gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bulk Density of Wet and Dry Wheat Straw and Switchgrass Particles (2008)

Bulk density is a major physical property in designing the logistic system for biomass handling. The size, shape, moisture content, individual particle density, and surface characteristics are few factors affecting the bulk density. This research investigates the effects of true particle lengths ranging from 6 to 50 mm and moisture contents ranging from 8% to 60% wet basis (wb) on the bulk density of wheat straw and switchgrass. Three types of particle densities of straw and switchgrass measured were: a hollow particle density assuming a hollow cylindrical geometry, a solid particle density assuming a solid cylindrical geometry, and a particle density measured using a gas pycnometer at a gas pressure of 40 kPa. The bulk density of both loose-fill and packed-fill biomass samples was examined. The calculated wet and dry bulk density ranged from 24 to 111 kg m-3 for straw and from 49 to 266 kg m-3 for switchgrass. The corresponding tapped bulk density ranged from 34 to 130 kg m-3 for straw and 68 to 323 kg m-3 for switchgrass. The increase in bulk density due to tapping the container was from 10% for short 6-mm particles to more than 50% for long 50-mm particles. An equation relating the bulk density of stems as a function of moisture content, dry bulk density, and particle size was developed. After the validation of this bulk density equation, the relationship would be highly useful in designing the logistics system for large-scale transport of biomass to a biorefinery. The bulk density and particle density data of uniform particles would be important, if straw and switchgrass is used for pulping and paper making.
Studies on the Enzyme Immunoassay of Bio-active Constituents in Oriental Medicinal Drugs. VI. Enzyme Immunoassay of Ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. (1992)

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), one of the glucosides of protopanaxadiol from Panax ginseng, was explored. A carrier protein (bovine serum albumin (BSA)) was coupled to the C-26 position on the unsaturated side chain of the protopanaxadiol moiety to prepare the immunogen. In order to perform bridge heterologous EIA, a label (beta-D-galactosidase) was introduced at C-26 of the saturated side chain to obtain labeled antigen. Anti-GRb1 antisera were elicited in rabbits by immunization with GRb1-BSA conjugate (9). The double antibody method (with goat anti-rabbit IgG antiserum) was used to separate the bound and free GRb1-beta-Gal. A satisfactory standard curve for EIA of GRb1 was obtained in the range of 0.04-10 ng/tube. In a comparison of the assay results obtained by EIA and HPLC, the linear regression equation and correlation coefficient for the two methods were y (EIA) = 9.18x(HPLC)-0.033 and 0.98, respectively. The anti-GRb1 antiserum cross-reacted with GRb2 (21.8%) and GRc (10.6%), which are also constituents of Panax ginseng.
Leukotriene Antagonist Drugs as Treatment of Allergic Conjunctivitis and Comorbidities in Children (2011)

Allergy includes a variety of different illnesses (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, urticaria, and dermatitis) with a common pathological basis due to the release of chemical mediators such as histamine, platelet-activating factor, metabolites of arachidonic acid, and chemotactic factors from mastocytes, basophils, and eosinophils. The keyrole of leukotrienes (LTs) as mediators in allergic and inflammatory response justifies the new pharmacologic category of Cysteinil LT antagonists as possible therapeutic use in other allergic diseases beyond asthma Since 1938, known as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis LTs are generated by a number of cells including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils, which appear in the airways of patients with asthma and in the skin of patients with chronic urticaria (CU). They mediate chemotaxis, vascular permeability, edema, eosinophils migration, airway constriction, and smooth muscle contraction (Samuelsson et al., 1997). As their effect has a long time efficacy , these molecules are defined as "slow reacting substances". Among LTs, LTB4, LTC4, and LTD4 have particularly potent effects. LTB4 is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes and is involved in the migration of granulocytes into tissues LTC4 evokes a wheal and flare reaction when intradermally injected. LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 are chemical mediatoris of the inflammation involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, the overall biological effects of which are bronchial constriction and an increase in both mucus secretion and vascular permeability There are two different LT inhibitors/modifiers: -LT receptos antagonists (LTRAs; montelukast, zafirlukast, and Pranlukast). -5-Lypoxigenase inhibitor of LT synthesis (zileuton). Montelukast and zafirlukast block binding of cysteinil LTs to the cysLT1 receptor in the extracellular space. Zileuton inhibits 5-lipoxygenase and therefore all LT synthesis within www.intechopen.com Conjunctivitis -A Complex and Multifaceted Disorder 112 inflammatory cells. By blocking the actions of LTs, it promotes bronchodilation and decreases the inflammatory response. Recent studies performed on adult patients suggest that anti-LTs can play an important role not only in the acute phase, but also in controlling the chronic development of bronchial asthma. Anti-LTs also have been used successfully by some authors to control allergic diseases such as rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria and allergic conjuncitivitis. Moreover, recently, new reports have been published concerning other conditions (migraine prophylaxis, sleep disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and nasal polyposis) that broaden the future range of clinical applications.
Efficient evaluation of circular attribute grammars (1990)

We present efficient algorithms for exhaustive and incremental evaluation of circular attributes under any conditions that guarantee finite convergence. The algorithms are derived from those for noncircular attribute grammars by partitioning the underlying attribute dependency graph into its strongly connected components and by ordering the evaluations to follow a topological sort of the resulting directed acyclic graph. The algorithms are efficient in the sense that their worst-case running time is proportional to the cost of computing the fixed points of only those strongly connected components containing affected attributes or attributes directly dependent on affected attributes. When the attribute grammar is noncircular or the specific dependency graph under consideration is acyclic, both algorithms reduce to the standard optimal algorithms for noncircular attribute evaluation.
Optical bistability in semiconductor microcavities (2004)

We report the observation of polaritonic bistability in semiconductor microcavities in the strong-coupling regime. The origin of bistability is the polariton-polariton interaction, which gives rise to a Kerr-like nonlinearity. The experimental results are in good agreement with a simple model taking transverse effects into account.
Nomenclature of the desmosomal cadherins. (1993)

Steinberg~§ * Laboratory of Eukaryotic Molecular Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; ~New York University Medical Center, School of Medicine, New York University, New York 10016; §Institut fiir Zell- und Tumorbiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Postfach 10 19 49, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Germany; II Department of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; I Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008; ~Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and §§Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1014
A New Antibiotic CJ-17,665 from Aspergillus ochraceus. (2001)

A new antibiotic, CJ-17,665 (I) was isolated from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus ochraceus, CL41582. It inhibits growth of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis, with MICs of 12.5, 12.5 and 25 microg/ml, respectively. The structure contains a diketopiperazine and an indole N-oxide moiety that is unusual in natural products.
Matrix Approximation and Projective Clustering via Iterative Sampling (2005)

We present two new results for the problem of approximating a given real m × n matrix A by a rank-k matrix D, where k &lt; min{m, n}, so as to minimize ||A − D| | 2 F. It is known that by sampling O(k/ɛ) rows of the matrix, one can find a low-rank approximation with additive error ɛ||A| | 2 F. Our first result shows that with adaptive sampling in t rounds and O(k/ɛ) samples in each round, the additive error drops exponentially as ɛt; the computation time is nearly linear in the number of nonzero entries. This demonstrates that multiple passes can be highly beneficial for a natural (and widely studied) algorithmic problem. Our second result is that there exists a subset of O(k2 /ɛ) rows such that their span contains a rank-k approximation with multiplicative (1 + ɛ) error (i.e., the sum of squares distance has a small “core-set ” whose span determines a good approximation). This existence theorem leads to a PTAS for the following projective clustering problem: Given a set of points P in Rd, and integers k, j, find a set of j subspaces F1,..., Fj, each of dimension at most k, that minimize ∑ p∈P mini d(p, Fi)².
Document Certificate Authentication System Using Digitally Signed QR Code Tag (2018)

Now a day document such as Degree certificate can be easily forged fully or partially modifying obtained score result like GPA (Grade Point Average). Digital signature are used to detect unauthorized modification to data and to authenticate the identity of signatory. The Quick Response (QR) code was designed for storage information and high-speed readability. This paper proposed a method that QR code will contain a digital signature with the student data such as degree holder's name, major program, GPA obtained and more, which will be signed by Higher Educational Institute (HEI). In order to use this system, all HEI have to register in central system, the central system provide another system that will deploy in each HEI. All digitally signed certificate generating process are offline. To verify the digital signature signed with QR code, we developed specific smart phone application which will scan and authenticate the certificate without the need to address the certificate issuing institution and gaining access to user's security credentials.
Multi-Armed Bandit-Based Client Scheduling for Federated Learning (2020)

By exploiting the computing power and local data of distributed clients, federated learning (FL) features ubiquitous properties such as reduction of communication overhead and preserving data privacy. In each communication round of FL, the clients update local models based on their own data and upload their local updates via wireless channels. However, latency caused by hundreds to thousands of communication rounds remains a bottleneck in FL. To minimize the training latency, this work provides a multi-armed bandit-based framework for online client scheduling (CS) in FL without knowing wireless channel state information and statistical characteristics of clients. Firstly, we propose a CS algorithm based on the upper confidence bound policy (CS-UCB) for ideal scenarios where local datasets of clients are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) and balanced. An upper bound of the expected performance regret of the proposed CS-UCB algorithm is provided, which indicates that the regret grows logarithmically over communication rounds. Then, to address non-ideal scenarios with non-i.i.d. and unbalanced properties of local datasets and varying availability of clients, we further propose a CS algorithm based on the UCB policy and virtual queue technique (CS-UCB-Q). An upper bound is also derived, which shows that the expected performance regret of the proposed CS-UCB-Q algorithm can have a sub-linear growth over communication rounds under certain conditions. Besides, the convergence performance of FL training is also analyzed. Finally, simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
The Coat Protein of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Is a Host Range Determinant for Infection of Maize (1998)

Infection of maize by the Fny strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and resistance against infection by the M strain of CMV were mapped to the coat protein gene on RNA 3 of CMV, using biologically active cDNA clones of Fny-CMV RNAs 1, 2, and 3 and RNAs 2 and 3 of M-CMV, as well as chimeras constructed between cDNA clones of M-CMV and Fny-CMV RNA 3. Changes in the coat protein gene of M-CMV RNA 3 at both positions 129 (Leu to Pro) and 162 (Thr to Ala) were required to overcome the resistance against M-CMV in maize. Resistance to M-CMV in maize was correlated with an inability to detect virus accumulation in the inoculated leaves. Since the coat protein of CMV is involved in virus movement, but not virus replication, the data suggest that the resistance in maize to M-CMV is due to the inability of the M-CMV coat protein to promote the cell-to-cell movement of CMV in maize.
The molecular genetics of thalassemia. (1976)

In the past few years analysis of the genetics and disorders of human hemoglobins has undergone a revolution as new research tools have provided the means to obtain long-sought-after answers regarding gene structure and function. Study of human hemoglobins and their disorders, particularly the thalassemia syndromes, is at the forefront of the interaction of new genetic technology and medicine. It offers the promise of understanding an entire class of diseases at the molecular level in detail totally unforeseen just a short time ago. In this review we will attempt to summarize recent approaches and findings in this rapidly moving area and illustrate how these studies may provide important models for the analysis of other human diseases.
Imaging microscopy of the middle and inner ear: Part I: CT microscopy (2004)

Anatomic definition of the membranous labyrinth in the clinical setting remains limited despite significant technological advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent developments in ultra-high resolution imaging for use in the research laboratory on small animals and pathologic specimens have given rise to the field of imaging microscopy. We have delineated for the first time the labyrinthine structures in a human temporal bone cadaver specimen using these novel techniques. This approach to the study of the middle and inner ear avoids tissue destruction inherent in histological preparations using standard light microscopy techniques. Part I of this series focused on bony middle and inner ear anatomy with MicrCT. In Part II, we present high-resolution MicroMR images to highlight the utility of this technique in teaching radiologists and otolaryngologists clinically relevant anatomy focusing on the membranous labyrinth. This anatomy can be further enhanced using 3D volume-rendered images. It is hoped that familiarity with these ex vivo anatomic techniques will encourage further developments in the field of high-resolution clinical imaging for patients with temporal bone pathologies.
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene/Platinum Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2014)

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NGR) was utilized in dye-sensitized solar cells for energy harvesting. NGR on a Pt-sputtered fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate (NGR/Pt/FTO) as counter electrodes (CEs) achieves the high efficiency of 9.38% via the nitrogen doping into graphene. This is due to (i) the hole-cascading transport at the interface of electrolyte/CEs via controlling the valence band maximum of NGR located between the redox potential of the I–/I– redox couple and the Fermi level of Pt by nitrogen doping, (ii) the extended electron transfer surface effect provided by large-surface-area NGR, (iii) the high charge transfer efficiency due to superior catalytic characteristics of NGR via nitrogen doping, and (iv) the superior light-reflection effect of NGR/Pt/FTO CEs, facilitating the electron transfer from CEs to I3– ions of the electrolyte and light absorption of dye. The result demonstrated that the NGR/Pt hybrid structure is promising in the catalysis field.
Pecularities of technology, physical properties and applications of new piezoelectric material langasite (La/sub 3/Ga/sub 5/SiO/sub 14/) (2002)

Technology for the synthesis and growth of langasite crystal is described. The features of the crystallization process are discussed. The main defect types of langasite crystals are defined. The results of a crystallographic investigation of langasite crystals connected with the correction of Bragg angles and angular parameters of atomic plans in this material are given. The fundamental physical properties of langasite and the application of this crystal in resonators and filters are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using Modular Extension to Provably Protect Edwards Curves Against Fault Attacks (2016)

International audience
Research on Lane Detection Based on Global Search of Dynamic Region of Interest (DROI) (2020)

A novel lane detection approach, based on the dynamic region of interest (DROI) selection in the horizontal and vertical safety vision, is proposed to improve the accuracy of lane detection in this paper. The curvature of each point on the edge of the road and the maximum safe distance, which are solved by the lane line equation and vehicle speed data of the previous frame, are used to accurately select the DROI at the current moment. Next, the global search of DROI is applied to identify the lane line feature points. Subsequently, the discontinuous points are processed by interpolation. To fulfill fast and accurate matching of lane feature points and mathematical equations, the lane line is fitted in the polar coordinate equation. The proposed approach was verified by the Caltech database, under the premise of ensuring real-time performance. The accuracy rate was 99.21% which is superior to other mainstream methods described in the literature. Furthermore, to test the robustness of the proposed method, it was tested in 5683 frames of complicated real road pictures, and the positive detection rate was 99.07%.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor– and Acetylcholine-Mediated Relaxation (2015)

Angiotensin-induced vasodilation, involving type 2 receptor (AT2R)-induced generation of nitric oxide (NO; by endothelial NO synthase) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, may be limited to women. To distinguish the contribution of female sex hormones and chromosomes to AT2R function and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated vasodilation, we made use of the four-core genotype model, where the testis-determining Sry gene has been deleted (Y(-)) from the Y chromosome, allowing XY(-) mice to develop a female gonadal phenotype. Simultaneously, by incorporating the Sry gene onto an autosome, XY(-)Sry and XXSry transgenic mice develop into gonadal male mice. Four-core genotype mice underwent a sham or gonadectomy (GDX) operation, and after 8 weeks, iliac arteries were collected to assess vascular function. XY(-)Sry male mice responded more strongly to angiotensin than XX female mice, and the AT2R antagonist PD123319 revealed that this was because of a dilator AT2R-mediated effect occurring exclusively in XX female mice. The latter could not be demonstrated in XXSry male and XY(-) female mice nor in XX female mice after GDX, suggesting that it depends on both sex hormones and chromosomes. Indeed, treating C57bl/6 GDX male mice with estrogen could not restore angiotensin-mediated, AT2R-dependent relaxation. To block acetylcholine-induced relaxation of iliac arteries obtained from four-core genotype XX mice, both endothelial NO synthase and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor inhibition were required, whereas in four-core genotype XY animals, endothelial NO synthase inhibition alone was sufficient. These findings were independent of gonadal sex and unaltered after GDX. In conclusion, AT2R-induced relaxation requires both estrogen and the XX chromosome sex complement, whereas only the latter is required for endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors.
Allele Frequency Data for 19 Short Tandem Repeats (PowerPlex<sup>®</sup> 16 and FFFl) in a Belgian Population Sample (2006)

POPULATION: Belgian Caucasians (Dutch speaking; n =198).
Biomedical Engineering, Trends, Research and Technologies (2011)

This book is addressed to scientists and professionals working in the wide area of biomedical engineering, from biochemistry and pharmacy to medicine and clinical engineering. The panorama of problems presented in this volume may be of special interest for young scientists, looking for innovative technologies and new trends in biomedical engineering.
Providing Solderability Retention by means of Chemical Inhibitors (1985)

Protective cover coating of bare copper boards is necessary to resist long‐term storage. Both water‐soluble and rosin‐based fluxes are used in the evaluation. The inhibitors have been practically tested on coupons which were soldered after accelerated ageing tests. All investigations were carried out with respect to the impact on waste treatment, and the adjustment to various fluxes.
Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids impairs pancreatic beta-cell function in obese nondiabetic humans but not in individuals with type 2 diabetes. (2000)

Our recent in vivo observations in healthy nonobese humans have demonstrated that prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) results in diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) when the FFA-mediated decrease in insulin sensitivity is taken into account. In the present study, we investigated whether obese individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes are more sensitive than healthy control subjects to the inhibitory effect of prolonged elevation of plasma FFAs on GSIS. In seven patients with type 2 diabetes and seven healthy nondiabetic obese individuals, we assessed GSIS with a programmed graded intravenous glucose infusion on two occasions, 6-8 weeks apart, with and without a prior 48-h infusion of heparin and Intralipid, which was designed to raise plasma FFA concentration approximately twofold over basal. The nondiabetic obese subjects had a significant 21% decrease in GSIS (P = 0.0008) with the heparin and Intralipid infusion, associated with a decrease in whole body insulin clearance. The impairment in GSIS was evident at low (<11 mmol/l) but not at higher plasma glucose concentrations. In contrast, the patients with type 2 diabetes had a slight increase in GSIS (P = 0.027) and no change in insulin clearance, although there was marked interindividual variability in response. Plasma proinsulin concentrations measured in a subset of subjects were not altered in either group by the infusion of heparin and Intralipid. In summary, 1) obese nondiabetic individuals are susceptible to a desensitization of GSIS with heparin and Intralipid infusion, and 2) patients with type 2 diabetes do not demonstrate such susceptibility when FFAs are elevated approximately twofold above basal with heparin and Intralipid. Our results suggest that FFAs could play an important role in the development of beta-cell failure in obese individuals who are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. They do not, however, seem to further deteriorate the beta-cell function of patients who already have established type 2 diabetes and may even result in a slight increase in GSIS in this latter group.