gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid Transformation from Spherical Nanoparticles, Nanorods, Cubes, or Bipyramids to Triangular Prisms of Silver with PVP, Citrate, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (2012)

Rapid sphere-to-prism (STP) transformation of silver was studied in aqueous AgNO(3)/NaBH(4)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/trisodium citrate (Na(3)CA)/H(2)O(2) solutions by monitoring time-dependent surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands in the UV-vis region, by examining transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images, and by analyzing emitted gases during fast reaction. Roles of PVP, Na(3)CA, and H(2)O(2) were studied without addition of a reagent, with different timing of each reagent's addition, and with addition of H(2)O(2) to mixtures of spheres and prisms. Results show that prisms can be prepared without addition of PVP, although it is useful to synthesize smaller monodispersed prisms. A new important role of citrate found in this study, besides a known role as a protecting agent of {111} facets of plates, is an assistive agent for shape-selective oxidative etching of Ag nanoparticles by H(2)O(2). The covering of Ag nanoparticles with carboxylate groups is necessary to initiate rapid STP transformation by premixing citrate before H(2)O(2) addition. Based on our data, rapid prism formation starts from the consumption of spherical Ag particles because of shape-selective oxidative etching by H(2)O(2). Oxidative etching of spherical particles by H(2)O(2) is faster than that of prisms. Therefore, spherical particles are selectively etched and dissolved, leaving only seeds of prisms to grow into triangular prisms. When pentagonal Ag nanorods and a mixture of cubes and bipyramids were used as sources of prisms, rod-to-prism (RTP), cube-to-prism (CTP), and bipyramid-to-prism (BTP) transformations were observed in Ag nanocrystals/NaBH(4)/PVP/Na(3)CA/H(2)O(2) solutions. Shape-selective oxidative etching of rods was confirmed using flag-type Ag nanostructures consisting of a triangular plate and a side rod. These data provide useful information for the size-controlled synthesis of triangular Ag prisms, from various Ag nanostructures and using a chemical reduction method, having surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands at a desired wavelength.
Magnitude and Dynamics of the T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection at Both Individual and Population Levels (2020)

T cells are involved in the early identification and clearance of viral infections and also support the development of antibodies by B cells. This central role for T cells makes them a desirable target for assessing the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we combined two high-throughput immune profiling methods to create a quantitative picture of the T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2. First, at the individual level, we deeply characterized 3 acutely infected and 58 recovered COVID-19 subjects by experimentally mapping their CD8 T-cell response through antigen stimulation to 545 Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I presented viral peptides (class II data in a forthcoming study). Then, at the population level, we performed T-cell repertoire sequencing on 1,815 samples (from 1,521 COVID-19 subjects) as well as 3,500 controls to identify shared "public" T-cell receptors (TCRs) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection from both CD8 and CD4 T cells. Collectively, our data reveal that CD8 T-cell responses are often driven by a few immunodominant, HLA-restricted epitopes. As expected, the T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 peaks about one to two weeks after infection and is detectable for at least several months after recovery. As an application of these data, we trained a classifier to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection based solely on TCR sequencing from blood samples, and observed, at 99.8% specificity, high early sensitivity soon after diagnosis (Day 3-7 = 85.1% [95% CI = 79.9-89.7]; Day 8-14 = 94.8% [90.7-98.4]) as well as lasting sensitivity after recovery (Day 29+/convalescent = 95.4% [92.1-98.3]). These results demonstrate an approach to reliably assess the adaptive immune response both soon after viral antigenic exposure (before antibodies are typically detectable) as well as at later time points. This blood-based molecular approach to characterizing the cellular immune response has applications in clinical diagnostics as well as in vaccine development and monitoring.
Underground mining robot: A CSIR project (2012)

The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa is currently developing a robot for the inspection of the ceiling (hanging-wall) in an underground gold mine. The robot autonomously navigates the 30 meter long by 3 meter wide, by 1 meter high stope area, while scanning the hanging-wall to generate a thermal 3-D map. Data is then analyzed to identify cooler regions that are not consistent with the hanging-wall topography. These are then shown to the miners in a 3-D visualization environment such that remedial action can be taken, and all miners are aware of the potentially dangerous areas in the working area. The project is a collaborative effort between three units within the CSIR. The Centre for Mining Innovation (CMI) is the project lead unit and is developing the sensors needed for underground data acquisition related to the safety application. The body of the robot is being developed by the Mechatronics and Micro-Manufacturing (MMM) group. The software component is being developed by the Mobile Intelligent Autonomous Systems (MIAS) Group. The project is currently completing the technical prototype for the system that will be demonstrated in a specially constructed test facility. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Design of Boosted Supply Modulator With Reverse Current Protection for Wide Battery Range in Envelope Tracking Operation (2018)

This paper presents a hybrid supply modulator (SM) including a buck-boost (BB) converter, which has wide battery operating range for cellular envelope tracking (ET) applications. The proposed SM supports both ET and average power tracking (APT) mode depending on the power amplifier (PA) output power level. The output voltage swing of SM is boosted up to 4.5 V by the integrated BB converter as a supply of a linear amplifier. The dynamic-controlled BB output increases ET operating range, whose efficiency is higher than that of APT, by scaling down the supply voltage of the linear amplifier according to the PA output power level. A selective supply voltage of a switching amplifier and a reverse current sensing circuit are employed to prevent the reverse current through the power inductor of the switching amplifier. The proposed automatic current ratio controller between the linear amplifier and the switching amplifier provides the robust performance against the battery voltage variation of 3.2-4.6 V. A programmable bias current of the class-AB output buffer and a programmable hysteretic comparator are employed to achieve the optimum efficiency and bandwidth depending on the operating signal bandwidth. Optimal control for low signal bandwidth applications such as voice over Long-Term Evolution (LTE) with the selective notch filter provides the maximum efficiency of 88.2% with -135 dBm/Hz output noise. The proposed SM supports the LTE 20-MHz envelope signal with 78% efficiency at 800-mW output. Adapting the designed SM to frequency-division duplex Band3 radio frequency PA, the implemented ET-PA achieves the power added efficiency of 41.6% at 27-dBm PA output power while achieving -40 dBc of E-UTRA ACLR and -137 dBm/Hz of receiver band noise. The chip is implemented in the 0.13-μm CMOS process, and the die size is 5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Study of active superlens and evanescent wave amplification using an active metamaterial model (2009)

We propose a Π-shaped circuit model for active metamaterials using periodic circuit structures with series inductors and shunt capacitors (LC) and series capacitors and shunt inductors (CL). Using the circuit model, we develop a general theory for active metamaterials, revealing the role of active components and demonstrating the principle for metamaterials to be active. By inserting negative and positive resistances in the LC and CL structures, we first attain the active superlens using three slabs of effective media made by such metamaterial circuit structures and show that the amplitude of voltage will be augmented on two interfaces after adding the active/lossy components. Then we realize the active amplification of evanescent waves and show that the transmission coefficient will be larger than 0 dB near the resonant frequency, which evidently illustrates the active feature of the medium. Both of these two applications have to satisfy the anti-matching conditions to fulfill the resonance and tunneling effect.
Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (1988)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Multiple Discreteness and Product Differentiation: Demand for Carbonated Soft Drinks (2004)

For several of the largest supermarket product categories, such as carbonated soft drinks, canned soups, ready-to-eat cereals, and cookies, consumers regularly purchase assortments of products. Within the category, consumers often purchase multiple products and multiple units of each alternative selected on a given trip. This multiple discreteness violates the single-unit purchase assumption of multinomial logit and probit models. The misspecification of such demand models in categories exhibiting multiple discreteness would produce incorrect measures of consumer response to marketing mix variables. In studying product strategy, these models would lead to misleading managerial conclusions. We use an alternative microeconomic model of demand for categories that exhibit the multiple discreteness problem. Recognizing the separation between the time of purchase and the time of consumption, we model consumers purchasing bundles of goods in anticipation of a stream of consumption occasions before the next trip. We apply the model to a panel of household purchases for carbonated soft drinks.
Food components affecting the oil absorption and crispness of fried batter (1998)

Frying batters are used to add value to a product by improving texture, flavour, weight and volume and reducing water loss during frying which, in turn, lessens oil absorption. The physical characteristics of fried batters were studied using model systems based on rice flours. Crispness was positively correlated with amylose content, while oil absorption was negatively correlated with amylose content. Addition of pregelatinised rice flour improved crispness but resulted in increased oil absorption because of the porous nature of the fried product. Amongst the proteins (egg yolk, gluten, skimmed milk, whey and ovalbumin) studied, ovalbumin was able to reduce oil absorption and improve the crispness of the fried batter. Addition of calcium chloride also reduced oil absorption and improved crispness, while a little oil reduced the oil content of the fried batter and improved its taste. Addition of ovalbumin, oil or calcium chloride beyond the optimal levels reduced crispness and increased oil absorption in a linear manner. Modified tapioca starch and diglyceride emulsifiers improved crispness but increased oil absorption. The amount of water added to the formulation affected the physical characteristics of the fried batter. The optimal formulation for a crisp frying batter with reasonably low oil absorption was an amylose/amylopectin ratio of about 18: 67; with (g kg−1) 850 pregelatinised rice flour; up to 150 modified tapioca starch; 30 ovalbumin; 1 calcium chloride; 20 oil; 20 emulsifier and a water/flour ratio of 2:1. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.
Type C Niemann-Pick disease. A parallel loss of regulatory responses in both the uptake and esterification of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol in cultured fibroblasts. (1986)

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) internalization by mutant type C Niemann-Pick (NPC) fibroblasts results in uptake of excess total cholesterol. Uptake of excess lipoprotein cholesterol appears to be mediated by the specific LDL receptor pathway. Associated with excessive LDL-cholesterol uptake is a lesion in early intracellular cholesteryl ester synthesis. In vitro acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity is normal in cell-free extracts of mutant cells. The ability of exogenous sterols to enhance intracellular esterification of [3H]mevalonate-derived [3H]cholesterol was severely limited in mutant cell cultures suggesting that in vivo activation and/or expression of activated acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase may be compromised by the primary mutation of type C Niemann-Pick disease. After 2 days of LDL uptake, rates of intracellular cholesteryl ester synthesis in mutant cells paralleled the rates of esterification in normal cells suggesting that specific early in vivo expression of the acyltransferase may be affected in this disorder.
Basic Chemistry of Novolaks (2017)

The term "novolak" is derived from the Swedish work lak, meaning lacquer or resin, prefixed by Latin or Italian novo, meaning new. These "new lacquers" were indeed first used as such, as a synthetic ersatz for natural kopal resins from Sansibar, the Congo, or the Philippines, which were used in paints. Although a number of researchers had reported earlier on the possibility of manufacturing a soluble thermoplastic resin from the acid-catalyzed reaction of phenols and formaldehyde, it was Leo Baekeland in the US who first realized their commercial potential as substitutes for shellac, rubber, and the kopals. Crosslinking the novolak (a term coined by Baekeland) with hardening agents yielded a thermoset plastic, which he called Bakelite. Ludwig Berend at Albert Chemical Company, literally just across the street from Kalle AG, had been developing a similar commercial oil-soluble resin since 1904; it was commercialized at about the same time the Bakelite Company in the US and Bakelite GmbH in Germany took up production (1910). It was to the Albert resins that the Kalle researchers turned in their search for a suitable resin to impart film forming properties and improved development properties to the Suss lithographic material.
Seq-Scope: Submicrometer-resolution spatial transcriptomics for single cell and subcellular studies (2021)

Abstract Spatial barcoding technologies have the potential to reveal histological details of transcriptomic profiles; however, they are currently limited by their low resolution. Here we report Seq-Scope, a spatial barcoding technology with a resolution almost comparable to an optical microscope. Seq-Scope is based on a solid-phase amplification of randomly barcoded single-molecule oligonucleotides using an Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis platform. The resulting clusters annotated with spatial coordinates are processed to expose RNA-capture moiety. These RNA-capturing barcoded clusters define the pixels of Seq-Scope that are approximately 0.5-1 μm apart from each other. From tissue sections, Seq-Scope visualizes spatial transcriptome heterogeneity at multiple histological scales, including tissue zonation according to the portal-central (liver), crypt-surface (colon) and inflammation-fibrosis (injured liver) axes, cellular components including single cell types and subtypes, and subcellular architectures of nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria. Seq-scope is quick, straightforward and easy-to-implement, and makes spatial single cell analysis accessible to a wide group of biomedical researchers.
RxNorm: prescription for electronic drug information exchange (2005)

Commercial drug information systems follow a variety of naming conventions. A smooth electronic exchange of the information in these systems - not only between organizations but even within a single organization - is crucial in assuring patient safety. This exchange requires a standardized nomenclature. To meet this need, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) created RxNorm, a standardized nomenclature for clinical drugs that is one of a suite of standards designated for use in US federal government systems for the electronic exchange of clinical health information.
Multi-touch Attribution in Online Advertising with Survival Theory (2014)

Multi-touch attribution, which allows distributing the credit to all related advertisements based on their corresponding contributions, has recently become an important research topic in digital advertising. Traditionally, rule-based attribution models have been used in practice. The drawback of such rule-based models lies in the fact that the rules are not derived form the data but only based on simple intuition. With the ever enhanced capability to tracking advertisement and users' interaction with the advertisement, data-driven multi-touch attribution models, which attempt to infer the contribution from user interaction data, become an important research direction. We here propose a new data-driven attribution model based on survival theory. By adopting a probabilistic framework, one key advantage of the proposed model is that it is able to remove the presentation biases inherit to most of the other attribution models. In addition to model the attribution, the proposed model is also able to predict user's 'conversion' probability. We validate the proposed method with a real-world data set obtained from a operational commercial advertising monitoring company. Experiment results have shown that the proposed method is quite promising in both conversion prediction and attribution.
MMB4 DMS Nanoparticle Suspension Formulation With Enhanced Stability for the Treatment of Nerve Agent Intoxication (2013)

Various oximes are currently fielded or under investigation in the United States and other countries as a component of autoinjector emergency treatment systems for organophosphate nerve agent chemical weapons. Bis-pyridinium oximes in general have greater efficacy against a broad spectrum of nerve agents, but they have poor stability due to hydrolytic degradation at elevated temperatures. 1,1'-Methylenebis-4-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dimethanesulfonate (MMB4 DMS) is a leading candidate for next-generation nerve agent treatment systems, because it is more stable than other bis-pyridinium oximes, but it still degrades quickly at temperatures often encountered during storage and field use. The primary goal is to increase the stability and shelf life of MMB4 while maintaining the desirable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the aqueous formulation. We have developed a formulation to be used in a phase 1 clinical trial consisting of MMB4 micro/nanoparticles suspended in cottonseed oil, a biocompatible vegetable oil. Through various milling techniques, the average particle size can be controlled from approximately 200 to 6000 nm to produce non-Newtonian formulations that are viscous enough to resist rapid particle sedimentation while remaining injectable at a range of concentrations from 5 to 400 mg/mL. The preliminary accelerated stability test shows that MMB4 in these formulations is stable for at least 2 years at temperatures up to 80°C. Preliminary preclinical in vivo studies have demonstrated that all concentrations and particle sizes have desirable PK properties, including high bioavailability and rapid absorption, which is critical to combat potent and fast-acting nerve agents.
Message Queue Telemetry Transport Broker with Priority Support for Emergency Events in Internet of Things (2018)

This paper presents a message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) broker with priority support for emergency events in the Internet of Things (IoT), which is abbreviated p-MQTT. To support the timely and reliable message delivery of emergency events, the p-MQTT classifies the published messages coming into the broker server and controls their priority according to the classification results. To this end, the p-MQTT consists of three components: virtual queue, classification, and priority control. The virtual queue stores the published messages separately according to their type, for which the p-MQTT broker server maintains three virtual queues: Urgent, Critical, and Normal. The classification component classifies the published messages into the three types mentioned above by checking the message type field in the published message header and stores the messages in the appropriate virtual queue. Finally, the priority control assigns a forwarding priority to each virtual queue and adjusts the quality-of-service (QoS) level of the messages within each virtual queue accordingly. To verify its effectiveness, we conduct an experimental implementation of the p-MQTT. The results show that the p-MQTT achieves better performance in emergency events than the existing MQTT.
Ellipsometric function of a film–substrate system: characterization and detailed study (1989)

To permit clear understanding and study of the ellipsometric function of a film–substrate system, an intermediate plane is introduced. This plane provides a tool for simplifying the treatment and analysis of the ellipsometric function. Accordingly, the film–substrate systems are divided into three categories; negative, zero, and positive systems. Each category is identified clearly and characterized. Simple expressions are given for each category. The behavior of each category is studied extensively. Families of curves representing each group are given. For a negative film–substrate system, the closed contours describing the behavior of the ellipsometric function in the complex ρ plane are divided into two groups in two separate domains filling the whole complex plane, with no intersection between any of the contours. The closed contours in the zero film–substrate system are also divided into two groups. One of the groups has one element (null contour ρ = −1), and the other group fills the interior of a unit circle in the ρ plane with a common point +1 for all the elements. For the positive film–substrate system, the closed contours that describe the behavior of ρ are not divided, and the intersection property between any two adherent contours exists. This is proved through a rigorous mathematical development. The mathematical development is carried out for the general case of a transparent film on an absorbing substrate system. The behavior of the ellipsometric function is analyzed in detail for the case of a transparent film on a transparent substrate system. The effect of the substrate absorption is indicated. The introduction of the intermediate plane also proves to be useful for obtaining the film thickness and the optical properties of the system in closed forms, tasks that, in addition to the design of reflection-type optical devices, will be discussed in subsequent papers.