gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO{sub 2} using silicate rock powder (1996)

Until now, numerous investigators have reported chemical fixation of carbon dioxide, such as electrochemical, photochemical and photoelectrochemical reductions. In these methods, relatively, a few studies on the photoelectrochemical conversion of CO{sub 2} have been reported. We have recently presented a photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen formation by using andesite sands as a photocatalyst under sunlight irradiation. At ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, 6.5 {times} 10{sup -2} ml g{sup -1} methane and 7.0 {times} 10{sup -2} ml g{sup -1} of hydrogen were formed from carbon dioxide and water on the andesite. This report presents the photoelectrochemical reduction of CO{sub 2} using silicate rock (andesite) powder suspended in water. Carbon dioxide is the end product to complete combustion of all fossil fuels. The generation of carbon dioxide is the primary cause for the greenhouse effect. However, carbon dioxide is a potential carbon source. To utilize such a plentiful carbon source, it has been considered carbon dioxide as a feedstock for organic synthesis of carbonyl- and carboxyl-containing compounds or as an oxidant for oxidative synthesis of more valuable organics.
Time-frequency analysis of skeletal muscle and cardiac vibrations (1996)

Skeletal muscle and the heart vibrate during contraction producing nonstationary signals whose time-varying frequency reflects dynamic changes in physiological properties. Consequently, pathological changes in the mechanical integrity or loading of skeletal muscle or the heart can be expected to alter their vibrations. Classic frequency analysis techniques have been inadequate to characterize these subtle changes because of rapidly varying frequency components. A poor understanding of heart and muscle sound generation has also limited investigations. This paper demonstrates how time-frequency (TF) techniques have illuminated the relationships between muscle/heart material properties and loading and frequency dynamics of heart and muscle vibrations. Studies of evoked twitches from frog skeletal muscle reveal that muscle vibrations occur as transverse oscillations at the muscle's resonant frequency. Using a classic Rayleigh-Ritz model and crude estimates of the muscle geometry, muscle force can be accurately predicted from the muscle sound TF profile. First heart sound vibrations, in contrast, are shown to be a nonresonant phenomena, consisting of propagating transients superimposed upon bulk acceleration of myocardial contraction. Consequently, first heart sound frequency dynamics depend upon cardiac electrical excitation and hemodynamic loading in addition to intrinsic material properties and geometry, necessitating further work to characterize pathophysiologic correlations.
Physics-based Fast Single Image Fog Removal (2011)

Imaging in the atmosphere is often degraded by scattering due to atmospheric particles such as haze, fog, and mist. In this paper, we propose a novel fast defogging method based on the atmospheric scattering model. The white balance is performed and the atmospheric scattering model is simplified prior to visibility restoration. In the inference process of the atmospheric veil, the coarser estimate is refined using a fast bilateral filtering approach that preserves edges. Finally, the scene albedo is recovered by inverting this simplified model. The complexity of the proposed method is only a linear function of the number of input image pixels and this allows a very fast implementation. Results on a variety of outdoor foggy images demonstrate that the proposed method achieves good restoration for contrast and color fidelity, resulting in a great improvement in image visibility.
US extended-field-of-view imaging technology. (1997)

In addition to providing a panoramic image to expand diagnostic capabilities, extended-field-of-view US provides a more easily interpretable image and is an effective cross-specialty communication tool.
<title>Improved wavelet denoising via empirical Wiener filtering</title> (1997)

Wavelet shrinkage is a signal estimation technique that exploits the remarkable abilities of the wavelet transform for signal compression. Wavelet shrinkage using thresholding is asymptotically optimal in a minimax mean-square error (MSE) sense over a variety of smoothness spaces. However, for any given signal, the MSE-optimal processing is achieved by the Wiener filter, which delivers substantially improved performance. In this paper, we develop a new algorithm for wavelet denoising that uses a wavelet shrinkage estimate as a means to design a wavelet-domain Wiener filter. The shrinkage estimate indirectly yields an estimate of the signal subspace that is leveraged into the design of the filter. A peculiar aspect of the algorithm is its use of two wavelet bases: one for the design of the empirical Wiener filter and one for its application. Simulation results show up to a factor of 2 improvement in MSE over wavelet shrinkage, with a corresponding improvement in visual quality of the estimate. Simulations also yield a remarkable observation: whereas shrinkage estimates typically improve performance by trading bits for variance or vice versa, the proposed scheme typically decreases both bias and variance compared to wavelet shrinkage.
BN‐Phenanthryne: Cyclotetramerization of an 1,2‐Azaborine Derivative (2014)

Thermolysis of 9-azido-9-borafluorene in heptane solution produces the tetramer of a BN-phenanthryne. The isolation of the self-trapping product provides evidence for the involvement of the BN-aryne in the thermolysis reaction. Its formation may be rationalized by denitrogenation of the azide and ring enlargement.
microRNA expression profile and identification of miR-29 as a prognostic marker and pathogenetic factor by targeting CDK6 in mantle cell lymphoma (2010)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is one of the most aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Although several protein-coding genes are altered, expression signature and importance of microRNA (miRNA) have not been well documented in this malignancy. Here, we performed miRNA expression profile in 30 patients with MCL using a platform containing 515 human miRNAs. Eighteen miRNAs were down-regulated and 21 were up-regulated in MCL compared with normal B lymphocytes. The most frequently altered miRNAs are decrease of miR-29a/b/c, miR-142-3p/5p, and miR-150 and increase of miR-124a and miR-155. Notably, expression levels of miR-29 family are associated with prognosis. The patients with significant down-regulated miR-29 had short survival compared with those who express relatively high levels of miR-29. The prognostic value of miR-29 is comparable with the Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index. Furthermore, we demonstrate miR-29 inhibition of CDK6 protein and mRNA levels by direct binding to 3'-untranslated region. Inverse correlation between miR-29 and CDK6 was observed in MCL. Because cyclin D1 overexpression is a primary event and exerts its function through activation of CDK4/CDK6, our results in primary MCL cells indicate that down-regulation of miR-29 could cooperate with cyclin D1 in MCL pathogenesis. Thus, our findings provide not only miRNA expression signature but also a novel prognostic marker and pathogenetic factor for this malignancy.
Traffic Incident Detection Based on Wavelet and Neural Network (2009)

Traffic incident is the main cause of nonrecurring congestion. To detect incident and to verify incident as soon as possible will reduce their adverse effects. Several traditional algorithms used in automatic incident detection are reviewed. The parameters of traffic flow detection were analyzed and processed by means of wavelet and wavelet packet and then pattern recognition of the parameters' character was done by neural network. By comparing the performances of new algorithm with traditional algorithms, it shows its advantages in many aspects, such as higher diction rate, lower false alarm rate and shorter mean detection time.
Anti-CD45RB antibody deters xenograft rejection by modulating T cell priming and homing (2002)

Pancreatic islet xenotransplantation has been advocated as a way of overcoming the shortage of human donor tissue for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. However, the potent immune response against xenografts is a major barrier to their use. We show that a short course of the anti-CD45RB antibody, MB23G2, prolongs survival of fetal pig pancreas grafts in mice. To investigate this effect further we used an i.p. xenograft model in which both donor pig cells and host inflammatory cells can be expediently recovered and analyzed. Graft prolongation was associated with reduced T cell and macrophage infiltration, and reduced production of both T(h)1 and T(h)2 cytokines at the graft site. Graft survival was further increased and T cell infiltration further reduced by combining anti-CD45RB antibody with co-stimulation blockade. The primary effect of anti-CD45RB antibody may be on CD4 T cells, in keeping with the marked reduction in T cell cytokine production in both spleen and graft sites. This concurs with previous studies in allogeneic models that indicate that this antibody perturbs T cell responses by modifying signaling via the TCR. In addition, anti-CD45RB treatment led to reduced expression of LFA-1 and CD62 ligand (CD62L) on CD4 T cells, independent of antigenic challenge. LFA-1 may enhance co-stimulation, and both LFA-1 and CD62L are involved in T cell trafficking. Their reduced expression provides an explanation why the T cell pool is reduced in lymph nodes. We conclude that modulation of inflammation against xenografts by anti-CD45RB antibody is due to effects on both T cell priming and trafficking.
Two Effective Scheduling Schemes for Layered Belief Propagation of 5G LDPC Codes (2020)

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have been chosen for the fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) enhanced Mobile Broad Band (eMBB) data channel. Since NR LDPC codes puncture the first two block columns of the parity-check matrix, the decoding complexity is reduced, but it slows down the convergence rate. In this letter, we propose a fixed schedule that decodes the layers with the least-punctured edges and those with the highest-degree (LPHD), which has much faster convergence speed than conventional schemes. The fixed scheduling schemes cannot take full advantage of the dynamic changes of decoding messages. As a result, the residual-based layered belief propagation (RB-LBP) is proposed to rearrange the layers dynamically among different iterations. Compared with some informed dynamic scheduling (IDS) strategies, RB-LBP reduces the decoding complexity with slight performance loss.
Modeling of the dielectric logging tool at high frequencies: applications and results (1988)

The high-frequency dielectric logging tool is useful in electromagnetic well logging, because, by measuring the dielectric constants of rock formations at high frequencies (1 GHz), the water saturation of rocks can be inferred without knowing the water salinity in the rocks. The results of a theoretical model presented in a previous paper by the author are reported (ibid., vol.26, p.382-7, 1988). Use is made of the theoretical model to study the behavior of such a tool across geological sedimentary beds. The effect of using different polarizations on the measurement is considered, along with the standoff and mudcake effects that reflect on the depth of investigation of such a tool. The use of borehole compensation modes in the measurements is also considered. It has been found that the TE polarization is more robust than the TM polarization in terms of mudcake and standoff effects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Training Deep Neural Networks Using Posit Number System (2019)

With the increasing size of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models, the high memory space requirements and computational complexity have become an obstacle for efficient DNN implementations. To ease this problem, using reduced-precision representations for DNN training and inference has attracted many interests from researchers. This paper first proposes a methodology for training DNNs with the posit arithmetic, a type- 3 universal number (Unum) format that is similar to the floating point(FP) but has reduced precision. A warm-up training strategy and layer-wise scaling factors are adopted to stabilize training and fit the dynamic range of DNN parameters. With the proposed training methodology, we demonstrate the first successful training of DNN models on ImageNet image classification task in 16 bits posit with no accuracy loss. Then, an efficient hardware architecture for the posit multiply-and-accumulate operation is also proposed, which can achieve significant improvement in energy efficiency than traditional floating-point implementations. The proposed design is helpful for future low-power DNN training accelerators.
Efficient variable ordering using aBDD based sampling (2000)

Variable ordering for BDDs has been extensively investigated. Recently, sampling based ordering techniques have been proposed to overcome problems with structure based static ordering methods and sifting based dynamic reordering techniques. However, existing sampling techniques can lead to an unacceptably large deviation in the size of the final BDD. In this paper, we propose a new sampling technique based on abstract BDDs (aBDDs) that does not suffer from this problem. This new technique, easy to implement and automate, consistently creates high quality variable orderings for both combinational as well as sequential functions. Experimental results show that for many applications our approach is significantly superior to existing techniques.
Far-detuned cascaded intermodal four-wave mixing in a multimode fiber (2017)

We demonstrate far-detuned parametric frequency conversion processes in a few mode graded-index optical fibers pumped by a Q-switched picosecond laser at 1064 nm. Through a detailed analytical and numerical analysis, we show that the multiple sidebands are generated through a complex cascaded process involving inter-modal four-wave mixing. The resulting parametric wavelength detuning spans in the visible down to 405 nm and in the near-infrared up to 1355 nm.
Characteristics of Nebulizers Used in the Treatment of AIDS-Related Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (1988)

To characterize aerosolized pentamidine delivery systems, we measured efficiency (drug inspired as percent of dose in nebulizer) and particle size distribution from several nebulizers under simulated clinical conditions. With a piston ventilator, radioactive tracers, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the Cadema AeroTech II, Marquest Respigard II and Fisons Fisoneb were tested. Each nebulizer was studied with the specific concentration of pentamidine and breathing pattern usually prescribed with the device. We found that each system delivered a significant fraction of respirable particles but there were important differences among nebulizers. With a tidal volume of 750 cc and frequency of 20 breaths/min, the AeroTech II produced a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.0 μn, σ = 1.9, efficiency = 21%; the Respigard II MMAD = 0.76 μm, σ = 1.9, efficiency = 4.6%; and the Fisoneb MMAD =2.5 μm, σ = 2.0, efficiency = 16%. The Fisoneb was also tested at a frequency of 12 breaths/ min with an end-inspiratory breath-hold of 3.5 sec without significant changes in MMAD or σ. The size distribution of delivered aerosol was dependent on the type of nebulizer, tubing and attachments, breathing pattern, and presence of medication in the nebulizer. In clinical studies, these factors must be defined before efficacy of a drug can be assessed. Prescribing information should consider the delivery system and its efficiency to prevent inappropriately high or low levels of drug delivery.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DIAZOALKANES WITH UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS. 2. CYCLOPROPANATION OF OLEFINS WITH DIAZOMETHANE CATALYZED BY PALLADIUM COMPOUNDS (1984)

Abstract (IV) untersucht.
Inhibition of Protein <i>N-</i> Glycosylation Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Infection (2022)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) extensively <i>N-</i>glycosylates its spike proteins, which are necessary for host cell invasion and the target of both vaccines and immunotherapies. These <i>N-</i>glycans are predicted to modulate spike binding to the host receptor by stabilizing its open conformation and host immunity evasion. Here, we investigated the essentiality of both the host <i>N</i>-glycosylation pathway and SARS-CoV-2 <i>N-</i>glycans for infection. Ablation of host <i>N-</i>glycosylation using RNA interference or inhibitors, including FDA-approved drugs, reduced the spread of the infection, including that of variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Under these conditions, cells produced fewer virions and some completely lost their infectivity. Furthermore, partial enzymatic deglycosylation of intact virions showed that surface-exposed <i>N-</i>glycans are critical for cell invasion. Altogether, we propose protein <i>N-</i>glycosylation as a targetable pathway with clinical potential for treatment of COVID-19. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 uses its spike surface proteins to infect human cells. Spike proteins are heavily modified with several <i>N</i>-glycans, which are predicted to modulate their function. In this work, we show that interfering with either the synthesis or attachment of spike <i>N</i>-glycans significantly reduces the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection <i>in vitro</i>, including that of several variants. As new SARS-CoV-2 variants, with various degrees of resistance against current vaccines, are likely to continue appearing, halting virus glycosylation using repurposed human drugs could result in a complementary strategy to reducing the spread of COVID-19 worldwide.
Field safety and efficacy of a unique live virus vaccine for controlling avian encephalomyelitis and fowlpox in poultry (2019)

This unique vaccine containing AE, FP, and PP viruses in a single preparation was found to be safe and efficacious in controlling the diseases caused by the virulent field strains of AE and FP. Besides being safe and efficacious, this vaccine also offered distinct advantages over the traditional vaccination practices in controlling these two diseases in poultry.
Timing and Resource-Aware Mapping of Quantum Circuits to Superconducting Processors (2021)

Quantum algorithms need to be compiled to respect the constraints imposed by quantum processors, which is known as the mapping problem. The mapping procedure will result in an increase of the number of gates and of the circuit latency, decreasing the algorithm’s success rate. It is crucial to minimize mapping overhead, especially for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors that have relatively short qubit coherence times and high gate error rates. Most of prior mapping algorithms have only considered constraints, such as the primitive gate set and qubit connectivity, but the actual gate duration and the restrictions imposed by the use of shared classical control electronics have not been taken into account. In this article, we present a mapper called Qmap to make quantum circuits executable on scalable processors with the objective of achieving the shortest circuit latency. In particular, we propose an approach to formulate the classical control restrictions as resource constraints in a conventional list scheduler with polynomial complexity. Furthermore, we implement a routing heuristic to cope with the connectivity limitation. This router finds a set of movement operations that minimally extends circuit latency. To analyze the mapping overhead and evaluate the performance of different mappers, we map 56 quantum benchmarks onto a superconducting processor named Surface-17. Compared to a prior mapping strategy that minimizes the number of operations, Qmap can reduce the latency overhead (LtyOH) up to 47.3% and operation overhead up to 28.6%, respectively.
A divide-by-16.5 circuit for 10-gb ethernet transceiver in 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS (2005)

A divide-by-16.5 frequency divider, providing read- and write-clocks for an elastic buffer or a gearbox between 10.3125-Gb/s and quad 3.125-Gb/s transceivers in 10-G Ethernet application, is presented. The high-speed and noninteger division is designed by cascading high-speed divide-by-3 followed by divide-by-5.5 which uses double-edge-triggered flip-flops. The divide-by-3 circuit receives and generates 5.15625-GHz and 1.71875-GHz differential clocks with a 50% duty cycle, respectively. Based on current-mode logics (CMLs), the proposed divide-by-16.5 scheme is implemented in a 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS technology to achieve over 5-GHz operation while consuming 18 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
Fast-response fiber-optic anemometer with temperature self-compensation (2015)

We report a novel fiber-optic anemometer with self-temperature compensation capability based on a Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) formed by a thin silicon film attached to the end face of a single-mode fiber. Guided in the fiber are a visible laser beam from a 635 nm diode laser used to heat the FPI and a white-light in the infrared wavelength range as the signal light to interrogate the optical length of the FPI. Cooling effects on the heated sensor head by wind is converted to a wavelength blueshift of the reflection spectral fringes of the FPI. Self-temperature-compensated measurement of wind speed is achieved by recording the difference in fringe wavelengths when the heating laser is turned on and then off. Large thermal-optic coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient of silicon render a high sensitivity that can also be easily tuned by altering the heating laser power. Furthermore, the large thermal diffusivity and the small mass of the thin silicon film endow a fast sensor response.
Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers (2016)

PSS films. We quantify domain composition, and find that domain purification on addition of dispersion co-solvents limits ion mobility, even while electronic conductivity improves. We show that an optimal morphology allows for the balanced ionic and electronic transport that is critical for prototypical mixed conductor devices. These findings may pave the way for the rational design of polymeric materials and processing routes to enhance devices reliant on mixed conduction.
Elevated Blood Lead in Young Children Due to Lead-Contaminated Drinking Water: Washington, DC, 2001−2004 (2009)

Incidence of EBL (blood lead > or =10 microg/dL) for children aged < or = 1.3 years in Washington, DC increased more than 4 times comparing 2001-2003 when lead in water was high versus 2000 when lead in water was low. The incidence of EBL was highly correlated (R2 = 0.81) to 90th percentile lead in water lead levels (WLLs) from 2000 to 2007 for children aged < or = 1.3 years. The risk of exposure to high water lead levels varied markedly in different neighborhoods of the city. For children aged < or =30 months there were not strong correlations between WLLs and EBL, when analyzed for the city as a whole. However, the incidence of EBL increased 2.4 times in high-risk neighborhoods, increased 1.12 times in moderate-risk neighborhoods, and decreased in low-risk neighborhoods comparing 2003 to 2000. The incidence of EBL for children aged < or =30 months also deviated from national trends in a manner that was highly correlated with 90th percentile lead in water levels from 2000 to 2007 (R2 = 0.83) in the high-risk neighborhoods. These effects are consistent with predictions based on biokinetic models and prior research.