gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The product of the his4 gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A trifunctional polypeptide. (1979)

The his4 region of yeast encodes the information for the third (phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase), second (phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase), and tenth (histidinol dehydrogenase) steps in the histidine biosynthetic pathway. These three activities co-purify with a single protein which has a subunit molecular weight of 95,000 (95,000 protein), as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Extracts of yeast strains which carry nonsense or deletion mutations in various portions of the his4 region, purified in parallel by affinity chromatography on AMP-agarose columns, were examined on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis slabs. All such mutant extracts examined were found to lack the 95,000 protein found in a strain carrying a wild type his4 allele. The presence of a protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, during the purification of the trifunctional enzyme prevented the degradation of the 95,000 protein to polypeptides of lower molecular weight. Monospecific antibody prepared against the 95,000 protein removed all three of the activities specified by his4 from solution; active 95,000 protein was recovered in the resuspended immunoprecipitates. All this evidence shows that the product of the his4 region is a trifunctional, 95,000-dalton protein. Preliminary evidence from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, NH2-terminal analysis, and gel filtration column chromatography indicates that the native trifunctional enzyme is a dimer of identical 95,000-dalton subunits.
Final Report and Recommendations (2021)

The President's Commission on Carbon Neutrality, charged with recommending scalable, transferable, and financially responsible strategies for U-M to achieve net-zero emissions, recently submitted its final report and recommendations to President Schlissel and university leadership. The report is a culmination of a two-year process involving 17 commissioners, 11 internal analysis teams (comprising 16 faculty and approximately 50 students), 2 external consultants, and more than 700 public commenters. The report includes a set 49 proposed actions that, if enacted, could enable U-M to achieve net-zero emissions universitywide. President Schlissel, the Board of Regents, and university leadership, upon reviewing the report, will determine U-M’s immediate, short-term, and long-term climate actions.
LIDS: Learning Intrusion Detection System (2003)

The detection of attacks against computer networks is becoming a harder problem to solve in the field of network security. The dexterity of the attackers, the developing technologies and the enormous growth of internet traffic have made it difficult for any existing intrusion detection system to offer a reliable service. However, a close examination of the problem shows that there usually exists a behavioral pattern in the attacks that can be learned and can be used to detect intrusions more effectively. Thus, there is a requirement for a system with learning and adapting capabilities for optimal performance. This paper discusses the design of a Learning Intrusion Detection System (LIDS) that includes a blackboard-based architecture with autonomous agents. It has the capability for online learning, which may result in better performance than present systems. This feature enables the system to adapt to changes in the network environment as it assimilates more network data.
Knowledge-based scheduling systems in industry and medicine (1997)

Production management is crucial for achieving the timely and cost-effective execution of industrial production processes. In recent years, interest has increased in the use of artificial intelligence technologies for production planning and scheduling. However, scheduling research typically has been theoretical, has had a narrow focus, and has not covered adaptation to unforeseen events. The authors' objective has been to use computer-based scheduling systems to enhance the problem-solving capabilities of human domain experts. They have developed a generic framework for building practical scheduling systems. This framework fosters the reuse of algorithms and the integration of knowledge-based technology into the organizational environment. It also supports dynamic adaptation. The authors have used it to implement scheduling systems for dye production, pipeline-fittings production and heart surgery.
Design of low voltage, low power CMOS low noise amplifier for 2.4 GHz wireless communications (2012)

Abstract In this letter, design of a low voltage, low power CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) for 2.4 GHz wireless communications is presented by using TSMC 0.18‐μm technology. The current reused architecture is adapted to reduce the consumed current, while the supply voltage is set to 0.6 V to meet the low voltage requirement as well. To simplify the bias network designs under low voltage operations, NMOS and PMOS devices are used with three‐stage configuration to enhance the gain performance. The measured results of the designed LNA show 17.7 dB in gain and 3.9 dB in noise figure with 0.86 mW of power consumption. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2849–2852, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27214
Fault Detection and Isolation in Industrial Networks using Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (2019)

Industrial networks represent large-scale systems that consist of several interacting components. In this paper, we present a solution for Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) in industrial networks with same type of components (electrical, mechanical, etc.) such as power grids, and water supply networks. Traditional FDI algorithms are trained to detect and isolate faults on the level of a single component by considering features from this component and sometimes from nearby components. These algorithms are sub-optimal as they are independently applied to individual components without explicitly taking into consideration the dependency between the several components that co-exist in industrial network. The interaction between the components makes fault isolation challenging. An operation change or a fault in a component can affect the neighboring components. This negatively impact the diagnosis accuracy when we design an independent diagnoser for each component. On the other hand, designing a global diagnoser without considering the network structure can lead to overfitting which can degrade the diagnosis performance significantly specially when the training data is limited. Moreover, because of the large number of components in these systems, the single fault assumption may not stand. This increases the complexity of the problem. In order to solve this problem, we first model the industrial network as a weighted undirected graph structure. The graph structure represents the connected components. The weights quantify these connections. We then apply Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (GCNN) to detect and isolate faulty components in these systems. In the case study, we apply our solution to a simulated industrial network with 100 components. The case study shows that GCNN outperforms several baseline algorithms.
Cyclomatic Complexity for WCF: A Service Oriented Architecture (2012)

SOA is a latest architecture for softwares and a lot of tools are available to implement this architecture. Critics of cyclomatic complexity argue that complexity changes with modularization of code. If the technology is shifted from linear programming to OOP and SOA, the complexity of code will also change. The cyclomatic complexity was for the first time introduced by TJ McCabe as metric for the measurement of complexity of a piece of code. McCabe calculated the complexity of a sample code written in fortran language. Fortran is a linear programming language and there are no functions and classes in this language. Hence at the time of introducing cyclomatic complexity there was no concept of structured languages and object oriented languages. This is ignored in McCabes's cyclomatic complexity due to which it is not enough to measure complexity for advance programming architectures like OOP and SOA. Further work has been done on the complexity of structured, OOP and SOA but still work is required on SOA. This study proposes a new metric for the measurement of complexity of WCF a SOA. The significance of this new metric is that it can help to estimate cost of a new project, maintenance cost of already existing projects, basis path testing, comparison of two projects and many other factors.
A Genetically Encoded Metallothionein Tag Enabling Efficient Protein Detection by Electron Microscopy (2007)

The observation of biological materials by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) frequently requires the use of negative staining and/or immuno-gold labeling to visualize or identify the specimen, but these techniques are limited. In contrast, genetic labeling with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its homologs have led to rapid advances in the observation of proteins of interest in cells by light microscopy (LM). These fluorescent tags allow for the visualization of dynamic processes in live cells without the use of secondary reagents. Here, we report the development of an artificial metalloprotein fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli grown in Cd(2+)-containing medium that allows for efficient protein detection by TEM without additional staining steps. We linked the subunits of the bacterial 14-mer protein GroEL with three repeats of metallothionein (3MT). The 3MT-fused GroEL (GroEL-14(3MT)) was successfully expressed in E. coli, and the purified protein included 250 cadmium atoms per molecule on average. Cd(2+)-bound GroEL-14(3MT) was detected by TEM in the absence of negative staining on a carbon grid, and the particle densities of GroEL-14(3MT) were much greater than those of untagged GroEL in vitreous ice. Taken together, our data indicate that the 3MT tag provides a promising means of allowing the identification of oligomeric proteins isolated from cells in the absence of other detection techniques.
Insole-Type Simultaneous Measurement System of Plantar Pressure and Shear Force During Gait for Diabetic Patients (2012)

Plantar foot ulceration is one diabetic complication shown to be associated with both pressure and shear force. There are plantar pressure measurement systems, but it is still difficult to measure plantar shear force while walking. The aim of this study is to establish a simultaneous in-shoe measurement system of plantar pressure and shear force during a gait. The design of the measurement system is based on F-scan pressure-distribution-sensor sheets and shear-sensor sheets. An insole with a shear-sensor sheet was arranged to be applicable for measurement of diabetic having neuropathy patients without damaging their skin. It was found that the system gets proper different shear force data in response to gait patterns, such as shuffle walking and flat-floored walking. We confirmed, moreover, the repeatability of the system for 5 healthy individuals. Experimental results show that weight-adjusted plantar shear stress during the pushoff phase of a gait increases in diabetic patients with calluses more than in patients without calluses. After a clinical study of diabetic patients, the system can be applied not only for the prevention of diabetic foot but also for the broad evaluation of gait posture.
Memory Access Optimization of a Neural Network Accelerator Based on Memory Controller (2021)

Special accelerator architecture has achieved great success in processor architecture, and it is trending in computer architecture development. However, as the memory access pattern of an accelerator is relatively complicated, the memory access performance is relatively poor, limiting the overall performance improvement of hardware accelerators. Moreover, memory controllers for hardware accelerators have been scarcely researched. We consider that a special accelerator memory controller is essential for improving the memory access performance. To this end, we propose a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) memory controller called NNAMC for neural network accelerators, which monitors the memory access stream of an accelerator and transfers it to the optimal address mapping scheme bank based on the memory access characteristics. NNAMC includes a stream access prediction unit (SAPU) that analyzes the type of data stream accessed by the accelerator via hardware, and designs the address mapping for different banks using a bank partitioning model (BPM). The image mapping method and hardware architecture were analyzed in a practical neural network accelerator. In the experiment, NNAMC achieved significantly lower access latency of the hardware accelerator than the competing address mapping schemes, increased the row buffer hit ratio by 13.68% on average (up to 26.17%), reduced the system access latency by 26.3% on average (up to 37.68%), and lowered the hardware cost. In addition, we also confirmed that NNAMC efficiently adapted to different network parameters.
Human embryonic hemopoiesis. Kinetics of progenitors and precursors underlying the yolk sac----liver transition. (1986)

Human embryonic development involves transition from yolk sac (YS) to liver (L) hemopoiesis. We report the identification of pluripotent, erythroid, and granulo-macrophage progenitors in YS, L, and blood from human embryos. Furthermore, comprehensive studies are presented on the number of hemopoietic progenitors and precursors, as well as of other cell types, in YS, L, and blood at precisely sequential stages in embryos and early fetuses (i.e., at 4.5-8 wk and 9-10 wk postconception, respectively). Our results provide circumstantial support to a monoclonal hypothesis for human embryonic hemopoiesis, based on migration of stem and early progenitor cells from a generation site (YS) to a colonization site (L) via circulating blood. The YS----L transition is associated with development of the differentiation program in proliferating stem cells: their erythroid progeny shows, therefore, parallel switches of multiple parameters, e.g., morphology (megaloblasts----macrocytes) and globin expression (zeta----alpha, epsilon----gamma).
Development of an inspection robot for small diameter gas distribution mains (2011)

This paper discusses the design of a mechanical structure of a miniature pipe inspection robot capable of moving through very small pipes (down to 41 mm inner diameter). The requirement to negotiate bends, T-joints and steep inclinations pose another set of strict design constraints. The proposed robot consists of a modular design (7 modules) with a relatively low number of active degrees of freedom. The system is using a novel clamping mechanism with a series-elastic drive. The design of this mechanism has resulted in a high spreading factor allowing the system to operate in a wide diameter range (63 mm to 125 mm outer diameter). In this paper the mechanical design requirements and control system will be discussed. Preliminary test results will be given.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Evaluation of cellulase culture filtrates under use conditions (1981)

Abstract Culture filtrates from three mutant strains of Trichoderma reesei grown on lactose and on cellulose were compared under use conditions on four cellulose substrates. Cellulose culture filtrates contained five to six times as much cellulase as lactose culture filtrates. Unconcentrated cellulose culture filtrates produced up to 10% sugar solutions from 15% cellulose in 24 h. Specific activity in enzyme assays and efficiency in saccharification tests were low for enzymes from all the mutants. Over a wide range the percent saccharification of a substrate in a given times was directly proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of initial concentrations of enzyme and substrate. As a result of this, dilute enzyme is more efficient than concentrated enzyme, but if high sugar concentrations are desired, very large quantities of enzyme are required. Since the slopes of these plots varied, the relative activity of cellulase on different substrates may be affected by enzyme concentration.
Resilient Inter-Carrier Traffic Engineering for Internet Peering Interconnections (2011)

We present a novel resilient routing policy for controlling the routing across peering links between Internet carriers. Our policy is aimed at offering more dependability and better performance to the routing decision with respect to the current practice (e.g., hot-potato routing). Our work relies on a non-cooperative game framework, called Peering Equilibrium MultiPath (PEMP), that has been recently proposed. PEMP allows two carrier providers to coordinate a multipath route selection for critical flows across peering links, while preserving their respective interests and independence. In this paper, we propose a resilient PEMP execution policy accounting for the occurrence of potential impairments (traffic matrix variations, intra-AS and peering link failures) that may occur in both peering networks. We mathematically define how to produce robust equilibrium sets and describe how to appropriately react to unexpected network impairments that might take place. The results from extensive simulations show that, under a realistic failure scenario, our policy adaptively prevents from peering link congestions and excessive route deviations after failures.
A Stochastic Quasi-Newton Method for Large-Scale Optimization (2016)

The question of how to incorporate curvature information into stochastic approximation methods is challenging. The direct application of classical quasi-Newton updating techniques for deterministic optimization leads to noisy curvature estimates that have harmful effects on the robustness of the iteration. In this paper, we propose a stochastic quasi-Newton method that is efficient, robust, and scalable. It employs the classical BFGS update formula in its limited memory form, and is based on the observation that it is beneficial to collect curvature information pointwise, and at spaced intervals. One way to do this is through (subsampled) Hessian-vector products. This technique differs from the classical approach that would compute differences of gradients at every iteration, and where controlling the quality of the curvature estimates can be difficult. We present numerical results on problems arising in machine learning that suggest that the proposed method shows much promise.
Optimized synthesis of asynchronous control circuits from graph-theoretic specifications (1992)

The proposed synthesis method starts from a graph-theoretic specification called a signal transition graph (STG). A method for transforming a given STG into an STG that satisfies the original timing behavior and that in addition obeys the unique state coding requirement is given. It is shown that in general, many valid solutions to this problem are possible. Therefore, an attempt is made to find a transformed STG that can be realized in a circuit with optimized speed and area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Nd-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (2011)

This project expands upon a numerical model for amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) written by a previous MQP group in 2009. The new model incorporates a more accurate representation of the intensity profile of light propagating in the fiber. ASE effects around 1060 nm and 900 nm are investigated and compared to experimental measurements.
Wavelet packet-based progressive image transmission by prioritized subband selection and multistage quantization (2002)

This paper proposes progressive image transmission (PIT) algorithms based on the wavelet packet transform. In the proposed methods quantization steps are optimized at each stage in an embedded manner for the given bit rate. After quantization selected subbands are ordered by their priorities for transmission. Subjective quality of the reconstructed image is improved by human visual system (HVS) weighting.
Antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility and hydrogelation ability of dipeptide-based amphiphiles (2008)

The development of new antibiotics is of increasing importance due to the growing resistance power of microbes against conventional drugs. To this end, cationic peptides are emerging as clinically potent antimicrobial agents. In the present study, we have synthesized six dipeptide-based cationic amphiphiles with different head group structures by varying combinations of l-amino acid residues. These amphiphiles showed remarkable growth inhibiting activity on several Gram-positive (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)=0.1-10 microg/mL) and Gram-negative (MIC=5-150 microg/mL) bacteria as well as on fungus (MIC=1-50 microg/mL). The inherent antimicrobial efficacies of these cationic dipeptides were influenced by the head group architecture of the amphiphiles. Encouragingly, these amphiphiles selectively attacked microbial cells, while showing biocompatibility toward mammalian cells. The results show that the rational designing of short peptide-based cationic amphiphiles might serve as a promising strategy in the development of antimicrobial agents with greater cell specificities. In addition, the amphiphiles showed water gelation ability at room temperature. The formation of non-covalent supramolecular networks in gelation was established by microscopic and spectroscopic studies.
Spin transport at interfaces with spin-orbit coupling: Phenomenology (2016)

This paper presents the boundary conditions needed for drift-diffusion models to treat interfaces with spin-orbit coupling. Using these boundary conditions for heavy metal/ferromagnet bilayers, solutions of the drift-diffusion equations agree with solutions of the spin-dependent Boltzmann equation and allow for a much simpler interpretation of the results. A key feature of these boundary conditions is their ability to capture the role that in-plane electric fields have on the generation of spin currents that flow perpendicularly to the interface. The generation of these spin currents is a direct consequence of the effect of interfacial spin-orbit coupling on interfacial scattering. In heavy metal/ferromagnet bilayers, these spin currents provide an important mechanism for the creation of damping-like and field-like torques; they also lead to possible reinterpretations of experiments in which interfacial contributions to spin torques are thought to be suppressed.
Design and realization of a digital ΔΣ modulator for fractional-n frequency synthesis (1999)

The basic operation of a fractional-n frequency synthesizer has been published, but to date little has been presented on the digital /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators which are required to drive such synthesizers. This paper provides a tutorial overview, which relates digital /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulation to other applications of /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulation where the literature is more complete. The paper then presents a digital /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator architecture which is economical and efficient and which is practical to realize with commercially available components in comparison with other possible implementations which require extensive custom very large-scale integration (VLSI). A demonstration is made of a 28-b modulator using the architecture presented, which provides a 25-MHz tuning bandwidth and <1-Hz frequency resolution. The modulator is demonstrated in an 800-MHz frequency synthesizer having phase noise of -90 dBC/Hz at a 30-kHz offset.