gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real world, Adobe Photoshop CS (2002)

Anyone who relies on Photoshop to meet tough production challenges knows that when a new version arrives, especially one as chockfull of enhancements as Photoshop CS3, there's no time to fool around. You need to get up to speed on it, and you need to do so now. This book will get you there. In this copiously illustrated book, best-selling author David Blatner offers shows you how to sharpen your Photoshop production techniques and provides clear explanations of the concepts that drive them. Readers will learn about managing color, correcting colors, capturing images, getting great scans, and more. They'll also find complete coverage of Photoshop CS3's new features: a streamlined interface, nondestructive Smart Filters, a new Quick Selection and Refine Edge tools, improved Curves, automatic layer alignment and blending, and more. Throughout, the emphasis in this book is on efficiency: the timesaving tips and professional shortcuts that will allow readers to solve their everyday production challenges creatively with Photoshop CS3.
Memory for Intentions Screening Test: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Evidence (2009)

Abstract As the field of prospective memory (ProM) research has expanded, recognition of the need to make a clinical diagnosis of ProM difficulties has also increased. In addition, there is increasing interest in understanding in more detail the ways in which ProM deficits differ in populations with different underlying neurological dysfunctions. While questionnaires, naturalistic studies and laboratory studies have all been invaluable in furthering our understanding of ProM, until recently there has not been a standardised clinical measure. The Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST) was designed to be a relatively brief clinical measure of ProM in clinical populations. The MIST allows for comparisons of performance with event-based and time-based cues. The MIST also has some items with a short (2-minute) and some with a long (15-minute) delay period. Finally, the MIST contains items that require a verbal response as well as items that require an action response. The MIST has now been used in studies of normal ageing as well as a range of clinical populations, including individuals with traumatic brain injury, individuals with HIV infection and individuals with schizophrenia. The psychometric properties of the MIST have been found to be acceptable. Data from each of the clinical populations that have been administered the MIST demonstrate good specificity and sensitivity of the measure as well as the ability to begin to make comparisons about different patterns of performance between disease types.
Wideband Chip-to-Chip Interconnects for High Performance Computing (2022)

The fact that modern processors can utilize data faster than modern memory systems can supply it results in the 'processor-memory gap.' This disparity in supply and demand has been addressed with several approaches, primarily architectural. This research suggests that alternative packaging methods can improve system performance. This study designed, fabricated, and simulated performance to quantify Quilt Packaging (QP), a high speed chip-to-chip interconnect technology, within the context of 'embedded' system performance for comparison with several other approaches used or proposed in the high-performance computing (HPC) and embedded computing space. Initial exploration suggests that QP implementations of conventionally-packaged HPC nodes can result in improved performance through decreased latency and increased data throughput.
A Role for Perforin in Downregulating T-Cell Responses during Chronic Viral Infection (1999)

Cytotoxic T cells secrete perforin to kill virus-infected cells. In this study we show that perforin also plays a role in immune regulation. Perforin-deficient (perf -/-) mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) contained greater numbers of antiviral T cells compared to persistently infected +/+ mice. The enhanced expansion was seen in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, but the most striking difference was in the numbers of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells present in infected perf -/- mice. Persistent LCMV infection of +/+ mice results in both deletion and anergy of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and our results show that this peripheral "exhaustion" of activated CD8 T cells occurred less efficiently in perf -/- mice. This excessive accumulation of activated CD8 T cells resulted in immune-mediated damage in persistently infected perf -/- mice; approximately 50% of these mice died within 2 to 4 weeks, and mortality was fully reversed by in vivo depletion of CD8 T cells. This finding highlights an interesting dichotomy between the role of perforin in viral clearance and immunopathology; perforin-deficient CD8 T cells were unable to clear the LCMV infection but were capable of causing immune-mediated damage. Finally, this study shows that perforin also plays a role in regulating T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. Mice that were deficient in both perforin and Fas exhibited a striking acceleration of the spontaneous lymphoproliferative disease seen in Fas-deficient (lpr) mice. Taken together, these results show that the perforin-mediated pathway is involved in downregulating T-cell responses during chronic viral infection and autoimmunity and that perforin and Fas act independently as negative regulators of activated T cells.
A New Synthesis of (2<i>S</i>,3<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>)‐2‐(Hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol (1991)

Abstract The title compound 6 was synthesized from 2,3,5‐tri‐ O ‐benzyl‐ D ‐arabinofuranose ( 7 ) in three steps and 48% overall yield. Moreover, it was shown, in the case of γ‐hydroxy amide 9 , that the Mitsunobu reaction is not suitable for the preparation of γ‐lactams, because O ‐alkylation is predominant.
AND METAL-SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES (1989)

Novel electronic properties of interfaces have enormous commercial applications ranging from infrared detectors to very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. One such interface is a junction between a metal and a semiconductor; the components based on these are widely used in the microelectronics industry. A junction between a metal and a semiconductor is called a Schottky junction, named after W. Schottky. Nearly half a century ago, Schottky proposed a model for describing the potential variation within the barrier region between a metal and a semiconductor. The site for the workshop on Metallization and Metal­ Semiconductors Interfaces was chosen to be right next to the Schottky Institute, which is under construction at the Technical University of Munich in Garching. The Institute will formally open within the next few months; this workshop is the first in a series of celebrations to honor W. Schottky's lasting impact on science and technology. Whenever two different materials are brought into contact, a potential barrier is estab­ lished at the interface in eqUilibrium which stops the net flow of current across the junction. Clearly a potential barrier at the interface is a key parameter which determines the electrical behavior of the system. The barrier between a metal-semiconductor junction in equilibrium is also known as the Schottky barrier. Upon application of an external voltage to the junction, the distance between the semiconductor quasi Fermi level and the top of the barrier is changed. Under forward bias conditions, the thermal population of majority carriers which can be transmitted over the top of the barrier is enhanced, and current flows. The barrier top is firmly pinned to the metal quasi Fermi level, however, so no such effect occurs when a reverse bias is applied. The ability to force the current to flow in one direction and not in the other leads to junctions which are rectifying in nature. The Schottky modeP was designed originally for calculating the potential barrier for metal-semiconductor rectifiers. It assumed a depletion layer (a region devoid of mobile car­ riers) on the semiconducting side containing a constant density of (uncompensated) ionized donor impurities for an n-type doped semiconductor. Then from Poissons's equation it im: mediately follows that the electrostatic potential must vary quadratically with distance as the metal is approached from the semiconducting side. If on the other hand, the barrier region is devoid of charged impurities, as in fact was assumed by Mott2 then the potential varies only linearly with distance. The barrier height then simply is equal to the difference between the metal work function and the electron affinity of the semiconductor. The readers should keep in mind that the above discussion of the barrier has implicitly assumed an n-type semicon­ ductor whose work function is less than the work function of the metal with which it is in
Stereo-videography of Micro-dissection and its Observation (1979)

A method of video-recording is described with an intention to visualize the micro-dissection stereoscopically. This is made by twin TV-cameras of extremely light weight, which are mounted on the stereomicroscope by use of tine-adapters at both ends of beam-splitter. The images are montaged on one monitor screen by the wipe mode of effect amplifier in such a way that the right image appears in the left half and the left one in the right of the screen. To do this, however, cameras have to be shifted to either side to such an extent that the centre of each image is away from that of the screen by one quarter the total width. Now the stereoscopical image can be recorded on one videotape, instead of two, and important still, without any synchronization trouble which is otherwise a nuisance. Since the screen has to be observed by crossed or converged eyesight, preferably by a number of observers at a time, special prism glasses have been developed and some feasible tips for observation suggested. The authors also discuss the purposes and effects of this method and possible improvements in the instrument design.
Topical valproic acid increases the hair count in male patients with androgenetic alopecia: A randomized, comparative, clinical feasibility study using phototrichogram analysis (2014)

Valproic acid (VPA), a widely used anticonvulsant, inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β and activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is associated with hair growth cycle and anagen induction. To assess the efficacy of topical VPA for treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA), we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Male patients with moderate AGA underwent treatment with either VPA (sodium valproate, 8.3%) or placebo spray for 24 weeks. The primary end-point for efficacy was the change in hair count during treatment, which was assessed by phototrichogram analysis. Of the 40 patients enrolled in the study, 27 (n = 15, VPA group; n = 12, placebo group) completed the entire protocol with good compliance. No statistical differences in age, hair loss duration and total hair count at baseline were found between the groups. The mean change in total hair count was significantly higher in the VPA group than in the placebo group (P = 0.047). Both groups experienced mostly mild and self-limited adverse events, but their differences in prevalence rates were similar between the two groups (P = 0.72). A subject treated with topical VPA developed ventricular tachycardia, but it did not seem to be related to the VPA spray. Topical VPA increased the total hair counts of our patients; therefore, it is a potential treatment option for AGA.
On the influence of erasure correction on the probability of undetected error of Reed-Solomon codes (2002)

This paper analyzes several aspects of erasure correction in the decoding of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes over the q-ary Erasure Channel. It is shown that by limiting the maximum number of erasures the decoder is allowed to correct, a significant improvement in the probability of undetected error is obtained, at relatively high channel erasure and low channel transition probabilities. Of particular interest is the errata pattern with the maximum number of erasures the RS code can correct and at least one error, which always causes an undetected error in an incomplete decoder. This "limited erasures" approach is compared with the "readable erasures" method. This approach is also analyzed for concatenated codes using an RS code as the outer code.
Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges (2010)

Abstract Cloud computing has recently emerged as a new paradigm for hosting and delivering services over the Internet. Cloud computing is attractive to business owners as it eliminates the requirement for users to plan ahead for provisioning, and allows enterprises to start from the small and increase resources only when there is a rise in service demand. However, despite the fact that cloud computing offers huge opportunities to the IT industry, the development of cloud computing technology is currently at its infancy, with many issues still to be addressed. In this paper, we present a survey of cloud computing, highlighting its key concepts, architectural principles, state-of-the-art implementation as well as research challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the design challenges of cloud computing and identify important research directions in this increasingly important area.
The Effect of CO<sub>2</sub>on Alkyl Carbonate Trans-Esterification during Formation of Graphite Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries (2017)

Apart from the often-described formation of interphases between the electrodes and the electrolyte in Li-ion batteries, changes of the bulk electrolyte also occur during cycling. In this study, we use On-line Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (OEMS) to measure the gas evolution associated with changes in the electrolyte during the initial cycles of graphite/lithium half-cells in an electrolyte composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and the conducting salt LiPF6. The reduction of the electrolyte at the graphite surface within the first cycle is accompanied by the release of lithium alkoxides (LiOR), which initiate the conversion of the co-solvent EMC into the linear carbonates dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC). This trans-esterification can be suppressed by the use of additives such as vinylene carbonate (VC) and vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC). Upon reduction, VC generates CO2, while VEC generates 1,3-butadiene. The beneficial impact of the additives arises from these gases, which scavenge the highly reactive LiOR species by forming non-reactive products. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the positive effect of CO2 on the cell chemistry and the importance of adjusting the electrolyte volume and additive concentration with respect to the active material mass in Li-ion batteries.
Monoclonal Idiotypic and Anti-idiotypic Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein (1991)

Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) gp41-1 (IgG2a) and gp41-2 (IgG1), directed against the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), were produced and characterized. These MAbs recognized both gp160 and gp41 and reacted with divergent HIV-1 isolates. Surface binding assays using viable HIV-infected cells indicated that these MAbs were directed against surface-exposed epitopes. Both MAbs caused a reduction in reverse transcriptase activity. Syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) against gp41-1 were also generated. Six anti-ids (agp41-11 to agp41-16) were selected by ELISA using F(ab')2 fragments of gp41-1; no reaction was observed when fragments from an irrelevant IgG2a MAb were used. Anti-ids were recognized by both gp41-1 and gp41-2 biotinylated MAbs. Competitive ELISA studies suggested that anti-ids were directed against at least three distinct idiotopes on gp41-1. All anti-ids reacted with idiotopes associated with both heavy and light chains and not with separated chains. The binding of MAbs gp41-1 and gp41-2 to HIV-infected cells was inhibited by each anti-id, except for the binding of gp41-2 which was not affected by the presence of agp41-12. Immunization of rabbits with agp41-11 and agp41-13 resulted in an antibody response against recombinant gp160. These studies indicated that these two anti-ids contain a surrogate image of the antigen recognized by gp41-1.
The intestinal microbiota and probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome (2004)

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a poorly understood gastrointestinal condition affecting approximately onefifth of the UK population, with a higher prevalence in women and accounting for up to half of referrals to gastroenterology clinics in the UK. It is characterized by abdominal pain, excessive flatus, variable bowel habit and abdominal bloating with no evidence of organic disease. IBS commonly occurs after gastroenteritis or following a course of antibiotics. Suggested aetiologies include motility and psychological disorders and psychophysiological phenomena, although there is also evidence that disruption to the intestinal microbiota can play a role in IBS. Episodes such as hysterectomy, first incidence of bacterial gastroenteritis or a course of antibiotics have been shown to contribute to symptoms compatible with those of IBS. The intestinal microflora in IBS has been shown to differ from that of healthy individuals. Faecal microfloras of IBS patients har bour higher numbers of facultative organisms, such as Klebsiella spp. and enterococci, and low numbers of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The role of probiotics in IBS has not been clearly defined. Some studies have shown improvements in pain and flatulence in response to probiotic supplementation, while others have shown no symptomatic or objective improvements. Administration of probiotics reduced caecal and faecal yeast proliferation in IBS patients treated with antibiotics, suggesting that they prevent the disruption of the intestinal microbiota known to be associated with IBS. It is possible that the role of probiotics in the management of IBS will lie in prevention, rather than cure. Keywords: IBS; microflora; probiotics
Massive MIMO Systems for 5G and beyond Networks—Overview, Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Research Direction (2020)

The global bandwidth shortage in the wireless communication sector has motivated the study and exploration of wireless access technology known as massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Massive MIMO is one of the key enabling technology for next-generation networks, which groups together antennas at both transmitter and the receiver to provide high spectral and energy efficiency using relatively simple processing. Obtaining a better understating of the massive MIMO system to overcome the fundamental issues of this technology is vital for the successful deployment of 5G-and beyond-networks to realize various applications of the intelligent sensing system. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the key enabling technologies required for 5G and 6G networks, highlighting the massive MIMO systems. We discuss all the fundamental challenges related to pilot contamination, channel estimation, precoding, user scheduling, energy efficiency, and signal detection in a massive MIMO system and discuss some state-of-the-art mitigation techniques. We outline recent trends such as terahertz communication, ultra massive MIMO (UM-MIMO), visible light communication (VLC), machine learning, and deep learning for massive MIMO systems. Additionally, we discuss crucial open research issues that direct future research in massive MIMO systems for 5G and beyond networks.
<title>Investigation of human biomarkers in exhaled breath by laser photoacoustic spectroscopy</title> (2005)

The paper underlines the importance of breath tests in medicine and the potential of laser techniques to measure in-vivo and in real time human biomarkers. The presence of trace amounts of gases or the metabolites of a precursor in exhaled air could be linked to kidney or liver malfunction, asthma, diabetes, cancer, ulcers or neurological disorders. The measurement of some human biomarkers (ethylene, ammonia), based on laser photoacoustic spectroscopy methods, insure very high sensitivity and selectivity. The technical characteristics of this instrument were measured to determine the detection limits (sub-ppb for ethylene). The results of ethylene release following lipid peroxidation initiated by X-ray irradiation or ingestion of radioactive compounds are presented. The possibility to extend this technique for measurement of breath ammonia levels in patients with end-stage renal disease while they are undergoing hemodialysis is discussed.
Tuning the singlet–triplet energy gap of AIE luminogens: crystallization-induced room temperature phosphorescence and delay fluorescence, tunable temperature response, highly efficient non-doped organic light-emitting diodes (2014)

In this contribution, we finely tuned the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) of AIE-active materials to modulate their fluorescence, phosphorescence and delay fluorescence via rational molecular design and investigated the possible ways to harvest their triplet energy in OLEDs. Noteworthily, two molecules o-TPA-3TPE-o-PhCN and o-TPA-3TPE-p-PhCN with larger ΔEST values (0.59 eV and 0.45 eV, respectively) emitted efficient long-lived low temperature phosphorescence in their glassy solutions and exhibited efficient crystallization-induced room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Meanwhile, it was the first time to observe a novel crystallization-induced delay fluorescence phenomenon in another AIE-active molecule p-TPA-3TPE-p-PhCN owing to its very small ΔEST value (0.21 eV). It was also found that molecules with various ΔEST values showed significantly different temperature sensitivity. Non-doped electroluminescent (EL) devices using these molecules as light-emitting layers were fabricated, exhibiting external quantum efficiencies (EQE) higher than theoretical values of purely singlet emitter type devices. Particularly, p-TPA-3TPE-p-PhCN showed outstanding device performances with high luminance and efficiencies up to 36,900 cd m(-2), 11.2 lm W(-1), 12.8 cd A(-1) and 4.37%, respectively, considering that its solid-state quantum yield was only 42%. All the above observations suggested that tuning the ΔEST values of AIE materials is a powerful methodology to generate many more interesting and meaningful optoelectronic properties.
Chemiprobe, a nonradioactive system for labeling nucleic acid. Principles and applications. (1989)

The Chemiprobe Kit provides a complete system for nonradioactive labeling of DNA probes and their detection in hybridization studies. The system is highly sensitive, permitting the detection of 0.2-0.4 pg DNA which allows detection of a single gene sequence in 0.5-1 microgram of bacterial DNA or in 3-5 micrograms of mammalian DNA. In this paper the authors show that the rRNA genes of M. capricolum can be detected by using only 50 ng/ml of sulfonated probe cloned from another mycoplasma, M. pneumoniae. The Chemiprobe system has been successfully used in the detection of the single copy human gene for glucocerobrosidase from total embryonic DNA by hybridization to a specific sulfonated cDNA. 5 x 10(4) M. pneumoniae cells can be detected either free or mixed with sputum using a standard dot blot technique: mycoplasma cells were lysed by a mucolytic agent, denaturated by NaOH, immobilized on a nylon membrane filter, and then hybridized with pPN4, a plasmid DNA probe specific for M. pneumoniae. The resulting hybrids were then detected by the standard Chemiprobe procedure. A new kit based on the Chemiprobe system has been designed especially for the detection of mycoplasmas in tissue culture. This kit has been tested on 70 random samples collected from tissue culture fluids from 11 different sources. Of these, 42 were found to be contaminated by the Chemiprobe procedure, whereas 41 were found to be contaminated by classical microbiological methods. No false negatives were found.