucleus-specific targeting peptides are directly attached. Efficient nuclear delivery was achieved using as little as 100pM of NPs solution, a concentration that is at least an order of magnitude lower than what has been previously reported in nuclear delivery studies involving gold NPs. The aforementioned nuclear-targeted gold NPs were also successfully utilized for PTT of cancer cells in vitro. A drastic difference in treatment efficacy was observed when the therapy was mediated by gold NPs delivered into the nucleus compared to when the NPs remained outside the nucleus. In the former case, the cell viability drops dramatically at early times and complete cell death is observed at six hours post-treatment. In the latter case, the viability decreases slowly over time and a maximum change of approximately 50% is observed 12 hours post-treatment. Overall this thesis provides several contributions to the field of Nanobiotechnology, through the presentation of highly effective, nanoparticle-mediated PTT. The latter can be easily incorporated into a multimodal approach for the treatment of cancer.
An Mo gate 4 K static RAM fabricated using a novel direct contact technology (1981)

A novel direct contact fabrication technology for Mo gate MOS LSIs has been developed, A feature of the new technology is that the direct contact hole silicon surface is covered with a uniform and thin Mo silicide film, The Mo silicide film was formed with sufficient reproducibility by As implantation through thin (∼100 Å) Mo film and subsequent annealings, Mo/Mo silicide/n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -Si direct contact showed remarkable improvement in thermal durability, A high speed 4 K bit static MOS RAM was fabricated using the above-mentioned direct contact technology combined with 1 µm effective channel Mo gate MOS technology.
The Electrochemical Behavior of Hemoglobin on SWNTs/DDAB Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (2004)

Abstract The SWNTs/DDAB film modified glassy carbon electrode was successfully prepared to study the electrochemical behavior of hemoglobin (Hb). A better electrochemical response was observed than that on the DDAB or SWNTs film modified electrode. Cyclic voltammetry of Hb showed two pairs of well‐defined and nearly reversible peaks. The electrochemical reaction of hemoglobin on the SWNTs/DDAB film modified electrode was controlled by absorption. Using the SWNTs/DDAB film modified electrode, the interaction between hemoglobin and tar was studied.
Creating compact architectural models by geo-registering image collections (2009)

We present a method for automatically constructing compact, photo-realistic architectural 3D models. This method uses simple 3D building outlines obtained from existing GIS databases to bootstrap reconstruction and works with both structured and unstructured image datasets. We propose an optimal view-selection algorithm for selecting a small set of views for texture mapping that best describe the structure, while minimizing warping and stitching artifacts, and producing a consistent visual representation. The proposed method is fully automatic and can process large structured datasets in close to real-time, making it suitable for large scale urban modeling and 3D map construction.
Delay and Power Reduction in Deep Submicron Buses (2022)

As technology scales down, coupling between nodes of the circuits increases and becomes an important factor in interconnection analysis. In many cases like the deep submicron technology (DSM), the coupling between lines (inter-wire capacitance) is strong and the energy consumption caused by parasitic capacitance is non-negligible. In this work, we employ the differential low-weight encoding [1] to reduce energy and delay (transmission cost) on DSM buses. We propose an enumeration method that reduces the encoder table-size from O(2n) words to O(n) words, for an n-bit DSM bus, and so reduces the memory complexity significantly and facilitates energy and delay reduction due to addressing and fetching data from large lookup tables. We modify the energy and delay equations for DSM buses and develop new representations in terms of number of the same and opposite direction transitions on the bus and use them in our interconnect analysis. We also use these equations to develop formulas for computing the mean transmission cost per bit on DSM buses for both differential low-weight encoding and uncoded schemes. Using the interconnect analysis, we compute a help codeword (from the set of unselected codewords) on the fly and assign to each selected codeword. This low complexity step consists of simple operations and enables us to gain more cost reduction without increasing the table size or number of the bus lines. The simulation results for 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit buses at maximum rate (only one extra line added) show that the proposed encoding scheme achieves more than 10% cost reduction, and performs more than 2.5% better than to the original differential low-weight scheme, in the worst case.
Transforming growth factor-β3 regulates assembly of a non-fibrotic matrix in a 3D corneal model (2011)

Corneal tissue engineering has attracted the attention of many researchers over the years, in part due to the cornea's avascularity and relatively straightforward structure. However, the highly organized and structured nature of this optically clear tissue has presented a great challenge. We have previously developed a model in which human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) are stimulated by a stable vitamin C (VitC) derivative to self-assemble an extracellular matrix (ECM). Addition of TGFβ1 enhanced the assembly of ECM; however, it was accompanied by the upregulation of specific fibrotic markers. In this study, we tested the effects of all three TGFβ isoforms (-β1, -β2 and -β3) on ECM production, as well as expression of fibrotic markers. HCFs were grown in four media conditions for 4 weeks: control, VitC only; T1, VitC + TGFβ1; T2, VitC + TGFβ2; and T3, VitC + TGFβ3. The cultures were analysed with western blots, TEM and indirect immunofluorescence (IF). Compared to controls, all TGFβ isoforms stimulated matrix production by about three-fold. IF showed the presence of type III collagen and smooth muscle actin (SMA) in T1 and T2; however, T3 showed little to no expression. In western blots, T3 stimulated a lower type III:type I collagen ratio when compared to the other conditions. In addition, TEM indicated that T3 stimulated a higher level of matrix alignment and organization. HCFs stimulated by VitC and TGFβ3 appear to generate a matrix that mimics the normal adult or developing human cornea, whereas TGF-β1 and -β2 drive the constructs towards a more fibrotic path.
Enhanced detection of PCR products through use of TOTO and YOYO intercalating dyes with laser induced fluorescence--capillary electrophoresis. (1993)

Recent developments in the chemical synthesis of DNA-binding dyes have enhanced detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products by capillary electrophoresis. These dyes are dimers of thiazole orange (TOTO) or oxazole orange (YOYO) and have a very high binding affinity for DNA (Haugland, 1992). These dyes show enhanced fluorescence signals when they bind to double-stranded DNA and their fluorescence in the unbound state is almost zero, making them extremely useful in detecting minute (fg) quantities of DNA. We report here the utility of these dyes in DNA typing applications using a laser-induced fluorescence detector in conjunction with a capillary electrophoresis system.
Microphone Array Acoustic Source Localization system based on Deep Learning (2018)

This paper presents a microphone array sound source localization system based on deep learning algorithms. Currently, the most popular acoustic source localization algorithms are based on the traditional array signal processing methods. These methods have good localization performance in the ideal acoustic environment. However, the performances degraded significantly in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and strong reverberation environments. To deal with this problem, this study developed a deep neural network (DNN) based system. Unlike the traditional algorithms with poor adaptability to environmental conditions, the proposed system can automatically learn the spatial information of sound sources under various conditions through training a large amount of data. Furthermore, it can fully utilize all the information of the original data without additional feature extraction. A set of experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed system in comparison with the generalized cross correlation phase transform (GCC-PHAT) method. Results verify that the DNN based system achieves higher accuracy under low SNR conditions.
Extra-Pancreatic Manifestations in Diabetes Secondary to Mitochondrial DNA Point Mutation Within the tRNALeu(UUR) Gene (1995)

In diabetes secondary to 3243 mtDNA mutation, infraclinical muscular and ocular lesions are frequent. These two locations of the disease, which are easily investigated by simple methods, can help in the diagnosis of this new type of diabetes.