gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Land surface temperature measurements from the split window channels of the NOAA 7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (1984)

The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA 7 satellite acquires 1‐km spatial resolution data in “split window” channels at 10.8 and 11.9 μm. Data from these spectral channels may be used to estimate surface temperature and the atmospheric correction to radiation from the earth's surface. Analysis of a data set from July 1981 shows that (1) there is satisfactory agreement between the equation resulting from radiative transfer theory and the atmospheric correction algorithm as obtained by analysis of an area of incipient cloud street formation; (2) agreement is also satisfactory between this algorithm and the statistically derived NOAA algorithm used to obtain sea surface temperatures from the satellite data (However, the comparison assumes the NOAA algorithm is valid outside its range of derivation.); (3) in areas of cloud street formation, variations of atmospheric moisture produce radiance temperature differences of order 2–3°C, which if neglected would cause errors in the derivation of surface thermal characteristics. This meteorological variation over distances of 5–10 km would not be inferred from conventional radiosonde measurements or from lower‐resolution satellite soundings.
Homonuclear <i>J</i>‐refocused spectral editing technique for quantification of glutamine and glutamate by <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy (1995)

Quantification of the excitatory amino acid of glutamine and glutamate is extremely important partly because, when in excessive amounts, they can produce neuronal damage. However, quantification of such metabolites seems to be not straightforward owing to a large number of metabolic signals, particularly between the 2.0- and 3.0-ppm chemical shift range. The authors investigated a quantification method by using a homonuclear J-refocused spectral editing technique, namely the J-refocused PRESS (JPRESS), using both 1.5- and 4-T whole body NMR systems. At first, the J-coupling modulation of each metabolite at different TE values using the PRESS and JPRESS pulse sequences was compared. The suppression of J modulations with the JPRESS is well demonstrated on condition that TE values are less than 1/4J. Then, the accuracy of glutamate quantification after subtracting the two spectra obtained at two different echo times and integrating the difference spectral area at different concentrations was evaluated. The results exhibit an excellent linear relationship between the actual concentration versus the difference spectral peak area at both 1.5 and 4 T. The achievable minimum voxel size was also considered and a 1-ml voxel size seems to be possible at the typical glutamate concentration in vivo at a field strength of 4 T.
Accommodation response for visually equivalent light field 3D display (2017)

Visually Equivalent Light Field 3D (VELF3D) is an autostereoscopic flat-panel 3D display. Though it has a very simple structure, it can reproduce not only binocular parallax and convergence but also smooth motion parallax. It displays multiple viewing zones and uses oblong pixels and a parallax barrier to enable adjacent zones to be linearly blended well and provide continuous reproduction of motion parallax. However, the potential for accommodation reproducibility has yet to be clarified. In this paper, we demonstrate accommodation responses of monocular vision induced by changes in displayed depth as determined by an autorefractor / keratometer. We calculate point spread functions and retinal images when an observer is watching a linear blending display, and analyze mechanisms to induce accommodation.
Formation of Pyrido(3,2-f)quinoxalines by Reaction of 6-Amino-2,3-dimethylquinoxaline with Aldehydes. (1997)

The reaction of 6-amino-2, 3-dimethylquinoxaline (1) with acetaldehyde in ethanol proceeded at refluxing temperature to give 10-ethoxy-2, 3, 8-trimethyl-7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydropyrido[3, 2-f]quinoxaline (2), which was converted to 2, 3, 8-trimethylpyrido[3, 2-f]quinoxaline (4) and 2, 3, 8-trimethyl-7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydropyrido[3, 2-f]quinoxaline (5) in an acidic medium. Crotonaldehyde also reacted smoothly at room temperature with 1 to afford several pyrido[3, 2-f]quinoxaline derivatives along with 4 and 5.
Beyond monoamine-based therapies: clues to new approaches. (2002)

Advances in antidepressant therapy have resulted in agents with fewer serious side effects than, for example, nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Nonetheless, these newer agents are far from the ideal. Many of the drawbacks associated with these newer agents--slow onset, low rate of response, and low rate of remission--are likely to be mechanism related. In order to overcome these problems, researchers must either improve upon these traditional, biogenic amine-based mechanisms or explore nontraditional mechanisms. Strategies for improving biogenic amine-based antidepressants include the so-called serotonin augmentation strategy and the broad spectrum agent that simultaneously blocks reuptake at the serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters. Two nontraditional approaches employ modulation of glutamate receptor function. At face value, these glutamate-based approaches (N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA] antagonists and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid [AMPA] receptor potentiators) appear diametrically opposed. However, these 2 mechanisms may ultimately impact similar cellular endpoints.
Gender-dependent racial difference in disposition of cyclosporine among healthy African American and white volunteers (2000)

Pharmacokinetic studies of intravenous and oral cyclosporine (cyclosporin) were performed in 22 healthy African American (n = 11) and white (n = 11) volunteers. Blood cyclosporine concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Concentration versus time data were analyzed by noncompartmental models, and statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA. The clearance of intravenous and oral cyclosporine was 4.3 +/- 0.9 mL/min/kg and 13.5 +/- 4.5 mL/min/kg, respectively, in African Americans and 3.7 +/- 0.5 mL/min/kg and 9.6 mL/min/kg, respectively, in the white volunteers (P = .0001). There was a significant race and gender interaction (P = .038). Bioavailability was lower in African Americans (32.8 +/- 6.6%) compared with white volunteers (39.3 +/- 7.1%; P = .049), with a significant race and gender interaction (P = .048). The dose-adjusted area under the curve (AUC) of intravenous and oral cyclosporine was 54.3 +/- 10.6 ng x hr/mL per milligram and 18.1 +/- 4.1 ng x hr/mL per milligram, respectively, in African Americans and 61.9 +/- 6.8 ng x hr/mL per milligram and 24.2 +/- 4.6 ng x hr/mL per milligram, respectively, in white volunteers (P = .023). These findings suggest that disposition of cyclosporine is dependent both on race and on gender.
Preparation and properties of a new DNase from Aspergillus oryzae (1977)

A DNase present in commercial preparations of Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase was purified 1550-fold in 25% yield by acetone precipitation and by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl- and carboxymethylcellulose. The enzyme was isolated free of contaminating RNases and DNases. The molecular weight of the enzyme determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 was 48 000, while a molecular weight of 58 000 was determined for the single band observed upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isoelectric point of the DNase is 9.2. The enzyme hydrolyzed only DNA with a pH optimum of 8.2 and was activated by Co2+, and to a lesser extent by Mg2+ and Mn2+. Native DNA was a better substrate than heat-denatured DNA. Enzymatic digests of calf thymus and E. coli DNA yielded oligomers of chain lengths ranging from 10 to 200, with mono- and small oligonucleotides (chain length less than 5) detected only when large (100 mg) amounts of DNA were fractionated by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25 in 7 M urea. The digestion products contained 5'-terminal phosphate groups and mostly adenosine at the 3' and guanosine and adenosine at the 5' ends.
High temperature bulk acoustic wave properties of langasite (2003)

High temperature stable piezoelectric materials including langasite (La3Ga5SiO14, LGS) are, in principle, suitable for high temperature bulk acoustic wave applications such as resonant microbalances and gas sensors using specific surface affinity layers. The resonator material LGS has been shown to exhibit bulk oscillations at temperatures of up to at least 935 °C. However, the knowledge of the high temperature bulk acoustic wave properties is required for the evaluation of mass load dependent changes of the resonator characteristics, and, consequently, for the application of these materials as sensors.
Weight Loss Associated With Employee Income in an Incentivized Employee Wellness Program (2016)

Wellness programs have a significant impact on employee weight loss, but this relationship may vary across the income level of participants.
FE and Simplified Models of Steel Plate Shear Wall (1998)

A nonlinear finite-element model for steel plate shear walls was developed and then tested using the as-built dimensions and measured material properties of a large-scale four-story test specimen. When a nonplanar initial plate geometry and measured residual stresses were included in the model, it gave an excellent prediction of the load versus deflection response. Furthermore, a good prediction of the ultimate strength of the shear wall was obtained even when the second-order effects were neglected. Another analytical method is presented that is useful for the prediction of monotonic behavior. In this relatively simple plane frame model, the infill plate is represented as a series of tension strips. The model gave a good prediction of the behavior of the four-story shear wall specimen. An associated hysteresis model also gave good predictions of observed cyclic behavior. The models account for inelastic behavior in both the infill panels and the frame members.
Effect of Particle Size of Platinum and Platinum-Cobalt Catalysts on Stability Against Load Cycling (2010)

To investigate the effect of load cycling, platinum (Pt) and platinum-cobalt (PtCo) fuel cell catalysts with different particle sizes were prepared and evaluated for their durability against load cycling. The particle size of the Pt and PtCo catalysts was controlled by changing the catalyst loading and by applying heat treatment. Pt catalysts with particle sizes of 2–3 nm and 4–5 nm and PtCo catalysts with sizes of 3–4 nm, 4–5 nm and 7–8 nm were obtained. A potential sweep from 0.65 V to 1.05 V was applied to the cathode of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) prepared with these catalysts,and the degradation of their mass activity and cell voltage were evaluated. As a result of this investigation, it was found that Pt catalysts with particle sizes of 4–5 nm and PtCo catalysts of particle sizes 7–8 nm showed better stability against potential sweep, with the Pt catalysts of sizes 4–5 nm showing the best stability of all the catalysts tested.
Dialogue Transformers (2019)

We introduce a dialogue policy based on a transformer architecture, where the self-attention mechanism operates over the sequence of dialogue turns. Recent work has used hierarchical recurrent neural networks to encode multiple utterances in a dialogue context, but we argue that a pure self-attention mechanism is more suitable. By default, an RNN assumes that every item in a sequence is relevant for producing an encoding of the full sequence, but a single conversation can consist of multiple overlapping discourse segments as speakers interleave multiple topics. A transformer picks which turns to include in its encoding of the current dialogue state, and is naturally suited to selectively ignoring or attending to dialogue history. We compare the performance of the Transformer Embedding Dialogue (TED) policy to an LSTM and to the REDP, which was specifically designed to overcome this limitation of RNNs.
Recent progress in hydrogen storage (2008)

The ever-increasing demand for energy coupled with dwindling fossil fuel resources make the establishment of a clean and sustainable energy system a compelling need. Hydrogen-based energy systems offer potential solutions. Although, in the long-term, the ultimate technological challenge is large-scale hydrogen production from renewable sources, the pressing issue is how to store hydrogen efficiently on board hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles1, 2.
Structural Characterization and Mapping of the Covalently Linked FAD Cofactor in Choline Oxidase from <i>Arthrobacter globiformis</i> (2003)

The flavoenzyme choline oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of choline and betaine aldehyde to betaine. Earlier studies have shown that the choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis contains FAD covalently linked to a histidine residue. To identify the exact type of flavin binding, the FAD-carrying amino acid residue was released by acid hydrolysis. The fluorescence excitation maxima of the isolated aminoacylriboflavin, showing a hypsochromic shift of the near-ultraviolet band relative to riboflavin, and the pH-dependent flavin fluorescence confirmed the presence of an 8alpha-substituted flavin linked to histidine. Similarly, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed a molecular mass corresponding to histidylriboflavin. Classical experiments used to distinguish between the N(1) and N(3) isomers all indicated that the flavin was linked to the N(1) position of the histidine residue. The position of the FAD-carrying histidine residue in the choline oxidase polypeptide was identified by tryptic cleavage of the denatured enzyme, HPLC separation of the proteolytic peptide fragments, and characterization of the purified flavin-carrying peptide by mass spectrometry and spectroscopy. The FAD moiety was assigned to the tryptic peptide, His-Ala-Arg, corresponding to residues 87-89 in the open reading frame of the previously published cDNA sequence. Further analysis of the flavopeptide by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry confirmed that the flavin cofactor was attached to His(87). We conclude that this variant of choline oxidase contains 8alpha-[N(1)-histidyl]FAD at position 87 in the polypeptide chain.
Code generation from UML statecharts (2003)

Healthy neuronal function and synaptic modification require a concert of synthesis and degradation of proteins. Increasing evidence indicates that protein turnover mediated by proteasome activity is involved in long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. However, its role in different phases of memory remains debated, and previous studies have not examined the possible requirement of protein degradation in recognition memory. Here, we show that the proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin (LAC), infused into the CA1 area of the hippocampus at two specific time points during consolidation, impairs 24-retention of memory for object recognition in rats. Administration of LAC after retrieval did not affect retention. These findings provide the first evidence for a requirement of proteasome activity in recognition memory, indicate that protein degradation in the hippocampus is necessary during selective time windows of memory consolidation, and further our understanding of the role of protein turnover in memory formation.
Packaging of microfluidic chips <b><i>via</i></b> interstitial bonding technique (2008)

In this paper, we describe an interstitial bonding technique for packaging of microfluidic chips. The cover plate is first placed on top of the microfluidic chip, followed by dispensing the UV-curable resin into the resin-loading reservoirs. With the interstitial space between the cover plate and the microfluidic chip connecting to the loading reservoirs, the UV-curable resin wicks through capillary force action and hydrostatic pressure generated by the liquid level in the resin-loading reservoirs. When reaching the microchannels, the UV-curable resin stops flowing into the microchannels due to the force balance between the surface tension and hydrostatic pressure. The assembly is then placed under the UV light, followed by further curing in the thermal oven. It is found that there is no leakage from the bonded microfluidic chips and a good DNA separation result was obtained by using the microfluidic chips as fabricated. This bonding technique is relatively simple and fast, which can be applied to the packaging of microfluidic chips made from hybrid materials with complicated designs as long as the interstitial space connects to the loading reservoirs.
Superior relaxation of stresses and self-healing behavior of epoxy-amine coatings (2015)

Introducing hydrogen bonds <italic>via</italic> amide motif incorporation in cross-linked epoxy coatings enhances local network mobility and ensures ability to relax mechanical stresses, possibly leading failure, preemptively without changes in modulus and adhesion.
Transformer Hydrogels: A Review (2019)

Abstract Hydrogels, which are hydrophilic soft porous networks, are an important class of materials of broad relevance to bioanalytical chemistry, soft‐robotics, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. Transformer hydrogels are micro‐ and mesostructured hydrogels that display a dramatic transformation of shape, form, or dimension with associated changes in function, due to engineered local variations such as in swelling or stiffness, in response to external controls or environmental stimuli. This review describes principles that can be utilized to fabricate transformer hydrogels such as by layering, patterning, or generating anisotropy, and gradients. Transformer hydrogels are classified based on their responsivity to different stimuli such as temperature, electromagnetic fields, chemicals, and biomolecules. A survey of the current research progress suggests applications of transformer hydrogels in biomimetics, soft robotics, microfluidics, tissue engineering, drug delivery, surgery, and biomedical engineering.
Innovative technologies for Faraday shield cooling (2002)

Alternative advanced technologies are being evaluated for use in cooling the Faraday shields used for protection of ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICR) antennae in Tokamaks. Two approaches currently under evaluation include heat pipe cooling and gas cooling. Both of these technologies offer attractive alternatives to water-cooled designs primarily because they remove the time-consuming cleanup required in the event of tube weld failures and because they increase the operating temperature range for the shield. A Monel/water heat pipe cooled Faraday shield has been successfully demonstrated. Heat pipe cooling offers the advantage of reducing the amount of water discharged into the Tokamak in the event of a tube weld failure. The device was recently tested on an antenna at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The heat pipe design uses inclined water heat pipes with warm water condensers located outside of the plasma chamber. This approach can passively remove absorbed heat fluxes in excess of 200 W/cm/sup 2/. Helium-cooled Faraday shields are also being evaluated. This approach offers the advantage of no liquid discharge into the Tokamak in the event of a tube failure. Innovative internal cooling structures based on porous metal cooling are being used to develop a helium-cooled Faraday shield structure. This approach can dissipate the high heat fluxes typical of Faraday shield applications while minimizing the required helium blower power. Preliminary analysis shows that nominal helium flow and pressure drop can sufficiently cool a Faraday shield in typical applications. Plans are in progress to fabricate and test prototype hardware based on this approach.
Molecular changes in neurons in multiple sclerosis: Altered axonal expression of Na <sub>v</sub> 1.2 and Na <sub>v</sub> 1.6 sodium channels and Na <sup>+</sup> /Ca <sup>2</sup> + exchanger (2004)

Although voltage-gated sodium channels are known to be deployed along experimentally demyelinated axons, the molecular identities of the sodium channels expressed along axons in human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) have not been determined. Here we demonstrate changes in the expression of sodium channels in demyelinated axons in MS, with Nav1.6 confined to nodes of Ranvier in controls but with diffuse distribution of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 along extensive regions of demyelinated axons within acute MS plaques. Using triple-labeled fluorescent immunocytochemistry, we also show that Nav1.6, which is known to produce a persistent sodium current, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, which can be driven by persistent sodium current to import damaging levels of calcium into axons, are colocalized with beta-amyloid precursor protein, a marker of axonal injury, in acute MS lesions. Our results demonstrate the molecular identities of the sodium channels expressed along demyelinated and degenerating axons in MS and suggest that coexpression of Nav1.6 and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is associated with axonal degeneration in MS.
Measurement of body fat using leg to leg bioimpedance (2001)

Leg to leg BIA is a valid alternative method to DXA for the measurement of body fat. Provisional reference ranges for percentage body fat for Hong Kong Chinese children aged 7-16 years are provided.
An Earth System Data Record for Land Surface Freeze/Thaw State. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), Version 1 (2009)

This document represents and Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) for developing an Earth System Data Record (ESDR) quantifying global vegetated land surface freeze/thaw state (F/T) dynamics. The freeze/thaw ESDR (FT_ESDR) will be developed using multi-frequency satellite passive and active microwave remote sensing time series spanning multiple missions and sensors, including passive microwave radiometery from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), and radar scatterometry from SeaWinds-on-QuikSCAT. These records are global in extent and provide a contiguous time series extending from 1979 onward with some overlap between missions.