gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of live cells using digital holographic microscopy (2009)

During the life time of a cell, it goes through changes to the plasma membrane as well as its internal structures especially distinctive during processes like cell division and death. Different types of microscope are used to fulfill the observation of the cell's variation. In our experiment, Vero cells have been investigated by using phase contrast microscopy and digital holographic microscopy (DHM). A comparison of the images obtained for cell division is presented here. The conventional phase contrast microscope provided a good imaging method in the real time analysis of cell division. The off-axis digital hologram recorded by the DHM system can be reconstructed to obtain both the intensity image and phase contrast image of the test object. These can be used for live cell imaging to provide multiple results from a single equipment setup. The DHM system, besides being a qualitative tool, is able to provide quantitative results and 3D images of the cell division process. The ability of DHM to provide quantitative analysis makes it an ideal tool for life science applications.
Multifunctional and biodegradable polyphosphazenes for use as macromolecular anti-cancer drug carriers (2010)

Using a living cationic polymerisation procedure we synthesised a series of multi-armed poly(organo)phosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and excellent aqueous solubility. The synthetic flexibility of polyphosphazenes was exploited in order to incorporate an acid-sensitive hydrazide linker to the polymer backbone, as well as tumour-targeting folic acid groups. We were then able to attach hydrophobic anti-cancer drug molecules via the pH labile linker and studied its pH-triggered release kinetics from the polymeric carrier. Although stable for short periods (several days) in an aqueous environment, the polymers were shown to degrade over longer periods (weeks) under simulated physiological conditions. Furthermore, the rate of degradation could be tailored through careful selection of substituents. These biodegradable, multi-functional polyphosphazenes represent promising candidates for use as macromolecular carriers for the tumour-targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs.
Hear Exchange Assembly (2003)

A heat exchange assembly comprises a plurality of plates disposed in a spaced-apart arrangement, each of the plurality of plates includes a plurality of passages extending internally from a first end to a second end for directing flow of a heat transfer fluid in a first plane, a plurality of first end-piece members equaling the number of plates and a plurality of second end-piece members also equaling the number of plates, each of the first and second end-piece members including a recessed region adapted to fluidly connect and couple with the first and second ends of the plate, respectively, and further adapted to be affixed to respective adjacent first and second end-piece members in a stacked formation, and each of the first and second end-piece members further including at least one cavity for enabling entry of the heat transfer fluid into the plate, exit of the heat transfer fluid from the plate, or 180.degree. turning of the fluid within the plate to create a serpentine-like fluid flow path between points of entry and exit of the fluid, and at least two fluid conduits extending through the stacked plurality of first and second end-piece members for providing first fluid connections between the parallel fluid entry points of adjacent plates and a fluid supply inlet, and second fluid connections between the parallel fluid exit points of adjacent plates and a fluid discharge outlet so that the heat transfer fluid travels in parallel paths through each respective plate.
Biometrics via Oculomotor Plant Characteristics: Impact (2014)

4This article proposes and evaluates a novel biometric approach utilizing the internal, nonvisible, anatomical structure of the human eye. The proposed method estimates the anatomical properties of the human oculomotor plant from the measurable properties of human eye movements, utilizing a two-dimensional linear homeomorphic model of the oculomotor plant. The derived properties are evaluated within a biometric framework to determine their efficacy in both verification and identification scenarios. The results suggest that the physical properties derived from the oculomotor plant model are capable of achieving 20.3% equal error rate and 65.7% rank-1 identification rate on high-resolution equipment involving 32 subjects, with biometric samples taken over four recording sessions; or 22.2% equal error rate and 12.6% rank-1 identification rate on low-resolution equipment involving 172 subjects, with biometric samples taken over two recording sessions.
<title>Construction and characterization of a red-emitting luciferase</title> (1999)

Red light is transmitted through live tissue more efficiently than other wavelengths of visible light, thus by red-shifting the emission of bioluminescent reporters, we may enhance their utility for in vivo monitoring of biological processes. Codon changes at positions that may shift the yellow-green emission to red, based on studies of a related luciferase, were introduced into a variant of the North American firefly luciferase. Clones containing the desired mutation were selected based on the introduction of unique restriction enzyme sites and transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Expression levels were evaluated using an intensified charge coupled device camera. Upon spectral analysis, all mutant luciferases demonstrated red-orange emission. Two emission peaks were detected in each spectrum, each clone with different peak heights at 560 nm and 610 nm. Sequence analyses of the compete coding region of several clones confirmed the presence of the target mutations, although sequence variation was observed at several secondary sites, likely resulting from the infidelity of Taq polymerase used in the mutagenesis protocol. A clone that demonstrated a strong 610 nm peak with a minimum shoulder at 560 nm was selected for use in animals. In summary, a red-shifted mutant of a well-characterized luciferase reporter gene was generated. Red light from this enzyme may both penetrate mammalian tissues to a greater extent and provide a tool for multicolor biological assays.
Synthesis, structure, and antiparasitic activity of sulfamoyl derivatives of ribavirin (1990)

The triazole nucleoside derivatives 1-(5'-O-sulfamoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) [1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxamide (2), 1-(5'-O-sulfamoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) [1,2,4]triazole-3-thiocarboxamide (3), and 1-(5'-O-sulfamoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-[1,2,4]triazole-3- carbonitrile (4) were synthesized. Suitably protected triazole nucleosides were converted to their corresponding 5'-sulfamoyl derivatives, which on subsequent deprotection gave the desired compounds in good yields. The structures of compounds 2-4 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. All three compounds showed significant antiparasitic activity in vitro, while 2 showed significant activity in vivo against Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei.
Estimation and control for efficient autonomous drilling through layered materials (2017)

Drilling is a repetitive, dangerous and costly process and a strong candidate for automation. We describe a method for autonomously controlling a rotary drilling process as it transitions through multiple materials with very different dynamics. This approach classifies the drilling medium based on real-time measurements and comparison to prior drilling data, and can identify the material type, drilling region, and approximately optimal set-point based on data from as few as one operating condition. The controller uses these set-points as initial conditions, and then conducts an optimal search to maximize performance, e.g. by minimizing mechanical specific energy. The control architecture is described, and the material estimation process is detailed. The results of experiments that implement autonomous drilling through a layered concrete and granite sample are discussed.
Loop nucleotides control primary and mature miRNA function in target recognition and repression (2011)

MicroRNA (miRNA) genes produce three major RNA products; primary (pri-), precursor (pre-), and mature miRNAs. Each product includes sequences complementary to cognate targets, thus they all can in principle interact with the targets. In a recent study we showed that pri-miRNAs play a direct role in target recognition and repression in the absence of functional mature miRNAs. Here we examined the functional contribution of pri-miRNAs in target regulation when full-length functional miRNAs are present. We found that pri-let-7 loop nucleotides control the production of the 5' end of mature miRNAs and modulate the activity of the miRNA gene. This insight enabled us to modulate biogenesis of functional mature miRNAs and dissect the causal relationships between mature miRNA biogenesis and target repression. We demonstrate that both pri- and mature miRNAs can contribute to target repression and that their contributions can be distinguished by the differences between the pri- and mature miRNAs' sensitivity to bind to the first seed nucleotide. Our results demonstrate that the regulatory information encoded in the pri-/pre-miRNA loop nucleotides controls the activities of pri-miRNAs and mature let-7 by influencing pri-miRNA and target complex formation and the fidelity of mature miRNA seed generation.
Self-Polarization of PVDF Film Triggered by Hydrophilic Treatment for Pyroelectric Sensor with Ultra-Low Piezoelectric Noise (2019)

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films possess multifunctional ability for piezo/pyro/ferroelectronic applications. One critical challenge of the traditional techniques is the complicated fabrication process for obtaining the poled films. In this work, the PVDF film is facilely prepared by the solution cast on hydrophilically treated substrates. The obtained PVDF films exhibit fairly good pyroelectricity comparable to those fabricated by thermal poling, indicating the film is self-polarized. This result is attributed to the hydrogen-bonding-induced orderly arrangement of the first sub-nanolayer at the bottom, which serves as a "seed layer" and triggered alignment of the rest of the film in a layer-by-layer approach. Additionally, to suppress the piezoelectric noise, a pyroelectric sensor with a novel bilayer structure is developed using the as-prepared PVDF film. Compared with the conventional monolayer sensor, the signal-to-noise ratio of the bilayer one is drastically improved to 38 dB from 18 dB. The above results provide great possibilities for achieving a high-performance wearable pyroelectric sensor with reduced cost and simple procedures.
HPV vaccines: Global perspectives (2017)

The discovery of HPV as the etiological factor for HPV-associated malignancies and disease has opened up several opportunities for prevention and therapy. Current commercially available HPV vaccines (Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix) are prophylactic in nature and derived from adjuvanted L1-based virus-like particles of HPV. Globally, through several clinical trials, they were found to be very safe and efficacious. Certain limitations such as cost-effectiveness, low coverage against all HPV types and a 3-dose schedule make these vaccines difficult to use worldwide. Approaches to address these issues involve alternate expression systems using L1 or alternate antigen (L2) as well as optimizing doses and broadening protection to provide cheap and cross-protective vaccines. Additionally, promising preclinical immunogenicity results from our own studies using alternative hosts such as Pichia and an antigen delivery system-based measles vector have potential for development as next generation HPV prophylactic vaccines. Several other therapeutic approaches are also ongoing.
Ultrafast group-velocity control via cascaded quadratic nonlinearities in optical parametric amplification (2018)

Slow and fast light are ubiquitous in optical amplifiers. In this Letter, we show for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that optical parametric amplification (OPA) in chirped quasi-phase-matching structures can act as a platform for group-velocity control in the femtosecond regime. The resonant cascaded nonlinear phase underlies the group-velocity control, which manifests an unusual effect that both slow and fast light can be achieved under the normal condition of signal amplification. As numerically demonstrated in the OPA based on the lithium niobate crystal, the signal and idler pulse can be significantly delayed in time comparable to the signal duration and can also keep high fidelity for durations down to 100 fs until the crystal dispersion becomes effective. The broad bandwidth, large group delay, and direct compatibility with integrated optics will make the proposed platform attractive to both fundamental research and applied science.
Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri by the polymerase chain reaction method (1993)

pFL1 is a pUC9 derivative that contains a 572-bp EcoRI insert cloned from plasmid DNA of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri XC62. The nucleotide sequence of pFL1 was determined, and the sequence information was used to design primers for application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the detection of X. campestris pv. citri, the causal agent of citrus bacterial canker disease. Seven 18-bp oligonucleotide primers were designed and tested with DNA from X. campestris pv. citri strains and other strains of X. campestris associated with Citrus spp. as templates in the PCR. Four primer pairs directed the amplification of target DNA from X. campestris pv. citri strains but not from strains of X. campestris associated with a different disease, citrus bacterial spot. Primer pair 2-3 directed the specific amplification of target DNA from pathotype A but not other pathotypes of X. campestris pv. citri. A pH 9.0 buffer that contained 1% Triton X-100 and 0.1% gelatin was absolutely required for the successful amplification of the target DNA, which was 61% G+C. Limits of detection after amplification and gel electrophoresis were 25 pg of purified target DNA and about 10 cells when Southern blots were made after gel electrophoresis and probed with biotinylated pFL1. This level of detection represents an increase in sensitivity of about 100-fold over that of dot blotting with the same hybridization probe. PCR products of the expected sizes were amplified from DNA extracted from 7-month-old lesions from which viable bacteria could not be isolated. These products were confirmed to be specific for X. campestris pv. citri by Southern blotting. This PCR-based detection protocol will be a useful addition to current methods of detection of this pathogen, which is currently the target of international quarantine measures.
Transfer of Human Preference to Smart Machines: A Case Study of Human Thermal Comfort Control (1990)

A new approach to thermal comfort control is presented. Thermal comfort control systems are complex systems in which the control objectives are vaguely defined by human preference. It is shown that there is a distict difference in the environmental preference from one person to another based on votes of thermal sensation provided by human subjects. A recursive algorithm for learning the individual preference is proposed. The algorithm changes a prediction of the thermal sensation by locally changing a stored representation of the system.
Desulfurization of Logistic Fuels for Fuel Cell Apus (2008)

Abstract : The sulfur level in logistic fuels is very high; up to 3,000 ppmw S for jet fuels (JP-8, JP-5) and 10,000 ppmw S for naval distillate (NATO F-76) compared to the commercial gasoline (30 ppmw S) and diesel (15 ppmw S). The effective utilization of logistic fuels in fuel cell applications requires removal of refractory sulfur species (organosulfur compounds) to below 0.1 ppm. Sulfur removal is critical for fuel cells and adsorption is a promising technology for reducing the sulfur content to such low levels. TDA has developed a sorbent-based fuel desulfurization system that can easily be integrated with any fuel cell fuel processor. TDA's desulfurizer removes all of the refractory organic sulfur compounds in a regenerable manner from the military fuels (both JP-5 and JP-8) while it is still in the liquid phase, and reduces the total fuel sulfur content to subppm levels (e.g., less than 0.1 ppmw). TDA has built a 4- bed prototype jet fuel desulfurization system that could be integrated with a 1.5 kW fuel cell powered APU. Demonstration of the desulfurizer is being carried out with two types of jet fuels i.e., JP-5 (from ONR Fuel Cell Research Program, NAVAIR) and JP-8 (from Wright- Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio) fuels. We will be presenting test data from demonstration of the prototype desulfurization system in the conference.
Automatic Conversational Helpdesk Solution using Seq2Seq and Slot-filling Models (2018)

Helpdesk is a key component of any large IT organization, where users can log a ticket about any issue they face related to IT infrastructure, administrative services, human resource services, etc. Normally, users have to assign appropriate set of labels to a ticket so that it could be routed to right domain expert who can help resolve the issue. In practice, the number of labels are very large and organized in form of a tree. It is non-trivial to describe the issue completely and attach appropriate labels unless one knows the cause of the problem and the related labels. Sometimes domain experts discuss the issue with the users and change the ticket labels accordingly, without modifying the ticket description. This results in inconsistent and badly labeled data, making it hard for supervised algorithms to learn from. In this paper, we propose a novel approach of creating a conversational helpdesk system, which will ask relevant questions to the user, for identification of the right category and will then raise a ticket on users' behalf. We use attention based seq2seq model to assign the hierarchical categories to tickets. We use a slot filling model to help us decide what questions to ask to the user, if the top-k model predictions are not consistent. We also present a novel approach to generate training data for the slot filling model automatically based on attention in the hierarchical classification model. We demonstrate via a simulated user that the proposed approach can give us a significant gain in accuracy on ticket-data without asking too many questions to users. Finally, we also show that our seq2seq model is as versatile as other approaches on publicly available datasets, as state of the art approaches.
Blind cross-spectral image registration using prefiltering and Fourier-based translation detection (2002)

This paper describes a fast technique for registering image pairs from visible and infrared spectra that differ by translation, small rotations, and small changes of scale. The main result of this paper is a nonlinear prefiltering and thresholding technique that substantially enhances the cross-spectral correlation, provided that the image pairs have many features in common. We show the use of the technique in conjunction with a Fourier-based normalized correlation algorithm to perform fast cross-spectral registrations. In the absence of such prefiltering, local reversals of contrast from image to image tend, to impair the quality of correlation-based registrations. The algorithm computes the translation that maximizes the overall normalized correlation of the filtered images without examining individual image features. Small rotations and scale changes can be recovered by computing the translation displacement in several different regions of the image pairs. In an experiment on a moderate-sized database, the algorithm produced a correct registration rate of over 90% at a false positive rate of less than 10%. For a particularly difficult subset of images in the database, the correct registration rate fell to approximately 85% at a false positive rate of less than 10%. This retrieval quality is comparable to that of a mutual-information-based algorithm.
Computerized detection of clustered microcalcifications: evaluation of performance on mammograms from multiple centers. (1995)

To investigate the performance of a computerized method for the automated detection of clustered microcalcifications in digitized mammograms from a variety of screening centers, the authors invited 118 radiologists to bring up to five mammograms to their scientific exhibit at the 1993 meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). Forty-three mammograms from 14 sites were brought to the exhibit, where they were digitized and analyzed. Results of the analysis on the RSNA cases were compared with those obtained on a standard database of 39 mammograms collected from two centers. The performance of the detection algorithm on the RSNA images was lower than that achieved on the standard database. This lower performance was due in part to the higher fraction of very subtle clustered microcalcifications in the RSNA cases, as well as the apparent dependence of the algorithm on image characteristics (eg, contrast and noise), which varied from center to center. The authors conclude that the algorithm is robust and accurate enough to undergo clinical testing. When it is implemented clinically, the computerized scheme must be customized to the image characteristics at each specific screening center to obtain optimal performance.
Enhanced CSI Feedback for FD-MIMO with Beamformed CSI-RS in LTE-A Pro Systems (2016)

In this paper an enhanced channel state information (CSI) feedback scheme is proposed for full-dimension multiple-input multiple-output (FD-MIMO) systems based on beamformed channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS). To increase the spatial granularity of the beams used for data transmission and reduce the overhead in the downlink associated with beamformed CSI-RS transmission, a linear beam combining codebook is proposed. System-level performance evaluation of the proposed scheme is carried out and the performance is compared with the conventional beam selection codebook supported in LTE-A Pro Release 13 for Class B FD-MIMO systems. The proposed codebook shows significant performance improvement over the conventional codebook with reasonable increase in CSI feedback overhead and precoding matrix search complexity.