gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-dose x-ray phase-contrast and absorption CT using equally sloped tomography (2010)

Tomographic reconstruction from undersampled and noisy projections is often desirable in transmission CT modalities for purposes of low-dose tomography and fast acquisition imaging. However under such conditions, due to the violation of the Nyquist sampling criteria and the presence of noise, reconstructions with acceptable accuracy may not be possible. Recent experiments in transmission electron tomography and coherent diffraction microscopy have shown that the technique of equally sloped tomography (EST), an exact tomographic method utilizing an oversampling iterative Fourier-based reconstruction, provides more accurate image reconstructions when the number of projections is significantly undersampled relative to filtered back projection and algebraic iterative methods. Here we extend this technique by developing new reconstruction algorithms which allow for the incorporation of advanced mathematical regularization constraints, such as the nonlocal means total variational model, in a manner that is consistent with experimental projections. We then evaluate the resulting image quality of the developed algorithm through simulations and experiments at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility on image quality phantoms using the x-ray absorption and phase contrast CT modalities. Both our simulation and experimental results have indicated that the method can reduce the number of projections by 60-75% in parallel beam modalities, while achieving comparable or better image quality than the conventional reconstructions. As large-scale and compact synchrotron radiation facilities are currently under rapid development worldwide, the implementation of low-dose x-ray absorption and phase-contrast CT can find broad applications in biology and medicine using these advanced x-ray sources.
An Overview of Top-Drive Drilling System Applications and Experiences (1986)

Summary Top-drive drilling has become one of the new technologies of the 1980's. Application of this seemingly old concept is now widespread in most offshore areas of the world. Top-drive drilling may be one of the biggest changes made to the rotary-drilling method since the development of the rotary table. This paper analyzes why the concept of drilling with top drive, similar to the very old concept of a power swivel, has suddenly become so successful. Applications and locations are presented to show the system's worldwide use. Results of more than 50 systems currently in operation are analyzed to present benefits and trends. The results show surprising benefits for almost any type of well, and overall time savings generally exceed 20%. Benefits from the extended-reach potential associated with top drives are enormous. These results explain the primary motivation for most applications of the system.
Short‐chain phorbol ester constituents of croton oil (1984)

Abstract Five phorbol diesters, three 4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol diesters, two phorbol monoesters, and one 4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol monoester were isolated from a commercial sample of croton oil and characterized spectroscopically. Their purification was achieved using combinations of droplet countercurrent chromatography, low‐pressure column chromatography over phase‐bonded silica gel, and preparative thin layer chromatography. All of these isolates were shown to possess short‐chain ester functionalities, with 12‐ O ‐tiglylphorbol‐13‐isobutyrate, 12‐ O ‐(2‐methyl)butyrylphorbol‐13‐isobutyrate, 12‐ O ‐(2‐methyl)butyrylphorbol‐13‐acetate, 12‐ O ‐tiglyl‐4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐isobutyrate, 12‐ O ‐tiglyl‐4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐acetate, 12‐ O ‐(2‐methyl)butyryl‐4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐acetate, phorbol‐12‐tiglate and 4‐deoxy‐4α‐phorbol‐13‐acetate being new compounds.
Characterization of ambient aerosols at the San Francisco International Airport using bioaerosol mass spectrometry (2006)

The BioAerosol Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) system is a rapidly fieldable, fully autonomous instrument that can perform correlated measurements of multiple orthogonal properties of individual aerosol particles. The BAMS front end uses optical techniques to nondestructively measure a particle's aerodynamic diameter and fluorescence properties. Fluorescence can be excited at 266nm or 355nm and is detected in two broad wavelength bands. Individual particles with appropriate size and fluorescence properties can then be analyzed more thoroughly in a dual-polarity time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Over the course of two deployments to the San Francisco International Airport, more than 6.5 million individual aerosol particles were fully analyzed by the system. Analysis of the resulting data has provided a number of important insights relevant to rapid bioaerosol detection, which are described here.
Abstract 2628: BGB-A425: a humanized anti-human Tim-3 antibody that exhibits strong immune cell activation (2017)

Abstract Background: Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobin and mucin-domian containing-3) is a “checkpoint” inhibitory receptor, which is primarily expressed in activated or “exhausted” T cells, NK cells, macrophages and DCs. Engagement of Tim-3 receptor by its ligand phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) or galectin-9 leads to activation of negative regulatory signaling in T-cells, promoting functional exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes. BGB-A425 is a novel humanized IgG1 (variant) anti-Tim-3 antibody under preclinical development. The immunomodulatory activity of BGB-A425 was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: BGB-A425 was generated through hybridoma fusion, humanized by CDR grafting and structural simulation. The Fc region (IgG1) of BGB-A425 was engineered to remove Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) binding. The binding affinity and specificity were studied by ELISA, FACS and SPR (Biacore). The immunomodulatory functions of BGB-A425 were evaluated using primary immune cells as well as cell lines. Results: BGB-A425 binds to the extracellular domain of human Tim-3 with high affinity (KD = 0.36 nM) and specificity. In a competition assay, BGB-A425 efficiently blocks the interactions between Tim-3 and PtdSer. In vitro, BGB-A425 significantly enhances IFN-γ production of primary T cells and NK-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. In a MLR assay, BGB-A425 augments T-cell response to allogeneic antigens either alone or in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody BGB-A317. Besides blocking Tim-3, BGB-A425 can also induce the internalization of Tim-3 receptor on cell surface. In vivo, BGB-A425 in combination with BGB-A317 inhibits tumor growth in a mouse xenograft cancer model. Conclusions: BGB-A425 demonstrates potent activity to stimulate immune cell function both in vitro and in vivo, supporting its clinical development for the treatment of human cancers. Citation Format: Tong Zhang, Liu Xue, Jing Zhang, Qi Liu, Jie Ma, Yi Zhang, Yingdi Shi, Hongjia Hou, Hao Peng, Ning Liu, Yilu Zhang, Xiaomin Song, Yucheng Li, Jing Song, Lai Wang, Min Wei, Kang Li. BGB-A425: a humanized anti-human Tim-3 antibody that exhibits strong immune cell activation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2628. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2628
A Comparison Of Iridium Silicide And Platinum Silicide Photodiodes (1987)

The most promising technology for staring infrared focal plane arrays today is based on Schottky barrier detectors. The focal planes are fabricated using platinum silicide (PtSi) photosensors on a p-type silicon substrate. The wide availability of high quality, VLSI grade substrates makes arrays extremely uniform in photoresponse and relatively easy to fabricate. The current state of the art in staring focal planes is at more than 1/4 million detectors on a single chip in a (512x512) format'. Other arrays such as 39,0002 detectors (244x160) are two year old technology and 64,0003 detectors (256x256) have been developed in the last year. PtSi diodes for use as photodetectors have been in development for several years. However, there is a very large base of information available since these same diodes can also be used as high reliability interconnects for VLSI integrated circuits. Work on PtSi for interconnect diode structures has been ongoing since the early 1960's.
Effect of Speaking into a Passive Resonator on Stuttering Frequency (1997)

The effect on stuttering frequency of speaking into a passive resonator was investigated. Eight participants who stuttered read aloud with and without the benefit of the resonator. A statistically significant reduction of approximately 30% in stuttering frequency was observed while the participants spoke with the resonator. These and similar commercially available devices may be employed with individuals who stutter, particularly children, as a means of enhancing fluency.
Creating GUI Testing Tools Using Accessibility Technologies (2009)

Since manual black-box testing of GUI-based applications(GAPs) is tedious and laborious, and existing tools do not fully address different aspects of the testing process, test engineers create custom testing tools to automate the testing process. These tools interact with GAPs by performing actions on their GUI objects. An extra effort that test engineers put in writing test tools is paid off when these tools are run repeatedly on different GAPs. Unfortunately, creating custom GUI testing tools is a laborious and intellectually intensive process, during which test engineers use platform-specific libraries and techniques. As a result, these tools are expensive, difficult to maintain and evolve, and they often run only on specific platforms.We offer a universal approach for creating custom testing GUI tools. This approach is lightweight, portable, nonintrusive, universal, and cheap, and it combines a nonstandard use of accessibility technologies for accessing and controlling GAPs in a uniform way with a visualization mechanism that enables test personnel to interact with GUI objects by performing point-and-click, drag-and-drop operations on GAPs. We describe how we used this approach to create various GUI testing tools, delve into technical features of accessibility technologies, and review our experience with this approach.
A Journey to the Total Synthesis of Daptomycin (2014)

Daptomycin, the first antibiotic of its class, provides a new structural motif for the development of new antibiotics. Recently, we have completed the total synthesis of daptomycin. The development of the successful synthetic strategy is described here, including the application of serine/threonine ligation mediated peptide cyclization to the daptomycin macrocyclization.
Video-Quality Planning Model for Videophone Services (2008)

Videophone services over IP (Internet protocol) will become key services in the next-generation network (NGN). To provide a high-quality service for users, designing and managing the quality of experience (QoE) appropriately is extremely important. To do this, developing an objective quality assessment method that estimates subjective quality by using quality parameters of the videophone system is desirable. We propose a parametric-planning model for assessing video quality affected by coding and packet loss. The results indicated quality estimation accuracy was sufficient for practical use because the estimation errors of our model were equivalent to the statistical reliability of subjective assessment. Therefore, our model could be applied to effective design of video quality for videophone applications and networks. As an example of using our model, we show video-quality planning of videophone services.
Low Molecular Weight Factors Displaying Augmenting Activity for Human Antibody Production <i>in vitro</i> (1987)

Dialyzable low molecular weight antibody-augmenting factors (LMAAF) were found in the culture supernatant of human tonsillar lymphocytes which were not stimulated by antigen and/or mitogen in vitro. Phagocyte-depleted nylon wool-adherent lymphocytes (M-Ny+ cells) were responsible for the release of the LMAAF. Marbrook's culture system was adopted to assay for the LMAAF. The M-Ny+ cells, which were cultured without antigen and/or without mitogen in the reservoir of Marbrook's diffusion culture vessel, released the LMAAF, which diffused across a dialysis membrane and significantly augmented the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of phagocyte-depleted lymphocytes (M-cells) cultured in the inner vessel. Phagocyte-depleted nylon wool-passed lymphocytes (M-Ny- cells) cultured in the reservoir could not augment the PWM-induced PFC response of the M- cells cultured in the inner vessel. The exuded fluid, which was the dialysate of the culture supernatant of the M-Ny+ cells ultrafiltrated with dialysis tubing, also enhanced the PFC response of M- cells cultured in 24-well multi plates. The exuded fluid also augmented the total IgM and IgG production of human tonsillar and peripheral blood lymphocytes measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems. Gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-25 Superfine column showed that the LMAAF activity was demonstrated in the fractions corresponding to a molecular weight (m.w.) of 362 to 1,355 and a m.w. of 3,560 to 5,700, with a peak activity at about 4,500 dalton. The LMAAF were inactivated by treatment with proteinase K, but not by trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, RNase, and DNase, and were stable when treated at 56 C for 60 min. The dialysates of culture supernatants from two out of seven Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed M-Ny+ cell lines showed LMAAF-like activity. These results indicate that phagocyte-depleted nylon wool-adherent lymphocytes, possibly B cells, release low molecular weight factors displaying augmenting activity for human antibody production in vitro.
Composition-matched molecular “solders” for semiconductors (2015)

We propose a general strategy to synthesize largely unexplored soluble chalcogenidometallates of cadmium, lead, and bismuth. These compounds can be used as "solders" for semiconductors widely used in photovoltaics and thermoelectrics. The addition of solder helped to bond crystal surfaces and link nano- or mesoscale particles together. For example, CdSe nanocrystals with Na2Cd2Se3 solder was used as a soluble precursor for CdSe films with electron mobilities exceeding 300 square centimeters per volt-second. CdTe, PbTe, and Bi2Te3 powders were molded into various shapes in the presence of a small additive of composition-matched chalcogenidometallate or chalcogel, thus opening new design spaces for semiconductor technologies.
Isolation of Selected Exchange Processes in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1996)

Abstract We have shown that it is possible to inhibit the transfer of magnetization in a system with several exchanging sites in dynamic equilibrium, as in a mixture of cis ‐ and trans ‐ZrCl 4 L 2 with excess free ligand L (L = (CH 3 O) 3 PO). The forward and backward reaction rates involving two selected sites can be studied while the effect of competing exchange processes is “quenched”. This can be achieved either by selective inversion of the magnetization of the two chosen sites in the course of the reaction interval, or alternatively by inversion of the magnetization of all other sites in the exchange network. The rate of exchange from the free to the cis site was determined to be k cis←free = 0.018 s −1 . In the usual methods, this process would tend to be overshadowed by the almost two hundred times faster competing exchange process from the cis to the trans site ( K trans←cis = 3.32 s −1 ).
The Immunoglobulin D-Binding Protein MID from<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>Is Also an Adhesin (2003)

The Moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin D (IgD)-binding protein (MID) is a 200-kDa outer membrane protein displaying a unique and specific affinity for human IgD. MID is found in the majority of M. catarrhalis strains. In the present paper, we show that MID-expressing M. catarrhalis strains agglutinate human erythrocytes and bind to type II alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, M. catarrhalis isolates with low MID expression levels and two mutants deficient in MID, but with readily detectable UspA1 expression, do not agglutinate erythrocytes and have a 50% lower adhesive capacity. To examine the adhesive part of MID, the protein was dissected into nine fragments covering the entire molecule. The truncated MID proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and used for raising polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Interestingly, by using recombinant fragments, we show that the hemagglutinating and adhesive part of MID is localized within the 150-amino-acid fragment MID(764-913). In addition, antibodies against full-length MID, MID(764-913), or a 30-amino-acid consensus sequence (MID(775-804)) inhibited adhesion to alveolar epithelial cells. Antibodies against UspA1, an outer membrane protein expressed in essentially all M. catarrhalis strains, also inhibited adhesion, suggesting that both MID and UspA1 are needed for optimal attachment to epithelial cells. Taken together, in addition to MID-dependent IgD binding, we have demonstrated that the outer membrane protein MID is a novel adhesin that would be a suitable target for a future vaccine against M. catarrhalis.
Combining breadth-first and depth-first strategies in searching for treewidth (2009)

Breadth-first and depth-first search are basic search strategies upon which many other search algorithms are built. In this paper, we describe an approach to integrating these two strategies in a single algorithm that combines the complementary strengths of both. We show the benefits of this approach using the treewidth problem as an example. 1
Improving Machine Translation Performance by Exploiting Non-Parallel Corpora (2005)

We present a novel method for discovering parallel sentences in comparable, non-parallel corpora. We train a maximum entropy classifier that, given a pair of sentences, can reliably determine whether or not they are translations of each other. Using this approach, we extract parallel data from large Chinese, Arabic, and English non-parallel newspaper corpora. We evaluate the quality of the extracted data by showing that it improves the performance of a state-of-the-art statistical machine translation system. We also show that a good-quality MT system can be built from scratch by starting with a very small parallel corpus (100,000 words) and exploiting a large non-parallel corpus. Thus, our method can be applied with great benefit to language pairs for which only scarce resources are available.
Inhibition of macrophage and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase by diphenyleneiodonium and its analogs <sup>1</sup> (1991)

The cofactor requirements of macrophage nitric oxide (NO.) synthase suggest involvement of an NADPH-dependent flavoprotein. This prompted us to test the effect of the flavoprotein inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), di-2-thienyliodonium (DTI), and iodoniumdiphenyl (ID) on the NO. synthases of macrophages and endothelium. DPI, DTI, and ID completely inhibited NO. synthesis by mouse macrophages, their lysates, and partially purified macrophage NO. synthase. Inhibition of NO. synthase by these agents was potent (IC50's 50-150 nM), irreversible, dependent on time and temperature, and independent of enzyme catalysis. The inhibition by DPI was blocked by NADPH, NADP+, or 2'5'-ADP, but not by NADH. Likewise, FAD or FMN, but not riboflavin or adenosine 5-diphosphoribose, protected NO. synthase from inhibition by DPI. Neither NADPH nor FAD reacted with DPI. Once NO. synthase was inhibited by DPI, neither NADPH nor FAD could restore its activity. DPI also inhibited acetylcholine-induced relaxation of norepinephrine-preconstricted rabbit aortic rings (IC50 300 nM). Inhibition of acetylcholine-induced relaxation persisted for at least 2 h after DPI was washed out. In contrast, DPI had no effect on norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction itself nor on vasorelaxation induced by the NO.-generating agent sodium nitroprusside. These results suggest that NO. synthesis in both macrophages and endothelial cells depends on an NADPH-utilizing flavoprotein. As a new class of NO. synthase inhibitors, DPI and its analogs are likely to prove useful in analyzing the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of NO(.).
Ovarian Cyst Fluids Are a Cache of Tumor Biomarkers That Include Calgranulin A and Calgranulin B Isoforms (2013)

SELDI-TOF MS analysis of cyst fluids identified 95 peaks that discriminate malignant, borderline, and benign ovarian tumors. Three prominent peaks, which correspond to calgranulin A (m/z 10847) and two isoforms of calgranulin B (m/z 12717 and 13294), have higher concentrations in borderline and malignant cyst fluids. Together, calgranulin A and B distinguish borderline and malignant tumors from benign tumors with 28.6% and 63.6% sensitivity for early stage disease, respectively, at 95% specificity and with 74.8% accuracy. Ovarian cyst fluids are useful for discovering discriminatory biomarkers, such as calgranulin, which may have utility for detecting, diagnosing, and biochemically classifying ovarian tumors.
Nanoscale switch elements from self-assembled monolayers on silver (2007)

Au/molecule/Ag junctions are shown to behave as voltage-controlled two-state switches. In the open state, the current-voltage behavior is consistent with a metal-molecule-metal tunnel junction. At a negative bias threshold, silver filaments bridge the gap between the two electrodes, resulting in direct metal-metal contact and an increase in current of several orders of magnitude. Under positive bias, the filaments dissolve, returning the switch to an open state. Switching rates of up to ≈10kHz have been observed. Because the only required components are silver and a self-assembled monolayer, this switch element can be incorporated into a wide array of device architectures.
ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTIONS IN INTERSUBBAND LASER HETEROSTRUCTURES (2002)

We present a simple semianalytical model, which allows comprehensive analysis of the LO-phonon assisted electron relaxation in quantum well intersubband semiconductor lasers. Examples of scattering rate tailoring in type-I double quantum well heterostructures and analysis of the subband depopulation process in type-II heterostructures illustrate applicability of the model.
Optimizing a shared virtual memory system for a heterogeneous CPU-accelerator platform (2011)

The client computing platform is moving towards a heterogeneous architecture that combines scalar-oriented CPU cores and throughput-oriented accelerator cores. Recognizing that existing programming models for such heterogeneous platforms are still difficult for most programmers, we advocate a shared virtual memory programming model to improve programmability. In this paper, we focus on performance, and demonstrate that users need not sacrifice performance for programmability. We describe our approaches, experiences, and results in optimizing MYO on a heterogeneous platform consisting of a CPU and an Aubrey Isle accelerator. Our efforts involve the whole system software stack including the OS, runtime, and application.
Phase and Amplitude Pre-Emphasis Techniques for Low-Power Serial Links (2006)

A novel approach to equalization of high-speed serial links combines both amplitude pre-emphasis to correct for intersymbol interference and phase pre-emphasis to compensate for deterministic jitter, in particular, data-dependent jitter. Phase pre-emphasis augments the performance of low power transmitters in bandwidth-limited channels. The transmitter circuit is implemented in a 90-nm bulk CMOS process and reduces power consumption by pushing CMOS static logic to the output stage, a 4:1 output multiplexer. The received signal jitter over a cable is reduced from 16.15 ps to 10.29 ps with only phase pre-emphasis at the transmitter. The jitter is reduced by 3.6 ps over an FR-4 backplane interconnect. A transmitter without phase pre-emphasis consumes 18 mW of power at 6Gb/s and 600mVpp output swing, a power budget of 3mW/Gb/s, while a transmitter with phase pre-emphasis consumes 24mW, a budget of 4 mW/Gb/s.