gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carrier transport in unipolar barrier infrared detectors (2015)

We examine carrier transport in unipolar barrier infrared photodetectors and discuss aspects of barrier, contact, and absorber properties that can affect minority carrier collection. In a barrier infrared detector the unipolar barrier should block only the majority carriers while allowing the un-impeded flow of the minority carriers. Under the right conditions, unipolar barrier doping can reduce generation-recombination dark current without affecting minority carrier extraction. In an nBn structure, ideally with an electron unipolar barrier, improper barrier doping or barrier-absorber valence band offset could also block minority carriers and result in higher turn-on bias. We also examined the temperature-dependent turn-on bias in an n<sup>+</sup>Bn device and showed that observed behavior may be attributed to contact doping. Hole mobility in n-doped type-II superlattice (T2SL) is believed to be very low because of the extremely large effective mass along the growth direction. In practice MWIR and LWIR barrier infrared detectors with n-type T2SL absorbers have demonstrated good optical response. A closer inspection of the T2SL band structure offers a possible explanation as to why the hole mobility may not be as poor as suggested by the simple effective mass picture.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Akt Inhibitory Properties of a 1D‐3,4‐Dideoxyphosphatidylinositol Ether Lipid. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Four-dimensional printing hierarchy scaffolds with highly biocompatible smart polymers for tissue engineering applications (2016)

The objective of this study was to four-dimensional (4D) print novel biomimetic gradient tissue scaffolds with highly biocompatible naturally derived smart polymers. The term refers to the inherent smart shape transformation of fabricated constructs when implanted minimally invasively for seamless and dynamic integration. For this purpose, a series of novel shape memory polymers with excellent biocompatibility and tunable shape changing effects were synthesized and cured in the presence of three-dimensional printed sacrificial molds, which were subsequently dissolved to create controllable and graded porosity within the scaffold. Surface morphology, thermal, mechanical, and biocompatible properties as well as shape memory effects of the synthesized smart polymers and resultant porous scaffolds were characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel content analysis confirmed the formation of chemical crosslinking by reacting polycaprolactone triol and castor oil with multi-isocyanate groups. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed an adjustable glass transition temperature in a range from '8°C to 35°C. Uniaxial compression testing indicated that the obtained polymers, possessing a highly crosslinked interpenetrating polymeric networks, have similar compressive modulus to polycaprolactone. Shape memory tests revealed that the smart polymers display finely tunable recovery speed and exhibit greater than 92% shape fixing at '18°C or 0°C and full shape recovery at physiological temperature. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of fabricated scaffolds revealed a graded microporous structure, which mimics the nonuniform distribution of porosity found within natural tissues. With polycaprolactone serving as a control, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation greatly increased on our novel smart polymers. The current work will significantly advance the future design and development of novel and functional biomedical scaffolds with advanced 4D printing technology and highly biocompatible smart biomaterials.
A framework for double patterning-enabled design (2011)

While the next generation of lithography systems is still under development, extending optical lithography using double patterning (DP) is the only solution to continue technology scaling. The biggest technical challenge of DP is the presence of mask-assignment conflicts in dense layers. In this paper, we propose a framework for DP conflict removal for standard cells. First, we offer an O(n) algorithm for mask assignment (up to 200× faster than the ILP-based approach) that guarantees a conflict-free solution if one exists. We then formulate the problem of conflict removal as a linear program (LP), which permits an extremely fast run-time (less than 10 seconds in real time for typical cells). The framework removes DP conflicts and legalizes the layout across all layers simultaneously while minimizing layout perturbation. For cells from a commercial 22nm library designed without any DP awareness, our method usually removes all DP conflicts without any area increase; for some complex cells, the method still removes all conflicts with a modest 6.7% average increase in area. The method is more general, however, and can also be applied for macro layouts and the interconnect layers in complete designs as we demonstrate in the paper.
FLASH THERMOGRAPHY MODELING BASED ON IR CAMERA NOISE CHARACTERISTICS (2008)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation S. M. Shepard, J. R. Lhota; FLASH THERMOGRAPHY MODELING BASED ON IR CAMERA NOISE CHARACTERISTICS. AIP Conf. Proc. 28 February 2008; 975 (1): 512–519. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2902704 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Mechanisms of Action of Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Evidence and Speculation (2000)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis and atherosclerosis, enhance immunologic function while protecting against the catabolic effects of immune stimulation, affect body composition change (reducing body fat gain while enhancing lean body mass gain), and stimulate the growth of young rats. We discuss possible biochemical mechanisms that underlie these physiological effects. We emphasize the importance of considering the effects, both individually and combined, of the two CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA) that have been shown to exhibit biological activity and which appear to exert their effects via different biochemical mechanisms.
Design rules for light-emitting electrochemical cells delivering bright luminance at 27.5 percent external quantum efficiency (2017)

The light-emitting electrochemical cell promises cost-efficient, large-area emissive applications, as its characteristic in-situ doping enables use of air-stabile electrodes and a solution-processed single-layer active material. However, mutual exclusion of high efficiency and high brightness has proven a seemingly fundamental problem. Here we present a generic approach that overcomes this critical issue, and report on devices equipped with air-stabile electrodes and outcoupling structure that deliver a record-high efficiency of 99.2 cd A<sup>-1</sup> at a bright luminance of 1910 cd m<sup>-2</sup>. This device significantly outperforms the corresponding optimized organic light-emitting diode despite the latter employing calcium as the cathode. The key to this achievement is the design of the host-guest active material, in which tailored traps suppress exciton diffusion and quenching in the central recombination zone, allowing efficient triplet emission. Simultaneously, the traps do not significantly hamper electron and hole transport, as essentially all traps in the transport regions are filled by doping.
Enzyme characteristics of aminotransferase FumI of Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144 for deamination of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 (2011)

Fumonisins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that are frequently found as natural contaminants in maize from warm climate regions around the world. The aminotransferase FumI is encoded as part of a gene cluster of Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144, which enables this bacterial strain to degrade fumonisin B(1) and related fumonisins. FumI catalyzes the deamination of the first intermediate of the catabolic pathway, hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1). We used a preparation of purified, His-tagged FumI, produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli in soluble form, for enzyme characterization. The structure of the reaction product was studied by NMR and identified as 2-keto hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1). Pyruvate was found to be the preferred co-substrate and amino group receptor (K (M) = 490 μM at 10 μM hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1)) of FumI, but other α-keto acids were also accepted as co-substrates. Addition of the co-enzyme pyridoxal phosphate to the enzyme preparation enhanced activity, and saturation was already reached at the lowest tested concentration of 10 μM. The enzyme showed activity in the range of pH 6 to 10 with an optimum at pH 8.5, and in the range of 6°C to 50°C with an optimum at 35°C. The aminotransferase worked best at low salt concentration. FumI activity could be recovered after preincubation at pH 4.0 or higher, but not lower. The aminotransferase was denatured after preincubation at 60°C for 1 h, and the residual activity was also reduced after preincubation at lower temperatures. At optimum conditions, the kinetic parameters K (M) = 1.1 μM and k (cat) = 104/min were determined with 5 mM pyruvate as co-substrate. Based on the enzyme characteristics, a technological application of FumI, in combination with the fumonisin carboxylesterase FumD for hydrolysis of fumonisins, for deamination and detoxification of hydrolyzed fumonisins seems possible, if the enzyme properties are considered.
Equivalence Checking of Arithmetic Circuits (2006)

Although equivalence checking technology has matured greatly during the last few years and designs with millions of gates can be handled, some specific problems remain to be difficult. Formal verification of arithmetic circuits, especially if multiplication is involved, is one of these problems. In this chapter we analyze origin and nature of this problem. We then review the most important research contributions targetting equivalence checking of arithmetics. Specifically, we outline techniques exploiting arithmetic functional properties and techniques based on binary decision diagrams, both on the bit and word levels. We also report on our own experiments with Multiplicative Binary Moment Diagrams (*BMDs). Finally, we introduce a new pragmatic approach to equivalence checking of arithmetic circuits. It extracts from a gate-level netlist an arithmetic bit-level representation of the circuit. Verification is carried out on this representation using a simple arithmetic calculus rather than a Boolean one. We show experimental results for successfully equivalence checking a large number of industrial multipliers as well as other circuits implementing more complex arithmetic expressions.
Depth-resolved rhodopsin molecular contrast imaging for functional assessment of photoreceptors (2015)

Rhodopsin, the light-sensing molecule in the outer segments of rod photoreceptors, is responsible for converting light into neuronal signals in a process known as phototransduction. Rhodopsin is thus a functional biomarker for rod photoreceptors. Here we report a novel technology based on visible-light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) for in vivo molecular imaging of rhodopsin. The depth resolution of OCT allows the visualization of the location where the change of optical absorption occurs and provides a potentially accurate assessment of rhodopsin content by segmentation of the image at the location. Rhodopsin OCT can be used to quantitatively image rhodopsin distribution and thus assess the distribution of functional rod photoreceptors in the retina. Rhodopsin OCT can bring significant impact into ophthalmic clinics by providing a tool for the diagnosis and severity assessment of a variety of retinal conditions.
Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Peripheral Nerve Internal Fascicular Groups (2015)

Peripheral nerves are important pathways for receiving afferent sensory impulses and sending out efferent motor instructions, as carried out by sensory nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers. It has remained a great challenge to functionally reconnect nerve internal fiber bundles (or fascicles) in nerve repair. One possible solution may be to establish a 3D nerve fascicle visualization system. This study described the key technology of 3D peripheral nerve fascicle reconstruction. Firstly, fixed nerve segments were embedded with position lines, cryostat-sectioned continuously, stained and imaged histologically. Position line cross-sections were identified using a trained support vector machine method, and the coordinates of their central pixels were obtained. Then, nerve section images were registered using the bilinear method, and edges of fascicles were extracted using an improved gradient vector flow snake method. Subsequently, fascicle types were identified automatically using the multi-directional gradient and second-order gradient method. Finally, a 3D virtual model of internal fascicles was obtained after section images were processed. This technique was successfully applied for 3D reconstruction for the median nerve of the hand-wrist and cubital fossa regions and the gastrocnemius nerve. This nerve internal fascicle 3D reconstruction technology would be helpful for aiding peripheral nerve repair and virtual surgery.
Vessel‐encoded dynamic magnetic resonance angiography using arterial spin labeling (2010)

A new noninvasive MRI method for vessel-selective angiography is presented. The technique combines vessel-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling with a two-dimensional dynamic angiographic readout and was used to image the cerebral arteries in healthy volunteers. Time-of-flight angiograms were also acquired prior to vessel-selective dynamic angiography acquisitions in axial, coronal, and/or sagittal planes, using a 3-T MRI scanner. The latter consisted of a vessel-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling pulse train of 300 or 1000 ms followed by a two-dimensional thick-slab flow-compensated fast low-angle shot readout combined with a segmented Look-Locker sampling strategy (temporal resolution = 55 ms). Selective labeling was performed at the level of the neck to generate individual angiograms for both right and left internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Individual vessel angiograms were reconstructed using a bayesian inference method. The vessel-selective dynamic angiograms obtained were consistent with the time-of-flight images, and the longer of the two vessel-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling pulse train durations tested (1000 ms) was found to give better distal vessel visibility. This technique provides highly selective angiograms quickly and noninvasively that could potentially be used in place of intra-arterial x-ray angiography for larger vessels.
A Model Predictive Control Approach for Managing Semiconductor Manufacturing Supply Chains under Uncertainty (2003)

AbstractA two level architecture using Model Predictive Control as a tactical decision module ispresented for supply chain management in the semiconductor manufacturing industries. Thestrategic and inventory planning steps in the outer loop provide the inventory targets and ca-pacity limits by solving an optimization problem that maximizes pro ts. These decisions areusually weekly or monthly. The MPC-based tactical decision module takes advantage of thesetargets, capacity limits and demand forecasts to make daily decisions on starts at the variousmanufacturing nodes. Fluid analogies are used to model the supply chain dynamics in semi-conductor manufacturing which facilitates the application of Model Predictive Control. Severalbenchmark problems which contain distinguishing features of semiconductor manufacturing,such as nonlinear and stochastic throughput times and customer demands, are examined. All ofthese problems involve two types of manufacturing nodes, Fab/Test1 and Assembly/Test2, andthree types of inventories, Assembly-Die Inventory, Semi-Finished Goods Inventory and Fin-ished Components Inventory. Both supply side uncertainty, including varying throughput timesand yields, and demand side uncertainty are addressed. The nonlinear relationship between thethroughput time and load is considered in each case. The e ects of judiciously picking tuningand model parameters to achieve performance, robustness and improved customer satisfactionare studied by comparing the variance in starts, inventories, and load as well as the percentageof un lled orders. Increasing move suppression and choosing the nominal throughput times ataverage values usually gives better performance with lower variance and less backlog. The exi-bility provided by the choice of tuning and model parameters in MPC to achieve more e ectivesupply chain management in semiconductor manufacturing is demonstrated in each case study.
The Preparation of High T c Nb3Ge Superconductors by Chemical Vapor Deposition (1976)

Bulk layers of have been deposited on copper substrates at 900°C by the hydrogen reduction of the chlorides of niobium and germanium with resistive 's as high as 22.5°K and current densities up to at 13.8°K. This paper provides a detailed description of the coating process as well as empirical correlations between deposition parameters and . Quantitative chlorination of Nb was found to be possible at and for extending the range of delivery rates below those obtainable by powder feeding of . Coatings in the range of 10–60 μm thick have been produced with a typical deposition efficiency of 50–65% for mass flow rates of the order of 1g of salt per minute. The superconducting transition temperature has been correlated with a parameter of the form mole ratio × dilution × Reynolds number0.22, where mole ratio is defined by in the gas stream, and dilution by moles gas:moles salt. In addition, the relationship between mole ratio and dilution which determines the phase produced ( or ) is defined over the region of major interest. Lattice spacings are presented over a range of 's, and microstructure and substrate adherence are discussed.
Cell Breathing Techniques for Load Balancing in Wireless LANs (2006)

Maximizing network throughput while providing fairness is one of the key challenges in wireless LANs (WLANs). This goal is typically achieved when the load of access points (APs) is balanced. Recent studies on operational WLANs, however, have shown that AP load is often substantially uneven. To alleviate such imbalance of load, several load balancing schemes have been proposed. These schemes commonly require proprietary software or hardware at the user side for controlling the user-AP association. In this paper we present a new load balancing technique by controlling the size of WLAN cells (i.e., AP’s coverage range), which is conceptually similar to cell breathing in cellular networks. The proposed scheme does not require any modification to the users neither the IEEE 802.11 standard. It only requires the ability of dynamically changing the transmission power of the AP beacon messages. We develop a set of polynomial time algorithms that find the optimal beacon power settings which minimize the load of the most congested AP. We also consider the problem of network-wide min-max load balancing. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed method is comparable with or superior to the best existing association-based methods.
Mode of binding of adriamycin with sulfatide-containing liposomes. (1988)

Association constants and maximum binding numbers of sulfatide- and phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing liposomes for their binding with adriamycin (ADM) were determined by the column equilibration method. Although these liposomes have two kinds of binding sites, hydrophobic and electrostatic, the majority of ADM molecules was associated with the liposomes via their latter binding sites. Since the association constant for the electrostatic binding of ADM was smaller in sulfatide-containing liposomes (3 x 10(3) M-1) than in PS-containing ones (1.1 x 10(4) M-1), high efficiency of sulfatide-containing liposomes for the entrapment of ADM might be explained by the effect of sulfatide making the liposomes rigid, thereby preventing the leakage of the entrapped ADM.
Mode locking of a GaInN semiconductor laser with an internal saturable absorber (2009)

We demonstrated the mode locking of an external-cavity 404 nm GaInN semiconductor laser diode with an internal saturable absorber layer for the first time. Stable passive mode locking was confirmed at a repetition rate of 840 MHz. Furthermore, hybrid mode-locking operation incorporating rf current modulation generated optical pulses of 20 ps duration and 0.4 W peak power.
Multiframe Super-Resolution Reconstruction of Small Moving Objects (2010)

Multiframe super-resolution (SR) reconstruction of small moving objects against a cluttered background is difficult for two reasons: a small object consists completely of “mixed” boundary pixels and the background contribution changes from frame-to-frame. We present a solution to this problem that greatly improves recognition of small moving objects under the assumption of a simple linear motion model in the real-world. The presented method not only explicitly models the image acquisition system, but also the space-time variant fore- and background contributions to the “mixed” pixels. The latter is due to a changing local background as a result of the apparent motion. The method simultaneously estimates a subpixel precise polygon boundary as well as a high-resolution (HR) intensity description of a small moving object subject to a modified total variation constraint. Experiments on simulated and real-world data show excellent performance of the proposed multiframe SR reconstruction method.
Untangling cloth (2003)

Deficient cloth-to-cloth collision response is the most serious shortcoming of most cloth simulation systems. Past approaches to cloth-cloth collision have used history to decide whether nearby cloth regions have interpenetrated. The biggest pitfall of history-based methods is that an error anywhere along the way can give rise to persistent tangles. This is a particularly serious issue for production character animation, because characters' bodies routinely self-intersect, for instance in the bend of an elbow or knee, or where the arm or hand rests against the body. Cloth that becomes pinched in these regions is often forced into jagged self-intersections that defeat history-based methods, leaving a tangled mess when the body parts separate. This paper describes a history-free cloth collision response algorithm based on global intersection analysis of cloth meshes at each simulation step. The algorithm resolves tangles that arise during pinching as soon as the surrounding geometry permits, and also resolves tangled initial conditions. The ability to untangle cloth after pinching is not sufficient, because standard cloth-solid collision algorithms handle pinches so poorly that they often give rise to visible flutters and other simulation artifacts during the pinch. As a companion to the global intersection analysis method, we present a cloth-solid collision algorithm called collision flypapering, that eliminates these artifacts. The two algorithms presented have been used together extensively and successfully in a production animation environment.