gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-wavelength quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) research at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1996)

One of the simplest device realizations of the classic particle-in-a-box problem of basic quantum mechanics is the quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). Optimization of the detector design and material growth and processing have culminated in the realization of a 15 micrometer cutoff 128 by 128 focal plane array camera and a camera with large (256 by 256 pixel) focal plane array of QWIPs which can see at 8.5 micrometer, holding forth great promise for a variety of applications in the 6 - 25 micrometer wavelength range. This paper discusses the physics of the QWIP and QWIP technology development at Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Arthrobacter Endo‐β‐<i>N</i>‐Acetylglucosaminidase Shows Transglycosylation Activity on Complex‐Type <i>N</i>‐Glycan Oxazolines: One‐Pot Conversion of Ribonuclease B to Sialylated Ribonuclease C (2010)

Transforming protein glycosylation: The Arthrobacter endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo-A) was found to transglycosylate complex N-glycan oxazolines without product hydrolysis. Given its high activity in hydrolyzing high-mannose-type N-glycans, the newly discovered property enables a one-pot switch of glycans in a glycoprotein, as shown by the conversion of heterogeneous RNase B to homogeneous sialylated RNase C.
Training MRF-Based Phrase Translation Models using Gradient Ascent (2013)

This paper presents a general, statistical framework for modeling phrase translation via Markov random fields. The model allows for arbituary features extracted from a phrase pair to be incorporated as evidence. The parameters of the model are estimated using a large-scale discriminative training approach that is based on stochastic gradient ascent and an N-best list based expected BLEU as the objective function. The model is easy to be incoporated into a standard phrase-based statistical machine translation system, requiring no code change in the runtime engine. Evaluation is performed on two Europarl translation tasks, German-English and French-English. Results show that incoporating the Markov random field model significantly improves the performance of a state-of-the-art phrase-based machine translation system, leading to a gain of 0.8-1.3 BLEU points. 1
Water-layer Demultiple Using Separated Wavefields From Variable-depth Streamer Data (2014)

Summary We present an approach for water-layer multiple attenuation using up-going and down-going wavefields available from pre-migration deghosting of variable-depth streamer data. After extrapolation of the separated wavefields to the seabed, the down-going wavefield is used as a multiple model which is adaptively subtracted from the up-going wavefield. The water-layer related multiples removed by this procedure are forward propagated to the variable-depth streamer datum where they are finally subtracted from the deghosted data. We illustrate the concept using a synthetic example and shows results from a variable-depth streamer dataset acquired in the North Sea.
Current Status of the Liquid-Metal-Jet X-ray Source Technology (2014)

High-end x-ray diffraction and scattering techniques such as high-resolution XRD, protein crystallography, and SAXS rely heavily on the x-ray source brightness for resolution and exposure time. Traditional solid or rotating anode x-ray tubes are typically limited in brightness by when the e-beam power density melts the anode. The liquid-metal-jet technology has overcome this limitation by using an anode that is already in the molten state. We have previously demonstrated prototype performance of a metal-jet anode x-ray source concept [1-3] with unprecedented brightness in the range of one order of magnitude above current state-of-the art sources. The technology has since been developed into a stable and reliable source for home-lab systems This presentation will review the current status of the technology specifically in terms of stability, lifetime, flux and brightness. It will also discuss details of the liquid-metal-jet technology with a focus on the fundamental limitations of the technology. It will furthermore refer to some recent data from applications within x-ray diffraction and SAXS.
Fast regular expression matching using small TCAMs for network intrusion detection and prevention systems (2010)

Regular expression (RE) matching is a core component of deep packet inspection in modern networking and security devices. In this paper, we propose the first hardware-based RE matching approach that uses Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs), which are off-the-shelf chips and have been widely deployed in modern networking devices for packet classification. We propose three novel techniques to reduce TCAM space and improve RE matching speed: transition sharing, table consolidation, and variable striding. We tested our techniques on 8 real-world RE sets, and our results show that small TCAMs can be used to store large DFAs and achieve potentially high RE matching throughtput. For space, we were able to store each of the corresponding 8 DFAs with as many as 25,000 states in a 0.59Mb TCAM chip where the number of TCAM bits required per DFA
Water‐soluble, biocompatible polyphosphazenes with controllable and pH‐promoted degradation behavior (2013)

The synthesis of a series of novel, water-soluble poly(organophosphazenes) prepared via living cationic polymerization is presented. The degradation profiles of the polyphosphazenes prepared are analyzed by GPC, <sup>31</sup>P NMR spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy in aqueous media and show tunable degradation rates ranging from days to months, adjusted by subtle changes to the chemical structure of the polyphosphazene. Furthermore, it is observed that these polymers demonstrate a pH-promoted hydrolytic degradation behavior, with a remarkably faster rate of degradation at lower pH values. These degradable, water soluble polymers with controlled molecular weights and structures could be of significant interest for use in aqueous biomedical applications, such as polymer therapeutics, in which biological clearance is a requirement and in this context cell viability tests are described which show the non-toxic nature of the polymers as well as their degradation intermediates and products.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroethylene: Efficient Access to γ<sup>2</sup>‐Amino Acids. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Detection of nucleic acids in situ: novel oligonucleotide analogues for target-assembled DNA-mounted exciplexes (2007)

This research describes the effects of structural variation and medium effects for the novel split-oligonucleotide (tandem) probe systems for exciplex-based fluorescence detection of DNA. In this approach the detection system is split at a molecular level into signal-silent components, which must be assembled correctly into a specific 3-dimensional structure to ensure close proximity of the exciplex partners and the consequent exciplex fluorescence emission on excitation. The model system consists of two 8-mer oligonucleotides, complementary to adjacent sites of a 16-mer DNA target. Each probe oligonucleotide is equipped with functions able to form an exciplex on correct, contiguous hybridization. This study investigates the influence of a number of structural aspects (i.e. chemical structure and composition of exciplex partners, length and structure of linker groups, locations of exciplex partner attachment, as well as effects of media) on the performance of DNA-mounted exciplex systems. The extremely rigorous structural demands for exciplex formation and emission required careful structural design of linkers and partners for exciplex formation, which are here described. Certain organic solvents (especially trifluoroethanol) specifically favour emission of the DNA-mounted exciplexes, probably the net result of the particular duplex structure and specific solvation of the exciplex partners. The exciplexes formed emitted at approximately 480 nm with large Stokes shifts ( approximately 130-140 nm). Comparative studies with pyrene excimer systems were also carried out.
Broadband fast semiconductor saturable absorber (1992)

A tunable solid-state laser, such as a Ti:sapphire laser, is a reliable alternative to dye lasers for ultrashort pulse generation. With an effective fast saturable absorber, using a Kerr nonlinearity, an all solid-state femtosecond laser technology has been demonstrated.1 However, this mode-locking process is not self-starting and requires another starting mechanism, such as, for example, a real saturable absorber.2 Typically, a real saturable absorber is based on absorption bleaching. Real semiconductor saturable absorbers are attractive because they can cover band gaps from the visible to the infrared and can be fast (< ps), using low-temperature-MBE growth. However, given a certain material the tunability was limited to <30 nm for KLM Ti:sapphire laser and <50 nm for an RPM Ti:sapphire laser without dispersion compensation,3 In the latter, the pulse duration strongly increases from 2 to 10 ps over the tuning range.
Comparative facile methods for preparing graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering (2016)

Motivated by the success of using graphene oxide (GO) as a nanofiller of composites, there is a drive to search for this new kind of carbon material as a bioactive component in ceramic materials. In the present study, biomineralized GO was prepared by two different approaches, represented by in situ sol-gel synthesis and biomimetic treatment. It was found that in the biocomposites obtained by the sol-gel approach, the spindle-like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, with a diameter of ca. 5 ± 0.37 nm and a length of ca. 70 ± 2.5 nm, were presented randomly and strongly on the surface. The oxygen-containing functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carbonyl, present on the basal plane and edges of the GO sheets, play an important role in anchoring calcium ions, as demonstrated by FT-IR and TEM investigations. A different result was obtained for biocomposites after biomimetic treatment: an amorphous calcium phosphate on GO sheet was observed after 5 days of treatment. These different approaches resulted in a diverse effect on the proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic mesenchymal stem cells. In fact, in biocomposites prepared by the sol-gel approach the expression of an early marker of osteogenic differentiation, ALP, increases with the amount of GO in the first days of cell culture. Meanwhile, biomimetic materials sustain cell viability and proliferation, even if the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity in a basal medium is delayed. These findings may provide new prospects for utilizing GO-based hydroxyapatite biocomposites in bone repair, bone augmentation and coating of biomedical implants and broaden the application of GO sheets in biological areas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine-2-sulfonanilide Herbicides (1992)

An outline of the synthetic routes used to prepare a series of alkyl, halo and haloalkyl substituted 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5a]-pyrimidine-2-sulfonanilides is presented. The in vitro activity against acetolactate synthase and the herbicidal activity of these analogs is discussed. The evaluation of these activities led to the selection of DE-498 as a candidate for development as a broadleaf herbicide for soybeans, corn and other crops.
Identification of Phospholipid Scramblase 1 as a Biomarker and Determination of Its Prognostic Value for Colorectal Cancer (2010)

The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) in tumor tissues and plasma specimens of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as analyze its association with clinical parameters. The expression levels of PLSCR1 protein in 104 matched CRC and adjacent normal tissue sections and 50 pairs of CRC tissue blocks were determined by use of immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses, respectively. To evaluate the diagnostic potential of PLSCR1, the plasma levels of PLSCR1 were investigated in 111 additional subjects (59 CRC patients and 52 healthy controls) by Western blot. PLSCR1 was overexpressed in malignant adenocarcinoma tissues compared with normal colorectal mucosa (P < 0.001). In addition, the plasma level of PLSCR1 was not only significantly elevated in CRC patients compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.001), but it was also substantially increased in early stage CRC (P < 0.001). Importantly, the overall sensitivity and specificity of PLSCR1 for CRC detection were 80% and 59.6%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of PLSCR1 for CRC diagnosis is 0.75, which increases to 0.8 if combined with the measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen. Univariate analysis with the Cox regression model revealed that elevated PLSCR1 expression indicated a poor prognosis for CRC. This study showed that PLSCR1 protein levels were significantly elevated in both the cancer tissue and plasma of CRC patients. Moreover, the plasma levels of PLSCR1 were significantly elevated in patients with early stage CRC compared with healthy individuals, suggesting that PLSCR1 might be used as a noninvasive serological diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC.
Heat Gelation of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Stabilized by Whey Protein (1986)

ABSTRACT The conditions under which a high volume fraction of oil can be trapped in whey protein gels were studied. Oil‐in‐water emulsions of whey protein and vegetable oil were subjected to heat treatment. Such emulsions, depending on their protein and oil content, on their pH and on the emulsification technique used, gelled or remained liquid. Homogenization was the major factor to achieve gelation and the firmness of heat‐induced gels increased with increasing emulsion fineness and homogeneity. Emulsions with a high gelation capacity were characterized by a single droplet family of relatively narrow size distribution and a mean droplet diameter ranging from roughly 300–700 nanometers. The pH range suitable for gelation extended from 3.5–8.0.
Switched-capacitor circuits with reduced sensitivity to amplifier gain (1987)

A new technique for reducing the effect of finite amplifier gain in switched-capacitor circuits is described. The principle is to perform a preliminary charge transfer operation preceding every desired charge transfer operation, thus obtaining a close approximation of the finite gain error which is stored and subsequently used for correction. This provides excellent suppression of the finite gain effect, independent of the relationship between the clock rate and the signal frequencies. The technique is quite general in nature and can be applied in a wide variety of switchedcapacitor circuits. Its major applications will be in precision analog signal processing circuits like precision amplifiers, A/D and D/A converters, and analog arithmetic building blocks. Simulation studies indicate that this technique has the potential to reduce the amplifier gain requirements in such circuits by one to two orders of magnitude. This would simplify amplifier design and increase the high-frequency capability of these circuits.
Low-frequency power-grid ancillary services from commercial building HVAC systems (2013)

With the introduction of volatile renewable energy sources into the grid, the need for inexpensive ancillary service increases. We propose a method to provide ancillary service by using the flexibility of demand in commercial building HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning) systems. In particular, we show how a regulation command transmitted by a balancing authority can be tracked by varying the cooling demand in commercial buildings in real-time. A key idea here is the bandwidth limitation of the regulation signal, which allows the building's HVAC system to provide this service with little effect on the indoor climate. The proposed control scheme can be applied on any building with a VAV (Variable Air Volume) system and on-site chiller(s). Simple calculations show that the commercial buildings in the U.S. can provide 47 GW of regulation reserves in the frequency band f ∈ [1=(60 min);1=(3 min)] with virtually no change in the indoor climate, while meeting current ISO/RTO standards for regulation.
16.0% Efficient Thin-Film CdS/CdTe Solar Cells (1997)

High efficiency cadmium sulfide (CdS)/cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells have been developed using ultrathin CdS films having a thickness of 50 nm. CdS films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO)/#1737 glass substrates by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition technique, and CdTe films subsequently deposited by the close-spaced sublimation technique were used for the fabrication of CdS/CdTe solar cells. A photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 16.0% under Air Mass (AM) 1.5 conditions has been measured by the Japan Quality Assurance Organization.
Enhancing Throughput Using Agile Beam Switching and User Scheduling in Cellular Systems (2019)

In this paper, we investigate agile beamforming using Massive MIMO rectangular arrays for improving the performance of current LTE/LTE-A networks. Multi-antenna technologies like Full-dimension (FD) MIMO and the required CSI feedback mechanisms have been standardized in 3GPP Release 13/14 and 5G New Radio (NR), but their use in legacy LTE releases is limited. We show that large arrays can be leveraged to provide significant throughput improvements even in legacy LTE (Release 8) systems. Our main approach consists of switching narrow beams at the radio unit (RU) and scheduling users at the baseband unit (BBU) in such a way that users throughout the sector experience an SINR boost due to beamforming. The base station (eNB) improves the SINR in different regions of the sector by swiftly switching between different narrow beams in tight synchronization with the CSI feedback and scheduling latency mechanisms of the LTE protocol, and then schedules a user (UE) from within the high-SINR region. We consider the practically relevant case where there is no coordination between the baseband unit (BBU) and the radio unit (RU) as well as the advanced case where co-ordination is possible. Through simulation results, we demonstrate significant improvements in the average and cell-edge throughput, when compared to a conventional wide-beam system.
Perspective map (2003)

A wearable computer is a potential platform for map applications: it is mobile in nature, and is often equipped with a head-worn display capable of displaying maps of the surrounding area in graphical form. In this paper, we present a map application, called WalkMap, developed for wearable computers. We concentrate on the visual presentation of the map, and propose a visualization method that is based on perspective distortion of a regular two-dimensional birds-eye view map. We also describe the results of a field study, and compare the distorted view to a regular two-dimensional view. The results show that while a perspective Visualization is feasible for some navigational tasks, for some other tasks a regular map is preferred.
Crystal Structure of La<sub>2</sub>Mo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>, a New Fast Oxide−Ion Conductor (2000)

The crystal structure of the new fast oxide-ion conductor La2Mo2O9 (ionic conductivity of 0.06 S cm-1 at 800 °C) has been studied. This compound presents a reversible phase transformation around 580 °C from a low-temperature form α-La2Mo2O9 to a high-temperature form β-La2Mo2O9. The high-temperature form β-La2Mo2O9 has a cubic structure (at 617 °C, space group P213; a = 7.2014(5) Å; Z = 2; RBragg = 5.8%, Rp = 10.9%, Rwp = 6.5%, χ2 = 7.7) which derives from that of β-SnWO4. Partial site occupation by oxygen atoms, strongly anisotropic thermal factors, and short-range order with a distance characteristic of O−O pairs have been evidenced. An original concept is proposed for the origin of oxide−ion conduction in this compound, which could be applied to the design of new oxide−ion conductors. The low-temperature form α-La2Mo2O9 exhibits a slight monoclinic distortion and a large superstructure relative to β-La2Mo2O9 (2 × 3 × 4), most probably due to the localization of oxygen atoms. The large cell (∼8800 Å3) did not allow us to determine the crystal structure of α-La2Mo2O9.
Adaptive Noise Suppression Using Digital Signal Processing (1996)

A signal to noise ratio dependent adaptive spectral subtraction algorithm is developed to eliminate noise from noise corrupted speech signals. The algorithm determines the signal to noise ratio and adjusts the spectral subtraction proportion appropriately. After spectra subtraction low amplitude signals are squelched. A single microphone is used to obtain both eh noise corrupted speech and the average noise estimate. This is done by determining if the frame of data being sampled is a voiced or unvoiced frame. During unvoice frames an estimate of the noise is obtained. A running average of the noise is used to approximate the expected value of the noise. Applications include the emergency egress vehicle and the crawler transporter.