gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Structure from a Single NMR Experiment (2008)

A procedure is described for determining the structure of a small molecule from a single NMR experiment. Several standard NMR sequences are combined so that the essential structural information is obtained in just one pass. Two-dimensional (13)C-(13)C correlations ("INADEQUATE"), single- and multiple-bond (13)C-(1)H correlations, and the conventional (13)C spectrum are recorded in parallel, making use of separate receiver channels for acquisition of (13)C and (1)H signals. The natural-abundance (13)C-(13)C correlation measurements employ a high-sensitivity cryogenically cooled probe, optimized for (13)C detection. An extension of this "all-in-one" sequence with three parallel receivers permits the corresponding natural-abundance (15)N spectra to be included.
Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge by Solid–Liquid Separation via Isoelectric Point Pretreatment (2018)

Anaerobic bioconversion of waste activated sludge (WAS) into methane is often limited by the slow hydrolysis rate and/or poor methane potential. In this study, a novel pretreatment strategy based on the isoelectric point of sludge particulate is proposed to enhance methane production from WAS. Pretreatment of WAS for 4 h at room temperature substantially changed the physicochemical properties of sludge particulate, resulting in the disintegration of WAS. The experimental results showed that the apparent activation energy of sludge organic solubilization was decreased by 49.5% and the surface site density of sludge particulate was increased by 71.2%, indicating that by this pretreatment WAS solubilization was enhanced and the surface binding sites for enzymes were decreased. In addition, compared to the conventional pretreatment methods, the main metal contents of WAS were decreased by 41.4% after this pretreatment, suggesting the possibility of simultaneously enhancing methane conversion and removing heavy metals from WAS. The biochemical methane potential assays demonstrated that after pretreatment the hydrolysis and acidification of sludge were significantly improved, with the highest volatile fatty acid concentration (3364 ± 28 mg/L) being more than twice that of the untreated samples. Model-based analysis indicated that pretreatment improved methane potential by approximately 19% (from 197.5 ± 8.3 to 242.8 ± 6.2 mL CH4/g volatile solids (VS)), thereby changing methane production kinetics. Further analysis indicated that after pretreatment the methanogenic bacteria growth, rather than the hydrolysis reaction of sludge, became the rate-limiting step in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. These findings, however, may provide a new direction for enhancing the AD efficiency of WAS.
Combination of large nanostructures and complex band structure for high performance thermoelectric lead telluride (2011)

The complexity of the valence band structure in p-type PbTe has been shown to enable a significant enhancement of the average thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) when heavily doped with Na. It has also been shown that when PbTe is nanostructured with large nanometer sized Ag2Te precipitates there is an enhancement of zT due to phonon scattering at the interfaces. The enhancement in zT resulting from these two mechanisms is of similar magnitude but, in principle, decoupled from one another. This work experimentally demonstrates a successful combination of the complexity in the valence band structure with the addition of nanostructuring to create a high performance thermoelectric material. These effects lead to a high zT over a wide temperature range with peak zT > 1.5 at T > 650 K in Na-doped PbTe/Ag2Te. This high average zT produces 30% higher efficiency (300–750 K) than pure Na-doped PbTe because of the nanostructures, while the complex valence band structure leads to twice the efficiency as the related n-type La-doped PbTe/Ag2Te without such band structure complexity.
Distributed Combustion With Swirl for Gas Turbine Application Using Low Calorific Value Fuel (2011)

Distributed Combustion offers significant potential for improved performance and near zero emissions for gas turbine and other industrial applications. Our quest for zero emission distributed combustion is further explored here by utilizing swirl to the flow. The beneficial aspects of distributed swirl combustion are examined with special focus on near zero emissions of NO and CO, and significantly improved pattern factor of the combustor using low calorific value fuel. Methane gas diluted with inert gas is used to simulate the low heating value fuel. A cylindrical geometry is used for combustor with air injected tangentially to impart swirl to the flow. The combustion behavior is evaluated using normal and preheated air at inlet to the combustor. Experimental results from the distributed combustor design using methane fuel showed low levels of NO (<8PPM) and low CO (∼21PPM) under non premixed conditions at an equivalence ratio of 0.7 and high heat release intensity of 36MW/m3-atm. With preheated air to the combustor, results showed overall NO levels of <15PPM and CO ∼12 PPM for non premixed combustion at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 under high heat release intensity of 27MW/m3-atm. Low heating value gas resulted in a dramatic decrease in NO emissions (30–50%) with minimal effect on CO for all the conditions examined here. Results obtained with different calorific value fuels on the emissions of NO and CO, lean stability limit and OH* chemiluminescence are presented.
ADVANCED TENSIOMETER FOR SHALLOW OR DEEP SOIL WATER POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS (1998)

Tensiometers are required for measuring soil-water potential at depths greater than several meters to quantify the direction and rate of soil-water movement. This paper describes a permanently installed tensiometer (advanced tensiometer) designed to measure soil-water potentials at any depth below land surface. This advanced tensiometer was designed with a removable pressure transducer to allow for field calibration and servicing and has two parts, a permanently installed outer tensiometer assembly and a removable transducer assembly. The permanently installed portion has a porous cup, an adapter containing a reservoir of water, and an outer guide pipe that extends to the land surface. The removable electronic pressure transducer assembly has a stopper on the bottom, a connector to attach the stopper to a pressure transducer, and an inner guide tube to raise and lower the assembly. The transducer assembly is lowered into the outer tensiometer assembly until the stopper connects and seals into the permanently installed adapter. This configuration of the advanced tensiometer allows it to be installed at any depth. Advanced tensiometers were operated with no maintenance at depths of 2 to 4.8 meters for periods of more than 3 months. The nearly constant temperature condition in boreholes provided stable, long-term water potential values and reduced field maintenance.
Doppler estimation for fast acquisition in spread spectrum communication systems (2002)

This paper describes a non-coherent technique which employs a fast Fourier transform (FFT) for the fast acquisition of direct sequence spread spectrum signals in the presence of large Doppler shifts. The application of an FFT to code acquisition results in decreased acquisition time and can improve the probability of detection. The technique discussed in this paper uses a set of partial correlators and a zero-padded FFT to reduce the search region for code acquisition whilst maintaining good frequency resolution for Doppler offset. This approach will prove most pertinent in future re-configurable terminals.
Visual conditioning for augmented-reality-assisted video conferencing (2012)

Typical video conferencing scenarios bring together individuals from disparate environments. Unless one commits to expensive tele-presence rooms, conferences involving many individuals result in a cacophony of visuals and backgrounds. Ideally one would like to separate participant visuals from their respective environments and render them over visually pleasing backgrounds that enhance immersion for all. Yet available image/video segmentation techniques are limited and result in significant artifacts even with recently popular commodity depth sensors. In this paper we present a technique that accomplishes robust and visually pleasing rendering of segmented participants over adaptively-designed virtual backgrounds. Our method works by determining virtual backgrounds that match and highlight participant visuals and uses directional textures to hide segmentation artifacts due to noisy segmentation boundaries, missing regions, etc. Taking advantage of simple computations and look-up-tables, our work leads to fast, real-time implementations that can run on mobile and other computationally-limited platforms.
Noonan syndrome and related disorders: dysregulated RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase signal transduction (2006)

Noonan syndrome is a relatively common, genetically heterogeneous Mendelian trait with a pleiomorphic phenotype. Prior to the period covered in this review, missense mutations in PTPN11 had been found to account for nearly 50% of Noonan syndrome cases. That gene encodes SHP-2, a protein tyrosine kinase that plays diverse roles in signal transduction including signaling via the RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Noonan syndrome-associated PTPN11 mutations are gain-of-function, with most disrupting SHP-2's activation-inactivation mechanism. Here, we review recent information that has elucidated further the types and effects of PTPN11 defects in Noonan syndrome and compare them to the related, but specific, missense PTPN11 mutations causing other diseases including LEOPARD syndrome and leukemias. These new data derive from biochemical and cell biological studies as well as animal modeling with fruit flies and chick embryos. The discovery of KRAS missense mutation as a minor cause of Noonan syndrome and the pathogenetic mechanisms of those mutants is discussed. Finally, the elucidation of gene defects underlying two phenotypically related disorders, Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes is also reviewed. As these genes also encode proteins relevant for RAS-MAPK signal transduction, all of the syndromes discussed in this article now can be understood to constitute a class of disorders caused by dysregulated RAS-MAPK signaling.
Antenna-Coupled Nanowire Thermocouples for Infrared Detection (2012)

Unbiased, uncooled, and frequency-selective antenna-coupled nanowire thermocouples have been fabricated out of different metal combinations and characterized for infrared detection. The relative Seebeck coefficient of the nanowire thermocouples was measured with a characterization platform, which is colocated on the same chip as the detectors. The area of the hot junction of the nanowire thermocouple is approximately 75 nm × 75 nm. The antenna-coupled thermocouples show polarization dependence with a maximum normalized detectivity (D*) of 1.94 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> cm · √Hz/W.
Hybrid Photonic-Plasmonic Nonblocking Broadband 5 × 5 Router for Optical Networks (2017)

Photonic data routing in optical networks is expected to overcome the limitations of electronic routers with respect to data rate, latency, and energy consumption. However, photonics-based routers suffer from dynamic power consumption, and nonsimultaneous usage of multiple wavelength channels when microrings are deployed and are sizable in footprint. Here, we show a design for the first hybrid photonic-plasmonic, nonblocking, broadband 5 × 5 router based on 3-waveguide silicon photonic-plasmonic 2 × 2 switches. The compactness of the router (footprint <; 200 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) results in a short optical propagation delay (0.4 ps) enabling high data capacity up to 2 Tb/s. The router has an average energy consumption ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 fJ/bit depending on either DWDM or CDWM operation, enabled by the low electrical capacitance of the switch. The total average routing insertion loss of 2.5 dB is supported via an optical mode hybridization deployed inside the 2 × 2 switches, which minimizes the coupling losses between the photonic and plasmonic sections of the router. The router's spectral bandwidth resides in the S, C, and L bands and exceeds 100 nm supporting wavelength division multiplexing applications since no resonance feature is required. Taken together this novel optical router combines multiple design features, all required in next-generation high data-throughput optical networks and computing systems.
Apparent accommodation and corneal wavefront aberration in pseudophakic eyes. (2002)

Coma-like aberration of the cornea, along with corneal multifocality, contributes to apparent accommodation in pseudophakic eyes.
Role of the NADP/thioredoxin system in the reduction of alpha-amylase and trypsin inhibitor proteins (1991)

Thioredoxin, reduced either enzymatically with NADPH and NADP-thioredoxin reductase or chemically with dithiothreitol, reduced alpha-amylase and trypsin inhibitor proteins from several sources. Included were cystine-rich seed representatives from wheat (alpha-amylase inhibitors), soybean (Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor), and corn (kernel trypsin inhibitor). This system also reduced other trypsin inhibitors: the soybean Kunitz inhibitor, bovine lung aprotinin, and egg white ovoinhibitor and ovomucoid proteins. The ability of these proteins to undergo reduction by thioredoxin was determined by 1) a coupled enzyme activation assay with chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase or fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 2) a dye reduction assay with 5',5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and 3) a direct reduction method based on the fluorescent probe, monobromobimane, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Reduction experiments with the seed proteins were carried out with thioredoxin from wheat germ (h-type) or Escherichia coli; the corresponding experiments with the animal trypsin inhibitors were carried out with thioredoxin from calf thymus or E. coli. In all cases, thioredoxin appeared to act catalytically; the reduced form of glutathione was without effect. When considered in conjunction with earlier results on purothionin (confirmed and extended in the current study), the new findings suggest that the NADP/thioredoxin system functions in the reduction of protein inhibitors of seeds and animal tissues. These results also raise the question of the occurrence of glutaredoxin in plants, as E. coli glutaredoxin was found to promote the reduction of some but not all of the proteins tested.
A novel method for overlay measurement by scatterometry (2009)

The potential of scatterometry has been developed for many years, but it is challenging to accurately and quickly obtain the overlay error from diffraction data. We presented a method to measure the overlay error by choosing an optimal measurement target design for scatterometry. All of the simulations in this study were calculated by rigorous coupled wave analysis. A set of two layer grating model were developed for evaluation of overlay measurement sensitivity at different incident angle, such as theta (0° to 90°) and phi (0° to 180°). We also compared the optical response of zero order and first order diffraction signature. We can use appropriate target design and measured condition to maximize the overlay measurement sensitivity and reduce the noise from lithography printing error. In addition, the diffractive signature imaging microscope (DSIM) is introduced to measure the diffraction signature. This instrument is a full-optical operation system without any mechanical movement, so it has good stabilization.
Abstract #4689: A novel tumor-specific HSP90 inhibitor with long lasting biological activity (2009)

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO

HSP90 is the core component of a multi-molecule chaperone complex formed by heat shock proteins and their close relatives. While a basal level of HSP90 facilitates normal protein folding and guards the proteome from misfolding and aggregation, elevated expression of HSP90 has been observed in many tumor types. Increasing evidence indicates that HSP90 plays a major role in tumor cell survival and tumor progression by maintaining the aberrant activities of oncogenic kinases and signaling molecules. Inhibition of Hsp90 has been shown to lead to the down-regulation of these oncogenic proteins and has become a promising therapeutic strategy. Here we describe a novel synthetic small molecule HSP90 inhibitor, CUDC-305, as a drug candidate for the treatment of various types of cancers. In in vitro cell-based assays, CUDC-305 efficiently down-regulates oncogenic HSP90 client proteins, induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation against various cancer cell types. In addition, CUDC-305 displays a favorable safety profile in vitro, such as higher affinity to cancer chaperone complex, higher tolerance among different types of primary human cells, and prolonged biological activity in client protein down-regulation. Consistently, CUDC-305 is well tolerated and induces tumor regression in several xenograft models. Our data also indicate that the potency of CUDC-305 is not affected by Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) transporter expression in treated cancer cells, suggesting cancer cells are less likely to become resistance to CUDC-305. In conclusion, our data suggest that CUDC-305 is a promising, potent and potentially safe drug candidate for cancer therapy.

Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4689.
Nanoparticulate Flux Pinning Centers for YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-\delta}$ Films (2007)

YBa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7-delta</sub> high temperature superconductors can maintain fairly high critical current densities (J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ) with increasing magnetic field. This in-field performance can be further improved upon by incorporating nanoparticulate magnetic flux pinning centers into the superconductors. This short paper briefly discusses and compares recent efforts by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory to incorporate insulating nanoparticles into the YBCO superconducting thin films by pulsed laser deposition.
Human and bovine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2: Complete amino acid sequence and functional characterization as chemokines (1993)

Tumor cells are capable of simultaneously producing a number of related inflammatory peptides, now classified as chemokines. We have isolated a new human granulocyte chemotactic protein (GCP-2), coproduced with interleukin-8 (GCP-1/IL-8) by osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, the bovine homologue of human GCP-2 was purified from kidney tumor cells using the same isolation procedure. Both chemokines occur in at least four NH2-terminally truncated forms. These 5-6 kDa proteins do not differ in potency and efficacy as granulocyte chemotactic factors using a standard in vitro migration assay. The complete primary structures of human and bovine GCP-2 were disclosed by sequencing peptide fragments derived from the natural proteins. On the basis of the conservation of four cysteine residues, the two molecules are to be classified within the C-X-C chemokine family, including IL-8. Human and bovine GCP-2 are 67% similar at the amino acid level. Their sequences show only weak similarity with that of IL-8, and human GCP-2 does not cross-react in a radioimmunoassay for IL-8. Human and bovine GCP-2 are specific granulocyte chemotactic factors in that they do not attract human monocytes. Bovine GCP-2 is not species specific since it is at least as active as human GCP-2 on human granulocytes. Both chemokines can also activate postreceptor mechanisms leading to release of gelatinase B by granulocytes. This is indicative for a possible role in inflammation and tumor cell invasion.
On optimal shaping of multidimensional constellations (1994)

A scheme for the optimal shaping of multidimensional constellations is proposed. This scheme is motivated by a type of structured vector quantizer for memoryless sources, and results in N-sphere shaping of N-dimensional cubic lattice-based constellations. Because N-sphere shaping is optimal in N dimensions, shaping gains higher than those of N-dimensional Voronoi constellations can be realized. While optimal shaping for a large N can realize most of the 1.53 dB total shaping gain, it has the undesirable effect of increasing the size and the peak-to-average power ratio of the constituent 2D constellation. This limits its usefulness for many real world channels which have nonlinearities. The proposed scheme alleviates this problem by achieving optimal constellation shapes for a given limit on the constellation expansion ratio or the peak-to-average power ratio of the constituent 2D constellation. Results of Calderbank and Ozarow (1990) on nonequiprobable signaling are used to reduce the complexity of this scheme and make it independent of the data rate with essentially no effect on the shaping gain. Comparisons with Forney's (1989) trellis shaping scheme are also provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Superconductivity above 77 K in the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:math>-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:math>represents rare earths) (1989)

Superconductivity at 80-90 K has been resistively and magnetically observed in the $R$-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O systems ($R$ represents the rare earths including Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu and excepting Ce) in which five metal elements all are required for the superconductivity. In particular, the Pr-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system and Tb-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system are the first superconducting systems above 77 K in which Pr or Tb are required for the superconductivity. We believe that even higher critical temperatures may be achieved by optimizing the starting composition and preparation conditions, and/or by further elemental substitutions.
cDNA encoding the major mite allergen <i>Der f</i> II (1991)

cDNA encoding the major house dust mite allergen Der f II from Dermatophagoides farinae was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into E. coli. It encoded a 129-residue protein with a calculated molecular weight of 14,021 D and had the expected high homology (88%) with Der p II including the absence of N-glycosylation sites and conserved cysteine residues. These results are consistent with the high degree of antibody crossreactivity and may help identify the differences in T-cell epitopes revealed for these molecules so far.