gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A putative HCO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub> transporter in the cyanobacterium <i>Synechococcus</i> sp. strain PCC 7942<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Cyanobacteria possess an inducible mechanism which enables them to concentrate inorganic carbon (Ci) within the cells. An inactivation library was used to raise the high-CO2-requiring mutant of Synechococcus PCC 7942, IL-2, impaired in HCO3- transport. Analysis of the relevant genomic DNA detected several modifications, probably due to the single crossover recombination, leading to inactivation of ORF467 (designated ictB) in IL-2. IctB contains 10 trans-membrane regions and is homologous to several transport-related proteins from various organisms. Kinetic analyses of HCO3- uptake in the wild type and IL-2 suggested the presence of two or three HCO3- carriers exhibiting different affinities to HCO3-.
Feedback control in organic synthesis. A system for solid phase peptide synthesis with true automation (1987)

A technique for Solid phase peptide synthesis using esters of 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-oxobenzotriazine is described which permits real time monitoring of acylation reactions on the resin support with feedback control of the synthesis.
Atheroprotective Properties of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) in Cardiometabolic Disorders (2009)

Although remarkable therapeutic advances in the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders have been made with current therapeutic options, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the Western world. Therefore, to develop a novel therapeutic strategy is needed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in high-risk patients for atherosclerosis. Recently, we, along with others, have shown that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a glycoprotein with potent neuronal differentiating activity, exerts anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in vascular wall cells, leukocytes and platelets. In addition, PEDF not only suppresses neointimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty, but also blocks occlusive thrombus formation in a rat arterial thrombosis model. These observations suggest that substitution of PEDF may be a novel therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the pathophysiological role of PEDF in atherosclerosis and its potential therapeutic implication in this devastating disorder. We also discuss here the kinetics and regulation of PEDF in cardiometabolic disorders in humans.
Discovery and pharmacological characterization of a new class of prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor for anti-fibrosis therapy (2017)

Scleroderma has clinical characteristics including skin and other tissue fibrosis, but there is an unmet need for anti-fibrotic therapy. Halofuginone (HF) is a well-known anti-fibrosis agent in preclinical and clinical studies which exerts its effect via inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Recently, prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) was elucidated as a target protein for HF that binds to the proline binding site of the catalytic domain of PRS. Here, we characterized a new class of PRS inhibitor (T-3833261) that is carefully designed in a way that binds to the ATP site of the catalytic domain and does not disrupt binding of proline. The anti-fibrotic activity and the mechanism of action for T-3833261 on TGF-β-induced fibrotic assay were compared with those of HF in primary human skin fibroblast. We evaluated in vivo effect of topical application of T-3833261 and HF on TGF-β-induced fibrotic genes expression in mice. We found that T-3833261 suppressed TGF-β-induced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen α1 (COL1A1) expression through the Smad3 axis in a similar fashion to HF. In vivo topical application of T-3833261 reduced the increase of fibrotic genes expression such as α-Sma, Col1a1 and Col1a2 by TGF-β intradermal injection to the ear of a mouse. We revealed that T-3833261 is more effective than HF under the conditions of high proline concentration, as reported in fibrotic tissues. These results suggest the potential of ATP competitive PRS inhibitors for the treatment of fibrotic diseases such as scleroderma.
Characterization of wavelength swept laser for optical coherence tomography imaging (2008)

We report the characteristics of a wavelength swept laser with a scanning fiber Fabry-Perot filter in the 1300 nm. We investigate the dependence of the scanning frequencies of the conventional and Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) wavelength swept laser. In the FDML swept laser, the transient intensity profiles and the tuning bandwidths were investigated according to the injection currents and detuning of the scanning frequency. In addition, the transient intensity profiles showed significant asymmetric behavior according to the detuned frequencies.
Design Of Reliable And Low Cost Substrate Heater For Thin Film Deposition (2012)

The substrate heater designed for this investigation is a front side substrate heating system. It consists of 10 conventional tungsten halogen lamps and an aluminum reflector, total input electrical power of 5 kW. The substrate is heated by means of a radiation from conventional tungsten halogen lamps directed to the substrate through a glass window. This design allows easy replacement of the lamps and maintenance of the system. Within 2 to 6 minutes the substrate temperature reaches 500 to 830 C by varying the vertical distance between the glass window and the substrate holder. Moreover, the substrate temperature can be easily controlled by controlling the input power to the system. This design gives excellent opportunity to deposit many deferent films at deferent temperatures in the same deposition time. This substrate heater was successfully used for Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of many thin films, such as Silicon, iron, etc.
The role of induction in knowledge elilcitation (1985)

Abstract: Knowledge elicitation from experts is a major problem in the development of expert system. This paper sunmarises some of the difficulties inherent in the process and suggests that in certain situations induction can help. The algorithm considered Quinlan's ID3, because this is used in abailable software.
Pathogenicity of reassortant H9 influenza viruses with different NA genes in mice and chickens (2016)

To better understand the influence of different NA genes on pathogenicity of H9 viruses, three reassortant H9 viruses (rH9N1, H9N2 and rH9N3) were generated and characterized. All three viruses replicated efficiently in eggs and MDCK cells, whereas the rH9N1 and rH9N3 replicated more efficiently than H9N2 in A549 cells. The rH9N3 replicated more efficiently than rH9N1 and H9N2 viruses in mice, however, rH9N3 replicated and shed less efficiently than the H9N2 virus in chickens. Further studies indicate that N3 had higher NA activity and released virus from erythrocytes faster, which may improve the adaptation of H9 influenza virus to mammals.
Direct FeS Cluster Involvement in Generation of a Radical in Lysine 2,3-Aminomutase (2000)

Lysine 2,3-aminomutase (KAM) belongs to a class of enzymes that use FeS clusters and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to initiate radical-dependent chemistry. Selenium K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopic analysis of KAM poised at various stages of catalysis, in the presence of selenomethionine or Se-adenosyl-L-selenomethionine, reveals that the cofactor is cleaved only in the presence of dithionite and the substrate analogue trans-4,5-dehydrolysine. A new Fourier transform peak at 2.7 A, assigned as a Se-Fe interaction, appears concomitant with this cleavage. This is the first demonstration of a direct interaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, or its cleavage products, with the FeS cluster in this class of enzymes.
Image restoration by short space spectral subtraction (1980)

A new image restoration system that is applicable to the problem of restoring an image degraded by blurring and additive noise is presented in this paper. The system is developed by attempting to estimate more accurately the frequency response of typical image restoration filters available in the literature. The resulting system combined with its short space implementation is computationally simple and appears to compare quite well in performance with other restoration techniques. Some examples are given to illustrate the performance of the new image restoration system.
Novel Platelet Substitutes: Disk-Shaped Biodegradable Nanosheets and their Enhanced Effects on Platelet Aggregation (2009)

We have studied biocompatible spherical carriers carrying a dodecapeptide, HHLGGAKQAGDV (H12), on their surface as platelet substitutes. This peptide is a fibrinogen γ-chain carboxy-terminal sequence (γ400-411) and specifically recognizes the active form of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa on activated platelets. Our purpose is to assess the possibility of making a novel platelet substitute consisting of disk-shaped nanosheets having a large contact area for the targeting site, rather than conventional small contact area spherical carriers. The H12 peptide was conjugated to the surface of the free-standing nanosheets made of biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). These H12-PLGA nanosheets were fabricated onto 3 μm disk-shaped patterned hydrophobic octadecyl regions on a SiO(2) substrate. By way of comparison, spherical H12-PLGA microparticles with the same surface area and conjugation number of H12 were also prepared. The resulting H12-PLGA nanosheets specifically interacted with the activated platelets adhered on the collagen surface at twice the rate of the H12-PLGA microparticles under flow conditions, and showed platelet thrombus formation in a two-dimensional spreading manner. Thus, H12-PLGA nanosheets might be a suitable candidate novel platelet alternative substitute for infused human platelet concentrates for the treatment of bleeding in patients with severe thrombocytopenia.
Quantum cryptography-from single-photon transmission, key extraction methods to novel quantum information protocols (2003)

We review the field of quantum cryptography starting from the basic physical principles, discussing the classical information concepts involved, and review the experimental status. Finally, we discuss possible extensions of quantum cryptography beyond secret key generation, given that practical handling of multi quantum bit systems becomes feasible.
Implementations and applications of the sparse Radon transform (2009)

The Radon transform (RT) has many desirable properties which make it particularly useful for multiple removal and interpolation of seismic reflections. However many practical difficulties arise as a consequence of poor sampling and limited aperture in the offset dimension. Furthermore the ever increasing volumes of seismic data make computing time a key issue in any practical implementation. The standard implementations of the Radon transform used in seismic processing fulfill very well the requirement of a fast transform but do not allow proper handling of problems associated with sampling and aperture. Many of these difficulties can be partially solved by using inverse theory to compute the transform subject to a sparseness constraint. The main thrust and contribution of this thesis lies in the exploration of the sparseness constraint and the design and implementation of the RT. Although this technique reduces sampling and aperture problems, it also considerably increases the computation time. Some of the possible solutions to decrease computation time discussed in this thesis are conjugate gradient methods, irregularly sampled model space and efficient operations with sparse matrices. Real data often have very complicated structure that makes sparseness criteria difficult to implement. Noise, non hyperbolic events and amplitude variation with offset conspire against sparseness. Therefore, the success of this method depends on the applied algorithms and on a delicate balance between sparseness and fit of data. Several real data examples of multiple removal and interpolation show the success of the proposed algorithms to achieve this balance. Another aspect of this thesis is the design of new applications for the Radon transform in seismic processing. Many new applications can be developed by designing new types of Radon operators. Some new applications implemented in this thesis are elliptical and hybrid linear-hyperbolic Radon transforms that should prove to be useful for slant-stack processing and ground roll removal respectively. As a final topic, this thesis presents an application of the RT to the enhancement of a prestack time migration method. Multiple attenuation, artifact filtering and automatic velocity model corrections result from the merging of the R T with equivalent offset migration.
Activation of the JAK/STAT pathway following transient focal cerebral ischemia: Signaling through Jak1 and Stat3 in astrocytes (2000)

JAK/STAT is one of the pathways bearing signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus in response to extracellular growth factors and cytokines. In the present study, we examined the cellular distribution of Jak1 and Stat3, and activation of the JAK/STAT pathway following transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Jak1 was mainly seen in white matter astrocytes and in certain neurons. Notably, large pyramidal neurons of cortical layer V showed the highest neuronal Jak1 expression within cerebral cortex and, in addition, expressed Stat3 indicating that the JAK/STAT pathway is involved in signaling in the corticofugal projection system. Shortly following ischemia, Jak1 immunoreactive astrocytes located in the ipsilateral neighbouring white matter and ischemic cortex and striatum showed nuclear translocation of Stat3. These features were maintained in large reactive astrocytes that surrounded the infarct from 3 to 7 days. At these later times, the abundant reactive microglia/macrophages were strongly immunoreactive to Stat3 and, to a lesser extent, Jak1. Two main protein complexes showing DNA binding activity at the sis-inducible element site were found under basal conditions, followed by changes in this pattern following ischemia concomitant with neuronal cell loss and activation of glia. This study showed basal cerebral activity of JAK/STAT signaling pathway, involving Jak1 and Stat3 proteins, and selective activation following ischemia. It is suggested that the kinase activity of Jak1 mediates nuclear translocation of Stat3 in astrocytes, and that this signaling pathway is involved in the astroglial response to focal cerebral ischemia.
Human Histologic Evidence of Integration of Functionally Loaded Hydroxyapatite-coated Implants Placed Simultaneously with Sinus Augmentation: A Case Report 2½ Years Postplacement (1999)

This article histologically and clinically presents a case report showing two retrieved implants that were placed simultaneously at the time of the antral augmentation. These implants were retrieved 2.5 years after placement and 2 years after loading. To our knowledge, this is the first human histological case report of implants that were simultaneously placed with a sinus lift and loaded.
Respiratory Health and PM <sub>10</sub> Pollution: A Daily Time Series Analysis (1991)

This study evaluated changes in respiratory health associated with daily changes in fine particulate pollution (PM10). Participants included a relatively healthy school-based sample of fourth and fifth grade elementary students, and a sample of patients with asthma 8 to 72 yr of age. Elevated PM10 pollution levels of 150 micrograms/m3 were associated with an approximately 3 to 6% decline in lung function as measured by peak expiratory flow (PEF). Current day and daily lagged associations between PM10 levels and PEF were observed. Elevated levels of PM10 pollution also were associated with increases in reported symptoms of respiratory disease and use of asthma medication. Associations between compromised respiratory health and elevated PM10 pollution were observed even when PM10 levels were well below the 24-h national ambient air quality standard of 150 micrograms/m3. Associations between elevated PM10 levels, reductions in PEF, and increases in symptoms of respiratory disease and asthma medication use remained statistically significant even when the only pollution episode that exceeded the standard was excluded. Concurrent measurements indicated that little or no strong particle acidity was present.
Endometriosis. (2007)

In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: combined oral contraceptives; danazol; dydrogesterone; gestrinone; gonadorelin analogues; hormonal treatment before surgery; hormonal treatment; laparoscopic cystectomy; laparoscopic removal of endometriotic deposits (alone or with uterine nerve ablation); laparoscopic removal plus presacral neurectomy; laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; presacral neurectomy alone; and progestogens other than dydrogesterone.
Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos by <i>Enterobacter</i> Strain B-14 and Its Use in Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils (2004)

Six chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria were isolated from an Australian soil and compared by biochemical and molecular methods. The isolates were indistinguishable, and one (strain B-14) was selected for further analysis. This strain showed greatest similarity to members of the order Enterobacteriales and was closest to members of the Enterobacter asburiae group. The ability of the strain to mineralize chlorpyrifos was investigated under different culture conditions, and the strain utilized chlorpyrifos as the sole source of carbon and phosphorus. Studies with ring or uniformly labeled [(14)C]chlorpyrifos in liquid culture demonstrated that the isolate hydrolyzed chlorpyrifos to diethylthiophospshate (DETP) and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, and utilized DETP for growth and energy. The isolate was found to possess mono- and diphosphatase activities along with a phosphotriesterase activity. Addition of other sources of carbon (glucose and succinate) resulted in slowing down of the initial rate of degradation of chlorpyrifos. The isolate degraded the DETP-containing organophosphates parathion, diazinon, coumaphos, and isazofos when provided as the sole source of carbon and phosphorus, but not fenamiphos, fonofos, ethoprop, and cadusafos, which have different side chains. Studies of the molecular basis of degradation suggested that the degrading ability could be polygenic and chromosome based. Further studies revealed that the strain possessed a novel phosphotriesterase enzyme system, as the gene coding for this enzyme had a different sequence from the widely studied organophosphate-degrading gene (opd). The addition of strain B-14 (10(6) cells g(-1)) to soil with a low indigenous population of chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria treated with 35 mg of chlorpyrifos kg(-1) resulted in a higher degradation rate than was observed in noninoculated soils. These results highlight the potential of this bacterium to be used in the cleanup of contaminated pesticide waste in the environment.
Epoxidation studies of terpenes with urea hydrogen peroxide and phosphotungstic acid (2010)

Epoxidation of isolated and allylic olefins with dodecaphosphotungstic acid, H3[PW12O40]xH2O and urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) adduct as an oxidant has successfully been carried out under homogenous conditions with the aid of isopropanol:water (4:1) as solvent, thereby avoiding the use of expensive phase transfer catalyst. The method has proven to be efficient in terms of percent yield, cost, reaction conditions and ease of work-up.
Efficient Off-Policy Meta-Reinforcement Learning via Probabilistic Context Variables (2019)

Deep reinforcement learning algorithms require large amounts of experience to learn an individual task. While in principle meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) algorithms enable agents to learn new skills from small amounts of experience, several major challenges preclude their practicality. Current methods rely heavily on on-policy experience, limiting their sample efficiency. The also lack mechanisms to reason about task uncertainty when adapting to new tasks, limiting their effectiveness in sparse reward problems. In this paper, we address these challenges by developing an off-policy meta-RL algorithm that disentangles task inference and control. In our approach, we perform online probabilistic filtering of latent task variables to infer how to solve a new task from small amounts of experience. This probabilistic interpretation enables posterior sampling for structured and efficient exploration. We demonstrate how to integrate these task variables with off-policy RL algorithms to achieve both meta-training and adaptation efficiency. Our method outperforms prior algorithms in sample efficiency by 20-100X as well as in asymptotic performance on several meta-RL benchmarks.
The Influence of Manufacturing Methods on the Function and Performance of a Synthetic Leaflet Heart Valve (1995)

There is considerable interest in polyurethane synthetic leaflet heart valves for both ventricular assist devices and direct implantation in the body. Two different manufacturing methods, thermal forming, and dip casting, of the leaflets have been investigated. There were only small differences in the hydrodynamic function of the valves made by the two methods. However, the durability of dip cast valves was far superior to the thermally formed film fabricated leaflets, with all of the dip cast valves reaching 160 million cycles without failure. This study indicates that a correctly designed and manufactured polyurethane synthetic leaflet heart valve has the potential for long-term implantation in the body.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid and methanol in hexane—A kinetic study (1994)

Abstract The kinetics of immobilized lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid and methanol in hexane were investigated. The reaction follows Michaelis‐Menton kinetics as observed from the relationship of initial rate of the reaction, both as a function of enzyme and of substrate concentration. Inhibition by excess of methanol has been identified. The kinetic constants have been measured for the reaction in the absence of any significant external diffusional limitations. The kinetics of the enzymatic reaction are suggested to agree with a Ping‐Pong Bi Bi mechanism.
Pinch grip, power grip and wrist twisting strengths of healthy older adults (2004)

Objectives of this cross-sectional study were to collect data on handgrip and wrist twisting strengths of healthy older adults and to arrive at regression equations that estimate pinch and power grip strengths of communitydwelling older adults in the United Kingdom. Methods. The study sample comprised 65 males and 85 females within the age range of 55 to 85 years. A strain-gauge hand-held dynamometer was used to measure various pinch and power grip strengths. A torque meter was used to measure wrist twisting strength. Results. The correlation between pinch grip and power grip strengths was high (r>0.65) resulting in a linear regression equation. A multiple regression equation was developed, with power grip strength as the dependent variable and age, hand area, and mid arm circumference as predictor variables. Conclusion. Knowing a relationship between pinch grip and power grip strengths, and an equation to calculate the power grip strength, designers of food packaging can estimate pinch strengths of healthy older individuals living in the community. A torque value of 1.3 Newton-metre, as calculated in this paper, can be recommended as a removal torque for opening child-resistant bottle tops.