gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Polarization-independent bidirectional optical switch for communication signals</title> (2000)

A 2 X 2 optical switch performing bidirectional cross-bar on optical communication signals at 1550 nm is presented and experimented. The switch is based on electro-optic effect in bulk CdTe crystals. Operation is totally independent by input state of polarization of the optical beams to be addressed. The proposed free-space architecture grants high compactness, reliability and fast response time compared with common switching solutions.
45.2: Self‐Organized Organic Thin‐Film Transistor for Flexible Active‐Matrix Display (2004)

Abstract We developed a bottom contact, organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) array on plastic using a self‐organized process. The pentacene thin‐film transistor, grown selectively between the source and drain using organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), exhibited a field‐effect mobility of 1.1 cm 2 /Vs and on/off current ratio of >10 8 . A 4 inch OTFT array with 50 ppi resolution was developed.
Biases in ion transmission through an electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry capillary inlet (2009)

A heated capillary inlet for an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) interface was compared with shorter versions of the inlet to determine the effects on transmission and ionization efficiencies for low-flow (nano) electrosprays. Five different inlet lengths were studied, ranging from 6.4 to 1.3 cm. As expected, the electrospray current transmission efficiency increased with decreasing capillary length due to reduced losses to the inside walls of the capillary. This increase in transmission efficiency with shorter inlets was coupled with reduced desolvation of electrosprayed droplets. Surprisingly, as the inlet length was decreased, some analytes showed little or no increase in sensitivity, while others showed as much as a 15-fold gain. The variation was shown to be at least partially correlated with analyte mobilities, with the largest gains observed for higher mobility species, but also affected by solution conductivity, flow rate, and inlet temperature. Strategies for maximizing sensitivity while minimizing biases in ion transmission through the heated capillary interface are proposed.
<title>Microwave-enhanced infrared thermography</title> (1999)

Infrared techniques can be used to detect buried objects such as landmines or shallow-buried waste, by taking advantage of the diurnal heating cycle. Improvements in performance may be expected with the addition of a microwave source to heat the ground and the buried objects. We describe an experiment to demonstrate the heating effect and a two-dimensional model which describes the phenomena involved. It is suggested that variations in heating with angle of incidence and microwave wavelength may be useful discriminants.
Photodynamic Therapy Of Cancer (1989)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used experimentally in cancer patients since 1976, with an estimated 3,000-4,000 patients treated world-wide, most since 1982. Phase III, comparative randomized clinical trials are under way for regulatory approval of Photofrin® II, a purified version of hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd). Several recent advances in both the clinical application of PDT and basic understanding of mechanisms are noteworthy. For example, it is now recognized that the photosensitizer undergoes photobleaching during treatment which may provide a therapeutic advantage in treatment. Clinical trials using lower drug doses seem to be consistent with this expectation. Advances in light delivery systems and dosimetry have also been achieved. It is now clear that in at least some experimental animal tumors, destruction of the vasculature system in both the tumor and surrounding normal tissue is necessary for 'cure', a process which may involve release of inflammatory and other factors. It is unclear if this is relevant to humans. Because of the problem of cutaneous photosensitivity and other factors, a search for other photo-sensitizers is being carried out by several groups, with early encouraging results being reported for certain phthalocyanines, purpurins and others.
A Multi-MHz Large Air-gap Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System Utilizing an Active Variable Reactance Rectifier Suitable for Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging (2019)

This paper introduces a multi-MHz large air-gap capacitive wireless power transfer (WPT) system that incorporates an active variable reactance (AVR) rectifier to compensate for coupling variations in dynamic electric vehicle (EV) charging applications. The AVR-based WPT system maintains full power transfer over a wide range of misalignments and vehicle road clearances. A comprehensive methodology is presented to co-design the AVR rectifier with the matching networks of the WPT system such that large coupling variations are compensated while maintaining high efficiency. A 13.56-MHz, 300-W, 12-cm nominal air-gap prototype capacitive WPT system incorporating the AVR rectifier, which can be scaled up in power for EV applications, is designed, built and tested. The AVR-based prototype system maintains full power transfer for up to 45% lateral misalignment in the coupler and up to 45% increase in vehicle road clearance. In a dynamic charging scenario, the AVR-based system transfers 80% more energy during a single pass of the vehicle over the charging pad, as compared to a system without the AVR rectifier.
Single shot x-ray phase contrast imaging using a direct conversion microstrip detector with single photon sensitivity (2016)

X-ray phase contrast imaging enables the measurement of the electron density of a sample with high sensitivity compared to the conventional absorption contrast. This is advantageous for the study of dose-sensitive samples, in particular, for biological and medical investigations. Recent developments relaxed the requirement for the beam coherence, such that conventional X-ray sources can be used for phase contrast imaging and thus clinical applications become possible. One of the prominent phase contrast imaging methods, Talbot-Lau grating interferometry, is limited by the manufacturing, alignment, and photon absorption of the analyzer grating, which is placed in the beam path in front of the detector. We propose an alternative improved method based on direct conversion charge integrating detectors, which enables a grating interferometer to be operated without an analyzer grating. Algorithms are introduced, which resolve interference fringes with a periodicity of 4.7 μm recorded with a 25 μm pitch Si microstrip detector (GOTTHARD). The feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated by an experiment at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source on a polyethylene sample.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells are efficiently killed by an anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody selected for improved engagement of FcγRIIIA/CD16 (2008)

Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treated with a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab show a high response rate. However, only a poor response is observed following rituximab monotherapy. The use of chemo-immunotherapy is often associated with haematological and infectious complications. Thus, an antibody with an enhanced ability to kill CLL cells could lead to better clinical responses to antibody monotherapy and the possibility of lowering drug doses during chemo-immunotherapy. We generated a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb), EMAB-6, which has a low fucose content. Apoptosis and complement activities for EMAB-6 were similar to those seen for rituximab. By contrast, EMAB-6 mAb showed improved Fcgamma receptor IIIA (FcgammaRIIIA)/CD16 binding and FcgammaRIIIA-dependent effector functions. It induced a higher in vitro antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against CLL cells and a higher FcgammaRIIIA-mediated interleukin-2 production by FcgammaRIIIA(+) Jurkat cells in the presence of CLL cells at both low and maximally saturating concentrations. Comparative studies between CLL and lymphoma cells coated with EMAB-6 or rituximab indicated that the difference of efficacy was more pronounced at low doses and when target cells expressed fewer CD20 molecules. Thus, EMAB-6 mAb represents a promising drug candidate for the treatment of CLL by inducing a strong cytotoxicity against tumour cells that express low CD20 levels.
Combined Loading Tests of Large Diameter Corroded Pipelines (2000)

Current methods for estimating the remaining strength of aging, corroded pipelines have been restricted to the capabilities of pressure based engineering models that rely on the definition of hoop stress in the pipe wall. Because in practice, pipelines are subjected to a variety of loading conditions (e.g.; axial bending from settlement and thermal stresses) that act in concert with those derived by internal pressure, a multi-year combined testing and analysis program was initiated by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company aimed at developing computer tools for the prediction of rupture and wrinkling in corroded pipes. During the program, seventeen full-scale tests of mechanically corroded 48-inch diameter (1219-mm), X65 pipes subjected to internal pressure, axial bending, and axial compression were performed to provide data necessary for the verification of analytical models and failure prediction models. While all of the tests were designed to produce rupture, wrinkling, as defined by the occurrence of a limit moment during the application of bending loads, was produced in eleven of the tests either prior to or instead of rupture. Loading of the pipe was intended to simulate that which would be observed by a pipe in-service and included both load control and displacement control of the applied bending load, and in some tests, intended to define the amount of additional pressure required to cause burst after wrinkling was produced. Results of the tests showed that two different failure modes are produced depending on whether the bending moment is transmitted to the pipe as a fixed load or a fixed displacement, and consequently, the burst capacity of the corroded pipe may not be compromised by the presence of axial loads. This paper discusses the tests performed, including a description of the load schedule and corrosion geometries, and key results of the tests that were used in the development of a new strain-based burst prediction procedure for corroded pipes subjected to combined loads.
Alterations in Hypothalamic Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Like Immunoreactivity Are Associated with Reproduction and Prolactin Release in the Female Turkey* (1989)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has potent PRL-releasing activity, but its physiological role in the regulation of PRL release during the avian reproductive cycle is not known. We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey. In the naturally hyperprolactinemic incubating hen, the majority of VIP immunoreactivity (VIP-IR) existed within neurons of the infundibular nuclear complex (INF) and fibers in the external layer of the median eminence. Within the INF, the numbers of VIP-IR cells increased during the cycle, paralleling increases in serum PRL. In the reproductively inactive, nonphotostimulated hen with low serum PRL, essentially no positive cells were noted, whereas the incubating hen exhibited 32.1 +/- 2.2 cells/pair of adjacent sections in the anterior INF and 59.6 +/- 2.0 cells in the posterior INF. Exposure of inactive hens to a stimulatory photoperiod resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in serum PRL with the appearance of VIP-IR cells in the INF. During laying and incubation, further increases were observed in the number of positive cells in the INF and serum PRL as well as a greater fiber density in the median eminence. To further examine the association between changes in VIP-IR and serum PRL, circulating PRL was artificially lowered by depriving incubating hens of their nests for 0, 2, 5, and 10 days. On day 2 of nest deprivation, serum PRL declined markedly to 12% of day 0 levels, with VIP-IR cell numbers at 64% and 46% in the anterior and posterior INF, respectively. By day 10, birds exhibited cell numbers in the INF averaging 20% of those observed in the day 0 incubating hens, with serum PRL at 6% of day 0 levels. The results of these studies indicate a possible causal relationship between hypothalamic VIP and changes in PRL secretion during the avian reproductive cycle, providing a basis for further research on the importance of this peptide as well as factors responsible for the modulation of its expression in hypothalamic INF neurons.
Role of Smad1 in diabetic nephropathy: Molecular mechanisms and implications as a diagnostic marker. (2011)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. Moreover, DN is associated with elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. DN is characterized by progressive expansion of the mesangial matrix and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, resulting in the obliteration of glomerular capillaries. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) produced as the result of hyperglycemia are known to stimulate the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, resulting in glomerulosclerosis. Exposure of cultured mesangial cells to AGEs results in a receptor-mediated upregulation of mRNA and protein secretion of type IV collagen (Col4), which is a major component of ECM. Here we review recent novel insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of DN, with a special emphasis on the emerging concept that diabetic glomerulosclerosis can result from activation of the signaling cascade leading to irreversible ECM overproduction. Finally, we describe signaling pathways involved in the initial change of DN and how these pathways can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit.
On the use of multicarrier direct sequence spread spectrum systems (2002)

The authors propose a multicarrier direct sequence spread spectrum system. By using this system, it is possible to get not only robustness against multipath fading, but to also achieve narrowband interference suppression; these advantages are obtained without the use of either an explicit RAKE structure or an interference suppression filter. The authors evaluate the performance of this system over both a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel, and an additive white Gaussian noise channel in the presence of single tone interference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Systematic Approach for Determining Minimum Inhibitory Sequence and Contribution of Individual Residues in Binding of Kininogen Fragments to Tissue Kallikrein (1992)

A systematic approach to evaluate the contribution of individual residues occurring within the sequence Ser386-Pro-Phe-Arg-Ser-Val-Gln392 from bovine kininogen towards binding to tissue kallikrein is developed. Of the 21 sequences which can be formed, no dipeptide and only one tripeptide measurably inhibits the enzyme. Almost 80% of the binding energy of the substrate analogue inhibitors comes from the core sequence Phe-Arg-Ser which occurs between P2 and P1'. Molecular models developed from the Chen-Bode coordinates of the aprotinin--beta-PPK complex have been used to interpret the results of these studies.
Ultra-low power delay-insensitive circuit design (2008)

This paper presents a design methodology incorporating multi-threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) into delay-insensitive asynchronous circuits in order to solve the problems of the synchronous counterpart, e.g., sleep signal generation, storage element data loss during sleep mode, and sleep transistor sizing. Significant leakage power reduction has been demonstrated by simulation. Due to the flexible timing requirement feature of delay-insensitive circuits, sub-threshold operation can be achieved, which allows for further supply voltage scaling for ultra-low power.
Characterization and Comparison of the Human and Mouse<i>GLC1A</i> Glaucoma Genes (1998)

The GLC1A gene (which encodes the protein myocilin) has been associated with the development of primary open angle glaucoma. Bacterial artificial chromosomes containing the human GLC1A gene and its mouse ortholog were subcloned and sequenced to reveal the genomic structure of the genes. Comparison of the coding sequences of the human and mouse GLC1A genes revealed a high degree of amino acid homology (82%) and the presence of several conserved motifs in the predicted GLC1A proteins. The expression of GLC1A was examined by Northern blot analysis of RNA from adult human tissues. GLC1A expression was observed in 17 of 23 tissues tested, suggesting a wider range of expression than was recognized previously. The comparison of the human and mouse GLC1A genes suggests that the mouse may be a useful model organism in studying the molecular pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Functional imaging with the multi-wavelength adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (2007)

The adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope may be used in multi-wavelength mode to allow simultaneous imaging and retinal stimulation and so probe retinal function. The wavelengths available are 532 nm, 658 nm and 840 nm. Typically the imaging is performed at 840 nm and precisely coincident retinal stimulation occurs in one of the visible wavelengths. Simultaneous multi-wavelength imaging in the living human retina is demonstrated, and experiments to test retinal function that may be carried out using this instrument are presented.
Characterization and silencing of the fatty acid‐ and retinol‐binding <i>Pp‐far‐1</i> gene in <i>Pratylenchus penetrans</i> (2016)

Fatty acid‐ and retinol‐binding proteins ( FAR s) are unique to nematodes, and are implicated in a wide range of metabolic and parasitic related functions. Along with the in silico analyses performed in this study, three different FAR members of this family were identified in Pratylenchus penetrans . The cDNA corresponding to the fatty acid‐ and retinol‐binding Pp‐far‐1 gene was cloned and herein characterized at the molecular level for the first time for this genus. The translated 185 amino acid sequence of P. penetrans FAR ‐1 sequence, with a predicted molecular weight of 20.82 kD a and a pI of 5.49, shares highest sequence identity to FARs of other migratory nematodes of the Pratylenchidae family (90% to P. vulnus and 80% to Radopholus similis ). In situ hybridization localizes Pp‐far‐1 transcripts in the hypodermis of the nematode. RT ‐ qPCR detected Pp‐far‐1 transcripts for all nematode developmental stages, with highest expression levels found in juveniles, adult females and adult males, respectively. Pp‐far‐1 is also highly expressed during infection and establishment of P. penetrans in roots of different host plants, such as corn, lily and soybean. The importance of Pp‐far‐1 was studied by in planta RNA interference ( RNA i) assays using stable soybean hairy root lines. Targeting Pp‐far‐1 decreased expression of the nematode Pp‐far‐1 and significantly reduced the reproduction of nematodes, with a total of between 44% and 70% fewer nematodes in comparison to the average number of nematodes counted for control lines. The results indicate that suppressing the expression levels of Pp‐far‐1 can act as an effective target gene to control P. penetrans .
Target DNA induced switches of DNA polymerase activity (2015)

A novel concept that target DNA can induce switching of DNA polymerase activity is devised. The method relies on the finding that a DNA aptamer can undergo conformational change upon hybridization with a complementary target DNA, which leads to activation or inactivation of DNA polymerase. This strategy is utilized to identify the presence of target DNA with high levels of sensitivity and selectivity.
Global Positioning System Integrated with Personalized Real-Time Transit Information from Automatic Vehicle Location (2010)

Navigation of a transit system can be a major obstacle to new riders, especially special-needs populations and tourists. For those with cognitive disabilities (approximately 14.3 million Americans, or 6% of the population), it is challenging to plan and execute a trip without assistance. A travel assistance device (TAD) software prototype for Global Positioning System–enabled phones was developed to aid new transit riders, especially those who are cognitively disabled. When riders approach their stops, the TAD vibrates and delivers audio and visual messages to the riders to request a stop and exit the vehicle. This paper reports the results of a study that integrated communication with an automatic vehicle location (AVL) system on transit vehicles into TAD, with new features, including personalized notices of estimated vehicle arrival time and of vehicle arrival. Implementation issues addressed include the limitations of accessing AVL data for real-time consumer use, integration of different transit agency data sources, and consideration of the effects of software applications (e.g., wireless data communication) on mobile phone functionality (e.g., battery life).
Design, Synthesis, Mechanisms of Action, and Toxicity of Novel 20(<i>S</i>)-Sulfonylamidine Derivatives of Camptothecin as Potent Antitumor Agents (2014)

Twelve novel 20-sulfonylamidine derivatives (9a-9l) of camptothecin (1) were synthesized via a Cu-catalyzed three-component reaction. They showed similar or superior cytotoxicity compared with that of irinotecan (3) against A-549, DU-145, KB, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) KBvin tumor cell lines. Compound 9a demonstrated better cytotoxicity against MDR cells compared with that of 1 and 3. Mechanistically, 9a induced significant DNA damage by selectively inhibiting Topoisomerase (Topo) I and activating the ATM/Chk related DNA damage-response pathway. In xenograft models, 9a demonstrated significant activity without overt adverse effects at 5 and 10 mg/kg, comparable to 3 at 100 mg/kg. Notably, 9a at 300 mg/kg (i.p.) showed no overt toxicity in contrast to 1 (LD50 56.2 mg/kg, i.p.) and 3 (LD50 177.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Intact 9a inhibited Topo I activity in a cell-free assay in a manner similar to that of 1, confirming that 9a is a new class of Topo I inhibitor. 20-Sulfonylamidine 1-derivative 9a merits development as an anticancer clinical trial candidate.
A Circuit Level Implementation of an Adaptive Issue for Power-Aware Microprocessors Queue (2001)

Increasing power dissipation has become a major constraint for future per~brmartce gains in the design of microprocessors. In this paper, we present the circuit design of an issue queue for a superscalar processor that leverages transmission gate insertion to provide dynamic low-cost configurability of size and speed. A novel circuit structure dynamically gathers statistics of issue queue activity over intervals of instruction execution. These statistics are then used to change the size of an issue queue organization on-the-fly to improve issue queue energy and performance. When applied to a fixed, full-size issue queue structure, the result is up to a 70% reduction in energy dissipation. The complexity of the additional circuitry to achieve this result is almost negligible. Furthermore, self-timed techniques embedded in the adaptive scheme can provide a 56% decrease in cycle time of the CAM array read of the issue queue when we change the adaptive issue queue size f¥om 32 entries (largest possible) to 8 entries (smallest possible in our design).