gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lifelong Object Detection (2020)

Recent advances in object detection have benefited significantly from rapid developments in deep neural networks. However, neural networks suffer from the well-known issue of catastrophic forgetting, which makes continual or lifelong learning problematic. In this paper, we leverage the fact that new training classes arrive in a sequential manner and incrementally refine the model so that it additionally detects new object classes in the absence of previous training data. Specifically, we consider the representative object detector, Faster R-CNN, for both accurate and efficient prediction. To prevent abrupt performance degradation due to catastrophic forgetting, we propose to apply knowledge distillation on both the region proposal network and the region classification network, to retain the detection of previously trained classes. A pseudo-positive-aware sampling strategy is also introduced for distillation sample selection. We evaluate the proposed method on PASCAL VOC 2007 and MS COCO benchmarks and show competitive mAP and 6x inference speed improvement, which makes the approach more suitable for real-time applications. Our implementation will be publicly available.
Frequency-Modulated Continuous Flow Analysis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (FM-CFA-ESI-MS) for Sample Multiplexing (2018)

A method for multiplexed sample analysis by mass spectrometry without the need for chemical tagging is presented. In this new method, each sample is pulsed at unique frequencies, mixed, and delivered to the mass spectrometer while maintaining a constant total flow rate. Reconstructed ion currents are then a time-dependent signal consisting of the sum of the ion currents from the various samples. Spectral deconvolution of each reconstructed ion current reveals the identity of each sample, encoded by its unique frequency, and its concentration encoded by the peak height in the frequency domain. This technique is different from other approaches that have been described, which have used modulation techniques to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of a single sample. As proof of concept of this new method, two samples containing up to 9 analytes were multiplexed. The linear dynamic range of the calibration curve was increased with extended acquisition times of the experiment and longer oscillation periods of the samples. Because of the combination of the samples, salt had little effect on the ability of this method to achieve relative quantitation. Continued development of this method is expected to allow for increased numbers of samples that can be multiplexed.
Multifunctional two-dimensional photonic crystal optical component based on magneto-optical resonator: nonreciprocal two-way divider-switch, nonreciprocal 120 deg bending-switch, and three-way divider (2014)

We suggest and analyze a compact nonreciprocal optical four-port based on a magneto-optical resonator in two-dimensional photonic crystal, which can fulfill many functions. This component can be used in three regimes: first, with magnetization by a direct current (DC) magnetic field +H0, second, with magnetization by the DC magnetic field −H0, and finally, with magnetization by the DC magnetic field +H1. In the first regime, the four-port ensures equal division of the input signal between two output ones simultaneously providing protection of the generator in the input port from harmful reflected signals in the output ports; this can also be used as a switch by reversing +H0 to −H0. In the second regime, the same four-port fulfills 120-deg bending and it provides protection of the generator in the input port from reflected signals; it can also be used as a switch by reversing −H0 to +H0. In the third regime, with DC magnetic field +H1, the device can be used as a three-way divider with equal division to the output ports. We analyze the scattering matrix of this component and discuss the physical mechanisms of its functioning. In addition, computational simulations were performed and their results confirm our theoretical predictions.
The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality? (2014)

Lithium/air is a fascinating energy storage system. The effective exploitation of air as a battery electrode has been the long-time dream of the battery community. Air is, in principle, a no-cost material characterized by a very high specific capacity value. In the particular case of the lithium/air system, energy levels approaching that of gasoline have been postulated. It is then not surprising that, in the course of the last decade, great attention has been devoted to this battery by various top academic and industrial laboratories worldwide. This intense investigation, however, has soon highlighted a series of issues that prevent a rapid development of the Li/air electrochemical system. Although several breakthroughs have been achieved recently, the question on whether this battery will have an effective economic and societal impact remains. In this review, a critical evaluation of the progress achieved so far is made, together with an attempt to propose future R&D trends. A forecast on whether Li/air may have a role in the next years' battery technology is also postulated.
Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Vaccine (1987)

An Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate has been prepared. The polysaccharide was coupled to the serotype II protein of group B meningococcus through the spacer 6-aminocaproic acid using cyanogen bromide and water soluble carbodiimide. The conjugate can be shown to be reproducible and is stable and highly immunogenic in mice and African green monkeys. Clinical evaluation of this conjugate in children 3 months to 4 years of age showed that it elicited an antibody titer to the polysaccharide moiety greater than 1000 ng/ml in children 8 months of age or older.
Gold‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization Polycondensation for the Synthesis of Aromatic Polymers (2020)

Abstract Homogeneous gold (Au) complexes have demonstrated tremendous utility in modern organic chemistry; however, their application for the synthesis of polymers remains rare. Herein, we demonstrate the first catalytic application of Au complexes toward the polycondensation of alkyne‐containing comonomers and heteroarene nucleophiles. Polymerization occurs through successive intermolecular hydroarylation reactions to produce high molecular weight aromatic copolymers with 1,1‐disubstituted alkene backbone linkages. Clear correlations between the rate and degree of polymerization (DP) were established based on catalyst structure and counterion pairing, thus enabling polymerization reactions that proceeded with remarkable efficiency, high reactivity, and exceptional DPs. The reactivity is broad in scope, enabling the copolymerization of highly functionalized aromatic and aliphatic monomers. These results highlight the untapped utility of Au catalysis in providing access to new macromolecular constructs.
Performance of wireless/power line media diversity in the office environment (2014)

The simultaneous use of wireless and power line communications (PLC) channels provides a convenient method for increasing the coverage and throughput of indoor networks. In this paper, we compare coding diversity and modulation diversity schemes that both utilize parallel wireless and PLC links. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) values used in this analysis are determined by conducting a series of average link gain measurements in an office environment. Measurement results show that both wireless and PLC SNRs have a wide range, but neither type of media is guaranteed to dominate performance for a given link. The empirical SNR values are used in a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the possible throughput advantages of coding and modulation wireless-PLC media diversity.
Active spectral control of DUV light sources for OPE minimization (2006)

The variation of CD with pitch, or Optical Proximity Effect (OPE), in an imaging system shows a behavior that is characteristic of the imaging and process conditions and is sensitive to variations in those conditions. Maintaining stable process conditions can improve the effectiveness of mask Optical Proximity Correction (OPC). One of the factors which affects the OPE is the spectral bandwidth of the light source. To date, passive bandwidth stabilization techniques have been effective in meeting OPE control requirements. However, future tighter OPE specifications will require advanced bandwidth control techniques. This paper describes developments in active stabilization of bandwidth in Cymer XLA and 7010 lasers. State of the art on board metrology, used to accurately measure E95 bandwidth, has enabled a new array of active control solutions to be deployed. Advanced spectral engineering techniques, including sophisticated control algorithms, are used to stabilize and regulate the bandwidth of the light source while maintaining other key performance specifications.
Nanofabrication and characterization of ZnO nanorod arrays and branched microrods by aqueous solution route and rapid thermal processing (2007)

This paper presents an inexpensive and fast fabrication method for one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanorod arrays and branched two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D) - nanoarchitectures. Our synthesis technique includes the use of an aqueous solution route and post-growth rapid thermal annealing. It permits rapid and controlled growth of ZnO nanorod arrays of 1D - rods, 2D - crosses, and 3D - tetrapods without the use of templates or seeds. The obtained ZnO nanorods are uniformly distributed on the surface of Si substrates and individual or branched nano/microrods can be easily transferred to other substrates. Process parameters such as concentration, temperature and time, type of substrate and the reactor design are critical for the formation of nanorod arrays with thin diameter and transferable nanoarchitectures. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Micro-Raman spectroscopy have been used to characterize the samples. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Compensating Atmospheric Channel Dispersion for Terahertz Wireless Communication (2020)

We report and demonstrate for the first time a method to compensate atmospheric group velocity dispersion of terahertz pulses. In ultra-wideband or impulse radio terahertz wireless communication, the atmosphere reshapes terahertz pulses via group velocity dispersion, a result of the frequency-dependent refractivity of air. Without correction, this can significantly degrade the achievable data transmission rate. We present a method for compensating the atmospheric dispersion of terahertz pulses using a cohort of stratified media reflectors. Using this method, we compensated group velocity dispersion in the 0.2-0.3 THz channel under common atmospheric conditions. Based on analytic and numerical simulations, the method can exhibit an in-band power efficiency of greater than 98% and dispersion compensation up to 99% of ideal. Simulations were validated by experimental measurements.
Microchannel Plate Detector (2004)

A method and system for providing a micro-channel plate detector. An anodized aluminum oxide membrane is provided and includes a plurality of nanopores which have an Al coating and a thin layer of an emissive oxide material responsive to incident radiation, thereby providing a plurality of radiation sensitive channels for the micro-channel plate detector.
20 W continuous-wave cladding-pumped Nd-doped fiber laser at 910 nm (2013)

We demonstrate a double-clad fiber laser operating at 910 nm with a record power of 20 W. Laser emission on the three-level scheme is enabled by the combination of a small inner cladding-to-core diameter ratio and a high brightness pump source at 808 nm. A laser conversion efficiency as high as 44% was achieved in CW operating regime by using resonant fiber Bragg reflectors at 910 nm that prevent the lasing at the 1060 nm competing wavelength. Furthermore, in a master oscillator power-amplifier scheme, an amplified power of 14.8 W was achieved at 914 nm in the same fiber.
Low cost 300mm double-SOI substrate for low insertion loss 1D &amp; 2D grating couplers (2014)

We report low insertion loss single polarization and polarization splitting grating couplers obtained on a 300mm silicon photonics platform through the fabrication of a low-cost Bragg reflector on a double SOI substrate.
Synthesis of fluoro‐dideutero‐methyl 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propyl ether (deuterated sevoflurane) (1993)

Abstract Sevoflurane was synthesized with deuterium substituents on the fluoromethoxy carbon. This was performed by a two‐step reaction process that yielded deuterated sevoflurane of high purity.
Difference in Transglycosylation between Human Pancreatic and Salivary α-Amylases (1983)

Transglycosylation reactions of alpha-amylases from human pancreatic juice and saliva were examined by using O-6-deoxy-6-[(2-pyridyl)amino]-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose as a substrate and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-1-deoxy-1-[(2-pyridyl)amino]-D-glucitol as an acceptor. The transfer reaction was estimated by quantitation of O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-1-deoxy-1-[(2-pyridyl)amino]-D-glucitol produced by the enzymes from the transfer products, because the acceptor was not hydrolyzed. The amount of O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-1-deoxy-1-[(2-pyridyl)amino]-D-glucitol in the digest with pancreatic alpha-amylase was six times that in the digest with salivary alpha-amylase at the stage when the substrate was completely consumed, and the difference increased gradually on further incubation. The phenomenon can be applied to differentiate the two alpha-amylases in human serum.
Design and validation of high temperature composite fasteners (1998)

A non-convention al composite fastener developed for attachment of high temperature ceramic matrix composites(CMC's) has been validated through extensive static and fatigue testing. The fastener was designed for applications which exceed the structural use temperature of metals, such as, in nozzle components in supersonic aircraft engines. Typically cooling air is required to maintain the maximum component temperature within the operational capabilities of high temperature metals. The engine performance is reduced as the requirement for cooling air increases. The concept utilizes a rectangular fastener rather than the conventional round fastener or bolt to eliminate matrix dominated interlaminar failure modes prevalent in conventional high temperature composite fasteners. Experimental data is presented on the original concept as well as on several modifications which increased the structural performance of the fasteners.
Through-the-Wall Magnetoquasistatic Ranging (2016)

We present the magnetoquasistatic (MQS) coupling theory between a mobile transmitting device located within a building (indoor) and a fixed receiving device located outside the building (outdoor), with the assumption that the building can be approximated as a homogeneous conducting body for penetration within a few skin-depths into the building, due to the long-wavelength MQS field. The theory permits decoupled sensing of range and orientation of the mobile device when multiaxis devices are used. We validate the theory in an industrial building and demonstrate ranging with an average error of 0.42 m.
Transformation optics for thermoelectric flow (2019)

Transformation optics (TO) is a powerful technique for manipulating diffusive transport, such as heat and electricity. While most studies have focused on individual heat and electrical flows, in many situations thermoelectric effects captured via the Seebeck coefficient may need to be considered. Here we apply a unified description of TO to thermoelectricity within the framework of thermodynamics and demonstrate that thermoelectric flow can be cloaked, diffused, rotated, or concentrated. Metamaterial composites using bilayer components with specified transport properties are presented as a means of realizing these effects in practice. The proposed thermoelectric cloak, diffuser, rotator, and concentrator are independent of the particular boundary conditions and can also operate in decoupled electric or heat modes.
Augmented MPM for phase-change and varied materials (2014)

In this paper, we introduce a novel material point method for heat transport, melting and solidifying materials. This brings a wider range of material behaviors into reach of the already versatile material point method. This is in contrast to best-of-breed fluid, solid or rigid body solvers that are difficult to adapt to a wide range of materials. Extending the material point method requires several contributions. We introduce a dilational/deviatoric splitting of the constitutive model and show that an implicit treatment of the Eulerian evolution of the dilational part can be used to simulate arbitrarily incompressible materials. Furthermore, we show that this treatment reduces to a parabolic equation for moderate compressibility and an elliptic, Chorin-style projection at the incompressible limit. Since projections are naturally done on marker and cell (MAC) grids, we devise a staggered grid MPM method. Lastly, to generate varying material parameters, we adapt a heat-equation solver to a material point framework.
Abstract LB-503: Pharmacological inhibition of microglia leads to increased survival in a murine model of glioblastoma multiforme in conjunction with ionizing radiation (2012)

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and lethal form of astrocytoma. GBM patients have a median survival time of approximately one year and therefore it is essential to identify novel targets and effective therapies. There is mounting evidence that microglia (specialized brain-resident macrophages) play a significant role in the development and progression of GBM tumors. We have established a microglia-glioma cell co-culture system consisting of normal microglia from C57Bl/6J mice and syngeneic GL261 glioma cells. We have demonstrated that microglia strongly stimulate the invasive behavior of GL261 cells in this system. Our preliminary data also indicate that the microglia significantly stimulate GL261 cell proliferation and resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) in these conditions. In a search for small molecule inhibitors that block the stimulatory effects of microglia on glioma cells, we have examined CNI-1493, a drug that is known to selectively interfere with macrophage function. We found that CNI-1493 potently inhibits microglia-stimulated GL261 invasion. We also examined the effect of intracranially administered CNI-1493 on orthotopic GL261 tumors in the presence or absence of fractionated whole brain irradiation (10 Gy total). We found that although CNI-1493 only has a marginal benefit in the absence of IR, it strongly stimulates animal survival in combination with IR: whereas IR treatment increases survival by 10 days, IR in combination with CNI-1493 treatment extends survival beyond 40 days. In conclusion, our observations support the notion that pharmacological targeting of microglia may be beneficial as adjuvant therapy in conjunction with ionizing radiation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-503. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-503
In-situ formation of metal-ceramic microstructures by partial reduction reactions (1995)

The formation of metal-ceramic multi-phase microstructures by partial reduction of ternary or higher ceramic oxides has been experimentally investigated in the model system FeMnO and in the more practical system AlNiO by changing the oxygen partial pressure at constant temperature and total pressure. In the FeMnO system the addition of impurities such as A12O3, CaO, Cr2O3 and ZrO2 to the initial, polycrystalline oxide solid solution (Fe1 − xMnx)O strongly influences the location of the metal precipitation during reduction. The experimental observations are discussed based on solubility limits and segregation of impurities. In the AlNiO system, depending on the reduction temperature, two different morphologies of nearly pure Ni particles, equiaxed and rod-like, form within an oxide matrix. Equiaxed Ni particles (0.02 to 0.5 μm in diameter) embedded in α-Al2O3 were formed at 1350 °C, while rod-like Ni particles (~ 5 μm in length and 0.1 μm in diameter) in a metastable “defect spinel” phase, containing much less Ni than NiAl2O4, were formed at 1100 °C. Electron microscopy studies were performed for microstructural characterization, phase identification and chemical analysis.
A simple, convenient method to synthesize cobalamins: synthesis of homocysteinylcobalamin, N-acetylcysteinylcobalamin, 2-N-acetylamino-2-carbomethoxyethanethiolatocobalamin, sulfitocobalamin and nitrocobalamin (2006)

Glutathionylcobalamin, nitrocobalamin and sulfitocobalamin are important cobalamin metabolites isolable from human tissues. Herein we demonstrate that a procedure used to synthesize and isolate gamma-glutamylcysteinylcobalamin and glutathionylcobalamin in aqueous solution in high yield and purity can be used to synthesize other novel, biologically relevant thiolatocobalamins, including d,l-homocysteinylcobalamin, N-acetyl-l-cysteinylcobalamin (Na(+) salt) and 2-N-acetylamino-2-carbomethoxy-l-ethanethiolatocobalamin, as well as other non-alkylcobalamins, such as sulfitocobalamin (Na(+) salt) and nitrocobalamin. This uncomplicated, general procedure will assist researchers in identifying unknown cobalamin metabolites isolated from biological samples, and researchers interested in studying the uptake and intracellular cobalamin processing mechanisms utilizing non-alkylcobalamin derivatives that are not yet commercially available. The X-ray structure and XAS spectrum of N-acetyl-l-cysteinylcobalamin are also presented.
A single erythroid-specific DNase I super-hypersensitive site activates high levels of human beta-globin gene expression in transgenic mice. (1989)

Erythroid-specific DNase I super-hypersensitive (HS) sites that are normally located far upstream of the human beta-globin locus were inserted immediately upstream of a 4.1-kb fragment containing the human beta-globin gene. These constructs (HS beta) and a construct containing the beta-globin gene alone (beta) were microinjected into fertilized mouse eggs, and expression was analyzed in erythroid fetal liver and brain of day-16 embryos that developed. Only 7 of 23 animals that contained the beta gene alone expressed human beta-globin mRNA in erythroid tissue, and the average level of expression per gene copy was 0.3% of endogenous mouse beta-globin mRNA. In contrast, 50 of 51 transgenic mice that contained various HS beta constructs expressed the transgene specifically in erythroid tissue. The average level of expression per gene copy for constructs containing all five upstream HS sites was 109% of endogenous mouse beta-globin mRNA. Constructs that contained a single super-hypersensitive site (HS II beta) expressed 40% as much human beta-globin as mouse beta-globin mRNA per gene copy. These results demonstrate that the HS VI site, normally located downstream of the human beta-globin locus, is not required for high-level expression. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that high levels of human beta-globin gene expression can be obtained in transgenic mice even when a relatively small fragment of DNA (1.9 kb) containing erythroid-specific super-hypersensitive site II (HS II) is inserted upstream of the human beta-globin gene.