gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface-Tethered Zwitterionic Ultrathin Antifouling Coatings on Reverse Osmosis Membranes by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (2011)

Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate] (PDE) thin films were synthesized via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) and reacted with 1,3-propane sultone to obtain the zwitterionic structure. The cross-linker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was utilized to make the copolymer insoluble in water. The composition of the copolymer was tuned by varying the flow rates of precursors and calculated from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. The zwitterionic coatings were covalently grafted on to reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, and surface characterizations were carried out. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) revealed that the iCVD zwitterionic coatings were conformal and smooth over the RO membrane, and the coating thickness can be measured by using ellipsometry. Salt rejection was not impaired by the coating. Permeation tests were carried out under different feed pressures, film thicknesses, and film compositions, showing a 15% to 43% reduction in permeation. Cell adhesion tests were carried out using Escherichia coli, and the coated RO membranes showed superior antifouling performance compared with the bare RO membrane. This is the first time that the library of iCVD functional groups has been extended to charged zwitterionic moieties, and the zwitterionic coatings have been applied on delicate substrates, such as RO membranes.
IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase undergo Fab-arm exchange in myasthenia gravis patients (2016)

Autoimmunity mediated by IgG4 subclass autoantibodies is an expanding field of research. Due to their structural characteristics a key feature of IgG4 antibodies is the ability to exchange Fab-arms with other, unrelated, IgG4 molecules, making the IgG4 molecule potentially monovalent for the specific antigen. However, whether those disease-associated antigen-specific IgG4 are mono- or divalent for their antigens is unknown. Myasthenia gravis (MG) with antibodies to muscle specific kinase (MuSK-MG) is a well-recognized disease in which the predominant pathogenic IgG4 antibody binds to extracellular epitopes on MuSK at the neuromuscular junction; this inhibits a pathway that clusters the acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) receptors and leads to failure of neuromuscular transmission. In vitro Fab-arm exchange-inducing conditions were applied to MuSK antibodies in sera, purified IgG4 and IgG1-3 sub-fractions. Solid-phase cross-linking assays were established to determine the extent of pre-existing and inducible Fab-arm exchange. Functional effects of the resulting populations of IgG4 antibodies were determined by measuring inhibition of agrin-induced AChR clustering in C2C12 cells. To confirm the results, κ/κ, λ/λ and hybrid κ/λ IgG4s were isolated and tested for MuSK antibodies. At least fifty percent of patients had IgG4, but not IgG1-3, MuSK antibodies that could undergo Fab-arm exchange in vitro under reducing conditions. Also MuSK antibodies were found in vivo that were divalent (monospecific for MuSK). Fab-arm exchange with normal human IgG4 did not prevent the inhibitory effect of serum derived MuSK antibodies on AChR clustering in C2C12 mouse myotubes. The results suggest that a considerable proportion of MuSK IgG4 could already be Fab-arm exchanged in vivo. This was confirmed by isolating endogenous IgG4 MuSK antibodies containing both κ and λ light chains, i.e. hybrid IgG4 molecules. These new findings demonstrate that Fab-arm exchanged antibodies are pathogenic.
Direct measurement high resolution wide range extreme temperature optical sensor using an all-silicon carbide probe (2009)

We propose and demonstrate a temperature sensing method using an all-silicon carbide probe that combines wavelength-tuned signal processing for coarse measurements and classical Fabry-Perot etalon peak shift for fine measurements. This method gives direct unambiguous temperature measurements with a high temperature resolution over a wide temperature range. Specifically, temperature measurements from room temperature to 1000 degrees C are experimentally demonstrated with an estimated resolution varying from 0.66 degrees C at room temperature to 0.12 degrees C at 1000 degrees C. The proposed sensor has applications in next-generation greener gas turbines for power production.
Large-format multiband QWIP focal plane arrays (2003)

A 640×512 pixel, long-wavelength cutoff, narrow-band (Δλ/λ~10%) quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA), a four-band QWIP FPA in the 4-15 μm spectral region, and a broad-band (Δλ/λ~42%) QWIP FPA having a 15.4 μm cutoff have been demonstrated. In this paper, we discuss the electrical and optical characterization of these FPAs, and their performance. In addition, we discuss the development of a very sensitive (NEDT~~10.6 mK) 640×512 pixel thermal imaging camera having a 9 μm cutoff.
A Two‐Photon Tracer for Glucose Uptake (2009)

It takes two: Two-photon tracers (AG1, AG2) have been developed that can be excited by 780 nm fs laser pulses, can be easily loaded into cancer cells and tissues, show high photostability and negligible toxicity, and can visualize glucose uptake in living cells and tissues by two-photon microscopy (TPM). Moreover, AG2 can screen anticancer agents in cancer cells and cancer tissues at 75–150 mm depth by TPM. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
<title>Gibbs-based unsupervised segmentation approach to partitioning hyperspectral imagery for terrain applications</title> (2001)

A Gibbs-based approach to partitioning hyperspectral imagery into homogeneous regions is investigated for terrain mapping applications. The form of Bayesian estimation, Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) estimation, is applied through the use of a Gibbs distribution defined over a neighborhood system and is implemented as a multi-grid process. Appropriate energy functions and neighborhood graph structures are investigated, which model spectral disparities in an image using spectral angle and/or Euclidean distance. Experiments are conducted on a HYDICE scene collected over an area adjacent to Fort Hood, Texas, that contains a diverse range of terrain features and that is supported with ground truth. Suitable parameter ranges are investigated, and the behavior of the algorithm is characterized using individual and combined measures of disparity within the context of a more general framework, one that supports mixed-pixel processing.
Preclinical evaluation of liposome-supported peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of hyperammonemic crises (2020)

Liposome-supported peritoneal dialysis (LSPD) with transmembrane pH-gradient liposomes was previously shown to enhance ammonia removal in cirrhotic rats and holds promise for the treatment of hyperammonemic crises-associated disorders. The main objective of this work was to conduct the preclinical evaluation of LSPD in terms of pharmacokinetics, ammonia uptake, and toxicology to seek regulatory approval for a first-in-human study. The formulation containing citric acid-loaded liposomes was administered intraperitoneally at two different doses once daily for ten days to healthy minipigs. It was also tested in a domestic pig model of hyperammonemia. The pharmacokinetics of citric acid and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was linear following intraperitoneal administration of medium and high dose. There was no systemic accumulation following daily doses over ten days. The systemic exposure to phospholipids remained low. Furthermore, the liposome-containing peritoneal fluid contained significantly higher ammonia levels than the liposome-free control, demonstrating efficient ammonia sequestration in the peritoneal space. This was indeed confirmed by the ability of LSPD to decrease plasmatic ammonia levels in artificially induced hyperammonemic pigs. LSPD was well tolerated, and no complement activation-related pseudoallergy reactions were observed. The safety profile, the linear pharmacokinetics of citric acid following repeated administrations of LSPD as well as the linear dose-dependent ammonia sequestration in the peritoneal space provide a strong basis for the clinical investigation of LSPD.
STEREOTACTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM CONTROLLED BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (1981)

Koslow, M.; Abele, M. G.; Griffith, R. C.; Mair, G. A.; Chase, N. E. Author Information
Getting recommender systems to think outside the box (2009)

We examine the case of over-specialization in recommender systems, which results from returning items that are too similar to those previously rated by the user. We propose Outside-The-Box (otb) recommendation, which takes some risk to help users make fresh discoveries, while maintaining high relevance. The proposed formalization relies on item regions and attempts to identify regions that are under-exposed to the user. We develop a recommendation algorithm which achieves a compromise between relevance and risk to find otb items. We evaluate this approach on the MovieLens data set and compare our otb recommendations against conventional recommendation strategies.
Increased Inhibitory Capacity of an Anti‐C5a Complementary Peptide Following Acetylation of N‐terminal Alanine (2007)

Amino acids 37 to 53 (RAARISLGPRCIKAFTE) of C5a anaphylatoxin form an essential region for C5a function. To target this sequence, we generated a complementary peptide (ASGAPAPGPAGPLRPMF) designated PepA which has a potent inhibitory effect on C5a activity. By introducing an acetyl group at the N-terminal alanine of PepA, an acetylated form was generated which was designated AcPepA. The acetylation resulted in increased inhibition of C5a stimulation of neutrophils as determined by Ca influx. Furthermore, AcPepA partially inhibited the lethal shock induced in mice by intravenous administration of Candida albicans water-soluble mannoprotein-beta-glucan complex. In addition, local skin inflammation in rats caused by an anti-Crry monoclonal antibody was suppressed when AcPepA and the antibody were injected together, while PepA had little inhibitory capacity. The potent inhibitory capacity of AcPepA was also confirmed by a skin reaction of guinea pigs inoculated with recombinant human C5a together with AcPepA.
Tunable microwave arrangement (surface mounted resonator) (2010)

The present invention relates to a tunable microwave arrangement (100) comprising a waveguide arrangement and tuning elements comprising a number of varactors for tuning an electromagnetic signal input to the waveguide arrangement. It comprises a substrate (1), a layered structure (20) comprising at least two conducting layers (2,3) and at least one dielectric layer (4) which are arranged in an alternating manner. The layered structure is arranged on the substrate (1) such that a first of said conducting layers (2) is closest to the substrate (1). It also comprises at least one surface mounted waveguide (5), a second of the conducting layers (3), most distant from the substrate, being adapted to form a wall of the surface mounted waveguide (5), which wall incorporates said tuning elements which are arranged to enable control of surface currents generated in said wall, hence loading the waveguide (5) with a tunable, controllable impedance.
Quantifying bone thickness, light transmission, and contrast interrelationships in transcranial photoacoustic imaging (2015)

We previously introduced photoacoustic imaging to detect blood vessels surrounded by bone and thereby eliminate the deadly risk of carotid artery injury during endonasal, transsphenoidal surgeries. Light would be transmitted through an optical fiber attached to the surgical drill, while a transcranial probe placed on the temporal region of the skull receives photoacoustic signals. This work quantifies changes in photoacoustic image contrast as the sphenoid bone is drilled. Frontal bone from a human adult cadaver skull was cut into seven 3 cm x 3 cm chips and sanded to thicknesses ranging 1-4 mm. For 700-940 nm wavelengths, the average optical transmission through these specimens increased from 19% to 44% as bone thickness decreased, with measurements agreeing with Monte Carlo simulations within 5%. These skull specimens were individually placed in the optical pathway of a 3.5 mm diameter, cylindrical, vessel-mimicking photoacoustic target, as the laser wavelength was varied between 700-940 nm. The mean optical insertion loss and photoacoustic image contrast loss due to the bone specimens were 56-80% and 46-79%, respectively, with the majority of change observed when the bone was ≤2 mm thick. The decrease in contrast is directly proportional to insertion loss over this thickness range by factors of 0.8-1.1 when multiple wavelengths are considered. Results suggest that this proportional relationship may be used to determine the amount of bone that remains to be drilled when the thickness is 2 mm or less.
Synthesis and activation for catalysis of Fe-SAPO-34 prepared using iron polyamine complexes as structure directing agents (2017)

Fe-SAPO-34 templated with Fe<sup>2+</sup>–polyamine complexes gives Fe<sup>3+</sup> species upon calcination that are active for selective catalytic reduction of NO<sub>x</sub> with ammonia.
Automated probabilistic modeling for relational data (2013)

Probabilistic graphical model representations of relational data provide a number of desired features, such as inference of missing values, detection of errors, visualization of data, and probabilistic answers to relational queries. However, adoption has been slow due to the high level of expertise expected both in probability and in the domain from the user. Instead of requiring a domain expert to specify the probabilistic dependencies of the data, we present an approach that uses the relational DB schema to automatically construct a Bayesian graphical model for a database. This resulting model contains customized distributions for the attributes, latent variables that cluster the records, and factors that reflect and represent the foreign key links, whilst allowing efficient inference. Experiments demonstrate the accuracy of the model and scalability of inference on synthetic and real-world data.
Warp-guided GANs for single-photo facial animation (2018)

This paper introduces a novel method for realtime portrait animation in a single photo. Our method requires only a single portrait photo and a set of facial landmarks derived from a driving source (e.g., a photo or a video sequence), and generates an animated image with rich facial details. The core of our method is a warp-guided generative model that instantly fuses various fine facial details (e.g., creases and wrinkles), which are necessary to generate a high-fidelity facial expression, onto a pre-warped image. Our method factorizes out the nonlinear geometric transformations exhibited in facial expressions by lightweight 2D warps and leaves the appearance detail synthesis to conditional generative neural networks for high-fidelity facial animation generation. We show such a factorization of geometric transformation and appearance synthesis largely helps the network better learn the high nonlinearity of the facial expression functions and also facilitates the design of the network architecture. Through extensive experiments on various portrait photos from the Internet, we show the significant efficacy of our method compared with prior arts.
Chrominance watermark embed using a full-color visibility model (2012)

A watermark embed scheme has been developed to insert a watermark with the maximum signal strength for a user selectable visibility constraint. By altering the watermark strength and direction to meet a visibility constraint, the maximum watermark signal for a particular image is inserted. The method consists of iterative embed software and a full color human visibility model plus a watermark signal strength metric. The iterative approach is based on the intersections between hyper-planes, which represent visibility and signal models, and the edges of a hyper-volume, which represent output device visibility and gamut constraints. The signal metric is based on the specific watermark modulation and detection methods and can be adapted to other modulation approaches. The visibility model takes into account the different contrast sensitivity functions of the human eye to L, a and b, and masking due to image content.
Hybridization Properties and Polymerase Acceptance of Nitropiperonyl Deoxyriboside. Photochemical DNA Backbone Cleavage (1999)

A novel C-nucleoside has been developed that can substitute for three of the four heterocyclic bases in double-stranded nucleic acids. It has the further property that it can be activated by light, leading to backbone cleavage and thereby dissociation of longer, double-stranded nucleic acids into shorter, single-stranded nucleic acids.
A monoclonal antibody against LAV <i>gag</i> precursor: use for viral protein analysis and antigenic expression in infected cells. (1986)

A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb), named C.V.K., was produced after immunization with highly purified and sonicated lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). No monoclonal antibody was observed with intact virus used as immunogen. C.V.K. MAb recognizes an epitope present on the precursor gag protein of 55 kilodaltons. Western blot analysis and pulse-chase experiments support the interpretation that after p55 cleavage into p25, p18, and p13, only p18 expresses this epitope. C.V.K. MAb selectively stained only LAV-infected lymphocytes. This intracytoplasmic staining appears 3 days after the infection and is correlated with reverse transcriptase activity. Neither membrane immunofluorescence of infected lymphocytes nor neutralizing activity was observed with C.V.K. MAb. These facts suggest that p55 and p18 are not expressed at the cell membrane or on the viral envelope. C.V.K. MAb should prove useful not only in the purification of core proteins but also for detecting infected cells producing the virus in suspension or on histologic sections.
Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging for Gesture Recognition Under Occlusions (2016)

Over the last years, three-dimensional (3-D) imaging has been applied to human action and gesture recognition, usually in the form of depth maps from RGB-D sensors. An alternative which has not been explored is 3-D integral imaging, aside from a recent preliminary study which shows that it can be an effective sensory modality with some advantages over the conventional monocular imaging. Since integral imaging has also been shown to be a powerful tool in other visual tasks (e.g., object reconstruction and recognition) under challenging conditions (e.g., low illumination, occlusions), and its passive long-range operation brings benefits over active close-range devices, a natural question is whether these advantages also hold for gesture recognition. Furthermore, occlusions are present in many real-world scenarios in gesture recognition, but it is an elusive problem which has scarcely been addressed. As far as we know, this letter analyzes for the first time the potential of integral imaging for gesture recognition under occlusions, by comparing it to monocular imaging and to RGB-D sensory data. Empirical results corroborates the benefits of 3-D integral imaging for gesture recognition, mainly under occlusions.
SANTaClass: A Self Adaptive Network Traffic Classification system (2013)

A critical aspect of network management from an operator's perspective is the ability to understand or classify all traffic that traverses the network. The failure of port based traffic classification technique triggered an interest in discovering signatures based on packet content. However, this approach involves manually reverse engineering all the applications/protocols that need to be identified. This suffers from the problem of scalability; keeping up with the new applications that come up everyday is very challenging and time-consuming. Moreover, traditional approach of developing signatures once and using them in different networks suffers from low coverage. In this work, we present a novel fully automated packet payload content (PPC) based network traffic classification system that addresses the above shortcomings. Our system learns new application signatures in the network where classification is desired. Further more, our system adapts the signatures as the traffic for an application changes. Based on real traces from several service providers, we show that our system is capable of detecting (1) tunneled or wrapped applications, (2) applications that use random ports, and (3) new applications. Moreover, it is robust to routing asymmetry, an important requirement in large ISPs, and has a very high (>99.5%) detection rate. Finally, our system is easy to deploy and setup and performs classification in real-time.
Structure‐Based Macrocyclization Yields Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Inhibitors with Improved Binding Affinities and Pharmacokinetic Properties (2012)

The concept of drug-likeness distills the physicochemical properties of small-molecule drugs to a set of rules. Macrocyclic drugs are known to break these rules. A structure-based macrocyclization strategy was applied to design new hepatitis C virus NS5B inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties, exemplifying a rational strategy for overcoming the confines of standard “drug-like chemical space”.
Broad-band suspended probe-fed plate antenna with low cross-polarization levels (2003)

A new feeding scheme for enhancing the radiation performance of a suspended plate antenna with a broad bandwidth is presented experimentally. By means of a probe-fed half-wavelength strip, the high cross-polarization levels of the suspended plate antenna are suppressed effectively, which result mainly from the undesired excitation of higher-order modes. Measurements on the antenna with the proposed feeding structure have demonstrated the good performances with a high ratio of co- to cross-polarization levels and stable radiation patterns across a 20% bandwidth for VSWR/spl les/2 : 1.
Cloning, sequencing and production of the lantibiotic mersacidin (1995)

Mersacidin is a lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotic that shows a good in vivo efficiency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is excreted during early stationary phase and could be purified from culture supernatant in a one-step procedure by reversed phase HPLC. Its structural gene was cloned from chromosomal DNA of the producer strain Bacillus subtilis HIL Y-85,54728. Sequencing revealed that pre-mersacidin consists of an unusually long 48 amino acid leader sequence and a 20 amino acid propeptide part which is modified during biosynthesis to the mature lantibiotic. The comparison of the mersacidin prepeptide with those of hitherto known lantibiotics demonstrates that mersacidin is more closely related to type B lantibiotic cinnamycin than to type A lantibiotics.