gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity as an encourager of cancer invasion (2014)

We present a novel in vitro breast tumor model to mimic intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity based on a microfluidic system incorporating ECM scaffolds capable of providing a physiologically relevant tumor microenvironment. To study the regulation of invasive potentials by intratumoral subpopulation conditions, we developed heterogeneous cancer cell subpopulations by co-culturing two breast cancer cell types with distinct phenotypes, specifically, highly invasive and epithelial-like cancer cells. Our results indicate that intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity acts as an encourager of cancer cell invasion through a 3D matrix depending on the neighboring ECM, with highly invasive cancer cells acting as the 'leader' and epithelial-like cancer cells as the 'follower', therefore enhancing the metastatic potential.
Fractionation of inducible alkane hydroxylase activity in Pseudomonas putida and characterization of hydroxylase-negative plasmid mutations (1977)

The plasmid-determined inducible alkane hydroxylase of Pseudomonas putida resolved into particulate and soluble fractions. Spinach reductase and spinach ferredoxin could replace the soluble hydroxylase component. Two alkane hydroxylase mutants show in vitro complementation (S. Benson and J. Shapiro, J. Bacteriol., 123: 759-760, 1975): one, alk-7, lacks an active soluble component and the other, alk-181, lacks an active particulate component. Together with previous results on a particulate alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (Benson and Shapiro, J. Bacteriol., 126: 794-798, 1976), these results allowed us to assay three plasmid-determined inducible activities: soluble alkane hydroxylase (alkA+), particulate alkane hydroxylase (alkB+), and particulate alcohol dehydrogenase (alkC+). Growth tests and in vitro complementation assays revealed three groups of plasmid mutations that block expression of alkane hydroxylase activity: alkA, which so far includes only the alk-7 mutation; alkB, which includes alk-181 and 11 other mutations; and a pleiotropic-negative class, which includes nine mutations that lead to loss of alkA+, alkB+, and alkC+ activities. Thus, the alk+ gene cluster found on IncP-2 plasmids contains at least four cistrons. We believe it is significant that two of these determined the presence of membrane proteins. The accompanying paper shows that these loci are part of a single regulon.
High-Performance Routing at the Nanometer Scale (2008)

In this paper, we describe significant improvements to core routing technologies and outperform the best results from the International Symposium on Physical Design 2007 Global Routing Contest and the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design 2007 in terms of route completion and total wirelength.
Identification of Malaria Infected Red Blood Samples by Digital Holographic Quantitative Phase Microscope (2015)

Development of devices for automatic identification of diseases is desired especially in developing countries. In the case of malaria, even today the gold standard is the inspection of chemically treated blood smears through a microscope. This requires a trained technician/microscopist to identify the cells in the field of view, with which the labeling chemicals gets attached. Bright field microscopes provide only low contrast 2D images of red blood cells and cell thickness distribution cannot be obtained. Quantitative phase contrast microscopes can provide both intensity and phase profiles of the cells under study. The phase information can be used to determine thickness profile of the cell. Since cell morphology is available, many parameters pertaining to the 3D shape of the cell can be computed. These parameters in turn could be used to decide about the state of health of the cell leading to disease diagnosis. Here the investigations done on digital holographic microscope, which provides quantitative phase images, for comparison of parameters obtained from the 3D shape profile of objects leading to identification of diseased samples is described.
A Simple Model for the Hygroscopy of Sulfuric Acid (2020)

Sulfuric acid is a highly hygroscopic substance, increasing its volume by absorbing water from a high relative-humidity environment. In this paper, we present a mathematical model that describes the hygroscopy of a uniform layer of sulfuric acid with a given initial concentration and relative humidity of the surrounding gaseous environment. We assume that water is absorbed across the gas–liquid interface at a rate proportional to the difference in concentration from the equilibrium value. Our numerical results compare well with asymptotic predictions for small Sherwood number, where we derive an explicit solution. The theory agrees well with the experimental data, which supports the validity of the model, and we are able to use the model to determine the rate of absorption, which cannot be found by a direct experimental measurement.
Therapeutic effects of intrabone and systemic mesenchymal stem cell cytotherapy on myeloma bone disease and tumor growth (2012)

The cytotherapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been evaluated in various disorders including those involving inflammation, autoimmunity, bone regeneration, and cancer. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a systemic malignancy associated with induction of osteolytic lesions that often are not repaired even after prolonged remission. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of intrabone and systemic injections of MSCs on MM bone disease, tumor growth, and tumor regrowth in the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-rab model and to shed light on the exact localization of systemically injected MSCs. Intrabone injection of MSCs, but not hematopoietic stem cells, into myelomatous bones prevented MM-induced bone disease, promoted bone formation, and inhibited MM growth. After remission was induced with melphalan treatment, intrabone-injected MSCs promoted bone formation and delayed myeloma cell regrowth in bone. Most intrabone or systemically injected MSCs were undetected 2 to 4 weeks after injection. The bone-building effects of MSCs were mediated through activation of endogenous osteoblasts and suppression of osteoclast activity. Although a single intravenous injection of MSCs had no effect on MM, sequential weekly intravenous injections of MSCs prevented MM-induced bone disease but had no effect on tumor burden. MSCs expressed high levels of anti-inflammatory (eg, HMOX1) and bone-remodeling (eg, Decorin, CYR61) mediators. In vitro, MSCs promoted osteoblast maturation and suppressed osteoclast formation, and these effects were partially prevented by blocking decorin. A subset of intravenously or intracardially injected MSCs trafficked to myelomatous bone in SCID-rab mice. Although the majority of intravenously injected MSCs were trapped in lungs, intracardially injected MSCs were mainly localized in draining mesenteric lymph nodes. This study shows that exogenous MSCs act as bystander cells to inhibit MM-induced bone disease and tumor growth and that systemically injected MSCs are attracted to bone by myeloma cells or conditions induced by MM and inhibit bone disease.
Cost-efficient open source laser engine for microscopy (2019)

Scientific-grade lasers are costly components of modern microscopes. For high-power applications, such as single-molecule localization microscopy, their price can become prohibitive. Here, we present an open-source high-power laser engine that can be built for a fraction of the cost. It uses affordable, yet powerful laser diodes at wavelengths of 405 nm, 488 nm and 638 nm and optionally a 561 nm diode-pumped solid-state laser. The light is delivered to the microscope via an agitated multimode fiber in order to suppress speckles. We provide the parts list, CAD files and detailed descriptions, allowing any research group to build their own laser engine.
Artificial intelligence at the intersection of pathology and radiology in prostate cancer (2019)

Pathologic grading plays a key role in prostate cancer risk stratification and treatment selection, traditionally assessed from systemic core needle biopsies sampled throughout the prostate gland. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has become a well-established clinical tool for detecting and localizing prostate cancer. However, both pathologic and radiologic assessment suffer from poor reproducibility among readers. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods show promise in aiding the detection and assessment of imaging-based tasks, dependent on the curation of high-quality training sets. This review provides an overview of recent advances in AI applied to mpMRI and digital pathology in prostate cancer which enable advanced characterization of disease through combined radiology-pathology assessment.
New electroluminescent bipolar compounds for balanced charge-transport and tuneable colour in organic light emitting diodes: triphenylamine–oxadiazole–fluorene triad molecules (2006)

This work describes bipolar 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole–fluorene hybrids which incorporate triphenylamine or carbazole units within the π-electron system, viz. compounds 7, 8, 14 and 16. A related bipolar bis(oxadiazolyl)pyridine system 20 is reported. The syntheses of these five new materials are discussed, along with their optoelectronic absorption and emission properties, and their solution electrochemical redox properties. Anodic electropolymerisation of 20 was observed. Calculations using DFT (density functional theory) establish that they all possess a significantly higher HOMO energy level (by 0.60–1.02 eV) than 1,3-bis[2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]benzene (OXD-7) due to the presence of electron-rich amine moieties and increased conjugation lengths, thereby leading to more balanced charge-transport characteristics. Devices were fabricated by spin-coating techniques using the bipolar compounds as the emitters in the simple device architecture ITO:PEDOT-PSS:X:Ca/Al (X = 7, 8, 14, 16 or 20). The turn-on voltages were 2.9, 5.5, 3.6, 4.5 and 3.4 V for the devices incorporating 7, 8, 14, 16 and 20, respectively. The highest external quantum efficiency (EQE) was observed for compound 7: viz. EQE 0.36%; current efficiency 1.00 cd A−1; power efficiency 0.56 lm W−1 at 5.7 V. The EQE of the device fabricated from 8 was considerably lower than for devices using other materials due to low light emission. The EL emission peaked at λmax 430, 487, 487 and 521 nm for 8, 14 and 16, and 7, respectively. For the 20 device λmax = 521 nm and 564 nm. Thus the HOMO–LUMO gap has been modified, allowing the colour of the emitted light to vary from light blue through to green by the systematic chemical modification of the molecular subunits. The high chemical and thermal durability of these materials combined with the simplicity of the device structure and low turn-on voltages offers considerable potential for OLED applications.
False Positives Reduction Techniques in Intrusion Detection Systems-A Review (2013)

Summary During the last decade with the growth of cyber attacks, information safety has become an important issue all over the world. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are an essential element for network security infrastructure and play a very important role in detecting large number of attacks. Although there are different types of intrusion detection systems, all these systems suffer a common problem which is generating high volume of alerts and huge number of false positives. This drawback has become the main motivation for many research papers in IDS area. The aim of conducted research in the field is to propose different techniques to handle the alerts, reduce them and distinguish real attacks from false positives and low importance events. This manuscript is a survey paper that represents a review of the current research related to the false positives problem. The focus will be on data mining techniques of alert reduction. This paper reviews more than 30 related studies during the last decade with the hope of providing a reference for further research in this area. Several open issues have also been addressed in this paper.
Reduction of EMI in Switched Mode Converters by Shaped Pulse Transitions (2007)

An idea of reducing the amplitude of higher order harmonic frequencies from PWM switching pattern is presented and analyzed in this paper. For experimental studies a flexible curve shaping circuit was developed and implemented for achieving and controlling smooth transitions in a DC/DC PWM controlled converter for a 12 V system. A comparison between trapezoidal and sinusoidal transitions is made and it is found that a sinusoidal transition gives better EMI performance without increasing the switching losses. In order to further reduce the EMI, a strategy of controlling the output voltage transitions in a MOSFET by ”pre-charging” its gate is derived and investigated.The developed practical circuit is tested with sinusoidal reference for a purely resistive load and an R-L load. Frequency responses obtained from simulations and measurements are compared and discussed.
The metabolic anatomy of Parkinson's disease: Complementary [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies (1990)

We studied the metabolic anatomy of typical Parkinson's disease (PD) using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and [18F]fluorodopa (FDOPA) and positron emission tomography (PET). Fourteen PD patients (mean age 49 years) had FDG/PET scans, of which 11 were scanned with both FDOPA and FDG. After the injection of FDOPA, brain uptake and arterial plasma radioactivity were monitored for 2 h. Striatal FDOPA uptake was analyzed with regard to a two-compartment model, and target-to-background ratios (TBRs) and TBR-versus-time slopes were also calculated. Regional patterns of metabolic covariation were extracted from FDG/PET data using the Scaled Subprofile Model (SSM). SSM pattern weights, FDOPA uptake constants (Ki), TBRs, and TBR slopes were correlated with clinical measures for bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, gait disturbance, left-right asymmetry, dementia, and overall disease severity. In PD patients, rate constants for FDOPA uptake correlated with individual measures of bradykinesia (p = 0.001) and gait disability (p less than 0.05). SSM analysis revealed a distinct pattern of regional metabolic asymmetries, which correlated with motor asymmetries (p less than 0.001) and left-right differences in Ki (p less than 0.01). Our data suggest that in PD patients, FDG/PET and FDOPA/PET may provide unique and complementary information about underlying disease processes.
User Authentication System using Cryptography Involving Arithmetic Operations (2013)

The concept of having to identify an entity before being allowed to perform any action is quite acceptable, and expected, and required in today's wired world. Password managers, graphical systems, pattern recognition, biometrics have always been found to be incapable of providing robust security in some or the other aspect, in critical authentication systems In our approach, the user at the time of profile creation is required to enter the password, minimum of 6 characters and a secret numeric PIN of minimum 4 digits. Now during subsequent login attempts, the user will be asked to enter the password as an answer to a random mathematical question displayed in front of him in the form of an image (readable only by human and not by a software entity) Example; Consider the password: KOREAN and secret pin: 1234, the question would be; your 2nd character of password varies by 1+3rd character of your secret pin. Now instead of the original password, the user will enter the new password as KSREAN. The password can contain any combination of the available 96 characters on the keyboard. Every time only the same character of the password will be changed. The secret pin must contain only digits (to increase security, length can be increased to 10 or more digits). If the user enters the correct password he is authenticated otherwise denied access. This concept has some assumptions that the site locks the account if number of attempts for a particular user name exceeds a predetermined threshold.
Gain of function mutations for paralogous Hox genes: implications for the evolution of Hox gene function. (1995)

To investigate the functions of paralogous Hox genes, we compared the phenotypic consequences of altering the embryonic patterns of expression of Hoxb-8 and Hoxc-8 in transgenic mice. A comparison of the phenotypic consequences of altered expression of the two paralogs in the axial skeletons of newborns revealed an array of common transformations as well as morphological changes unique to each gene. Divergence of function of the two paralogs was clearly evident in costal derivatives, where increased expression of the two genes affected opposite ends of the ribs. Many of the morphological consequences of expanding the mesodermal domain and magnitude of expression of either gene were atavistic, inducing the transformation of axial skeletal structures from a modern to an earlier evolutionary form. We propose that regional specialization of the vertebral column has been driven by regionalization of Hox gene function and that a major aspect of this evolutionary progression may have been restriction of Hox gene expression.
Distributed Path Selection Strategies for Integrated Access and Backhaul at mmWaves (2018)

Communication at mmWave frequencies is a promising enabler for ultra high data rates in the next generation of mobile cellular networks (5G). The harsh propagation environment at such high frequencies, however, demands a dense base station deployment, which may be infeasible because of the unavailability of fiber drops to provide wired backhauling. To address this issue, 3GPP has recently proposed a Study Item on Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB), i.e., on the possibility of providing wireless backhaul together with radio access to the mobile terminals. The design of IAB base stations and networks introduces new research challenges, especially when considering the demanding conditions at mmWave frequencies. In this paper we study different path selection techniques, using a distributed approach, and investigate their performance in terms of hop count and bottleneck Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) using a channel model based on real measurements. We show that there exist solutions that decrease the number of hops without affecting the bottleneck SNR, and provide guidelines on the design of IAB path selection policies.
Multipath Routing Protocol for DAG-based WSNs with Mobile Sinks (2013)

Low power and lossy networks have been an active area of research. Numerous protocols have been proposed for routing in these networks using metrics like hop count, delay, bandwidth etc. The IETF ROLL group has proposed a proactive gradient protocol called RPL. However, for a network with few mobile sinks calculating gradients using proactive approach is not energy efficiency. This paper proposed a multipath routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with mobile sinks, called MDMR. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are required for WSNs organization because of their route redundancy to the root. MDMR is based on RPL framework. By broadcasting DAG construction messages including metrics, such as, hop count, node energy and link quality indication, protocol constructs DAG and provides path redundancy. This allows nodes to find multiple alternative paths easily while link failures.
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a clinical update. (2004)

Helicobacter pylori is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium infecting half the world's population[1,2] and causing chronic active gastritis in virtually all infected individuals.[3] The majority of individuals who acquire chronic H pylori gastritis will exhibit mild gastritis, more prominent in the antrum compared with the corpus. A minority of infected patients develop marked chronic inflammation in the antrum, with mild inflammation in the oxyntic mucosa (antral-predominant gastritis), and are prone to develop duodenal ulcer.[4] Infrequently, some individuals show a corpus-predominant pattern that overlaps with autoimmune gastritis. Recently, epidemiologic and laboratory studies in animals as well as interventional studies in humans strongly suggested that H pylori may play a pathogenic role in the development of adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach.[5-7] In particular, individuals with corpus-predominant gastritis seem more susceptible to development of adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach.[6]

The mechanisms whereby H pylori may cause gastroduodenal disease and contribute to gastric carcinogenesis are still hypothetical.[5-8] However, the production of specific virulence factors by the bacterium, the inflammatory response of the host, and the association with environmental factors may all play a contributory role.[5,6,8]
Effects of recombinant human thrombopoietin on megakaryocyte colony formation and megakaryocyte ploidy by human CD34<sup>+</sup> cells in a serum‐free system (1996)

In serum-free cultures of human CD34 cells, recombinant human thrombopoietin (TPO) induced megakaryocyte colony formation a dose-dependent fashion that was further enhanced by the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and stem cell factor (SCF), but not by IL-6, IL-11 or erythropoietin. TPO gave rise to much smaller colonies and at an earlier time than IL_3, indicating that TPO affects predominantly more mature megakaryocytic progenitors. In liquid cultures. TPO increased the percentage and the absolute number of > or = 8N megakaryocytes, but it did not shift their modal ploidy from 2N. TPO-induced endomitosis was totally inhibited by the presence of or previous exposure of cells to, IL-3 and /or SCF. The mechanism by which TPO overcomes in vivo the negative effects of IL-3 and SCF on megakaryocyte ploidy remains unknown.
Apart from Freud: notes for a rational psychoanalysis (2002)

Diverging from the many vituperative debates between the 'Freud bashers' and the orthodox Freudians, this exceptional critique of psychoanalysis examines Freud's background assumptions in biology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and moral and social philosophy. The aim is to develop an alternative practice that challenges authoritarian traditions and fosters individual freedom and responsible action in the world.
Sequential Variety in Work Processes (2003)

This paper introduces the concept of sequential variety as a way to measure variability in the sequence of steps used to perform a work process. There is reason to expect that such variability may influence a range of outcomes, such as flexibility and quality. Two alternative ways to operationalize sequential variety are demonstrated and compared to traditional measures of task variety in four task units. The findings provide empirical support for treating sequential variety as a distinct construct. In particular, sequential variety appears to provide an index of tacit, procedural knowledge, while task variety may relate more closely to explicit, declarative knowledge.
Use of spectral analysis in defense against DoS attacks (2003)

We propose using spectral analysis to identify normal TCP traffic so that it will not be dropped or rate-limited in defense against denial of service (DoS) attacks. The approach can reduce false positives of attacker identification schemes and thus decrease the associated unnecessary slowdown or stoppage of legitimate traffic. For the spectral analysis, we use the number of packet arrivals of a flow in fixed-length time intervals as the signal. We then estimate the power spectral density of the signal, in which information of periodicity, or lack thereof, in the signal reveals itself. A normal TCP flow should exhibit strong periodicity around its round-trip time in both flow directions, whereas an attack flow usually does not. We validate the effectiveness of the approach with simulation and trace analysis. We argue that the approach complements existing DoS defense mechanisms that focus on identifying attack traffic.