gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal Analysis of Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Optical Head with Laser Diode on Slider (2011)

For the optical head used in heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), mounting a laser diode chip on the slider offers a more integrated, compact, and stable design. However, the heat generated by the laser diode will cause the head temperature to increase, which may decrease the laser output power and change the slider flying status. In this paper, the thermal analysis of the HAMR head including the laser diode and a transducer is conducted. The effects of the laser diode power, the power absorbed by the transducer, boundary thermal resistance between the laser diode chip and the slider substrate, and slider fly speed and fly height on the laser temperature increase, the transducer temperature increase, and the air-bearing surface temperature distribution are studied. The deformation of the air-bearing surface caused by its temperature change is also analyzed.
Use Cases for Autonomous Driving (2016)

Although autonomous driving is characterized (see Chap. 1 ) by the definition for “fully automated” according to BASt [1] as well as the quote by Feil [2] “self-determination within the scope of an higher (moral) law”, it is possible to come up with a large variety of usage scenarios and specifications for autonomous driving.
Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters <em>In Vivo</em> (2016)

We demonstrate a superior method of 2D spectral-spatial imaging of stable radical reporter molecules at 250 MHz using rapid-scan electron-paramagnetic-resonance (RS-EPR), which can provide quantitative information under in vivo conditions on oxygen concentration, pH, redox status and concentration of signaling molecules (i.e., OH<sup>•</sup>, NO<sup>•</sup>). The RS-EPR technique has a higher sensitivity, improved spatial resolution (1 mm), and shorter acquisition time in comparison to the standard continuous wave (CW) technique. A variety of phantom configurations have been tested, with spatial resolution varying from 1 to 6 mm, and spectral width of the reporter molecules ranging from 16 µT (160 mG) to 5 mT (50 G). A cross-loop bimodal resonator decouples excitation and detection, reducing the noise, while the rapid scan effect allows more power to be input to the spin system before saturation, increasing the EPR signal. This leads to a substantially higher signal-to-noise ratio than in conventional CW EPR experiments.
Enhancement of Human Hair Growth Using<i>Ecklonia cava</i>Polyphenols (2016)

These results suggest that PPE could enhance human hair growth. This can be explained by hDPC proliferation coupled with increases in growth factors such as IGF-1 and VEGF. Reducing oxidative stress is also thought to help increase hDPCs. These favorable results suggest that PPE is a promising therapeutic candidate for hair loss.
Nuclear Receptors Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR-1 Expressed in Atherosclerotic Lesion Macrophages Reduce Lipid Loading and Inflammatory Responses (2006)

NR4A-factors are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesion macrophages and reduce human macrophage lipid loading and inflammatory responses, providing further evidence for a protective role of NR4A-factors in atherogenesis.
Ultra-fast fibre laser systems based on SESAM technology: new horizons and applications (2004)

A promising route to manufacturing portable (sub-)picosecond fibre lasers is to use a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). With SESAMs, the mode-locked regime can be achieved for different values of cavity dispersion for a broad spectrum ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 μm. The fibre lasers, characterized by a high efficiency and reliability and a small footprint, are very attractive for applications traditionally occupied by solid-state lasers. The broad fluorescence spectrum makes different fibre gain media attractive for tuneable and ultra-short-pulse sources. In this paper, we discuss recent advances in ultra-fast fibre lasers. We study the fundamental properties and technical challenges of mode-locked fibre lasers operating in the 0.9–1.6 μm range, and the methods to achieve high peak-powers from all-fibre devices. The key component is the SESAM, notably, a dilute nitride SESAM. The SESAM supplies a strong mechanism for picosecond pulse generation that is entirely self-starting for a wide range of cavity dispersion and ensures stability against Q-switched mode-locking. In particular, compact mode-locked lasers stabilized by near-resonant SESAMs can be realized in a short fibre cavity free from any dispersion compensator. An appropriate dispersion delay line at the output of the master source may be used for pulse clean-up. The high-quality pulses obtained can then be compressed using traditional methods, when the pulse first undergoes spectral enrichment via self-phase modulation in an auxiliary fibre and then gets compressed in a grating pair. The fibre laser is capable of efficient wavelength conversion via second harmonic generation in non-linear crystals. Using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal for frequency doubling, we produce sub-100 fs pulses at 0.8 μm with a 50% conversion efficiency.
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Staging: Efficacy Comparison of Integrated PET/CT versus 3.0-T Whole-Body MR Imaging (2008)

Both PET/CT and 3.0-T whole-body MR imaging appear to provide acceptable accuracy and comparable efficacy for NSCLC staging, but for M-stage determination, each modality has its own advantages.
Non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques and vascular tools for the assessment of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (2008)

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The criteria for the selection of those asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes who should undergo cardiac screening and the therapeutic consequences of screening remain controversial. Non-invasive techniques as markers of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia may aid risk stratification and the implementation of tailored therapy for the patient with type 2 diabetes. In the present article we review the literature on the implementation of non-invasive vascular tools and cardiac imaging techniques in this patient group. The value of these techniques as endpoints in clinical trials and as risk estimators in asymptomatic diabetic patients is discussed. Carotid intima-media thickness, arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilation are abnormal long before the onset of type 2 diabetes. These vascular tools are therefore most likely to be useful for the identification of 'at risk' patients during the early stages of atherosclerotic disease. The additional value of these tools in risk stratification and tailored therapy in type 2 diabetes remains to be proven. Cardiac imaging techniques are more justified in individuals with a strong clinical suspicion of advanced coronary heart disease (CHD). Asymptomatic myocardial ischaemia can be detected by stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging. The more recently developed non-invasive multi-slice computed tomography angiography is recommended for exclusion of CHD, and can therefore be used to screen asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes, but has the associated disadvantages of high radiation exposure and costs. Therefore, we propose an algorithm for the screening of asymptomatic diabetic patients, the first step of which consists of coronary artery calcium score assessment and exercise ECG.
Chemerin, a Novel Adipokine That Regulates Adipogenesis and Adipocyte Metabolism (2007)

Obesity is an alarming primary health problem and is an independent risk factor for type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Although the pathologic mechanisms linking obesity with these co-morbidities are most likely multifactorial, increasing evidence indicates that altered secretion of adipose-derived signaling molecules (adipokines; e.g. adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and local inflammatory responses are contributing factors. Chemerin (RARRES2 or TIG2) is a recently discovered chemoattractant protein that serves as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor CMKLR1 (ChemR23 or DEZ) and has a role in adaptive and innate immunity. Here we show an unexpected, high level expression of chemerin and its cognate receptor CMKLR1 in mouse and human adipocytes. Cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes secrete chemerin protein, which triggers CMKLR1 signaling in adipocytes and other cell types and stimulates chemotaxis of CMKLR1-expressing cells. Adenoviral small hairpin RNA targeted knockdown of chemerin or CMKLR1 expression impairs differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes, reduces the expression of adipocyte genes involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis, and alters metabolic functions in mature adipocytes. We conclude that chemerin is a novel adipose-derived signaling molecule that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism.
Self‐presentation and the value of information in Q&A websites (2009)

Abstract Prior research has shown that social interaction is important for continuation of question‐and‐answer (Q&A) activity online and that it also leads to monetary rewards. The present research focuses on the link between social interaction and the value of information. Expressions of self‐presentation in the interaction between askers and answerers online are studied as antecedents for answer feedback which represents the value of the answer to the asker. This relationship is examined in a Q&A site, specifically, in Google Answers (GA). The results of content analysis performed on sets of questions and answers show that both explicit and implicit social cues are used by the site's participants; however, only implicit expressions of self‐presentation are related to the provision of social and monetary feedback, ratings, and tips. This finding highlights the importance of implicit cues in textual communication and lends support to the notion of social capital where both monetary and social forms of feedback are the result of interaction online.
Diffractive Nano-Structures as Optical Visual and Machine Readable Features (2012)

With the help of nano-fabrication and nano-optical structures a method for data storage is presented. The information in this method is encoded and represented in a multi-state system where colors or wavelengths are used as variables. The high resolving power of nano-scale diffraction grating has enabled the detection of distinguishable colors (or wavelengths) and that in turn is used to improve the storage capability of the presented system as well as achieving a natural physical compression. The data in this method are represented physically. This method offers a good data density and creates a secure system for authentication. It has both color change effect, which can be used for the first level of authentication and machine readability. In addition, by using nano-diffractive features, type of diffraction grating is designed which is capable of holding the same color for a large viewing angle. By using materials with a high refractive index a system is introduced in which images can be recorded and perceived in a 3D like manner similar to what is found in holograms recorded on film.
Novel uses of lasers in atomic spectroscopy (2000)

This paper reviews several novel uses of lasers in atomic spectroscopy. A tutorial discussion is given of the basic processes involving the interaction of laser radiation with atoms and the measurement approaches. Laser microprobes, especially laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-optical emission or mass spectrometry are reviewed thoroughly with respect to principles, instrumentation and applications. Laser excited atomic fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry with diode lasers are considered primarily with respect to recent publications. Laser-enhanced ionization, resonance ionization and resonance ionization imaging are also thoroughly reviewed with respect to recent publications. Diagnostical measurements of plasmas and atom reservoirs are discussed. The principles of six laser based atomic absorption methods are given and the methods are compared with respect to detection limits. Finally, future uses of lasers in atomic spectroscopy and a comparison of the characteristics of various atomic methods for trace elements are given.
From bench to beauty counter: using genomics to drive technology development for skin care. (2009)

The skin is not only the body's largest organ but is widely considered to be the sentinel organ of the human body as it is often the first line of defense from environmental insults. Acting as both an environmental sensor and guardian, the skin responds to external cues and helps us adapt to our surroundings in many ways, such as tanning to adapt to repeated ultraviolet (UV) exposure. In order to better understand the molecular events that occur as the skin adapts to its environment, we need a deeper understanding of how the genes in the cells comprising the skin are regulated and how this regulation leads to changes in biological response. Regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) ultimately results in changes in protein production, which is responsible for carrying out the physical and chemical reactions responsible for the skin's adaptation response. Each step in this cellular response is the subject of intense research. In fact, scientific sub-disciplines have developed around understanding each of these steps: genomics, proteomics and metabonomics. There are a myriad of applications for genomics in skin. Since capabilities, such as gene chips, provide fundamental molecular insights into skin cell biology that can be exploited for the development of new products, it is anticipated that genomics will continue to play an ever-increasing role in skin care.
Novel germlineAPC variants in patients with multiple adenomas (1998)

Chain-terminating germline APC mutations are responsible for adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that germline APC mutations may be present in some patients with a milder phenotype, i.e., multiple synchronous colorectal adenomas. Eighteen patients with 3 or more colorectal adenomas at endoscopy (within a 6-month period) were ascertained from a series of subjects undergoing endoscopic examination. Their blood DNAs were analysed for the presence of germline mutations in the APC coding region by single-strand polymorphism analysis. Ten unrelated polyp-free subjects and 101 unrelated APC patients were used as controls in the molecular analyses. Five of the eighteen patients carried novel germline APC variants or rare polymorphisms. These were various in site (from the splice acceptor site of intron 7 to the end of exon 15) and type (splice-site, missense, and chain-terminating mutations). Only one of ten polyp-free individuals carried a silent APC variant and none of these variants was found in the 101 APC controls. A first- or second-degree family history of colorectal cancer was reported by 4 of the 5 patients carrying a germline APC variant. In conclusion, novel APC germline variants were detected in patients with multiple synchronous adenomas. This suggests that the development of sporadic adenomas, in some instances, is associated with the presence of minor germline variants of the APC gene and that the spectrum of germline APC functional mutations may be larger than previously thought.
Proteomic and metabolomic strategies to investigate HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (2010)

Diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases, monitoring their progression and assessing responses to treatments will all be aided by the identification of molecular markers of different stages of pathology. Protein biomarkers for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders that have been discovered using proteomics include complement C3, soluble superoxide dismutase and a prostaglandin synthase. Metabolomics has not yet been widely used for biomarker discovery, but early work shows that it has great potential.
<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)diaminophenylphosphine Ligands for Chromium-Catalyzed Selective Ethylene Oligomerization Reactions (2011)

Reaction of 1 or 2 equiv of Ph2PCl with PhP(N(H)R)2 (R = n-propyl) yields Ph2PN(R)P(Ph)N(R)H (1) or Ph2PN(R)P(Ph)N(R)PPh2 (2), respectively. In contrast, reaction of 1 or 2 equiv of Ph2PCl with PhP(N(H)R)2 (R = isopropyl) yields exclusively Ph2PN(R)P(Ph)N(R)H (3), even under more forcing conditions. Low-temperature NMR spectroscopy and a conformational analysis of Ph2PN(iPr)P(Ph)N(iPr)H (3) reveal the lowest energy conformer to have a close N−H···P interaction of 2.95 Å, which we speculate may hinder further reactivity of this molecule. Reaction of 3 with [Cr(CO)6] yields [Cr(3)(CO)4] (5), which has been structurally characterized. Coordination of ligand 3 facilitates its conversion to Ph2PN(iPr)P(Ph)N(iPr)PPh2 (4) while bound to chromium, yielding the complex [Cr(4)(CO)4] (6), which has also been structurally characterized. Ligands 1 and 2, when reacted in situ with [Cr(acac)3] (acac = acetylacetonate) and modified methylalumoxane, and complexes 5 and 6, when activated with Ag[Al(OC4F9)4] and triethylaluminum, are moderately active and selective catalysts for the selective oligomerization of ethene to 1-hexene and 1-octene.
Advances in Extended Reach Drilling – An Eye to 10 km Stepout (1995)

ABSTRACT This paper will present recent technological innovations which have been used to surpass previous extended reach records together with other technologies which are viewed as fundamental in overcoming current limitations for extended reach and designer wells. The paper will focus on three specific drilling applications which provide a range of options for operating companies with varying field development philosophies.
Effect of divalent metal ions on the intramolecular nucleophilic catalysis of phosphate diester hydrolysis (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of divalent metal ions on the intramolecular nucleophilic catalysis of phosphate diester hydrolysisJames J. Steffens, Eric J. Sampson, Iris J. Siewers, and Stephen J. BenkovicCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 3, 936–938Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00784a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00784a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views82Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
DDL-based calibration techniques for timing errors in current-steering DACs (2006)

Timing errors become more and more important to dynamic performance in high-speed and high-resolution DACs. To relax the requirements on circuit design and layout complexity, two digital-delay-line (DDL) based calibration techniques for timing errors are demonstrated in this work. Matlab behavior level simulation results show that these two on-chip calibration techniques can improve the SFDR performance. The simulation results of a phase detector, the key circuit in these two calibration techniques, are given. This circuit is implemented in a CMOS 0.18/spl mu/m process.
Fußball-Schiedsrichter im Spiegel der Medien: (2019)

Schiedsrichter bestimmen mit ihren Entscheidungen den Verlauf von Spielen maßgeblich mit. Nicht zuletzt deshalb werden Schiedsrichterentscheidungen in der Medienberichterstattung häufig thematisiert und diskutiert. Wissenschaftlich wurde die Berichterstattung über Schiedsrichter bislang vor allem für Print- und Online-Medien untersucht, während fußballbezogene TV-Formate trotz ihrer hohen Reichweiten bisher kaum im Fokus standen. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert mithilfe einer quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse (N=591) erstmals systematisch die Bewertungen von Schiedsrichtern in Bundesliga-Spielberichten der ARD-Sportschau der Spielzeiten 2011/12 bis 2017/18 und geht dabei u.a. der Frage nach, inwieweit sich die Darstellung durch die Einführung des Video-Assistenten in der Saison 2017/18 verändert hat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Schiedsrichter in 90 Prozent der Spielberichte bewertet werden, wobei die Tendenz der Bewertungen gegenüber den Unparteiischen im Mittel leicht positiv ausfällt. Am häufigsten werden Strafstoßentscheidungen der Referees beurteilt, gefolgt von Abseitsentscheidungen. Die Einführung des Video-Assistenten hat keinen nennenswerten Einfluss auf Häufigkeit und Art der Schiedsrichterbewertungen. Der Einsatz des Video-Assistenten im Allgemeinen wird in den TV-Beiträgen negativer besprochen als die konkreten Entscheidungen, die von ihm getroffenen werden.
Formulation and processing of novel conductive solution inks in continuous inkjet printing of 3-D electric circuits (2005)

One of the greatest challenges for the inkjet printing electrical circuits is formulation and processing of conductive inks. In the present investigation, two different formulations of particle-free conductive solutions are introduced that are low in cost, easy to deposit, and possess good electrical properties. A novel aqueous solution consisting of silver nitrate and additives is initially described. This solution demonstrates excellent adherence to glass and polymers and has an electrical resistivity only 2.9 times that of bulk silver after curing. A metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) ink is subsequently introduced. This ink produces a close-packed silver crystal microstructure after low-temperature thermolysis and subsequent high-temperature annealing. The electrical conductance of the final consolidated trace produced with the MOD ink is very close to bulk silver. In addition, the traces produced with the MOD material exhibit excellent wear and fracture resistance. When utilized in a specialized continuous inkjet (CIJ) printing technology system, both particle-free solution inks are able to produce conductive traces in three dimensions. The importance of three-dimensional (3-D) printing of conductive traces is finally discussed in relation to the broad range of applications in the freeform fabrication industry.
Characterization of the chemical and physical properties of a novel B-lymphocyte activator, endotoxin protein (1979)

Endotoxin protein, a novel mouse B-lymphocyte mitogen, is a hydrophobic acidic compound composed of approximately 85% protein and 2.2% glucosamine, but no 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. Endotoxin protein also contains lipid, and analysis of the fatty acids in this material demonstrated the presence of beta-hydroxymyristate, a marker for lipid A. In addition, analysis of endotoxin protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that it is heterogeneous, containing four or five major polypeptides, depending upon the bacterial species from which it was isolated. The mitogenicity of endotoxin protein was diminished by alkaline hydrolysis, but not by treatment with hydrochloric or acetic acid. Furthermore, its activity was resistant to digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase and was only partially degraded by papain.