gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PHRAN-SPAN: a natural language interface for system specifications (1987)

This paper describes a natural language interface, PHRAN-SPAN, for specifying the abstract behavior of digital systems in restricted English text. A neutral formal representation for the behavior is described using the USC Design Data Structure. A small set of concepts that characterize digital system behavior are presented using this representation. Finally, an intermediate representation based on Conceptual Dependencies is presented. Its use with a semantic-based parser to translate from English to the formal representation is illustrated by a series of examples.
DNA Damage Response Inhibitor and Anti-PD-L1 Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Development of Predictive Biomarkers (2022)

Despite significant benefit for other cancer subtypes, immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has not yet been shown to significantly improve outcomes for men with castrationresistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Previous studies have shown that DNA damage response (DDR) deficiency, via genetic alteration and/or pharmacologic induction using DDR inhibitors (DDRi), may improve ICT response in prostate cancer and potentially oither solid tumors, in part due to the induction of innate immune activation and regulation of the tumor cell– and/or immune cell–expressed B7 immune checkpoint protein PD-L1, which can be targeted by anti-PD-L1 agents. With this information and orientation, development of PD-L1 expression as a potential predictive biomarker for clinical response to ICT therapy has received widespread attention. However, the complex heterogeneous expression patterns of tumor cell–expressed PD-L1 and its related posttranslational modification in tumors substantially complicate detection and interpretation of PD-L1 in clinical samples using IHC and currently available PD-L1 antibodies. We discuss the potential roles of PD-L1 in prostate cancer and potential approaches to more accurately detect its expression in clinical tumor samples. Additional understanding of PD-L1 functions and development of improved methods to detect PD-L1 as a predictive biomarker for prostate cancer immunotherapy will likely benefit patients with advanced prostate cancer.
High-Temperature Homopolymerization of Ethyl Acrylate and <i>n</i>-Butyl Acrylate:  Polymer Characterization (2005)

This paper presents a thorough molecular characterization of ethyl acrylate (EA) and n-butyl acrylate (nBA) homopolymers made at high temperature (140−180 °C) to high conversions (50−90%) in xylene isomers without the use of added thermal initiator. Electrospray ionization/Fourier transform mass spectrometry (ESI/FTMS) analysis shows four dominant chain types formed during high-temperature polymerization. Chains initiated by β-scission radicals and by xylol radicals that grow and eventually terminate to form terminally saturated and unsaturated chains. These chain structures suggest the underlying secondary mechanisms in high-temperature acrylate polymerization include β-scission (disproportionation) of the carbon-centered tertiary radical that is most likely formed via intramolecular chain transfer. Additionally, chain transfer to solvent, xylene in this case, also plays an important mechanistic role. Results from 1D NMR using 13C, 1H, and distortionless enhancement polarization transfer (DEPT) corroborate the ESI/FTMS results and additionally predict (i) 2 branch points per chain on average for EA homopolymer with a number-average molecular weight of 4000 and (ii) 1.25 branch points per chain on average for nBA homopolymer with a number-average molecular weight of 3300. The presence of branch points indicates propagation of the midchain tertiary radical does occur to significant extent under the conditions of the experiments. Neither the ESI/FTMS nor NMR results suggest a mechanistic route by which the acrylates initiate polymerization without added thermal initiator.
Moiré patterns between aperiodic layers: quantitative analysis and synthesis (2003)

Moiré effects that occur in the superposition of aperiodic layers such as random dot screens are known as Glass patterns. Unlike classical moiré effects between periodic layers, which are periodically repeated throughout the superposition, a Glass pattern is concentrated around a certain point in the superposition, and farther away from this point it fades out and disappears. I show that Glass patterns between aperiodic layers can be analyzed by using an extension of the Fourier-based theory that governs the classical moiré patterns between periodic layers. Surprisingly, even spectral-domain considerations can be extended in a natural way to aperiodic cases, with some straightforward adaptations. These new results allow us to predict quantitatively the intensity profile of Glass patterns; furthermore, they open the way to the synthesis of Glass patterns that have any desired shapes and intensity profiles.
Hexachloroethane Obscurant Replacement (2012)

Abstract : A variety of pyrotechnic compositions were investigated for their viability as replacements for hexachloroethane based obscurants. The investigations included combustion modeling, ingredient and composition thermal compatibility and sensitivity to significant impact, friction and electrostatic discharge events. Candidates were screened through the combustion of small samples {less than ten grams} via open burning and combustion in a 100 cubic foot chamber to determine smoke density and analyze for toxicity of combustion gases and particulates. Compositions containing boron potassium nitrate igniter blended with halide salts {cesium, potassium and ammonium} were studied in greatest detail. Solids produced from the combustion of the specific compositions selected for study were not totally dispersed in aerosol form; significant solid slag formation was observed. Thus, smoke density efficiency was only one quarter of that of the hexachloroethane containing baseline. The addition of lower levels of the halide salt coolant to the boron potassium nitrate igniter may improve overall obscurant efficiency. Although the specific formulations tested did not perform as well as the hexachloroethane baseline, formulation variants were identified which should have improved performance.
Electric powered wheelchairs (2005)

The purpose of this review is to convey the depth and breadth of the research conducted on electric-powered wheelchair (EPW) control technology as well as provide insights into future directions. We review the concepts and previous work on velocity control, traction control, suspension control, stability control, stair-climbing wheelchairs, and wheelchair navigation. The information gathered in this study is intended to promote awareness of the status of contemporary powered wheelchair control technology and increase the functional mobility of people who use EPWs.
CCR1 and CCR5 promote hepatic fibrosis in mice (2009)

Hepatic fibrosis develops as a response to chronic liver injury and almost exclusively occurs in a proinflammatory environment. However, the role of inflammatory mediators in fibrogenic responses of the liver is only poorly understood. We therefore investigated the role of CC chemokines and their receptors in hepatic fibrogenesis. The CC chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES and their receptors CCR1 and CCR5 were strongly upregulated in 2 experimental mouse models of fibrogenesis. Neutralization of CC chemokines by the broad-spectrum CC chemokine inhibitor 35k efficiently reduced hepatic fibrosis, and CCR1- and CCR5-deficient mice displayed substantially reduced hepatic fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. Analysis of fibrogenesis in CCR1- and CCR5-chimeric mice revealed that CCR1 mediates its profibrogenic effects in BM-derived cells, whereas CCR5 mediates its profibrogenic effects in resident liver cells. CCR5 promoted hepatic stellate cell (HSC) migration through a redox-sensitive, PI3K-dependent pathway. Both CCR5-deficient HSCs and CCR1- and CCR5-deficient Kupffer cells displayed strong suppression of CC chemokine-induced migration. Finally, we detected marked upregulation of RANTES, CCR1, and CCR5 in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, confirming activation of the CC chemokine system in human fibrogenesis. Our data therefore support a role for the CC chemokine system in hepatic fibrogenesis and suggest distinct roles for CCR1 and CCR5 in Kupffer cells and HSCs.
Linkage in the Nemesis single address space operating system (1994)

The recent interest in single address space operating systems has resulted in a number of papers, most of which gloss over the issues of linking programs to run in multiple protection domains. Some of the confusion about 64-bit address spaces is due to the almost pervasive use of UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems (such as Mach, Chorus and Amoeba) and languages with poor enforcement of abstraction like C and C++.This paper describes some of the linkage structure of Nemesis, a multi-service operating system being developed as part of the Pegasus project. Nemesis provides a simple and efficient mechanism for program linkage which provides rich sharing of text at a level of individual object classes.
A connexin 26 mutation causes a syndrome of sensorineural hearing loss and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (MIM 148350) (2000)

We report a missense mutation in the connexin 26 gene (GJB2) in a family with an autosomal dominant syndrome of hearing loss and hyperkeratosis. The affected family members have high frequency, slowly progressive, bilateral, sensorineural hearing loss and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The mutation causes an amino acid substitution (G59A), which may disrupt a reverse turn in the first extracellular loop of connexin 26. Connexin 26 mutations have been reported in syndromes of deafness and palmoplantar keratoderma. These data provide additional evidence for the role of connexin 26 in syndromes of this type.
Deep brain stimulation in epilepsy with particular reference to the subthalamic nucleus (2002)

Alternative methods, for the treatment of medically refractory epileptic patients, who cannot be treated by resective surgery, such as chronic deep brain neurostimulation, are under development. Such methods have been used in the cerebellum, various thalamic nuclei, and in the caudate nucleus. In Grenoble, encouraged by the suppressive effects of pharmacological or electrical inhibition of the STN on different types of seizure in animal models of epilepsy, and by our experience with STN high frequency stimulation (HFS) in patients with movement disorders, we have evaluated the high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN HFS). STN HFS was performed in five patients suffering from medically intractable seizures and considered unsuitable for resective surgery. A 67% to 80% reduction in seizure frequency was observed in three patients, with a partial symptomatic epilepsy of the central region. An additional patient suffering from severe myoclonic epilepsy (Dravet syndrome) also responded to STN HFS, with a weaker reduction of seizure frequency. The fifth patient who suffered from an autosomal dominant frontal lobe epilepsy with insulo-frontal seizures did not show any improvement. These results suggest that stimulation of STN could be a promising treatment for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who would not benefit from conventional surgery.
Respiratory tract tumors in hamsters induced by benzo(a)pyrene. (1973)

Summary Benzo( a )pyrene (BP), prepared as a colloid suspension of fine particles in 0.5% gelatin-0.9% NaCl solution, was administered by intratracheal instillation to 50 male and 50 female syrian golden hamsters. The control group, which consisted of 25 males and 25 females, received 0.5% gelatin-0.9% NaCl solution. The hamsters were treated weekly for 8 weeks and received a total dose of 111 mg of BP. BP induced respiratory tumors in 26 of the 65 hamsters examined. These tumors included squamous cell and anaplastic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, fibrosarcomas, adenomas, polyps, and papillomas. Each segment of the respiratory tract, with the exception of the bronchi, had a similar incidence of tumors. Only two tumors were diagnosed in the bronchial region. Of 47 control hamsters, 1 animal carried a tracheal polyp. Rate of clearance of BP from lung after a single administration was dependent on the dose of carcinogen. Low doses of BP were cleared rapidly while the weekly dose instilled in this study was retained for a long time.
Microwave non-invasive sensing of respiratory tidal volume (2009)

This paper describes the use of Doppler radar to measure respiration rate and air volume. The respiratory volume is measured indirectly via chest wall position. Calibration of displacement to airflow prior to subject measurements and accurate chest wall position information enable mean differences of less than 10 ml; with standard deviation of the difference of 20 ml between radar and reference measurements.
Molecule‐Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles (2007)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization was used to generate an ABC triblock copolymer, containing complementary diamidopyridine (DAP) and thymine (THY) outer blocks, which assembles into spherical aggregates held together by DAP-THY noncovalent interactions. Addition of THY-containing small guest molecules results in complete opening and deaggregation of the block copolymer micelle. This molecular recognition and macroscopic response shows high selectivity to the guest structure, and tolerates only a small amount of conformational mobility in the THY guest. On the other hand, addition of a small DAP-containing guest does not break the aggregates, but instead, results in new micelles which show a different selectivity profile from the parent morphology. We have examined the effect of a number of structural features in the block copolymers, on both the extent and selectivity of their macroscopic response to guests (that is, opening of the micelle). This study has resulted in a set of structural guidelines, which help in the design of effective molecule-responsive micelles for applications in selective drug delivery, sensing, and surface patterning.
Learning important models for web page blocks based on layout and content analysis (2004)

Previous work shows that a web page can be partitioned into multiple segments or blocks, and often the importance of those blocks in a page is not equivalent. It has also been proven that differentiating noisy and unimportant blocks from pages can facilitate web mining, search and accessibility. However, no uniform approach and model has been presented to measure the importance of different blocks in a web page. Through a user study, we found that people do have a consistent view about the importance of blocks in a web page. Thus, we investigate how to find a model to automatically assign importance values to blocks in a web page. We formulate the block importance estimation as a learning problem. First, we use a vision-based page segmentation technique to partition a web page into semantic blocks with a hierarchical structure. Then spatial features (such as position and size) and content features (such as the number of images and links) are extracted to construct a feature vector for each block. Then, learning algorithms are used to train a model to assign importance to each block in the web page. In our experiments, the best model can achieve the performance with Micro-F1 80.2% and Micro-Accuracy 86.8%.
Feasibility and user experience of virtual reality fashion stores (2018)

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-simulated, realistic three-dimensional environment. VR heightens a user’s sense of being in the environment and enables the user to interact with the environment. We propose that VR can be a very cost-effective way to evaluate fashion retail store designs because of the ease of developing and adjusting the store designs as well as its ability to allow users to closely mimic the real store shopping experience. Also, these benefits create an opportunity for consumer researchers to investigate realistic shopper behaviors. In order to assess the effectiveness of using VR fashion retail store models in developing store designs and in understanding the way shoppers interact with the stores, an experiment with 40 female undergraduate students was conducted. This case study was written to share the advantage of using VR and the challenges VR uniquely presents with both fashion retailers and scholars. Implications for fashion retail store designers and managers as well as consumer researchers are discussed.
Ion dynamics in the orbitrap mass analyzer and investigations into the chiral amplification of serine upon sublimation (2009)

Since its introduction, the orbitrap has proven to be a robust mass analyzer that can routinely deliver high resolving power and mass accuracy. Unlike conventional ion traps such as the Paul and Penning traps, the orbitrap uses only electrostatic fields to confine and to analyze injected ion populations. In addition, its relatively low cost, simple design and high space-charge capacity make it suitable for tackling complex scientific problems in which high performance is required. Research on the orbitrap in our laboratory is aimed at developing a deeper theoretical understanding of the dynamics of confined ion populations. This work is relevant to improving performance characteristics (e.g., resolution and mass accuracy), developing novel ion motion control (IMC) techniques and applications, designing new instrumentation, and implementing tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) capabilities inside the orbitrap.^ This dissertation offers a brief introduction to the fundamental principles of the orbitrap mass analyzer (Chapter 1) and describes experiments that advance the research goals outlined above. Experiments include: (a) characterization of a prototype storage quadrupole (StQ)-Orbitrap spectrometer (Chapter 2); (b) application of IMC techniques to improve performance (resolution and mass accuracy) via rephrasing of confined ion populations (Chapter 3); and (c) studies of space charge mediated processes such as mass shifts and peak coalescence (Chapter 4).^ The second subject area covered in this dissertation (Chapter 5) is the investigation of the chiral amplification of serine upon sublimation. This experiment is of importance because homochirality is believed to be a prerequisite for the origin of life. So, when previous mass spectrometry-based studies revealed that serine produces a stable, homochiral octameric cluster, it was proposed that this amino acid may play a role in homochirogenesis. To evaluate this hypothesis, non-mass spectrometric experiments were developed. Here we report that non-racemic samples of serine, with a small enantiomeric excess (e.e.), when heated to moderate temperatures (175°C – 230°C) in an inert N2 atmosphere, sublime to give serine that is enriched in the major enantiomer. The results prove that spontaneous resolution of amino acids (specifically serine) upon sublimation is a natural phenomenon i.e., the process occurs in the ambient environment under mild conditions.^
Evaluation of the level of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. (2003)

The questionnaire containing ten items evaluated the degree of dependence in students-volunteers from Brno secondary and vocational schools (ages ranging from 15 to 17 years) and the anamnestic data were compared with the specific (urinary cotinine) and non-specific (CO in the air exhaled) biological tests of exposure to smoking. The sample of 147 students examined contained 42% non-smokers, 25% occasional smokers and almost 33% of those who smoked every day. Almost 10% children smoked more than 10 cigarettes a day, and more than 20% children stated that they smoked 60 and more cigarettes a week. In accordance with the pre-developed degrees of dependence, compiled by the scores of the individual responses, 59% of the respondents (including the non-smokers) were ranked among the non-dependent. The second most frequent group contained the "strongly dependent" (almost 17% of all persons, e.g. 30% of smokers), 3.4% of examined persons (6% of smokers) were ranked in the sub-group of persons with a very high degree of dependence. Highly positive correlations were found between the evaluation of the dependence degree according to the anamnestic data and the exposure bio-markers (urinary cotinine/creatinine and CO in the air exhaled): the values of correlation coefficients were 0.615 and 0.764, resp. Both bio-markers also correlated negatively with the time of the last exposure to both active and passive smoking. The individual items in the dependence questionnaire had positive correlations with the objective exposure indicators which had statistical significance. The strongest relationship was observed in the question about the first morning cigarette--the highest correlation coefficients, being followed by signs evaluating the smoking frequency and the usual number of cigarettes smoked per day and in a week. The lowest relationships concerned the occasions for smoking and the unpleasant symptoms associated with the withdrawal. The anamnestic questionnaire could explain 42.6% of urinary cotinine level variability (converted to the density measured by creatinine content) and 65.8% of variability of CO content in the air exhaled. It was demonstrated that regular adolescent smokers at the ages between 15 to 17 years inhaled the cigarette smoke and the young smokers' inner exposure to nicotine had been proved as well. In this age group, there are many individuals who have a strong or a very strong dependence on nicotine. As a result, it is necessary to promote smoking cessation and nicotine dependence treatment by recommending pharmaceuticals of substantial nicotine therapy.
Novel Process for 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone Production from Glycerol. 1. Technological Feasibility Study and Process Design (2012)

A novel and efficient conversion process of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) via indirect oxidation was developed. The idea is to oxidize the middle hydroxyl group of glycerol to a carbonyl group with the help of a group protection technique, and then the protection reagent is removed by hydrolysis. With this new process, the conversion is conducted in three steps, namely, acetalization, oxidation, and hydrolysis. The oxidation step is the focus of this conversion process. In our work, three oxidant systems (CrO3 anion resin oxidant system, TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)/NaBr/NaClO system, and TEMPO/NaBr/Air system) were experimentally examined to verify the feasibility of this new process. The process of this conversion is also preliminarily designed on the basis of the laboratory procedure described in the experimental section, which offers a potential foundation for the large-scale production of DHA from glycerol.
Modulation classification of MIMO-OFDM signals by Independent Component Analysis and Support Vector Machines (2011)

A modulation classification scheme based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) in conjunction with proposed for MIMO-OFDM signals over frequency selective, time varying channels. The method is blind in the sense that it is assumed that the receiver has no information about the channel and transmitted signals other than that the spatial streams of signals are statistically independent. The processing consists of separation of the MIMO streams followed by modulation classification of the separated signals. While in general, blind separation of signals over frequency selective channels is a difficult problem, the non-frequency selective nature of the channel experienced by individual symbols in a MIMO-OFDM system enables the application of well-known ICA algorithms. Modulation classification is implemented by maximum likelihood and by an SVM-based modulation classification method relying on pre-selected modulation-dependent features. To improve performance in time varying channels, the invariance of the is exploited across the coherence bandwidth and the time coherence. The proposed method is shown to perform with high probability of correct classification over realistic ITU pedestrian and vehicular channels.