gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibody seronegative human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)- infected patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or related disorders (1985)

The human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) is the primary cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and related disorders (ARC). Prior studies have reported that nearly all symptomatic patients with AIDS or ARC manifest antibody to HTLV-III. This observation has engendered efforts to screen for HTLV-III, especially prior to blood donation, with assays for antibody to HTLV-III. We report the first two cases, one with AIDS and one with ARC, that are HTLV-III virus positive but antibody negative. Accurate diagnosis of HTLV-III infection in some cases may require direct virus culture or tests for antigen. In addition, lack of HTLV-III antibody may indicate an atypical clinical course of AIDS.
Reactive Monolayers in Directed Additive Manufacturing - Area Selective Atomic Layer Deposition (2018)

Additive manufacturing generally describes a process of producing macro scale 3D-objects by the addition (or formation) of one patterned layer, of the overall object, onto a subsequent layer. In this fashion the target structure is produced in a layer-by-layer process. Selective area atomic layer deposition (SA-ALD) is, fundamentally, an additive manufacturing process where the layer-by-layer process occurs at the atomic level. A patterned surface is generated by exploiting disparate surface chemistries where a metal oxide is deposited in a targeted area. One method of enabling this process is through the use of organic monolayers that can form from a collection of well organized small molecules onto one surface and not another. These self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can act as effective barriers to block the deposition of up to hundreds of thermal ALD cycles or can be used in combination with repair strategies to extend selective deposition capabilities. Recent efforts have focused on increasing the durability of these monolayer blocking layers. To this end we have designed SAM components that contain an aligning hydrogen bonding component that aid in directing the formation of well aligned monolayers as well as acting as a supramolecular cross-link. Furthermore, the components contain a photoactive diyne moiety that can be subsequently polymerized after irradiation to produce a robust ALD barrier. On structured surfaces this photoactive SAM achieved better deactivation properties than commercially available materials providing access to materials that produce a robust barrier in shorter formation times and withstand a great number of ALD cycles.
Independent mechanisms of T cell-suppression by subpopulations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in tumor-bearing hosts (2013)

Meeting abstracts Suppression of effector immune responses by the tumor microenvironment remains a major obstacle in the development of new therapies for cancer. The accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in tumor-bearing hosts is a hallmark of malignancy-associated inflammation
Biodiesel Production Based in Microalgae: A Biorefinery Approach (2015)

It is of great knowledge nowadays that the use of fossil fuels is responsible for the emission of gases that intensify the greenhouse effect, which threatens the survival of the humankind. The gravity of this fact could be mitigated through the indirect use of solar energy for fuels derived from vegetable that can be planted and cultivated by the world of renewable and non-polisher. Microalgae play an important role in this regard, as they have promising characteristics as potential raw material for the production of biofuels, able to absorb large amounts of CO2. Chlorophyll organisms convert these simple substances in the atmosphere, absorbing sunlight into chemical energy stored, that is, compounds with high energy, biomass can also be used to obtain biocompounds human nutritional supplement and food animal, however, have been found an important number of difficulties to economically viable production like high cost of production of dry biomass and oil extraction. Here, we review the main approaches of biorefinery concept appearing as an alternative to achieve economic viability of the production of bio-diesel based on microalgae. The major points are the following: 1) use of re-residual water, 2) marketing of Carbon Credits, and 3) development of co-products resulting from high value added.
A method for improving the measurement accuracy of lateral shearing interferometry (2018)

A systematic error calibration method is presented to improve the measurement accuracy of lateral shearing interferometry (LSI). This method is used to remove the most significant errors: geometric optical path difference (OPD) and detector tilt error. Difference fronts in the 0° and 90° directions are used to reconstruct wavefront using difference Zernike polynomial fitting. And difference fronts in the 45° and 135° directions are also used to reconstruct wavefront. The coefficient differences between the reconstructed wavefront are generated from geometric OPD and detector tilt error. The relationship between Zernike coefficient differences and systematic parameters are presented based on shear matrix. Thus, the distance of diffracted light converging point (<i>d</i>) and detector tilt angle can be calculated from the coefficient difference. Based on the calculated <i>d</i> and detector tilt angle, the geometric OPD and detector-tilt induced systematic errors are removed and the measurement accuracy of LSI is improved.
Development of acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography system for in vivo mapping of biological tissues (2018)

Mechanical elasticity often serves as a major indicator for pathological changes in ocular as well as intravascular diseases. For example, age-related macular degeneration is an ocular disease that occurs in the posterior eye, where central vision gets damaged due to drusen formation and neovascularization. The mechanical elasticity of the tissue is often altered during the onset of disease before structural changes are detectable with existing technologies. It is necessary to detect these changes early and provide timely treatment due to either the irreversible nature of the disease progression or the fatal consequences associated with late diagnosis. This thesis focuses on the development of an acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) system to map the mechanical elasticity of tissues, and the translation of this laboratory technology to in vivo animal studies. This technique uses ultrasonic excitation to apply a force onto the tissue and optical coherence elastography to detect the spatial and frequency responses of the tissue, which combines to quantify the elasticity and provide an elasticity map. The resonance frequency method is validated and used to measure the bulk modulus of the tissue while a Voigt spring model calculates the individual layer elasticity. We first test the feasibility of the system using tissue-mimicking phantoms. Then we perform tissue imaging on the ex vivo anterior and posterior eye, where we are able to provide quantified elasticity maps of the rabbit cornea and porcine retina The system is then translated to in vivo imaging, for which quantified elasticity mapping of the rabbit retinal layers can be obtained. In addition, we have also fabricated an ARF-OCE catheter with a diameter of 3.5 mm, which was validated using phantom studies, and intravascular imaging was performed on a human cadaver artery. This study is a major stepping stone to the translation of the ARF-OCE technology in measuring the mechanical properties of tissues in clinical settings. Future studies using this technology include monitoring the retinal elasticity during and after electrode stimulation treatment and also intravascular elasticity imaging to diagnose atherosclerosis.
Late‐Stage Fluorination: Fancy Novelty or Useful Tool? (2015)

Charming fluorine: This Essay examines the recent surge in late-stage fluorination reactions and outlines challenges that need to be overcome to increase the impact of modern fluorination methods on the synthesis of complex organofluorine compounds. It is outlined how an improved understanding of the bonding interactions of fluoride could lead to a new class of mild fluorinating reagents and a range of functional-group-tolerant reactions.
RNA Polymerase Activity and Specific RNA Structure Are Required for Efficient HCV Replication in Cultured Cells (2010)

We have previously reported that the NS3 helicase (N3H) and NS5B-to-3'X (N5BX) regions are important for the efficient replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain JFH-1 and viral production in HuH-7 cells. In the current study, we investigated the relationships between HCV genome replication, virus production, and the structure of N5BX. We found that the Q377R, A450S, S455N, R517K, and Y561F mutations in the NS5B region resulted in up-regulation of J6CF NS5B polymerase activity in vitro. However, the activation effects of these mutations on viral RNA replication and virus production with JFH-1 N3H appeared to differ. In the presence of the N3H region and 3' untranslated region (UTR) of JFH-1, A450S, R517K, and Y561F together were sufficient to confer HCV genome replication activity and virus production ability to J6CF in cultured cells. Y561F was also involved in the kissing-loop interaction between SL3.2 in the NS5B region and SL2 in the 3'X region. We next analyzed the 3' structure of HCV genome RNA. The shorter polyU/UC tracts of JFH-1 resulted in more efficient RNA replication than J6CF. Furthermore, 9458G in the JFH-1 variable region (VR) was responsible for RNA replication activity because of its RNA structures. In conclusion, N3H, high polymerase activity, enhanced kissing-loop interactions, and optimal viral RNA structure in the 3'UTR were required for J6CF replication in cultured cells.
Deterministic Electrical Charge-State Initialization of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond (2014)

Use of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond for quantum applications requires fast switching between their two different charge states. Using a diamond diode, scientists now demonstrate for the first time deterministic, purely electrical, and room-temperature charge-state control of single NV centers on the time scale of a microsecond.
Cell‐surface display of a <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </i>strain K pilin peptide within the paracrystalline S‐layer of<i> Caulobacter crescentus</i> (1997)

The paracrystalline surface (S)-layer of Caulobacter crescentus is composed of a single secreted protein (RsaA) that interlocks in a hexagonal pattern to completely envelop the bacterium. Using a genetic approach, we inserted a 12 amino acid peptide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K pilin at numerous semirandom positions in RsaA. We then used an immunological screen to identify those sites that presented the inserted pilin peptide on the C. crescentus cell surface as a part of the S-layer. Eleven such sites (widely separated in the primary sequence) were identified, demonstrating for the first time that S-layers can be readily exploited as carrier proteins to display 'epitope-size' heterologous peptides on bacterial cell surfaces. Whereas intact RsaA molecules carrying a pilin peptide could always be found on the surface of C. crescentus regardless of the particular insertion site, introduction of the pilin peptide at 9 of the 11 sites resulted in some proteolytic cleavage of RsaA. Two types of proteolytic phenomena were observed. The first was characterized by a single cleavage within the pilin peptide insert with both fragments of the S-layer protein remaining anchored to the outer membrane. The other proteolytic phenomenon was characterized by cleavage of the S-layer protein at a point distant from the site of the pilin peptide insertion. This cleavage always occurred at the same location in RsaA regardless of the particular insertion site, yielding a surface-anchored 26 kDa proteolytic fragment bearing the RsaA N-terminus; the C-terminal cleavage product carrying the pilin peptide was released into the growth medium. When the results of this work were combined with the results of a previous study, the RsaA primary sequence could be divided into three regions with respect to the location of a peptide insertion and its effect on S-layer biogenesis: (i) insertions in the extreme N-terminus of RsaA either produce no apparent effect on S-layer biogenesis or disrupt surface-anchoring of the protein; (ii) insertions in the extreme C-terminus either produce no apparent effect on S-layer biogenesis or disrupt protein secretion; and (iii) insertions more centrally located in the protein either have no apparent effect on S-layer biogenesis or result in proteolytic cleavage of RsaA. These data are discussed in relation to our previous assignment of the RsaA N- and C-terminus as regions that are important for surface anchoring and secretion respectively.
Ultrasound bladder vibrometry for evaluation of bladder compliance: Preliminary <i>in vivo</i> results (2013)

Bladder compliance is defined as bladder’s ability to expand in volume without a significant change in pressure. The bladder wall is a multi-layered structure including a muscular layer and fibrous connective tissue. As the percent of connective tissue in the bladder interstitium increases compared to smooth muscle, the bladder becomes more rigid and less capable of expanding during filling. Currently, urodynamic studies (UDS) are considered as the clinical gold standard for bladder compliance assessment. This procedure is invasive and is associated with patient discomfort and is expensive. Ultrasound bladder vibrometry (UBV) is a novel acoustic-radiation-forced-based method for noninvasive assessment of bladder compliance. In UBV, an impulsive acoustic radiation force is focused on the bladder wall (under B-mode ultrasound image guidance) to induce vibrations which may be modeled by as a Lamb wave. High frame rate ultrasound is then utilized to detect the induced waves. This wave motion is then used to estimate the viscoelastic properties and the compliance of the bladder wall. Our results reveal a remarkable agreement between UBV and UDS cystometry measures, suggesting the potential of UBV as a viable clinical tool for the assessment of bladder compliance.
Flux pinning by precipitates in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system (1989)

A fundamental pinning mechanism has been identified in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. The pinning strength has been greatly increased by the introduction of calcium- and copper-rich precipitates into the sample matrix. The calcium and copper were supersaturated in the system by complete melting, and the fine calcium and copper particles precipitated during subsequent crystallization anneal to obtain the superconducting phases. The intragrain critical current density has been increased from the order of ${10}^{5}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ to ${10}^{7}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 5 T. The corresponding pinning mechanisms are discussed.
VIS-IR transmitting windows (2005)

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed two unique materials with excellent properties for various military and commercial applications in the UV-Vis-IR wavelength range. These materials are: an amorphous Barium Gallo-Germanate (BGG) glass and a polycrystalline Magnesium Aluminate Spinel. The BGG glass is made using traditional glass melting techniques, and was developed as a low cost alternative to the currently used window materials. Large prototype windows have been fabricated for a Navy reconnaissance program. BGG windows have been successfully tested for environmental ruggedness (MIL-F-48616) and rain erosion durability up to 300 mph. BGG glass is currently under development and evaluation for High Energy Laser (HEL) applications. A new process has been developed to sinter spinel to clear transparency with very high yields. This process has been used to make various sizes and shapes (flats and domes) and is readily scalable to industrial sizes to produce large windows & domes for various applications. NRL has also developed modified BGG glasses, which are compatible with Spinel and ALON substrates for bonding.
Resonant-phonon-assisted THz quantum-cascade lasers with metal–metal waveguides (2005)

We report our development of terahertz (THz) quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) based on two novel features. First, the depopulation of the lower radiative level is achieved through resonant longitudinal optical (LO-)phonon scattering. This depopulation mechanism is robust at high temperatures and high injection levels. In contrast to infrared QCLs that also use LO-phonon scattering for depopulation, in our THz lasers the selectivity of the depopulation scattering is achieved through a combination of resonant tunnelling and LO-phonon scattering, hence the term resonant phonon. This resonant-phonon scheme allows a highly selective depopulation of the lower radiative level with a sub-picosecond lifetime, while maintaining a relatively long upper level lifetime (>5 ps) that is due to upper-to-ground-state scattering. The second feature of our lasers is that mode confinement is achieved by using a novel double-sided metal–metal waveguide, which yields an essentially unity mode confinement factor and therefore a low total cavity loss at THz frequencies. Based on these two unique features, we have achieved some record performance, including, but not limited to, the highest pulsed operating temperature of 137 K, the highest continuous-wave operating temperature of 97 K, and the longest wavelength of 141 µm (corresponding to 2.1 THz) without the assistance of a magnetic field.
Activation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> by Chiral Confined Brønsted Acids: A Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Sulfoxidation (2012)

Confined chiral Brønsted acids are shown to catalyze asymmetric oxidations of sulfides to sulfoxides with hydrogen peroxide. The wide generality and high enantioselectivity of the developed method compare even to the best metal-based systems and suggest utility in other asymmetric oxidations.
Plateau Coding of the Chrominance Component of Color Picture Signals (1974)

Plateau coding is a method for efficiently coding the chromatic component of color television signals. The signal is divided into regions of approximately constant chromaticity which are transmitted by sending one set of chrominance values for the whole region. Since most changes in chrominance are accompanied by luminance changes, the luminance signal (which must be transmitted quite accurately) is used at the transmitter and receiver to indicate changes in the two chrominance signals; thus no addresses need be sent to define the boundaries of the region at the receiver. Simulations have shown that plateau coding can give pictures of high quality for chrominance bit-rates in the range 0.25-0.5 bits per luminance sample, assuming straightforward pulse-code modulation (PCM) coding of the chrominance amplitudes.
Final Report - High Performance, Durable, Low Cost Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Transportation Applications (2017)

The primary project objective was development of improved polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) which address the key DOE barriers of performance, durability and cost. Additional project objectives were to address commercialization barriers specific to MEAs comprising 3M nanostructured thin film (NSTF) electrodes, including a larger-than-acceptable sensitivity to operating conditions, an unexplained loss of rated power capability with operating time, and slow break-in conditioning. Significant progress was made against each of these barriers, and most DOE 2020 targets were met or substantially approached.
Improving the efficiency of red phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes by exciton management (2012)

Abstract Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) have undergone remarkable development from both academia and industry in the past decade. Nevertheless, devices with higher efficiency remain highly desirable for energy‐efficient general lighting as well as low power consumption LED backlight applications. In this respect, several groups have conducted complex device engineering designs such as doping of the transport layers to increase charge carrier mobility, incorporation of blocking layers to confine excitons/charge carriers, or use of multiple emissive layers to widen the emission zone, in order to achieve higher device performances. In this work, we report an alternative and relatively simple approach to improve the efficiency of red PHOLEDs by exciton management to attain a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of >20%. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Semiempirical Model for Doppler Spectral Features of Microwave Radar Sea Scatter. (1985)

A semiempirical, fetch-dependent model is developed for Doppler spectral features of low grazing angle microwave radar sea scatter and is fit to data previously published in the literature. The model introduces this fetch dependence to account for the scatter in plots of the shift of the peak of the radar sea scatter Doppler spectrum data vs measured wind and surface parameters. First, constants for the model are determined by empirically curve fitting generalized versions of J. Darbyshire's fetch model equations to surface truth data (wind speed, wave height, and wave period), plotted in various combinations against one another, for 24 different experimental conditions. These constants are then applied to equations representing the Doppler shift of the peak of the sea scatter spectrum in terms of the surface truth data. Curves parametric in fetch, which are determined from these equations, are then superimposed over plots of the measured radar Doppler peak shifts vs the surface truth. It is found that these curves lie near the same groups of points in these plots of radar data vs surface truth, as the modified Darbyshire curves did for surface truth sets against one another.
Population ecology of <b> <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> </b> associated with Mississippi Delta soils (2007)

Understanding the source of Aspergillus flavus is required to manage aflatoxin contamination of maize (Zea mays L.). Studies assessed A. flavus propagules, Fusarium spp., and total fungi associated with Mississippi Delta soils. Soils from 12 and 15 sites were collected in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The propagule density of A. flavus ranged from log(10) 2.0 to 4.3 colony-forming units (cfu) g(-1) soil, while total fusaria ranged from log(10) 3.0 to 5.4 cfu g(-1) soil. The highest populations of A. flavus were associated with soils containing higher organic matter, especially in sites under a no-tillage management. The frequency of aflatoxin production in isolates ranged from 13 to 81% depending on soil. In 2001, there was a highly significant correlation between A. flavus and the history of maize cultivation. Soil fertility factors such as organic matter content, nitrate and extractable phosphorus correlated with the density of Aspergillus, Fusarium spp., and total fungi. The relationship between soil parameters and Aspergillus populations may be useful in predicting the contribution of soil microflora to aflatoxin contamination.