gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The foundations of set theoretic estimation (1993)

Explains set theoretic estimation, which is governed by the notion of feasibility and produces solutions whose sole property is to be consistent with all information arising from the observed data and a priori knowledge. Each piece of information is associated with a set in the solution space, and the intersection of these sets, the feasibility set, represents the acceptable solutions. The practical use of the set theoretic framework stems from the existence of efficient techniques for finding these solutions. Many scattered problems in systems science and signal processing have been approached in set theoretic terms over the past three decades. The author synthesizes a single, general framework from these various approaches, examines its fundamental philosophy, goals, and analytical techniques, and relates it to conventional methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
14 day endoscopy study comparing risedronate and alendronate in postmenopausal women stratified by Helicobacter pylori status. (2002)

Risedronate was associated with a significantly lower incidence of gastric ulcers than alendronate. H. pylori infection did not increase the incidence of bisphosphonate related gastric ulcers. The findings from this 14 day study in healthy volunteers support the hypothesis that bisphosphonates may differ from one another in their potential to produce upper GI mucosal damage.
Evidence for multiple forms of biotin holocarboxylase synthetase in pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) and in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>: subcellular fractionation studies and isolation of a cDNA clone (1997)

The intracellular compartmentation of biotin holocarboxylase synthetase has been investigated in pea (Pisum sativum) leaves, by isolation of organelles and fractionation of protoplasts. Enzyme activity was mainly located in cytosol (approx. 90% of total cellular activity). Significant activity was also identified in the soluble phase of both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Two enzyme forms were separated by anion-exchange chromatography. The major form was found to be specific for the cytosol compartment, whereas the minor form was present in mitochondria as well as in chloroplasts. We also report the isolation and DNA sequence of a cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis thaliana biotin holocarboxylase synthetase. This cDNA was isolated by functional complementation of a conditional lethal Escherichia coli birA (biotin ligase gene, which regulates biotin synthesis) mutant. This indicated that the recombinant plant protein was able to biotinylate specifically an essential apoprotein substrate in the bacterial host, that is a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase called biotin carboxyl carrier protein. The full-length nucleotide sequence (1534 bp) encodes a protein of 367 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 41172 Da and shows specific regions of similarity to other biotin holocarboxylase synthetase genes as isolated from bacteria and yeast, and with cDNA species from human. A sequence downstream of the first translation initiation site encodes a putative peptide structurally similar to organelle-targeting pre-sequences, suggesting a mitochondrial or chloroplastic localization for this isoform.
Changing technology and QWL (1983)

The man or woman without a job who wants to work may not be too interested in whether this is due to economic recession or technological change. The young person who gets frustrated looking for a job after leaving school may be justified in considering the quality of working life as an irrelevant catch‐phrase.
Micromixer-Based Time-Resolved NMR:  Applications to Ubiquitin Protein Conformation (2003)

Time-resolved NMR spectroscopy is used to studychanges in protein conformation based on the elapsed time after a change in the solvent composition of a protein solution. The use of a micromixer and a continuous-flow method is described where the contents of two capillary flows are mixed rapidly, and then the NMR spectra of the combined flow are recorded at precise time points. The distance after mixing the two fluids and flow rates define the solvent-protein interaction time; this method allows the measurement of NMR spectra at precise mixing time points independent of spectral acquisition time. Integration of a micromixer and a microcoil NMR probe enables low-microliter volumes to be used without losing significant sensitivity in the NMR measurement. Ubiquitin, the model compound, changes its conformation from native to A-state at low pH and in 40% or higher methanol/water solvents. Proton NMR resonances of the His-68 and the Tyr-59 of ubiquitin are used to probe the conformational changes. Mixing ubiquitin and methanol solutions under low pH at microliter per minute flow rates yields both native and A-states. As the flow rate decreases, yielding longer reaction times, the population of the A-state increases. The micromixer-NMR system can probe reaction kinetics on a time scale of seconds.
Investigation of Relationship between Level of Service and Safety (2009)

While it is generally agreed that operational conditions have an effect on traffic safety, their relationship has not been well defined at a level of detail that adequately supports operation and planning performance measurements. Signalized intersections are the most complex locations on the roadway network, and they are vital to the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. Based on the data collected at 164 four-legged signalized intersections in the State of Florida, this study investigated the relationship between level of service (LOS) and safety at signalized intersections. The LOS was calculated for three time periods: a.m. peak, midday, and p.m. peak. The crash count data models were applied to fit crash frequency models for total crashes in order to investigate LOS and safety relationship. Overall, the LOS indicator is a significant factor for predicting crash occurrence at intersections. However, the models show that the operational condition itself (by only including the LOS indicator) is not sufficient to predict the safety status. LOS "D" is a desirable level which is associated with less total crashes.
Techniques in therapeutic endoscopy (1992)

Therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding oesophageal dilation oesophageal variceal sclerotherapy treatment of oesophageal and other gastrointestinal cancers percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy techniques of enteroscopy endoscopic sphincterotomy endoscopic management of biliary tract obstruction endoscopic techniques for benign pancreatic disease gastrointestinal polypectomy.
Wavelet transforms versus Fourier transforms (1993)

This note is a very basic introduction to wavelets. It starts with an orthogonal basis of piecewise constant functions, constructed by dilation and translation. The ``wavelet transform'' maps each $f(x)$ to its coefficients with respect to this basis. The mathematics is simple and the transform is fast (faster than the Fast Fourier Transform, which we briefly explain), but approximation by piecewise constants is poor. To improve this first wavelet, we are led to dilation equations and their unusual solutions. Higher-order wavelets are constructed, and it is surprisingly quick to compute with them --- always indirectly and recursively. We comment informally on the contest between these transforms in signal processing, especially for video and image compression (including high-definition television). So far the Fourier Transform --- or its 8 by 8 windowed version, the Discrete Cosine Transform --- is often chosen. But wavelets are already competitive, and they are ahead for fingerprints. We present a sample of this developing theory.
Analysis of transmission modes for ultra-reliable communications (2016)

Cellular systems are gaining more attention as a means of connectivity solutions for machine-type communications (MTC). The future cellular systems need to encounter new features in order to meet the diverse requirements of MTC applications. Ultra-reliable with low-latency communications (URLLC) is one of the considered features, required for mission-critical applications. This paper attempts to provide a better understanding of URLLC in the cellular systems. It considers different transmission modes and presents the required signaling and data transmissions. The optimal resource allocations are formulated for data transmissions. In addition, simplified solutions are given in order to reduce the computation complexity of resource allocations.
TSPO ligands stimulate ZnPPIX transport and ROS accumulation leading to the inhibition of P. falciparum growth in human blood (2016)

After invading red blood cells (RBCs), Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) can export its own proteins to the host membrane and activate endogenous channels that are present in the membrane of RBCs. This transport pathway involves the Voltage Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC). Moreover, ligands of the VDAC partner TranSlocator PrOtein (TSPO) were demonstrated to inhibit the growth of the parasite. We studied the expression of TSPO and VDAC isoforms in late erythroid precursors, examined the presence of these proteins in membranes of non-infected and infected human RBCs, and evaluated the efficiency of TSPO ligands in inhibiting plasmodium growth, transporting the haem analogue Zn-protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX) and enhancing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). TSPO and VDAC isoforms are differentially expressed on erythroid cells in late differentiation states. TSPO2 and VDAC are present in the membranes of mature RBCs in a unique protein complex that changes the affinity of TSPO ligands after Pf infection. TSPO ligands dose-dependently inhibited parasite growth, and this inhibition was correlated to ZnPPIX uptake and ROS accumulation in the infected RBCs. Our results demonstrate that TSPO ligands can induce Pf death by increasing the uptake of porphyrins through a TSPO2-VDAC complex, which leads to an accumulation of ROS.
Morphology of Thin Films of Diblock Copolymers on Surfaces Micropatterned with Regions of Different Interfacial Energy (2002)

Self-assembled (SA) films of octadecyltrichlorosilane were patterned by exposure to X-rays in air through a mask to produce chemically patterned surfaces. The irradiated regions of the SA films underwent surface chemical modification from nonpolar, hydrophobic surfaces to polar, hydrophilic surfaces. The degree of chemical modification increased with increasing exposure dose. The behavior of thin films of symmetric poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (P(S-b-MMA)) was investigated on the chemically patterned surfaces exposed to X-rays at doses ranging from 800 to 2000 mJ/cm2. P(S-b-MMA) films exhibited symmetric, neutral, and asymmetric wetting on these surfaces with increasing dose. The area and height of islands and holes that formed on the free surface of the films depended on the interfacial energy between the film and the surface. If the difference in interfacial energies (Δγ) between the surface and both PS and PMMA was small, islands or holes formed that had a smaller average area and smaller step height than islands or holes that formed on surfaces where Δγ was large. Additionally, perpendicular lamellae were detected at the edge of islands when Δγ was small but were not detected at the edge of islands when Δγ was large. The island/hole morphologies observed over regions where Δγ was small were concluded to be the result of slow rates of formation and growth of the topography. Films of initial thickness from 1.75 to 2.75Lo, where Lo is the bulk lamellar period, were studied on chemically patterned surfaces where both exposed and unexposed regions had large values of Δγ. On these surfaces, regions of the film were observed to remain flat and featureless even when the film thickness did not equal a quantized value of the thickness. These flat regions were concluded to be due to either mass transport of excess material from island-forming regions across the pattern boundaries to regions with deficits (hole-forming regions) or deformation of lamellae in the outer layer of the block copolymer film. On surfaces with large values of Δγ, ordering was fast and allowed large-scale cooperation between adjacent regions of the polymer film to set up the film morphology during the very early stages of annealing.
TimeStitch: Interactive multi-focus cohort discovery and comparison (2015)

Whereas event-based timelines for healthcare enable users to visualize the chronology of events surrounding events of interest, they are often not designed to aid the discovery, construction, or comparison of associated cohorts. We present TimeStitch, a system that helps health researchers discover and understand events that may cause abstinent smokers to lapse. TimeStitch extracts common sequences of events performed by abstinent smokers from large amounts of mobile health sensor data, and offers a suite of interactive and visualization techniques to enable cohort discovery, construction, and comparison, using extracted sequences as interactive elements. We are extending TimeStitch to support more complex health conditions with high mortality risk, such as reducing hospital readmission in congestive heart failure.
Genetics of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (2013)

Aortic aneurysm, including both abdominal aortic aneurysm and thoracic aortic aneurysm, is the cause of death of 1% to 2% of the Western population. This review focuses only on thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. During the past decade, the genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections has revealed perturbed extracellular matrix signaling cascade interactions and deficient intracellular components of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus as the key mechanisms. Based on the study of different Marfan mouse models and the discovery of several novel thoracic aortic aneurysm genes, the involvement of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway has opened unexpected new avenues. Overall, these discoveries have 3 important consequences. First, the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections is better understood, although some controversy still exists. Second, the management strategies for the medical and surgical treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections are becoming increasingly gene-tailored. Third, the pathogenetic insights have delivered new treatment options that are currently being investigated in large clinical trials.
TAO: System for Table Detection and Extraction from PDF Documents (2016)

Digital documents present knowledge in most areas of study, exchanging and communicating information in a portable way. To better use the knowledge embedded in an ever-growing information source, effective tools for automatic information extraction are needed. Tables are crucial information elements in documents of scientific nature. Most publications use tables to represent and report concrete findings of research. Current methods used to extract table data from PDF documents lack precision in detecting, extracting, and representing data from diverse layouts. We present the system TAble Organization (TAO) to automatically detect, extract and organize information from tables in PDF documents. TAO uses a processing, based on the k-nearest neighbor method and layout heuristics, to detect tables within a document and to extract table information. This system generates an enriched representation of the data extracted from tables in the PDF documents. TAO’s performance is comparable to other table extraction methods, but it overcomes some related work limitations and proves to be more robust in experiments with diverse document layouts.
Very High Isp Thruster with Anode Layer (VHITAL) - An Overview (2004)

This article describes the two stage bismuth fueled Hall thruster technology that was developed at TsNIIMASH [1] and the Very High Isp Thruster with Anode Layer (VHITAL) technology assessment program that is funded by NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD)' Prometheus program. The overall objective of this program is to evaluate the potential for this Russian-developed thruster technology to enable near-term, Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEf)-enabled ESMD missions to the outer planets. This 2.5 year program will provide the technology basis for the development of even higher power anode layer thrusters for rapid outer planet exploration missions and, ultimately, human exploration of the solar system. The first 6 month phase is currently in progress. If this phase is successful, the second (1 year) and third (1 year) phase of the proposed program will follow.
Disinfectants (2004)

Abstract Disinfection of drinking water was instituted at a time when waterborne infectious diseases were the primary focus in public health. The use of disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation has resulted in a reduction in the outbreak of diseases such as cholera and polio in many parts of the world. The choice of disinfectant is dependent on their availability, ease of use, cost, and their efficacy in disinfecting water. Some disinfectants commonly used in water treatment plants are not stable in water for long periods of time, which reduces their disinfection efficacy. Current practices to control pathogens in drinking water include using a combination of disinfectants, coagulation, and filtration. A main disadvantage of using disinfectants in drinking water is their ability to react with organic and inorganic matter in water to form disinfection byproducts that may be of health concern. The disinfectants can also be hazardous at high concentrations, but toxicological studies suggest that their toxicity is likely not relevant at the low concentrations encountered in drinking water.
[Preparation and functional analysis of the monoclonal antibodies against severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus structural proteins]. (2015)

To prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against structural proteins of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV), BALB/c mice were immunized using purified inactivated SFTSV virions as the antigens. Subsequently, hybridoma cell lines that secreted monoclonal antibodies against nucleoprotein (NP) and glycoproteins (GP) were obtained using a hybridoma technique. The antigen specificities of prepared mAbs were examined by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays. Functional analyses were then performed,including the detection of IFA antibody titers,the levels of neutralizing activity and antibody affinities. After cell fusion and cloning,13 hybridoma cell lines secreted mAbs specifically against SFTSV-GP and 7 hybridoma cell lines secreted mAbs specifically against SFTSV-NP. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays showed that the mAbs had high levels of antigen specificity. Among the 13 anti-SFTSV-GP mAbs,6 recognized Gn,whereas the others reacted with Gc. IFA titers of most anti-SFTSV-GP mAbs were between 1,280 and 20,480, and four anti-SFTSV-Gn mAbs showed neutralizing activity. Seven of the obtained anti-SFTSV-NP mAbs reacted specifically with NP,of which the IFA titers ranged from 5,120 to 20,480 with no observed neutralizing activity. Furthermore, two anti-SFTSV-GP mAbs, 1C8 and 1G8, showed high levels of affinity via a non-competitive ELISA. Our study lays the foundation for the development of further diagnostic assays and basic research into SFTSV.
Imaging of surface plasmon propagation and edge interaction using a photon scanning tunneling microscope (1994)

We report the direct imaging of surface plasmon propagation on thin silver films using the photon scanning tunneling microscope. It is found that the surface plasmon remains tightly confined in the original launch direction with insignificant scattering to other momentum states. A propagation length of 13.2 \ensuremath{\mu}m is measured at \ensuremath{\lambda}=632.8 nm. We also present images showing the interaction of a surface plasmon with the edge of the metal film supporting it. The most remarkable feature is the absence of specularly reflected beam.
(1<i>R</i>*,2<i>R</i>*)-1-(7-Bromo-3-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-phenylbutan-2-ol (2010)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(33)H(32)BrNO(2), the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring are oriented at dihedral angles of 82.24 (4) and 79.53 (4)°, respectively, to the quinoline ring system. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond occurs between the hydr-oxy H atom and the amine N atom.
Hydroxyproline‐rich glycoprotein accumulation in tobacco leaves protected against <i>Erysiphe cichoracearum</i> by potato virus Y infection (2000)

Tobacco cv. Havana 425 acquired resistance to a compatible isolate of Erysiphe cichoracearum after infection by a strain of potato virus Y (PVY N ) that causes veinal necrosis; another common strain (PVY O ) that does not cause necrosis gave less protection. Hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), believed to be involved in resistance, were determined by analysing hydroxyproline (Hyp) in purified cell walls. Hyp content increased significantly in PVY N ‐protected leaves, compared with untreated controls, 2–4 days after necrotic lesion symptoms developed. No further increase in Hyp was noted in PVY N ‐protected leaves after E. cichoracearum challenge. Hyp increases were significantly higher in protected leaves of plants showing symptoms on day 7 than on day 10. Infection with the PVY O strain caused significant decrease in Hyp content, compared with uninoculated controls. Inoculation of virus‐free plants with E. cichoracearum induced moderate and transitory Hyp increases on day 2 or 3, followed by a quick decrease associated with a weak response by the compatible host. It is suggested that HRGP accumulation induced by PVY N (but not by PVY O ) causes changes in the host cell wall that result in resistance to E. cichoracearum .
The Flow Rate Nomogram: II. Clinical Correlation (1980)

Using the previously demonstrated statistical relationship between urinary flow rate and bladder volume we tested 53 patients with clinically evident outflow obstruction by uroflowmetry. Of these patients 32 were tested before and after a successful operation for outflow obstruction. In 98 per cent of the maximum flow measurements in obstructed patients the nomogram values were less than minus 2 standard deviations, indicating a clear separation from the normal population. After operative relief of the obstruction repeat uroflowmetry demonstrated all values to be in the normal range. Furthermore, in each patient the peak flow rate value increased an average of 2.7 standard deviations (minimum increase of 1.5 standard deviations). No significant correlation could be demonstrated between the size of the prostatic resection and the degree of urinary flow impairment. The use of a flow rate nomogram appears to differentiate reliably normal from obstructed individuals and also is highly useful in the postoperative followup of urinary outflow obstruction.