gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distilling a Neural Network Into a Soft Decision Tree (2017)

Deep neural networks have proved to be a very effective way to perform classification tasks. They excel when the input data is high dimensional, the relationship between the input and the output is complicated, and the number of labeled training examples is large. But it is hard to explain why a learned network makes a particular classification decision on a particular test case. This is due to their reliance on distributed hierarchical representations. If we could take the knowledge acquired by the neural net and express the same knowledge in a model that relies on hierarchical decisions instead, explaining a particular decision would be much easier. We describe a way of using a trained neural net to create a type of soft decision tree that generalizes better than one learned directly from the training data.
Accuracy of a Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Assay for Detection of Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Children (1998)

Although this assay currently lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity for clinical use, the high frequency of PCR-positive cases in patients with suspected bacteremia may indicate a greater role for S pneumoniae than had previously been appreciated. Further refinement of this assay as well as the development of a rapid PCR-based assay appears warranted.
Frequency-Shaped Sliding Mode Control Using Output Sampled Measurements (2008)

In this paper, a method is presented for frequency-shaped sliding mode control using output feedback. A compensator is introduced in the sliding surface to attenuate the certain frequency component of the sliding mode dynamics. The output is measured at a faster rate than the control input to estimate the states of the system. The proposed output feedback frequency-shaped sliding mode controller is designed for the vibration suppression of intelligent structure. The simulation and experimental results show the efficacy of the method.
TFE: Energy-efficient Transferred Filter-based Engine to Compress and Accelerate Convolutional Neural Networks (2020)

Although convolutional neural network (CNN) models have greatly enhanced the development of many fields, the untenable number of parameters and computations in these models yield significant performance and energy challenges in hardware implementations. Transferred filter-based methods, as very promising techniques that have not yet been explored in the architecture domain, can substantially compress CNN models. However, their straightforward hardware implementation inherently incurs massive redundant computations, causing significant energy and time consumption. In this work, a highly efficient transferred filter-based engine (TFE) is developed to alleviate this deficiency, with CNN models compressed and accelerated. First, the filters of CNN models are flexibly transferred according to specific tasks to reduce the model size. Then, two hardware-friendly mechanisms are proposed in the TFE to remove duplicate computations caused by transferred filters, which can further accelerate transferred CNN models. The first mechanism exploits the shared weights hidden in each row of transferred filters and reuses the corresponding same partial sums, reducing at least 25% of repetitive computations in each row. The second mechanism can intelligently schedule and access the memory system to reuse the repetitive partial sums among different rows of the transferred filters with at least 25% of computations eliminated. Furthermore, an efficient hardware architecture is proposed in the TFE to fully reap the benefits of the two proposed mechanisms such that different types of networks are flexibly supported. To achieve high energy efficiency, the sub-array-based filter mapping method (SAFM) is proposed, where the process element (PE) subarray is used as the elementary computational unit to support various filters. Therein, input data can be efficiently broadcast in each PE sub-array and the load can be stripped from each PE and intensively alleviated, which can dramatically reduce the area and power consumption. Excluding MobileNet-like networks that adopt depth-wise convolution, most mainstream networks can be compressed and accelerated by the proposed TFE. Two state-of-the-art transferred filter-based methods, i.e., doubly CNN and symmetry CNN are implemented by exploiting the TFE. Compared with Eyeriss, average speedup improvements of 2.93× and 3.17× are achieved in the convolutional layers of various modern CNNs. The overall energy efficiency can be improved by 12.66× and 13.31× on average. Compared with other state-of-the-art related works, the TFE can maximally achieve a parameter reduction of 4.0×, a speedup of 2.72× and an energy efficiency improvement of 10.74× on VGGNet.
Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur oxides (2014)

Frustrated Lewis pairs have been used to activate a variety of small molecules.
Selective carbon nanotube growth on silicon tips with the soft electrostatic force bonding and catalyst transfer concepts (2005)

To integrate a single carbon nanotube (CNT) onto a silicon tip, the area of deposited catalyst on the apex of the silicon tip, that influences the quantity of grown CNTs, is critical. Therefore, a method of selective CNT growth with soft electrostatic force bonding and catalyst transfer concepts has been proposed in this paper. In this work, silicon tips were fabricated by bulk micromachining. The tiny catalyst dot on the tip apex was transferred from a nickel-deposited sodium-ion-rich glass wafer by wafer bonding. Finally, CNTs were synthesized on the tip apexes by methane thermal chemical vapour deposition. From the experimental results, the oriented CNTs were observed on roughly 10% of the silicon tips. The yield could be further increased by optimizing the silicon tip structure, contact pressure of soft bonding, and catalyst deposition.
Characterization and localization of the Huntington disease gene product (1993)

The recent identification of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene, enabled us to synthesize oligopeptides corresponding with the carboxy-terminal end of the predicted HD-gene (IT15) product. Immunobiochemcial studies with polyclonal antibodies directed against this synthetic peptide (position 3114-3141) on lymphoblastoid cells from normal individuals and patients with Huntington disease, revealed the presence of a protein (huntingtin) with a molecular mass of approximately 330 kDa. Immunocytochemical studies showed a cytoplasmic localization of huntingtin in various cell types including neurons. In most of the neuronal cells the protein was also present in the nucleus. No difference in molecular mass or intracellular localization was found between normal and mutant cells.
Alcohol-Assisted Deposition of Copper Films from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2003)

Device quality Cu films were deposited from solutions of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) copper(II) [Cu(tmhd)2] in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) using alcohols as reducing agents in a cold wall, high-pressure reactor. At 270 °C and pressures between 200 and 230 bar, deposition of copper by the reduction of Cu(tmhd)2 with ethanol was selective for catalytic surfaces such as Co and Ni over the native oxide of Si wafers or TiN. At 300 °C and above, depositions proceeded readily on all surfaces studied. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy indicated that Cu films are remarkably pure; carbon and oxygen contamination were on the order of 0.1% or less. Resistivities of the films were approximately 2 μΩ-cm. Reduction of Cu(thmd)2 with primary alcohols including methanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol proceeded readily to yield copper films on Co substrates at 270 °C. Sterically hindered alcohols were less effective at the same conditions. Deposition with 2-butanol required higher alcohol concentrations while attempted depositions with 2-propanol were not successful. Reaction mechanisms consistent with these observations are discussed.
Reduction of Steering Effort in the Event of EPAS Failure using Differential Braking Assisted Steering (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) is widely adopted in modern vehicles to reduce steering effort. It is probable that some EPAS systems will experience a shutdown due to reliability issues stemming from electrical and/or electronic components. In the event of EPAS failure, power assist becomes unavailable and the steering system reverts to a fully manual state, leading to excessive steering torque demands from the driver to maneuver the vehicle at lower speeds, i.e., under 30 mph. This situation has resulted in dozens of reported crashes and several OEM safety recalls in the past few years. Inspired by recent work which utilizes independent driving torque of in-wheel-motor vehicles to reduce steering torque, this paper proposes the use of Differential Braking Assisted Steering (DBAS) to alleviate steep increases in steering torque upon EPAS failure. DBAS requires software upgrades with minimal hardware modification to EPAS, which is preferable for a backup system. A preliminary evaluation of DBAS is carried out using simulations in CarSim. Results show that DBAS reduces steering torque to similar levels as EPAS in all of the steady state, transient and urban driving scenarios investigated. The results also show that DBAS triggers vehicle speed reduction and oversteer, the latter of which is in conflict with Electronic Stability Control (ESC) which is designed to inherently prevent oversteer. Since ESC is typically crucial at higher speeds, this conflict can be avoided by employing DBAS only at lower speeds where steering assist is most needed. This paper motivates further study of DBAS for emergency safety in the event of EPAS failure.</div></div>
Practice Effects, Workload, and Reaction Time in Deception (2005)

Cognitive theorists argue that deception may involve attentional capture, working memory load, or perceived incongruity with memory, whereas psychophysiologists argue for stimulus salience, arousal, and emotion. This article presents a comprehensive model of deception and assesses the effect of practice on deceptive responding. A three-session longitudinal study examined the effect of practice on reaction time (RT) in relation to deception and response congruity. Participants evaluated self-referent sentences and responded truthfully or deceptively. Findings indicate that deceptive responding generates longer RTs than does truthful responding and that this relationship remains constant with practice. We use these findings to support a cognitive model of deception.
A 10nm high performance and low-power CMOS technology featuring 3<sup>rd</sup> generation FinFET transistors, Self-Aligned Quad Patterning, contact over active gate and cobalt local interconnects (2017)

A 10nm logic technology using 3rd-generation FinFET transistors with Self-Aligned Quad Patterning (SAQP) for critical patterning layers, and cobalt local interconnects at three local interconnect layers is described. For high density, a novel self-aligned contact over active gate process and elimination of the dummy gate at cell boundaries are introduced. The transistors feature rectangular fins with 7nm fin width and 46nm fin height, 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation high-k metal gate, and 7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> -generation strained silicon. Four or six workfunction metal stacks are used to enable undoped fins for low Vt, standard Vt and optional high Vt devices. Interconnects feature 12 metal layers with ultra-low-k dielectrics throughout the interconnect stack. The highest drive currents with the highest cell densities are reported for a 10nm technology.
Methane from acetate (1992)

The general features are known for the pathway by which most methane is produced in nature. All acetate-utilizing methanogenic microorganisms contain CODH which catalyzes the cleavage of acetyl-CoA; however, the pathway differs from all other acetate-utilizing anaerobes in that the methyl group is reduced to methane with electrons derived from oxidation of the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA to CO2. The current understanding of the methanogenic fermentation of acetate provides impressions of nature's novel solutions to problems of methyl transfer, electron transport, and energy conservation. The pathway is now at a level of understanding that will permit productive investigations of these and other interesting questions in the near future.
SHARP: Environment and Person Independent Activity Recognition With Commodity IEEE 802.11 Access Points (2022)

In this article we present SHARP, an original approach for obtaining human activity recognition (HAR) through the use of commercial IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) devices. SHARP grants the possibility to discern the activities of different persons, across different time-spans and environments. To achieve this, we devise a new technique to clean and process the channel frequency response (CFR) phase of the Wi-Fi channel, obtaining an estimate of the Doppler shift at a radio monitor device. The Doppler shift reveals the presence of moving scatterers in the environment, while not being affected by (environment-specific) static objects. SHARP is trained on data collected as a person performs seven different activities in a single environment. It is then tested on different setups, to assess its performance as the person, the day and/or the environment change with respect to those considered at training time. In the worst-case scenario, it reaches an average accuracy higher than <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$95\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> , validating the effectiveness of the extracted Doppler information, used in conjunction with a learning algorithm based on a neural network, in recognizing human activities in a subject and environment independent way. The collected CFR dataset and the code are publicly available for replicability and benchmarking purposes [1].
Effects of the carrier frequency of interferential current on pain modulation in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2013)

Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: http://RBR-8n4hg2.
Mammalian α-1,6-Fucosyltransferase (FUT8) Is the Sole Enzyme Responsible for the N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase I-independent Core Fucosylation of High-mannose N-Glycans (2016)

Understanding the biosynthetic pathway of protein glycosylation in various expression cell lines is important for controlling and modulating the glycosylation profiles of recombinant glycoproteins. We found that expression of erythropoietin (EPO) in a HEK293S N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I)(-/-) cell line resulted in production of the Man5GlcNAc2 glycoforms, in which more than 50% were core-fucosylated, implicating a clear GnT I-independent core fucosylation pathway. Expression of GM-CSF and the ectodomain of FcγIIIA receptor led to ∼30% and 3% core fucosylation, suggesting that the level of core fucosylation also depends on the nature of the recombinant proteins. To elucidate the GnT I-independent core fucosylation pathway, we generated a stable HEK293S GnT I(-/-) cell line with either knockdown or overexpression of FUT8 by a highly efficient lentivirus-mediated gene transfer approach. We found that the EPO produced from the FUT8 knockdown cell line was the pure Man5GlcNAc2 glycoform, whereas that produced from the FUT8-overexpressing cell line was found to be fully core-fucosylated oligomannose glycan (Man5GlcNAc2Fuc). These results provide direct evidence that FUT8, the mammalian α1,6-fucosyltransferase, is the sole enzyme responsible for the GnT I-independent core fucosylation pathway. The production of the homogeneous core-fucosylated Man5GlcNAc2 glycoform of EPO in the FUT8-overexpressed HEK293S GnT I(-/-) cell line represents the first example of production of fully core-fucosylated high-mannose glycoforms.
The importance of pre-treatment of spent hydrotreating catalysts on metals recovery (2011)

This work describes a three-step pre-treatment route for processing spent commercial NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts. Extraction of soluble coke with n-hexane and/or leaching of foulant elements with oxalic acid were performed before burning insoluble coke under air. Oxidized catalysts were leached with 9 mol L-1 sulfuric acid. Iron was the only foulant element partially leached by oxalic acid. The amount of insoluble matter in sulfuric acid was drastically reduced when iron and/or soluble coke were previously removed. Losses of active phase metals (Ni, Mo) during leaching with oxalic acid were compensated by the increase of their recovery in the sulfuric acid leachate.
A BORDER REGION? (2010)

It may well be that the phrase Marchia Wallie was initially coined as a result of day-to-day political events, in the aftermath of Henry II's failed campaign of 1165. But more permanent characteristics of the Welsh borders must be considered as well: the lie of the land, say, or the patterns of communications and of human settlement. The relationship between pre-modern political frontiers and the obstacles provided by terrain was far from deterministic. Boundaries of medieval European polities were generally zonal or fragmented rather than linear, and could cut across rivers, forests or mountain ranges. They were commonly overlaid and blurred by the tenurial interests and family connections of local aristocracies. Moreover, of course, they tended to shift over time, often considerably. Nevertheless, it stands to reason that terrain may have played a role in demarcating the perceived and actual extent of Marchia Wallie. It may well be, for instance, that observers from central England would have been struck, in encountering the Welsh borders, by the transition from lower to higher land. It certainly seems possible that geographical features helped create the perception that the Welsh borders formed a distinctive region in themselves. It is therefore worth investigating how far this might have been true in the case of the original Marchia Wallie, to wit, the Powys–Shropshire borderlands.
Bacterial luciferase: a carbon-13, nitrogen-15, and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance investigation (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBacterial luciferase: a carbon-13, nitrogen-15, and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance investigationJacques Vervoort, Franz Muller, Dennis J. O'Kane, John Lee, and Adelbert BacherCite this: Biochemistry 1986, 25, 24, 8067–8075Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00372a041https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00372a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In Situ Observations during Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Polycrystalline Copper (2014)

Using a combination of complementary in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we study the fundamental mechanisms underlying the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on polycrystalline Cu. The nucleation and growth of h-BN layers is found to occur isothermally, i.e., at constant elevated temperature, on the Cu surface during exposure to borazine. A Cu lattice expansion during borazine exposure and B precipitation from Cu upon cooling highlight that B is incorporated into the Cu bulk, i.e., that growth is not just surface-mediated. On this basis we suggest that B is taken up in the Cu catalyst while N is not (by relative amounts), indicating element-specific feeding mechanisms including the bulk of the catalyst. We further show that oxygen intercalation readily occurs under as-grown h-BN during ambient air exposure, as is common in further processing, and that this negatively affects the stability of h-BN on the catalyst. For extended air exposure Cu oxidation is observed, and upon re-heating in vacuum an oxygen-mediated disintegration of the h-BN film via volatile boron oxides occurs. Importantly, this disintegration is catalyst mediated, i.e., occurs at the catalyst/h-BN interface and depends on the level of oxygen fed to this interface. In turn, however, deliberate feeding of oxygen during h-BN deposition can positively affect control over film morphology. We discuss the implications of these observations in the context of corrosion protection and relate them to challenges in process integration and heterostructure CVD.
Time-dependent exposure dose of hydrogen silsesquioxane when used as a negative electron-beam resist (2006)

Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is used as a high-resolution, negative-tone, inorganic electron-beam resist for use in nanoimprint lithography. Previous studies show that 1week long exposure delay in air decreases sensitivity and enhances the contrast of HSQ [F. C. M. J. M. van Delft, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2932 (2002)]. In this work, the authors report that the electron-beam dose required for high-resolution (sub-50-nm) HSQ patterning is shown to be very sensitive to the time the sample has been at room temperature. For example, a sample written with nanoscale features at constant e-beam dose will increase in size approximately 66% per hour of time at room temperature. The minimum feature size for a given dose depends on the ambient conditions the sample was stored in (air, nitrogen, vacuum). Samples stored in vacuum are not exempt from the feature broadening. Long e-beam writing times for large-area patterning of nanoscale features will likely suffer from this time dependence unless the exposure dose is varied during the e-beam writing. The experiments relating the various ambient conditions and the minimum feature size under dose control are presented.
Integrating acousto-optic channelized receivers (1981)

The subject of this paper is acousto-optic channelized receivers with large noncoherent processing gain. A receiver model is developed and the output statistics are derived for signal plus noise input. Noise equivalent bandwidths and signal detection sensitivity are calculated. The implications of large average noise power are discussed. Experimental measurements are in agreement with the theory presented.
Considerations in the design of probe heads for 100 Gbit/in/sup 2/ recording density (1997)

Thin film perpendicular playback yoke-GMR heads capable of reading at a density of 100 Gbit/in/sup 2/ have been designed using 3D boundary element reciprocity modeling. Two basic head types are considered, a single-pole and a ring-type geometry. The influence on the playback voltage and D/sub 50/ of the throat height, fly height, and permeability are studied. Isolated pulse response, roll-off curves, and off-track profiles are calculated. Media with and without a soft underlayer are also considered. The simulations show that of the designs studied the ring head in combination with the media without a soft underlayer has playback properties suitable for this density.