gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HOW WORKERS USE 401(k) PLANS: THE PARTICIPATION, CONTRIBUTION, AND WITHDRAWAL DECISIONS (1998)

This paper examines how workers use 401 (k) plans by examining their participation, contribution, and withdrawal decisions. Sixty-five percent of eligible workers participate in 401 (k) plans. Employee participation rises with income, age, job tenure, and education. While participation also rises if the employer matches contributions, 401 (k) participation does not grow with the rate of matching. When pension plan assets are withdrawn in lump-sum distributions before retirement, just 28 percent of distribution recipients (representing 56 percent of distribution assets) roll over the withdrawn funds into tax-qualified savings plans. Our findings suggest that many workers, particularly those with low incomes, do not use 401 (k) plans to save for retirement.
Classification of Compression Bandages: Practical Aspects (2008)

Future descriptions of compression bandages should include the subbandage pressure range measured in the medial gaiter area, the number of layers, and a specification of the bandage components and of the elastic property (stiffness) of the final bandage.
TELECHELIC POLYMERS - NEW DEVELOPMENTS. (1995)

Telechelic polymers are polymers that carry reactive endgroups. The main interest in these compounds is their use as building blocks for the production of segmented copolymers and polymer networks. In the past decade a large number of new synthetic methods for the preparation of well-defined telechelics have been described. This was in great part due to the recent developments of new living polymerizations whereby a large number of polymeric structures became accessible in the form of end-functionalized derivatives; but more 'classical' methods, such as stepwise polymerizations, are also still used to produce interesting new telechelics. The present review describes these new developments.
Technoeconomic Analysis of the Electrochemically Mediated Amine Regeneration CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Process (2020)

The electrochemically mediated amine regeneration (EMAR) process presents an alternative route to the conventional thermal amine regeneration for carbon capture from a flue gas source. In this study, we conducted an economic analysis on the EMAR system for postcombustion CO2 capture from a 550 MWe power plant capturing 3.1 MtCO2 annually and from a mini steel mill with annual capture close to 170 ktCO2. We followed the recommendation of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) 2010 report to estimate the cost of CO2 avoided ([$/tCO2]). Detailed cost modeling of the electrochemical separation stage was conducted. This is integrated with the entire process flowsheet (e.g., including absorber, compressor, pumps, and other auxiliary equipment). We identified the membrane cost as the dominant capital cost for the electrochemical separation train. At a membrane unit price of less than $10/m2, the CO2 capture cost can be reduced to below $50/tCO2 with optimized process conditions (e.g., desorption pressure and utilization of waste heat). Improvements in process design, cell construction, and solvent formulation may lead to additional reductions in the CO2 capture cost.
Power flow in a gun-injected spheromak plasma (1992)

We describe results from the gun-injected spheromak device SPHEX, which show that the power required to sustain the plasma is initially deposited in a column, about 8 cm in radius, along the geometric axis of the device, and is transmitted from the column to the remainder of the plasma by a radially propagating oscillation at about 20 kHz. These results are relevant to the process of relaxation in spheromak systems.
Utilizing Existing Commercial Geostationary Earth Orbit Fixed Satellite Services for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Communication Relays with Earth (2019)

Abstract There are only a few ways that a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite can communicate with Earth without a ground station network. A LEO satellite can link with other LEO satellites establishing a mesh network that connects with Earth, or LEO satellites can relay their traffic through one of only a few specialized existing or planned geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) or medium Earth orbit (MEO) relay satellites such as the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) and Audacy. Unfortunately, there is a real possibility that these limited choices for satellite communications will not accommodate all of the anticipated growth in LEO satellite deployments that are forecast for the next 10 years. The less efficient direct LEO to Earth communications link method will be used unless another solution can be found. A new option may be to leverage the on-orbit commercial GEO satellites that already support the fixed satellite services (FSSs) market. In this scenario, a LEO satellite would relay its communications through the GEO satellite and down to an Earth station, much the same way terrestrial very small aperture terminals, cruise ships, or jet airliners do today. Utilizing several of these commercial GEO satellites, a LEO satellite could communicate with Earth during a large portion of each orbit. There are some challenges with such a scheme, including regulatory hurdles, but if they could be overcome a significant resource of satellite communication services could be engaged to support the future growth of the satellite industry. Several new LEO to GEO relay methods have been proposed or are in development, requiring the deployment of new GEO relay satellites, but this article discusses the idea of utilizing the hundreds of existing FSS GEO satellites operating in C, Ku, and Ka band to leverage an existing resource for satellite communications with LEO satellites.
Isothermal Assembly of DNA Origami Structures Using Denaturing Agents (2008)

DNA origami is one of the most promising recent developments in DNA self-assembly. It allows for the construction of arbitrary nanoscale patterns and objects by folding a long viral scaffold strand using a large number of short "staple" strands. Assembly is usually accomplished by thermal annealing of the DNA molecules in buffer solution. We here demonstrate that both 2D and 3D origami structures can be assembled isothermally by annealing the DNA strands in denaturing buffer, followed by a controlled reduction of denaturant concentration. This opens up origami assembly for the integration of temperature-sensitive components.
Holocaustomania (2016)

Abstract This chapter offers a detailed assessment of how West German politicians and diplomats stationed in the United States perceived and reacted to a significant shift in American Holocaust discourse at the end of the 1970s. The late 1970s marked a clear turning point for the public engagement of American society with this history. West German diplomats and officials at home began to consider American Holocaust memory a long-term political and diplomatic challenge to the Federal Republic. They saw themselves confronted with the creation of an institutional infrastructure—exemplified by museums and memorials, the establishment of educational and academic programs, and the 1978 NBC miniseries Holocaust—that would permanently incorporate engagement with the Holocaust into American public, academic, and intellectual life. In addition to looking at West German reactions to American Holocaust memory, the chapter also explores the reasons for this transformation of this memory in the United States.
Polarized Infrared Spectra of Photooriented Matrix-Isolated Free-Base Porphyrin Isotopomers (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolarized Infrared Spectra of Photooriented Matrix-Isolated Free-Base Porphyrin IsotopomersJuliusz G. Radziszewski, Milos Nepras, V. Balaji, Jacek Waluk, Emanuel Vogel, and Josef MichlCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 39, 14254–14260Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100039a011https://doi.org/10.1021/j100039a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views203Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Degradation Mechanisms of Solution‐Processed Planar Perovskite Solar Cells: Thermally Stimulated Current Measurement for Analysis of Carrier Traps (2015)

Degradation mechanisms of CH3 NH3 PbI3 -based planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are investigated using a thermally stimulated current technique. Hole traps lying above the valence-band edge of the CH3 NH3 PbI3 are detected in PSCs degraded by continuous simulated solar illumination. One source of the hole traps is the photodegradation of CH3 NH3 PbI3 in the presence of water.
Design and numerical analysis of microstructured-core octagonal photonic crystal fiber for sensing applications (2015)

This paper presents an octagonal photonic crystal fiber (O-PCF) for liquid sensing, in which both core and cladding are microstructured. Some propagation characteristics of proposed structure have been investigated by using the full vectorial finite element method (FEM). Confinement loss and sensitivity are examined and compared with varying number of rings, core diameter, diameter of air holes in cladding ring and pitch. It is found that sensitivity is increased for the increment pitch value, air filling ratio, core diameter, inner ring diameter as well as number of rings. At the same time confinement loss is significantly decreased. It is also found that the increment of pitch by keeping the same air filling ratio increases the sensitivity and loss. Investigating the effects of different parameters, an O-PCF structure is designed which has a significantly higher relative sensitivity and lower confinement loss.
Structure of renal organic anion and cation transporters (2000)

Here we review the structural and functional properties of organic anion transporters (OAT1, OAT2, OAT3) and organic cation transporters (OCTN1, OCTN2, OCT1, OCT2, OCT3), some of which are involved in renal proximal tubular organic anion and cation secretion. These transporters share a predicted 12-transmembrane domain (TMD) structure with a large extracellular loop between TMD1 and TMD2, carrying potential N-glycosylation sites. Conserved amino acid motifs revealed a relationship to the sugar transporter family within the major facilitator superfamily. Following heterologous expression, most OATs transported the model anion p-aminohippurate (PAH). OAT1, but not OAT2, exhibited PAH-alpha-ketoglutarate exchange. OCT1-3 transported the model cations tetraethylammonium (TEA), N(1)-methylnicotinamide, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. OCTNs exhibited transport of TEA and/or preferably the zwitterionic carnitine. Substrate substitution as well as cis-inhibition experiments demonstrated polyspecificity of the OATs, OCTs, and OCTN1. On the basis of comparison of the structurally closely related OATs and OCTs, it may be possible to delineate the binding sites for organic anions and cations in future experiments.
An Allosteric Synthetic Catalyst: Metal Ions Tune the Activity of an Artificial Phosphodiesterase (2001)

A trinuclear metal complex of general formula (L-H)M3(Mf)2 represents the first allosteric low molecular weight catalyst. L is a polyaza ligand having a tetradentate and two bidentate metal binding sites, Ms is a "structural" (allosteric) metal, and Mf are functional (catalytic) metals which interact with a substrate. In mononuclear [(L-H)Ms]+ complexes [(L-H)Cu(MeOH)]ClO4 (1a). [(L-H)Cu]NO3 x 2H2O (1b), [(L-H)Ni]ClO4 x 4H2O (2), and [(L-H)Pd]ClO4 x 2H2O (3), prepared from L and M2+ salts, the metal is strongly bound by an in-plane N4-coordination (confirmed by X-ray crystal structure determination of la). Formation of trinuclear complexes [(L-H)MsCu2]5+, with two functional Cu2+ ions coordinated to the bidentate sites of L, was evidenced in solution by photometric titration and by isolation of [(L-H)Cu3][PO4][ClO4]2 x 9H2O (4). The trinuclear complexes catalyze the cleavage of RNA-analogue 2-(hydroxypropyl)-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP), an activated phosphodiester. From a kinetic analysis of the cleavage rate at various HPNP concentrations, parameters KHPNP (the equilibrium constant for binding of HPNP to [(L-H)MsCu2]5+ and kcat (first-order rate constant for cleavage of HPNP when bound to the catalyst) were derived: KM= 170 (Ms= Cu2+), 340 (Ms = Ni2+), 2,600 (Ms = Pd2+) M(-1), kcat = 17 x 10(-3) (Ms= Cu2+) 3.1 x 10(-3) (Ms=Ni2+), 0.22 x 10(-3) (Ms = Pd2+) s(-1). Obviously, the nature of the allosteric metal ion Ms strongly influences both substrate affinity and reactivity of the catalyst [(L-H)MsCu2]5+. Our interpretation of this observation is that subtle differences in the ionic radius of Ms and in its tendency to distort the N4-Ms coordination plane have a significant influence on the conformation of the catalyst (i.e., preorganization of functional Cu2+ ions) and thus on catalytic activity.
Energy and rate based MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks (2003)

Sensor networks are typically unattended because of their deployment in hazardous, hostile or remote environments. This makes the problem of conserving energy at individual sensor nodes challenging. S-MAC and PAMAS are two MAC protocols which periodically put nodes (selected at random) to sleep in order to achieve energy savings. Unlike these protocols, we propose an approach in which node duty cycles (i.e sleep and wake schedules) are based on their criticality. A distributed algorithm is used to find sets of winners and losers, who are then assigned appropriate slots in our TDMA based MAC protocol. We introduce the concept of of energy-criticality of a sensor node as a function of energies and traffic rates. Our protocol makes more critical nodes sleep longer, thereby balancing the energy consumption. Simulation results show that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic load is better than existing protocols with increase in traffic load is better than existing protocols, thereby illustrating the energy balancing nature of the approach.
Laterally fluorinated tolanes of low melting point (1993)

Abstract Tolanes having a terminal polar group and a lateral fluoro substituent are reported with the desirable features of high birefringence, wide nematic range and low melting point.
Power system survivability increase with intelligent support tools (2009)

Since deregulation of the energy market an increased number of stakeholders with different responsibilities and increased cross-national power transfers along with high shares of dispersed and renewable generation are currently forcing European transmission and distribution systems to its limits. Increased automation creates a higher dependency on telecommunication infrastructure and enlarges the complexity of dependency structures and as a consequence the danger of cascading effects, e.g. causing area-wide blackouts. New tools or an intelligent combination of existing approaches are required to increase the survivability of critical infrastructures. This paper describes some outcomes of a European research project called IRRIIS that was dedicated to risk reduction of critical infrastructures. One promising application is the assessment and decision support tool CRIPS - realized as an expert system; it is based on network simulations realized with PSStradeSINCAL, an established tool to support the analysis and planning of electrical power, gas, water or heat networks. CRIPS assesses the current situation in power supply networks analyzing the simulation results of the physical network behavior and makes corresponding decisions; a possible common use-case is outlined and benefits of this application are shown.
A Communication-Based Appliance Scheduling Scheme for Consumer-Premise Energy Management Systems (2013)

In this paper, a communication-based load scheduling protocol is proposed for in-home appliances connected over a home area network. Specifically, a joint access and scheduling approach for appliances is developed to enable in-home appliances to coordinate power usage so that the total energy demand for the home is kept below a target value. The proposed protocol considers both “schedulable” appliances which have delay flexibility, and “critical” appliances which consume power as they desire. An optimization problem is formulated for the energy management controller to decide the target values for each time slot, by incorporating the variation of electricity prices and distributed wind power uncertainty. We model the evolution of the protocol as a two-dimensional Markov chain, and derive the steady-state distribution, by which the average delay of an appliance is then obtained. Simulation results verify the analysis and show cost saving to customers using the proposed scheme.
Reliability issues related to Fast Charge Loss Mechanism in Embedded Non Volatile Memories (2006)

In this work, we report on a thorough study of charge loss in embedded non volatile memories. We focused on the fast initial threshold voltage (Vth) shift, which occurs during the first minutes of data retention bake. Experiments were performed to have a better understanding of this phenomenon. As a result, we can predict the Vth shift of a cell baked at 250degC and evaluate its impact on product reliability. This is the first time that this reliability aspect is characterized with such a level of accuracy. Based on these observations, a physical model is proposed to describe the fast initial threshold voltage shift
Resistivity size effect in epitaxial Ru(0001) layers (2018)

Epitaxial Ru(0001) layers are sputter deposited onto Al2O3(0001) substrates and their resistivity ρ measured both in situ and ex situ as a function of thickness d = 5–80 nm in order to quantify the resistivity scaling associated with electron-surface scattering. All layers have smooth surfaces with a root-mean-square roughness &lt;0.4 nm, exhibit an epitaxial relationship with the substrate: Ru[0001]||Al2O3[0001] and Ru[101¯0]||Al2O3[112¯0], and show no resistance change upon air exposure, suggesting negligible resistivity contributions from geometric surface roughness and grain boundary scattering and negligible changes in the surface scattering specularity p upon oxygen exposure. The room temperature ρ vs d data are well described by the semiclassical Fuchs-Sondheimer (FS) model, indicating a bulk electron mean free path λ = 6.7 ± 0.3 nm. However, the measured ρo × λ product at 77 K is 43% lower than at 295 K, suggesting a breakdown of the FS model and/or a thickness-dependent electron-phonon coupling and/or a temperature- or environment-dependent p. Transport simulations employing the ruthenium electronic structure determined from first-principles and a constant relaxation time approximation indicate that ρ is strongly (by a factor of two) affected by both the transport direction and the terminating surfaces. This is quantified with a room temperature effective mean free path λ*, which is relatively small for transport along the hexagonal axis independent of layer orientation (λ* = 4.3 nm) and for (0001) terminating surfaces independent of transport direction (λ* = 4.5 nm), but increases, for example, to λ* = 8.8 nm for (112¯0) surfaces and transport along [11¯00]. Direct experiment-simulation comparisons show a 12% and 49% higher λ from experiment at 77 and 295 K, respectively, confirming the limitations of the semi-classical transport simulations despite correct accounting of Fermi surface and Fermi velocity anisotropies. The overall results demonstrate a low resistivity scaling for Ru, suggesting that 10 nm half-pitch Ru interconnect lines are approximately 2 times more conductive than comparable Cu lines.
Low-Noise Speed-Optimized Large Area CMOS Avalanche Photodetector for Visible Light Communication (2017)

Mean-gain and excess-noise measurements are presented for a 350 × 350 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> P+/N-well/P-sub and a 270 × 270 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> N-well/P-sub avalanche photodetectors fabricated using 0.13-μm CMOS technology. The active area of the P+/N-well/P-sub device was divided into multiple subsections to decrease transit time and increase speed. For the P+/N-well structure, remarkably low excess-noise factors of 4.1 and 4 were measured at a mean gain of 16 corresponding to a k value of approximately 0.1, using a 542 (633) nm laser. For a variant N-well/P-sub structure, excess-noise factors of 6.5 and 6.2 were measured at a mean-gain of 16 corresponding to a k value of approximately 0.3. The proposed CMOS APDs with high gain, low noise, low avalanche breakdown voltage (below approximately 12 V) and low dark-currents (approximately nA) would be attractive for low-cost optical receivers in visible-light communication systems.