gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigen Dependently Activated Cluster of Differentiation 8-Positive T Cells Cause Perforin-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Experimental Stroke (2014)

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in secondary brain damage after stroke. Although deleterious effects of proinflammatory cytokines are well characterized, direct cytotoxic effects of invading immune cells on the ischemic brain and the importance of their antigen-dependent activation are essentially unknown. Here we examined the effects of adaptive and innate immune cells-cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells-that share the direct perforin-mediated cytotoxic pathway on outcome after cerebral ischemia in mice. Although CTLs and NK cells both invaded the ischemic brain, only brain-infiltrating CTLs but not NK cells were more activated than their splenic counterparts. Depletion of CTLs decreased infarct volumes and behavioral deficit in two ischemia models, whereas NK cell depletion had no effect. Correspondingly, adoptive CTL transfer from wild-type into Rag1 knock-out mice increased infarct size. Adoptive CTL transfer from perforin knock-out or interferon-γ knock-out mice into Rag1 knock-out mice revealed that CTL neurotoxicity was mediated by perforin. Accordingly, CTLs isolated from wild-type or interferon-γ knock-out but not from perforin knock-out mice induced neuronal cell death in vitro. CTLs derived from ovalbumin-specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice were not activated and infiltrated less into the ischemic brain compared with wild-type CTLs. Their transfer did not increase the infarct size of Rag1 knock-out mice, indicating antigen-dependent activation as an essential component of CTL neurotoxicity. Our findings underscore the importance of antigen-dependent, direct cytotoxic immune responses in stroke and suggest modulation of CTLs and their effector pathways as a potential new strategy for stroke therapy.
Single-shot ultrafast imaging via spatiotemporal division of femtosecond laser pulses (2018)

We have developed a single-shot imaging technique that can capture ultrafast events occurring on femtosecond to picosecond time scales. The technique is based on an optical pump–probe method, in which multiple time-delayed femtosecond pulses simultaneously probe a pump-excited sample. Here we use two sets of two-by-two mirror arrays for spatial/temporal division and routing of multiple probe pulses. This single-shot scheme is successfully applied to capture femtosecond ionization fronts propagating at the speed of light in air, as well as laser-induced ablation of solid targets.
Adapting Your PC to Collect Psychiatric QA Data (1989)

Journal For Healthcare Quality: April 1989 - Volume 11 - Issue 2 - p 24 doi: 10.1111/j.1945-1474.1989.tb00393.x
Fast Mode Decision Algorithm for Inter-Frame Coding in Fully Scalable Video Coding (2006)

Scalable video coding is an ongoing standard, and the current working draft (WD) is an extension of H.264/AVC. In the WD, an exhaustive search technique is employed to select the best coding mode for each macroblock. This technique achieves the highest possible coding efficiency, but it results in extremely large encoding time which obstructs it from practical use. This paper proposes a fast mode decision algorithm for inter-frame coding for spatial, coarse grain signal-to-noise ratio, and temporal scalability. It makes use of the mode-distribution correlation between the base layer and enhancement layers. Specifically, after the exhaustive search technique is performed at the base layer, the candidate modes for enhancement layers can be reduced to a small number based on the correlation. Experimental results show that the fast mode decision scheme reduces the computational complexity significantly with negligible coding loss and bit-rate increases
Introduction (2017)

Kingsley Davis lived from 1908 to 1997. He taught at the University of Southern California as a Distinguished Professor from the fall of 1977 through the spring of 1990. There are two important reasons to remember his legacy. First is his contribution to social demography. Second is his contribution to sociology, particularly to sociological theory, the study of family and kinship, and social stratification. This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The first part of the book consists of several short chapters, each devoted to a particular period of his life. The second elaborates on the period from 1936 through 1955 when Davis held academic positions successively at Clark University, Pennsylvania State University, Princeton University, and Columbia University. The third focuses on the period from 1955 to 1977 when Kingsley Davis was at the University of California at Berkeley.
Organohalide Lead Perovskites: More Stable than Glass under Gamma‐Ray Radiation (2018)

Organohalide metal perovskites have emerged as promising semiconductor materials for use as space solar cells and radiation detectors. However, there is a lack of study of their stability under operational conditions. Here a stability study of perovskite solar cells under gamma-rays and visible light simultaneously is reported. The perovskite active layers are shown to retain 96.8% of their initial power conversion efficiency under continuous irradiation of gamma-rays and light for 1535 h, where gamma-rays have an accumulated dose of 2.3 Mrad. In striking contrast, a glass substrate shows obvious loss of transmittance under the same irradiation conditions. The excellent stability of the perovskite solar cells benefits from the self-healing behavior to recover its efficiency loss from the early degradation induced by gamma-ray irradiation. Defect density characterization reveals that gamma-ray irradiation does not induce electronic trap states. These observations demonstrate the prospects of perovskite materials in applications of radiation detectors and space solar cells.
Immature <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Extract Promotes Browning of Beige Adipocytes in High-Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6 Mice (2018)

Obesity has become a global public health issue. Promoting browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) helps to maintain energy homeostasis. Previous studies have found that citrus fruit exhibits a number of biological activities. Although most citrus fruit drop has been considered agricultural waste, the ability to use it may be desirable. In this study, we investigate the antiobesity effects of immature citrus fruits in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. The main phytochemical components of immature Citrus reticulata in water extraction analyzed by HPLC are synephrine, narirutin, hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin (16.0 ± 1.08, 4.52 ± 0.31, 9.14 ± 0.32, 2.54 ± 0.07, 1.67 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively). Oral administration of 1% immature Citrus reticulata extract (ICRE) for 11 weeks markedly reduced body weight gain, epididymal fat weight, fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and total cholesterol ( P < 0.05 for all). In addition, histological analysis revealed that dietary ICRE decreased adipocyte size and hepatic steatosis compared to the HFD group ( P < 0.05 for both). Furthermore, we found that mice treated with ICRE have improved cold tolerance during acute cold challenge. These effects were associated with increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and thermogenic genes in inguinal WAT. Taken together, these results suggest that ICRE can prevent obesity and lipid accumulation through induction of brown-like adipocyte formation.
Precipitation Nowcasting with Three-Dimensional Space–Time Extrapolation of Dense and Frequent Phased-Array Weather Radar Observations (2015)

Abstract The phased-array weather radar (PAWR) is a new-generation weather radar that can make a 100-m-resolution three-dimensional (3D) volume scan every 30 s for 100 vertical levels, producing ~100 times more data than the conventional parabolic-antenna radar with a volume scan typically made every 5 min for 15 scan levels. This study takes advantage of orders of magnitude more rapid and dense observations by PAWR and explores high-precision nowcasting of 3D evolution at 1–10-km scales up to several minutes, which are compared with conventional horizontal two-dimensional (2D) nowcasting typically at O(100) km scales up to 1–6 h. A new 3D precipitation extrapolation system was designed to enhance a conventional algorithm for dense and rapid PAWR volume scans. Experiments show that the 3D extrapolation successfully captured vertical motions of convective precipitation cores and outperformed 2D nowcasting with both simulated and real PAWR data.
Lipid-lowering properties of 6-benzoyl-2(3<i>H</i>)-benzothiazolone and structurally related compounds (2005)

Fifteen compounds derived from the 2(3H)-benzothiazolone template with an acyl side-chain in position-6 were evaluated for their lipid-lowering action in mice. Among these compounds, 6-benzoyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolone was found to be the most potent one both in mice models receiving a hypercholesterolemic diet (for 15 days) or a standard diet (for 21 days). 6-Benzoyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolone compares favorably with fenofibrate, the standard drug, both in terms of HDL-C/Chol (High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol/Total Cholesterol) ratio and absence of liver hepatomegaly.
An Interleaved 6-Level GaN Bidirectional Converter for Level II Electric Vehicle Charging (2019)

On-board battery chargers are a key component of electric vehicles of all types. Conventionally, they may be used to recharge a vehicle's battery pack, but as they are connected to the grid, they can also be used to provide ancillary grid services, such as reactive power support and longer-term battery-to-grid backup. On-board chargers also represent a potentially significant portion of a vehicle's weight and can take up considerable volume. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a high power density Level II charger converting between 400 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DC</sub> and 240 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AC</sub> , utilizing two interleaved flying-capacitor multilevel converter stages combined with a full H-bridge unfolder or active rectifier. The focus of this work is the ac-dc/dc-ac power stage, with the goal of high efficiency and power density. Thus, power factor correction (PFC) control and twice-line-frequency buffering are not discussed or implemented in this work. Experimental results show a peak system efficiency of greater than 98.9%, a power output of 7 kW, and an effective switching frequency at the inductor switch nodes of 720 kHz.
Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density (1990)

Based on a comprehensive collection of data previously obtained by Thormählen et al. on the experimental refractive index of water and steam from the 1870s to the present, a new formulation is presented for the range of 0.2 to 2.5 μm in wave-length, −10 to +500 °C in temperature and 0 to 1045 kg m−3 in density. The Lorentz-Lorentz function or molar refraction, a strong function of wavelength but only weakly dependent on density and temperature, is fitted to a selected set of accurate refractive index data. The NBS/NRC equation of state for water and steam, the new international standard, is used to convert the experimental pressures to density. The deviations of all experimental data from the formulation are shown. A detailed assessment of the accuracy of the formulation is presented. Although the formulation does not represent to within their accuracy the data from the best sets in the visible range for liquid water below the boiling point, we show that inconsistencies between data sets, and minor deficiencies of the equation of state, prevent further improvement of a formulation based on data over as wide a range as considered here. It is shown that the best refractive index data can be used to discriminate between the various formulations of the equation of state of water and steam. It is demonstrated that several recent formulations of optical properties of liquid water over large ranges of wavelength need improvement in the range covered here. The new formulation is used to generate tables of the refractive index of water and steam at six wavelengths in the visible, near-infrared and near-ultraviolet, from 0 to 500 °C and up to 100 MPa in pressure.
Parallel coordinates: a tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry (2002)

A methodology for visualizing analytic and synthetic geometry in R/sup N/ is presented. It is based on a system of parallel coordinates which induces a nonprojective mapping between N-dimensional and two-dimensional sets. Hypersurfaces are represented by their planar images which have some geometrical properties analogous to the properties of the hypersurface that they represent. A point from to line duality when N=2 generalizes to lines and hyperplanes enabling the representation of polyhedra in R/sup N/. The representation of a class of convex and non-convex hypersurfaces is discussed, together with an algorithm for constructing and displaying any interior point. The display shows some local properties of the hypersurface and provides information on the point's proximity to the boundary. Applications are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cache performance in vector supercomputers (1994)

Traditional supercomputers use a flat multi-bank SRAM memory organization to supply high bandwidth at low latency. Most other computers use a hierarchical organization with a small SRAM cache and a slower, cheaper DRAM for the main memory. Such systems rely heavily on data locality for achieving optimum performance. This paper evaluates cache-based memory systems for vector supercomputers. We develop a simulation model for a cache-based version of the Cray Research C90 and use the NAS parallel benchmarks to provide a large-scale workload. We show that while caches reduce memory traffic and improve the performance of plain DRAM memory, they still lag behind cacheless SRAM. We identify the performance bottlenecks in DRAM-based memory systems and quantify their contribution to program performance degradation. We find the data fetch strategy to be a significant parameter affecting performance, we evaluate the performance of several fetch policies, and we show that small fetch sizes improve performance by maximizing the use of available memory bandwidth. >
Systematic improvements in lentiviral transduction of primary human natural killer cells undergoing ex vivo expansion (2021)

Transduction of primary human natural killer (NK) cells with lentiviral vectors has historically been challenging. We sought to evaluate multiple parameters to optimize lentiviral transduction of human peripheral blood NK cells being expanded to large numbers using a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant protocol that utilizes irradiated lymphoblastoid (LCL) feeder cells. Although prestimulation of NK cells with interleukin (IL)-2 for 2 or more days facilitated transduction with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG)-pseudotyped lentivirus, there was a subsequent impairment in the capacity of transduced NK cells to proliferate when stimulated with LCL feeder cells. In contrast, incubation of human NK cells with LCL feeder cells plus IL-2 before transduction in the presence of the TBK1 inhibitor BX795 resulted in efficient lentiviral integration (mean of 23% transgene<sup>+</sup> NK cells) and successful subsequent proliferation of the transduced cells. Investigation of multiple internal promoter sequences within the same lentiviral vector revealed differences in percentage and level of transgene expression per NK cell. Bicistronic lentiviral vectors encoding both GFP and proteins suitable for the isolation of transduced cells with magnetic beads led to efficient transgene expression in NK cells. The optimized approaches described herein provide a template for protocols that generate large numbers of fully functional and highly purified lentivirus-transduced NK cells for clinical trials.
Plasma membrane‐associated proline‐rich extensin‐like receptor kinase 4, a novel regulator of Ca<sup>2+</sup> signalling, is required for abscisic acid responses in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2009)

Plant roots respond to environmental stresses or the exogenous plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) by undergoing marked physiological and morphological changes. We show here that PERK4, a gene that encodes a member of the Arabidopsis thaliana proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinase family, plays an important role in ABA responses. Mutation of PERK4 by T-DNA insertion decreased sensitivity to ABA with respect to seed germination, seedling growth and primary root tip growth. The effect on root growth was due to enhanced cell elongation rather than cell division. The cytosolic free calcium concentration and Ca(2+) channel currents were lower in perk4 root cells than in wild-type cells in the presence of ABA. Root growth was similar in wild-type and perk4 plants after the application of a Ca(2+) channel blocker. PERK4 localised to the plasma membrane, and was shown to be an ABA- and Ca(2+)-activated protein kinase. Our data suggest that the receptor-like kinase encoded by PERK4 functions at an early stage of ABA signalling to inhibit root cell elongation by perturbing Ca(2+) homeostasis.
An Improved Information Hiding Method Based on Sparse Representation (2015)

A novel biometric authentication information hiding method based on the sparse representation is proposed for enhancing the security of biometric information transmitted in the network. In order to make good use of abundant information of the cover image, the sparse representation method is adopted to exploit the correlation between the cover and biometric images. Thus, the biometric image is divided into two parts. The first part is the reconstructed image, and the other part is the residual image. The biometric authentication image cannot be restored by any one part. The residual image and sparse representation coefficients are embedded into the cover image. Then, for the sake of causing much less attention of attackers, the visual attention mechanism is employed to select embedding location and embedding sequence of secret information. Finally, the reversible watermarking algorithm based on histogram is utilized for embedding the secret information. For verifying the validity of the algorithm, the PolyU multispectral palmprint and the CASIA iris databases are used as biometric information. The experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits good security, invisibility, and high capacity.
Screening of Small Molecule Microarrays for Ligands Targeted to the Extracellular Epitopes of Living Cells (2015)

The screening of living cells using high-throughput microarrays is technically challenging. Great care must be taken in the chemical presentation of potential ligands and the number of collisions that cells make with them. To overcome these issues, we have developed a glass slide-based microarray system to discover small molecule ligands that preferentially bind to one cell type over another, including when the cells differ by only a single receptor. Chemical spots of 300 ± 10 μm in diameter are conjugated covalently to glass slides using an arraying robot, and novel near-infrared fluorophores with peak emission at 700 nm and 800 nm are used to label two different cell types. By carefully optimizing incubation conditions, including cell density, motion, kinetics, detection, etc. we demonstrate that cell-ligand binding occurs, and that the number of cells bound per chemical spot correlates with ligand affinity and specificity. This screening system lays the foundation for high-throughput discovery of novel ligands to the cell surface.
Hybrid Wing Body Configuration Scaling Study (2012)

The Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) configuration is a subsonic transport aircraft concept with the potential to simultaneously reduce fuel burn, noise and emissions compared to conventional concepts. Initial studies focused on very large applications with capacities for up to 800 passengers. More recent studies have focused on the large, twin-aisle class with passenger capacities in the 300-450 range. Efficiently scaling this concept down to the single aisle or smaller size is challenging due to geometric constraints, potentially reducing the desirability of this concept for applications in the 100-200 passenger capacity range or less. In order to quantify this scaling challenge, five advanced conventional (tube-and-wing layout) concepts were developed, along with equivalent (payload/range/technology) HWB concepts, and their fuel burn performance compared. The comparison showed that the HWB concepts have fuel burn advantages over advanced tube-and-wing concepts in the larger payload/range classes (roughly 767-sized and larger). Although noise performance was not quantified in this study, the HWB concept has distinct noise advantages over the conventional tube-and-wing configuration due to the inherent noise shielding features of the HWB. NASA s Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project will continue to investigate advanced configurations, such as the HWB, due to their potential to simultaneously reduce fuel burn, noise and emissions.
Fusion Rates and Subsidence of Morselized Local Bone Grafted in Titanium Cages in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Quantitative Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scans (2010)

The ratio of fused area of local bone inside cages at regions exposed to endplates was <50%, which is insufficient for physiologic load transmission. The authors recommend that additional bone should be grafted into the disc space or new bone bonding interbody spacer should be considered.
Detection of base pairs in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) using a nanostructured biosensor (2013)

In this study, we report the effective detection of the mutation occurrence of allergy gene using a sensitive nanostructured biosensor based on an gold nanoparticles (GNPs) uniformly deposited sensing electrode. The MD2 expression related genome of 70 mer gene fragment was used as the probe for the detection of the gene mutation. Total number of 17 combined target samples, including 6 gene mutation samples and 11 normal samples, were used for the discrimination experiments. Experimental results illustrated that the nanostructured biosensor could clearly discriminate the mutations and non-mutations of the allergy genes of MD2 using the target samples prepared by a PCR process of 10 cycles.
Low-Voltage Bipolar-Type DC Microgrid for Super High Quality Distribution (2010)

Microgrid is one of the new conceptual power systems for smooth installation of many distributed generations (DGs). While most of the microgrids adopt ac distribution as well as conventional power systems, dc microgrids are proposed and researched for the good connection with dc output type sources such as photovoltaic (PV) system, fuel cell, and secondary battery. Moreover, if loads in the system are supplied with dc power, the conversion losses from sources to loads are reduced compared with ac microgrid. As one of the dc microgrids, we propose “low-voltage bipolar-type dc microgrid,” which can supply super high quality power with three-wire dc distribution line. In this paper, one system for a residential complex is presented as an instance of the dc microgrid. In this system, each house has a cogeneration system (CGS) such as gas engine and fuel cell. The output electric power is shared among the houses, and the total power can be controlled by changing the running number of CGSs. Super capacitors are chosen as main energy storage. To confirm the fundamental characteristics and system operations, we experimented with a laboratory scale system. The results showed that the proposed system could supply high-quality power under several conditions.