gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Studies of an Electronically Controlled CNG System for Dual Fuel Engines (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to improve the engine's emission performance and convert diesel engine to dual fuel engine, an electronically controlled natural gas injection system is developed for the X6130 naturally aspirated bus diesel engine. The system includes gas supply, electronic control unit(ECU) and auxiliary systems, which consists of harness, sensors, mechanical diesel control system and diagnostic system. The injection natural gas pressure is 1 MPa and six high-speed solenoid valves(HSV) are used to control natural gas injection timing and quantity of each cylinder at each work cycle. The ECU is based on the MC68HC811A1 microcontroller unit(MCU) and the system software is edited by MOTOROLA assembly language. The test results show that the system has great advantage in the aspects of emission and economy. Adopting multi-point electronic control injection for dual fuel system can get as high as 92% of CNG substitution at rated power and reduce NOx and PM emissions greatly. Then we conduct the environment test for ECU and make road-running test on bus. The test results show that the dual fuel system is a practical system and that using dual fuel system to convert diesel engine is an important way to exert the advantage of natural gas in improving the emission of a bus engine.</div>
A localization system of a mobile robot by fusing dead-reckoning and ultrasonic measurements (1998)

This paper introduces a novel hardware system structure and systematic digital signal processing algorithms for the automatic localization of an autonomous mobile robot by merging dead-reckoning and ultrasonic measurements. The multisensorial dead-reckoning (DR) subsystem is based on optimal filtering that merges heading readings from a magnetic compass, a rate-gyroscope, and two encoders mounted on the robot wheels to compute the dead-reckoned location estimate. The novel ultrasonic localization subsystem consists of one ultrasonic transmitter and one radio-frequency (RF) controlled switch mounted at a known location fixed to an inertial frame of reference, four ultrasonic receivers, and one RF controlled switch installed on the mobile robot. Four ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) measurements together with the dead-reckoned location information are used to update the vehicle's position by utilizing the extended Kalman filtering (EKF) algorithm. The proposed algorithms are implemented using a host PC 586 computer and standard C++ programming techniques. The system prototype together with the experimental results were used to confirm that the system not only retains high accuracy and magnetic interference immunity, but also provides a simple and practical structure for use and installation/calibration.
Nonisothermal Gravitational Composition Variation in a Large Deep-water Field (1999)

Summary This paper examines the oil composition distribution of a large deep-water field which the temperature variation, because of the water depth (800 to 2000 m), is in the opposite direction of the Earth's thermal gradient. The main practical objective is to investigate if the oil distribution would suggest fluid connectivity along this 40 km long and 15 km wide oil field. This could significantly impact the appraisal and development phases of the field. The methodology adopted here includes reservoir geochemistry, fitting of a single equation of state, compositional simulation, and thermodynamic equilibrium. The results from reservoir geochemistry indicate a common oil source, different migration pulses, a lateral migration path and some hydrocarbon mixing after filling process. A single equation of state is set to represent the oil behavior for the whole field. The successful matching is achieved by means of splitting the heaviest component and so reducing the molar concentration of the pseudocomponent on a single regression procedure. Compositional simulation runs, representing the secondary migration, suggest spots of gas caused by phase changes. During the filling process, the results show heavier oil in front of the upward flow. During the mixing process, the gravitational segregation seeks to reverse this trend. A new thermodynamic equilibrium model that accounts for the effect of temperature shows an increase of oil segregation with a temperature gradient opposite to the thermal's gradient. The results suggest thermodynamic equilibrium of oils in an area of the reservoir. This may suggest reservoir connectivity. In the area the oils are in thermodynamic equilibrium, fluid composition and properties are extrapolated to different depths while function of their respective temperatures.
Improved Materials Aging Diagnostics and Mechanisms through 2D Hyperspectral Imaging Methods and Algorithms (2002)

No abstract prepared.
Relational Deep Learning: A Deep Latent Variable Model for Link Prediction (2017)

Link prediction is a fundamental task in such areas as social network analysis, information retrieval, and bioinformatics. Usually link prediction methods use the link structures or node attributes as the sources of information. Recently, the relational topic model (RTM) and its variants have been proposed as hybrid methods that jointly model both sources of information and achieve very promising accuracy. However, the representations (features) learned by them are still not effective enough to represent the nodes (items). To address this problem, we generalize recent advances in deep learning from solely modeling i.i.d. sequences of attributes to jointly modeling graphs and non-i.i.d. sequences of attributes. Specifically, we follow the Bayesian deep learning framework and devise a hierarchical Bayesian model, called relational deep learning (RDL), to jointly model high-dimensional node attributes and link structures with layers of latent variables. Due to the multiple nonlinear transformations in RDL, standard variational inference is not applicable. We propose to utilize the product of Gaussians (PoG) structure in RDL to relate the inferences on different variables and derive a generalized variational inference algorithm for learning the variables and predicting the links. Experiments on three real-world datasets show that RDL works surprisingly well and significantly outperforms the state of the art.
Enhanced cycle life of lead-acid battery using graphene as a sulfation suppression additive in negative active material (2015)

The addition of graphene to negative active materials of lead-acid batteries for sulfation suppression and cycle-life extension is reported. Proposed mechanistic model demonstrates the evolution of PbSO<sub>4</sub> surface coverage as cycle number increases.
Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders (2010)

The KRAS gene is the most common locus for somatic gain-of-function mutations in human cancer. Germline KRAS mutations were shown recently to be associated with developmental disorders, including Noonan syndrome (NS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFCS), and Costello syndrome (CS). The molecular basis of this broad phenotypic variability has in part remained elusive so far. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the biochemical and structural features of ten germline KRAS mutations using physical and cellular biochemistry. According to their distinct biochemical and structural alterations, the mutants can be grouped into five distinct classes, four of which markedly differ from RAS oncoproteins. Investigated functional alterations comprise the enhancement of intrinsic and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) catalyzed nucleotide exchange, which is alternatively accompanied by an impaired GTPase-activating protein (GAP) stimulated GTP hydrolysis, an overall loss of functional properties, and a deficiency in effector interaction. In conclusion, our data underscore the important role of RAS in the pathogenesis of the group of related disorders including NS, CFCS, and CS, and provide clues to the high phenotypic variability of patients with germline KRAS mutations.
Laser chemical vapor deposition direct patterning of insulating film (1991)

The 10 μm scale patterned SiO2 films with excellent insulating quality has been directly deposited by laser chemical vapor deposition projection printing. Leakage current through the SiO2 film was kept within permissible limits for large scale integration (LSI) functioning. This new local insulating scheme substantially extends the potential of laser direct writing circuit restructuring technology, such as in locally insulating two crossing interconnections on LSIs.
Influence of hyaluronic acid on wound healing using composite porcine acellular dermal matrix grafts and autologous skin in rabbits (2012)

This study aims to explore the influence of hyaluronic acid (HA) on wound healing during xenogeneic porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) composite skin grafting. The results will facilitate the development of methods for improving graft contracture and poor elasticity of composite transplantation. Exogenous HA was added to composite PADM grafts and to thin autologous skin grafts during rabbit full-thickness skin wound repair. The influence of HA on wound healing was evaluated according to its contracture rate and its expression of collagen types I and III. The possible mechanism was then explored based on HA metabolism and vascularisation in the skin graft. The results show that exogenous HA relieves graft contracture on rabbit wound surfaces, increases collagen I and III expression and decreases the ratio between collagen types. HA stimulates the generation of more CD44 receptors to strengthen its enzymolysis. The resulting metabolites promote the vascularisation of the wound surface, which are conducive for mitigating graft contracture, and further improve the composite grafting effect.
James L. McCamy (1996)

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Using <i>para</i> hydrogen to hyperpolarize amines, amides, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phosphates, and carbonates (2018)

Hyperpolarization turns weak nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responses into strong signals, so normally impractical measurements are possible. We use <i>para</i>hydrogen to rapidly hyperpolarize appropriate <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C, <sup>15</sup>N, and <sup>31</sup>P responses of analytes (such as NH<sub>3</sub>) and important amines (such as phenylethylamine), amides (such as acetamide, urea, and methacrylamide), alcohols spanning methanol through octanol and glucose, the sodium salts of carboxylic acids (such as acetic acid and pyruvic acid), sodium phosphate, disodium adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and sodium hydrogen carbonate. The associated signal gains are used to demonstrate that it is possible to collect informative single-shot NMR spectra of these analytes in seconds at the micromole level in a 9.4-T observation field. To achieve these wide-ranging signal gains, we first use the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process to hyperpolarize an amine or ammonia and then use their exchangeable NH protons to relay polarization into the analyte without changing its identity. We found that the <sup>1</sup>H signal gains reach as high as 650-fold per proton, whereas for <sup>13</sup>C, the corresponding signal gains achieved in a <sup>1</sup>H-<sup>13</sup>C refocused insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer (INEPT) experiment exceed 570-fold and those in a direct-detected <sup>13</sup>C measurement exceed 400-fold. Thirty-one examples are described to demonstrate the applicability of this technique.
Coordination polymer particles as potential drug delivery systems (2010)

Micro- and nanoscale coordination polymer particles can be used for encapsulating and delivering drugs. In vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity assays showed that these capsules readily release doxorubicin, which shows anticancer efficacy. The results from this work open up new avenues for metal-organic capsules to be used as potential drug delivery systems.
Evaluation, Measurement, and Verification (EM&V) for Behavior- Based Energy Efficiency Programs: Issues and Recommendations (2012)

Behavior-based programs have been identified as a major potential source of energy savings and are increasingly being adopted by energy efficiency program administrators nationwide. However, because these programs often lack a technology-based unit for which savings can be modeled or deemed (such as a CFL), documentation of energy savings requires approaches which are common in the experimental sciences, but not in the efficiency industry. In this paper (based on a report created for the State and Local Energy Efficiency Action Network), we describe and discuss eleven key evaluation issues and recommend analysis approaches that can be used to define whether a behavior-based program evaluation of energy savings can be considered rigorous and internally valid. In particular, we recommend using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for behavior-based efficiency programs, which result in robust, unbiased program savings impact estimates. We also discuss issues relating to the double counting of savings, and the importance of third party evaluators. With respect to external validity, we discuss conditions under which impact estimates from behavior-based programs can be applied to different populations in future years. We recommend that a control group that is representative of all of the different participating populations should be maintained for every year in which program energy estimates are being used to claim savings. Finally, we discuss challenges in moving towards estimating savings based on a calibrated predictive analytic model, which could be used to produce deemed savings estimates at some point in the future.
Cross-linking of ICAM-1 on T cells induces transient tyrosine phosphorylation and inactivation of cdc2 kinase (1995)

Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-1 and -3 coexist on T lymphocytes and are counter-receptors for the integrin LFA-1. Signaling through ICAM-3 stimulates a number of T cell functions and involves phosphorylation of Fyn, Lck, CD45, and other proteins. In contrast, this type of specific signaling event has not been described for signaling through ICAM-1. Here, tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins was examined after cross-linking of ICAM-1. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the 34-kDa cdc2 protein kinase was induced transiently after stimulation of the leukemic T cell line, Molt-3, or peripheral blood T cells. Stimulation through ICAM-1 had no effect on constitutive presence of cdc2 or phosphorylation of cdc2 on threonine. cdc2 kinase activity was constitutive in peripheral blood T cells, and transient inhibition of kinase activity after ICAM-1 stimulation correlated kinetically with phosphorylation of cdc2 on tyrosine.
Reconfigurable-Intelligent-Surface Empowered Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities (2020)

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are regarded as a promising emerging hardware technology to improve the spectrum and energy efficiency of wireless networks by artificially reconfiguring the propagation environment of electromagnetic waves. Due to the unique advantages in enhancing wireless channel capacity, RISs have recently become a hot research topic. In this article, we focus on three fundamental physical-layer challenges for the incorporation of RISs into wireless networks, namely, channel state information acquisition, passive information transfer, and low-complexity robust system design. We summarize the state-of-the-art solutions and explore potential research directions. Furthermore, we discuss other promising research directions of RISs, including edge intelligence and physical-layer security.
Design of Microstrip Dual-Mode Filters Based on Source-Load Coupling (2008)

In this letter, a novel circular open-loop resonator is presented. The field patterns of this type of dual-mode resonator are investigated using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. The applications of the dual-mode resonator as bandpass filters are proposed. A coupling and routing scheme is presented to model the operations of these filters. Advantages of using this type of filter are not only its low insertion loss, but also its controllable transmission zeros. Both simulated and measured results are presented.
Inverse Bloch Oscillator: Strong Terahertz-Photocurrent Resonances at the Bloch Frequency (1996)

We have observed the inverse Bloch oscillator effect: resonant changes in the current-voltage characteristics of miniband semiconductor superlattices when the Bloch frequency is resonant with a terahertz field and its harmonics. The resonances consist of a peak in the current accompanied by a decrease of the current at the low bias side. At the highest intensities we observe up to a four-photon resonance. This is an analog of Shapiro steps in a S-I-S junction caused by the ac Josephson effect. The increase of the current is caused by stimulated emission of photons and we can estimate the THz gain of the superlattice from the induced current at the resonance.
Preparation of very thin superconducting films of Y-Ba-Cu-O by a layer-by-layer resistive evaporation (1989)

We report here on 1/4 -μm-thick superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O films, produced by a sequential layer-by-layer deposition of Cu, BaF2, and YF3, utilizing solely resistive evaporation from tungsten boats onto SrTiO3 substrates. The films are composed primarily of quasioriented elongated grains and have, on the average, the correct stoichiometry. A transition onset at 75 K and width of ∼25 K have been observed in these films. The shape of the current-voltage curve indicates that Josephson-coupled weak links limit the transport in these films. However, the magnitude of critical current (3000 A/cm2 at ∼10 K) is larger than that found in bulk ceramic superconductors. The origin of weak links in these films is probably in the regions of contact between the elongated grains. The relatively large critical current density, as compared to regular bulk ceramic superconductors, is presumably related to the quasioriented nature of the film.
Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understanding (2019)

We introduce a new large-scale NLI benchmark dataset, collected via an iterative, adversarial human-and-model-in-the-loop procedure. We show that training models on this new dataset leads to state-of-the-art performance on a variety of popular NLI benchmarks, while posing a more difficult challenge with its new test set. Our analysis sheds light on the shortcomings of current state-of-the-art models, and shows that non-expert annotators are successful at finding their weaknesses. The data collection method can be applied in a never-ending learning scenario, becoming a moving target for NLU, rather than a static benchmark that will quickly saturate.
Low-cost green synthesis of zinc sponge for rechargeable, sustainable batteries (2020)

We show that zinc (Zn) batteries are the lowest cost and most energy dense of rechargeable batteries that rely on abundant, low-risk elements. We advance Zn batteries with a green synthesis that lowers the cost and boosts the performance of rechargeable Zn electrodes.
Software process evaluation: A machine learning approach (2011)

Software process evaluation is essential to improve software development and the quality of software products in an organization. Conventional approaches based on manual qualitative evaluations (e.g., artifacts inspection) are deficient in the sense that (i) they are time-consuming, (ii) they suffer from the authority constraints, and (iii) they are often subjective. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel semi-automated approach to software process evaluation using machine learning techniques. In particular, we formulate the problem as a sequence classification task, which is solved by applying machine learning algorithms. Based on the framework, we define a new quantitative indicator to objectively evaluate the quality and performance of a software process. To validate the efficacy of our approach, we apply it to evaluate the defect management process performed in four real industrial software projects. Our empirical results show that our approach is effective and promising in providing an objective and quantitative measurement for software process evaluation.
Self-Distilled StyleGAN: Towards Generation from Internet Photos (2022)

StyleGAN is known to produce high-fidelity images, while also offering unprecedented semantic editing. However, these fascinating abilities have been demonstrated only on a limited set of datasets, which are usually structurally aligned and well curated. In this paper, we show how StyleGAN can be adapted to work on raw uncurated images collected from the Internet. Such image collections impose two main challenges to StyleGAN: they contain many outlier images, and are characterized by a multi-modal distribution. Training StyleGAN on such raw image collections results in degraded image synthesis quality. To meet these challenges, we proposed a StyleGAN-based self-distillation approach, which consists of two main components: (i) A generative-based self-filtering of the dataset to eliminate outlier images, in order to generate an adequate training set, and (ii) Perceptual clustering of the generated images to detect the inherent data modalities, which are then employed to improve StyleGAN's "truncation trick" in the image synthesis process. The presented technique enables the generation of high-quality images, while minimizing the loss in diversity of the data. Through qualitative and quantitative evaluation, we demonstrate the power of our approach to new challenging and diverse domains collected from the Internet. New datasets and pre-trained models are available at https://self-distilled-stylegan.github.io/ .
Stretching of megabase-sized deoxyribonucleic acid molecules by tuning electric-field frequency (2003)

Despite the technical difficulties of dealing with chromosome deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules, over a megabase pair (Mbp) in size, yeast chromosome DNA molecules, over hundreds of micrometers in length, were stretched from random coil conformation within a few minutes by careful tuning of the ac field frequency in a 1% agarose gel. This rapid and efficient stretching method was accomplished by a combination of optimal conditions for the stretching process and maintenance of stretched conformation. In the stretching process, Mbp DNA gets easily trapped in gel fibers. So achieving a stretched conformation without the trapping was accomplished by tuning the field frequency according to the conformation at the moment. Once stretched out, any sized DNA could be maintained in a stretched conformation under a 10 Hz ac field. As compared with shorter DNA, longer DNA existed in stretched conformation under a wide range of ac field frequencies.