gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Chemistry in Oil and Gas Well Fracturing (1989)

Hydraulic pressure stimulation (fracturing) of oil and gas wells has now accumulated 40 years of history and experience. The actual practice and application of this technique supports a multi-billion dollar service industry which annually utilizes in excess of 130 million pounds of chemical additives. This chapter will describe the fracturing fluids that are used and some of the additives, their purpose, and the principles that make their use effective as well as necessary. Information presented will update a body of review literature that covers the prior years of fracturing(1). Chemicals are added for specific purposes which are identifiable by their descriptive title. Veatch(2) has compiled a thorough general list of the additives added to fracturing fluids. Typical Functions or Types of Additives Available For Fracturing Fluid Systems Antifoaming agents Bacteria control agents Breakers for reducing viscosity Buffers Clay stabilizing agents Crosslinking or chelating agents (activators) Demulsifying agents Dispersing agents Emulsifying
Transcription mediated by a cAMP-responsive promoter element is reduced upon activation of dopamine D2 receptors. (1991)

Dopaminergic D2 receptors mediate the effect of dopamine on cellular effector systems by means of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). The major biochemical effect evoked by these receptors is the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. As a consequence, the activation of D2 receptors lowers the intracellular cAMP level. Two cDNAs, originated by alternative splicing of the same gene, have been isolated: D2A and D2B. They code for two proteins of 444 and 415 amino acids. These proteins display high affinity for selective D2 dopamine ligands. D2A differs from D2B by an insertion of 87 nucleotides in its cDNA, which is located in a region of the protein considered important for the coupling to G proteins. To investigate functional differences between the two dopamine D2 receptor isoforms, we transiently expressed them in cultured cells. To do so we developed an assay to study membrane receptors that are coupled to the adenylyl cyclase. Using this assay, we were able to show that the stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase induced by the activation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor is inhibited more efficiently by D2B than D2A. The effects elicited by the D2 receptors are mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. Treatment of transfected cells with pertussis toxin abolishes the inhibitory effects in a dose- and receptor isoform-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the two dopamine receptor isoforms are differentially coupled to G proteins.
Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to the analysis of iron ores (1988)

The application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to the analysis of iron-rich samples is described. The influence of polyatomic ion interferences is considered in relation to both the medium used for sample dissolution and the sample matrix itself. Data are presented for two iron ore standard reference materials, BCS 302/1 and BCS 175/2, and one iron-rich geochemical exploration standard reference material, USGS GXR-1. The results obtained with a conventional hydrochloric acid-hydrofluoric acid-hydrogen peroxide dissolution procedure are compared with those for a modified procedure using nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid-hydrogen peroxide.
Low power parametric wave-mixing in a zero dispersive CMOS compatible micro-ring resonator (2009)

We report ultra low power four-wave mixing in a zero-dispersive and two-photon adsorption free micro-ring resonator. A nonlinear wavelength conversion with an internal efficiency as high as −26dB has been experimentally achieved over a tuning range of 18nm. The theoretical model predicts a phase-matching range larger than 100nm.
Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy (2020)

Here we provide a detailed protocol describing the clinical procedure of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement in patients with advanced chronic liver disease followed by an instruction for transjugular biopsy. Under local anesthesia and ultrasound guidance, a catheter introducer sheath is placed in the right internal jugular vein. Using fluoroscopic guidance, a balloon catheter is advanced into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and inserted into a large hepatic vein. Correct and sufficient wedge position of the catheter is ensured by injecting contrast media while the balloon is blocking the outflow of the cannulated hepatic vein. After calibrating the external pressure transducer, continuous pressure recordings are obtained with triplicate recordings of the wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) and free hepatic venous pressure (FHVP). The difference between FHVP and WHVP is referred to as HVPG, with values ≥10 mm Hg indicating clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). Before removing the catheter, pressure readings obtained in the IVC at the same level, as well as the right atrial pressure are recorded. Finally, a transjugular liver biopsy can be obtained via the same vascular route. Different systems are available; however, core biopsy needles are preferred over aspiration needles, especially for cirrhotic livers. Again, under fluoroscopic guidance a biopsy needle introducer sheath is advanced into an hepatic vein. Next, the transjugular biopsy needle is gently advanced through the introducer sheath: (i) in case of aspiration biopsy, the needle is advanced into the liver parenchyma under aspiration and then removed quickly, or (ii) in case of a core biopsy, the cutting-mechanism is triggered inside the parenchyma. Several separate passages can be safely performed to obtain sufficient liver specimens via transjugular biopsy. In experienced hands, the combination of these procedures takes about 30-45 min.
SL-MAC: A Joint TDMA MAC Protocol for LEO Satellites Supported Internet of Things (2018)

LEO Satellites, which can provide Internet access points for IoT devices deployed in areas without infrastructure, will play an important role in the IoT area. In this paper, we propose a joint TDMA MAC protocol SL-MAC for LEO satellite supported IoT, which can reduce network delay and improve the energy efficiency. Specifically, we design a continuous forward time slot allocation strategy, which guarantees real-time data while reducing the utilization of satellite resources. Then we design two algorithms based on the forward time slot allocation strategy, which can effectively reduce network delay. The simulation experimental results are consistent with the theoretical results, which embodies the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Progress report of the TUDAB project for automated cancer cell detection. (1979)

Two methods for high resolution cell image data acquisition are applied routinely. Cells are either scanned by a computer controlled fast scanning microscope photometer (SMP) or a TV-camera. The software system for digital image analysis was completely revised and implemented on the PR 330 minicomputer. The system contains codes for primary cell data acquisition, segmentation of cells, cell feature extraction and statistical cell analysis. With this system, SMP and TV scanned cell data bases of PAP stained cells in vaginal smears, grouped into several classes, have been built up. Each data base contains 34 primary features and 20 feature combinations for each cell. A linear discriminant analysis is applied routinely for cell classification. The present state of the system and its operation are described, cell features and classification results are shown, and future steps for a prescreening strategy are discussed.
Fusion as electric propulsion (1990)

Fusion rocket engines are analyzed as electric propulsion systems, with propulsion thrustpowertoinputpower ratiothe thrustpower gain, G�� much greater than unity. Gain values of conventionalsolar, fissionelectric propulsion systems are always quite smalle.g., G� < 0.8� . With these, highthrust interplanetary flight is not possible, because their system accelerationatcapabili� ties are always less than the local gravitational accelera� tion. In contrast, gain values 50� 100 times higher are found for some fusion concepts, which oer high� thrust flight capability. One performance example shows a 53.3 day � 34.4 powered; 18.9 coast� , oneway transit time with 19� payload for a singlestage Earth/ Mars vehicle. Another shows the potential for highac� celerationa� = 0.55 g0� flight in Earth/moon space.
تصميم وتقنين اختبارين للدحرجة للانتقاء الأولي لذوي الإعاقة العقلية البسيطة بخماسي كرة القدم. (2019)

تعد لعبة كرة القدم من الألعاب الأكثر شعبية في العالم نظراً لجمالها في نفوس محبيها، انطلاقاً من هذه المكانة أصبحت لعبة خماسي كرة القدم لذوي الإعاقة العقلية البسيطة تحظى بالاهتمام أسوة بالكثير من الفعاليات الرياضية الأخرى، لذا يرى الباحثان أن تتناسب اختبارات مهاراتها الأساسية مع مستوى الإفراد المختبرين من ناحية عاملي العمر والقدرة العقلية الخاصة بهم، عليه تم اعتماد الجوانب المهارية كوسيلة يتم من خلالها انتقاء ممن هم مؤهلين لممارسة هذه اللعبة بأبسط صورة، لذا تجلت أهمية مشكلة البحث في تصميم وتقنين اختبارين لمهارة الدحرجة تخص أفراد هذه الفئة وتعتمد من قبل كوادرها التدريبية أثناء عملية الانتقاء. تحدد مجتمع البحث بذوي العوق العقلي البسيط التابعين للمعاهد الحكومية والأهلية واتحاد الاولمبياد الخاص في محافظة بغداد وللموسم (2017-2018م)، ممن هم بأعمار (12-15) سنة للعمر الزمني و(6-9) سنة للعمر العقلي، إذ بلغ عددهم (97) فردأ يمثلون (12) معهداً، فضلاً عن اتحاد الاولمبياد الخاص وبعد الحصول على النتائج ومعالجتها إحصائياً توصل الباحثان إلى استنتاجين هما: إن اختباري مهارة الدحرجة تم تطبيقهما لأول مرة في البيئة العراقية مما يؤهلهما لاختيار لاعبي فريق خماسي كرة القدم لذوي الإعاقة العقلية البسيطة التابع لاتحاد الاولمبياد الخاص، تقنيين نتائج الاختبارين بوضع المعايير لها لتكون فيما بعد محكاً يستفاد منه في التقويم والمقارنة. وأما توصيات البحث فتمحورت حول اعتماد اختباري مهارة الدحرجة في عملية التقويم المستمرة، واستخدام المعايير الخاصة بها عند عملية الانتقاء.
Incorrect least-squares regression coefficients in method-comparison analysis. (1979)

The least-squares method is frequently used to calculate the slope and intercept of the best line through a set of data points. However, least-squares regression slopes and intercepts may be incorrect if the underlying assumptions of the least-squares model are not met. Two factors in particular that may result in incorrect least-squares regression coefficients are: (a) imprecision in the measurement of the independent (x-axis) variable and (b) inclusion of outliers in the data analysis. We compared the methods of Deming, Mandel, and Bartlett in estimating the known slope of a regression line when the independent variable is measured with imprecision, and found the method of Deming to be the most useful. Significant error in the least-squares slope estimation occurs when the ratio of the standard deviation of measurement of a single x value to the standard deviation of the x-data set exceeds 0.2. Errors in the least-squares coefficients attributable to outliers can be avoided by eliminating data points whose vertical distance from the regression line exceed four times the standard error the estimate.
Compressing SOAP Messages by using Pushdown Automata (2006)

In environments with limited network bandwidth or resource-constrained computing devices the high amount of protocol overhead caused by SOAP is disadvantageous. Therefore, recent research work concentrated on more compact, binary representations of XML data. However, due to the special characteristics of SOAP communication most of these approaches are not applicable in the field of Web services. First, we give a detailed overview of the latest developments in the field of XML data compression. Then we will introduce a new approach for compressing SOAP data which utilizes information on the structure of the data from an XML schema or WSDL document to generate a single custom pushdown automaton. This cannot only be used as a highly efficient validating parser but also as a compressor: its transitions are tagged with short binary identifiers which replace XML tags during compression. This approach leads to extremely compact data representations as well as low memory and CPU utilization
Molecular Architecture and Charging Effects Enhance the In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Multi‐Arm Antimicrobial Agents Based on Star‐Shaped Poly(<scp>l</scp>‐lysine) (2019)

Abstract Molecular architecture is a largely neglected and unexplored factor that could impart a significant difference to the antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptides. In this article, the advantages (i.e., improved charging effect and enhanced proteolytic stability) of star‐shaped poly( l ‐lysine)s (PLLs) over their linear analogs are extensively explored by the methods of computational simulation and experiments. A series of PEI‐ g ‐PLL with a hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) core and PLL peripheral chains are designed as a class of versatile molecular scaffold for the development of star‐shaped antimicrobial peptides. Computational simulations and zeta‐potential measurements reveal that the change in PLL conformation from linear to star‐shaped significantly increases the cationic charge density, allowing enhanced binding affinity toward the bacterial membrane. The minimum inhibitory concentration and killing kinetics measurements demonstrate that PEI‐ g ‐PLLs exhibit higher antimicrobial activity and bactericidal efficiency in vitro than the linear PLL counterparts. The absence of hydrophobic segments in PEI‐ g ‐PLLs weakens the nonspecific interactions with eukaryotic cells and offers remarkable selectivity, as evidenced by their negligible hemolytic activity. Furthermore, PEI‐ g ‐PLLs demonstrate enhanced proteolytic stability and unprecedented antimicrobial activity in vivo. PEI‐ g ‐PLLs, with their high antimicrobial activity, enormous selectivity, and remarkable proteolytic stability, represent a new series of potent antimicrobial peptides to treat drug‐resistant infections.
Split the cash from cache-friendly recommendations (2021)

Recommender systems have been established as a key component of video streaming services, shaping up to 80% of content requests. Hence, recommendations are employed by the Content Providers (CPs) of these services to increase the viewing time and their revenues. Furthermore, it has been recently suggested that recommendations could be a means to reduce the operational costs of the Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) when they are related to already cached items, i.e., when they are cache-friendly. Clearly, these conflicting objectives, i.e., increasing revenue for the CP and reducing costs for the CDN, can create tensions between the two entities, and hence, prevent the full utilization of recommendations. In this work, we propose a model for capturing these tradeoffs, and an economic mechanism, based on the Nash bargaining solution, for reconciling the potentially conflicting objectives of the CP and the CDN. Our scheme enables the CP and CDN to jointly design the recommendations in a way that balances the revenue gains and cost savings, ensuring a fair and Pareto optimal split of the accrued benefits for both entities. Our numerical experiments in realistic scenarios show that the proposed scheme leads to important financial gains of up to 30%.
SnO2/Si solar cells—heterostructure or Schottky-barrier or MIS-type device (1978)

The performance of SnO2/Si solar cells has been measured and analyzed in detail. This has given us an insight into cell characteristics never revealed in previous studies. Though the device is a junction between two semiconducting materials, SnO2 and Si, it performs like an MIS device and in the thin-oxide limit as a Schottky-barrier device. The dark I-V characteristics are attributed to a combination of thermionic and diffusion processes. The diode constant associated with the former is close to 2 or higher and that associated with the latter is unity. It has been demonstrated that under certain conditions the diode constant can be independent of the reverse-saturation current. An MIS-type model can explain the spectral-response curve, the short-circuit photocurrent, the open-circuit photovoltage, and the light and dark I-V characteristics. A theoretical limit of the efficiency is estimated for the device.
Hierarchical Production Planning for Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication Based on Linear Programming and Discrete-Event Simulation (2009)

This paper focuses on a production planning and scheduling problem in a semiconductor wafer fabrication facility. We propose a two-level hierarchical production planning (HPP) method that employs an itmmerative procedure for production planning and operations scheduling. In the method, production plans are obtained with a linear programming (LP) model in the aggregate level, and schedules at the machines are obtained with a priority-rule-based scheduling method and evaluated with discrete-event simulation in the disaggregate level. An iterative scheme is adopted for obtaining a good and feasible production plan. The proposed method is evaluated through simulation experiments and the results show that the method works better than an existing algorithm in terms of the total production cost and total tardiness of orders.
EANM guidelines for radionuclide therapy of bone metastases with beta-emitting radionuclides (2018)

The skeleton is the most common metastatic site in patients with advanced cancer. Pain is a major healthcare problem in patients with bone metastases. Bone-seeking radionuclides that selectively accumulate in the bone are used to treat cancer-induced bone pain and to prolong survival in selected groups of cancer patients. The goals of these guidelines are to assist nuclear medicine practitioners in: (a) evaluating patients who might be candidates for radionuclide treatment of bone metastases using beta-emitting radionuclides such as strontium-89 (<sup>89</sup>Sr), samarium-153 (<sup>153</sup>Sm) lexidronam (<sup>153</sup>Sm-EDTMP), and phosphorus-32 (<sup>32</sup>P) sodium phosphate; (b) performing the treatments; and
Rare-earth oxide: aluminum oxide for midrange IR devices (2003)

Glass and glass fibers formed from rare earth (RE) oxide-aluminum oxide compositions (REAlTM glasses) have properties similar to sapphire. They exhibit infrared transmission to wavelengths ~ 5000 nm; are hard and strong, thermally stable to ~ 1000°C, highly resistant to attack by aqueous solutions; and can be made into homogeneous products that contain large concentrations of optically active dopants. This paper describes the synthesis, optical properties, fluorescence lifetime measurements of Er<sup>3+</sup>- and Ho<sup>3+</sup>-doped glasses, and in-progress resaerch on materials that emit in the 2000-3000 nm wavelength range of interest for medical device applications. Effects of host glass compsition and dopant concentrations up to 32 mole% are presented.
Local and systemic immune response to orally administered liposome-associated soluble S. mutans cell wall antigens. (1985)

The aim of the present study was to develop an immunization procedure which preferentially stimulated the IgA system of rats, with release of IgA in secretions. Rats immunized by intragastric route with liposome-associated soluble antigen extracted from Streptococcus mutans cell wall, showed a significantly higher IgA (and IgG) response than did rats injected with the soluble antigen alone. In saliva, maximal antibody titres were obtained 11 days after the beginning of intubations for IgA, and 16 days for IgG. After a booster immunization, the secondary response occurred very quickly in saliva and, like the primary response, it was almost exclusively of the IgA class. This demonstrates, on one hand the existence of immunological memory in the IgA system and, on the other, the efficiency of liposomes as insoluble adjuvants in eliciting an immunological response.
Improved quality-factor of 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS active inductor by a feedback resistance design (2002)

A novel CMOS active inductor approach, which can improve the quality-factor, was presented in this report. A cascode-grounded active inductor circuit topology with a feedback resistance was proposed, which can substantially improve its equivalent inductance and quality-factor. This feedback resistance active inductor was implemented by using a 0.18-μm 1P6M CMOS technology, which demonstrates a maximum quality-factor of 70 with a 5.7-nH inductance at 1.55 GHz, where the self-resonant frequency is 2.5 GHz. The dc power consumption of this active inductor is less than 8 mW.
Improving the Activity for Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Tailoring Oxygen Defects in Double Perovskite Oxides (2019)

Abstract Developing low‐cost, high‐performance electro‐catalysts is essential for large‐scale application of electrochemical energy devices. In this article, reported are the findings in understanding and controlling oxygen defects in PrBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 1.5 Fe 0.5 O 5+ δ (PBSCF) for significantly enhancing the rate of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are reported. Utilizing surface‐sensitive characterization techniques and first‐principle calculations, it is found that excessive oxygen vacancies promote OH − affiliation and lower the theoretical energy for the formation of O* on the surface, thus greatly facilitating the OER kinetics. On the other hand, however, oxygen vacancies also increase the energy band gap and lower the O 2 p band center of PBSCF, which may hinder OER kinetics. Still, careful tuning of these competing effects has resulted in enhanced OER activity for PBSCF with oxygen defects. This work also demonstrates that oxygen defects generated by different techniques have very different characteristics, resulting in different impacts on the activity of electrodes. In particular, PBSCF nanotubes after electrochemical reduction exhibit outstanding OER activity compared with the recently reported perovskite‐based catalysts.
Ligand effects on the air stability of coppernanoparticles obtained from organometallic synthesis (2011)

Low-polydispersity copper nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared through hydrogenolysis of various organometallic copper precursors in an organic medium at moderate temperature. The effects of the precursor composition and the nature of the additional surfactants on the structure and stability of NPs are characterized by TEM and UV-Vis analysis. The improved air stability of copper NPs originating from amidinate copper and stabilized by an alkylamine compound (hexadecylamine) is evidenced and compared with the effect of a long chain carboxylic acid (oleic acid).
STAIR codes: a general family of erasure codes for tolerating device and sector failures in practical storage systems (2014)

Practical storage systems often adopt erasure codes to tolerate device failures and sector failures, both of which are prevalent in the field. However, traditional erasure codes employ device-level redundancy to protect against sector failures, and hence incur significant space overhead. Recent sector-disk (SD) codes are available only for limited configurations due to the relatively strict assumption on the coverage of sector failures. By making a relaxed but practical assumption, we construct a general family of erasure codes called STAIR codes, which efficiently and provably tolerate both device and sector failures without any restriction on the size of a storage array and the numbers of tolerable device failures and sector failures. We propose the upstairs encoding and downstairs encoding methods, which provide complementary performance advantages for different configurations. We conduct extensive experiments to justify the practicality of STAIR codes in terms of space saving, encoding/ decoding speed, and update cost. We demonstrate that STAIR codes not only improve space efficiency over traditional erasure codes, but also provide better computational efficiency than SD codes based on our special code construction.