gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Epitaxial Growth of InAs on GaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1987)

InAs was selectively grown on GaAs by conventional molecular beam epitaxy(MBE). No InAs growth was found on SiO 2 , except small InAs particles, when the substrate temperature was between 550 and 600°C and arsenic pressure was 1×10 -5 Torr. The higher the substrate temperature, the better the selectivity. At 650°C, no growth was found on GaAs nor on SiO 2 . Selective epitaxial growth by MBE has been realized under proper growth conditions, and will be useful for device applications.
Enhanced piezoelectric response of BaTiO3–KNbO3 composites (2011)

The piezoelectric response of solvothermally synthesized BaTiO3 (BT)–KNbO3 (KN) composites (the nominal BT/KN ratio was 1) with distinct interfaces was investigated. The x-ray diffraction pattern showed two distinct peaks began to merge into a singular broad peak at a two-theta position between (200) and (002) tetragonal-related peaks of BT. The transmission electron microscopy observation showed a heteroepitaxial interface region between BT single-crystal particles and deposited KN crystals. The large-field piezoelectric constant was 136 pC/N, which was three times larger than that of a sintered 0.5BT–0.5KN composite. The enhanced piezoelectric response was attributed to the strained epitaxial interface region.
Electrochemical Removal of Carbon Monoxide in Reformate Hydrogen for Fueling Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2009)

A twin-cell electrochemical filter is demonstrated to reduce the CO concentration in reformate hydrogen. In this design, the potential and gas flow are switched between the two filter cells so that alternative CO adsorption and oxidation occur in each cell while providing a continuous flow of to a fuel cell. The effects of filter switching time and applied potential on the CO concentration of gas exiting the filter are presented here for a CO concentration of 1000 ppm in nitrogen flowing at . The parasitic loss of hydrogen from a corresponding reformate stream was estimated to be 1.5%.
Levels of miR-126 and miR-218 are elevated in ductal carcinoma <i>in situ</i> (DCIS) and inhibit malignant potential of DCIS derived cells (2018)

A substantial number of ductal carcinoma <i>in situ</i> (DCIS) detected by mammography never progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and current approaches fail to identify low-risk patients not at need of adjuvant therapies. We aimed to identify the key miRNAs protecting DCIS from malignant evolution, that may constitute markers for non-invasive lesions. We studied 100 archived DCIS samples, including pure DCIS, DCIS with adjacent IDC and pure DCIS from patients with subsequent IDC in contralateral breast or no recurrence. A DCIS derived cell line was used for molecular and cellular studies. A genome wide study revealed that pure DCIS has higher miR-126 and miR-218 expression than DCIS with adjacent IDC lesions or than IDC. The down-regulation of miR-126 and miR-218 promoted invasiveness <i>in vitro</i> and, in patients with pure DCIS, was associated with later onset of IDC. Survival studies of independent cohorts indicated that both miRNAs play a protective role in IDC. The clinical findings are in agreement with the miRNAs' roles in cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. We propose that miR-126 and miR-218 have a protective role in DCIS and represent novel biomarkers for the risk assessment in women with early detection of breast cancer.
Supplementary Data from Noninvasive Detection of Microsatellite Instability and High Tumor Mutation Burden in Cancer Patients Treated with PD-1 Blockade (2023)

<p>Schematic of the Digital Peak Finding Bioinformatics Approach to Detect Microsatellite Instability in Circulating Tumor DNA from Plasma.</p>
<title>Electro-optical (EO) target and background simulation</title> (1993)

A computer based thermal scene simulation was developed for generating synthetic images to facilitate the design and test of missile born Electro-Optical (EO) seeker systems. A scene is composed of objects and a background selected from the available data base files. Objects are modeled by combining small planar facets to cover their three dimensional surface. Each facet is associated in the data base with the thermal and optical properties of the surface being modeled. The objects may be stationary or mobile. The background is modeled on the interior surface of a pyramid defining the extent of the scene, with the floor of the pyramid representing the earth surface and the sides of the pyramid representing above horizon. The pyramid surface is then divided into triangular facets. Each facet is assigned a uniform texture selected from the database of background materials. The simulation is designed to be used with missile 6 degree of freedom (6DOF) simulations, and generates images as seen by the seeker based on the instantaneous seeker line of sight, seeker position, seeker orientation, object orientations and positions, and background.
Selective dry etching of silicon containing anti-reflective coating (2018)

Multi-layer patterning schemes involve the use of Silicon containing Anti-Reflective Coating (SiARC) films for their anti-reflective properties. Patterning transfer completion requires complete and selective removal of SiARC which is very difficult due to its high silicon content (>40%). Typically, SiARC removal is accomplished through a non-selective etch during the pattern transfer process using fluorine containing plasmas, or an ex-situ wet etch process using hydrofluoric acid is employed to remove the residual SiARC, post pattern transfer. Using a non-selective etch may result in profile distortion or wiggling, due to distortion of the underlying organic layer. The drawbacks of using wet etch process for SiARC removal are increased overall processing time and the need for additional equipment. Many applications may involve patterning of active structures in a poly-Si layer with an underlying oxide stopping layer. In such applications, SiARC removal selective to oxide using a wet process may prove futile. Removing SiARC selectively to SiO<sub>2</sub> using a dry etch process is also challenging, due to similarity in the nature of chemical bonds (Si – O) in the two materials. In this work, we present highly selective etching of SiARC, in a plasma driven by a surface wave radial line slot antenna. The first step in the process involves an in-situ modification of the SiARC layer in O2 plasma followed by selective etching in a NF<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> plasma. Surface treatment in O<sub>2</sub> plasma resulted in enhanced etching of the SiARC layer. For the right processing conditions, in-situ NF<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> dry etch process demonstrated selectivity values greater than 15:1 with respect to SiO<sub>2</sub>. The etching chemistry, however, was sensitive to NF<sub>3</sub>:H<sub>2</sub> gas ratio. For dilute NF<sub>3</sub> in H<sub>2</sub>, no SiARC etching was observed. Presumably, this is due to the deposition of ammonium fluorosilicate layer that occurs for dilute NF<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> plasmas. Additionally, challenges involved in selective SiARC removal (selective to SiO2, organic and Si layers) post pattern transfer, in a multi-layer structure will be discussed.
Hardware implementation of a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain algorithm (2003)

In order to take advantage of the significant benefits afforded by computational electromagnetic techniques, such as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, solvers capable of analyzing realistic problems in a reasonable time frame are required. Although software-based solvers are frequently used, they are often too slow to be of practical use. To speed up computations, hardware-based implementations of the FDTD method have recently been proposed. Although these designs are functionally correct, to date, they have not provided a practical and scalable solution. To this end, we have developed an architecture that not only overcomes the limitations of previous accelerators, but also represents the first three-dimensional FDTD accelerator implemented in physical hardware. We present a high-level view of the system architecture and describe the basic functionality of each module involved in the computational flow. We then present our implementation results and compare them with current PC-based FDTD solutions. These results indicate that hardware solutions will, in the near future, surpass existing PC throughputs, and will ultimately rival the performance of PC clusters.
Mapping and Quantification of Vascular Branching in Plants, Animals and Humans by VESGEN Software (2010)

Humans face daunting challenges in the successful exploration and colonization of space, including adverse alterations in gravity and radiation. The Earth-determined biology of plants, animals and humans is significantly modified in such extraterrestrial environments. One physiological requirement shared by larger plants and animals with humans is a complex, highly branching vascular system that is dynamically responsive to cellular metabolism, immunological protection and specialized cellular/tissue function. VESsel GENeration (VESGEN) Analysis has been developed as a mature beta version, pre-release research software for mapping and quantification of the fractal-based complexity of vascular branching. Alterations in vascular branching pattern can provide informative read-outs of altered vascular regulation. Originally developed for biomedical applications in angiogenesis, VESGEN 2D has provided novel insights into the cytokine, transgenic and therapeutic regulation of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and other microvascular remodeling phenomena. Vascular trees, networks and tree-network composites are mapped and quantified. Applications include disease progression from clinical ophthalmic images of the human retina; experimental regulation of vascular remodeling in the mouse retina; avian and mouse coronary vasculature, and other experimental models in vivo. We envision that altered branching in the leaves of plants studied on ISS such as Arabidopsis thaliana cans also be analyzed.
Ultrasound technology for thermal therapy: interstitial and intracavitary approaches (2003)

Reviews recent advances in interstitial and intracavitary ultrasound applicators designed for high-temperature thermal therapy and hyperthermia. Design and performance characteristics determined by acoustic measurements, in vitro and in vivo studies are presented. These results demonstrate the ability of this ultrasound technology to provide highly controllable zones of thermal coagulation or temperature elevation.
Detection by polymerase chain reaction of Schistosoma mansoni DNA in human serum and feces. (2002)

A novel method for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni in human samples that is based on the amplification of a highly repeated DNA sequence has been developed. By use of simple DNA extraction techniques and a rapid 2-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it was possible to amplify S. mansoni DNA in human fecal and serum samples. The high sensitivity of the approach enabled the detection of the parasite DNA in fecal samples containing as few as 2.4 eggs per gram of feces, which makes it 10 times more sensitive than the Kato-Katz examination. A detection limit of I fg of Schistosoma sp. DNA was determined when pure DNA was used as PCR template. The amplification reaction showed to be specific giving no cross-reaction with DNA from other helminths. The PCR assay developed in this study may constitute a valuable alternative for the diagnosis of the Schistosoma sp. infection.
Glass Formation and Polyamorphism in Rare‐Earth Oxide–Aluminum Oxide Compositions (2000)

We report formation of single‐ and two‐phase glasses from rare‐earth oxide–alumina materials. Liquids with the Y 3 Al 5 O 12 and Er 3 Al 5 O 12 compositions underwent a liquid–liquid phase transition which resulted in glasses with a cloudy appearance due to spheroids of one glass in a matrix of a second glass. The two glasses were isocompositional within the limits of experimental error. Clear, brilliant, single‐phase glasses were obtained from La 3 Al 5 O 12 , ErLaYAl 5 O 12 , and compositions containing ≥5 mol% La 2 O 3 substituted for the other rare‐earth oxides. Formation of two glasses is attributed to nucleation and growth of the second liquid at a temperature below the equilibrium liquid–liquid transition temperature. Addition of lanthanum depresses the phase transition temperature below the glass transition temperature and the liquid–liquid phase transition is not observed. The results are discussed in the context of first‐order liquid–liquid phase transitions (polyamorphism) and formation of single‐phase glass from liquids that contain a high proportion of 4‐coordinate aluminum ions.
Serendipitous inhibition of Aβ and rVλ6Wil amyloid fibril growth by bi-functional peptides (2017)

"Serendipitous inhibition of Aβ and rVλ6Wil amyloid fibril growth by bi-functional peptides." Amyloid, 24(sup1), pp. 32–33
Alkylated steroids. Part 2. 16α,17α-Dimethylpregnanes functionalised in ring<scp>C</scp> (1978)

An improved process for the preparation of 16α,17α-dimethylpregnanes (1b)–(9b) from pregn-16-en-20-ones has been developed and applied to ring C functionalised steroids (1a)–(9a) as a route to corticosteroid analogues. Good to excellent yields of the 16α,17α-dimethyl derivatives were achieved in all cases except with 11β-hydroxy-compounds and this was overcome by using the acetate. Two by-products, formed in variable amounts, were the 16α-methyl and 16α,17α,21-trimethyl derivatives (c) and (d) respectively.
[S1‐01‐01]: Amyloid imaging with Pittsburgh Compound B (2005)

Imaging agents capable of assessing amyloid content in vivo in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects will likely be important as tools to assess amyloid pathophysiology, as diagnostic agents, and as surrogate endpoints to help determine the efficacy of anti-amyloid therapeutics. Develop a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand capable of non-invasively delineating and quantifying amyloid in human brain. Neutral analogs of thioflavin-T were found to possess the necessary properties of amyloidimaging radiotracers. PET imaging studies using one of these agents, carbon-11-labeled 2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (Pittsburgh Compound B or PIB), are currently underway at 9 PET centers throughout the world, and the evaluation of PIB as a selective amyloid imaging agent in AD and MCI subjects is ongoing. At Pittsburgh, we have completed PIB PET imaging studies in 6 AD, 10 MCI, and 8 control subjects and performed test-retest studies within 21 days in 8 subjects. A major focus of our work has been to extend the original semi-quantitative (SUV) analysis of PIB binding in human brain by using more quantitative PET methods that involve arterial blood sampling and reference tissue measures of PIB retention combined with MRI-based region of interest (ROI) identification. Analysis methods included compartmental modeling, Logan analysis with either arterial or cerebellar inputs, simplified reference tissue method, or carotid ROI input. PIB retention was assessed using the distribution volume ratio (DVR) outcome measure, which is regional DV normalized to the cerebellar reference DV. All data analysis methods evaluated provided qualitatively similar results in AD, MCI, and controls. PIB imaging studies consistently revealed markedly increased (1.5–3.0-fold) PIB DVRs in AD, relative to controls, in brain areas known to contain amyloid in AD. Heterogeneous PIB DVRs were observed in MCI subjects, which ranged from AD-like to control-like values. Test-retest variations in the same subject were in the range of 5–10%, with greater variations generally obtained for compartmental modeling than for reference tissue methods. Quantitative analysis methods provided consistent PIB binding measures, indicating that PIB PET is capable of delineating and quantifying amyloid in AD, MCI, and controls.
1-[[(3-Hydroxy-1-adamantyl)amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(<i>S</i>)-pyrrolidine:  A Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor with Antihyperglycemic Properties (2003)

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition has the potential to become a valuable therapy for type 2 diabetes. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a new DPP-IV inhibitor class, N-substituted-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidines, are described as well as the path that led from clinical development compound 1-[2-[5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethylamino]acetyl-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine (NVP-DPP728, 8c) to its follow-up, 1-[[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl) amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine (NVP-LAF237, 12j). The pharmacological profile of 12j in obese Zucker fa/fa rats along with pharmacokinetic profile comparison of 8c and 12j in normal cynomolgus monkeys is discussed. The results suggest that 12j is a potent, stable, selective DPP-IV inhibitor possessing excellent oral bioavailability and potent antihyperglycemic activity with potential for once-a-day administration.
Identification, cloning and expression of a cold‐active β‐galactosidase from a novel Arctic bacterium,<i>Alkalilactibacillus ikkense</i> (2010)

A novel, cold-active beta-galactosidase was isolated from an Arctic Gram-positive bacterium, Alkalilactibacillus ikkense. The corresponding gene was cloned and expressed as an active enzyme in Escherichia coli. Denaturing gel electrophoresis of both the native and the recombinant beta-galactosidase showed a monomeric molecular weight of 115-120 kDa. Analysis of the DNA sequence showed sequence similarity to known Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 2 beta-galactosidases from the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Geobacillus, and Lactobacillus. The beta-galactosidase from this study was purified and shown to be highly active at low temperatures with more than 60% of its maximal activity maintained at 0 degrees C. The apparent optimal activity was observed at temperatures between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C and at pH 8. The purified recombinant enzyme was stable without stabilizing agents for more than 100 hours at temperatures at and below 10 degrees C. At temperatures 40 degrees C and above, the beta-galactosidase was irreversibly inactivated within 10 minutes. When lactose was present in substantial amounts, the enzyme displayed transgalactosylation activity. Comparison of the beta-galactosidase with a commercially available enzyme showed that the conversion rate of the A. ikkense enzyme was approximately two-fold higher at temperatures between 0 degrees C and 20 degrees C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Certain 4‐Substituted and 4,5‐Disubstituted 7‐((2‐Hydroxyethoxy)methyl)pyrrolo(2,3‐d)pyrimidines. (1989)

Abstract Coupling of 4‐chloropyrrolo(2,3‐d)pyrimidine (I) with the bromide (II) gives the acyclic nucleoside (III).
A physical synthesis flow for early technology evaluation of silicon nanowire based reconfigurable FETs (2018)

Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) based reconfigurable field-effect transistors (RFETs) provide an additional gate terminal called the program gate which gives the freedom of programming p-type or n-type functionality for the same device at runtime. This enables the circuit designers to pack more functionality per computational unit. This saves processing costs as only one device type is required, and no doping and associated lithography steps are needed for this technology. In this paper, we present a complete design flow including both logic and physical synthesis for circuits based on SiNW RFETs. We propose layouts of logic gates, Liberty and LEF (Library Exchange Format) files to enable further research in the domain of these novel, functionally enhanced transistors. We show that in the first of its kind comparison, for these fully symmetrical reconfigurable transistors, the area after placement and routing for SiNW based circuits is 17% more than that of CMOS for MCNC benchmarks. Further, we discuss areas of improvement for obtaining better area results from the SiNW based RFETs from a fabrication and technology point of view. The future use of self-aligned techniques to structure two independent gates within a smaller pitch holds the promise of substantial area reduction.
Energy Storage Baseline Requirements for Pulsed Power Loads (2019)

Pulsed power loads (PPLs) are highly non-linear and can cause significant stability and power quality issues in a microgrid. One way to mitigate many of these issues is by designing an Energy Storage System (ESS) to offset the PPL. This paper provides a baseline for ESS control and specifications to mitigate the effects of PPL's. ESS will maintain a constant bus voltage and decouple the generation sources from the PPL. The ESS specifications are realized with ideal, band-limited hybrid battery and flywheels models and simulated to demonstrate the efficacy of the control system.
Effect of Foamed Binder Characteristics on Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Performance (2014)

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) has been introduced to produce and place asphalt pavements at lower temperatures as compared to conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). While the WMA technologies are appealing, their long-term performance relative to HMA is not well-known. Among various WMA technologies, foam-based methods are the most widespread WMA applications. However, most of the current WMA design is based on empirical data and there is limited understanding of the fundamental behavior of the foamed binders and mixtures. Therefore, there is a growing need for understanding the WMA pavements from binder production to mixture performance. In this study, the relationship between the foamed binder characteristics and the mixture performance was investigated. Using a nozzle-based laboratory foamer, five different binders were foamed at different water contents and air pressure levels. Potential binder quality indicators such as the Expansion Ratio, Half-Life, and Bubble Size Distribution were measured using a novel testing device called Asphalt Foam Collapse Test (AFCT). Then, mixtures were prepared with these binders and their performances were compared in terms of their compactability, permanent deformation (rutting), fatigue cracking and moisture susceptibility. These properties were investigated using Dynamic Modulus, Flow Number, Push-Pull, and Tensile Strength Ratio tests. It is concluded that the characteristics (i.e., quality) of foamed binder significantly affects the overall WMA pavement performance. It is recommended that WMA specifications should consider the characteristics of foamed binders in order to improve the performance of foam-based WMA pavements.