gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Likelihood-based dual-threshold selection for imaging target trackers</title> (2000)

Most greylevel threshold-selection algorithms find thresholds that are optimal according to specific regional or global statistics. These traditional approaches do not involve any model of the target except that it is expected to be separable from the background by a threshold suite. Thus, they fail to make use of the most important feature of imaging target trackers: the well-known location of the target in each frame. We present a technique that uses knowledge of the target location to build up a temporally- smoothed greylevel distribution map from which we extract two thresholds that separate from the background the greylevels with a high probability of belonging to the target under track.
Glass pH electrodes with improved temperature characteristics: use of a low-impedance pH sensor as the inner reference electrode (1990)

Glass electrodes are generally preferred to the various types of low-impedance pH electrodes, despite their greater susceptibility to electrical noise and need for a better grade of electronics. This preference arises from the reversibility of the glass electrode and its freedom from interference by redox and complexing agents, with the result that it has an ideal (Nernstian) response over a wide pH range. pH meters apply a linear correction for changes in temperature, but for most electrodes this is a good approximation only over a range of ±10 °C, because of the properties of the solution inside the glass electrode. By use of a low-impedance pH electrode in controlled (interference-free) conditions inside the glass electrode, it was hoped to eliminate the variation of the internal pH as a factor in temperature compensation. A preliminary assessment of various candidate electrodes indicated that the mercury-mercury(II) oxide electrode was the best choice. Glass electrodes with Hg-HgO inner electrodes had good general characteristics, i.e., their slope factors and standard potentials agreed with theory, and their temperature characteristics were better than those of some commercial pH electrodes, being linear from 10 to 50 °C. Deviation from linearity was, however, observed at lower temperatures. Because of the limitations of many pH meters, it is desirable that electrodes have the characteristic that both the isopotential pH (pHiso) and the pH at which the e.m.f. of the cell is zero (pH°)= 7, i.e., the e.m.f. at pH 7 is 0 mV at all temperatures. With the Hg-HgO inner electrode, however, pHiso= 3.8 and pH°= 11.3.
N‐face high electron mobility transistors with a GaN‐spacer (2007)

Abstract N‐face AlGaN (cap)/GaN (channel)/AlGaN (barrier)/GaN (buffer) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) provide a simple solution for strong confinement of the two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) from the back since carriers are induced on top of the AlGaN barrier. To reduce the adverse effects of random alloy scattering from the AlGaN barrier, an N‐face GaN‐spacer HEMT was designed with an epi‐structure consisting of an AlGaN (cap)/GaN (channel)/AlN/GaN (spacer)/AlGaN (barrier)/GaN (buffer). The 2DEG is confined at the GaN (channel)/AlN interface, while the GaN‐spacer layer separates the 2DEG from the AlGaN barrier. The large polarization‐induced electric field of the AlN and its large conduction band discontinuity with GaN provide strong confinement for good pinch‐off and low output conductance under high electric fields. Up to 20% improvement in electron mobility was measured in these devices. The devices showed a current gain cut‐off frequency ( f t ) of 24 GHz and power gain cut‐off frequency ( f max ) of 44 GHz for a nominal gate length of 0.7 μm. An output power density of 4.5 W/mm was measured at 4 GHz, with 34% power added efficiency and a gain of 10.3 dB at a drain bias of 40 V. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dry fractionation of straw prior to biofuels production (2015)

Biofuel production from agricultural residues (i.e. lignocellulose) has been recently investigated as a renewable energy alternative to current fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most important carbon sources, with remarkable potential as raw material for the production of several valuable products (e.g. chemicals, materials and biofuels). The separation of lignocellulose into its major components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) is a key step in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Most pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals or biofuels are currently based on expensive chemical and energy consuming processes, which entail significant resource consumption (e.g. water) and generate a number of residual streams. In this work, an innovative dry fractionation technologies (physical fractionation: electrostatic separation of lignocellulose particles) have been developed for straw fractionation and bioconversion to sugars and biofuels. Electrostatic fractionation technology (EF-T) is based on the separation of particles according to their surface properties (chemical composition and charges). EF-T is suitable for producing lignocellulose fractions displaying very different structures, biochemical compositions and reactive surfaces without extensively damaging the raw fibers as well as minimizing waste generation (Environmental-factor: 0.7–0.75). The produced fractions could be hydrolyzed, being able to produce large quantities of glucose (250–280 g kg-1) after 72 h of hydrolysis and subsequently ethanol (130–150 g kg-1) after fermentation. EF-T can therefore improve the economic feasibility by low energy consumption and produce reactive lignocellulose particles with different physicochemical structures in a short time, which can be easily converted to biofuels, minimizing waste (no effluent generation).
Xylanase Treatment of D<sub>0</sub> Pulp to Enhance Bleaching (2003)

Xylanase treatment is used to enhance the bleaching of kraft pulp. This technology is used in 15 mills in North America and enables the mills to bleach pulp while using 10% to 20% less chlorine dioxide or other oxidative chemicals. Xylanase treatment is carried out on brownstock prior to the bleach plant. This treatment location is satisfactory for most mills, but there is an interest in improving the benefits a mill can obtain from xylanase and in treating pulp in mills not amenable to brownstock treatments. This paper describes the xylanase treatment of pulp after the first chlorine dioxide (Do) bleaching stage. Such treatments can take place in neutral wash stages or in the first alkaline extraction stages. There is significant opportunity using xylanase treatments in these stages to obtain a greater benefit than in conventional xylanase treatments of brownstock.
Mechanisms of T Cell Peptide Epitope-Dependent Late Asthmatic Reactions (2001)

Short peptide sequences corresponding to T cell epitopes have been identified in the major cat allergen Fel d 1. In order to directly activate allergen-specific T cells in cat-allergic asthmatic individuals, peptides were administered by intradermal injection. Subsequently, a proportion of subjects experienced a delayed reduction of airway calibre manifested as a decrease in FEV(1). Changes in lung function occurred approximately 3 h after peptide injection, peaked at 6 h and resembled an isolated late asthmatic reaction (LAR). Using molecular tissue typing techniques, it was determined that many of the individuals experiencing isolated LAR expressed particular HLA-DR molecules. These molecules were shown in subsequent experiments to bind individual peptides within the preparation and thus to activate T cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted fashion. The precise mechanisms whereby MHC-restricted activation of allergen-specific T cells gives rise to bronchoconstriction are currently under investigation.
Estimation of Graphlet Counts in Massive Networks (2018)

Graphlets are induced subgraphs of a large network and are important for understanding and modeling complex networks. Despite their practical importance, graphlets have been severely limited to applications and domains with relatively small graphs. Most previous work has focused on exact algorithms; however, it is often too expensive to compute graphlets exactly in massive networks with billions of edges, and finding an approximate count is usually sufficient for many applications. In this paper, we propose an unbiased graphlet estimation framework that is: (a) fast with large speedups compared to the state of the art; (b) parallel with nearly linear speedups; (c) accurate with less than 1% relative error; (d) scalable and space efficient for massive networks with billions of edges; and (e) effective for a variety of real-world settings as well as estimating global and local graphlet statistics (e.g., counts). On 300 networks from 20 domains, we obtain <1% relative error for all graphlets. This is vastly more accurate than the existing methods while using less data. Moreover, it takes a few seconds on billion edge graphs (as opposed to days/weeks). These are by far the largest graphlet computations to date.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Chronic Administration of Eteplirsen in the Treatment of Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) (P7.043) (2015)

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this analysis is to examine the pharmacokinetic profiles of eteplirsen, a PMO designed to skip exon 51, following long-term administration in patients with DMD. BACKGROUND:DMD is a rare, degenerative, recessive, X-linked genetic disease that results in progressive muscle loss and premature death. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene that disrupt the reading frame of the encoded mRNA and prevent production of dystrophin protein. Exon skipping by PMOs is a promising, disease-modifying approach to DMD and eteplirsen is an investigational PMO designed to enable functional dystrophin production in boys amenable to exon 51 skipping (~13[percnt] of total DMD). DESIGN/METHODS: Twelve boys aged 7-10 years with eligible genotypes were randomized 1:1:1 to weekly IV eteplirsen 30 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or placebo for 24 weeks (4658-us-201). All patients transitioned into an ongoing open-label extension, 4658-us-202, with 30 or 50 mg/kg. Blood samples for determination of the pharmacokinetic properties of eteplirsen through up to 152 weeks of treatment as determined by HPLC/FL analysis of plasma samples. RESULTS:The plasma half-life of eteplirsen was found to be between 3-4 hours for both cohorts, similar to that observed at Week 12 in 4658-us-201. Due to rapid decline in concentrations over 24 hours, little if any accumulation due to weekly dosing was expected and none was observed. There were no notable differences in Cmax, AUC, and CL at Weeks 12 and 152. PK profiles were similar to those previously reported in the DMD population after a 1-hour IV infusion of eteplirsen in a phase Ib study (AVI-4658-28). CONCLUSIONS:The pharmacokinetic profile of eteplirsen at 152 weeks showed concordance with previously conducted Phase I and II studies. Due to the short half-life and rapid decline in concentrations, accumulation was not observed with the current once weekly IV dosing schedule. Study Supported by:Sarepta Therapeutics
Position and Weight Activated Passive Knee Mechanism (2015)

The human knee is a complex and robust system. It is the most important joint for human gait because of its immense load bearing ability. The loss of such an important joint often makes it difficult for a person to ambulate. Because of this and the resulting unnatural application of forces, many trans-femoral amputees develop an asymmetric gait that leads to future complications. Prosthetic knees are required to be well-designed to cope with all variabilities. There have been many prosthetic knee designs, some more complex than others. This paper describes the design and preliminary testing of a novel passive position and weight activated knee locking mechanism for use in lower limb prosthetics. This knee mechanism is designed to be a simple and economical alternative to existing knee mechanisms. The mechanism utilizes the dynamics of the user to lock the knee during stance and unlock during the swing phase. The presence of one moving component and a simple assembly makes this design a good base for customization. Results from testing the knee mechanism shows trends that are different from a normal human knee, which is to be expected. The prosthetic knee is designed to have low friction during swing of the shank and, hence, the flexion and extension angles and angular velocities are larger compared to a normal knee. The kinematics show a cyclic trend that is highly repeatable. Further refinement and testing can make this mechanism more efficient in mimicking a normal knee.
Equator-plus camera. (1975)

A new fundus camera can photograph a field extending anterior to the equator (148 degrees from the nodal point). The problems of reflection from the surfaces of the crystalline lens are minimized by fiber optic illumination from carefully chosen locations on the cornea. The camera may be used with monochromatic light of various wavelengths and is equipped with interference filters.
Integrated Multi-Standard MIMO Antennas for 5G n-RNA Applications (2021)

An integrated multi-standard slot-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed in this work. The design is suitable for 5G new radio access networks (n-RNA) applications. It comprises of 2-elements frequency reconfigurable (FR) and 2-elements ultra-wide-band (UWB) MIMO antenna developed on the same substrate. The dual-band FR antenna covers the frequency bands from 1.36-3.19 and 3.6-5.6 GHz while UWB operates over a frequency bands from 1.27-4.415 GHz. Continuous frequency sweep is achieved over both bands using a single varactor diode. The multi-functional antenna design that operates independently as a FR MIMO antenna, an UWB MIMO antenna as well as an integrated front-end solution covered several standard. It is a compact antenna design with total substrate dimensions of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\boldsymbol{120\times 60}mm^{2}$</tex> .
High-sensitivity thermally stable acoustic fiber sensor (2010)

A new design of miniature fiber acoustic sensors with high sensitivity and greatly improved thermal stability and reproducibility of the operating wavelength is presented. It consists of a high-finesse Fabry-Perot (FP) made of a photonic crystal (PC) reflector fabricated on a compliant Si membrane and placed in close proximity to the reflective end of a fiber. An incident acoustic wave deflects the membrane, which shifts the FP reflection spectrum. This shift is detected as a change in the power reflected by the FP at a fixed wavelength. The reported improvements over an earlier design include (1) the use of photolithography to fabricate the PC diaphragm (higher accuracy and yield), (2) making the sensor chip out of silica instead of Si (higher thermal stability and reproducibility of the FP spectrum), and (3) using silicate bonding to assemble the sensor (higher thermal stability). An experimental fiber acoustic sensor with a finesse of ~6 is shown to measure pressures in air with a resolution from 180 to 27 μPa/VHz from ~700 Hz to ~8.6 kHz, and as low as 5.6 μPa/VHz at 12.5 kHz. This last value is ~4 times better than previously reported. The measured thermal stability is ~70 times better than that of the earlier Si-based design.
Core Structure in Roselipins Essential for Eliciting Inhibitory Activity against Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase. (2003)

Fungal roselipins, discovered as inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), consist of three parts; highly methylated C20 fatty acid, mannose and arabinitol. Demannosyl and/or dearabinitoyl roselipins were prepared chemically or enzymatically. Demannnosyl roselipins conserved the DGAT inhibitory activity, but the others lost the activity, indicating that the arabinitoyl fatty acid core is essential for eliciting the activity.
Establishing a Dynamic Process for the Formation, Propagation, and Differentiation of Human Embryoid Bodies (2008)

The promise of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to provide an unlimited supply of cells for cell therapy depends on the availability of a controllable bioprocess for their expansion and differentiation. We describe here a robust and well-defined scale up platform for human embryoid body (EB) formation, propagation, and differentiation. The efficacy of the dynamic process as compared to the static cultivation in Petri dishes was analyzed. Our optimized conditions include specific bioreactor and impeller type, seeding and propagation parameters, and scale up. Quantitative analyses of viable cell concentrations, apoptosis percentages, and EB yield revealed 6.7-fold enhancement in the generation of hESC-derived cells after 10 cultivation days. Other metabolic indices such as glucose consumption, lactic acid production and pH all pointed to efficient cell expansion in the dynamic cultures. The hydrodynamic conditions during seeding and cultivation were found to be crucial for the EB formation and propagation. The EBs' prearrangement in the static system and EB cultivation in the Glass Ball Impeller spinner flask resulted in high EB yield, a round homogenous shape, and the fastest growth rate. The appearance of representative genes of the three germ layers as well as primitive neuronal tube organization and blood vessel formation indicated that the initial developmental events in the human EBs are not interfered by the dynamic system. Furthermore, well developed endothelial networks and contracting EBs with functional cardiac muscle were also obtained after two cultivation weeks. Collectively, our study defines the technological platform for the controlled large-scale generation of hESC-derived cells for clinical and industrial applications.
An adsorption chiller driven by thermoelectricity (2004)

A thermoelectrically driven adsorption chiller that symbiotically combines adsorption and thermoelectric cooling devices has been developed. The seemingly low efficiency of each cycle individually is overcome by an amalgamation with the other. In this paper, we have proposed an improved design of a thermo-electrically driven adsorption cooling cycle, which makes use of the effects of regenerative condenser and additional thermoelectric devices to improve the chiller coefficient of performance. The virtues of this improved designs are; (a) scale independence, amenable to chiller miniaturization and system compactness; (b) lack of moving parts; (c) comparatively higher COP; and (d) the use of non-toxic environmentally-friendly materials.
Application of Expurgated PPM to Indoor Visible Light Communications - Part I: Single-User Systems (2013)

Visible light communications (VLC) in indoor environments suffer from the limited bandwidth of LEDs as well as from the inter-symbol interference (ISI) imposed by multipath. In this work, transmission schemes to improve the performance of indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) systems are introduced. Expurgated pulse-position modulation (EPPM) is proposed for this application since it can provide a wide range of peak to average power ratios (PAPR) needed for dimming of the indoor illumination. A correlation decoder used at the receiver is shown to be optimal for indoor VLC systems, which are shot noise and background-light limited. Interleaving applied on EPPM in order to decrease the ISI effect in dispersive VLC channels can significantly decrease the error probability. The proposed interleaving technique makes EPPM a better modulation option compared to PPM for VLC systems or any other dispersive OWC system. An overlapped EPPM pulse technique is proposed to increase the transmission rate when bandwidth-limited white LEDs are used as sources.
High-T/sub c/ superconducting surface coil for 2 tesla magnetic resonance imaging of small animals (2001)

The performance of small-volume Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) depends on the system noise determined by noise of a probe and/or of a preamplifier (not by the body noise). Several demonstrations confirmed that, for selected applications, high-T/sub c/ superconductor MRI receiver coils have superior properties to those of comparable copper coils. We report on the outstanding performance of modified twin horseshoe YBCO rf surface probes in a 2 Tesla scanner operating at 77 K. They were used for MR imaging of spinal cord injuries in rats and for imaging of brain of small animals. The probes were designed with a virtual ground plane, thus reducing the coil-to-ground dielectric losses and making its resonant frequency less sensitive to the body proximity. Each coil was fabricated using large area 500 nm thick double-sided YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ films deposited on sapphire r-cut substrates. We compare the performance of the 2 Tesla high critical temperature superconductor (HTS) probe with that made of a copper coil. Designing and cryo-packaging of HTS MRI probes is discussed.
MuSK myasthenia gravis monoclonal antibodies (2019)

Patient-derived MuSK antibodies can act either as MuSK agonist or MuSK antagonist, depending on the number of MuSK binding sites. Functional monovalency, induced by Fab-arm exchange in patient serum, makes MuSK IgG4 antibodies pathogenic.
A higher-order mode fiber amplifier with an axicon for output mode conversion (2015)

Mode conversion at the output of a higher-order mode fiber amplifier is proposed and demonstrated with an axicon for the first time. M 2 of 1.25 is achieved for 82% conversion efficiency.
Functional Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage With Adult Chondrocytes (2009)

The concept of cartilage functional tissue engineering (FTE) has promoted the use of physiologic loading bioreactor systems to cultivate engineered tissues with load-bearing properties [1]. Prior studies have demonstrated that culturing agarose constructs seeded with primary bovine chondrocytes from immature joints, and subjected to dynamic deformation, produced equilibrium compressive properties and proteoglycan content matching the native tissue [2]. In the process of translating these results to an adult canine animal model, it was found that protocols previously successful with immature bovine primary chondrocytes did not produce the same successful outcome when using adult canine primary chondrocytes [3]. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a modified FTE protocol using adult (canine) chondrocyte-seeded hydrogel constructs and applied dynamic loading.
Studies of Prophylaxis Pastes Containing Sodium-Potassium Aluminum Silicate and Fluoride (1979)

A sodium-potassium aluminum silicate cleaning and polishing agent was compared with conventional prophylaxis abrasives and was found to be highly compatible with fluoride. When formulated into a fluoride prophylaxis paste, especially with stannous fluoride, a larger reduction in enamel solubility and greater fluoride uptake were obtained with representative commercial prophylaxis pastes.