gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color Saturation Increases Perceived Product Size (2017)

This research demonstrates a visual phenomenon with broad implications for consumers: the perceived size of products depends on the saturation of their color. Results from six experiments, employing objects and products with various shapes and hues, show that increasing color saturation increases size perceptions. This influence is explained by the tendency for saturated color to capture attention, which, in turn, is explained by the arousal that saturated color stimulates. This research also demonstrates several downstream outcomes of the effect of saturation on size perceptions: evaluations are more favorable—and willingness to pay is higher—for products with high (low) saturation when usage goals call for large (small) size. Additionally, participants choose more of a product to fill a container with higher saturation. Further, the saturation of an object’s color affects the perceived size of its surroundings, such that when a product with high (vs. low) saturation is used as a benchmark, the environment is perceived to be comparatively smaller (vs. larger). Implications for aesthetics, design, sensory marketing, and related topics are discussed. Lastly, to aid future color research, appendix A outlines general challenges and recommendations in connection with the conceptualization, manipulation, and measurement of color.
Breaking the electrical barrier between copper and carbon nanotubes (2017)

Improving the interface between copper and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offers a straightforward strategy for the effective manufacturing and utilisation of Cu-CNT composite material that could be used in various industries including microelectronics, aerospace and transportation. Motivated by a combination of structural and electrical measurements on Cu-M-CNT bimetal systems (M = Ni, Cr) we show, using first principles calculations, that the conductance of this composite can exceed that of a pure Cu-CNT system and that the current density can even reach 10<sup>11</sup> A cm<sup>-2</sup>. The results show that the proper choice of alloying element (M) and type of contact facilitate the fabrication of ultra-conductive Cu-M-CNT systems by creating a favourable interface geometry, increasing the interface electronic density of states and reducing the contact resistance. In particular, a small concentration of Ni between the Cu matrix and the CNT using either an "end contact" and or a "dot contact" can significantly improve the electrical performance of the composite. Furthermore the predicted conductance of Ni-doped Cu-CNT "carpets" exceeds that of an undoped system by ∼200%. Cr is shown to improve CNT integration and composite conductance over a wide temperature range while Al, at low voltages, can enhance the conductance beyond that of Cr.
Lipopolysaccharide induces cell shrinkage in rabbit ventricular cardiac myocytes (1997)

The effects of 10 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cell volume were examined in rabbit left ventricular myocytes. The myocytes were isolated with depyrogenated digestive enzymes (< 0.7 ng/ml of LPS) to minimize tolerance. Myocyte cross-sectional area (CSA) did not change after 1 h of LPS. However after 8 h, the CSA decreased to 0.93 +/- 0.01 (SE) of the baseline CSA (time = 0) in 19 LPS-exposed myocytes compared with 1.00 +/- 0.01 in 13 control myocytes (P = 0.0015). LPS-induced cell shrinkage was completely blocked by coincubation with 1 mM N-monomethyl-L-arginine, indicating a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism. Cardiac guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) did not change after 1 h but increased 6 h after LPS (548 +/- 31 vs. 312 +/- 20 fmol/mg protein in control cells; P < 0.05). After 8 h, bumetanide (10 microM for 30 min), a Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport inhibitor, decreased the CSA in 15 control myocytes to 0.92 +/- 0.02 of the baseline CSA. However, in 19 myocytes with a CSA of 0.93 +/- 0.01 of baseline after 8 h of LPS, the addition of bumetanide caused no additional cell shrinkage. We conclude that low levels of LPS increase cardiac cGMP to inhibit Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport, causing significant cell shrinkage in cardiac myocytes.
The dose can make the poison: lessons learned from adverse in vivo toxicities caused by RNAi overexpression (2011)

For the past five years, evidence has accumulated that vector-mediated robust RNA interference (RNAi) expression can trigger severe side effects in small and large animals, from cytotoxicity and accelerated tumorigenesis to organ failure and death. The recurring notions in these studies that a critical parameter is the strength of RNAi expression and that Exportin-5 and the Argonaute proteins are rate-limiting mammalian RNAi, strongly imply dose-dependent saturation of the endogenous miRNA pathway as one of the underlying mechanisms. This minireview summarizes the relevant work and data leading to this intriguing model and highlights potential avenues by which to alleviate RNAi-induced toxicities in future clinical applications.
A Response Surface Based Tool for Evaluating Vehicle Performance in the Pedestrian Leg Impact Test (2008)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An interactive tool for predicting the performance of vehicle designs in the pedestrian leg impact test has been developed. This tool allows users to modify the design of a vehicle front structure through the use of a graphical interface, and then evaluates the performance of the design with a response surface. This performance is displayed in the graphical interface, providing the user with nearly instantaneous feedback to his design changes. An example is shown that demonstrates how the tool can be used to help guide the user towards vehicle designs that are likely to improve performance.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">As part of the development of this tool, a simplified, parametric finite element model of the front structure of the vehicle was created. This vehicle model included eleven parameters that could be adjusted to change the structural dimensions and structural behavior of the model. It has been demonstrated that when these eleven parameters are set to match the actual dimensions and structural behavior of a vehicle, the simplified model will give results that are very similar to detailed finite element simulations of the vehicle. Next, a Latin Hypercube DOE was used to create a multitude of vehicle designs with varying values of these design parameters. Simulations of these vehicle designs were performed, and the results were used to build a Kriging response surface. This response surface was then incorporated into the graphical interface tool to serve as the computation engine to evaluate proposed designs.</div>
IL-4 expression at the onset of islet inflammation predicts nondestructive insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice (1997)

In nonobese diabetic mice, autoimmune diabetes progresses in an age-linked and gender-dependent manner. Insulitis begins in male and female mice at approximately 1 mo of age; however, 70 to 90% of females, but only 10 to 20% of males, become diabetic by 6 mo. Multiple studies propose that proinflammatory Th1 and immunomodulatory Th2 cytokines impact diabetes pathogenesis, but the role of these cytokines in spontaneous diabetes progression is not yet clear. We used quantitative reverse-transcriptase-coupled PCR to analyze expression of cytokines and APC costimulatory molecules in the islets of 20- to 180-day-old male and female nonobese diabetic littermates, and identified three stages in diabetes progression. At 1 to 2 mo of age, islet-infiltrating T cells displayed a Th1 cytokine bias in females, and a Th2 cytokine bias in males. In females, stage II (2-3 mo of age) was characterized by an increase in islet-infiltrating T cells, APC, and Th1 cytokines, whereas male infiltrates did not increase in size, and Th1 cytokine expression continued to decline during this interval. Islet infiltration reached a plateau (stage III) in 3- to 4-mo-old females, months before overt diabetes onset. Our data imply that Th cytokine expression in early insulitis exerts substantial impact on beta cell destruction and overt diabetes. A clinical implication of our results is that young individuals in the early stages of insulitis are ideal candidates for therapeutic intervention to minimize beta cell destruction and morbidity.
Analysis and Control of a Variable-Pitch Quadrotor for Agile Flight (2015)

Fixed-pitch quadrotors are popular research and hobby platforms largely due to their mechanical simplicity relative to other hovering aircraft. This simplicity, however, places fundamental limits on the achievable actuator bandwidth and the possible flight maneuvers. This paper shows that many of these limitations can be overcome by utilizing variable-pitch propellers on a quadrotor. A detailed analysis of the potential benefits of variable-pitch propellers over fixed-pitch propellers for a quadrotor is presented. This analysis is supported with experimental testing to show that variable-pitch propellers, in addition to allowing for generation of reverse thrust, substantially increase the maximum rate of thrust change. A nonlinear, quaternion-based control algorithm for controlling the quadrotor is also presented with an accompanying trajectory generation method that finds polynomial minimum-time paths based on actuator saturation levels. The control law and trajectory generation algorithms are implemented on a custom variable-pitch quadrotor. Several flight tests are shown, which highlight the benefits of a variable-pitch quadrotor over a standard fixed-pitch quadrotor for performing aggressive and aerobatic maneuvers.
A Study on Active Dynamic Absorber (1991)

Abstract Although it is known that active dynamic absorbers are useful for controlling vibration of structures, the design method for popular usage has not yet been established. This paper proposes the design method of the active dynamic absorber by use of the LQ optimum control theory. First, nondimensional representation of the state equation of the structure and active dynamic absorber system, the state feedback gain matrix, and the weight matrix, respectively, are constructed to obtain a generality. Secondly, the relationship between the vibration control effect and parameters of the weighting matrix are made clear for designing. The design data are prepared as the nondimensional root locus, frequency response, and impulse response charts. Effectiveness of the active dynamic absorber designed through the method is demonstrated experimentally.
Experimental Observation of Superscattering (2019)

Superscattering, induced by degenerate resonances, breaks the fundamental single-channel limit of the scattering cross section of subwavelength structures; in principle, an arbitrarily large total cross section can be achieved via superscattering. It thus provides a unique way to strengthen the light-matter interaction at the subwavelength scale, and has many potential applications in sensing, energy harvesting, bioimaging (such as magnetic resonance imaging), communication, and optoelectronics. However, the experimental demonstration of superscattering remains an open challenge due to its vulnerability to structural imperfections and intrinsic material losses. Here we report the first experimental evidence for superscattering by demonstrating the superscattering simultaneously in two different frequency regimes through both the far-field and near-field measurements. The underlying mechanism for the observed superscattering is the degenerate resonances of confined surface waves, by utilizing a subwavelength metasurface-based multilayer structure. Our work paves the way towards practical applications based on superscattering.
Tuning of resonance-spacing in a traveling-wave resonator device (2010)

In this work a traveling-wave resonator device is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in silicon-on-insulator platform in which the spacing between its adjacent resonance modes can be tuned. This is achieved through the tuning of mutual coupling of two strongly coupled resonators. By incorporating metallic microheaters, tuning of the resonance-spacing in a range of 20% of the free-spectral-range (0.4nm) is experimentally demonstrated with 27mW power dissipation in the microheater. To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration of the tuning of resonance-spacing in an integrated traveling-wave-resonator. It is also numerically shown that these modes exhibit high field-enhancements which makes this device extremely useful for nonlinear optics and sensing applications.
Frequency of <i>KRAS</i>, <i>BRAF</i>, and <i>NRAS</i> mutations in colorectal cancer (2011)

Mutational analysis of KRAS codons 12 and 13 is standard for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer since mutations in these codons predict lack of response to anti-EGFR therapies. However, even among patients whose tumors are wildtype for KRAS codons 12 and 13, only a subset respond to therapy. Since additional activating mutations downstream of EGFR may also play a role in treatment resistance, we sought to establish the frequency of these mutations. We evaluated 2121 colorectal tumors for mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the KRAS gene. A subset of these samples, comprised of 513 samples wildtype for KRAS codons 12 and 13, were tested for mutations in codons 61 and 146 of KRAS, codon 600 of BRAF, and codons 12, 13, and 61 of NRAS. Mutation status was determined by targeted pyrosequencing. Mutations in KRAS codon 12 or 13 were identified in 900/2121 (42.4%) samples. Of the 513 wildtype samples tested for additional mutations, 78 samples were mutant for BRAF, 19 for KRAS codon 61, 17 for KRAS codon 146, and 26 for NRAS. In total, 140/513 (27.3%) tumors wildtype for KRAS codons 12 and 13 harbored a mutation in another of the RAS pathway genes. While further study is needed to determine the full therapeutic implications of mutations in these codons, mutational testing of these codons may be useful for identifying a significant proportion of patients who may also be resistant to anti-EGFR therapies.
Disruption of a Retinal Guanylyl Cyclase Gene Leads to Cone-Specific Dystrophy and Paradoxical Rod Behavior (1999)

One of two orphan photoreceptor guanylyl cyclases that are highly conserved from fish to mammals, GC-E (or retGC1) was eliminated by gene disruption. Expression of the second retinal cyclase (GC-F) as well as the numbers and morphology of rods remained unchanged in GC-E null mice. However, rods isolated from such mice, despite having a normal dark current, recovered from a light flash markedly faster. Unexpectedly, the a- and b-waves of electroretinograms (ERG) from dark-adapted null mice were suppressed markedly. Cones, initially present in normal numbers in the retina, disappeared by 5 weeks, based on ERG and histology. Thus, the GC-E-deficient mouse defines a model for cone dystrophy, but it also demonstrates that morphologically normal rods display paradoxical behavior in their responses to light.
Acquisition of Chemoresistance and Other Malignancy-related Features of Colorectal Cancer Cells Are Incremented by Ribosome-inactivating Stress (2016)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) as an environmental disease is largely influenced by accumulated epithelial stress from diverse environmental causes. We are exposed to ribosome-related insults, including ribosome-inactivating stress (RIS), from the environment, dietary factors, and medicines, but their physiological impacts on the chemotherapy of CRC are not yet understood. Here we revealed the effects of RIS on chemosensitivity and other malignancy-related properties of CRC cells. First, RIS led to bidirectional inhibition of p53-macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1)-mediated death responses in response to anticancer drugs by either enhancing ATF3-linked antiapoptotic signaling or intrinsically inhibiting MIC-1 and p53 expression, regardless of ATF3. Second, RIS enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and biogenesis of cancer stem-like cells in an ATF3-dependent manner. These findings indicate that gastrointestinal exposure to RIS interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapeutics, mechanistically implying that ATF3-linked malignancy and chemoresistance can be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of environmentally aggravated cancers. Colorectal cancer (CRC) as an environmental disease is largely influenced by accumulated epithelial stress from diverse environmental causes. We are exposed to ribosome-related insults, including ribosome-inactivating stress (RIS), from the environment, dietary factors, and medicines, but their physiological impacts on the chemotherapy of CRC are not yet understood. Here we revealed the effects of RIS on chemosensitivity and other malignancy-related properties of CRC cells. First, RIS led to bidirectional inhibition of p53-macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1)-mediated death responses in response to anticancer drugs by either enhancing ATF3-linked antiapoptotic signaling or intrinsically inhibiting MIC-1 and p53 expression, regardless of ATF3. Second, RIS enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and biogenesis of cancer stem-like cells in an ATF3-dependent manner. These findings indicate that gastrointestinal exposure to RIS interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapeutics, mechanistically implying that ATF3-linked malignancy and chemoresistance can be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of environmentally aggravated cancers.
Lovastatin induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and synergizes with doxorubicin: potential therapeutic relevance (2010)

The results of this research provide pre-clinical data to warrant further evaluation of statins as potential anti-cancer agents to treat ovarian carcinoma. Many statins are inexpensive, off-patent generic drugs that are immediately available for use as anti-cancer agents. We provide evidence that lovastatin triggers apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells as a single agent by a mevalonate-dependent mechanism. Moreover, we also show lovastatin synergizes with doxorubicin, an agent administered for recurrent disease. This synergy occurs by a novel mevalonate-independent mechanism that antagonizes drug resistance, likely by inhibiting P-glycoprotein. These data raise important issues that may impact how statins can best be included in chemotherapy regimens.
Increased risk of everolimus-associated acute kidney injury in cancer patients with impaired kidney function (2014)

This paper suggests that AKI is a common adverse effect of everolimus treatment, especially in subjects with impaired renal function. However, the occurrence of AKI did not require the discontinuation of the drug, and the treatment decision should be made via a multidisciplinary approach, including the assessment of the oncological benefits of everolimus and other therapeutic options.
A new double-layered structure for mass-production-worthy CMOSFETs with poly-SiGe gate (2003)

A new double-layered structure of poly-Si/SiGe gate has been proposed to improve the current performance of CMOSFETs and the reproducibility of devices. The double-layered poly-Si/SiGe stack has small-sized (columnar) grains in the lower poly-SiGe layer and large-sized grains in the upper poly-Si layer. The new structure can suppress Ge diffusion into the upper poly-Si layer during CMOS process, resulting in enhanced current performance and better sheet resistance distribution to meet gate height scaling requirements of sub-0.1 /spl mu/m CMOSFETs. A mass productive 8 Mbit SRAM with both the smallest cell size and enhanced operation speed by 20% was successfully fabricated using the proposed poly-SiGe gate structure.
An Improved Data Inversion Program for Obtaining Aerosol Size Distributions from Scanning Differential Mobility Analyzer Data (2003)

An improved program has been developed that inverts data obtained from an electrical differential mobility analyzer (DMA) to obtain the particle size distribution.The central problem for data inversion is to find a smooth particle size distribution function, N(x), from the instrument response, R(t).Linear data inversion techniques for this problem, as developed by Hagen and Alofs (1983) work by using a small number of size channels carefully selected so that data channels for multiply-charged particles overlap channels for smaller singly-charged particles.However, these techniques fail when a large number of data channels are used.The program developed here typically uses 300 data channels, making it particularly appropriate for inverting data obtained in scanning mode, where the number of channels can be made arbitrarily large.It is based on regularization procedures like those described by Wolfenbarger and Seinfeld (1990) and Lesnic et al. (1996).To estimate the optimal value of the regularization parameter, an automated L-curve based method has been selected, as described by Hansen and O'Leary (1993).The large number of data channels used ensures that the resolution of the measurements is limited by the capabilities of the instrument and not by the selection of the size channels to be used.Efficient implementation of the inversion program is made possible by supplying analytical expressions for the gradient and hessian of the objective function that is minimized to solve the regularized problem.
Electromagnetic induction in terms ofthe Maxwell forceinstead of magnetic flux (1999)

The conventional treatment of induced EMFs in terms of magnetic flux leads to problems with the concepts of ‘flux-cutting’ and ‘flux-linking’ which have attracted much discussion and controversy, particularly when applied to devices with moving parts. Maxwell's own ‘general equations’ tend to be ignored. They did not include the ‘Maxwell’ field equation relating induced E fields to changes in the flux density, B , but developed an alternative view based on the magnetic vector-potential A . The practical role of A in the computation of EMFs and inductances suggests that it has corresponding conceptual advantages, including the relative simplicity of the A field of a current element. B is viewed as a symbol for the differential of A , thus reversing their customary roles, and removing the difficulties caused by the conventional treatment. It is shown that the use of A to describe the magnetic effects of the source currents helps to provide a clearer view of induction, and resolve the various problems and apparent anomalies. The relativistic relationship between the magnetic and electric fields is described most simply in terms of the potentials, and answers the much-debated question of the meaning of motion when applied to a uniform B field.
Product Reviews: State-of-the-Art Mercury CEMs (1999)

New technologies for continuous monitoring of mercury emissions from hazardous and mixed-waste incineration.
Plant protein interactions studied using AFM force spectroscopy: nanomechanical and adhesion properties (2013)

The present work was focused on the nanomechanical and adhesion properties of the napin (2S albumin) and cruciferin (12S globulin) rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) proteins, respectively, a low and high molecular weight seed protein. Using chemically modified AFM tips, force spectroscopy experiments demonstrated notable differences in the tip-protein interaction strength with regard to the nature of the protein and pH of the aqueous environment. The results clearly underline the role of residence time and electrostatic interactions in the protein-protein adhesion force. Although the nanomechanical experiments concerned more than a single molecule, unfolding length and force characteristics of the rapeseed proteins have been statistically found to be sensitive to the structural properties of the protein. This study provides insight into the characterization of rapeseed proteins and then a better knowledge of their interaction and assembling at the nanoscale range.