gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Myocardial T1 mapping at 3.0 tesla using an inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo readout and bloch equation simulation with slice profile correction (BLESSPC) T1 estimation algorithm (2015)

Background To develop an accurate and precise myocardial T1 mapping technique using an inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo readout at 3.0 Tesla (T). Theory and Methods The modified Look‐Locker inversion‐recovery (MOLLI) sequence was modified to use fast low angle shot (FLASH) readout, incorporating a BLESSPC (Bloch Equation Simulation with Slice Profile Correction) T1 estimation algorithm, for accurate myocardial T1 mapping. The FLASH‐MOLLI with BLESSPC fitting was compared with different approaches and sequences with regards to T1 estimation accuracy, precision and image artifact based on simulation, phantom studies, and in vivo studies of 10 healthy volunteers and three patients at 3.0 Tesla. Results The FLASH‐MOLLI with BLESSPC fitting yields accurate T1 estimation (average error = −5.4 ± 15.1 ms, percentage error = −0.5% ± 1.2%) for T1 from 236–1852 ms and heart rate from 40–100 bpm in phantom studies. The FLASH‐MOLLI sequence prevented off‐resonance artifacts in all 10 healthy volunteers at 3.0T. In vivo, there was no significant difference between FLASH‐MOLLI‐derived myocardial T1 values and “ShMOLLI+IE” derived values (1458.9 ± 20.9 ms versus 1464.1 ± 6.8 ms, P = 0.50); However, the average precision by FLASH‐MOLLI was significantly better than that generated by “ShMOLLI+IE” (1.84 ± 0.36% variance versus 3.57 ± 0.94%, P < 0.001). Conclusion The FLASH‐MOLLI with BLESSPC fitting yields accurate and precise T1 estimation, and eliminates banding artifacts associated with bSSFP at 3.0T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:414–425.
Development of alloys for grinding mill liners (1994)

Repair and maintenance costs are significant factors in the profitability of any mining or minerals processing operation. These costs often tend to be ignored, because maintenance budgets are set and because the direct costs of consumables are not as great as, for example, energy costs. This attitude, however, neglects the fact that down-time for maintenance adversely affects productivity.
High-speed, ferrite microwave switch (2005)

A microwave circulator utilizing ferrite elements can be converted into a fast-acting microwave switch by placing the ferrite in a pulsed magnetic field. The operation of the circulator may be based on the Faraday rotation phenomenon or on the nonreciprocal phase shift observed in a ferrite-loaded rectangular waveguide. Problems in the design of the microwave structure as well as the electronic driving circuitry are discussed. Various techniques for the reduction of eddy currents in the waveguide are presented and the performance characteristics of various switches are given.
DISPOSITION OF BASILIXIMAB, AN INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, IN RECIPIENTS OF MISMATCHED CADAVER RENAL ALLOGRAFTS1 (1997)

Total basiliximab doses of 40-60 mg were well tolerated, nonimmunogenic, and estimated to provide immunoprophylaxis to cover the first posttransplant month.
Matrix proteoglycans and remodelling of interstitial lung tissue in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (2004)

The interstitial lung disease lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is characterized by diffuse proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which in many patients show TSC2 (tuberin) gene mutations, in addition to thickening of interstitial tissues, loss of alveoli, and the development of cystic spaces. While SMC proliferation is the defining feature of LAM, a significant proportion of LAM lung tissue consists of expanded interstitial connective tissue that is negative for smooth muscle actin and TSC2 mutations. The importance of this actin-negative interstitial tissue to the pathophysiology of LAM is not clear. The present study has determined the contribution of this interstitial tissue to LAM lung volume by morphometric analysis and has examined its cell and matrix proteoglycan composition by immunohistochemistry. Lung tissue from nine LAM patients and four control subjects was examined. LAM lung contained twice as much interstitial tissue as control lung (27% versus 13% of total lung volume), with SMCs accounting for less than 25% of the interstitial volume. Areas of interstitial tissue stained strongly for the matrix proteoglycans versican and biglycan. Decorin was prominent in association with collagen bundles. SMCs did not stain, or stained lightly, for proteoglycans. Versican and biglycan deposits were closely associated with actin-negative interstitial fibroblasts identified by prolyl 4-hydroxylase immuno-staining. Comparatively normal alveolar walls in LAM lung also stained strongly for versican and had a reduced elastin content. Thickened interstitial regions contained significant amounts of elastin (approximately 13% of interstitial volume) but with fibres in disorganized patterns. Elastic fibres were absent from areas that stained strongly for versican and biglycan. These areas also showed weak staining for elastin binding protein (EBP), consistent with proteoglycan-induced shedding of EBP and inhibition of elastic fibre formation. These findings point to a significant contribution from matrix proteoglycans to the expanded and remodelled interstitial lung tissue of LAM patients.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Bacteria and Pollen (2005)

A technique for distinguishing biological material based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is reported in this work. Of particular interest is biological material that can be airborne. Silver colloidal particles with diameters in the range 10 to 20 nm and with a characteristic ultraviolet–visible (UV-VIS) absorption band at 400 nm were used to obtain SERS spectra of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and a number of tree and grass pollens ( Cupressus arizonica (cypress), Sequoia sempervirens (redwood), Populus deltoides (cottonwood), Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass), and Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernal grass)). While differences in the SERS spectra among the bacteria were small, we found that the pollen spectra we analyzed could readily be distinguished from the bacteria spectra, and there were significant differences between pollen from different families. In order to obtain reproducible results, we studied the parameters controlling the interaction between the analyte and the nanoscale metallic surface. Our results show that the volume ratio of analyte to colloidal particles must be within a narrow range of values to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio of the SERS spectra and minimize the fluorescence from the analyte. Also, we found that the time-dependent behavior of colloidal/bacterial suspensions (or adsorption rate of the silver colloid particles on the bacteria) is strongly dependent on pH, density of bacteria in solution, and even, to some extent, the type of bacteria.
Imiquimod Induces Complete Clearance of a PUVA-Resistant Plaque in Mycosis fungoides (2003)

Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier that binds to Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 and induces alpha-interferon. We locally applied imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara) daily for 2 weeks on a PUVA- and retinoid-resistant plaque on the face of a patient with mycosis fungoides. The diagnosis was based on clinical appearance, histology and molecular studies. Most of the disease manifestations showed a clear remission during PUVA therapy combined with low-dose retinoids. However, the plaque on the face was PUVA resistant. Local imiquimod treatment resulted in the complete clearance of the plaque. The patient has now been in complete remission for 12 months.
Effectiveness of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Against Invasive Disease Caused by Serotype 3 in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies (2018)

The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is the only licensed PCV with serotype 3 polysaccharide in its formulation. Postlicensure PCV13 effectiveness studies against serotype 3 invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children have shown inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to assess PCV13 vaccine effectiveness (VE) for serotype 3 IPD in children. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library for studies published before 14 August 2017. We identified 4 published studies and 2 conference posters that provided PCV13 VE estimates stratified by serotype. The pooled PCV13 VE against serotype 3 IPD from the random-effects meta-analysis was 63.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.3%-89.7%). A sensitivity analysis including conference posters gave a pooled VE estimate of 72.4% (95% CI, 56.7%-88.0%). The pooled data from case-control studies with similar methodologies and high quality support direct PCV13 protection against serotype 3 IPD in children.
Design study for a high-accuracy three-axis test table (1987)

A comprehensive study of principal features affecting the design and fabrication of a high-accuracy three-axis test table was completed. The improved, third-generation motion simulation test equipment is intended for advanced guidance and navigation component testing. The work produced analytical models for predicting the table's overall pointing accuracy and rate stability. The subsystem performance requirements support more than an order-of-magnitude improvement over present state-of-the-art pointing accuracy and rate stability.
Directly embroidered microtubes for fluid transport in wearable applications (2017)

We demonstrate, for the first time, a facile and low-cost approach for integrating highly flexible and stretchable microfluidic channels into textile-based substrates. The integration of the microfluidics is accomplished by means of directly embroidering surface-functionalized micro-tubing in a zigzag/meander pattern and subsequently coating it with an elastomer for irreversible bonding. We show the utility of the embroidered micro-tubing by developing robust and stretchable drug-delivery and electronic devices. Controlled drug-delivery platforms with sustained release are achieved through selected laser ablated openings. We further demonstrate a wearable wireless resonant displacement sensor capable of detecting strains ranging from 0 to 60% with an average sensitivity of 45 kHz per % strain by filling the embroidered tubing with a liquid metal alloy, creating stretchable conductive microfluidics with <0.4 Ω resistance variations at their maximum stretchability (100%). The interconnects can withstand 1500 repeated stretch-and-release cycles at 30% strain with a less than 0.1 Ω change in resistance.
Polydispersity of a mammalian chaperone: Mass spectrometry reveals the population of oligomers in αB-crystallin (2003)

The quaternary structure of the polydisperse mammalian chaperone alphaB-crystallin, a member of the small heat-shock protein family, has been investigated by using electrospray mass spectrometry. The intact assemblies give rise to mass spectra that are complicated by the overlapping of charge states from the different constituent oligomers. Therefore, to determine which oligomers are formed by this protein, tandem mass spectrometry experiments were performed. The spectra reveal a distribution, primarily of oligomers containing 24-33 subunits, the relative populations of which were quantified, to reveal a dominant species being composed of 28 subunits. Additionally, low levels of oligomers as small as 10-mers and as large as 40-mers were observed. Interpretation of the tandem mass spectral data was confirmed by simulating and summing spectra arising from the major individual oligomers. The ability of mass spectrometry to quantify the relative populations of particular oligomeric states also revealed that, contrary to the dimeric associations observed in other small heat-shock proteins, there is no evidence for any stable substructures of bovine alphaB-crystallin isolated from the lens.
Hydrolysis of 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-<i>s</i>-triazine and Its Reaction with H<sub>2</sub>S (2001)

The rate of hydrolysis of 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine (triazine, 1) was shown to be strongly dependent on the pH of the aqueous solution: d[triazine]/dt = 2.6 × 10-5[triazine] + 2.2 × 106[triazine][H+] at 22 °C; d[triazine]/dt = 4.8 × 10-4[triazine] + 3.5 × 108[triazine][H+] at 60 °C. Furthermore, we have established the structures of the products from the reaction of triazine with S2-/HS- to be 3,5-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-thiadiazine (“thiadiazine”, 2) and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-dithiazine (“dithiazine”, 3) by IR and NMR spectroscopy together with combustion analyses. 3 was not hydrolyzed and did not react with S2-/HS- at pH from 10 to 2.
Control of time-constrained dual-armed cluster tools using (max, &#x002B;) algebra (2010)

The problem studied in this paper is the control of discrete event systems subject to strict temporal constraints using (max, +) algebra. Initially we sought necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a causal control law guaranteeing the respect of the temporal constraints. Subsequently, a method for calculating the control law, if any, is proposed. The application which we are interested in is the control of a manufacturing semiconductor wafers process subject to strict temporal constraints.
Circulating programmed death ligand-1 (cPD-L1) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (2018)

This study showed that cPD-L1 testing is feasible, with chemotherapy influencing PD-L1 plasma levels. The possibility of using such test for predicting or monitoring the effect of immunotherapy or combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy warrant further investigations.
A clamped transformer power supply producing zero voltage resonant transitions over the full-load range (2002)

A circuit is described that employs zero-voltage-resonant transition (ZVRT) switching. The full-bridge inverter drives the transformer in a manner so that the transformer primary current during the off times circulates in the low side bridge switches. The amplitude of the circulating current at light loads is sufficiently enhanced by a current doubler output rectifier circuit to maintain ZVRT. The operation of the circuit is explained and analyzed. Data is presented on a breadboard that produces 5 V at 60 A from a 150 VDC source.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
22-Gbit/s × 16-ch WDM receiver based on a Si-Ge-silica monolithic photonic platform and its application to 40-km transmission (2013)

We developed a 22-Gbit/s × 16-ch WDM receiver based on a Si-Ge-silica monolithic photonic integration technology, in which a 16-ch SiOx AWG with 1.6-nm channel separation and Ge photodiodes are monolithically integrated. The AWG-PD device exhibited fiber-to-PD resoponsivity of 0.29 A/W and inter-channel crosstalk of less than 20 dB, and successfully received 22 Gbit/s signal for all 16 channels. In addition, we demonstrated 40-km transmission of 12.5 Gbit/s signal and obtained sensitivity of -6.8 dBm at BER of 10-9 without transimpedance amplifiers.
Light-Field Correction for Spatial Calibration of Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays (2015)

A critical requirement for AR applications with Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays (OST-HMD) is to project 3D information correctly into the current viewpoint of the user - more particularly, according to the user's eye position. Recently-proposed interaction-free calibration methods [16], [17] automatically estimate this projection by tracking the user's eye position, thereby freeing users from tedious manual calibrations. However, the method is still prone to contain systematic calibration errors. Such errors stem from eye-/HMD-related factors and are not represented in the conventional eye-HMD model used for HMD calibration. This paper investigates one of these factors - the fact that optical elements of OST-HMDs distort incoming world-light rays before they reach the eye, just as corrective glasses do. Any OST-HMD requires an optical element to display a virtual screen. Each such optical element has different distortions. Since users see a distorted world through the element, ignoring this distortion degenerates the projection quality. We propose a light-field correction method, based on a machine learning technique, which compensates the world-scene distortion caused by OST-HMD optics. We demonstrate that our method reduces the systematic error and significantly increases the calibration accuracy of the interaction-free calibration.
Magnetic Resonance Acquisition to Determine the Lumen Length of a Tortuous Phantom Aorta (1995)

Purpose: Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is a technique that requires an accurate measurement of the aneurysm's lumen length prior to the procedure. This study examines the accuracy of luminal length measurement in an aortic phantom using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) axial source images. Methods and Results: Tortuous phantom aortas were constructed using water-filled plastic tubing (7 mm in diameter with lengths of 80 to 160 mm). The tubes were molded into three-dimensional “S” or “C” shapes that simulated the luminal course of a tortuous aorta. Phantoms were imaged at angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° to the image slice direction on a 1.5T Signa MR scanner using a transaxial two-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) and a Tr weighted spin-echo acquisition. The luminal length of the phantom was calculated after establishing the lumen center coordinates in axial source images and then measuring the distance between two sequential slices using the Pythagorean theorem. The accuracy of this measurement in the phantom was 89% to 99.6%, proportional to the length of the tubing. Accuracy was not affected by angulation of < 45°. Conclusion: Two-dimensional TOF MRA source images can provide an accurate measurement of the phantom aorta's lumen length.
Atomic Layer Etching of Si(100) and Si(111) Using Cl[sub 2] and Ar Neutral Beam (2005)

Atomic layer etching of Si(100) and Si(111) was carried out using adsorption followed by the Ar neutral beam irradiation for the removal of charging damage during the etching. By supplying and Ar neutrals higher than the critical doses, the exact same depth per cycle corresponding to one atomic layer per cycle of for silicon (100) and for silicon (111) could be obtained by a self-limited etching mechanism. The critical pressure and Ar neutral beam irradiation time corresponded to one monolayer chemisorption of chlorine by the dissociative Langmuir isotherm and the irradiation of Ar neutral beam was enough to remove one layer of silicon chloride formed on the silicon surfaces, respectively.
<title>Measurements of thin film disks by surface reflectance analysis</title> (1999)

Scanning Reflectance Analysis<SUP>TM</SUP> (SRA<SUP>TM</SUP>) is an emerging technique that has been rapidly gaining acceptance as a powerful tool for the analysis of thin film disks. This is because the technique provides a means to generate high resolution maps of the thickness and composition of lubricant, overcoat, and contaminant films on a disk in about ten seconds. Common quality assurance applications have included overcoat thickness, composition, and uniformity measurements as well as substrate polish quality measurements and stain identification. Applications in failure analysis have included lubricant pooling and degradation, carbon wear, corrosion, and contaminant detection. This paper will focus on the design and principle of operation of a SRA. The discussion will include the general theory that governs the machine's design and the data it produces as well as some details that maximize performance and simplify data interpretation. Following this, a few example applications of the technique will be presented.
Heteroepitaxial Growth of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Film on Silicon by Reactive Sputtering (1995)

Heteroepitaxial yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) film is difficult to grow on Si by reactive sputtering with Ar+O 2 gas, since the bare Si surface is easily oxidized by plasma radiation. In order to overcome this difficulty, the substrate is subjected to weak oxidation and subsequent deposition of a very thin metallic Zr 1- x Y x film prior to deposition of the YSZ film. It was found that the crystalline quality of the YSZ film on Si was further improved by repeating the cycle of weak oxidation and very thin metallic film deposition prior to deposition of the YSZ film. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry indicated a high-quality crystal with a channeling minimum yield of 7.4% for the YSZ film produced by this repetitive method in reactive sputtering.
Deoxycoformycin in the Treatment of Leukemias and Lymphomasa (1985)

A new cytotoxic drug, 2'-deoxycoformycin, has been shown to be highly active in the treatment of lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas, particularly T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in which the drug, used as a single agent, can induce CRs in patients who have failed to respond to a wide variety of other compounds. Further work is required to elucidate the cause of the renal failure that has occurred in some patients, but prescribed within the dose range of the patients reported in this paper, toxicity is acceptable in consideration of the results achieved and the prognosis of this highly malignant group of diseases.
Guidance of a wheelchair for handicapped people by face tracking (2003)

This paper shows a guidance system for an electrical wheelchair for handicapped people by head movements. A color face tracking system has been developed in order to compute head movements of the user and, depending on them, some commands are generated to drive the wheelchair. The system is non-intrusive and it allows visibility and freedom of head movements. It is able to learn the face features of the user in an automatic initial setup, working even for people of different races. It is adaptive and, therefore, robust to light and background changes in inside environments. It has been tested with several users and some results are given.
Energy-Efficient Joint Offloading and Wireless Resource Allocation Strategy in Multi-MEC Server Systems (2018)

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emerging paradigm that mobile devices can offload the computation-intensive or latency-critical tasks to the nearby MEC servers, so as to save energy and extend battery life. Unlike the cloud server, MEC server is a small-scale data center deployed at a wireless access point, thus it is highly sensitive to both radio and computing resource. In this paper, we consider an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) based multi-user and multi-MEC-server system, where the task offloading strategies and wireless resources allocation are jointly investigated. Aiming at minimizing the total energy consumption, we propose the joint offloading and resource allocation strategy for latency-critical applications. Through the bi-level optimization approach, the original NP-hard problem is decoupled into the lower-level problem seeking for the allocation of power and subcarrier and the upper-level task offloading problem. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves excellent performance in energy saving and successful offloading probability (SOP) in comparison with conventional schemes.
New rate 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4 binary convolutional encoders with an optimum distance profile (1999)

Tabulations of binary systematic and nonsystematic polynomial convolutional encoders with an optimum distance profile for rate 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4 are given. The reported encoders are found by computer searches that optimize over the weight spectra. The free distances for rate 1/3 and 1/4 are compared with Heller's (1968) and Griesmer's (1960) upper bounds.