gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Novel multimedia detectors for medical imaging</title> (1996)

The objective of this research is to provide the physical and engineering principles of novel gas detector media operating on gas-microstrip principles. It is believed that the presented technology will have a significant impact on x-ray digital radiography, with emphasis on dual- energy imaging, computed tomography (CT), microtomography and x-ray microscopy, as well as in nuclear medicine, particularly in the important area of quantitative autoradiography, single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and (PET).
A guide to placement of parietooccipital ventricular catheters (1995)

Accurate placement of parietooccipital ventricular catheters can be difficult and frustrating. To minimize the morbidity of the procedure and lengthen the duration of shunt function, the catheter tip should lie in the ipsilateral frontal horn. The authors describe a posterior ventricular guide (PVG) for placement of parietooccipital catheters that operates by mechanically coupling the posterior burr hole to the anterior target point. In a series of 38 patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting with the assistance of the guide, postoperative computerized tomography (CT) scanning revealed that 35 (92.0%) had accurate catheter placement. In comparison, a retrospective review of free-hand posterior catheter placement revealed good catheter position in only 22 of 43 patients (51.1%). The use of the guide added less than 5 minutes to the entire procedure, and there were no complications related to its use. The PVG is a simple and useful tool that aids in the placement of parietooccipital ventricular catheters.
Sequence optimization as an alternative to <i>de novo</i> analysis of tandem mass spectrometry data (2004)

We present the implementation of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the reconstruction of amino acid sequences using only spectral features, discuss some of the problems associated with this approach and compare its performance to a de novo sequencing method. The GA can potentially overcome some of the most problematic aspects associated with de novo analysis of real MS/MS data such as missing or unclearly defined peaks and may prove to be a valuable tool in the proteomics field. We assess the performance of our algorithm under conditions of perfect spectral information, in situations where key spectral features are missing, and using real MS/MS spectral data.
Blue-phase liquid crystal display with contrast ratio over 1000:1 (2012)

With the purpose of enhancement in the contrast ratio of a cholesteric-blue-phase liquid crystal display by reducing driving voltage and light leakage, we made a prototype of a 3.4-inch polymer-stabilized blue-phase (PS-BP) liquid crystal display including highly reliable crystalline oxide semiconductor. As a result, the contrast ratio over 1000:1 was achieved in a dark place.
Carbon Ductwork with Nanometric Walls and Micron-to-Submicron Inner Diameters (2013)

We report a low-cost fabrication method that transforms silica paper into an array of nanopipes with conductive, nanoscopic carbon walls in which the inner and outer carbon surfaces and the inner and outer voids are interconnected in three dimensions. Ultrathin (10–800 nm) carbon coatings are controllably deposited at 1000°C from hydrocarbon vapors onto the fibers of commercial silica filter paper to create a conductive C@SiO2 paper with a shell of carbon wrapping each silica fiber. The cylindrical silica fibril cores that comprise the paper can then be chemically etched to yield a self-supported assembly of hollow, open, thin-walled carbon pipes with continuous electronic pathways and large interfacial areas while retaining the form factor of the original silica paper. Many "lost-wax" templating approaches have been reported, but this protocol enables one to synthetically fine-tune the carbon wall thickness in ∼10-nm increments such that the ratio of the inner diameter of the pipe to the wall thickness can be as large as 100:1. This two-step route to scalable arrays of carbon pipes ("ductwork") uses inexpensive and readily available precursors and generates a freestanding ultraporous object that can function as stand-alone electrode nanoarchitectures. Such macroscale form factors with nanoscopic conductive conduits are adaptable for advanced energy-storage devices or as an ultralight matrix for thermal management such as spot cooling.
An Anionic Galactomannan Polysaccharide Gum from a Newly‐Isolated Lactose‐Utilizing Bacterium. I. Strain Description and Gum Characterization (1992)

As part of an effort to obtain microorganisms able to produce polysaccharide gums from whey and whey permeate, soil samples from farm fields regularly treated with whey were screened for bacteria able to produce gums from lactose. The most promising organism isolated (ATCC 55046) is a facultative anaerobe, tentatively identified as a new Erwinia species on the basis of biochemical and morphological tests. The organism produces a polysaccharide gum from lactose and other sugars (herein named lactan gum) composed of mannose, galactose, and galacturonic acid with an approximate molar ratio of 5:3:2 and containing no organic acid modifying groups. The weight average molecular weight of the gum is approximately 7 x 10(6). Aqueous solutions of lactan gum exhibit shear-thinning and elastic flow behavior with an estimated power law model flow index of 0.26 at 1% (w/w) gum. The viscosity of aqueous 1% (w/w) lactan gum solutions is stable over a pH range of 2-11, being particularly stable in alkaline environments. Aqueous 1% (w/w) gum solutions at pH 5-11 show excellent thermostability, retaining at least 80% of the original viscosity after being heated to 121 degrees C for 15 min. These flow properties indicate potential industrial applications in food and nonfood products requiring a moderate degree of thickening, wet-end additives and coating agents for paper products, ceramics, detergents, and binders for building materials.
FT-NIR the method of choice to verify the authenticity of extra virgin olive oils (2017)

Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy was recently demonstrated to be an excellent method to evaluate the authenticity and adulteration of extra virgin olive oil. Since this method is matrix dependent, it takes a chemical fingerprint of all the components which sets it apart from the targeted methods. Careful examinations of the Fourier transform near infrared spectra lead to the identification of a minor carbonyl overtone absorption at 5269 cm −1 associated with the volatile fraction in extra virgin olive oil that appears to be a reliable indicator of authenticity. The same spectra were used to identify the fatty acids present in the oil using models based on comparison to accurate GC data. Gravimetric mixtures of extra virgin olive oil with refined edible oils were then prepared to develop PLS1 calibration models to identify possible adulterants and by how much. The great varietal difference in olive oils made it necessary to develop four unique sets of PLS1 calibration models for each extra virgin olive oil variety. As a result, an extra virgin olive oil acceptance specification was established.
Photonic Crystal Optical Biosensor Incorporating Structured Low-Index Porous Dielectric (2006)

The sensitivity of a photonic crystal optical biosensor is greatly enhanced through the incorporation of low porous dielectric material into the device structure. In this work, computer models are used to predict the reflectance spectra and sensitivity performance of a one-dimensional photonic crystal biosensor. A manufacturable replication method is demonstrated that can produce a low-index dielectric periodic surface structure with a 550 nm period over large surface areas. The sensitivity of porous glass biosensors is characterized and compared with sensors incorporating non-porous polymer material. Results for detection of proteins, polymer layers, and bulk liquids indicate up to a four fold sensitivity increase
Spray characterization of high pressure water mist injectors: Experimental and theoretical analysis (2008)

This study is focused on characterizing the spray released by a water mist injector at high pressure. To this end, an experimental campaign has been performed employing non intrusive techniques to investigate both drop size and initial velocity over a prescribed range of operative pressure. In particular, a laser-diffraction-based instrument (Malvern Spraytec) has been used to determine the characteristic diameter. An alternative method has been developed to reconstruct the drop-size trend in respect to fluid fraction: drop-size data have been averaged through mass flux distribution. This latter parameter has been measured by a mechanical patternator ad hoc built. Moreover a classic predictive formula for Sauter Mean Diameter has been validated through a physical analysis based on inviscid-fluid assumption. Velocity field has been studied by PIV technique. The proposed measurement methodology has been discussed and both maps and values have been finally stressed out. An experimental evaluation of the spray cone angle has been realized as an additional result of the PIV tests. Paper ID ILASS08-10-5
Isolation of Microorganisms Growing on Phthalate Esters and Degradation of Phthalate Esters by<i>Pseudomonas acidovorans</i>256–1 (1977)

Many microorganisms (17 strains of gram-positive bacteria, 8 strains of gram-negative bacteria, 2 strains of fungi) capable of assimilating di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) were isolated from soil and other natural sources. When Pseudomonas acidovorans 256–1 among these microorganisms was aerobically cultured in media containing 0.5 % of DEHP, DEHP disappeared completely in 72 hr when assayed gaschromatographically. Most of phthalate esters could be assimilated, regardless of their side-chain types. In addition, branched-alkyl phthalate was assimilated better than n-alkyl phthalate. Based on degradation rate of n-alkyl phthalate in relation to its side chain and carbon number, two peaks were observed in n-alkyl phthalate with four and seven carbon number on its side-chain.
Halftone Image Data Hiding with Block-Overlapping Parity Check (2007)

In this paper, we propose an innovative algorithm, namely block-overlapping parity check (BOPC), that can be applied to the existing halftone image data hiding algorithms data hiding smart pair toggling (DHSPT) to achieve improvement in visual quality. The proposed algorithm utilizes the properties of block-overlapping parity check to reduce the number of pair toggling required in DHSPT. Our experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of pixel pair toggling significantly and has a better performance in terms of modified peak-signal-to-noise ratio (MPSNR), especially when the watermark payload is high.
Enhanced Peroxide Resistance of In Vitro Mutagenized Fluorideresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Ureases for Catalytic Buffering of Agent Decontamination Reactions (2004)

Catalytic buffering is an advanced method of pH control for the enzyme-based Advanced Catalytic Enzyme System (ACES) and oxidative surety agent decontamination technologies. Ammonia production from urea by urease neutralizes the production of Oalkylphosphonic acids resulting from the hydrolysis of Nerve agents such as Sarin and VX. Fluoride production from Sarin hydrolysis inhibits native urease at low mM concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide, used in oxidative nerve agent treatment, is also potent inhibitor of urease activity. Fluoride-resistant (FR) ureases developed previously in our laboratory were >95% inhibited by 1% hydrogen peroxide. To overcome this problem, the FR mutant urease structural genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae were mutagenized in vitro in an E. coli mutator strain to produce ureases with superior peroxide-resistance (PR). Mutagenized ureABC plasmids were recovered and cotransformed into an E. coli catalase mutant (UM2) with a plasmid bearing the urease accessory genes (ureDEFG) needed for nickel incorporation. The double-plasmid recombinant colonies were immobilized on nylon, lysed and screened in situ for peroxide-resistant urease activity. Several PR clones were isolated from this procedure with enhanced urease activity in 1% hydrogen peroxide. Several generations of in vitro mutagenesis of the PR ureABC plasmids resulted in ureases with many times the activity of their FR progenitors in 1% peroxide. These results show the promise of mutant peroxide-resistant ureases as catalytic buffering catalysts for agent decontamination reactions.
A Highly Active and Negatively Charged Streptococcus pyogenes Lysin with a Rare <scp>d</scp> -Alanyl- <scp>l</scp> -Alanine Endopeptidase Activity Protects Mice against Streptococcal Bacteremia (2014)

Bacteriophage endolysins have shown great efficacy in killing Gram-positive bacteria. PlyC, a group C streptococcal phage lysin, represents the most efficient lysin characterized to date, with a remarkably high specificity against different streptococcal species, including the important pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. However, PlyC is a unique lysin, in terms of both its high activity and structure (two distinct subunits). We sought to discover and characterize a phage lysin active against S. pyogenes with an endolysin architecture distinct from that of PlyC to determine if it relies on the same mechanism of action as PlyC. In this study, we identified and characterized an endolysin, termed PlyPy (phage lysin from S. pyogenes), from a prophage infecting S. pyogenes. By in silico analysis, PlyPy was found to have a molecular mass of 27.8 kDa and a pI of 4.16. It was active against a majority of group A streptococci and displayed high levels of activity as well as binding specificity against group B and C streptococci, while it was less efficient against other streptococcal species. PlyPy showed the highest activity at neutral pH in the presence of calcium and NaCl. Surprisingly, its activity was not affected by the presence of the group A-specific carbohydrate, while the activity of PlyC was partly inhibited. Additionally, PlyPy was active in vivo and could rescue mice from systemic bacteremia. Finally, we developed a novel method to determine the peptidoglycan bond cleaved by lysins and concluded that PlyPy exhibits a rare d-alanyl-l-alanine endopeptidase activity. PlyPy thus represents the first lysin characterized from Streptococcus pyogenes and has a mechanism of action distinct from that of PlyC.
Real-World Comprehensive Disease Management of Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2019)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating, progressive, and fatal fibrotic lung disease with a poor prognosis. Antifibrotic therapy slows but does not halt disease progression. Patient education and management needs change during disease progression. Management is complicated by comorbidities, adverse events associated with antifibrotic therapy, and difficulties with long-term oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. Treating IPF requires coordination between physicians and nurses in community and interstitial lung disease center settings. This review provides guidance for the healthcare professional who manages the essential aspects of care in IPF from diagnosis, through disease progression, and to the end of life.
Electrostatic Polysulfides Confinement to Inhibit Redox Shuttle Process in the Lithium Sulfur Batteries (2017)

Cationic polymer can capture polysulfide ions and inhibit polysulfide shuttle effect in lithium sulfur (Li-S) rechargeable batteries, enhancing the Li-S battery cycling performance. The cationic poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]urea] quaternized (PQ) with a high density quaternary ammonium cations can trap the lithium polysulfide through the electrostatic attraction between positively charged quaternary ammonium (R<sub>4</sub>N<sup>+</sup>) and negatively charged polysulfide (S<sub>x</sub><sup>2-</sup>). PQ binder based sulfur electrodes deliver much higher capacity and provide better stability than traditional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder based electrodes in Li-S cells. A high sulfur loading of 7.5 mg/cm<sup>2</sup> is achieved, which delivers a high initial areal capacity of 9.0 mAh/cm<sup>2</sup> and stable cycling capacity at around 7.0 mAh/cm<sup>2</sup> in the following cycles.
Silicon micromachining for terahertz component development (2013)

Waveguide component technology at terahertz frequencies has come of age in recent years. Essential components such as ortho-mode transducers (OMT), quadrature hybrids, filters, and others for high performance system development were either impossible to build or too difficult to fabricate with traditional machining techniques. With micromachining of silicon wafers coated with sputtered gold it is now possible to fabricate and test these waveguide components. Using a highly optimized Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process, we are now able to fabricate silicon micromachined waveguide structures working beyond 1 THz. In this paper, we describe in detail our approach of design, fabrication, and measurement of silicon micromachined waveguide components and report the results of a 1 THz canonical E-plane filter.
A New Gate Dielectric for Highly Stable Amorphous-Silicon Thin-Film Transistors With $\sim\!\! \hbox{1.5-cm}^{2}/\hbox{V} \cdot \hbox{s}$ Electron Field-Effect Mobility (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Hydrogenated amorphous-silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) in the bottom-gate back-channel-cut geometry were made with a homogeneous <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}$</tex></formula> –silicone hybrid as the gate dielectric. The dielectric is deposited in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) system at nominal room temperature, and the a-Si:H channel and <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{n}^{+}$</tex></formula> source/drain layers are deposited by PE-CVD at 150 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}\hbox{C}$</tex></formula>. The threshold voltage <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$V_{T}$</tex> </formula> is <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex></formula>3 V, the subthreshold slope is <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$S \sim \hbox{290}\ \hbox{mV/decade}$</tex></formula>, the electron field-effect mobility is <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu \sim \hbox{1.5}\ \hbox{cm}^{2}/\hbox{V} \cdot \hbox{s}$</tex> </formula>, and the on/off current ratio is <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\sim \!\!\hbox{10}^{7}$</tex> </formula>. The threshold-voltage shift <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Delta V_{T}$</tex></formula> under high-field gate bias is approximately one-half of that in conventional a-Si:H/<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$ \hbox{SiN}_{x}$</tex></formula> TFTs fabricated at 300 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}\hbox{C}$</tex> </formula>. These results suggest that the <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}$</tex></formula> –silicone hybrid material may become the gate dielectric of choice for a-Si:H TFT applications that require high transconductance and high stability. </para>
Protecting analog circuits with parameter biasing obfuscation (2017)

A methodology to secure analog intellectual property (IP) by obfuscating biasing conditions is presented in this paper. Previous research methodologies have focused on protecting digital IP from theft, overproduction, counterfeiting, and Trojan insertion. Analog IP has not been investigated as it does not share the same replicated structures and functionalities used for digital protection. The bias encryption techniques presented in this paper are implemented on a phase locked loop (PLL). The operating frequency of the PLL is masked in the range of 800 MHz to 2.2 GHz with a 40-bit encryption key. The probability of determining the correct key through brute force attack is 9.095×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> . The overheads of encrypting the PLL include a 6.3% increase in active area, a 0.89% increase in power consumption, and a 5 dBc/Hz increase in phase noise.
FRAM sense amplifier with compensation for random and systematic offset (2014)

Sense Amplifiers have always been an integral part of an embedded memory design and operation. The decreasing process size, appetite for speed, low power, and smaller area all contribute to increased Sense Amplifier (SA) offset. In FRAM technologies, factors such as bitcell scaling, thermal depolarization [2], solder reflow processes [1], and state-dependent imprinting [2] all contribute to decreased signal margin available to the SA. Therefore, increase in SA offset coupled with decrease in signal margin translates into loss of yield and reliability. This paper introduces a modified SA circuit design that through introduction of localized and intentional asymmetrical capacitive loading, on state defining nodes, is shown to reduce the sample sigma and range of the SA's offset, improving the yield.
Recent Advancements in Stereoselective Olefin Metathesis Using Ruthenium Catalysts (2017)

Olefin metathesis is a prevailing method for the construction of organic molecules. Recent advancements in olefin metathesis have focused on stereoselective transformations. Ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts have had a particularly pronounced impact in the area of stereoselective olefin metathesis. The development of three categories of Z-selective olefin metathesis catalysts has made Z-olefins easily accessible to both laboratory and industrial chemists. Further design enhancements to asymmetric olefin metathesis catalysts have streamlined the construction of complex molecules. The understanding gained in these areas has extended to the employment of ruthenium catalysts to stereoretentive olefin metathesis, the first example of a kinetically E-selective process. These advancements, as well as synthetic applications of the newly developed catalysts, are discussed.
Gluten Immunogenic Peptides as Standard for the Evaluation of Potential Harmful Prolamin Content in Food and Human Specimen (2018)

Gluten is a complex mixture of storage proteins in cereals like wheat, barley and rye. Prolamins are the main components of gluten. Their high content in proline and glutamine makes them water-insoluble and difficult to digest in the gastrointestinal tract. Partial digestion generates peptide sequences which trigger immune responses in celiac and gluten-sensitive patients. Gluten detection in food is challenging because of the diversity, in various food matrices, of protein proportions and their immunogenicity. Attempts to develop standard reference materials have been unsuccessful. We present here a summary of recent studies reporting the detection of dominant Gluten Immunogenic Peptides (GIP) sharing epitopes presented in the &alpha;-gliadin 33-mer, the most important celiac disease-immunogenic sequence within gluten. GIP were not only detectable and quantifiable in very different kind of difficult to analyze food, but also in stool and urine of celiac patients on a supposedly gluten-free diet (GFD), providing the first simple and objective means to assess adherence to the GFD. Methods to specifically and sensitively detect the most active GIP in food and biological fluids are rational candidates may use similar analytical standard references for determination of the immunopathological risk of gluten exposure in gluten-related diseases.