gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feature Oriented Deep Convolutional Neural Network for PET Image Denoising (2018)

Deep convolutional neural networks have demonstrated superior performance in natural image denoising. Trainable network weights have been typically optimized by minimizing a loss function that computes pixel-wise discrepancies between the noisy image and the clean target image. In this study, we investigate an alternative solution that utilizes more prior knowledge to highlight the features of interest by modifying their contributions to the global loss function. We propose a feature-oriented deep convolutional neural network (FeaOri-DCNN) for PET image denoising that uses weight maps in order to steer the training toward contrast preservation for small features. To obtain the weight maps, we first manually segment the lesions in the target images to create lesion masks. Lesion voxels are assigned stronger weights than the background voxels followed by a Gaussian smoothing. This weight map is then incorporated into the loss function optimization. We first trained the proposed FeaOri-DCNN and a conventional DCNN built on a five-layer residual network architecture with simulated and phantom images containing hot spheres with various size and contrast. We then trained an eight-layer network with 8 patient studies and 1 phantom study. We evaluated the five-layer network on phantom studies and the eight-layer network on 2 patient studies inserted with GATE simulated lesions. The results of the phantom studies show that FeaOri-DCNN improved contrast recovery on small and low contrast spheres by up to 36% while performing similarly in terms of noise reduction in the background. Similar results were also observed in the patient studies.
Construction of a Pulsed Streamer Corona Reactor (1995)

Abstract : The objective of this effort was to construct a pulsed corona discharge capability for conducting investigations into the destruction of noxious combustion products from jet engines and ground support equipment. As the first step in the investigations, a pulsed corona discharge system consisting of a high-voltage AC power supply, a rotating spark gap and pulse-forming electronic components, and stainless steel pulsed corona reactor was built and commissioned. This report documents the design, construction, and operation of the reactor. Results of specific investigations into the effects of the pulsed corona reactor on various waste streams will be documented in separate reports.
Tough and Sustainable Graft Block Copolymer Thermoplastics (2016)

Fully sustainable poly[HPMC-<i>g</i>-(PMVL-<i>b</i>-PLLA)] graft block copolymer thermoplastics were prepared from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), β-methyl-δ-valerolactone (MVL), and l-lactide (LLA) using a facile two-step sequential addition approach. In these materials, rubbery PMVL functions as a bridge between the semirigid HPMC backbone and the hard PLLA end blocks. This specific arrangement facilitates PLLA crystallization, which induces microphase separation and physical cross-linking. By changing the backbone molar mass or side chain composition, these thermoplastic materials can be easily tailored to access either plastic or elastomeric behavior. Moreover, the graft block architecture can be utilized to overcome the processing limitations inherent to linear block polymers. Good control over molar mass and composition enables the deliberate design of HPMC-<i>g</i>-(PMVL-<i>b</i>-PLLA) samples that are incapable of microphase separation in the melt state. These materials are characterized by relatively low zero shear viscosities in the melt state, an indication of easy processability. The simple and scalable synthetic procedure, use of inexpensive and renewable precursors, and exceptional rheological and mechanical properties make HPMC-<i>g</i>-(PMVL-<i>b</i>-PLLA) polymers attractive for a broad range of applications.
Sparse and Balanced Reed–Solomon and Tamo–Barg Codes (2018)

We study the problem of constructing balanced generator matrices for Reed-Solomon and Tamo-Barg codes. More specifically, we are interested in realizing generator matrices, for the full-length cyclic versions of these codes, where all rows have the same weight and the difference in weight between any columns is at most one. The results presented in this paper translate to computationally balanced encoding schemes, which can be appealing in distributed storage applications. Indeed, the balancedness of these generator matrices guarantees that the computation effort exerted by any storage node is essentially the same. In general, the framework presented can accommodate various values for the required row weight. We emphasize the possibility of constructing sparsest and balanced generator matrices for Reed-Solomon codes, i.e., each row is a minimum distance codeword. The number of storage nodes contacted once a message symbol is updated decreases with the row weight, so sparse constructions are appealing in that context. Results of similar flavor are presented for cyclic Tamo-Barg codes. In particular, we show that for a code with minimum distance d and locality r, a construction in which every row is of weight d+r-1 is possible. The constructions presented are deterministic and operate over the codes' original underlying finite field. As a result, efficient decoding from both errors and erasures is possible thanks to the plethora of efficient decoders available for the codes considered.
Antibodies to HLA-E in Nonalloimmunized Males: Pattern of HLA-Ia Reactivity of Anti–HLA-E–Positive Sera (2010)

Natural anti-HLA Abs found in sera of healthy nonalloimmunized males recognize HLA-Ia alleles parallel to those recognized by anti-HLA-E mAbs (MEM-E/02/06/07). Therefore, some of the HLA-Ia Abs seen in healthy males could be due to anti-HLA-E Abs cross-reacting with HLA-Ia. If anti-HLA-E Abs occur in healthy nonalloimmunized males, it can be assessed whether they evoke HLA-Ia reactivity as do mouse HLA-E mAbs. IgG and IgM Abs to HLA-E and HLA-Ia alleles are identified in sera of healthy males using microbeads coated with recombinant denatured HLA-E or a panel of rHLA-Ia alleles. The pattern of allelic recognition is comparable to that of anti-HLA-E mAbs. Sixty-six percent of the sera with HLA-E IgG have a high level of HLA-Ia IgG, whereas 70% of those with no anti-HLA-E Abs have no HLA-Ia Abs. HLA-E IgM/IgG ratios of sera are divided into four groups: IgM(Low)/IgG(Low), IgM(High)/IgG(Low), IgM(High)/IgG(High), and IgM(Low)/IgG(High). These groups correspond to anti-HLA-Ia IgM/IgG ratio groups. When HLA-E IgM and IgG are absent or present in males, the IgM or IgG of HLA-Ia are similarly absent or present. The mean fluorescent intensity of HLA-Ia Abs correlates with that of anti-HLA-E Abs. Most importantly, HLA-E and HLA-Ia reactivities of the sera are inhibited by the shared, but cryptic, peptide sequences (117)AYDGKDY(123) and (137)DTAAQIS(143). Therefore, Abs to the H chain of HLA-E may be responsible for some of the HLA-Ia allele reactivity of the natural HLA-Ia Ab in human sera. Absence of any anti-HLA-Ia Abs in 112 nonvegans and the presence of the same in vegans suggest that dietary meat proteins might not have induced the natural allo-HLA Abs.
Learning from Partially Occluded Faces (2016)

Although face recognition methods in controlled environments have achieved high accuracy results, there

are still problems in real-life situations. Some of the challenges include changes in face expressions, pose,

lighting conditions or presence of occlusion. There were several efforts for tackling the occlusion problem,

mainly by learning discriminating features from non-occluded faces for occluded faces recognition. In this

paper, we propose the reversed process, to learn from the occluded faces for the purpose of non-occluded

faces recognition. This process has several useful applications, such as in suspects identification and person

re-identification. Correlation filters are constructed from training images (occluded faces) images of each

person, which are used later for the classification of input images (non-occluded faces). In addition, the use of

skin masks with the correlation filters is investigated.
Harnessing Molecular Photon Upconversion in a Solar Cell at Sub-solar Irradiance: Role of the Redox Mediator (2017)

Self-assembled bilayers offer a promising strategy to directly harness photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) and increase maximum theoretical solar cell efficiencies from 33% to >43%. Here we demonstrate that the choice of redox mediator in these solar cells has a profound influence on both the light harvesting and TTA-UC efficiency. Devices with Co<sup>II/III</sup>(phen)<sub>3</sub> as the redox mediator produced the highest photocurrent yet generated from TTA-UC (0.158 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>) under 1 sun. Despite generating less photocurrent, Co<sup>II/III</sup>(pz-py-pz)<sub>2</sub> devices achieved maximum TTA-UC efficiency at excitation intensities well below solar irradiance (0.8 mW cm<sup>-2</sup>), which is on par with the lowest value yet reported for any TTA-UC system. The large variation in performance with respect to mediator is attributed to triplet excited-state quenching via (1) energy transfer or paramagnetic quenching by the Co<sup>II</sup> species and (2) excited-state electron transfer to Co<sup>III</sup> species.
Facile synthesis of C–FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites from CFx: influence of carbon precursor on reversible lithium storage (2018)

Transition metal fluorides are an important class of cathode materials for lithium batteries owing to their high specific energy and safety. However, metal fluorides are electrical insulators, exhibiting slow reaction kinetics with Li. Consequently, metal fluorides can show poor electrochemical performance. Instead, carbon-metal fluoride nanocomposites (CMNFCs) were suggested to enhance electrochemical activity. Chemical synthesis of CMNFCs poses particular challenges due to the poor chemical stability of metal fluorides. Recently, we reported a facile one-step method to synthesize carbon-FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites by reacting fluorinated carbon (CFx) with iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub>) at 250 °C. The method resulted in C-FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites with improved electrochemical properties. Here, we have synthesized four different C-FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites by reacting four different CFx precursors made of petro-coke, carbon black, graphite, and carbon-fibers with Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub>. Electrochemical performance of all four C-FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites was evaluated at 25 °C and 40 °C. It is shown that the nature of CFx has a critical impact on the electrochemical performance of the corresponding C-FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites. The C-FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites were characterized by using various experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, resistivity measurement, and <sup>57</sup>Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to shed light on the differences in electrochemical behaviour of different C-FeF<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Novel Erythrofuranosyl Imidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyridine C-Nucleosides Constructed via Palladium Coupling of Iodoimidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyridines and Dihydrofuran (2003)

2,5,6-Trichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB) and certain analogues have shown significant activity against human cytomegalovirus. The metabolic instability of the glycosidic linkage in TCRB prompted us to synthesize the structurally similar imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine erythrofuranosyl C-nucleosides. As an approach to the synthesis of polychlorinated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine C-3-erythrofuranosides, a palladium-based methodology for coupling 2,3-dihydrofuran with chlorinated 3-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines was developed and optimized to give 80-90% yields of 2,6-dichloro- and 2,6,7-trichloro-3-(2,3-dideoxy-2,3-didehydro-d/l-erythrofuranosyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine. Dihydroxylation of these didehydro derivatives with osmium tetroxide or with AD-mix alpha gave a mixture of erythrofuranosyl C-nucleosides that were separated by standard and then chiral chromatography. When screened for anti-HCMV and HSV-1 activity, the alpha-d anomer of 2,6,7-trichloro-3-(erythrofuranosyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine proved to be the most active member of the series, while the beta-anomers all proved to be inactive.
Upgrading for Biological Nitrogen Removal – Some Full-Scale Experiences from Sweden (1990)

Nitrogen removal is now required by the Swedish parliament. The new requirements will be valid before 1995 and in some cases before 1992. A comprehensive development program, mostly in full scale at about 35 municipal sewage treatment plants, has been started to meet the new demands. In order to co-ordinate all activities, a National Nitrogen Project with representatives from authorities and municipalities has been formed. The general ambition is to meet the demand by process development, using existing volumes rather than to invest in civil works. A Swedish concept has appeared, which in most cases has served as a guideline for the development program. The basic principles are to decrease the load on the biological process by pre-precipitation, to utilize the remaining organic content in the wastewater in a pre-denitrification system, to increase the active biomass in the biological system and to use a two-sludge system with post-denitrification. In this paper, some experiences from the activities in Sweden are discussed and exemplified with results mainly from Falkenberg, Malmö and Norrköping. The treatment plant in Falkenberg was the first to introduce biological nitrogen removal in Sweden. A pre-denitrification system has been in operation since May 1983 with good results. Comprehensive full-scale and pilot tests are in operation at the Sjölunda and Klagshamn sewage treatment plants in Malmö. Special interests have been paid to studies on different applications of fixed film technology. The plant in Norrköping is operated with pre-precipitation followed by combined pre- and post-denitrification.
High-performance fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse propagation (2013)

Pulse shaping in ultra-fast passively mode-locked fiber lasers is primarily based on soliton solutions to the equations that underlie pulse formation in the optical cavity. However, recently another type of pulse, a self-similarly propagating parabolic solution found in fiber amplifiers, has been found suitable for mode-locking high performance fiber lasers. These so-called amplifier similariton pulses exist in dispersion-managed cavities with soliton propagation, in kilometer-long Raman oscillators, and in all-normal dispersion systems. Characterized by a strong local nonlinear attraction in the amplifier, these pulses exhibit parabolic pulse profiles (Fig. 1(a)) with large (20 times) spectral breathing, and ultra-short pulse durations (Fig. 1(c)).
Multi-band multi-tone tunable millimeter-wave frequency synthesizer for satellite beacon transmitter (2016)

This paper presents the design and test results of a multi-band multi-tone tunable millimeter-wave frequency synthesizer, based on a solid-state frequency comb generator. The intended application of the synthesizer is in a satellite beacon transmitter for radio wave propagation studies at K-band (18 to 26.5 GHz), Q-band (37 to 42 GHz), and E-band (71 to 76 GHz). In addition, the architecture for a compact beacon transmitter, which includes the multi-tone synthesizer, polarizer, horn antenna, and power/control electronics, has been investigated for a notional space-to-ground radio wave propagation experiment payload on a small satellite. The above studies would enable the design of robust high throughput multi-Gbps data rate future space-to-ground satellite communication links.
Synthesis of the isomers of (1R)-3-(phenylthio)tropane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester. A new class of ligands for the dopamine transporter (1997)

The syntheses of all four isomers of (1R)-3-(phenylthio)tropane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester are described; the 2β,3β-isomer shows high affinity for the cocaine binding site on the dopamine transporter.
Ultra-Low-Dose Buprenorphine as a Time-Limited Treatment for Severe Suicidal Ideation: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2015)

The time-limited, short-term use of very low dosages of sublingual buprenorphine was associated with decreased suicidal ideation in severely suicidal patients without substance abuse. Further research is needed to establish the efficacy, safety, dosing, and appropriate patient populations for this experimental treatment.
Latent Network Summarization: Bridging Network Embedding and Summarization (2018)

Motivated by the computational and storage challenges that dense embeddings pose, we introduce the problem of latent network summarization that aims to learn a compact, latent representation of the graph structure with dimensionality that is independent of the input graph size (i.e., #nodes and #edges), while retaining the ability to derive node representations on the fly. We propose Multi-LENS, an inductive multi-level latent network summarization approach that leverages a set of relational operators and relational functions (compositions of operators) to capture the structure of egonets and higher-order subgraphs, respectively. The structure is stored in low-rank, size-independent structural feature matrices, which along with the relational functions comprise our latent network summary. Multi-LENS is general and naturally supports both homogeneous and heterogeneous graphs with or without directionality, weights, attributes or labels. Extensive experiments on real graphs show 3.5 - 34.3% improvement in AUC for link prediction, while requiring 80 - 2152x less output storage space than baseline embedding methods on large datasets. As application areas, we show the effectiveness of Multi-LENS in detecting anomalies and events in the Enron email communication graph and Twitter co-mention graph.
Innovative Collision Avoidance System (2010)

T raffic accidents involving pedestrians or cyclists cause thousands of fatalities and serious injuries every year. In this article, we present an innovative approach for a collision avoidance system that seeks to reduce these accidents. We also discuss the different architectural approaches utilizing ad hoc and/or cellular technologies and different processing setups and present a physical analysis of the system time available between detection, warning, and reaction to give an overview of the time constraint. Official figures of the global comparison presented in [1] show that every year more than 400,000 pedestrians worldwide are killed in traffic accidents. To address this problem theoretically, the following needs to be done: First, an overview of the scenario is required (car, pedestrian, street, other pedestrians, etc.); second, we have to have an approach, i.e., a filter, to identify the pedestrian (out of potentially many) who collides with the car; third, a way to communicate this information to the right entity; and finally, trigger appropriate action (such as warnings or more). Obviously, not all car–pedestrian accidents can—even in principle—be avoided. For example, a car is passing by Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MVT.2009.935536 © PHOTO F/X2
Synthesis of perylene‐3,4‐dicarboximides — Novel highly photostable fluorescent dyes (1995)

Abstract Perylene‐3,4‐dicarboximides 2 are obtained by a decarboxylizing condensation of moderately sterically hindered primary amines with perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic 3,4:9,10‐bisanhydride ( 3 ) in the presence of water. Perylene‐3,4‐dicarboxylic anhydride ( 4 ) is prepared by hydrolysis of the imides with KOH in tert ‐butyl alcohol. The anhydride may be condensed with any primary amine to the corresponding imide. The imides are highly fluorescent and very photostable dyes.
Development of a Multiple Axis Robotic Platform for Ankle Studies (2016)

This paper describes the design, development, modeling, and control of a robotic platform developed for the characterization of mechanical impedance and reflex responses of the ankle in 2 degrees-of-freedom (DOF): sagittal (dorsiflexion-plantarflexion) and frontal plane (inversion-eversion). The platform, controlled actively along both DOFs, is capable of producing rapid and strong perturbations up to an angular speed of 200°/s and peak torque of 400 Nm. This enables study of ankle impedance characteristics even during extreme task conditions such as running. The platform is designed to provide perturbations to the ankle up to an angle of 20° in sagittal plane and 10° in frontal plane, which is sufficient for all possible configurations of the ankle during postural balance and stance phase of walking. These characteristics of the platform make it ideal for both impedance and reflex characterization along both DOFs of the ankle. The platform’s performance of position control is validated under varying loads simulating various conditions of posture and locomotion. The platform’s orientation accuracy in both sagittal and frontal planes is established for various input signals including slow sinusoid inputs and rapid ramp perturbations. Implications for future ankle studies to estimate neuro-mechanical characteristics and applications to assistive and prosthetic devices are discussed.
Overexpression of an Agave Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Improves Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance (2021)

It has been challenging to simultaneously improve photosynthesis and stress tolerance in plants. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO<sub>2</sub>-concentrating mechanism that facilitates plant adaptation to water-limited environments. We hypothesized that the ectopic expression of a CAM-specific phospho<i>enol</i>pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), an enzyme that catalyzes primary CO<sub>2</sub> fixation in CAM plants, would enhance both photosynthesis and abiotic stress tolerance. To test this hypothesis, we engineered a CAM-specific <i>PEPC</i> gene (named <i>AaPEPC1</i>) from <i>Agave americana</i> into tobacco. In comparison with wild-type and empty vector controls, transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing <i>AaPEPC1</i> showed a higher photosynthetic rate and biomass production under normal conditions, along with significant carbon metabolism changes in malate accumulation, the carbon isotope ratio δ<sup>13</sup>C, and the expression of multiple orthologs of CAM-related genes. Furthermore, <i>AaPEPC1</i> overexpression enhanced proline biosynthesis, and improved salt and drought tolerance in the transgenic plants. Under salt and drought stress conditions, the dry weight of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing <i>AaPEPC1</i> was increased by up to 81.8% and 37.2%, respectively, in comparison with wild-type plants. Our findings open a new door to the simultaneous improvement of photosynthesis and stress tolerance in plants.