gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced optical inspectability of patterned EUVL mask (2002)

For optical inspection of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) masks using Deep Ultraviolet (DUV) light, contrast from reflected light is used to form the image of the mask and detect the defects. The inspectability of a patterned mask depends on the optical properties, surface conditions and thickness of absorber and buffer layer. The issue in EUVL mask inspection is the relatively low image contrast in the inspection tool because both the EUV-reflective and EUV-absorbing regions reflect DUV light. The need of a buffer layer to protect the multilayer (ML) reflector during mask processing and defect repair necessitates two inspections for a patterned mask: one with the buffer layer on to find the defect for repair and one with the buffer layer removed to qualify a final mask. Since the ML appears bright at DUV inspection wavelengths, the buffer layer is also chosen to give high reflectivity. Therefore, the absorber reflectivity must be low enough to provide high image contrast and to avoid the edge interference effect. Recently, we have developed a surface treatment process to reduce the reflectivity of absorber layer and result in a DUV contrast approaching 90 percent. This greatly improves the optical inspectability of EUVL mask to a level similar to conventional transmission mask. In this paper, we describe the overall EUVL mask inspection strategy and present a comprehensive discussion on mask optimization in materials selection and modification for high inspectability. We report the reflectivity of Mo-Si multilayer, buffer layers using SiO<SUB>2</SUB> and Ru, and absorber layers of Cr and TaN. We will demonstrate with DUV inspection images of the optimized EUVL masks that the image contrast and quality from reflected light are close to those of conventional photo-masks with transmitted light. This greatly enhanced EUVL mask inspectability will increase defect detectability for inspection tools and simplify image rendering in die-to-database inspection.
Recombinant TIMP-1-GPI inhibits growth of fibrosarcoma and enhances tumor sensitivity to doxorubicin (2013)

Fibrosarcomas show a high incidence of recurrence and general resistance to apoptosis. Limiting tumor regrowth and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy and apoptosis represent key issues in developing more effective treatments of these tumors. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) broadly blocks matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and can moderate tumor growth and metastasis. We previously described generation of a recombinant fusion protein linking TIMP-1 to glycosylphophatidylinositol (GPI) anchor (TIMP-1-GPI) that efficiently directs the inhibitor to cell surfaces. In the present report, we examined the effect of TIMP-1-GPI treatment on fibrosarcoma biology. Exogenously applied TIMP-1-GPI efficiently incorporated into surface membranes of human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. It inhibited their proliferation, migration, suppressed cancer cell clone formation, and enhanced apoptosis. Doxorubicin, the standard chemotherapeutic drug for fibrosarcoma, was tested alone or in combination with TIMP-1-GPI. In parallel, the influence of treatment on HT1080 side population cells (exhibiting tumor stem cell-like characteristics) was investigated using Hoechst 33342 staining. The sequential combination of TIMP-1-GPI and doxorubicin showed more than additive effects on apoptosis, while TIMP-1-GPI treatment alone effectively decreased "stem-cell like" side population cells of HT1080. TIMP-1-GPI treatment was validated using HT1080 fibrosarcoma murine xenografts. Growing tumors treated with repeated local injections of TIMP-1-GPI showed dramatically inhibited fibrosarcoma growth and reduced angiogenesis. Intraoperative peritumoral application of GPI-anchored TIMP-1 as an adjuvant to surgery may help maintain tumor control by targeting microscopic residual fibrosarcoma cells and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy.
A remote and non-contact method for obtaining the blood-pulse waveform with a laser Doppler vibrometer (2007)

The use of lasers to remotely and non-invasively detect the blood pressure waveform of humans and animals would provide a powerful diagnostic tool. Current blood pressure measurement tools, such as a cuff, are not useful for burn and trauma victims, and animals require catheterization to acquire accurate blood pressure information. The purpose of our sensor method and apparatus invention is to remotely and non-invasively detect the blood pulse waveform of both animals and humans. This device is used to monitor an animal or human's skin in proximity to an artery using radiation from a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). This system measures the velocity (or displacement) of the pulsatile motion of the skin, indicative of physiological parameters of the arterial motion in relation to the cardiac cycle. Tests have been conducted that measures surface velocity with an LDV and a signal-processing unit, with enhanced detection obtained with optional hardware including a retro-reflector dot. The blood pulse waveform is obtained by integrating the velocity signal to get surface displacement using standard signal processing techniques. Continuous recording of the blood pulse waveform yields data containing information on cardiac health and can be analyzed to identify important events in the cardiac cycle, such as heart rate, the timing of peak systole, left ventricular ejection time and aortic valve closure. Experimental results are provided that demonstrates the current capabilities of the optical, non-contact sensor for the continuous, non-contact recording of the blood pulse waveform without causing patient distress.
A strategy for the generation of specific human antibodies by directed evolution and phage display (2005)

This study describes the construction of a library of single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs) from a single human donor by individual amplification of all heavy and light variable domains (1.1 x 10(8) recombinants). The library was panned using the phage display technique, which allowed selection of specific scFvs (3F and C1) capable of recognizing Cn2, the major toxic component of Centruroides noxius scorpion venom. The scFv 3F was matured in vitro by three cycles of directed evolution. The use of stringent conditions in the third cycle allowed the selection of several improved clones. The best scFv obtained (6009F) was improved in terms of its affinity by 446-fold, from 183 nm (3F) to 410 pm. This scFv 6009F was able to neutralize 2 LD(50) of Cn2 toxin when a 1 : 10 molar ratio of toxin-to-antibody fragment was used. It was also able to neutralize 2 LD(50) of the whole venom. These results pave the way for the future generation of recombinant human antivenoms.
QoSP: A Priority-Based Queueing Mechanism in Software-Defined Networking Environments (2021)

Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging networking technology and allows for a separation of data and control planes traffic in order to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) for traffic and services delivery. Latency metric is regarded as a critical parameter by service providers and end users alike, where inter-link delays can be measured using end-to-end (E2E) probing packets. Moreover, to support latency-sensitive applications in SDN such as emergency response, we need a comprehensive QoS mechanism to ensure the minimization of E2E latency, the efficacious calculation of forwarding paths, and the minimization of control response time. We first distinguish between a flow’s admission latency and a flow’s packet forwarding latency. The former is decided by its controller’s response time, and the latter by its data plane queue delay. We then design a two-queue system with feedback, named QoSP, that aims to control overall latency performance in SDN through improving data-control communication performance and imposing efficient queueing control. We specifically introduce a priority-based queueing discipline in the data plane to achieve differentiated QoS provisioning via maintaining multiple OpenFlow queues with different priorities at each switch port. We implement the proposed QoSP using a Floodlight SDN controller and conduct emulation studies on the Global Environment for Networking Innovations. Our evaluation shows that QoSP can optimize the E2E delay and significantly reduce the control response time for priority traffic.
CArG elements control smooth muscle subtype–specific expression of smooth muscle myosin in vivo (2001)

Expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) is tightly controlled depending on the differentiated state of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). To better understand the mechanisms that regulate transcription of the SM-MHC gene in vivo, we tested the function of several conserved CArG elements contained within the -4200 to +11,600 region of this gene that we had previously shown to drive SMC-specific expression in transgenic mice. CArG1 in the 5'-flanking sequence was required for all SMCs, while CArG2 and a novel intronic CArG element were differentially required in SMC subtypes. Of particular note, mutation of the intronic CArG selectively abolished expression in large arteries. A promoter construct containing three repeats of a conserved 227-bp intronic CArG-containing region was sufficient to direct transcription in vascular SMCs in transgenic mice, although this construct was also expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. These results support a model in which transcriptional regulation of SM-MHC is controlled by multiple positive and negative modular control regions that differ between SMCs and non-SMCs and among SMC subtypes. We also demonstrated that the CArG elements of the endogenous SM-MHC gene were bound by SRF in chromatin.
Confirmation of Direct Epidural Catheter Placement Using Nerve Stimulation in Pediatric Anesthesia (2003)

A new technique to confirm epidural catheter position uses low current electrical stimulation in pediatric patients. This study evaluated the use of electrical stimulation in 30 pediatric patients for directly placed catheters. Electrical stimulation did not provide any advantage over conventional methods (e.g., cutaneous landmarks) for confirmation of catheter position.
Au@MoS2@WS2 Core-Shell Architectures: A Solution to Versatile Colloidal\n Suspensions of 2D Heterostructures (2019)

For years, solution processing has provided a versatile platform to extend\nthe applications of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) beyond those\nachievable with traditional preparation methods. However, existing\nsolution-based synthesis and exfoliation approaches are not compatible with\ncomplex geometries, particularly when interfacial control is desired. As a\nresult, promising TMD structures, including MoS2/WS2 heterostructures, are\nbarred from the rich assembly and modification opportunities possible with\nsolution preparation. Here, we introduce a strategy that combines traditional\nvapor phase deposition and solution chemistry to build TMD core-shell\nheterostructures housed in aqueous media. We report the first synthesized TMD\ncore-shell heterostructure, Au@MoS2@WS2, with an Au nanoparticle core and MoS2\nand WS2 shells, and provide a means of suspending the structure in solution to\nallow for higher order patterning and ligand-based functionalization.\nHigh-resolution electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy provide detailed\nanalysis of the structure and interfaces of the core-shell heterostructures.\nUV-vis, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements exhibit the\noutstanding natural stability and monodispersity of Au@MoS2@WS2 in solution. As\na proof of concept, the aqueous environment is utilized to both functionalize\nthe core-shell heterostructures with electrostatic ligands and pattern them\ninto desired configurations on a target substrate. This work harnesses the\nadvantages of vapor phase preparation of nanomaterials and the functionality\npossible with aqueous suspension to expand future engineering and application\nopportunities of TMD heterostructures.\n
Signal Processing Algorithms For Dsp Implementation of Analog TV Receivers (2006)

This paper presents a novel power efficient software implementation of the NTSC analog TV receiver using the Sandbridge Technologies software defined radio (SDR) platform. The radio frequency signal specific to a TV channel is down converted to base band and sampled at 14.318 MHz. From this stage, the entire receiver function is executed in SW, including the horizontal and vertical synchronization, and video processing. The analog TV receiver implemented in DSP can coexist with other communication protocols such as WLAN, GSM/GPRS, GPS etc. allowing analog TV broadcasting on mobile platforms
A symmetrically balanced linear differential charge-splitting input for charge-coupled devices (1977)

A new charge input scheme for charge-coupled devices is described. Charge packets of a fixed size are produced in each clock cycle. Each charge packet is subsequently split into two parts under two input gates. The difference between the two resulting fractional charge packets is a linear function of the potential difference between the two signal input gates. This input scheme is particularly suitable for use with differential charge-coupled delay lines, since the charge representation of the input signal and its complement are produced in a highly symmetrical manner. The principle may also be used for splitting charge packets in any required ratio for more general application.
Human IgG antibody profiles differentiate between symptomatic patients with and without colorectal cancer (2009)

It is demonstrated for the first time that screening high-density protein arrays identifies unique antibody profiles that discriminate between symptomatic patients with and without colorectal cancer. The differential expression of identified antigens suggests their involvement in aberrant cellular mechanisms in cancer.
mRNA localization to the mitochondrial surface allows the efficient translocation inside the organelle of a nuclear recoded ATP6 protein (2006)

As previously established in yeast, two sequences within mRNAs are responsible for their specific localization to the mitochondrial surface-the region coding for the mitochondrial targeting sequence and the 3'UTR. This phenomenon is conserved in human cells. Therefore, we decided to use mRNA localization as a tool to address to mitochondria, a protein that is not normally imported. For this purpose, we associated a nuclear recoded ATP6 gene with the mitochondrial targeting sequence and the 3'UTR of the nuclear SOD2 gene, which mRNA exclusively localizes to the mitochondrial surface in HeLa cells. The ATP6 gene is naturally located into the organelle and encodes a highly hydrophobic protein of the respiratory chain complex V. In this study, we demonstrated that hybrid ATP6 mRNAs, as the endogenous SOD2 mRNA, localize to the mitochondrial surface in human cells. Remarkably, fusion proteins localize to mitochondria in vivo. Indeed, ATP6 precursors synthesized in the cytoplasm were imported into mitochondria in a highly efficient way, especially when both the MTS and the 3'UTR of the SOD2 gene were associated with the re-engineered ATP6 gene. Hence, these data indicate that mRNA targeting to the mitochondrial surface represents an attractive strategy for allowing the mitochondrial import of proteins originally encoded by the mitochondrial genome without any amino acid change in the protein that could interfere with its biologic activity.
Comparisons of high titer ethanol production and lignosulfonate properties by SPORL pretreatment of lodgepole pine at two temperatures (2014)

Mountain pine beetle killed lodgepole pine wood chips were pretreated by SPORL at 180 °C for 25 min and 165 °C for 75 min using the same chemical loadings, which represent the same pretreatment severity.
PLASMA ARC AUGMENTED LASER WELDING (1994)

The authors describe a technique of arc augmentation to increase the capability of the laser during laser welding. The novel process, Plasma Arc augmented Laser Welding, is still under development.
From wood to bone: multi-step process to convert wood hierarchical structures into biomimetic hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (2009)

Hydroxyapatite (HA) bone scaffolds characterized by highly organized hierarchical structures have been obtained by chemically transforming native woods through a sequence of thermal and hydrothermal processes. The whole chemical conversion has been carried out through five steps from native wood to porous hydroxyapatite: 1) pyrolysis of ligneous raw materials to produce carbon templates characterized by the natural complex anisotropic pore structure; 2) carburization process by vapour or liquid calcium permeation to yield calcium carbide; 3) oxidation process to transform calcium carbide into calcium oxide; 4) carbonation by hydrothermal process under CO2 pressure for the further conversion into calcium carbonate; 5) phosphatization process through hydrothermal treatment to achieve the final hydroxyapatite phase. The five steps of the phase transformation process have been set up in order to achieve total phase conversion and purity maintaining the original native microstructure. An innovative biomimetic apatite hierarchically structured in parallel fastened hollow microtubules has been synthesized, structurally characterized and proposed as a new inorganic biomorphic scaffold providing a biomimetic nanostructure surface for fascinating bone engineering applications.
Color Moiré Interferometry for Shear Stress Sensor Application (2007)

The thrust of this paper is to present a novel color Moire interferometry technique that enables the miniaturization of MEMS shear stress sensors at the system level. The technique enables the application of a sensor array to 2-D shear stress measurements and provides immunity to the vibration in harsh environments that is a major threat to accuracy. This technology is ultimately aimed towards the in-flight measurement of skin friction under hypersonic conditions. Simple yet innovative, color Moire interferometry introduces the dimension of color into traditional Moire interferometry. It does so by encoding color into a Moire pattern through the use of a spatially color-varying light source. Processing the change of a Moire pattern using this newly injected color space has major advantages over the traditional Moire imaging technique.
Dental depth profilometric diagnosis of pit & fissure caries using frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometry and modulated laser luminescence (2005)

Non-intrusive, non-contacting frequency-domain photothermal radiometry (FD-PTR or PTR) and frequency-domain luminescence (FD-LUM or LUM) have been used with 659- nm and 830-nm laser sources to detect artificial and natural sub-surface defects in human teeth. Fifty-two human teeth were examined with simultaneous measurements of PTR and LUM with the 659-nm laser and compared to conventional diagnostic methods including continuous (dc) luminescence (DIAGNOdent), visual inspection and radiographs. To compare each method, sensitiv ities and specificities were calculated by using histological observations as the gold standard. With the combined criteria of four PTR and LUM signals (two amplitudes and two phases), it was found that the sensitivity of this method was much higher than any of the other methods used in this study, whereas the specificity was comparable to that of dc luminescence diagnostics. Therefore, PTR and LUM, as a combined technique, has the potential to be a reliable tool to diagnose early pit and fissure caries and could provide detailed information about deep lesions with its depth profilometric character. Also, from the experiments with the teeth having natural or artificial defect, some depth profilometric characteristics were confirmed. The major findings are (i) PTR is sensitive to very deep (>5 mm) defects at low modulation frequencies (5 Hz). Both PTR and LUM amplitudes exhibit a peak at tooth thicknesses ca. 1.4 - 2.7 mm. Furthermore the LUM amplitude exhibits a small trough at ca. 2.5~3.5 mm; (ii) PTR is sensitive to various defects such as a deep carious lesion, a demineralized area, and a crack while LUM exhibits low sensitivity and spatial resolution.
Non-Contact Ultrasonic Guided Wave Inspection of Rails: Next Generation Approach (2016)

The University of California at San Diego (UCSD), under a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research and Development (R&D) grant, is developing a system for high-speed and non-contact rail defect detection. A prototype using an ultrasonic air-coupled guided wave signal generation and air-coupled signal detection, paired with a real-time statistical analysis algorithm, has been realized. This system requires a specialized filtering approach based on electrical impedance matching due to the inherently poor signal-to-noise ratio of air-coupled ultrasonic measurements in rail steel. Various aspects of the prototype have been designed with the aid of numerical analyses. In particular, simulations of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in rails have been performed using a Local Interaction Simulation Approach (LISA) algorithm. The system’s operating parameters were selected based on Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, which provide a quantitative manner to evaluate different detection performances based on the trade-off between detection rate and false positive rate. The prototype based on this technology was tested in October 2014 at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Pueblo, Colorado, and again in November 2015 after incorporating changes based on lessons learned.
2-Azetidinone Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors:  Structure−Activity Relationships on the Heterocyclic Nucleus (1996)

A series of azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors related to SCH 48461 ((-)-6) has been prepared, and compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit hepatic cholesteryl ester formation in a cholesterol-fed hamster model. Although originally designed as acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, comparison of in vivo potency with in vitro activity in a microsomal ACAT assay indicates no correlation between activity in these two models. The molecular mechanism by which these compounds inhibit cholesterol absorption is unknown. Despite this limitation, examination of the in vivo activity of a range of compounds has revealed clear structure-activity relationships consistent with a well-defined molecular target. The details of these structure-activity relationships and their implications on the nature of the putative pharmacophore are discussed.
Microbial mineralization of organic nitrogen into nitrate to allow the use of organic fertilizer in hydroponics (2011)

Hydroponics is an excellent technique for the cultivation of vegetable crops and other plants, but organic fertilizers cannot be used in conventional hydroponic systems, which generally use only inorganic fertilizers, because organic compounds in the hydroponic solutions generally have phytotoxic effects that lead to poor plant growth. Few microorganisms are present in hydroponic solutions to mineralize the organic compounds into inorganic nutrients. In this article a novel and practical hydroponic culture method that uses microorganisms to degrade organic fertilizer in the hydroponic solution has been developed. Soil microorganisms were cultured by regulating the amounts of organic fertilizer and inoculum, with moderate aeration. The microorganisms mineralized organic nitrogen via ammonification and nitrification into nitrate at an efficiency of 97.6%. The culture solution containing the microorganisms was usable as a hydroponic solution, and organic fertilizer could be directly added to it during vegetable cultivation. Vegetables grew well in the organic hydroponic system. Organic hydroponics based on this method is therefore a practical tool for the utilization of organic sources of fertilizer.