gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial rule explosion eliminated by a fuzzy rule configuration (1998)

Conventional fuzzy inference methodology relates the relevant subsets of each input universal set to the subsets of the other system inputs through an intersection-rule configuration. This strategy yields an exponential growth in the number of rules as inputs are added to the system, quickly reducing performance to unacceptable levels. A novel rule configuration and matrix design are presented in this paper that do not rely on rule multiplication to insure that antecedent elements are effectively related to their consequent counterparts. This alternative formulation models the entire system problem space with a simplified structure that increases linearly as the inference engine grows, providing significant computational savings to a broad range of commercial and scientific applications.
Increases in Intracellular Ca2+ Regulate the Binding of [3H]Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate to Intact 1321N1 Astrocytoma Cells (1989)

The redistribution of protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase) from a cytosolic or a loosely associated membrane compartment to a more integral membrane compartment is stimulated by Ca2+ in vitro. This event is thought to be necessary for activation of the enzyme. To determine whether such a redistribution of protein kinase C occurs following hormonally stimulated increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+, we measured [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDB) binding to protein kinase C in intact 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. The muscarinic agonist carbachol causes a 2-fold increase in [3H]PDB binding. This increase is transient, peaking at 1 min and returning toward control levels by 5 min. Scatchard analysis of [3H]PDB binding in the presence of carbachol reveals a 2-fold increase in the Bmax and no change in the KD compared to control values. This increase in Bmax likely represents a redistribution of protein kinase C to the membrane because [3H]PDB binding in intact cells is predominantly to membrane-associated enzyme. The Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin, and two other Ca2+-mobilizing hormones, bradykinin and histamine, mimic the effects of carbachol. Furthermore, when hormone-sensitive Ca2+ stores are depleted by prior agonist treatment, the carbachol-induced increases in intracellular [Ca2+] and [3H]PDB binding are completely blocked. Under these conditions, phosphoinositide hydrolysis and diacylglycerol (DAG) formation are not inhibited. We also examined the time course of DAG accumulation in response to carbachol. DAG is not yet significantly elevated when the increase in [3H]PDB binding is maximal. Furthermore, [3H]PDB binding has returned to control levels when DAG concentrations are maximally elevated. These data suggest that hormone-stimulated increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ cause a marked and rapid redistribution of protein kinase C which precedes any significant increase in DAG. Our findings also demonstrate that [3H]PDB binding to intact cells may be a useful measure of the ability of Ca2+-mobilizing hormones to affect protein kinase C.
Dynamic Plasticity of Axons within a Cutaneous Milieu (2010)

The skin is a repository of sensory axons immersed within the turnover of epidermal, follicular, and dermal cellular constituents. We show that epidermal and perifollicular axons within intact hairy skin of mice possess a remarkable dynamic plasticity linked to their microenvironment. For example, the majority of epidermal axons express the growth protein GAP43. Unexpectedly, we induced new cutaneous axogenesis by simple and noninvasive hair clipping, a response linked to a series of changes in their cutaneous neighbors. In thy-1 YFP transgenic mice with fluorescent axons, superficial epidermal and perifollicular cells newly acquired YFP, indicating diffuse activation by clipping despite the absence of skin injury. At 48 h after clipping, this activation was accompanied by a rise in the number of epidermal cells, transient rises in mRNA of Sox2, a marker of follicular stem cells, and a rise in mRNA of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of glial cells. Axons responded with rises in their numbers in the epidermis and around dermal hair follicles. Linking these responses were early, large, and selective rises in hepatic growth factor (HGF) mRNA, with its protein identified in epidermal cells, perifollicular cells, and sensory axons. Moreover, these elements also expressed the HGF receptor c-Met, especially in small caliber sensory neurons. Finally, we identified concurrent rises in Rac1 activation, a downstream target of ligated c-Met. Together, these results confirm critical linkages between sensory axons and their cutaneous milieu. We believe that the plasticity is provoked by follicular-originating cutaneous activation with HGF and Rac1 signaling, allowing cross talk and axonal remodeling.
Effects of an External Additive on Toner Adhesion (2000)

We have studied the effects of an external additive on the non-electrostatic and electrostatic adhesion of toner. Toner samples with various concentrations of the additive were prepared. The additive surface coverage on the toner was evaluated with a scanning electron microscope. The adhesion to a photoconductor of non-tribocharged or tribocharged toner was measured by the centrifugal method. It was found that the non-electrostatic adhesion rapidly decreased with increasing surface coverage, and saturated at a certain coverage. The dependence of the non-electrostatic adhesion on the surface coverage can be explained as a change of the van der Waals force. The electrostatic adhesion increases in proportion to the square of toner charge to mass ratio, and the slope decreases exponentially with increasing surface coverage. A simple electrostatic image force model cannot explain an enhanced electrostatic adhesion. It is suggested that the enhanced adhesion is caused by a non-uniform charge distribution in the toner surface. The decrease in electrostatic adhesion with increasing surface additive is attributed to increasing total charged area on the toner particle.
Quantitative In-Line Analysis in Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Using Fibre-Optic NIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration: A Potential Method for Monitoring Continuous Flow Processes (2004)

A set-up for fibre-optical in-line near infrared spectroscopic monitoring of hydrocarbons in supercritical CO 2 has been developed, which can be operated under flow-through conditions. It consists of a high-pressure optical cell, which is adapted to an FT-NIR spectrometer via a fibre-optic interface. NIR spectra of squalane in supercritical CO 2 have been measured for varying concentration, temperature and pressure conditions. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model was developed with a calibration set of 36 samples spanning the 0–32 × 10 −3 g cm −3 squalane concentration range and with CO 2 densities between 0.62–0.86 g cm −3 . Based on the corresponding absorbance data in the 4900–4200 cm −1 spectral range, squalane and CO 2 were modelled with standard deviations of 0.24–10 −3 and 3.8 × 10 −3 g cm −3 , respectively. Comparable standard deviations were obtained by validating the model with independent test samples. The developed calibration models allow for the in-line quantification of both constituents under varying temperature and pressure conditions from a single spectral measurement. The results obtained encourage the use of NIR spectroscopy/PLS calibration for fast in-line analysis of continuous flow extraction processes for the deoiling of metal parts based on supercritical CO 2 .
Unique inflammatory profile is associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mortality (2021)

The COVID19 pandemic has caused more than a million of deaths worldwide, primarily due to complications from COVID19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Controversy surrounds the circulating cytokine/chemokine profile of COVID19-associated ARDS, with some groups suggesting that it is similar to patients without COVID19 ARDS and others observing substantial differences. Moreover, although a hyperinflammatory phenotype associates with higher mortality in non-COVID19 ARDS, there is little information on the inflammatory landscape’s association with mortality in patients with COVID19 ARDS. Even though the circulating leukocytes’ transcriptomic signature has been associated with distinct phenotypes and outcomes in critical illness including ARDS, it is unclear whether the mortality-associated inflammatory mediators from patients with COVID19 are transcriptionally regulated in the leukocyte compartment. Here, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 41 mechanically ventilated patients with COVID19 infection using highly calibrated methods to define the levels of plasma cytokines/chemokines and their gene expressions in circulating leukocytes. Plasma IL1RA and IL8 were found positively associated with mortality, whereas RANTES and EGF negatively associated with that outcome. However, the leukocyte gene expression of these proteins had no statistically significant correlation with mortality. These data suggest a unique inflammatory signature associated with severe COVID19.
Finite Element Modeling of Optic Nerve Head Biomechanics (2004)

Computed levels of strain in the lamina cribrosa are biologically significant and capable of contributing to the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, even without considering the probable accentuating effect of the lamina cribrosa's microarchitecture. Depending on optic cup shape, IOP-induced deformation of the vitreoretinal interface may not match lamina cribrosa deformation. This finding implies that scanning laser tomography has limited ability to estimate lamina cribrosa deformation when imaging the anterior topography of the optic nerve head. Biomechanical effects in the lamina cribrosa depend strongly on scleral properties.
Structure of a novel sulphur-containing metabolite of Acluracil (1-allyl-3,5-diethyl-6-chlorouracil) (1982)

1. A new sulphur-containing metabolite of 1-allyl-3,5-diethyl-6-chlorouracil, identified as 6,8-diethyl-2-hydroxymethyltetrahydrothiazolo[3,2-c]pyrimidine-5,7 (4H,6H)-dione, has been demonstrated in rabbit urine.2. The mechanism of the formation of this metabolite is discussed and a metabolic pathway for the formation of methylthio metabolites is proposed.
Hidden semantic concept discovery in region based image retrieval (2004)

This work addresses content based image retrieval (CBIR), focusing on developing a hidden semantic concept discovery methodology to address effective semantics-intensive image retrieval. In our approach, each image in the database is segmented to region; associated with homogenous color, texture, and shape features. By exploiting regional statistical information in each image and employing a vector quantization method, a uniform and sparse region-based representation is achieved. With this representation a probabilistic model based on statistical-hidden-class assumptions of the image database is obtained, to which expectation-maximization (EM) technique is applied to analyze semantic concepts hidden in the database. An elaborated retrieval algorithm is designed to support the probabilistic model. The semantic similarity is measured through integrating the posterior probabilities of the transformed query image, as well as a constructed negative example, to the discovered semantic concepts. The proposed approach has a solid statistical foundation and the experimental evaluations on a database of 10,000 general-purposed images demonstrate its promise of the effectiveness.
Regulation of the Gene Encoding GPR40, a Fatty Acid Receptor Expressed Selectively in Pancreatic β Cells (2007)

GPR40 is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed preferentially in pancreatic beta cells. It is activated by long-chain fatty acids and has been implicated in mediating physiological and pathological effects of long-chain fatty acids on beta cells. We mapped the GPR40 transcription start site to a location 1044 bp upstream of the translation start site. This permitted definition of the GPR40 core promoter and the organization of the gene, which comprises a 24-bp non-coding exon, a 698-bp intron and a 4402-bp second exon, containing the entire protein coding sequence. Sequence analysis of the GPR40 locus revealed three evolutionarily conserved regions upstream to the translation start site (HR1-HR3). DNase I-hypersensitive sites were present in the HR2 and HR3 regions in beta cells but not in non-beta cells. The 5'-flanking region of the GPR40 gene was capable of directing transcriptional activity selectively in beta cells. An important component of this is attributable to the HR2 region, which showed strong beta cell-specific enhancer activity. Systematic mutagenesis of HR2 revealed several important sub-regions. Mutagenesis of sub-regions 4-5, and 9 reduced transcriptional activity by approximately 60 and 40%, respectively. These sub-regions can bind the beta cell-specific transcription factors PDX1 and BETA2, respectively, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, cell-specific expression of the GPR40 gene involves a characteristic chromatin organization of the locus and is controlled at the transcriptional level through HR2, a potent beta cell-specific enhancer.
A CMOS silicon VLSI optical sensor (2003)

The authors describe a neural network integrated circuit implementation for a pattern recognition sensor that is based on some of the processes of mammalian vision. As in the retina, the image to be recognized is directly projected onto the silicon surface. An array of photoreceptors converts light intensity into currents which are fed into and processed by analog circuit elements. The first layer of image processing detects across the image, the local orientation of lines and edges. This first stage is followed by further layers of processing that recognize more complex patterns in groups of those oriented line directions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Progress in the development of large area sub-millimeter resolution CdZnTe strip detectors (1996)

We report progress in ongoing measurements of the performance of a sub-millimeter pitch CdZnTe strip detector developed as a prototype for astronomical instruments. Strip detectors can be used to provide two-dimensional position resolution with fewer electronic channels than pixellated arrays. Arrays of this type are under development for the position-sensitive image plane detector for a coded-aperture telescope operating in the hard x-ray range of 20-200 keV. The prototype is a 1.5 mm thick, 64 by 64 orthogonal stripe CdZnTe detector of 0.375 mm pitch in both dimensions, approximately one square inch of sensitive area. In addition to energy and spatial resolution capabilities, as reported last year, we demonstrate the imaging capabilities and discuss uniformity of response across an 8 by 8 stripe, 64 'pixel', segment of detector. A technique for determination of the depth of photon interaction is discussed and initial results related to depth determination are presented. Issues related to the design and development of readout electronics, the packaging and production of strip detectors and the production of compact strip detector modules, including detector and readout electronics, are also discussed.
Şizofreni Hastalığının Biyolojik Belirteçlerinden Olan Ön Uyaran Aracılı İnhibisyon Testine (ÖUAİ) Göre Gruplandırılmış Sıçanların Dizosilpin (MK-801)’e Verdikleri Yanıt Farklılıkları (2013)

Şizofreni hastalığı etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmeyen kronik bir beyin hastalığıdır. Sesle oluşturulan irkilme refleksinin &amp;ouml;n uyaran aracılı inhibisyonun bozulması, gerek şizofreni hastalığının etiyolojisinin araştırılması gerek ise yeni ila&amp;ccedil; geliştirilmesi a&amp;ccedil;ısından en &amp;ccedil;ok kullanılan y&amp;ouml;ntemlerden birisidir. Bu &amp;ccedil;alışmada &amp;Ouml;UAİ değerlerine g&amp;ouml;re gruplandırılan sı&amp;ccedil;anlarda MK-801&amp;rsquo;in etkisinin araştırılması ama&amp;ccedil;lanmıştır. &amp;Ccedil;alışmada erkek erişkin (2-3 aylık) Wistar t&amp;uuml;r&amp;uuml; sı&amp;ccedil;anlar bazal &amp;Ouml;UAİ değerlerine g&amp;ouml;re &amp;ldquo;d&amp;uuml;ş&amp;uuml;k&amp;rdquo; ve &amp;ldquo;y&amp;uuml;ksek&amp;rdquo; inhibisyonluolarak ayrıldı ve N-metil-D-aspartat (NMDA) resept&amp;ouml;r antagonisti olan dizosilpinin (MK-801; 0,05 ve 0,15 mg/kg) bu gruplardaki yanıt farklılıkları incelendi. Bazal değerlerine g&amp;ouml;re gruplandırılan sı&amp;ccedil;anlarda MK-801&amp;rsquo;in her iki dozu, y&amp;uuml;ksek inhibisyonlu grubun &amp;Ouml;UAİ değerleriniistatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde d&amp;uuml;ş&amp;uuml;rd&amp;uuml; ancak d&amp;uuml;ş&amp;uuml;k grubun &amp;Ouml;UAİ değerlerinde herhangi bir anlamlı etki g&amp;ouml;zlemlenmedi.Bu &amp;ccedil;alışmadan elde edilen veriler, glutamaterjik sistemin &amp;Ouml;UAİ fenomeninin ger&amp;ccedil;ekleşmesinde &amp;ouml;nemli rol oynadığını, &amp;Ouml;UAİ testi kullanılarak sı&amp;ccedil;anların bazal inhibisyon değerlerine g&amp;ouml;re gruplara ayrılabildiğini ve bu gruplarda MK-801&amp;rsquo;in farklı yanıtlar oluşturduğunu g&amp;ouml;stermektedir.
Prevention of unnecessary pregnancy terminations by counselling women on drug, chemical, and radiation exposure during the first trimester (1990)

As part of a new approach to counselling pregnant women concerned about antenatal exposure to drugs, chemicals, or radiation, we measured their tendency to terminate their pregnancy by using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Analysis of 78 cases where women had less than 50% tendency to continue pregnancy before they were advised by us reveals that 61 decided to continue their pregnancy after the consultation (57 normal, healthy infants, four miscarriages) and 17 terminated. Women who continued their pregnancy significantly changed their tendency after we discussed relevant information with them (from 34.3 +/- 2.5% to 84.5 +/- 3.3%, P less than 0.00001), whereas most of those who eventually terminated pregnancy did not change their tendency to continue pregnancy beyond the 50% mark (from 24.8 +/- 5.4% to 45.1 +/- 9.8%) (P greater than 0.1). Only two of the women who terminated their pregnancy were exposed to teratogenic drugs; however, in most other cases, other obvious reasons, unrelated to the exposure in question, were identified by the women as leading reasons for termination. An appropriate intervention in early pregnancy can prevent unnecessary pregnancy terminations by correcting misinformation and thereby decreasing the unrealistically high perception of risk by women exposed to nonteratogens.
Role of Gingipains in Growth of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> in the Presence of Human Serum Albumin (2001)

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium associated with active chronic periodontitis lesions, produces several proteolytic enzymes that are thought to be involved in host colonization, perturbation of the immune system, and tissue destruction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of Arg- and Lys-gingipains produced by P. gingivalis to its growth. Although all of the proteins studied were degraded by P. gingivalis, only human serum albumin and transferrin supported growth during serial transfers in a chemically defined medium (CDM). Growth studies with site-directed gingipain-deficient mutants of P. gingivalis revealed that inactivation of both gingipains prevents growth, whereas inactivation of either Arg- or Lys-gingipain activity extended the doubling times to 33 or 13 h, respectively, compared to 9 h for the parent strain. Growth of the mutants and the parent strain was similar when the CDM was supplemented with a protein hydrolysate instead of human serum albumin. Incubation of resting P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 cells with fluorophore-labeled albumin indicated that the proteolytic fragments generated by the gingipains were internalized by the bacterial cells. Internalization of fluorophore-labeled albumin fragments was reduced or completely inhibited in the proteinase-deficient mutants. Interestingly, gingival crevicular fluid samples from diseased periodontal sites contained low-molecular-mass albumin fragments, whereas samples from healthy sites did not. The critical role of proteinases in the growth of P. gingivalis was further investigated using specific Arg- and Lys-gingipain inhibitors. Adding the inhibitors to CDM containing albumin revealed that leupeptin (Arg-gingipain A and B inhibitor) was more efficient at inhibiting growth than cathepsin B inhibitor II (Lys-gingipain inhibitor). Our study suggests that Arg-gingipains and, to a lesser extent, Lys-gingipain play an important role in the growth of P. gingivalis in a defined medium containing a human protein as the sole carbon and nitrogen source.
Combining Allele-Specific Fluorescent Probes and Restriction Assay in Real-Time PCR to Achieve SNP Scoring Beyond Allele Ratios of 1:1000 (2008)

TaqMan-nuclease assays are widely used for the qualitative detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the determination of biallelic states in pooled or heterozygous DNA samples. These assays are highly specific, reproducible, and suitable for high-throughput approaches. A crucial limitation of this method, and others, is the detection qf minor allele frequencies with detection limits of generally 3% to 9% for minor allele contributions. Here we describe the combination of customized TaqMan-nuclease assay and allele-specific restriction to increase the sensitivity of this method, allowing the qualitative detection of allele contributions as low as 0.05%.
Biomimetically relevant self-condensations of C5 units derived from lysine (2010)

In various conditions, dimerization of pentanedial-derived units gives rise to interesting skeletons, which are reminiscent of alkaloids known to be biosynthesized in Nature via lysine metabolism.
A new formulation of nasal fentanyl spray for postoperative analgesia: a pilot study (2003)

Twenty-four gynaecological patients receiving postoperative patient-controlled analgesia were enrolled in an open cross-over pilot study evaluating two new formulations of nasal fentanyl spray. The primary outcome was the bioavailability of nasal fentanyl in comparison with intravenous fentanyl. This manuscript describes the clinical outcomes of quality of postoperative analgesia and patient acceptability. There were 21 complete data sets for both sequences of the cross-over design. In randomised order, patients received approximately 50 microg of fentanyl in a single dose by intranasal and intravenous administration, but separated by at least 2 h. Analgesia was of rapid onset (within 5 min) and similar quality. There was no significant difference in side-effects. Four patients experienced mild nasal stinging and although 10 (42%) preferred intravenous administration, seven (29%) preferred intranasal and six (25%) had no preference. We conclude that these formulations of fentanyl, delivered as nasal spray, have potential clinical utility.