gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Scheme for Type-II Hybrid ARQ Protocols Using LDPC Codes (2007)

In this paper, we propose a novel type-II hybrid ARQ scheme using low density parity check (LDPC) codes. The proposed approach combines low hardware overhead with good decoding performance by using an efficient decoder operating at a much higher rate with a much smaller size parity check matrix. Our scheme makes parts of the previously received data gradually improved until successful decoding of the entire original codeword. We also present a novel efficient framework for constructing rate-compatible LDPC codes applied in our hybrid ARQ scheme. The progressive edge growth (PEG) construction method with zigzag pattern results in linear-time encoding.
Deep learning for general game playing with Ludii and Polygames (2022)

Combinations of Monte-Carlo tree search and Deep Neural Networks, trained through self-play, have produced state-of-the-art results for automated game-playing in many board games. The training and search algorithms are not game-specific, but every individual game that these approaches are applied to still requires domain knowledge for the implementation of the game’s rules, and constructing the neural network’s architecture – in particular the shapes of its input and output tensors. Ludii is a general game system that already contains over 1,000 different games, which can rapidly grow thanks to its powerful and user-friendly game description language. Polygames is a framework with training and search algorithms, which has already produced superhuman players for several board games. This paper describes the implementation of a bridge between Ludii and Polygames, which enables Polygames to train and evaluate models for games that are implemented and run through Ludii. We do not require any game-specific domain knowledge anymore, and instead leverage our domain knowledge of the Ludii system and its abstract state and move representations to write functions that can automatically determine the appropriate shapes for input and output tensors for any game implemented in Ludii. We describe experimental results for short training runs in a wide variety of different board games, and discuss several open problems and avenues for future research.
Large displacement linear actuator (1990)

The design and performance of a large-force, large-amplitude electrostatic actuator that exhibits the best features of previous electrostatic actuator designs are described. A tangential drive (T-drive) polysilicon, linear actuator is presented. It produces large-magnitude tangential motion by flexing a microstructure in an essentially straight line with moderate input voltage. These devices are designed, fabricated, and successfully tested to have substantial displacements even for static positioning. The working principle of the T-drive is that the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between a fixed bar and a free bar are converted to large-amplitude tangential motion by the parallelogram flexural suspension of the free bar. Operating devices are capable of tangential displacements as great as 32 mu m. This displacement is stable and easily varied, because the tangential displacement can be controlled by adjusting the potential between the fixed electrode and the traversing bar. Static displacements are detectable for voltages as low as 15 VDC. Typical T-drives have free bars 200 mu m long and 12 mu m wide, with flexural suspensions 450 mu m long and 2 mu m wide. All component thicknesses are 2 mu m. Theoretical models for both the flexural suspension and electrostatic forces are derived, and they predict the relation between tangential displacement and excitation voltage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An innovative energy-saving in-flight melting technology and its application to glass production (2008)

The conventional method used for glass melting is air-fuel firing, which is inefficient, energy-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, an innovative in-flight melting technology was developed and applied to glass production for the purposes of energy conservation and environmental protection. Three types of heating sources, radio-frequency (RF) plasma, a 12-phase alternating current (ac) arc and an oxygen burner, were used to investigate the in-flight melting behavior of granulated powders. Results show that the melted particles are spherical with a smooth surface and compact structure. The diameter of the melted particles is about 50% of that of the original powders. The decomposition and vitrification degrees of the prepared powders decrease in the order of powders prepared by RF plasma, the 12-phase ac arc and the oxygen burner. The largest heat transfer is from RF plasma to particles, which results in the highest particle temperature (1810 °C) and the greatest vitrification degree of the raw material. The high decomposition and vitrification degrees, which are achieved in milliseconds, shorten the melting and fining times of the glass considerably. Our results indicate that the proposed in-flight melting technology is a promising method for use in the glass industry.
Diels–Alder Cycloaddition for Fluorophore Targeting to Specific Proteins inside Living Cells (2011)

The inverse-electron-demand Diels–Alder cycloaddition between trans-cyclooctenes and tetrazines is biocompatible and exceptionally fast. We utilized this chemistry for site-specific fluorescence labeling of proteins on the cell surface and inside living mammalian cells by a two-step protocol. Escherichia coli lipoic acid ligase site-specifically ligates a trans-cyclooctene derivative onto a protein of interest in the first step, followed by chemoselective derivatization with a tetrazine–fluorophore conjugate in the second step. On the cell surface, this labeling was fluorogenic and highly sensitive. Inside the cell, we achieved specific labeling of cytoskeletal proteins with green and red fluorophores. By incorporating the Diels–Alder cycloaddition, we have broadened the panel of fluorophores that can be targeted by lipoic acid ligase.
Dual anode materials for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries (2018)

Currently, the application of new energy conversion and storage technologies is urgent in order to meet the increasing requirements for energy.
Traffic Management for Aggregate IP Streams (1999)

The IP networking industry is defining ways to differentiate service levels and provide contracted quality of service. Much of the work, such as multi-protocol label switching, is moving toward traffic engineering models for aggregate streams that closely parallel those of ATM networks. A general architecture, similar to that used for ATM connections, is suggested for the traffic management of IP aggregates. ATM networks use resource management cells for control. These cells are injected, monitored and removed by the network. They do not intrude on the user traffic and do not have to be aware of the user data protocols. Such a control overlay, which is absent from TCP/IP, is well-suited for a future IP network. The control overlay has particular value for the management of controlled network bandwidth sharing between aggregate IP streams. Issues with TCP, the primary traffic sharing mechanism in today&apos;s network, are discussed. An approach that uses TCP&apos;s congestion control to ma...
Study on the Reduction Mechanism of Panzhihua (China) Ilmenite Activated by Ball Milling (2014)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgement
Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation<i>In vitro</i>Is Modulated by Antibodies against Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 Isolated from Patient Serum (2006)

Circulating autoantibodies against the glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa (GRP78) are present at high levels in prostate cancer patients and are a biomarker of aggressive tumor behavior. We purified the anti-GRP78 IgGs and examined their effect on 1-LN, PC-3, DU145, and LnCap human prostate cancer cells. We also evaluated its effects on the breast cancer MDA-MB231 and melanoma DM413 cell lines. The anti-GRP78 antibody binds only to cells expressing GRP78 on the surface, to a site also recognized by its physiologic agonist, activated alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M*). This antibody is completely specific for a peptide, including the primary amino acid sequence CNVKSDKSC, which contains a tertiary structural motif mimicking an epitope in GRP78. Tertiary structural analysis suggested the linear GRP78 primary amino acid sequence LIGRTWNDPSVQQDIKFL (Leu(98)-Leu(115)) as the putative binding site, containing the tertiary structual arrangement described above, which was confirmed experimentally. The anti-GRP78 antibodies from prostate cancer patients recognize almost exclusively this epitope. We produced animal antibodies against both these peptides, and they are able to mimic the effects of the human antibody. Our experiments also suggest this epitope as highly immunogenic, thereby explaining the specificity of the immune response against this epitope in GRP78, observed in humans. Using 1-LN cells as a model, we show that anti-GRP78 IgG purified from the sera of these patients mimics the proproliferative effects induced by alpha(2)M* via the common receptor, GRP78. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of human anti-GRP78 IgG show a dose-dependent protective effect on apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha.
A Low Voltage Electrostatic Micro Actuator for Large Out-of-Plane Displacement (2014)

An electrostatic actuator is designed to move a 1 mm mirror, 58 μm out of plane at 25 volts. Large out-of-plane displacement is obtained from repulsive forces generated on four sets of comb drive fingers attached to the mirror plate in the middle. The proposed actuator is a customized design of a previous study for low voltage applications. The static modeling of the actuator was performed using a coupled-field finite element model of the actuator, including mechanical and electrical domains. Low voltage operation is achieved by decreasing the finger width and the lateral spacing, which increased the generated repulsive force at a specified voltage in a unit cell of the actuator. Decreasing the lateral spacing also enabled increasing the number of fingers, which could increase the repulsive-force, and consequently the torque and the rotation angles when the vertical gap between moving and fixed fingers is small. However, the redesigned actuator has a lower stiffness compared to the previous design. The actuator is optimized for auto-focusing applications in cell phone cameras that require voltages below 30 Volts for user safety. In the intended auto-focusing module, the actuators do not carry the lens and auto-focusing is obtained by moving the mirror attached to the actuators.
Face recognition with salient local gradient orientation binary patterns (2009)

This paper proposes a new face recognition method. There are two novelties in the proposed method. First, a new saliency measure function is designed to detect the most salient regions in facial images and determine their corresponding best scales. Second, a new type of image feature, called local gradient orientation binary pattern (LGOBP) is proposed, which captures the neighborhood gradient orientation information which is not considered in the conventional local binary patterns (LBP) to give more discriminant power. LGOBPs are extracted from the most salient regions selected by the proposed saliency measure function. The proposed method is evaluated on the FRGC version 2 database by comparing it with several widely used methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves the highest recognition rate among all the compared methods.
Clinical Significance of c-met Oncogene Alterations in Human Colorectal Cancer (1999)

Abnormalities of the c-met oncogene have been studied in cancers of many organs including thyroid, lung, pancreas, and stomach. However, little is known about the clinical significance of c-met oncogene abnormalities in colorectal cancer. We investigated the amplification and overexpression of the c-met gene in surgically resected samples from 43 patients with colorectal cancer using Southern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Four of 33 (12%) samples of colorectal cancer showed amplification of the c-met gene. Twelve of 43 (30%) exhibited overexpression of the c-met gene. The patients with c-met overexpression showed greater tumor size, compared to those without c-met overexpression (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in clinical stage, histological differentiation, tumor markers, or overall survival between two groups. The findings of the present study suggest that overexpression of c-met gene plays an important role in growth of colorectal cancer.
Chromatographic Properties of Silica-Based Monolithic HPLC Columns (2002)

Silica-based monolithic HPLC columns contain a novel chromatographic support in which the traditional particulate packing has been replaced with a single, continuous network (monolith) of porous silica. The main advantage of such a network is decreased backpressure due to macropores (2 μM) throughout the network. This allows high flow rates, and hence fast analyses that are unattainable with traditional particulate columns. The Chromolith SpeedROD™ (EM Science, Gibbstown NJ) is a commercially available silica-based monolithic column. This work investigated the chromatographic properties of the 50x4.60 mm (ODS) SpeedROD™. Data fit to the van Deemter equation (mean square error=0.834) indicated that the van Deemter model was valid for monolithic columns. An effective particle size of 4 μM for the SpeedROD™ column was assigned by comparing the minimum of van Deemter curves with a series of particulate columns having various particle diameters. Separation Impedance (E), an empirically derived measure of column performance, was calculated as an alternate method of evaluating column efficiency. Data collected using this model confirmed monolithic columns behaves as a (more efficient) 3 μM column. A series of experiments were designed to compare the effects of mobile phase strength and mobile phase viscosity between the SpeedROD™ column and a particulate column. The results indicated both solvent strength and viscosity have effects on the monolithic column at the optimum linear velocity. A fast (90 s) HPLC method was developed using the SpeedROD™ column and a seven-component test mixture with a large range of hydrophobicities. The precision for both retention time and peak area was measured at high linear velocities (8 mL/min) and the percent relative standard deviation (RSD) calculated. Column to column reproducibility (n=6) was measured. The overall percent RSD ranged from 0.25% to 4.56% for retention time and from 1.08% to 6.77% for peak area. Run to run reproducibility (n=15) was measured for all six columns. Averages ranged for retention time from 0.89% to 5.09% RSD and for peak area from 4.65% to 6.18% RSD. Applications for the SpeedROD™ column with various sample types were developed and discussed. These methods demonstrated the effectiveness of the SpeedROD™ at fast flow rates.
The Effect of Octanoate and Palmitate on the Metabolism of Valine in Perfused Hindquarter of Rat (1979)

The effect of octanoate and palmitate on the oxidation of 14C-labelled valine has been studied in perfused hindquarter of rat. 1. The oxidation rate of valine increases 30 times when the concentration of valine is increased from 0.1 mM to 5 mM. 2. Octanoate at a 5 mM concentration effected a 10-fold increase in the flux through the alpha-ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase step and a 5-fold increase at 0.5 mM concentration. 3. Palmitate (1 mM) effects only a moderate increase in the valine oxidation. 4. With no octanoate there was a great accumulation of alpha-ketoisovalerate in both the muscle and the perfusion medium. 5. With octanoate little alpha-ketoisovalerate accumulated whereas 3-hydroxyisobutyrate was found in high concentration both in the muscle and in the medium. 6. Octanoate stimulated the production of citric-acid-cycle intermediates and lactate. 7. The results are discussed in relation to valine metabolism in the body.
Mutagenesis approaches to deduce structure–function relationships in terpene synthases (2003)

This review highlights mutagenesis studies of terpene synthases, specifically sesquiterpene synthases and oxidosqualene cyclases. Mutagenesis studies of these enzymes have provided mechanistic insights, structure-function relationships for specific enzymatic residues, novel terpene structures and enzymes with novel activities. The literature through 2002 is reviewed and 113 references cited.
The therapeutic potential of chemical chaperones in protein folding diseases (2014)

Several neurodegenerative diseases are caused by defects in protein folding, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and prion diseases. Once a disease-specific protein misfolds, it can then form toxic aggregates which accumulate in the brain, leading to neuronal dysfunction, cell death, and clinical symptoms. Although significant advances have been made toward understanding the mechanisms of protein aggregation, there are no curative treatments for any of these diseases. Since protein misfolding and the accumulation of aggregates are the most upstream events in the pathological cascade, rescuing or stabilizing the native conformations of proteins is an obvious therapeutic strategy. In recent years, small molecules known as chaperones have been shown to be effective in reducing levels of misfolded proteins, thus minimizing the accumulation of aggregates and their downstream pathological consequences. Chaperones are classified as molecular, pharmacological, or chemical. In this mini-review we summarize the modes of action of different chemical chaperones and discuss evidence for their efficacy in the treatment of protein folding diseases in vitro and in vivo.
Formation of (111) orientation-controlled ferroelectric orthorhombic HfO2 thin films from solid phase via annealing (2016)

0.07YO1.5-0.93HfO2 (YHO7) films were prepared on various substrates by pulse laser deposition at room temperature and subsequent heat treatment to enable a solid phase reaction. (111)-oriented 10 wt. % Sn-doped In2O3(ITO)//(111) yttria-stabilized zirconia, (111)Pt/TiOx/SiO2/(001)Si substrates, and (111)ITO/(111)Pt/TiOx/SiO2/(001)Si substrates were employed for film growth. In this study, X-ray diffraction measurements including θ–2θ measurements, reciprocal space mappings, and pole figure measurements were used to study the films. The film on (111)ITO//(111)yttria-stabilized zirconia was an (111)-orientated epitaxial film with ferroelectric orthorhombic phase; the film on (111)ITO/(111)Pt/TiOx/SiO2/(001)Si was an (111)-oriented uniaxial textured film with ferroelectric orthorhombic phase; and no preferred orientation was observed for the film on the (111)Pt/TiOx/SiO2/(001)Si substrate, which does not contain ITO. Polarization–hysteresis measurements confirmed that the films on ITO covered substrates had saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loops. A remanent polarization (Pr) of 9.6 and 10.8 μC/cm2 and coercive fields (Ec) of 1.9 and 2.0 MV/cm were obtained for the (111)-oriented epitaxial and uniaxial textured YHO7 films, respectively. These results demonstrate that the (111)-oriented ITO bottom electrodes play a key role in controlling the orientation and ferroelectricity of the phase formation of the solid films deposited at room temperature.
Matching and Retrieval of Tattoo Images: Active Contour CBIR and Glocal Image Features (2008)

Tattoos provide an important source of biometric information, particularly in gang-related criminal activity. The goal of this paper is the formation of an image analysis tool to match tattoos and to retrieve similar tattoos from a tattoo database. First, an existing content based image retrieval (CBIR) approach for tattoos is reviewed. Then, a new active contour CBIR approach is detailed. This method incorporates vector field convolution active contours for tattoo segmentation, Haar wavelet decomposition for texture analysis, hue-saturation-value histograms for color representation and Fourier shape descriptors for shape characterization. Finally, the glocal (global-local) image feature approach is introduced. Results are provided for two datasets that include both recreational and prison/gang tattoos.
18F-FDG PET CT as a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (2015)

A high TSUVmax/MSUVmean ratio on 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging can serve as an independent prognostic factor in HCC and may predict tumor recurrence after TACE.
C−H Bond Functionalization via Hydride Transfer: Synthesis of Dihydrobenzopyrans from <i>ortho</i>-Vinylaryl Akyl Ethers (2009)

The hydride transfer initiated cyclization ("HT-cyclization") of aryl alkyl ethers, which leads to direct coupling of sp(3) C-H bonds and activated alkenes, is reported. Readily available salicylaldehyde derived ethers are converted in one step to dihydrobenzopyrans, an important class of heteroarenes frequently found in biologically active compounds. This process has not been previously reported, in contrast to known HT-cyclizations of the corresponding tert-amines ("tert-amino effect" reactions).
Stabilization of the third fibronectin type III domain of human tenascin-C through minimal mutation and rational design (2014)

Non-antibody scaffolds are increasingly used to generate novel binding proteins for both research and therapeutic applications. Our group has developed the tenth fibronectin type III domain of human tenascin-C (TNfn3) as one such scaffold. As a scaffold, TNfn3 must tolerate extensive mutation to introduce novel binding sites. However, TNfn3's marginal stability (T(m) ∼ 59°C, ΔG(unfolding) = 5.7 kcal/mol) stands as a potential obstacle to this process. To address this issue, we sought to engineer highly stable TNfn3 variants. We used two parallel strategies. Using insights gained from structural analysis of other FN3 family members, we (1) rationally designed stabilizing point mutations or (2) introduced novel stabilizing disulfide bonds. Both strategies yielded highly stable TNfn3 variants with T(m) values as high as 83°C and ΔG(unfolding) values as high as 9.4 kcal/mol. Notably, only three or four mutations were required to achieve this level of stability with either approach. These results validate our rational design strategies and illustrate that substantial stability increases can be achieved with minimal mutation. One TNfn3 variant reported here has now been successfully used as a scaffold to develop two promising therapeutic molecules. We anticipate that other variants described will exhibit similar utility.
High vacuum standard and its use (1989)

The Center for Basic Standards develops and maintains the scientific competencies and laboratory facilities nec- essary to preserve and continue to refine the base physical quantities upon which the Nation's measurement system is constructed. The Center is responsible for the standards of voltage, current, resistance and impedance, temperature, vacuum, leak rate, pressure, mass, length, time and frequency. The Center collaborates closely with the standardizing laboratories of other countries to ensure that measures used in international trade are fully compatible. The Center also performs research at the frontiers of physics in order to improve measurement capability and quantitative understanding of basic physical processes that underlie measurement science.
Comments on selecting ephemeral ports (2009)

Careless selection of the ephemeral port number portion of a transport protocol's connection identifier has been shown to potentially degrade security by opening the connection up to injection attacks from "blind" or "off path" attackers--or, attackers that cannot directly observe the connection. This short paper empirically explores a number of algorithms for choosing the ephemeral port number that attempt to obscure the choice from such attackers and hence make mounting these blind attacks more difficult.