gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Way of Action of the Fenitrothion Microcapsule as a Residual Cockroach Control Formulation (1987)

フェニトロチオン (MEP) マイクロカプセル剤 (ポリウレタン膜, 平均粒径50μm, 膜厚0.14μm) のゴキブリ用持続性噴霧剤としての作用を調べた. マイクロカプセルをペトリシャーレに塗布し, カプセル外のMEPのみを抽出する方法を検討し, これを用いて, カプセルからの自然放出速度および, ゴキブリがこのシャーレに接触する前後のカプセル外MEP量を調べた. また, 接触させたゴキブリの体表および内臓にとり込まれたMEP量も分析した. その結果, マイクロカプセルからのMEPの自然放出はほとんどみられず, また, ゴキブリの内臓へのとり込みもほとんどみられなかった. 一方, ゴキブリの接触により, シャーレ上のカプセル外MEP量は有意に増加し, また, 顕微鏡観察によっても, カプセルの破壊が確認された. 以上の結果から, このマイクロカプセル剤の主たる作用はゴキブリによる物理的破壊 (ふみつぶし効果) による薬剤の接触毒であると考えられた.
Carrier profiling of InP (1978)

A liquid barrier contact to InP is described which may be used for the routine evaluation of carrier profiles on even highly doped samples.
Quanta burst photography (2020)

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are an emerging sensor technology capable of detecting individual incident photons, and capturing their time-of-arrival with high timing precision. While these sensors were limited to singlepixel or low-resolution devices in the past, recently, large (up to 1 MPixel) SPAD arrays have been developed. These single-photon cameras (SPCs) are capable of capturing high-speed sequences of binary single-photon images with no read noise. We present quanta burst photography, a computational photography technique that leverages SPCs as passive imaging devices for photography in challenging conditions, including ultra low-light and fast motion. Inspired by recent success of conventional burst photography, we design algorithms that align and merge binary sequences captured by SPCs into intensity images with minimal motion blur and artifacts, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and high dynamic range. We theoretically analyze the SNR and dynamic range of quanta burst photography, and identify the imaging regimes where it provides significant benefits. We demonstrate, via a recently developed SPAD array, that the proposed method is able to generate high-quality images for scenes with challenging lighting, complex geometries, high dynamic range and moving objects. With the ongoing development of SPAD arrays, we envision quanta burst photography finding applications in both consumer and scientific photography.
An efficient retargetable framework for instruction-set simulation (2003)

Instruction-set architecture (ISA) simulators are an integral part of today's processor and software design process. While increasing complexity of the architectures demands high performance simulation, the increasing variety of available architectures makes retargetability a critical feature of an instruction-set simulator. Retargetability requires generic models while high performance demands target specific customizations. To address these contradictory requirements, we have developed a generic instruction model and a generic decode algorithm that facilitates easy and efficient retargetability of the ISA-simulator for a wide range of processor architectures such as RISC, CISC, VLIW and variable length instruction set processors. The instruction model is used to generate compact and easy to debug instruction descriptions that are very similar to that of architecture manual. These descriptions are used to generate high performance simulators. The generation of the simulator is completely separate from the simulation engine. Hence, we can incorporate any fast simulation technique in our retargetable framework without loosing performance. We illustrate the retargetability of our approach using two popular, yet different realistic architectures: the Sparc and the ARM.
Low-cost, High-end Tactical-grade Fiber Optic Gyroscope Based on Photonic Integrated Circuit (2019)

A multifunctional., photonic-integrated circuit (PIC) is developed., specially designed for low-cost manufacturing of high-end tactical-grade fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs). The PIC comprises functional integrated FOG components that compose the so-called “heart of the interferometer” based on a highly polarization-maintaining (PM) waveguide. FOGs with different fiber coil sizes are built using the PICs; the PIC FOGs are also called photonic gyros. A photonic gyro with a 110-meter-Ionz fiber coil of 6cm diameter is demonstrated to have 0.59 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> /hour/√Hz angle random walk., 0.048°/hour bias drift, 15.44 ppm scale factor error, 0.24°/hour bias instability, and 43.09 ppm scale factor instability over a temperature range of -40 to 75°C.
Main and Epistatic Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Seed Size in Watermelon (2012)

Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) is an important crop grown for both its edible flesh and seeds. Seed size is an important trait in watermelon breeding, with large seeds preferred for planting and edible seeds but small seeds preferred in fruit sold for consumption. Large, medium, and small seed sizes are thought to be controlled by two genes with epistatic interaction. A ‘Klondike Black Seeded’ × ‘New Hampshire Midget’ (KBS × NHM) recombinant inbred line population and a ZWRM 50 × PI 244019 (ZWRM × Citroides) F 2 population were used to identify main effect quantitative trait loci (M-QTL) and epistatic QTL (E-QTL) associated with 100 seed weight (100SWT), seed length (SL), and seed width (SWD). Thirteen M-QTL were identified on four linkage groups (LGs) for the three traits in the two populations. Major M-QTL ( R 2 = 26.9% to 73.6%) were identified at the same location on LG 2 in both populations for all three traits. M-QTL for all three traits also colocalized on LG 9 in the ZWRM × Citroides population and on LG 4 for 100SWT and SL in the KBS × NHM population. Significant epistatic effects were found between the M-QTL on LG 2 and LG 4 in the KBS × NHM population and between LG 2 and LG 9 in the ZWRM × Citroides population. The phenotypic variance explained by the E-QTL was generally small. The stable, major M-QTL on LG 2 is a candidate for marker-assisted selection for seed size in watermelon.
RIG-I Activation by a Designer Short RNA Ligand Protects Human Immune Cells against Dengue Virus Infection without Causing Cytotoxicity (2019)

Virus-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules containing a triphosphate group at the 5' end are natural ligands of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). The cellular pathways and proteins induced by RIG-I are an essential part of the innate immune response against viral infections. Starting from a previously published RNA scaffold (3p10L), we characterized an optimized small dsRNA hairpin (called 3p10LG9, 25 nucleotides [nt] in length) as a highly efficient RIG-I activator. Dengue virus (DENV) infection in cell lines and primary human skin cells could be prevented and restricted through 3p10LG9-mediated activation of RIG-I. This antiviral effect was RIG-I and interferon signal dependent. The effect was temporary and was reversed above a saturating concentration of RIG-I ligand. This finding revealed an effective feedback loop that controls potentially damaging inflammatory effects of the RIG-I response, at least in immune cells. Our results show that the small RIG-I activator 3p10LG9 can confer short-term protection against DENV and can be further explored as an antiviral treatment in humans.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Short hairpin RNA ligands that activate RIG-I induce antiviral responses in infected cells and prevent or control viral infections. Here, we characterized a new short hairpin RNA molecule with high efficacy in antiviral gene activation and showed that this molecule is able to control dengue virus infection. We demonstrate how structural modifications of minimal RNA ligands can lead to increased potency and a wider window of RIG-I-activating concentrations before regulatory mechanisms kick in at high concentrations. We also show that minimal RNA ligands induce an effective antiviral response in human skin dendritic cells and macrophages, which are the target cells of initial infection after the mosquito releases virus into the skin. Using short hairpin RNA as RIG-I ligands could therefore be explored as antiviral therapy.
Toward Interactive Debugging for ISP Networks. (2009)

The extreme complexity of Internet software leads to a rich variety of hard-to-isolate failure modes and anomalies. Research on debugging modern networked systems has thus far focused on “removing the human from the loop” by automatically detecting problems that violate predefined conditions. Here, we argue for a very different approach. Namely, we take the position that manual labor is a necessary evil of debugging problems in networked systems, but that this process would be vastly simpler with in-network support for debugging. We propose a network-layer substrate for interactive debugging that allows for tight controls on network execution, to provide reproducibility and performance isolation of the live network in highly distributed and dynamic environments.
Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Protect Plant Photosynthesis from Abiotic Stress by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (2017)

Plant abiotic stress leads to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a consequent decrease in photosynthetic performance. We demonstrate that a plant nanobionics approach of localizing negatively charged, sub-11 nm, spherical cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) inside chloroplasts in vivo augments ROS scavenging and photosynthesis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants under excess light (2000 μmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, 1.5 h), heat (35 °C, 2.5 h), and dark chilling (4 °C, 5 days). Poly(acrylic acid) nanoceria (PNC) with a hydrodynamic diameter (10.3 nm)-lower than the maximum plant cell wall porosity-and negative ζ-potential (-16.9 mV) exhibit significantly higher colocalization (46%) with chloroplasts in leaf mesophyll cells than aminated nanoceria (ANC) (27%) of similar size (12.6 nm) but positive charge (9.7 mV). Nanoceria are transported into chloroplasts via nonendocytic pathways, influenced by the electrochemical gradient of the plasma membrane potential. PNC with a low Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Ce<sup>4+</sup> ratio (35.0%) reduce leaf ROS levels by 52%, including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals. For the latter ROS, there is no known plant enzyme scavenger. Plants embedded with these PNC that were exposed to abiotic stress exhibit an increase up to 19% in quantum yield of photosystem II, 67% in carbon assimilation rates, and 61% in Rubisco carboxylation rates relative to plants without nanoparticles. In contrast, PNC with high Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Ce<sup>4+</sup> ratio (60.8%) increase overall leaf ROS levels and do not protect photosynthesis from oxidative damage during abiotic stress. This study demonstrates that anionic, spherical, sub-11 nm PNC with low Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Ce<sup>4+</sup> ratio can act as a tool to study the impact of oxidative stress on plant photosynthesis and to protect plants from abiotic stress.
Whole body parametric imaging on clinical scanner: Direct 4D reconstruction with simultaneous attenuation estimation and time-dependent normalization (2015)

Whole body dynamic PET imaging has the potential to enhance detectability and quantification when assessing disease stage or progress. The same body region is repeatedly scanned within relatively short acquisition frames and with delays between time samples. Repeated scanning is sensitive to patient motion, which may cause mismatches between attenuation and activity maps and thus erroneous correction factors. Moreover, since count rates change with time, standard software correction factors can be time dependent. The generation of parametric images requires proper physiological modeling and has been shown to benefit from so-called direct 4D reconstruction methods. In this work we extend the MLACF/MLAA algorithms for application to dynamic direct reconstruction. Handling time-dependent normalization requires a redesign of the existing algorithm as well. The reconstruction methodology was verified on Siemens mCT scanner patient data using the standard Patlak model. Different number of frames and scan initiation time points were investigated. Initial results showed that direct 4D reconstruction outperformed the indirect approach. Available CT attenuation information can be corrected based on emission data.
A vertically integrated GaAs bipolar dynamic RAM cell with storage times of 4.5 h at room temperature (1992)

The storage times of FET-accessed GaAs dynamic RAM cells are limited to less than 1 min at room temperature by gate leakage in the access transistor. These transistor leakage mechanisms have been eliminated by designing a vertically integrated DRAM cell in which an n-p-n bipolar access transistor is merged with a p-n-p storage capacitor. Storage times of 4.5 h are obtained at room temperature, a 1000-fold increase over the best FET-accessed cells.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutual information regularized Bayesian framework for multiple image restoration (2005)

Bayesian methods have been extensively used in various applications. However, there are two intrinsic issues rarely addressed, namely generalization and validity, in the context of multiple image restoration, we show that traditional Bayesian methods are sensitive to model errors and cannot guarantee valid results satisfying the underlying prior knowledge, e.g. independent noise property. To improve the Bayesian framework's generalization, we propose to explicitly enforce the validity of the result. Independent noise prior is very important but largely under-utilized in previous literature. In this paper, we use mutual information (MI) to explicitly enforce the independence. Efficient approximations based on Taylor expansion are proposed to adapt MI into standard energy forms to regularize the Bayesian methods. The new regularized Bayesian framework effectively utilizes the traditional generative signal/noise models but is much more robust to various model errors, as demonstrated in experiments on some demanding imaging applications.
A Novel Auction Mechanism for Selling Time-Sensitive E-Services (2006)

Many e-services are time-sensitive as the users request them for a specific time period. Such services need to be repeatedly offered to keep them constantly utilized. This paper studies winner selection strategies in a recurring auction for such time-sensitive e-services. We observe that because of uneven wealth distribution, the least wealthy bidders tend to drop out of recurring auction as they persistently loose. The bidders dropping out of an auction decrease competition and can cause a collapse of winning prices. We propose and evaluate a novel auction mechanism that enables bidder drop control. Compared to traditional auction mechanisms, ours increases revenue of the e-service provider and decreases loss of fairness of the e-service allocation.
Compact Airy-beam optical swept-source at 1.0 μm (2016)

We demonstrate an ultrafast Airy-beam optical swept-source at 1.0 μm. The ultrafast wavelength-sweeping is achieved with inertia-free time-stretch via a newly-designed highly-dispersive fiber, and an Airy-beam profile is generated by an add-on cubic phase mask.
Critical currents and processing of wound coils of Ag-sheathed Bi-2223 high <i>T</i> <i>c</i> tape: Microstructural and pinning effects (1991)

Using a ‘‘powder-in-tube’’ process long lengths of high Tc prototype tape have been fabricated with high critical currents at liquid-nitrogen temperature and excellent high field properties at liquid-helium temperature. A Pb-doped bismuth-based 2223 powder was initially prepared then packed into silver tubes. Using a combination of cold work and heat treatment, a high degree of texture and good compaction with uniform properties was achieved. Current densities exceeding 10 000 A/cm2 at 77 K and 50 000 A/cm2 at 4.2 K in zero field were measured. At the 4.2 K temperature, the material still carried approximately 14 000 A/cm2 at 8 T. Tests on spirally wound and reacted coils, 52 cm long, have also demonstrated high current carrying capability. Effects of process variations and observed microstructure on superconducting properties are described.
MODELING OF NON-CONTACT ACOUSTO-THERMAL SIGNATURE INTERROGATION (NCATS) OF FATIGUE DAMAGE IN TI-6AL-4V (2009)

Non‐Contact Acousto‐Thermal Signatures (NCATS) is a new method of Nondestructive Evaluation of materials involving the thermal response to high intensity sound. The method differs from traditional thermography in that a portion of the induced heat loading occurs from conversion of acoustic to thermal energy. Studies of fatigue samples indicate that the magnitude of the internal heat generation is a function of fatigue damage level. An analytical linear damped acoustic layer model is developed to specify the internal heat generation as a function of insonification amplitude, material damping, and sample geometry. The internal heat generation predicted by the model is compared to that calculated in a Finite Element analysis. The acoustic model is combined with the thermal diffusion equation to create a model for time temperature response curves.
Recognition of Faults, Unconformities, and Sequence Boundaries Using Cumulative Dip Plots (1994)

In exploration and production settings, wells commonly encounter faults, unconformities, or both. Unless the geology is very layercake and logs from nearby wells correlate peak-for-peak with the subject well, identifying a fault or unconformity with any degree of certainty may be difficult. This is especially true for faults with offsets of 10 m (30 ft) or less. Cumulative dip plots are crossplots of bedding-plane orientation vs. depth. Although results from oriented cores or dipmeters could be used as input for bedding-plane dips, borehole-imaging logs are the preferred data source. The technique involves crossplotting cumulative bedding-plane dip (direction and magnitude) vs. either depth or an arbitrary bedding-plane number that is a function of depth. In the latter approach, bedding planes are numbered consecutively from top to bottom of the logged interval, and dip directions are color coded by compass quadrant (northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest). Because bedding-plane dips commonly differ above and below faults and unconformities, such discontinuities appear as inflection points in the otherwise straight line of the cumulative ip plot. An advantage of the technique is that it can be used in single-well studies where no correlative logs exist. Cumulative dip plots could have significant economic impact in areas like the Gulf of Mexico, where faults and unconformities define isolated reservoir compartments. Such compartments are logical targets for infill drilling. Cumulative dip plots also are valuable in structurally complex areas where they can be used to define dip domains, or groups of dips, that may be structural blocks at seismic scale. Once dip domains are defined, structural dips can be accurately removed in studies of paleocurrent orientations, for example. Finally, with the current high level of interest in sequence stratigraphy, cumulative dip plots offer a practical approach to the detection of some sequence boundaries. Such boundaries can be detected even when dip discordances are small, i.e., on the order of 1 #176; or less.
In vivo (human) and in vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5% povidone-iodine nasal spray (2022)

Background: Nasal disinfection with 0.5% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) may be a useful adjunct in the management of COVID-19. The purpose of this article is to confirm the in vitro activity of the PVP-I nasal spray against SARS-CoV-2 and whether that may translate into reduced nasal shedding in vivo. Methods: Two SARS-CoV-2 virus isolates were exposed to 0.5% PVP-nasal spray (Nasodine®) for different times in vitro, with PCR and cell culture used to assess impact on viral infectivity and RNA copies. An open label in vivo single arm pilot study of 14 subjects with positive COVID-19 PCR diagnosis was undertaken. Baseline nasal swabs were collected to quantify SARS-CoV-2 pre-treatment, followed by a single 0.5% PVP nasal spray application (1.12 mL). Nasal swabs were collected at 5, 15, and 60 minutes post-dose to assess immediate and residual impact of treatment. Results: In vitro, the nasal spray reduced infectivity by 3.5 log10 TCID50/mL (99.97%) after 15 seconds exposure and eliminated detectable viral infectivity after 60 seconds; there was no effect on viral RNA detection by PCR. In vivo, culturable virus (VOC beta/B.1.351 variant) was obtained from 6 of 14 PCR-confirmed positive subjects; in these subjects, 5 minutes after the single PVP-I dose, the mean viral titre was reduced by 65% versus baseline and by 79% versus baseline at 60 minutes post-dose. 5 of the 6 subjects (83%), had reduction or cessation of viral shedding at 5 minutes in all 6 subjects, virus titers 60 minutes post-dose were below baseline value. 0.5% PVP-I treatment didn’t interfere with the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 via PCR-detection of viral RNA in humans. Conclusions: 0.5% PVP-I nasal spray is rapidly virucidal to SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using exposure times consistent with nasal residence; single in vivo nasal administration reduced infectious viral titers in COVID-19 subjects with culturable virus. A single application of 0.5% PVP-I nasal spray does not interfere with PCR-mediated laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. We are undertaking a large double blinded randomized controlled trial to confirm if repeated application of 0.5% PVP-I nasal spray over a longer period could be useful in suppressing viral shedding and transmission risk in COVID-positive patients.
Size-dependent photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with PbS quantum dot sensitized TiO2 heterostructured photocatalysts (2011)

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to value-added chemicals, such as CH4, is a promising carbon management approach which can generate revenue from chemical sales to offset the cost of implementing CO2 capture technologies. To make photocatalytic conversion approaches efficient, economically practical, and industrially scalable, catalysts capable of utilizing visible and near infrared (IR) photons need to be developed. Here we investigate the sensitization of TiO2 catalysts using PbS quantum dots (QDs) which lead to the size dependent photocatalytic reduction of CO2 at frequencies ranging from the violet to the orange-red edge of the electromagnetic spectrum (λ ∼ 420 to 610 nm). Under broad band illumination (UV- NIR), the PbS QDs enhance CO2 photoreduction rates with TiO2 by a factor of ∼5 in comparison to unsensitized photocatalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to investigate the deactivation mechanism of the QD sensitizers after prolonged photoexcitation. The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic testing of these PbS sensitized TiO2 heterostructures will aid the development of more robust, visible light active photocatalysts for carbon management applications.
Cooperation-Aware Lane Change Maneuver in Dense Traffic based on Model Predictive Control with Recurrent Neural Network (2020)

This paper presents a real-time lane change control framework of autonomous driving in dense Traffic, which exploits cooperative behaviors of other drivers. This paper focuses on heavy Traffic where vehicles cannot change lanes without cooperating with other drivers. In this case, classical robust controls may not apply since there is no "safe" area to merge to without interacting with the other drivers. That said, modeling complex and interactive human behaviors is highly non-trivial from the perspective of control engineers. We propose a mathematical control framework based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) encompassing a state-of-the-art Recurrent Neural network (RNN) architecture. In particular, RNN predicts interactive motions of other drivers in response to potential actions of the autonomous vehicle, which are then systematically evaluated in safety constraints. We also propose a real-time heuristic algorithm to find locally optimal control inputs. Finally, quantitative and qualitative analysis on simulation studies are presented to illustrate the benefits of the proposed framework.