gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Route to Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes:  Single-Step Synthesis Using “Noncovalent Protection” of Sulfonic Acid Functionality (2004)

A single-step approach for the synthesis of polyphosphazenes containing sulfonic acid functionalities is developed. Polyphosphazene “sulfonation” is conducted via the direct replacement of chlorine atoms of the macromolecular precursor, poly(dichlorophosphazene), PDCP with a sulfonic acid containing nucleophilehydroxybenzenesulfonic acid. The method makes use of “noncovalent” protection of the sulfonic acid functionality with a hydrophobic ammonium ion, such as the dimethyldipalmitylammonium ion, which then can be easily removed after the completion of the reaction. 1H, 31P, and 13C NMR and size-exclusion HPLC studies revealed no macromolecular byproducts or noticeable degradation of the polyphosphazene backbone under the conditions of the synthesis. Both sulfonated polyphosphazene homopolymers and mixed substituent copolymers containing 4-ethylphenoxy side groups were synthesized and characterized.
Implementing fair queueing in ATM switches. II. The logarithmic calendar queue (2002)

For pt.I see ibid., p.509-18 (1997). The total implementation complexity of cell schedulers which aim at approximating the generalized processor sharing (GPS) policy is the combination of the complexity of their system-potential function and the complexity involved in sorting the timestamps in order to select the cell with minimum timestamp for transmission. Given that several scheduling algorithms which use a system-potential function of O(1) complexity have been introduced (among them, the minimum-delay self-clocked fair queueing (MD-SCFQ) algorithm achieves optimal delay and excellent fairness properties), the major contribution to the total complexity comes from the task of sorting the timestamps every time a cell is transmitted or received, which is common to all GPS-related schedulers. In this paper, we present a technique, called the logarithmic calendar queue (LCQ), that can achieve a dramatic reduction of the implementation complexity of a GPS-related scheduler, at the cost of a very small and controllable degradation of the delay bounds. We then use the LCQ to implement MD-SCFQ with reduced complexity. By applying the general methodology for the delay analysis presented in the first part of this paper (Chiussi et al. 1997), we are able to provide a closed-form expression of the delay bounds as a function of the LCQ design parameters, which can be used to optimize the design. The LCQ is not exclusively related to MD-SCFQ, but can be applied to any GPS-related scheduler to simplify implementation complexity.
Stress Measurement Technique Using Microballoons with Carbon Fibers Embedded in an RTV Film, (1997)

Abstract : This investigation examined the use of microballoon impregnated RTV to determine the maximum compressive stress of the RTV. The use of microballoon impregnated RTV is an extension of microballoon sensors previously developed to measure the hydrostatic pressure in remote and hazardous locations. The results of this study showed that the microballoons, when embedded in RTV thin films, can provide an indication of the maximum applied compressive stress. The use of carbon fibers appears to provide some lateral constraints and thus increase the repeatability of the test data. However, the resolution or accuracy will be much higher than the 5 psi resolution found in the hydrostatic case. A further investigation of the specimen configurations such as types of microballoons, casting matrix, and lateral restraining technique to enhance the resolution is needed. Another potential line of investigation that could provide better resolution would be to replace the hydrostatic pressure chamber with a uniaxial loading frame. The use of a loading frame would provide a truer comparison between the load applied during the measurement and the load applied during the sample interrogation. While the use of microballoon filled RTV did not satisfy the requirements of the IR window measurement, it does have potential applications in the measurement of other more highly loaded joints.
Purification and characterization of an acetyl‐CoA hydrolase from <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1989)

Acetyl-CoA hydrolase, which hydrolyzes acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoASH, was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and demonstrated by protein sequence analysis to be NH2-terminally blocked. The enzyme was purified 1080-fold to apparent homogeneity by successive purification steps using DEAE-Sepharose, gel filtration and hydroxylapatite. The molecular mass of the native yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase was estimated to be 64 +/- 5 kDa by gel-filtration chromatography. SDS/PAGE analysis revealed that the denatured molecular mass was 65 +/- 2 kDa and together with that for the native enzyme indicates that yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase was monomeric. The enzyme had a pH optimum near 8.0 and its pI was approximately 5.8. Several acyl-CoA derivatives of varying chain length were tested as substrates for yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase. Although acetyl-CoA hydrolase was relatively specific for acetyl-CoA, longer acyl-chain CoAs were also hydrolyzed and were capable of functioning as inhibitors during the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA. Among a series of divalent cations, Zn2+ was demonstrated to be the most potent inhibitor. The enzyme was inactivated by chemical modification with diethyl pyrocarbonate, a histidine-modifying reagent.
Heterogeneous Distribution of Sodium for High Thermoelectric Performance of p‐type Multiphase Lead‐Chalcogenides (2015)

Despite the effectiveness of sodium as a p‐type dopant for lead chalcogenides, its solubility is shown to be very limited in these hosts. Here, a high thermoelectric efficiency of ≈2 over a wide temperature range is reported in multiphase quaternary (PbTe) 0.65 (PbS) 0.25 (PbSe) 0.1 compounds that are doped with sodium at concentrations greater than the solubility limits of the matrix. Although these compounds present room temperature thermoelectric efficiencies similar to sodium doped PbTe, a dramatically enhanced Hall carrier mobility at temperatures above 600 K for heavily doped compounds results in significantly enhanced thermoelectric efficiencies at elevated temperatures. This is achieved through the composition modulation doping mechanism resulting from heterogeneous distribution of the sodium dopant between precipitates and the matrix at elevated temperatures. These results can lead to further advances in designing high performance multiphase thermoelectric materials with intrinsically heterogeneous dopant distributions.
Imaging ellipsometry combined with surface plasmon resonance for real-time biospecific interaction analysis (2005)

We present imaging ellipsometry technique for kinetic measurement of bimolecular interactions with high sensitivity. When combined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects, the ellipsometry becomes powerful technique for analyzing adsorption and desorption of biomolecules on gold layer based sensor chip surfaces. Because ellipsometric measurement gives ellipsometric parameters, namely Δ, that is very sensitive to surface layer changes. The SPR combined ellipsometry is realized by Kretschmann configuration SPR cell comprising with about 30-nm-thick gold film deposited on top of glass slides, SF10 glass prism, and flow injection system. We used nulling type of imagining ellipsometer to acquire two dimensional ellipsometric parameters with spatial resolution down to one micrometer. We present results of kinetic measurements of biotin-streptavidin interactions for custom-built sensor chip.
Integrated orbital angular momentum mode sorters on vortex fibers (2022)

We design, fabricate, and characterize integrated mode sorters for multimode fibers that guide well-separated vortex modes. We use 3D direct laser printing to print a collimator and a Cartesian to a log-polar mode transformer on the tip of the fiber. This polarization insensitive device can send different modes into different exit angles and is therefore useful for space division multiplexed optical communication. Two types of fibers with two corresponding sorters are used, enabling the sorting of either four or eight different modes in a compact and robust manner. The integration of the vortex fiber and multiplexer opens the door for widespread exploitation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) for data multiplexing in fiber networks.
Visual tracking with histograms and articulating blocks (2008)

We propose an algorithm for accurate tracking of (articulated) objects using online update of appearance and shape. The challenge here is to model foreground appearance with histograms in a way that is both efficient and accurate. In this algorithm, the constantly changing foreground shape is modeled as a small number of rectangular blocks, whose positions within the tracking window are adaptively determined. Under the general assumption of stationary foreground appearance, we show that robust object tracking is possible by adaptively adjusting the locations of these blocks. Implemented in MATLAB without substantial optimization, our tracker runs already at 3.7 frames per second on a 3GHz machine. Experimental results have demonstrated that the algorithm is able to efficiently track articulated objects undergoing large variation in appearance and shape.
Rugged Noncontact Backshorts For Waveguides (1992)

Improved adjustable noncontact backshort for waveguide easily scaled to any frequency from 1 to 1,000 GHz, not vulnerable to wear, oxidation, or corrosion of contacts, and stronger and easier to fabricate. Will allow development of waveguide mixer and oscillator circuits at frequencies approaching 1,000 GHz, for atmospheric and astrophysical remote-sensing programs.
Catalyzed Air Oxidation of Thiosalts (1987)

Mill tailings waters containing thiosalts, when discharged into river systems constitute a severe environmental pollution problem. Complete oxidation of thiosalts to sulfuric acid by chemical means and neutralization of the acid prior to discharge of the effluent to receiving streams has long been considered a viable solution to the problem; subject to development of a simple and economic means of oxidation of thiosalts in large volumes of wastewater. In this context, the possibility of using catalyzed air oxidation of thiosalts to sulfate became the subject of active research and investigation ever since our finding of the ability of suitably complexed copper ions to catalyze the oxidation of thiosulfate by molecular oxygen. Extensive research has been carried out on the design and development of heterogeneous catalysts having this property. This work has involved the preparation of a number of polymer supported copper complexes for utilization in the air oxidation of polythionates. Recently, attention has been focused on the application of copper sulfide containing materials for this oxidation process. The results obtained in this comprehensive study are summarized and discussed.
Recent advances in molecular genetics of glaucomas (1997)

Glaucomas are a heterogeneous group of eye conditions with manifestation from as early as birth to very late age of onset in life. The primary type of these conditions affecting children and juveniles are less frequent, but the prevalence of glaucomas affecting older people of > or = 70 years progressively rises to approximately 5%. The molecular genetics of three types of glaucoma have been the subject of investigation in the last few years. As a result, two loci (GLC3A and GLC3B) have been identified for primary congenital glaucoma, one locus (GLC1A) for juvenile-onset primary open angle glaucoma and a further two loci (GLC1B and GLC1C) for late-onset chronic open angle glaucoma. Early this year, the first set of mutations was described in the CYP1B1 (Cytochrome P4501B1) and TIGR (Trabecular meshwork Inducible Glucocorticoid Response Protein) genes for the GLC3A and GLC1A-linked families, respectively. The mapping of different types of glaucoma and mutation identification in these two genes are the focus of this review.
Novel Embryoid Body–Based Method to Derive Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2009)

Application of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to stem-cell therapy is not feasible because of the risk of tumorigenicity and rejection. In contrast, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are free from the risk of tumorigenicity and also have immune privilege. However, hMSCs obtained from adults have infinite variety in terms of the biological characteristics and functionality. We report here a new derivation method of hMSCs from hESCs. The derivation of hMSCs from three different hESC lines (SNUhES3, CHA3-hESC, and H9) was performed by embryoid bodies formation and subsequent culture with stage-different media without using inductive xenogenic feeder and mechanical selection procedure. The derived cells were morphologically similar to the unique fingerprint-like pattern of hMSCs and grew stably for at least 35 passages in vitro. These cells had hMSCs-like immunophenotypes: negative for CD34 and CD45; positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105. They could be differentiated into multiple lineages including osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes. They maintained normal karyotype during the long-term cultivation and did not show tumorigenicity when transplanted into the immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, the new embryoid body-based derivation method of hMSCs from hESCs is simple, safe, and reproducible in three different hESC lines. We expect that this method will provide a more effective and powerful tool to derive hMSCs from various hESC lines.
PET imaging of tumor hypoxia using<sup>18</sup>F-labeled pimonidazole (2013)

Retention of [(18)F]FPIMO was strongly hypoxia-driven in vitro, but isomeric form "5" was particularly promising and reached impressive anoxic-to-oxic retention ratios of 36 and 102, in FaDuDD and SiHa cells, respectively, following three hours of tracer incubation. This was equal to or higher than ratios measured using the established hypoxia tracer [(18)F]FAZA. [(18)F]FPIMO also accumulated in tumors grown in mice, and reached tumor levels that were two to six-fold higher than in muscle three hours post-administration. Furthermore, the intra-tumoral distribution of [(18)F]FPIMO (autoradiography) and unlabeled pimonidazole (immunohistochemistry) was largely identical. Nonetheless, [(18)F]FPIMO proved inferior to [(18)F]FAZA, since absolute tumor signal and intra-tumoral contrast was low, thus compromising PET imaging. Low tumor signal was coupled to extensive tracer accumulation in liver and kidneys, and analysis of blood metabolites revealed that [(18)F]FPIMO was metabolized rapidly, with little parent compound remaining 15 minutes post-administration. Ongoing work focuses on the possibility of labeling pimonidazole in different positions with (18)F to improve tracer stability in vivo.
Performance of the First Dark-Field Chest X-ray System on Patients (2020)

<b>Introduction:</b> Chest X-ray is the radiographic tool generally used for the initial assessment of the lung. However, for the detection of pulmonary disorders related to structural changes the diagnostic sensitivity is limited. X-ray dark-field (XDF) imaging, which allows the detection of x-rays small-angle scattering at alveolar interfaces, appears to provide more information on the structural properties. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the first implementation in patients and to obtain a first impression regarding the diagnostic potential of this novel technique. <b>Methods:</b> A prototype scanner, capable of acquiring dark-field and attenuation chest X-rays, has been developed and installed on site for a first study on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The system is assembled from a three-grating interferometer and medical X-ray components such as high voltage generator, source, collimator, and flat-panel detector. Similar to conventional chest X-ray the patient stands upright and is advised to hold breath during the scan. <b>Results:</b> The XDF and attenuation images are obtained simultaneously in one 7s scan at an average effective dose of 0.036 mSv. For healthy patients a homogeneous signal over the entire pulmonary region is observed. For patients with emphysema the XDF-signal is reduced in areas where parenchyma degradation prevails. <b>Conclusion:</b> These preliminary results indicate that XDF imaging can probe the lung’s underlying microstructure, which remains inaccessible with currently deployed medical imaging methods. We consider the technique’s transfer to a human application as a breakthrough and therefore further studies for evaluation as a screening tool are ongoing.
Laser-Induced Graphene Composites as Multifunctional Surfaces (2019)

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a platform material for numerous applications. Despite its ease in synthesis, LIG's potential for use in some applications is limited by its robustness on substrates. Here, using a simple infiltration method, we develop LIG composites (LIGCs) with physical properties that are engineered on various substrate materials. The physical properties include surface properties such as superhydrophobicity and antibiofouling; the LIGCs are useful in antibacterial applications and Joule-heating applications and as resistive memory device substrates.
Interdigitated Back Passivated Contact (IBPC) Solar Cells Formed by Ion Implantation (2015)

We describe work toward an interdigitated back passivated contact (IBPC) solar cell formed by patterned ionimplanted passivated contacts. Formation of electron and hole passivated contacts to n-type Cz wafers using a thin SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layer and ion-implanted amorphous silicon (a-Si) is described. P and B were ion implanted into intrinsic a-Si films, forming symmetric and IBPC test structures. The recombination parameter J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , as measured by a Sinton lifetime tester after thermal annealing, was J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ~ 2.4 fA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for Si:P and J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ~ 10 fA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for Si:B contacts. The contact resistivity for the passivated contacts was found to be 0.46 Ω·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the n-type contact and 0.04 Ω·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the p-type contact. The IBPC solar cell test structure gave 1-sun V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> values of 682 mV and pFF = 80%. The benefits of the ion-implanted IBPC cell structure are discussed.
Inverse-vector approach for smoothing dips and azimuths (2008)

Abstract We have explored a new approach for smoothing volumetric seismic dips and azimuths. This method iterates through a loop of three steps: (1) set a guide direction, (2) invert opposite vectors, and (3) average vectors and update the guide. This inverse-vector method can overcome instabilities where the gradient structure tensor approach fails — namely, when a dominant eigenvalue does not exist and the wrong eigenvector is selected to determine orientation. Inverse-vector smoothing is simple to implement and computationally efficient. The resultant dips and azimuths are consistent spatially and thus are more interpretable and suitable for calculating curvature and other dip-based attributes.
Phase tomography using an x-ray Talbot interferometer (2004)

X-ray phase tomography with X-ray Talbot interferometry (XTI) is reported. XTI employs two transmission gratings and generates a contrast corresponding to the differential phase shift caused by a sample. Quantitative phase measurement and tomographic image reconstruction with XTI are demonstrated for biological samples. Finally, the possibility of medical applications of XTI is discussed, based on the advantage of XTI that divergent and polychromatic X-rays are available.
The origin of the avian germ line and transgenesis in birds (1997)

The origin of the germ cell lineage in vertebrates is a fundamental question that has preoccupied developmental biologists. Recent work on the origin of the avian germ line has extended and clarified our understanding of the temporal and spatial segregation of primordial germ cells (PGC) during prestreak stages of development. The germ cells first appear at Stage X (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976) in the ventral surface of the area pellucida in a scattered pattern among polyingressing cells. Subsequently, the PGC gradually translocate from the epiblast to the hypoblast. The entire process appears to be dependent upon the maintenance of an organized area pellucida. Little is known about the regulatory events governing germ cell emergence during this period; however, the culture of dispersed blastodermal cells on a mouse fibroblast feeder layer can compensate for a disorganized area pellucida and offers an in vitro system to examine the molecular basis of germ cell development. Such basic information is valuable for current approaches towards the production of transgenic poultry with targeted changes to the genome through the use of avian embryonic stem cells or primordial germ cells. Refinement of the culture of primordial germ cells or their precursors should allow academic and industrial research laboratories to answer significant biological questions and to improve the genetic potential of commercial poultry stocks. A better understanding of the biology of avian primordial germ cells during early embryo development can only enhance this process.
Learning to Schedule Control Fragments for Physics-Based Characters Using Deep Q-Learning (2017)

Given a robust control system, physical simulation offers the potential for interactive human characters that move in realistic and responsive ways. In this article, we describe how to learn a scheduling scheme that reorders short control fragments as necessary at runtime to create a control system that can respond to disturbances and allows steering and other user interactions. These schedulers provide robust control of a wide range of highly dynamic behaviors, including walking on a ball, balancing on a bongo board, skateboarding, running, push-recovery, and breakdancing. We show that moderate-sized Q-networks can model the schedulers for these control tasks effectively and that those schedulers can be efficiently learned by the deep Q-learning algorithm.