gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimizing minimality and maximizing utility (2010)

The principle of anonymization for data sharing has become a very popular paradigm for the preservation of privacy of the data subjects. Since the introduction of k -anonymity, dozens of methods and enhanced privacy definitions have been proposed. However, over-eager attempts to minimize the information lost by the anonymization potentially allow private information to be inferred. Proof-of-concept of this "minimality attack" has been demonstrated for a variety of algorithms and definitions [16]. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis and study of this attack, and demonstrate that with care its effect can be almost entirely countered. The attack allows an adversary to increase his (probabilistic) belief in certain facts about individuals over the data. We show that (a) a large class of algorithms are not affected by this attack, (b) for a class of algorithms that have a "symmetric" property, the attacker's belief increases by at most a small constant, and (c) even for an algorithm chosen to be highly susceptible to the attack, the attacker's belief when using the attack increases by at most a small constant factor. We also provide a series of experiments that show in all these cases that the confidence about the sensitive value of any individual remains low in practice, while the published data is still useful for its intended purpose. From this, we conclude that the impact of such method-based attacks can be minimized.
Chemical Protein Modification (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introducing Diversity by Posttranslational Modification Chemistry: A Route to Modified Proteins Challenges in Chemical Protein Modification Traditional Methods for Protein Modification Recent Innovations in Site-Selective Protein Modification Conclusion and Outlook References
Stereoscopic LCD video projector (1994)

Abstract— The principle of a stereoscopic LCD projector is presented. It is characterized by an original polarized‐beam mixing method and a polarized illumination system that optimize the luminous efficacy and allow the use of only one projection lens.
Surface Chemistry for Molecular Layer Deposition of Organic and Hybrid Organic−Inorganic Polymers (2009)

The fabrication of many devices in modern technology requires techniques for growing thin films. As devices miniaturize, manufacturers will need to control thin film growth at the atomic level. Because many devices have challenging morphologies, thin films must be able to coat conformally on structures with high aspect ratios. Techniques based on atomic layer deposition (ALD), a special type of chemical vapor deposition, allow for the growth of ultra-thin and conformal films of inorganic materials using sequential, self-limiting reactions. Molecular layer deposition (MLD) methods extend this strategy to include organic and hybrid organic-inorganic polymeric materials. In this Account, we provide an overview of the surface chemistry for the MLD of organic and hybrid organic-inorganic polymers and examine a variety of surface chemistry strategies for growing polymer thin films. Previously, surface chemistry for the MLD of organic polymers such as polyamides and polyimides has used two-step AB reaction cycles using homo-bifunctional reactants. However, these reagents can react twice and eliminate active sites on the growing polymer surface. To avoid this problem, we can employ alternative precursors for MLD based on hetero-bifunctional reactants and ring-opening reactions. We can also use surface activation or protected chemical functional groups. In addition, we can combine the reactants for ALD and MLD to grow hybrid organic-inorganic polymers that should display interesting properties. For example, using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and various diols as reactants, we can achieve the MLD of alucone organic-inorganic polymers. We can alter the chemical and physical properties of these organic-inorganic polymers by varying the organic constituent in the diol or blending the alucone MLD films with purely inorganic ALD films to build a nanocomposite or nanolaminate. The combination of ALD and MLD reactants enlarges the number of possible sequential self-limiting surface reactions for film growth. Extensions to three-step ABC reaction cycles also offer many advantages to avoid the use of homo-bifunctional reactants and incorporate new functionality in the thin film. The advances in ALD have helped technological development in many areas, including semiconductor processing and magnetic disk-drive manufacturing. We expect that the advances in MLD will lead to innovations in polymeric thin-film products. Although there are remaining challenges, effective surface chemistry strategies are being developed for MLD that offer the opportunity for future advances in materials and device fabrication.
Oncomir miR-125b regulates hematopoiesis by targeting the gene Lin28A (2012)

MicroRNA-125b (miR-125b) is up-regulated in patients with leukemia. Overexpression of miR-125b alone in mice causes a very aggressive, transplantable myeloid leukemia. Before leukemia, these mice do not display elevation of white blood cells in the spleen or bone marrow; rather, the hematopoietic compartment shows lineage-skewing, with myeloid cell numbers dramatically increased and B-cell numbers severely diminished. miR-125b exerts this effect by up-regulating the number of common myeloid progenitors while inhibiting development of pre-B cells. We applied a miR-125b sponge loss of function system in vivo to show that miR-125b physiologically regulates hematopoietic development. Investigating the mechanism by which miR-125b regulates hematopoiesis, we found that, among a panel of candidate targets, the mRNA for Lin28A, an induced pluripotent stem cell gene, was most repressed by miR-125b in mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Overexpressing Lin28A in the mouse hematopoietic system mimicked the phenotype observed on inhibiting miR-125b function, leading to a decrease in hematopoietic output. Relevant to the miR-125b overexpression phenotype, we also found that knockdown of Lin28A led to hematopoietic lineage-skewing, with increased myeloid and decreased B-cell numbers. Thus, the miR-125b target Lin28A is an important regulator of hematopoiesis and a primary target of miR-125b in the hematopoietic system.
Low‐Temperature Aging of <i>t</i> ′‐Zirconia: The Role of Microstructure on Phase Stability (1991)

Polycrystalline, tetragonal ( t ′) zirconia samples containing 3 and 4 mol% yttria were fabricated by annealing pressureless‐sintered samples in air at ∼ 2100°C for 15 min. The grain size of these fully tetragonal samples was on the order of 100 to 200 μm. Domain structure of the samples and of a 3‐mol%‐yttria‐doped tetragonal zirconia single crystal was examined by transmission optical microscopy under polarized light and by transmission electron microscopy. The orientations of the domain/colony boundaries were in accord with the predictions of group theory. As‐polished surfaces of polycrystalline t ′ materials showed no monoclinic phase even after 1000 h at 275°C in air. By contrast, conventionally yttria‐doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y‐TZP) ceramics of grain size >0.5 μm showed substantial transformation. Surface grinding enhanced the resistance to degradation of Y‐TZP but decreased that of t ′ materials. Even then, the t ′ materials exhibited better resistance to degradation than the Y‐TZP ceramics. Excellent resistance of the t ′ materials to low‐temperature aging despite a very large grain size and the opposite effect of grinding on phase stability are all explained on the basis of ferroelastic domain structure of these materials.
Determination of Wavelength‐Specific UV Protection Factors of Sunscreens in Intact Skin by EPR Measurement of UV‐Induced Reactive Melanin Radical (2007)

There remains an unmet need for skin tissue-based assays for the measurement of the UVA protection and efficacy of sunscreens. Here we describe development of a novel electron paramagnetic resonance assay that uses the photogeneration of reactive melanin radical as a measure of UV light penetration to melanocytes in situ in skin. We have used areas of focal melanocytic hyperplasia in the skin of Monodelphis domestica to model the human nevus. We show that we are able to use this assay to determine the monochromatic protection factors (mPF) of research and commercial sunscreens at specific narrow wavebands of UVB, UVA and blue visible light. Both commercial sunscreens, a sun protection factor (SPF) 4 and an SPF 30 product, had mPFs in the UVB range that correlated well with their claimed SPF. However, their mPF in the UVA ranges were only about one-third of claimed SPF. This technique can be used to design and assay sunscreens with optimally balanced UVA and UVB protection.
Enhanced High-Rate Performance of Nanosized Single Crystal <i>ε</i> -VOPO <sub>4</sub> with Niobium Substitution for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021)

ε -VOPO 4 has the potential to be the next high energy density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high thermal stability and its ability to reversibly intercalate two full Li + , giving a high discharge capacity of 305 mAh g −1 . However, vanadyl phosphate materials typically experience poor Li + kinetics that impedes the high-rate capability at the high voltage plateau. In this work, we applied niobium substitution to improve the high-rate performance of the 4.0 V plateau of ε -VOPO 4 . Elemental analysis and lattice parameter refinements determined that up to 10% Nb can be substituted into ε -VOPO 4 without any impurities. TEM and Synchrotron-based EXAFS confirmed that all the substituted samples have Nb in the ε -VOPO 4 structure. Electrochemical tests revealed that 1% Nb substitution can deliver a high discharge capacity of ∼300 mAh g −1 without any degradation in cycling behavior by maintaining its nanosized morphology.
Methyl 6-(phenylsulfinyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamate, a potent, new anthelmintic (1978)

A series of methyl imidazo-[11,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamates was synthesized for anthelmintic testing. The preparation of this class of compounds was simplified by utilization of a novel one-step condensation of the appropriately substituted 2-aminopyridine and methyl chloroacetylcarbamate. The most potent compound, methyl 6-(phenylsulfinyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamate, was orally effective against a broad range of helminths in sheep and cattle, at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg. Limited trials in swine and dogs demonstrated anthelmintic activity at higher dosages. Limited observations in sheep and cattle indicated that, in both species, a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg was well tolerated.
A Versatile and Scalable Two-Step Ion-Exchange Chromatography Process for the Purification of Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Serotypes-2 and -5 (2002)

Here we describe the development of a two-step chromatography process based on the use of ion-exchange resins for the purification of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotypes-2 and-5. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that this method, which does not require any prepurification step of the cell lysate, can be applied to obtain highly pure rAAV2 and rAAV5 stocks. As such,this procedure can be easily transferred in vector cores and also scaled up, allowing the direct comparison of these two, and potentially other, AAV serotypes in large animal models.
Interleukin-6 inhibits the proliferation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that is induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or -beta (1993)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) acts as a growth stimulatory factor on leukemic B lymphocytes from many patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Because TNF induces production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which has been shown to be a growth factor for myeloma and other transformed B cells, we examined the possibility that IL-6 mediates the growth-stimulatory effect of TNF on B-CLL cells. In fact, we found that IL-6 is an inhibitor of B-CLL growth. The addition of recombinant human IL-6 markedly decreased the TNF-induced B-CLL growth, and this decrease was even greater when soluble IL-6 receptor, known to act as IL-6 agonist, was added with recombinant IL-6. Conversely, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to IL-6 and to the IL-6 receptor potentiated the growth stimulation of TNF on B-CLL cells, in line with the possibility that IL-6 functions as a negative feedback regulator of an autocrine TNF action on these B-leukemic cells. Evidence is presented that production of IL-6 by monocytes and B cells of CLL patients is low, suggesting that administration of IL-6 may be beneficial in CLL to reduce the eventual growth stimulation by TNF and, possibly, also the deficiency in platelets and Ig production in this disease.
<i>p</i>-type gallium nitride by reactive ion-beam molecular beam epitaxy with ion implantation, diffusion, or coevaporation of Mg (1994)

Gallium nitride is one of the most promising materials for ultraviolet and blue light-emitting diodes and lasers. The principal technical problem that limits device applications has been achieving controllable p-type doping. Molecular beam epitaxy assisted by a nitrogen ion beam produced p-type GaN when doped via ion implantation, diffusion, or coevaporation of Mg. Nearly intrinsic p-type material was also produced without intentional doping, exhibiting hole carrier concentrations of 5×1011 cm−3 and hole mobilities of over 400 cm2/V/s at 250 K. This value for the hole mobility is an order of magnitude greater than previously reported.
Use of an optical clearing agent during noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens, ex vivo and in vivo (2010)

Development of a noninvasive vasectomy technique may eliminate male fear of complications and result in a more popular procedure. This study explores application of an optical clearing agent (OCA) to the scrotal skin to reduce both the laser power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy and the probability of scrotal skin burns. A mixture of DMSO/glycerol was noninvasively delivered into the scrotal skin using a Madajet. Near-infrared laser radiation with a range of average powers (7.0-11.7 W) was delivered in conjunction with a range of cryogen spray cooling rates (0.20-0.33 Hz) to the skin surface in a canine model, ex vivo and in vivo. Burst pressure (BP) measurements were conducted to quantify the strength of vas closure. A 30-min application of the OCA improved skin transparency by 26 ± 5 %, reducing the average power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy from 9.2 W without OCA (BP = 291 ± 31 mmHg) to 7.0 W with OCA (BP = 292 ± 19 mmHg). Control studies without OCA at 7.0 W failed to coagulate the vas with burst pressures (82 ± 28 mmHg) significantly below typical ejaculation pressures (136 ± 29 mmHg). Application of an optical clearing agent reduced the laser power necessary for successful noninvasive thermal coagulation of the vas by approximately 25%. This technique may result in the use of a less expensive laser system and eliminate the formation of scrotal skin burns during the procedure.
Generalized Hardware Post-processing Technique for Chaos-Based Pseudorandom Number Generators (2013)

This paper presents a generalized post-processing technique for enhancing the pseudorandomness of digital chaotic oscillators through a nonlinear XOR-based operation with rotation and feedback. The technique allows full utilization of the chaotic output as pseudorandom number generators and improves throughput without a significant area penalty. Digital design of a third-order chaotic system with maximum function nonlinearity is presented with verified chaotic dynamics. The proposed post-processing technique eliminates statistical degradation in all output bits, thus maximizing throughput compared to other processing techniques. Furthermore, the technique is applied to several fully digital chaotic oscillators with performance surpassing previously reported systems in the literature. The enhancement in the randomness is further examined in a simple image encryption application resulting in a better security performance. The system is verified through experiment on a Xilinx Virtex 4 FPGA with throughput up to 15.44 Gbit/s and logic utilization less than 0.84% for 32-bit implementations. © 2013 ETRI.
Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Titanium Compounds (2017)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Mechanical Properties 4. Corrosion Behavior 5. Occurrence 6. Production of Titanium Tetrachloride 7. Production of Titanium Sponge 7.1. Reduction of Titanium Dioxide 7.2. Reduction of Titanium Halides 7.3. Thermal Decomposition of Titanium Halides 7.4. Electrowinning of Titanium 8. Processing and Reuse of Scrap Metal 9. Processing of Titanium Sponge 10. Production and Processing of Semifinished Products 11. Titanium Alloys 11.1. α-, (α + β)-, Metastable β- and β-Alloys 11.2. Highly Alloyed Titanium 12. Uses and Economic Aspects 13. Titanium Master Alloys 13.1. Ferrotitanium 13.1.1. Composition and Uses 13.1.2. Production 13.1.3. Economic Aspects 13.2. Titanium–Aluminum 13.3. Other Master Alloys 14. Titanium Compounds 14.1. Titanium (II) Compounds 14.2. Titanium (III) Compounds 14.3. Titanium (IV) Compounds 14.4. Interstitial Compounds 15. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Diamond surface-emission cathodes (2002)

This presentation discusses a new class of cathodes which rely upon electric field-emission along insulating surfaces. Field emission occurs when electrons tunnel from the metal substrate onto the diamond surface. Once on the surface they are accelerated to the positively biased gate electrode where some fraction of these electrons are emitted into vacuum.
Exploring the Acoustic Parameter Space in Ultrasound Therapy: Defining the Threshold for Cavitational Effects (2007)

Focused ultrasound energy is capable of noninvasively, nonthermally ablating tissue. However, the relative contributions of thermal and cavitational effects in the therapeutic use of ultrasound are poorly understood. We sought to identify the ultrasound parameter space within which tissue can be ablated by solely mechanical means (cavitation), without a significant thermal component. Methods: Ultrasound energy (750 kHz, 20 microsecond pulses) was applied sequentially in a 3×3 grid configuration to the cortical tissue of ex vivo porcine kidneys submerged in degassed water. While maintaining constant energy density, intensity (0.11–211 kW/cm2) and duty cycle (0.04%‐CW) were varied widely. A thermocouple co‐localized with the center of each grid provided continuous temperature measurements. Following ablations, the kidneys were examined grossly and histologically. Results: Ablated tissue was classified into one of four discrete morphologic categories: blanched (firm, pale, desiccated tissue), disrupted (cavity containing thin, isochromatic liquid; no blanching), mixed blanched/disrupted (cavity containing pale, thick liquid; minimal blanching), and no grossly visible effect. Morphologically similar lesions clustered together within the ultrasound parameter space. Disrupted lesions had significantly lower maximal temperatures (44.2 °C) than desiccated (67.5 °C; p<0.0001) or mixed (59.4 °C; p<0.0001) lesions. Conclusions: In an ex vivo model, we have defined the ultrasound parameters within which mechanical tissue ablation, with minimal thermal components, is possible. Future research in vivo is directed toward optimizing the parameters for cavitational tissue ablation, and better understanding the impact of tissue perfusion on lesion generation and intralesional temperature rise.
Contact printing with nanometer resolution (2003)

Developed a purely additive contact printing technique that can, in a single step, form complex patterns of functional materials with nanometer resolution. This method can print directly nanostructures without the use of sacrificial resists, etching procedures or post-patterning deposition steps that are often required with other nanolithographic techniques. It is operationally simple, compatible with a wide range of materials (metals, dielectrics, etc.) and substrates (rigid inorganics, flexible plastics, etc.) and capable of patterning large areas under ambient conditions. The method, which we refer to as nanotransfer printing (nTP), involves the controlled transfer of material from the raised regions of reusable stamps onto the surfaces of substrates. Pattern transfer is driven by interfacial chemical and physical reactions that are initiated when the substrate and the stamp are brought into contact. We demonstrate the versatility of nTP by printing nanometer and micron scale metal patterns in the geometries of 2D photonic waveguides and electrostatic lenses and by building two functional devices on flexible substrates: high performance organic thin film transistors (TFTs) and thin film inorganic metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors.
Single-shot self-interference incoherent digital holography using off-axis configuration (2013)

We propose a single-shot incoherent holographic imaging technique that adopts self-interference incoherent digital holography (SIDH) with slight tilt of the plane mirror in the optical configuration. The limited temporal coherence length of the illumination leads the guide-star hologram of the proposed system to have a Gaussian envelope of elliptical ring shape. The observation shows that the reconstruction by cross correlation with the guide-star hologram achieves better quality than the usual propagation methods. Experimentally, we verify that the hologram and 3D reconstruction can be implemented incoherently with the proposed single-shot off-axis SIDH.
Two novel Streptomyces protein protease inhibitors. Purification, activity, cloning, and expression. (1992)

In contrast to the Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptomyces lack a mucopolysaccharide cell wall which allows them to produce and secrete a variety of proteins directly into their environment. In an effort to understand and eventually exploit the synthesis and secretion of proteins by Streptomyces, we identified and characterized two naturally occurring abundantly produced proteins in culture supernatants of Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces longisporus. We purified these 10-kDa proteins and obtained partial amino acid sequence information which was then used to design oligonucleotide probes in order to clone their genes. Analysis of the sequence data indicated that these proteins were related to each other and to several other previously characterized Streptomyces protein protease inhibitors. We demonstrate that both proteins are protein protease inhibitors with specificity for trypsin-like enzymes. The presumptive signal peptidase cleavage sites and subsequent aminopeptidase products of each protein are characterized. Finally, we show that the cloned genes contain all of the information necessary to direct synthesis and secretion of the proteins by Streptomyces spp. or Escherichia coli.
High-power, high-temperature operation of AlInGaAs-AlGaAs strained single-quantum-well diode lasers (1991)

Strained layer AlInGaAs-AlGaAs graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure single-quantum-well diode lasers with cavity width and length of 500 and 1000 mu m, respectively, have been operated continuous-wave (CW) at heatsink temperatures up to 125 degrees C, with output power up to 4.9 W per facet and power efficiency as high as 49% measured at 10 degrees C. Promising results have been obtained in initial reliability tests on uncoated devices at heatsink temperatures of 10 and 50 degrees C.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prospective dose selection and acceleration of paliperidone palmitate 3‐month formulation development using a pharmacometric bridging strategy (2016)

Successful prospective PP3M Phase III clinical trial dose selection was achieved through the use of pharmacometric bridging, without conducting a Phase II study and using only limited Phase I data for PP3M. We estimate that this strategy reduced development time by 3-5 years and may be applicable to other drug development projects.