gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability of Ingested Methylcellulose in the Rat Determined by Polymer Molar Mass Measurements by Light Scattering (2002)

Methylcellulose (MC) is ingested by humans in food and pharmaceutical formulations. The functional properties of MC like those of other linear polymers depend primarily on polymer length or molar mass for largely linear polymers. Although many studies in animals and humans have shown complete excretion of MC, in vitro human fecal fermentation studies indicate that MC can be degraded and presumably lose some of its functionality. In this study, MC polymer distribution in the feces from rats fed a diet containing 8% methylcellulose were compared to the fed MC. The water-soluble polymers in the feces were separated by a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and the polymer distributions determined by multiple angle laser light scattering (MALLS). Detection of the fluorescent MC-calcofluor complex was used to confirm the identity of the eluting MC peak. All dietary MC was recovered in the feces. There is a small shift (P < 0.06) in the weight-averaged molecular weight of polymer distribution of MC extracted from the feces to 2.71 +/- 0.15 x 10(5) g/mol from 3.15 +/- 0.02 x 10(5) g/mol in the standard. There is also an increase in the polydispersity from 1.21 in the standard to 1.8 in the fecal extract. The distribution of the substituted methoxylated glucose monomers by gas chromatography also confirms the stability of MC fed to rats. The amount of actual hydrolysis is estimated to be about 0.1 glycosidic linkage/molecule. MC is not easily determined by standard dietary fiber methods, and SEC with MALLS and/or fluorescence may be a useful alternative.
Treatment challenges in the management of relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma &ndash; novel and emerging therapies (2013)

Over the last few decades, advances in immunochemotherapy have led to dramatic improvement in the prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Despite these advances, relapsed and refractory disease represents a major treatment challenge. For both aggressive and indolent subtypes of NHL, there is no standard of care for salvage regimens, with prognosis after relapse remaining relatively poor. Nevertheless, there are multiple emerging classes of targeted therapies for relapsed/refractory disease, including monoclonal antibodies, antibody- drug conjugates, radioimmunotherapy, small-molecule inhibitors of cell-growth pathways, and novel chemotherapy agents. This review will discuss treatment challenges of NHL, current available salvage regimens for relapsed/refractory NHL, and the safety and efficacy of novel emerging therapies.
Tunable Grating Couplers for Broadband Operation Using Thermo-Optic Effect in Silicon (2015)

We demonstrate a tunable grating coupler for broadband operation using an impurity-doped thermo-optic heater fabricated by complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible processes. As a thermo-optic heater, a p-n diode is employed to have a p-type region inside of an in-coupling grating connected with outside p+/n+ contacts and is heated directly by a current flow through the grating. Applying a forward-bias voltage of 7 V, we shift the central wavelength of the grating coupler from 1525 to 1574 nm with a coupling efficiency of close to -4 dB. Considering a 1-dB bandwidth at each central wavelength, we extend the operational bandwidth to nearly 90 nm. A thermal tuning efficiency of 0.23 nm/mW and transient responses of 32/22 μs for heating/cooling times are obtained.
Managed objects made persistent (2003)

This paper discusses the experience we gained by designing and implementing a persistent object extension to an existing TMN based network management system. The extension is based on the introduction of smart pointers and meta-classes using object-oriented principles. We show how the use of smart pointers minimises the impact on the existing system, thus heightening the level of transparency, and describe why smart pointers alone is not enough for storing objects in a persistent manner. The paper shows how concepts as pointer swizzling, meta-classes, attribute classes and incremental update are important in order to make a persistent object system.
A nuclear free precession magnetometer using optically polarized He&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;gas (1974)

Free precession in the earth's magnetic field by optically polarized He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> nuclei has been observed for the first time. A He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> nuclear magnetometer utilizing this effect was fabricated and evaluated. A unique characteristic of the He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> nuclei is very long transverse relaxation times which are found to range from 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> seconds. The He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> sensor has a signal-to-noise ratio comparable to conventional proton magnetometers, but is expected to have improved accuracy and a lower operating power requirement. A technique is described for overcoming the effects of radiation damping in order to utilize these very long relaxation times in the magnetometer. The He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> magnetometer is demonstrated to have a sensitivity of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.0 \times 10^{-6}</tex> G by comparison with a locked-oscillator He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> magnetometer.
Overexpression and Purification of Human Calcineurin α from<i>Escherichia coli</i>and Assessment of Catalytic Functions of Residues Surrounding the Binuclear Metal Center (1997)

Calcineurin is an important signal-transducing enzyme in many cell types including T lymphocytes and is a common target for the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and FK506. The crystal structures of both calcineurin [Griffith et al. (1995) Cell 82, 507-522; Kissinger et al. (1995) Nature 378, 641-644] and a related enzyme, protein phosphatase-1 [Goldberg et al. (1995) Nature 376, 745-753], revealed that this class of serine/threonine phosphatases contain in their putative active sites a binuclear metal center formed by an Asn, two Asp, and three His residues. In addition, one His and two Arg residues lie in close vicinity of the binuclear metal centers. The importance of the binuclear metal center and its surrounding residues in catalysis by calcineurin has not been investigated experimentally. Herein, we report an efficient bacterial expression and purification system for human calcineurin alpha. Using this system, a systematic alanine-scan mutagenesis on the residues surrounding the putative active site was performed. It was found that an intact binuclear metal center is essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. In addition, His151, Arg122, and Arg254 also exhibited either a loss or a dramatic decrease in catalytic activity upon mutation into alanines. Interestingly, the Arg254Ala mutant retained a small but significant amount of catalytic activity toward the small substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate, but is completely inactive toward a phosphopeptide substrate, suggesting that this arginine may be involved in the binding of phosphoprotein substrates as well as in catalysis. As all the residues in the putative active site are conserved between different eukaryotic serine/threonine phosphatases, these results should apply to all members of this family of protein phosphatases.
Effects of CN-100 (2-(10,11-dihydro-10-oxodibenzo (b,f) thiepin-2-yl) propionic acid) on cardiovascular and autonomic nervous function in the dog and guinea pig. (1989)

1) In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, intravenous administration of CN-100 at 40 mg/kg exhibited a transient hypotension, accompanied with a slight respiratory excitation and a temporal increase of heart rate followed by slight and gradual decrease at 20 and 40 mg/kg. 2) In isolated guinea pig atria, CN-100 (10(-4), 10(-5) g/ml) decreased the heart rate, without influencing the myocardial contraction. 3) In anesthetized dogs, the vertebral and carotid blood flow slightly and gradually increased at 5-20 mg/kg and decreased at 40 mg/kg. The drug at 20 mg/kg similarly increased the femoral flow. 4) In anesthetized dogs, CN-100 (40 mg/kg) slightly potentiated hypertensive responses to noradrenaline and adrenaline, without affecting heart rate responses to these amines. 5) In anesthetized dogs, CN-100 (40 mg/kg) scarcely had effect on the blood pressure rise and bradycardia induced by respective proximal and distal end stimulation of the severed vagus nerve, but enhanced the hypertension due to the carotid sinus reflex. CN-100 augmented the tachycardia elicited by pre- and postganglionic stellate stimulation in spinal dogs. 6) In isolated guinea pig trachea muscle, CN-100 (3 x 10(-6) g/ml) reduced the resting tone and relaxation response to noradrenaline, but slightly enhanced contractile responses to field stimulation and acetylcholine. 7) These results suggest that CN-100 exerts weak cardiovascular and autonomic nervous actions.
PEMBUATAN PENYIRAM BAWANG MERAH OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO ATMEGA328P (2021)

Indonesia hanya memiliki 2 musim yaitu musim penghujan dan musim kemarau. Biasanya petani bawang merah bergantung pada musim penghujan untuk bercocok tanam sehingga tidak perlu dilakukan penyiraman karena telah mendapatkan air hujan yang cukup. Sedangkan pada musim kemarau tanaman harus disiram secara manual dengan teratur sesuai dengan kondisi kelembaban tanah. Para petani biasanya tidak menjual hasil pertanian mereka pada musim kemarau karena petani harus mengeluarkan biaya dan tenaga ekstra untuk melakukan penyiraman tanaman bawang merah. Untuk mengatasi kendala musim kemarau dan agar petani bawang merah tetap bisa bercocok tanam pada musim kemarau maka diperlukan suatu produk alat penyiram tanaman otomatis berbasis arduino berdasarkan kelembaban tanah yang dideteksi menggunakan sensor kelembaban tanah. Alat ini akan mendeteksi apakah tanah tempat bercocok tanam dalam kondisi kering ataupun basah sehingga alat dapat mengontrol penyiraman secara otomatis. Jadi petani tidak perlu melakukan penyiraman secara manual. Sehingga petani bisa tetap bercocok tanam pada saat musim kemarau.
Evidence that a disordered servo-like mechanism contributes to tremor in movements during cerebellar dysfunction (1986)

The characteristics of discontinuities and tremor that occurred in elbow flexions during cooling of the lateral cerebellar nuclei were investigated in five Cebus monkeys. Discontinuities in movements appeared as rhythmical oscillations (kinetic tremor) when movements were slow or when movements were made with a constant force that loaded the antagonist. These oscillations had similar properties to cerebellar terminal tremor following movements; e.g., their amplitude and frequency were decreased by addition of mass to the handle and they occurred in the absence of visual feedback. The abnormal initial decrease in velocity that initiated oscillations in flexion movements was associated with abnormally early or large antagonist (triceps) electromyogram (EMG) activity. This abnormal EMG activity did not follow the normal inverse relation between initial velocity and antagonist latency from onset of movement. The initial deflection from the expected trajectory was opposed by a second burst of EMG activity in the agonist (biceps). This second burst was not the continuation of a step of EMG activity because its amplitude was often larger than the amplitude of the first agonist burst. The second agonist burst had the properties of a servo-like response: it occurred when biceps shortening was slowed (but biceps was not stretched), its magnitude was proportional to the magnitude or the deflection in velocity, its latency was 50-80 ms from onset of the abnormal decrease in velocity, and it occurred in the absence of visual feedback. However, this servo-like response was disordered because it did not return the limb accurately to the expected trajectory. The servo-like mechanism was studied further by applying torque pulse perturbations during elbow flexions. When the cerebellar nuclei were cooled, agonist responses to the perturbation were proportional to the size of the velocity deflection, but they were prolonged and onset of antagonist activity was delayed. It is suggested that discontinuities and tremor in movements during cerebellar dysfunction result from the same mechanism: alternation between disordered stretch reflexes and disordered servo-assistance mechanisms, both partly involving transcortical pathways.
Use of Ultrasound and Co-Solvents to Improve the In-Situ Transesterification of Microalgae Biomass (2012)

The conversion of microalgae lipids to biodiesel has been increasingly investigated, with the use of the in-situ transesterification method reported in the literature to lead to improved alkyl ester conversions for this feedstock compared with the use of the conventional two staged oil extraction and transesterification process. To further improve the feasibility of the use of the in-situ method, this paper investigates modifications to reduce the large process methanol requirements, and potentially improve the oil to methyl esters conversion and biodiesel yields. The results obtained showed that use of ultrasound agitation for the in-situ process, as well as combining this stirring regime with co-solvent use (n-pentane and diethyl ether) significantly improved the Chlorella oil to methyl esters conversion with reduced reacting methanol volumes.
Adult Neural Stem Cell Therapy: Expansion In Vitro, Tracking In Vivo and Clinical Transplantation (2005)

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are present not only in the developing nervous systems, but also in the adult human central nervous system (CNS). It is long thought that the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are the main sources of human adult NSCs, which are considered to be a reservoir of new neural cells. Recently adult NSCs with potential neural capacity have been isolated from white matter and inferior prefrontal subcortex in the human brain. Rapid advances in the stem cell biology have raised appealing possibilities of replacing damaged or lost neural cells by transplantation of in vitro-expanded stem cells and/or their neuronal progeny. However, sources of stem cells, large scale expansion, control of the differentiations, and tracking in vivo represent formidable challenges. In this paper we review the characteristics of the adult human NSCs, their potentiality in terms of proliferation and differentiation capabilities, as well as their large scale expansion for clinical needs. This review focuses on the major advances in brain stem cell-based therapy from the clinical perspective, and summarizes our work in clinical phase I-II trials with autologuous transplantation of adult NSCs for patients with open brain trauma. It also describes multiple approaches to monitor adult human NSCs labeled superparamagnetic nanoparticles after transplantation and explores the intriguing possibility of stem cell transplantation.
A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR GABAB AGONISTS IN THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHOSTIMULANT ADDICTION (2002)

Systematic clinical studies of GABA(B) agonists are needed to determine the extent to which these drugs might serve as tools to promote abstinence in cocaine users seeking treatment for their addiction. Several areas must still be addressed, including potential side-effects that may limit compliance and whether GABA(B) agonists interfere with other, non-drug-related behaviours.
Congestion Control in V2V Safety Communication: Problem, Analysis, Approaches (2019)

The emergence of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is expected to be an important step toward achieving safety and efficiency in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). One important requirement of safety applications is that vehicles are able to communicate with neighboring vehicles, with very low latency and packet loss. The high mobility, unreliable channel quality and high message rates make this a challenging problem for VANETs. There have been significant research activities in recent years in the development of congestion control algorithms that ensure reliable delivery of safety messages in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of congestion control approaches for VANET. We identify the relevant parameters and performance metrics that can be used to evaluate these approaches and analyze each approach based a number of factors such as the type of traffic, whether it is proactive or reactive, and the mechanism for controlling congestion. We conclude this paper with some additional considerations for designing V2V communication protocols and interesting and open research problems and directions for future work.
Fast Sequential LS Estimation for Sinusoidal Modeling and Decomposition of Audio Signals (2007)

This work demonstrates a sequential Least Squares algorithm applied to the decomposition of sounds into sines-plus-residual models. For a given basis of r distinct frequency components, the algorithm derives recursively the Least Squares estimates of the associated amplitudes and phases. While a direct calculation achieves a O(nr <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) complexity the main cost of our implementation is only of 4r multiplications per sample, whatever the length n of the analysis window. The technique is extended to basis of exponentially increasing or decreasing frequency components, which provides a fast and enhanced decomposition of rapidly varying segments of the sound. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied to a real piano note.
An Analysis of the Reclassification of English Locative Verbs and the Change Factors in Language Use (2020)

This study investigates the reclassification of English locative verbs with the following question: What factors caused the change? Firstly, the patten of the class change is observed in terms of both synchronic and diachronic perspectives, and then possible factors that cause the change are investigated sequentially by examining whether the factors may be operable. In addition, this study observed what factor can work at the base and what factor can be applied extensively. Reclassified verbs have changed their class from Ground-only to alternating verb class, and there is a preference to use most alternating locative verbs in Figure precedent constructions. This study reveals that there are two processes or two levels of processing that affect the syntactic change involved in the use of locative verbs, but they are independent. In one case, semantic change directly affects the structure of locative verbs. In the second case, the cognitive process directly causes the class change. However, this change is not affected by semantic change. Figure Precedence Principle can be an important factor in explaining the change in the use of locative verbs by reflecting on the cognitive process of human brain.
Broadband Dual Circularly Polarized Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna (2017)

In this letter, a broadband dual circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a quarter mode SIW cavity, two open-stubs and defected ground structures (DGSs). The antenna has two ports. One of them provides left-hand circular polarization and the other provides right-hand circular polarization. Circular polarization is obtained from TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">202</sub> mode of the quarter mode resonator. The cavity loaded with two perpendicular open-stubs at the corner provides dual mode resonance, which is then utilized to increase circular polarization bandwidth of the antenna. Furthermore, DGSs are used to improve isolation between the ports. The measured 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the antenna is approximately 11.2% at 12.5 GHz with a return loss more than 10 dB over the band.
Reinforcement learning based routing in all-optical networks (2007)

We present and evaluate a reinforcement learning-based RWA algorithm for all-optical networks subject to physical impairments. The technique is suitable for decentralized networks and is compared with other techniques with similar computational complexity.
Towards adaptive soft computing based software effort prediction (2004)

Algorithmic effort prediction models are limited by their inability to cope with imprecision present in software projects early in the development life cycle. A critical survey carried out by Satin and Ahmed [17] reveals the lack of adaptive soft computing based effort prediction systems that provide complete transparency to the prediction system building strategies. In addition, efforts to model the imprecision problem in one of the most widely used algorithmic model, COCOMO, have not been appropriate [17]. The components of COCOMO model were addressed independently. Integrating the individual component into a single prediction system remains an open question. In this paper, we present a transparent and adaptive fuzzy logic framework for effort prediction based on COCOMO. The training strategies we have implemented in the framework tolerates imprecision, explains prediction rationale through rules, incorporates experts knowledge, and could adapt to a new environment as new data becomes available. Validation of the framework potentials has been carried out on artificial datasets and the COCOMO public database of completed projects.
Proteins of the kidney microvillar membrane. Enzymic and molecular properties of aminopeptidase W. (1987)

Aminopeptidase W is a newly discovered enzyme of the renal and intestinal brush borders, having been first isolated as a 130 kDa glycoprotein recognized by a monoclonal antibody [Gee & Kenny (1985) Biochem. J. 230, 753-764]. It is particularly effective in the hydrolysis of dipeptides, Glu-Trp (Km 0.57 mM; kcat. 6770 min-1) being a favoured substrate. Dipeptides with tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine in the P1 position were rapidly hydrolysed, but the requirements in respect of the P1 residue were not stringent. The activity of aminopeptidase W is markedly influenced by ionic conditions. The highest activity was observed in 100 mM-Tris/HCl, pH 8; phosphate ions were strongly inhibitory. Activity was also greatly affected by bivalent metal ions, and the magnitude and direction of the effects depended on the nature of the buffer anions and on pH. The most effective inhibitors were amastatin and bestatin. Some thiols also inhibited, but other chelating agents, EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, had no effect over the concentration range 1-10 mM. Other group-specific inhibitors, for cysteine, serine or aspartic peptidases, were also ineffective. Some molecular properties were studied. Deglycosylation by treatment with N-glycanase diminished the apparent subunit Mr from 130,000 to 90,000. The enzyme contained zinc, 1.2 atoms/subunit, and in spite of the atypical properties of this enzyme in respect of chelating agents, a zinc-catalysed mechanism is the most probable. Its roles in digestion and in renal function are not yet clear.