gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential of broadband power line home networking (2005)

In-house power line communication (PLC) enables new and highly convenient networking functions without any additional cables to mains-powered devices. Since wireless networks are not able to reach sufficient throughput between different rooms or even floors, PLC is considered to be the ideal backbone home network medium, providing complementary and seamless interaction with wireless networks. To gain knowledge about the PLC channel, measurements were done in 21 buildings across Europe. More than 700 outlets were connected. The measurement results were used to calculate the theoretical channel capacity according to Shannon's law. A comparison of various regulatory emission levels is presented. An estimation of the potential of OFDM based PLC system is provided. Finally, a mechanism to avoid radiation from PLC to ensure coexistence with SW radio applications and an outlook to future regulatory work are given.
A Linearized Model for the Design of Fractional-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$N$</tex></formula> Digital PLLs Based on Dual-Mode Ring Oscillator FDCs (2015)

A digital fractional- N phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer based on a second-order ΔΣ frequency-to-digital converter (FDC) without conventional analog components was recently proposed and demonstrated experimentally to have performance in line with state-of-the-art analog PLLs. However, unlike analog PLLs or prior PLLs based on second-order ΔΣ FDCs, it is highly digital and does not require an analog charge pump or ADC, so it is well-suited to implementation in highly-scaled CMOS technology. This paper derives a linearized model of the new architecture and key equations which are necessary for the design of PLLs based on the architecture.
Extreme-ultraviolet phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer: a wave-front metrology tool with subangstrom reference-wave accuracy (1999)

The phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) was recently developed and implemented at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to characterize extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) projection optical systems for lithography. Here we quantitatively characterize the accuracy and precision of the PS/PDI. Experimental measurements are compared with theoretical results. Two major classes of errors affect the accuracy of the interferometer: systematic effects arising from measurement geometry and systematic and random errors due to an imperfect reference wave. To characterize these effects, and hence to calibrate the interferometer, a null test is used. This null test also serves as a measure of the accuracy of the interferometer. We show the EUV PS/PDI, as currently implemented, to have a systematic error-limited reference-wave accuracy of 0.0028 waves (lambda/357 or 0.038 nm at lambda = 13.5 nm) within a numerical aperture of 0.082.
Low cost phase-modulation measurements of nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes using a lock-in amplifier (1999)

The use of a 200 MHz lock-in amplifier was demonstrated as a low cost instrument for frequency domain measurements of nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes. The lock-in directly provided both the dc bias and the ac signal used to modulate the intensity of a blue light emitting diode excitation source. The emission was measured by a photomultiplier tube and the resulting signal was sent back through a dc block to the lock-in with no external signal processing or heterodyning required. The system was highly accurate at measuring phase and modulation up to 80 MHz and moderately so up to 100 MHz. The fluorescence lifetimes of several standard fluorophores (Fluorescein, Rhodamine B, and [Ru(bpy)3]2+) were measured by the lock-in, and the results agreed closely with those made on a research grade fluorometer. The entire lock-in based system costs less than US $10,000 to build and can be controlled by any standard computer through a GPIB or serial connection. The system is also portable, consumes little power, and can easily be configured for use with fiber optics, making it ideal for use with fluorescence lifetime based sensors.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles with a Reusable Template–“Plastic Antibodies” (2013)

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are generic alternatives to antibodies in sensors, diagnostics and separations. To displace biomolecules without radical changes in infrastructure in device manufacture, MIPs should share their characteristics (solubility, size, specificity and affinity, localized binding domain) whilst maintaining the advantages of MIPs (low-cost, short development time and high stability) hence the interest in MIP nanoparticles. Herein we report a reusable solid-phase template approach (fully compatible with automation) for the synthesis of MIP nanoparticles and their precise manufacture using a prototype automated UV photochemical reactor. Batches of nanoparticles (30-400 nm) with narrow size distributions imprinted with: melamine (d = 60 nm, <i>K<sub>d</sub></i> = 6.3 × 10<sup>-8</sup> m), vancomycin (d = 250 nm, <i>K<sub>d</sub></i> = 3.4 × 10<sup>-9</sup> m), a peptide (d = 350 nm, <i>K<sub>d</sub></i> = 4.8 × 10<sup>-8</sup> m) and proteins have been produced. Our instrument uses a column packed with glass beads, bearing the template. Process parameters are under computer control, requiring minimal manual intervention. For the first time we demonstrate the reliable re-use of molecular templates in the synthesis of MIPs (≥ 30 batches of nanoMIPs without loss of performance). NanoMIPs are produced template-free and the solid-phase acts both as template and affinity separation medium.
Temperature compensation of fiber-optic current sensors in different regimes of operation (2012)

The previously demonstrated inherent temperature compensation of an interferometric fiber-optic current sensor is extended to the cases of large Faraday phase shifts and strong bend-induced birefringence in the sensing fiber.
Altered expression of microRNA-451 in eutopic endometrium of baboons (<i>Papio anubis</i>) with endometriosis (2015)

Our data suggest that the presence of ectopic lesions in baboon causes changes in EuE miR expression as early as 3 months postinduction of the disease, and some of these changes may persist throughout the course of the disease. We propose that the marked down-regulation of miR-451 in both baboons and women with endometriosis increases the expression of multiple target genes. Increased expression of one of the target genes, YWHAZ, increases proliferation, likely contributing to the pathophysiology of the disease.
Unobtrusive drowsiness detection by neural network learning of driver steering (2001)

The purpose of this study is to detect drowsiness in drivers unobtrusively to prevent accidents and to improve safety on the highways. A method for detecting drowsiness/sleepiness in drivers is developed. This method is based on an artificial neural network (ANN). Steering angle signals are preprocessed and presented to the ANN which classifies them into drowsy and non-drowsy driving intervals. The method presented here relies on signals from the vehicle steering only (steering angle) and thus presents no obstruction to the driver. A feedforward ANN was trained using an error back-propagation algorithm and tested. The training and testing data were obtained from a previous experiment in a driving simulator driven by 12 drivers, each under different levels of sleep deprivation. The network classifies driving intervals into drowsy and non-drowsy intervals with high accuracy.
Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation from Phospholipid-Fatty Acid Bicellar Mixtures (2020)

Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are versatile cell membrane-mimicking biointerfaces for various applications such as biosensors and drug delivery systems, and there is broad interest in developing simple, cost-effective methods to achieve SLB fabrication. One promising approach involves the deposition of quasi-two-dimensional bicelle nanostructures that are composed of long-chain phospholipids and either short-chain phospholipids or detergent molecules. While a variety of long-chain phospholipids have been used to prepare bicelles for SLB fabrication applications, only two short-chain phospholipids, 1,2-dihexanoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-diheptanoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine (collectively referred to as DHPC), have been investigated. There remains an outstanding need to identify natural alternatives to DHPC, especially ones that are more affordable, to improve fabrication prospects and application opportunities. Herein, we explored the potential to fabricate SLBs from bicellar mixtures composed of long-chain phospholipids and lauric acid (LA), which is a low-cost, naturally abundant fatty acid that is widely used in soapmaking and various industrial applications. Quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) experiments were conducted to track bicelle adsorption onto silica surfaces as a function of bicelle composition and lipid concentration, along with time-lapse fluorescence microscopy imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments to further characterize lipid adlayer properties. The results identified optimal conditions where it is possible to efficiently form SLBs from LA-containing bicelles at low lipid concentrations while also unraveling mechanistic insights into the bicelle-mediated SLB formation process and verifying that LA-containing bicelles are biocompatible with human cells for surface coating applications.
Dynamic variables (2001)

Most programming languages use static scope rules for associating uses of identifiers with their declarations. Static scope helps catch errors at compile time, and it can be implemented efficiently. Some popular languages—Perl, Tel, TeX, and Postscript—offer dynamic scope, because dynamic scope works well for variables that “customize” the execution environment, for example. Programmers must simulate dynamic scope to implement this kind of usage in statically scoped languages. This paper describes the design and implementation of imperative language constructs for introducing and referencing dynamically scoped variables—dynamic variables for short. The design is a minimalist one, because dynamic variables are best used sparingly, much like exceptions. The facility does, however, cater to the typical uses for dynamic scope, and it provides a cleaner mechanism for so-called thread-local variables. A particularly simple implementation suffices for languages without exception handling. For languages with exception handling, a more efficient implementation builds on existing compiler infrastructure. Exception handling can be viewed as a control construct with dynamic scope. Likewise, dynamic variables are a data construct with dynamic scope.
Platinum Monolayer on Nonnoble Metal—Noble Metal Core—Shell Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for O<sub>2</sub> Reduction. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Behavior and Electrochemical Characterization of Blends of Perfluoropolyether, Poly(ethylene glycol), and a Lithium Salt (2014)

Electrolytes consisting of low molecular weight perfluoropolyether (PFPE), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) blends were prepared and systematically studied for salt concentration and stoichiometry effects on the materials’ thermal and electrochemical properties. Herein we report that the tunable ratios of PFPE and PEG allow for precise control of crystalline melting and glass transition temperature properties. These blended liquid polymer electrolytes are inherently nonflammable and remain stable in the amorphous phase from approximately 150 °C down to −85 °C. The ionic conductivity of the electrolytes are on the order of 10–4 S/cm at 30 °C, which makes them suitable for rechargeable lithium batteries.
Control of established Salmonella typhimurium intestinal colonization with in vivo-passaged anaerobes. (1993)

Broiler chickens were inoculated orally with 10(6) Salmonella typhimurium on the day of hatch. Twenty-four to 72 hr after challenge, the chicks were inoculated orally with cecal microflora that had been repeatedly passed through lactose-fed broiler chicks. In vivo passage proved to be a convenient and practical method for preserving protective anaerobic flora. These organisms effectively reduced S. typhimurium concentrations in the cecal contents by 4-5 orders of magnitude, even when given 24 to 72 hr after Salmonella challenge inoculation.
Peel-and-Stick Sensors Powered by Directed Radio-Frequency Energy (2018)

PARC, a Xerox Company, is developing a low-cost system of peel-and-stick wireless sensors that will enable widespread building environmental sensor deployment with the potential to deliver up to 30% energy savings. The system is embodied by a set of radio-frequency (RF) hubs that provide power to automatically located sensor nodes and relay data wirelessly to the building management system (BMS). The sensor nodes are flexible electronic labels powered by rectified RF energy transmitted by the RF hub and can contain multiple printed and conventional sensors. The system design overcomes limitations in wireless sensors related to power delivery, lifetime, and cost by eliminating batteries and photovoltaic devices. Sensor localization is performed automatically by the inclusion of a programmable multidirectional antenna array in the RF hub. Comparison of signal strengths as the RF beam is swept allows for sensor localization, reducing installation effort and enabling automatic recommissioning of sensors that have been relocated. PARC has already demonstrated wireless power and temperature data transmission up to a distance of 20 m with 71 s between measurements, using power levels well within the Federal Communications Commission regulation limits in the 902–928 MHz industrial, medical and scientific (ISM) band. The sensor's RF energy harvesting antenna achieves high performance with dimensions of 5 cm × 9.5 cm.
Laser spallation of rocks for oil well drilling (2004)

Laser rock spallation is a rock removal process that utilizes laser-induced thermal stress to fracture the rock into small fragments before melting of the rock occurs. High intensity laser energy, applied on a rock that normally has very low thermal conductivity, concentrates locally on the rock surface area and causes the local temperature to increase instantaneously. The maximum temperature just below the melting temperature can be obtained by carefully controlling the laser parameters. This results in a local thermal stress in subsurface that is enough to spall the rock. This process continues on a new rock surface with the aid of the high pressure gas purging blowing away the cracked fragments. Laser parameters that affect the laser spallation efficiency will be discussed in the paper. Also reported in the paper is the multi laser beam spot spallation technique that has been developed for potentially drilling large diameter and deep gas and oil wells.
Analysis of a memory architecture for fast packet buffers (2002)

An packet switches contain packet buffers to hold packets during times of congestion. The capacity of a high performance router is often dictated by the speed of its packet buffers. This is particularly true for a shared memory switch where the memory needs to operate at N times the line rate, where N is the number of ports in the system. Even input queued switches must be able to buffer packets at the rate at which they arrive. Therefore, as the link rates increase memory bandwidth requirements grow. With today's DRAM technology and for an OC192c (10 Gb/s) link, it is barely possible to write packets to (read packets from) memory at the rate at which they arrive (depart). As link rates increase, the problem will get harder. There are several techniques for building faster packet buffers, based on ideas from computer architecture such as memory interleaving and banking. While not directly applicable to packet switches, they form the basis of several techniques in use today. We consider one particular packet buffer architecture consisting of large, slow, low cost, DRAMs coupled with a small, fast SRAM "buffer". We describe and analyze a memory management algorithm (ECQF-MMA) for replenishing the cache and find a bound on the size of the SRAM.
<title>Spatiotemporal multiplexing: color decoding from single-array digital images</title> (1997)

This is an update from our ongoing studies on a biologically inspired, digital color image representation presented here before. It has evolved into a technology named Chromaplex<SUP>TM</SUP>, with practical applications for both static (still pictures) and dynamic (digital video and motion pictures) images in three areas: (1) Simplification of processing, storage, compression, and transmission of digital color images. (2) Economical full-color upgrading of black and white (gray scale) image capturing systems. (3) Increase up to 4X of spatial resolution in high-quality digital image capturing systems currently designed for triplane color capture (three separate CCDs or three scans). Sample images of these applications are available on a world wide web site. In this paper we present data showing that spatial blur artifacts are worse when produced by conventional techniques of color interpolation than those produced by Chromaplex decoding. We also show that Chromaplex color decoding of CCD outputs, first demonstrated for CCDs with relatively narrow-band RGB filters, is equally applicable to digital imaging systems having CCDs with broad band subtractive color filters (like cyan, yellow, and magenta), but the often necessary color transformation from subtractive color to RGB brings in different tradeoffs.
Progress in the development of high efficiency segmented thermoelectric generators (1999)

The integration of new more efficient thermoelectric materials developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory into a new high performance segmented thermoelectric generator has been reported earlier. Progress in the development of this new segmented thermoelectric generator is reported in this paper. This generator would operate over a large temperature difference (300–973 K) and uses novel segmented legs based on a combination of state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials and p-type Zn4−xCdxSb3 alloys, p-type CeFe4Sb12-based alloys and n-type CoSb3-based alloys. An increase in the thermoelectric materials conversion efficiency of about 60% is expected compared to Bi2Te3- and PbTe-based generators. A computer program was written to optimize the thermal efficiency of the device. The optimal geometry, power output, efficiency and other properties of the generator were calculated and are presented. In addition results of bonding studies between Zn4Sb3 and Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 are reported and discussed.
Myocardial tagging in polar coordinates with use of striped tags. (1990)

Regional deformation abnormalities in the heart wall provide a good indicator of ischemia. Myocardial tagging with magnetic resonance imaging is a new method of assessing heart wall motion during contraction. Current methods of myocardial tagging either do not provide two-dimensional information or lack a coordinate system well adapted to the morphology of the heart. In this article, the authors describe a new tagging method that provides a true polar coordinate system, with both radial and angular dimensions. This is accomplished with use of a section-selective version of spatially modulated magnetization resulting in striped tags (STAGs). These STAG planes are placed in the myocardium in a star pattern so that they intersect on the long axis of the heart and stripes appear through the width of the heart wall. In the short-axis view during contraction, rotation around the long axis yields angular information such as shear and twist, while separation of the stripes within the myocardium permits measurement of radial thickening. Therefore, this method provides a coordinate system for calculating two-dimensional strain that is adapted to the morphology of the left ventricle.
Acoustic translation of quadraphonic signals for two- and four-speaker sound reproduction (1979)

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Carbonate hydroxyapatite gel monolith formation and drying (1996)

The effect of carbonate in reducing the crystal size of precipitated hydroxyapatite by approximately an order of magnitude has not been used previously in the preparation of gel monoliths for the fabrication of carbonate hydroxyapatite ceramics. The aim of this study was to devise a method whereby gel monoliths of carbonate hydroxyapatite could be repeatably produced without cracking. A precipitation reaction was used for the preparation of carbonate hydroxyapatities with carbonate contents of 5.8 and 7.8 wt%. Biaxial vacuum filtration was used to form disc shaped monoliths. The rate of filtration of a 7.8 wt% carbonate hydroxyapatite sol was measured throughout the gelation process. Gel monoliths were dried slowly in air and the mass and dimensions of the gel were recorded once approximately every 24 hours. Using this data, the permeability, water volume fraction with time, rate of water loss, gelation point and gel density were determined. The pore size distribution was measured using mercury porosimetry for a carbonate apatite gel and a pressed powder pellet of a commercial hydroxyapatite. In tact monoliths were formed with masses up to 9.9 g. It was found that gelation behaviour was independent of monolith size and carbonate content and the final green density of all monoliths was 37%. Gelation was found to occur at 50-55 vol% water. Gel monoliths were found to have a monomodal pore size distribution with a mean pore size of 9.1 nm, whereas a pressed pellet of hydroxyapatite had a bimodal pore size distribution.
Development of a MEMS-Based Rankine Cycle Steam Turbine For Power Generation: Project Status (2004)

This paper summarizes de challenges, prospects, and status of the on-going project to develop a MEMS-based microturbine device that implements a steam Rankine power cycle for portable power generation. First, the device configuration is motivated by a discussion of the unique characteristics of the Rankine cycle. Progress to date on the development of the rotating and thermal subsystems is then presented along with areas of future work.
10 Gb/s Ethernet laser communications using optical space-time division multiple access (2010)

The use of free-space laser communications for military applications will continue to increase because of its advantages with respect to bandwidth, low probability of detection, interception and jamming, and absence of spectrum restrictions. Multiple access, the ability of a terminal to simultaneously provide network access for multiple users, will become increasingly important as the number of users increases. Decreasing cost, size, weight, and power per user is essential to increasing the number and types of lasercom users. We have developed an approach to multiple-access lasercom that accomplishes this using the commercial paradigm of sharing the most expensive terminal resources among all the users. Space-time division multiple-access (STDMA), analogous to an optical spacetime switch, hops the transmit beam and receive direction among multiple users and exchanges data while the beam dwells on a user. A key enabler of STDMA is electronic beam steering, which provides fast, precise, agile beam re-pointing. We present the results of laboratory tests of STDMA for two users. The dead-time in re-pointing the beam between users has been measured under different conditions and found to be as low as 10 ms. This is low enough to enable efficient bandwidth utilization. 10 Gb/s Ethernet traffic has been transmitted to the terminals to directly measure bandwidth efficiency, which varied from ~85% to 98% depending on the transmission time per remote terminal.