gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Automated Technique for the Sub-Microgram Determination of Selenium and Arsenic in Surface Waters by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (1976)

fully automated method for the analysis of selenium and rsenic in surface water specimens by atomic absorption spectroscopy is described. The technique employs sodium borohydride for conversion of selenium and arsenic compounds in specimens to hydrogen selenide and arsine. To increase the efficiency of hydride recovery for analysis, the reacted specimen is stripped using a heated column. The hydride gas and hydrogen evolved from the chemical reaction is then combusted in a tube furnace placed in the optical path of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Seventy specimens can be analyzed per hour with a detection limit of 0.019 µg/liter for selenium and 0.011 µg/liter for arsenic.
Particle removal performance of 20nm rated filters for advanced wet chemical cleaning (2007)

The newest 20nm rated PTFE filter revealed better performance in both theoretical simulation of particle reduction rate in the bath and actual number of particles on wafers at a fab as compared to the conventional 30nm ratied filter. As a result, optimally designed 20nm rated filter is strongly recommended to use as recirculation filters in wet-benches for advanced semiconductor manufacturing process.
In ovarian neoplasms, <i>BRAF</i> , but not <i>KRAS</i> , mutations are restricted to low‐grade serous tumours (2004)

Genes of the RAF family, which mediate cellular responses to growth signals, encode kinases that are regulated by RAS and participate in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK/MAP-kinase pathway. Activating mutations in BRAF have recently been identified in melanomas, colorectal cancers, and thyroid and ovarian tumours. In the present study, an extensive characterization of BRAF and KRAS mutations has been performed in 264 epithelial and non-epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The epithelial tumours ranged from adenomas and borderline neoplasms to invasive carcinomas including serous, mucinous, clear cell, and endometrioid lesions. It is shown that BRAF mutations in ovarian tumours occur exclusively in low-grade serous neoplasms (33 of 91, 36%); these included serous borderline tumours (typical and micropapillary variants), an invasive micropapillary carcinoma and a psammocarcinoma. KRAS mutations were identified in 26 of 91 (29.5%) low-grade serous tumours, 7 of 49 (12%) high-grade serous carcinomas, 2 of 6 mucinous adenomas, 22 of 28 mucinous borderline tumours, and 10 of 18 mucinous carcinomas. Of note, two serous borderline tumours were found to harbour both BRAF and KRAS mutations. The finding that at least 60% of serous borderline tumours harbour mutations in two members of the ERK-MAP-kinase pathway (BRAF 36%, KRAS 30%) compared with 12% of high-grade serous carcinomas (BRAF 0%, KRAS 12%) indicates that the majority of serous borderline tumours do not progress to serous carcinomas. Furthermore, no BRAF mutations were detected in the other 173 ovarian tumours in this study.
Microfluidic Devices for Label-Free DNA Detection (2018)

Sensitive and specific DNA biomarker detection is critical for accurately diagnosing a broad range of clinical conditions. However, the incorporation of such biosensing structures in integrated microfluidic devices is often complicated by the need for an additional labelling step to be implemented on the device. In this review we focused on presenting recent advances in label-free DNA biosensor technology, with a particular focus on microfluidic integrated devices. The key biosensing approaches miniaturized in flow-cell structures were presented, followed by more sophisticated microfluidic devices and higher integration examples in the literature. The option of full DNA sequencing on microfluidic chips via nanopore technology was highlighted, along with current developments in the commercialization of microfluidic, label-free DNA detection devices.
Repair of Porous MSQ Films Using Supercritical CO2 (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Numerical simulations of a highway bridge structure employing passive negative stiffness device for seismic protection (2014)

Summary A new passive seismic response control device has been developed, fabricated, and tested by the authors and shown to be capable of producing negative stiffness via a purely mechanical mechanism, thus representing a new generation of seismic protection devices. Although the concept of negative stiffness may appear to be a reversal on the desired relationship between the force and displacement in structures (the desired relationship being that the product of restoring force and displacement is nonnegative), when implemented in parallel with a structure having positive stiffness, the combined system appears to have substantially reduced stiffness while remaining stable. Thus, there is an ‘apparent weakening and softening’ of the structure that results in reduced forces and increased displacements (where the weakening and softening is of a non‐damaging nature in that it occurs in a seismic protection device rather than within the structural framing system). Any excessive displacement response can then be limited by incorporating a damping device in parallel with the negative stiffness device. The combination of negative stiffness and passive damping provides a large degree of control over the expected performance of the structure. In this paper, a numerical study is presented on the performance of a seismically isolated highway bridge model that is subjected to various strong earthquake ground motions. The Negative Stiffness Devices (NSDs) are described along with their hysteretic behavior as obtained from a series of cyclic tests wherein the tests were conducted using a modified design of the NSDs (modified for testing within the bridge model). Using the results from the cyclic tests, numerical simulations of the seismic response of the isolated bridge model were conducted for various configurations (with/without negative stiffness devices and/or viscous dampers). The results demonstrate that the addition of negative stiffness devices reduces the base shear substantially, while the deck displacement is limited to acceptable values. This assessment was conducted as part of a NEES (Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) project which included shaking table tests of a quarter‐scale highway bridge model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Sensing of Soil Organic Matter (1985)

ABSTRACT A system has been developed which estimates total carbon content in the soil by sensing reflected light. Two sources of light were used. The first was a 6-V 150-mW incandescent lamp, reflected light being sensed by a silicon phototransistor. The second source was a light-emitting diode that emitted primarily in the infrared. Reflected light from this source was detected by a phototransistor sensitive to infrared. For the incandescent system, using 18 soils from the Mississippi Delta region of Arkansas, the coefficient of determination (r2) between the intensity of the reflected light and the soil carbon content was 0.75. Using the infrared system and the same soils, r2 was 0.70. In addition, a multiple linear regression based upon both of the sensors yielded an r2 of 0.75
Cloning of the p53-dependent origin of cellular DNA replication. (1988)

We have recently reported that the c-myc protein may promote cellular DNA replication by binding to the origin of DNA replication (ori) and that an origin of human DNA replication which can autonomously replicate in human cells was cloned as a binding sequence of c-myc protein (Iguchi-Ariga et al., 1987). Here we report that cellular tumor antigen p53 may also participate in cellular DNA replication and another origin of DNA replication was cloned as a possible p53-binding sequence. The sequence could autonomously replicate in Raji cells which express p53 at a high level but not in HL-60 cells in which the coding gene for p53 is largely deleted. Little homology of the sequences was found between c-myc protein-binding ori and p53-binding ori. This suggests that c-myc protein and p53 may independently recognize different ori in chromosomal DNA.
Drug design with Cdc7 kinase: a potential novel cancer therapy target (2008)

Identification of novel molecular targets is critical in development of new and efficient cancer therapies. Kinases are one of the most common drug targets with a potential for cancer therapy. Cell cycle progression is regulated by a number of kinases, some of which are being developed to treat cancer. Cdc7 is a serine-threonine kinase originally discovered in budding yeast, which has been shown to be necessary to initiate the S phase. Inhibition of Cdc7 in cancer cells retards the progression of the S phase, accumulates DNA damage, and induces p53-independent cell death, but the same treatment in normal cells does not significantly affect of less than viability. Low-molecular-weight compounds that inhibit Cdc7 kinase with an IC(50) 10 nM have been identified, and shown to be effective in the inhibition of tumor growth in animal models. Thus Cdc7 kinase can be recognized as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy.
An intron binding protein is required for transformation ability of p53 (1991)

Regulatory elements in intron sequences have been identified for several eukaryotic genes. The fourth intron of p53 is known to increase expression of p53 in a position dependent manner. We asked whether p53 intron 4 sequences interacted with DNA binding proteins to exact their effect. Three overlapping DNA fragments spanning the 5' end of p53 intron 4 were determined to specifically interact with protein in nuclear extracts from several cell lines by band shift analysis. Methylation interference experiments were used to identify purine residues involved in this protein-DNA interaction. Two G nucleotides were identified at intron 4 positions 33 and 44 and these were replaced by T and C, respectively. These two single base pair substitutions in the intron resulted in 1) lack of protein binding and 2) decreased expression of p53 as measured by a transformation assay. Thus the binding of protein to p53 intron 4 was shown to have functional significance. These experiments demonstrated a specific protein binding region in the 5' end of intron 4 critical for p53 expression and distinct from those elements already known to be involved in splicing.
Morphology and phenotype of dendritic cells from peripheral blood and their productive and non-productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (1991)

Immununoelectron microscopy of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells enriched for the presence of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) has revealed two morphologically distinct cell types both expressing DR and DQ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens but lacking T, B, natural killer (NK) and monocyte/macrophage markers. The first (type 1) has an irregular surface with numerous projections and shows cytoplasmic vacuoles. The second (type 2) has a paler nucleus showing only a thin rim of dense heterochromatin, large expanses of cytoplasm devoid of organelles, fewer vacuoles and a smooth cell boundary with few processes. In addition a few cells with a morphology similar to veiled cells of the afferent lymphatics (type 3 DC) were observed. Cells with a morphology intermediate between these three types were observed, suggesting that they may represent stages of the veiled cell differentiation pathway. Type 2 and 3 DC were shown by electron microscopy to be susceptible to productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), whilst type 1 DC did not support virus growth. Examination of infected DC preparations by in situ hybridization revealed a higher number of DC positive for viral DNA and RNA than for RNA alone. Thus, in addition to productively infected DC, there may be some that are latently infected, contain defective virus genome or replicate virus at a very low level.
Studying cardiac contractility change trend to evaluate cardiac reserve (2002)

There is a very close relationship between the amplitude of the first heart sound and the cardiac contractility. We previously presented the concept of cardiac contractility variability (CCV) and an analysis method. On the basis of the findings from the authors' observation and other previous studies, a conclusion can be made that the variability of the first heart sound amplitude is a reflection of CCV. We found that an increase of the amplitude of the first heart sound can be seen on the phonocardiogram obtained even after a small workload exercise. We defined the increase of the amplitude of the first heart sound after accomplishing different exercise workloads, with respect to the amplitude of the first heart sound recorded at rest as cardiac contractility change trend (CCCT). CCCT implies information about cardiac contractility and cardiac reserve. To explore the significance of CCCT for evaluating cardiac contractility reserve of a patient or an athlete, we carried out a study on cardiac contractility change trend, the methods and the results of which are presented.
Searching for the cause of the increase in asthma (1998)

The prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically over the last 30 years, and the clearest evidence for the increase has come from population-based studies of school-aged children and young adults. The strongest established risk factors for asthma are family history and sensitization to one or more indoor allergens. Some studies suggest that the increase in asthma has been part of an overall increase in atopic disease. The American data, however, suggest that hay fever was already common in 1960. Thus the primary increase has been in wheezing among allergic children. It seems unlikely that increases in mite, cockroach, and domestic animal allergens have been sufficient to explain the scale or the consistency of the increase in asthma prevalence. The challenge is to identify a change that could have increased inflammation of the lungs or lowered the threshold for wheezing.
Comparison of fluoride uptake into tooth enamel from two fluoride varnishes containing different calcium phosphate sources. (2011)

The ACP varnish formulation delivers statistically significantly more fluoride to both intact and demineralized enamel than the formulation containing TCP.
The N-terminal region of centrosomal protein 290 (CEP290) restores vision in a zebrafish model of human blindness (2011)

The gene coding for centrosomal protein 290 (CEP290), a large multidomain protein, is the most frequently mutated gene underlying the non-syndromic blinding disorder Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA). CEP290 has also been implicated in several cilia-related syndromic disorders including Meckel-Gruber syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Senor-Loken syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). In this study, we characterize the developmental and functional roles of cep290 in zebrafish. An antisense oligonucleotide [Morpholino (MO)], designed to generate an altered cep290 splice product that models the most common LCA mutation, was used for gene knockdown. We show that cep290 MO-injected embryos have reduced Kupffer's vesicle size and delays in melanosome transport, two phenotypes that are observed upon knockdown of bbs genes in zebrafish. Consistent with a role in cilia function, the cep290 MO-injected embryos exhibited a curved body axis. Patients with LCA caused by mutations in CEP290 have reduced visual perception, although they present with a fully laminated retina. Similarly, the histological examination of retinas from cep290 MO-injected zebrafish revealed no gross lamination defects, yet the embryos had a statistically significant reduction in visual function. Finally, we demonstrate that the vision impairment caused by the disruption of cep290 can be rescued by expressing only the N-terminal region of the human CEP290 protein. These data reveal that a specific region of the CEP290 protein is sufficient to restore visual function and this region may be a viable gene therapy target for LCA patients with mutations in CEP290.
Protease technology for obtaining a soy pulp extract enriched in bioactive compounds: isoflavones and peptides (2019)

This work presents a new bioprocess process for the extraction of bioactive components from soy pulp by-product (okara) using an enzymatic technology that was compared to a conventional water extraction. Okara is rich in fiber, fat, protein, and bioactive compounds such as isoflavones but its low solubility hampers the use in food and fertilizer industry. After the enzymatic attack with endoproteases half of the original insoluble proteins were converted into soluble peptides. Linked to this process occured the solubilization of isoflavones trapped in the insoluble protein matrix. We were able to extract up to 62.5% of the total isoflavones content, specially aglycones, the more bioactive isoflavone forms, whose values rose 9.12 times. This was probably due to the increased solubilization and interconversion from the original isoflavones. In conclusion, our process resulted in the formulation of a new functional product rich in aglycones and bioactive peptides with higher antioxidant potency than the original source. Therefore, we propose that the enzymatic extraction of okara bioactive compounds is an advantageous tool to replace conventional extraction.
MEDI+0: Morphology enabled dipole inversion with automatic uniform cerebrospinal fluid zero reference for quantitative susceptibility mapping (2017)

QSM with a minimal variation in ventricular CSF is viable to provide a consistent zero reference while improving image quality. Magn Reson Med 79:2795-2803, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Prodrugs for Targeted Tumor Therapies: Recent Developments in ADEPT, GDEPT and PMT (2011)

The treatment of cancer with common anti-proliferative agents generally suffers from an insufficient differentiation between normal and malignant cells which results in extensive side effects. To enhance the efficacy and reduce the normal tissue toxicity of anticancer drugs, numerous selective tumor therapies have emerged including the highly promising approaches ADEPT (Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy), GDEPT (Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy) and PMT (Prodrug Monotherapy). These allow a selective release of cytotoxic agents from non-toxic prodrugs at the tumor site either by targeted antibody-enzyme conjugates, enzyme encoding genes or by exploiting physiological and metabolic aberrations in cancerous tissue. Herein, recent developments in the design and biological evaluation of prodrugs for use in ADEPT, GDEPT and PMT are reviewed. As a highlight, a series of novel glycosidic prodrugs based on the natural antibiotics CC-1065 and the duocarmycins will be discussed which show a therapeutic window of up to one million. Notably, the corresponding drugs have tremendously high cytotoxicities with IC(50) values of down to 110 fM.
Extrusion of alumina particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (2009)

Alumina particulate reinforced metal matrix composite is a new kind of material, which has wide potential applications in automobile industry. The study of its physical nature during extrusion process is essential to optimize the process which may improve its mechanical properties and increase its productivity to finally reduce its cost and make it more competitive to other materials. Constitutive equations were developed for the alumina particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (Duralcan materials) based on the hot deformation tests on a ‘Gleeble 1500’ machine. Plant trials were conducted for the same materials in both a laboratory extrusion device at Kingston R & D Center (KRDC), and an industrial extrusion press at Universal Alloy Corporation, California. Different temperatures and extrusion ratios with different ram speeds were adopted during extrusion. Low speed cracking was observed at the front end of some extrudates, which has not been observed with the unreinforced aluminum alloy (AA6061). Microstructure change with particle fracture and particle distribution was studied using an optical microscope and an image analyzer in the deformation zone of a billet and the extrudates from the plant trials. The extrusion processes have been simulated with the aid of a finite element model. The plant trial data were used to validate the model predictions. The model predictions at both a macroscopic and a microscopic level were correlated with microstructural changes. Extrusion Jimit diagrams for both composites of 6/0230l6O1/Ap1 and 6/02302610/Ap1 were developed with low speed cracking boundaries included for the press at UAC. The mechanism of the low speed cracking was proposed based on the FEM and SEM analysis. Although low-speed cracking was proposed to be associated with void formation in the surface layer of the extrudates, the voids were not significant to the effect of tensile properties, because the elastic modulus, the yield stress and the ultimate tensile strength measured from extrudates of the plant trials at KRDC did not decline at extrusion ratios from 10 to about 30. Minimization of void formation in the composites was discussed and recommendations have been provided for optimization of the extrusion of the alumina particulate reinforced MMCs.
Structured Sparse Priors for Image Classification (2015)

Model-based compressive sensing (CS) exploits the structure inherent in sparse signals for the design of better signal recovery algorithms. This information about structure is often captured in the form of a prior on the sparse coefficients, with the Laplacian being the most common such choice (leading to l1 -norm minimization). Recent work has exploited the discriminative capability of sparse representations for image classification by employing class-specific dictionaries in the CS framework. Our contribution is a logical extension of these ideas into structured sparsity for classification. We introduce the notion of discriminative class-specific priors in conjunction with class specific dictionaries, specifically the spike-and-slab prior widely applied in Bayesian sparse regression. Significantly, the proposed framework takes the burden off the demand for abundant training image samples necessary for the success of sparsity-based classification schemes. We demonstrate this practical benefit of our approach in important applications, such as face recognition and object categorization.
New Evidence on the Living Standards of Toronto Blue Collar Workers in the Pre-1914 Era (1986)

The pre-1914 economic expansion of Toronto is shown to have had little positive effect on the living standards of blue collar workers. This conclusion is drawn from an index of real hourly wages which the author generates using price quotations from the Inquiry into the Cost of Living in Canada and the Labour Gazette, and wage rates derived from the Inquiry and from Wages and Hours of Labour in Canada. The author discusses problems arising from this kind of data including the use of expenditure weights and difficulties in constructing
a food index. In spite of these issues, the author calls for more empirical analysis of changes in income distribution not only in Toronto, but also in Canada.

On montre ici que l’expansion economique de Toronto anterieure a 1914 n’a eu qu’un effet positif negligeable sur le niveau de vie des cols bleus. Cette conclusion resulte d’un indice des salaires horaires reels que l’auteur etablit d’une part, a partir des prix retenus dans l’Inquiry into the Cost of Living in Canada et le Labour Gazette, et d’autre part, a partir de taux de salaires provenant de l’Inquiry et du Wages and Hours of Labour in Canada. L’auteur s’interroge sur les problemes souleves par ce genre de donnees, y compris celles qui concernent le poids des depenses, et aussi sur les difficultes de construire un indice de consommation alimentaire. Mais finalement, il suggere d’effectuer une analyse plus empirique des changements dans la distribution des revenus, non seulement a Toronto mais aussi au Canada.