gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mouse model of imiquimod-induced psoriatic itch (2016)

Itch is a major indicator of psoriasis, but the underlying mechanisms behind this symptom are largely unknown. To investigate the neuronal mechanisms of psoriatic itch, we tested whether mice subjected to the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model exhibit itch-associated behaviors. Mice received daily topical applications of imiquimod to the rostral back skin for 7 days. Imiquimod-treated mice exhibited a significant increase in spontaneous scratching behavior directed to the treated area as well as touch-evoked scratching (alloknesis). To characterize this model, we measured the mRNA expression levels of pruritogens and itch-relevant receptors/channels using real-time reverse transcription PCR. The mRNA expression of MrgprA3, MrgprC11, and MrgprD decreased gradually over time in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. There was no significant change in the mRNA expression of TRPV1 or TRPA1 in DRG cells. TRPV4 mRNA expression was transiently increased in the DRG cells, whereas TRPM8 mRNA was significantly decreased. The mRNA expression levels of histidine decarboxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase 1, as well as the intensity of histamine and serotonin immunoreactivity, were transiently increased in the skin on day 2, returning to baseline by day 7. Histamine H1-receptor antagonists, chlorpheniramine and olopatadine, significantly inhibited spontaneous scratching on day 2, but not day 7. Neither chlorpheniramine nor olopatadine affected alloknesis on day 2 or day 7. These results may reflect the limited antipruritic effects of histamine H1-receptor antagonists on human psoriasis. The imiquimod-induced psoriasis model seems to be useful for the investigation of itch and its sensitization in psoriasis.
Analysis of human common bile duct-associated T cells: evidence for oligoclonality, T cell clonal persistence, and epithelial cell recognition (1997)

The phenotype of T cells associated with the common bile duct (CBD) is unknown. We investigated the hypothesis that they behave like other intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Thus, we sought to determine the phenotype, TCR repertoire, and epithelial recognition of T cells obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Three subjects were studied: two with primary sclerosing cholangitis and one normal control. After establishing a short-term T cell line, cells were 1) stained with mAbs for flow cytometric analysis, 2) analyzed for TCRB chain transcript expression, and 3) used as effector cells for cytotoxicity and proliferation. Flow cytometry revealed that for all the subjects 98% of the T cells were TCR-alpha beta-positive. Immunohistology of the CBD showed that the epithelium and lamina propria contained significant numbers of CD3+ CD43+ CD45RO+ lymphocytes. Complementarity-determining region 3 length displays suggested that the CBD-derived lines were oligoclonal. This was confirmed by cloning and random sequencing of PCR amplification products using TCRBV region family-specific primers; TCRB chain sequences were reiterated in all transcripts analyzed. In one case, two expanded TCRB clones could be identified that were persistent in the bile duct over a 1-yr period. The CBD-derived lines were cytolytic in a redirected lysis assay and caused cytolysis of an intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2). This recognition was likely preferential for intestinal epithelial cells, since a CBD-derived line exhibited proliferation to two intestinal epithelial cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2) but not three other lines (HepG2, human foreskin fibroblast, and KD). We conclude that the CBD contains IELs that share several characteristics with intestinal IELs.
Contrasting biological activities of thymopoietin and splenin, two closely related polypeptide products of thymus and spleen. (1984)

Thymopoietin, a 49 amino acid polypeptide hormone of the thymus discovered by its effect on neuromuscular transmission, was later shown to induce T-cell differentiation and to affect immunoregulatory balance. A radioimmunoassay for thymopoietin revealed a crossreaction with a product found in spleen and lymph node but not other tissues. This product, named splenin, differs from thymopoietin only in position 34, aspartic acid for bovine thymopoietin and glutamic acid for bovine splenin. Synthetic pentapeptides corresponding to residues 32-36, called thymopentin and splenopentin, reproduce biological activities of thymopoietin and splenin, respectively. Thus thymopoietin and thymopentin affect neuromuscular transmission and induce the phenotypic differentiation of T precursor cells in vitro while inhibiting phenotypic differentiation of B cells. Splenin and splenopentin, in contrast, do not affect neuromuscular transmission, and they induce both T- and B-cell precursors.
Reverse Genetic Characterization of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Generation by ATP-Citrate Lyase in Arabidopsis (2004)

Acetyl-CoA provides organisms with the chemical flexibility to biosynthesize a plethora of natural products that constitute much of the structural and functional diversity in nature. Recent studies have characterized a novel ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) in the cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we report the use of antisense RNA technology to generate a series of Arabidopsis lines with a range of ACL activity. Plants with even moderately reduced ACL activity have a complex, bonsai phenotype, with miniaturized organs, smaller cells, aberrant plastid morphology, reduced cuticular wax deposition, and hyperaccumulation of starch, anthocyanin, and stress-related mRNAs in vegetative tissue. The degree of this phenotype correlates with the level of reduction in ACL activity. These data indicate that ACL is required for normal growth and development and that no other source of acetyl-CoA can compensate for ACL-derived acetyl-CoA. Exogenous malonate, which feeds into the carboxylation pathway of acetyl-CoA metabolism, chemically complements the morphological and chemical alterations associated with reduced ACL expression, indicating that the observed metabolic alterations are related to the carboxylation pathway of cytosolic acetyl-CoA metabolism. The observations that limiting the expression of the cytosolic enzyme ACL reduces the accumulation of cytosolic acetyl-CoA-derived metabolites and that these deficiencies can be alleviated by exogenous malonate indicate that ACL is a nonredundant source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA.
Structure Analysis of Molten Ba–Ge Alloys Using Electrostatic Levitation Technique Combined With High‐Energy X‐Ray Diffraction (2007)

High‐energy synchrotron X‐ray diffraction experiments were performed for clathrate‐forming barium–germanium (Ba–Ge) alloys in the liquid state near the eutectic composition. The accurate structure information of highly reactive melts has been obtained by applying electrostatic levitation technique as a containerless method. The structure information obtained from the reverse Monte Carlo simulation suggests that the short‐range ordering between the Ge atoms occurs with the addition of Ba atoms in the liquid Ba–Ge alloys. This can be associated with the formation of the cage‐like structure composed of the Ge atoms in the liquid alloys near the eutectic composition.
Populations of <i>p53</i> codon 270 CGT to TGT mutant cells in SKH‐1 mouse skin tumors induced by simulated solar light (2008)

The p53 codon 270 CGT to TGT mutation was investigated as a biomarker of sunlight-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The relationship between tumor development and abundance of this hotspot mutation was analyzed in mouse skin tumors induced by chronic exposure to simulated solar light (SSL). The 24 tumors analyzed had similar growth kinetics, with an average doubling time of approximately 16.4 d. Levels of the p53 codon 270 mutation were quantified in the 24 mouse skin tumors using allele-specific competitive blocker-polymerase chain reaction (ACB-PCR). All tumors contained measurable amounts of the mutation. The p53 codon 270 CGT to TGT mutant fraction (MF) ranged from 2.29 x 10(-3) to 9.42 x 10(-2), with 3.26 x 10(-2) as the median. These p53 MF measurements are lower than expected for an initiating mutation involved in the development of tumors of monoclonal origin. There was no evidence of a correlation between p53 codon 270 MF and either tumor area or an estimate of tumor cell number. Thus, the data do not support the idea that p53 mutation accumulates linearly during tumor development. To investigate how p53 mutation was distributed within tumors, 19 needle biopsies from seven different tumors were analyzed by ACB-PCR. This analysis demonstrated that p53 codon 270 mutation is heterogeneously distributed within tumors. The long-term goal of this research is to combine morphological and p53 MF measurements from tissues corresponding to the various stages of tumor development, in order to derive mathematical models relating the p53 codon 270 mutation to the development of SSL-induced skin tumors.
Maximum Entropy and the Nearly Black Object (1992)

SUMMARY Maximum entropy (ME) inversion is a non-linear inversion technique for inverse problems where the object to be recovered is known to be positive. It has been applied in areas ranging from radio astronomy to various forms of spectroscopy, sometimes with dramatic success. In some cases, ME has attained an order of magnitude finer resolution and/or an order of magnitude smaller noise level than that obtainable by standard linear methods. The dramatic successes all seem to occur in cases where the object to be recovered is ‘nearly black‘: essentially zero in the vast majority of samples. We show that near-blackness is required, both for signal-to-noise enhancements and for superresolution. However, other methods—in particular, minimum l 1-norm reconstruction—may exploit near-blackness to an even greater extent.
Monoclonal antibodies against estrogen receptor: interaction with different molecular forms and functions of the receptor (1982)

Hybridoma cells have been produced by fusing SP2/O-Ag14 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with a purified preparation of estrogen receptor from calf uterus. The antibodies, all of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, interact with different forms of calf receptor as well as with rat and human receptors. The equilibrium dissociation constant of the antibody-receptor complex was measured in solid phase and in solution. With immobilized antibodies the Kd is 0.06 nM whereas in solution it is 0.5 nM. Only one antigenic determinant is present per molecule of receptor with the antibodies tested. The antibodies JS34/32 are able to form only a 1:1 complex with the 8S form of the receptor, whereas a 2:1 receptor-IgG complex is formed at low antibody concentration with the high-salt or nuclear form of receptor. The antibodies JS34/32 and JS28/32 prevent neither the nuclear uptake of the receptor nor the extraction of the translocated receptor from the nuclei.
Analgesia in the Field (1989)

Emergency Medical Services and the care of patients in the field have taken giant steps forward over the past decade. Born of the desire of physicians to influence the mortality rates of sudden cardiac death in the community, systems of advanced life support have taken root in the urban centers in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and other countries (1-3). Although originally largely designed around the concept of “mobile coronary care,” these systems soon were deluged with calls for help from all sectors of the community, and faced a variety of medical problems. As trauma gradually became recognized for the killer and maimer of young lives that it is, regional programs of trauma care were developed in the United States and led gradually to the expansion of prehospital and interhospital transport systems in which critically injured patients were being moved about, often over long distances. The growth of emergency medicine as a specialty in its own right has encouraged the study and improvement of systems of disaster and mass casualty management. Although the focus of these efforts has been largely the overall reduction of death and disability in critically ill or injured patients, controversy continues around not only the extent of field intervention but also the influence of our efforts on the outcome of these patients (4, 5). The importance of particular interventions such as intravenous line placement, administration of certain medications, the use of the pneumatic anti-shock garment, and other sacred cows of prehospital care, all have been questioned of late (6, 7).
Proteins but not amino acids, carbohydrates, or fats stimulate cholecystokinin secretion in the rat (1986)

Because of prior difficulties in measuring plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels, it has not been established which components of food stimulate CCK secretion in rats. In the present study, we used a sensitive and specific bioassay for measuring plasma CCK and determined the effects of proteins, protein hydrolysates, amino acids, fats, starch, and glucose on CCK secretion in this species. Intact proteins were the only stimulants of CCK release. Solutions of 18% casein and 0.2% soybean trypsin inhibitor caused prompt increases in plasma CCK levels from 0.5 +/- 0.2 to 7.9 +/- 1.9 and 8.0 +/- 2.0 pM, respectively, within 5 min of orogastric administration. The proteins lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin caused smaller elevations in circulating CCK. In contrast, hydrolysates of casein and lactalbumin and the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan did not stimulate CCK release. In addition, plasma CCK levels did not increase with the feeding of fat, starch, or glucose. The ability of proteins to stimulate CCK secretion paralleled their ability to inhibit trypsin activity in vitro. Furthermore, the plasma CCK response to casein was completely abolished by the simultaneous administration of trypsin. These studies indicate that proteins are the major food stimulants of CCK release in the rat and that the effects of proteins are related to inhibition of intraluminal protease activity.
Decision to migrate to the Cloud : A focus on security from the consumer perspective (2018)

Cloud computing is an emerging model in which applications, data, computing resources and operating platforms are provided to clients as a service. It represents a unique way to architect and remotely manage computing resources with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. As it become widely used and being relayed on, security and the risks surrounding it became more in focus to ensure the data protection. The purpose of the study is to focus on the security risks of confidentiality, integrity and availability, and how the cloud consumer perceives cloud security based on those risks. For this purpose, a qualitative research method was adopted and semi-structured interviews with 6 users with experience within the cloud were conducted to collect the data. The data were analysed and explained using codes and categories, based on the research questions and related literature. A roadmap was developed consist of four elements which can support in the migration decision. Those elements are: Trust, Compliance, Proactive and Continuous assessment.
The Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate/B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Ratio and Mortality in Advanced Heart Failure (2009)

Renal NP's second messenger production is attenuated in advanced HF. Patients with worse outcome have lower ucGMP/BNP and pcGMP/BNP ratios.
Synthesis and multiple reuse of eccentric Au@TiO2 nanostructures as catalysts (2011)

In this work, we have synthesized eccentric Au@TiO(2) core-shell nanostructures and demonstrated their multiple reuse in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
The NAD(P)H:Flavin Oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli (1999)

The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli, named Fre, is a monomer of 26.2 kDa that catalyzes the reduction of free flavins using NADPH or NADH as electron donor. The enzyme does not contain any prosthetic group but accommodates both the reduced pyridine nucleotide and the flavin in a ternary complex prior to oxidoreduction. The specificity of the flavin reductase for the pyridine nucleotide was studied by steady-state kinetics using a variety of NADP analogs. Both the nicotinamide ring and the adenosine part of the substrate molecule have been found to be important for binding to the polypeptide chain. However, in the case of NADPH, the 2-phosphate group destabilized almost completely the interaction with the adenosine moiety. Moreover, NADPH and NMNH are very good substrates for the flavin reductase, and we have shown that both these molecules bind to the enzyme almost exclusively by the nicotinamide ring. This provides evidence that the flavin reductase exhibits a unique mode for recognition of the reduced pyridine nucleotide. In addition, we have shown that the flavin reductase selectively transfers the pro-R hydrogen from the C-4 position of the nicotinamide ring and is therefore classified as an A-side-specific enzyme.
Medication Use and the Risk of Stevens–Johnson Syndrome or Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (1995)

The use of antibacterial sulfonamides, anticonvulsant agents, oxicam NSAIDs, allopurinol, chlormezanone, and corticosteroids is associated with large increases in the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. But for none of the drugs does the excess risk exceed five cases per million users per week.
Retail Assortment Planning in the Presence of Consumer Search (2005)

Consumers often know what kind of product they wish to purchase, but do not know which specific variant best fits their needs. As a result, a consumer may find an acceptable product in one retailer but nevertheless purchase nothing, opting to search other retailers for an even better product. We study several models of retail assortment planning, some of which explicitly account for consumer search and one that does not, which we call the “no-search” model. Even though the no-search model never includes an unprofitable variant in the assortment, in the presence of consumer search, it may indeed be optimal to include an unprofitable variant. Furthermore, we find that the no-search model can lead to an assortment with an expected total profit that is significantly less than optimal. In the extreme, the no-search model may recommend closing down a category (i.e., carry no variants) even if a profitable assortment exists (a 100% profit loss). We conclude that failing to incorporate consumer search into an assortment planning process may cause a retailer to underestimate the substantial value a broad assortment has in preventing consumer search. We discuss how the insights from our stylized models may apply to actual assortment planning processes.
Mediation of the short-loop negative feedback of luteinizing hormone (LH) on LH-releasing hormone release by melatonin-induced inhibition of LH release from the pars tuberalis. (1991)

The pineal hormone melatonin is thought to mediate the effects of the pineal gland on seasonal reproduction by altering the release of gonadotropins. The mechanism by which melatonin controls gonadotropin secretion has been obscure. Recently, labeled 2-iodomelatonin was used to localize melatonin receptors in brain by radioautography. The highest concentration of melatonin receptors was found in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland of mammals. Pituitary hormones, in particular luteinizing hormone (LH), have been localized in cells of the pars tuberalis. Consequently, we hypothesized that melatonin might act on its receptors in the pars tuberalis to alter the release of LH. It would then be possible for this LH to diffuse into the overlying median eminence, there to alter the release of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) from the axons of the LHRH neurons. To evaluate this hypothesis, we incubated median eminence-pars tuberalis tissue from male rats in vitro. After preincubation in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer for 30 min, test substances were added to fresh medium and the incubation was continued for 30 min. LHRH or LH released into the medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. Melatonin induced a dose-related release of LHRH with the maximum response at the greatest concentration tested (1 microM). This concentration of melatonin also significantly reduced the release of LH into the medium. The increased release of LHRH induced by melatonin (10 microM) was completely blocked by the addition of LH (50 ng/ml), which by itself had no significant effect on LHRH release. Rat LH antiserum (final dilution, 1:1800) significantly elevated LHRH output, whereas normal rabbit serum at a similar dilution had no effect. Finally, LHRH (0.1 microM) induced a significant release of LH from median eminence-pars tuberalis tissue that was completely blocked by melatonin (10 microM). The results support the hypothesis that LH released from the pars tuberalis diffuses to the LHRH terminals in the median eminence to suppress LHRH release. Melatonin acts on its receptors in the pars tuberalis to inhibit LH release, thereby stimulating the release of LHRH from its terminals in the median eminence. The negative short-loop feedback of LH inhibits basal LHRH release in vitro since antiserum against LH increased LHRH release. The results suggest a concept concerning the mechanism by which melatonin can affect the release of pituitary hormones from the pars tuberalis. It is likely that these pituitary hormones diffuse into the median eminence to modify the release of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting peptides, thereby altering plasma pituitary hormone concentrations.
Detection of relations between named entities: report of a shared task (2009)

In this paper we describe the first evaluation contest (track) for Portuguese whose goal was to detect and classify relations between named entities in running text, called ReRelEM.Given a collection annotated with named entities belonging to ten different semantic categories, we marked all relationships between them within each document.We used the following fourfold relationship classification: identity, included-in, located-in, and other (which was later on explicitly detailed into twenty different relations).We provide a quantitative description of this evaluation resource, as well as describe the evaluation architecture and summarize the results of the participating systems in the track.
Hardware Integration of Parachute Guidance, Navigation, and Control for the Affordable Guided Airdrop System (AGAS) (2001)

This study is a continuation of a previous work concerning the Affordable Guided Airdrop System (AGAS), a parachute structure that integrates low-cost guidance and control into fielded cargo air delivery systems. This thesis sought to integrate the previous studies and algorithms into developmental prototypes for test and evaluation (DT&E). Several objectives and tasks were completed in the course of this research and development. A RealSim(registered) executable on an Integrated Systems, Incorporated (ISI) AC-104 real-time controller integrated actual Vertigo(registered), pneumatic muscle actuators (PMAs) into the MATRIX(registered) environment simulation model used in the previous work to validate, analyze and improve the simulation model. A ground station utilizing the model's control algorithms, a downlink of platform position and attitude data, and a Futaba(registered) Pulse Code Modulated uplink demonstrated controlled guidance of a round cargo parachute (G-12). This system evolved as an RS-232 serial control RF modem uplink replaced the PCM signal. After evaluating, validating, and improving the algorithms from ground station control the model was written in C-code for incorporation into an autonomous system. The results from the drops were then analyzed again in the MATRIX_X(registered) model to improve the model and further qualitatively evaluate optional control strategies. Conclusions and recommendations for further study were drawn from this project.