gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Discharge in Liquid: Water Treatment and Applications (2012)

Introduction Background Plasma Generation in Nature and in the Laboratory Needs for Plasma Water Treatment Conventional Water Treatment Technologies Chlorination In-Line Filters Pulsed Electric Field Ultraviolet Radiation Ozonation Plasma in Liquids Mechanisms of Plasma Discharges in Liquids Application of Plasma Discharges in Water Generation of Plasma in Liquid Introduction Partial and Full Discharges in Liquid Thermal Breakdown Mechanism Production of Reactive Species, UV, and Shock Wave by Electrical Discharges in Liquid Underwater Plasma Sources Direct Discharges in Liquid Discharges in Liquid and Electronic Initiation Mechanism Introduction Electrical Breakdown in Gas Phase The Townsend Breakdown Mechanism Spark Breakdown Mechanism Electron Avalanche for Electrical Breakdown in Liquid Phase Dense Gas Approximation Semiconductor Approximation Bubble Theory for Electric Breakdown in Liquid Formation: Interface Processes Formation: Joule Heating Formation: Preexisting Bubbles Streamer Propagation Electrostatic Model Thermal Mechanism Stability Analysis of the Streamers Electrostatic Pressure Surface Tension Hydrodynamic Pressure Nanosecond and Subnanosecond Discharge in Water Fast Imaging of Nanosecond and Subnanosecond Discharge in Water Ionization of Liquid by E-Impact Chance of Voids Formation Decontamination of Volatile Organic Compounds Introduction Conventional Technologies Mechanism of Plasma Treatment of VOCs Decomposition of Methanol and Ethanol Decomposition of Aromatic Compounds Decomposition of Chlorine-Containing Compounds Decoloration of Dyes in Wastewater Decomposition of Freons (Chlorofluorocarbons) Cleaning of SO2 with Nonthermal Plasma Acidic Water Case (pH 6.5) Biological Applications Plasma Water Sterilization Previous Studies of Plasma Water Sterilization New Developments in Plasma Water Sterilization Plasma Species and Factors for Sterilization Comparison of Different Plasma Discharges for Water Sterilization Blood Treatment Using Nonthermal Plasma In Vitro Blood Coagulation Using Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma In Vivo Blood Coagulation Using DBD Plasma Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation Using Nonthermal Plasma Cooling Water Treatment Using Plasma Introduction Self-Cleaning Filtration Technology with Spark Discharge Calcium Carbonate Precipitation with Spark Discharge Effect of Plasma on Cooling Water Effect of Spray Circulation on Hardness of Cooling Water Mechanism of Plasma-Induced Calcium Precipitation Economic Analysis of Plasma Water Treatment Application for Mineral Fouling Mitigation in Heat Exchangers Fouling Resistance: Validation Study Visualization of the Calcium Carbonate Particles Cycle of Concentration References Index
Contribution from a hole-conducting dye to the photocurrent in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (2011)

The hole transporting medium in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells can be utilized to harvest sunlight. Herein we demonstrate that a triphenylamine-based dye, used as hole-transporting medium, contributes to the photocurrent in a squaraine-sensitized solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell. Steady-state photoluminescence measurements have been used to distinguish between electron transfer and energy transfer processes leading to energy conversion upon light absorption in the hole-transporting dye.
Arcuately tensioned piezoelectric diaphragm microphone (1983)

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Quadruplex-Interactive Agents as Telomerase Inhibitors:  Synthesis of Porphyrins and Structure−Activity Relationship for the Inhibition of Telomerase (2001)

The cationic porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetra-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP4) binds to quadruplex DNA and is thereby an inhibitor of human telomerase (Wheelhouse et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3261-3262). Herein the synthesis and telomerase-inhibiting activity of a wide range of analogues of TMPyP4 are reported, from which rules for a structure-activity relationship (SAR) have been discerned: (1) stacking interactions are critical for telomerase inhibition, (2) positively charged substituents are important but may be interchanged and combined with hydrogen-bonding groups, and (3) substitution is tolerated only on the meso positions of the porphyrin ring, and the bulk of the substituents should be matched to the width of the grooves in which they putatively lie. This SAR is consistent with a model presented for the complexation of TMPyP4 with human telomeric quadruplex DNA.
Self-Assembly of Viral Capsid Protein and RNA Molecules of Different Sizes: Requirement for a Specific High Protein/RNA Mass Ratio (2011)

Virus-like particles can be formed by self-assembly of capsid protein (CP) with RNA molecules of increasing length. If the protein "insisted" on a single radius of curvature, the capsids would be identical in size, independent of RNA length. However, there would be a limit to length of the RNA, and one would not expect RNA much shorter than native viral RNA to be packaged unless multiple copies were packaged. On the other hand, if the protein did not favor predetermined capsid size, one would expect the capsid diameter to increase with increase in RNA length. Here we examine the self-assembly of CP from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus with RNA molecules ranging in length from 140 to 12,000 nucleotides (nt). Each of these RNAs is completely packaged if and only if the protein/RNA mass ratio is sufficiently high; this critical value is the same for all of the RNAs and corresponds to equal RNA and N-terminal-protein charges in the assembly mix. For RNAs much shorter in length than the 3,000 nt of the viral RNA, two or more molecules are assembled into 24- and 26-nm-diameter capsids, whereas for much longer RNAs (>4,500 nt), a single RNA molecule is shared/packaged by two or more capsids with diameters as large as 30 nm. For intermediate lengths, a single RNA is assembled into 26-nm-diameter capsids, the size associated with T=3 wild-type virus. The significance of these assembly results is discussed in relation to likely factors that maintain T=3 symmetry in vivo.
A novel planar magnetic sensor based on orthogonal fluxgate principle (2005)

In this paper, we present a new planar fluxgate magnetometer structure. The sensor has the orthogonal fluxgate configuration which makes the detection part independent of the excitation mechanism. The sensor consists of a ferromagnetic cylindrical core covering an excitation rod, and planar coils for signal detection. The fabricated sensor has a linear range of /spl plusmn/ a sensitivity of 4.3 mV/mT, and a perming below 400 nT for 200 mA peak sinusoidal excitation current at 100 kHz. The effect of demagnetization on the sensitivity, linear range, and perming for this structure is demonstrated by varying the length of the ferromagnetic core.
A planar stable walking model based on ankle actuation and the virtual pendulum concept (2016)

In this paper, we propose a novel planar biped model which achieves asymptotically stable walking, based on ankle actuation and the virtual pendulum concept. Simple models for walking have provided useful insights in understanding fundamental principles of human locomotion as well as developing controllers for biped robots. Existing simplest walking models include a point mass with either rigid legs or compliant legs. Both models are able to describe different gaits such as walking and running, but are not able to address posture stabilization, which is another important issue in bipedalism. Recently, the virtual pendulum (VP) concept was proposed as an intuitive posture stabilization strategy and successfully demonstrated on the compliant leg scheme. However, the model does not address inherent peripheral mechanics of walking, i.e., ankle actuation and collisional energy loss from foot-ground interaction. The model proposed in this paper consists of a rigid trunk, rigid legs and ankle actuation. The energy dissipation due to collision and compensation by ankle actuation play an essential role for asymptotically stable walking, while the trunk posture is stabilized based on the VP concept. Nonlinear dynamic simulation verifies that the model constructs a stable limit cycle with a small angular oscillation of trunk.
Synthesis and anode property of Pt-CeO2 electrode materials for direct methanol fuel cells applications (2006)

The nano-size Pt-CeO2 anode materials supported by carbon black (CB) were prepared using combined process of co-precipitation and impregnation methods. The morphology and size Of CeO2 particle were changed by preparation condition. The nano-size round shaped CeO2 particles (approximately 40 nm) could be obtained. The current density for methanol oxidation on the Pt-CeO2/CB with round shaped CeO2 particles was much higher than that on the Pt-CeO2/CB with mixed shape CeO2 particles. The onset potential on aforementioned anode shifted to a lower potential. It is concluded that a control of morphology of CeO2 particle in Pt-CeO2/CB anode is important for a decrease of the onset potential and an improvement of methanol oxidation activity. In addition, the onset potential on Pt-CeO2/CB anode was lower than that on commercially available Pt-Ru/CB anode. The activation energy of this anode was lower than that of the Pt-Ru/CB anode. These results indicate that the anode performance of the PtCeO2/CB at operation temperature (80 degrees C) of fuel cells is higher than that of the Pt-Ru/CB anode. The rare earth Ru is not required in the present anode material. Also, it would be able to reduce the Pt content in our anode. Therefore, it is concluded that the Pt-CeO2/CB anode in the present study will be one of promising anode materials for development of direct methanol fuel cells.
Single frame holographic particle image velocimetry (2010)

We present a novel method for single frame particle image velocimetry of micron scale spheres based on holographic video microscopy. Our approach takes advantage of the blurring that recorded holograms suffer when a sphere moves during the exposure period of the camera. By measuring the angular variance in intensity of the blurred hologram, we extract a modelindependent metric for the particle velocity. We find this to be accurate for speeds that permit characterization of other properties of the sphere, such as radius and refractive index through Lorenz-Mie mocroscopy. Singl-frame holographic velocimetry yields information on the dynamics of a particle, without sacrificing any other measurements.
Low second trimester maternal serum unconjugated oestriol in pregnancies with Down's syndrome (1988)

Second trimester maternal serum unconjugated oestriol levels were measured in the stored serum samples from 22 pregnancies associated with Down's syndrome and 110 unaffected control pregnancies, matched for maternal age, gestational age, duration of storage of the serum sample, smoking habits and maternal weight. The serum unconjugated oestriol level of each affected pregnancy was expressed as a multiple of the median (MoM) of its five matched controls. The unconjugated oestriol levels were significantly lower in the affected pregnancies than in the unaffected pregnancies; the median MoM was 0.79 (P less than 0.05). This association between low serum unconjugated oestriol and fetal Down's syndrome early in pregnancy raises the possibility that serum unconjugated oestriol measurement may be added to maternal age and alpha-fetoprotein measurement in the antenatal screening for Down's syndrome.
Optical detection of carotenoid antioxidants in human bone and surrounding tissue (2013)

Carotenoids are known to play an important role in health and disease state of living human tissue based on their antioxidant and optical filtering functions. In this study, we show that carotenoids exist in human bone and surrounding fatty tissue both in significant and individually variable concentrations. Measurements of biopsied tissue samples with molecule-specific Raman spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography reveal that all carotenoids that are known to exist in human skin are also present in human bone. This includes all carotenes, lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin. We propose quantitative reflection imaging as a noncontact optical method suitable for the measurement of composite carotenoid levels in bone and surrounding tissue exposed during open surgeries such as total knee arthroplasty, and as a proof of concept, demonstrate carotenoid measurements in biopsied bone samples. This will allow one to establish potential correlations between internal tissue carotenoid levels and levels in skin and to potentially use already existing optical skin carotenoid tests as surrogate marker for bone carotenoid status.
Polymer-Based Lanthanide Luminescent Sensor for Detection of the Hydrolysis Product of the Nerve Agent Soman in Water (1998)

The techniques of molecular imprinting and sensitized lanthanide luminescence have been combined to create the basis for a sensor that can selectively measure the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman in water. The sensor functions by selectively and reversibly binding the phosphonate hydrolysis product of this agent to a functionality-imprinted copolymer possessing a coordinatively bound luminescent lanthanide ion, Eu3+. Instrumental support for this device is designed to monitor the appearance of a narrow luminescence band in the 610-nm region of the Eu3+ spectrum that results when the analyte is coordinated to the copolymer. The ligand field shifted luminescence was excited using 1 mW of the 465.8-nm line of an argon ion laser and monitored via an optical fiber using a miniature spectrometer. For this configuration, the limit of detection for the hydrolysis product is 7 parts per trillion (ppt) in solution with a linear range from 10 ppt to 10 ppm. Chemical and spectroscopic selectivities have been combined to reduce the likelihood of false positive analyses. Chemically analogous organophosphorus pesticides tested against the sensor have been shown to not interfere with determination.
Aberrant expression of N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase-IVa and -IV b ( GnT-IVa and -IV b) in pancreatic cancer (2006)

1851 Pancreatic cancer is one of the most difficult cancers for cure, because curable treatment is only resection at the early stage, but more than half of pancreatic cancer cases are advanced and unresectable. Consequently early diagnosis is the most important for overcoming pancreatic cancer and we need to develop new tumor marker of detecting early pancreatic cancer more efficiently than CA 19-9. Since many tumor markers are carbohydrate antigens including CA19-9, a specific oligosaccharide structure on pancreatic cancer specific glycoprotein, if exist, would be a candidate for the novel tumor marker. Oligosaccharide structures are synthesized by each specific glycosyltransferase. To investigate gene expression of glycosyltransferases between pancreatic cancer and normal pancreatic tissues, we performed DNA-microarray (produced by RIKEN, about 1,000 oligosaccharide-related genes) by using RNA mixtures of pancreatic cancer cells and normal pancreatic tissues. 86 genes were up-regulated and 32 genes were down-regulated in pancreatic cancer as compared to normal pancreas tissues. In these changes, we had an interest in a data that GnT-IVa expression was decreasing and GnT-IVb expression was increasing in pancreatic cancer. Although GnT-IVa and -IVb involves in the same reaction of glycosyltransferases, their chromosomal localization was different. We evaluated gene expression of GnT-IVa and -IVb by Northern blot analysis. 5cases of pancreatic cancer tissues as well as their surrounding tissues were also examined by real-time RT-PCR methods. Expectedly, expression of GnT-IVb was dominant in tumor tissues and expression of GnT-IVa was dominant in their surrounding tissues. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, 5 kinds of cells exhibited high expression of GnT-IVa and other 10 types showed little expression of GnT-IVa. To search the mechanism of decrease in GnT-IVa expression in certain pancreatic cancer cells, these cells were treated with 5-aza-c and butyrate. Expression of GnT-IVa was increased in all of 3 cell lines treated with these agents. To know biological functions of GnT-IVa and -IVb in pancreatic cancer, we established GnT-IVa and IVb stable transfectants and performed Boyden-Chamber invasion assay. Dramatic increases in invasion cells of GnT-IVb transfectants were observed as compared with that of mock cells , suggesting that GnT-IVb involves in the invasive ability. Furthermore, we analyzed oligosaccharide structures of glycoproteins derived from GnT-IVa / IVb transfectants by means of HPLC systems. Taken together, these results suggest that down regulation of GnT-IVa in pancreatic cancer cells is due to the epigenetic abnormality of the gene and increased expression of GnT-IVb would stimulate invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells.
Photothermal-assisted fabrication of iron fluoride–graphene composite paper cathodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries (2012)

A facile route that combines co-assembly and photothermal reduction was developed to synthesize free-standing, flexible FeF(3)-graphene papers. The papers contain well-dispersed FeF(3) nanoparticles and open diffusion channels in a porous, electrically conducting network of graphene sheets, and demonstrate promising applications as cathodes in high-energy density Li-ion batteries.
Laser speckle micro rheology for micro-mechanical mapping of bio-materials(Conference Presentation) (2016)

Laser speckle Micro-rheology (LSM) is a novel optical tool for evaluating the viscoelastic properties of biomaterials. In LSM, a laser beam illuminates the specimen and scattered rays are collected through an objective by a high-speed CMOS camera. The self-interference of light rays forms a fluctuating speckle pattern captured by the CMOS sensor. Spatio-temporal correlation analysis of speckle images provides the intensity autocorrelation function, g2(t), for individual pixels. Next, the mean square displacements (MSD) of Brownian particles are deduced and substituted in the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation (GSER) to yield a 2D map of viscoelastic modulus, |G*(ω)|. To compare the accuracy, sensitivity, and dynamic range of LSM measurements with standard mechanical testing methods, homogeneous polyethylene glycol (PEG), agarose, and polyacrylamide (PA) gels, of assorted viscoelastic properties were fabricated and evaluated using LSM, shear rheology, and indentation-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results showed a statistically significant, strong correlation between G* values measured by LSM and shear rheology (R=0.94, p<5x10-6) (|G*|: 30 Pa - 30 kPa at ω = 1 Hz). Likewise, strong correlation was observed between G* values measured by LSM and indentation moduli of AFM (R=0.94, p,0.05). Next, polyacrylamide substrates with micro-scale stiffness patterns were tested using LSM. The reconstructed |G*| maps illustrated the high sensitivity of LSM in resolving mechanical heterogeneities below 100 microns. These findings demonstrate the competent accuracy and sensitivity of LSM measurements. Moreover, the non-contact nature of LSM provides a major advantage over mechanical tests, making it suitable for in vivo studies in future.
CORRECTING 3D POSITION MEASUREMENT FOR GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS USING A TILT SESOR SYSTEM (2006)

Many geophysical surveying methods rely on tracking devices, such as laser theodolite or GPS, to record data collection positions. For most of these systems the tracking point is mounted on top of a survey pole, vertically offset from the actual position measured (usually ground). The survey pole is then rigidly affixed to the survey vehicle. An implicit assumption for this type of system is that the surveying surface is level (i.e. the survey-pole is held vertical). If data is collected on a sloped surface erroneous position measurement will be recorded. However, it is possible to correct the geometry positions if the inclination of the system is measured. A current application of this technique uses an inertial measurement unit (IMU) mounted on the surface of the geophysical survey system to measure the local surface slope. Tilt angle data collection is synchronized with geophysical data collection through use of a mutual survey wheel trigger. Position data from the tracking system are then corrected using these tilt angle measurements.
A Statistical Model to Analyze Clinician Expert Consensus on Glaucoma Progression using Spatially Correlated Visual Field Data (2016)

PURPOSE: We developed a statistical model to improve the detection of glaucomatous visual field (VF) progression as defined by the consensus of expert clinicians. METHODS: We developed new methodology in the Bayesian setting to properly model the progression status of a patient (as determined by a group of expert clinicians) as a function of changes in spatially correlated sensitivities at each VF location jointly. We used a spatial probit regression model that jointly incorporates all highly correlated VF changes in a single framework while accounting for structural similarities between neighboring VF regions. RESULTS: Our method had improved model fit and predictive ability compared to competing models as indicated by the deviance information criterion (198.15 vs. 201.29–213.38), a posterior predictive model selection metric (130.08 vs. 142.08–155.59), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.80 vs. 0.59–0.72; all P values < 0.018), and optimal sensitivity (0.92 vs. 0.28–0.82). Simulation study results suggest that estimation (reduction of mean squared errors) and inference (correct coverage of 95% credible intervals) for the model parameters are improved when spatial modeling is incorporated. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a statistical model for the detection of VF progression defined by clinician expert consensus that accounts for spatially correlated changes in visual sensitivity over time, and showed that it outperformed competing models in a number of areas. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: This model may easily be incorporated into routine clinical practice and be useful for detecting glaucomatous VF progression defined by clinician expert consensus.
Short Article Regulation of LSD1 Histone Demethylase Activity by Its Associated Factors (2005)

Summary LSD1 is a recently identified human lysine (K)-specific histone demethylase. LSD1 is associated with HDAC1/2; CoREST, a SANT domain-containing corepressor; and BHC80, a PHD domain-containing protein, among others. We show that CoREST endows LSD1 with the ability to demethylate nucleosomal substrates and that it protects LSD1 from proteasomal degradation in vivo. We find hyperacetylated nucleosomes less susceptible to CoREST/LSD1-mediated demethylation, suggesting that hypoacetylated nucleosomes may be the preferred physiological substrates. This raises the possibility that histone deacetylases and LSD1 may collaborate to generate a repressive chromatin environment. Consistent with this model, TSA treatment results in derepression of LSD1 target genes. While CoREST positively regulates LSD1 function, BHC80 inhibits CoREST/LSD1mediated demethylation in vitro and may therefore confer negative regulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that LSD1-mediated histone demethylation is regulated dynamically in vivo. This is expected to have profound effects on gene expression under both physiological and pathological conditions.