gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction (2012)

The last hundred years have seen dramatic experiments in economic policy: the adoption of central banking in the United States and elsewhere; command economies during the First World War; communist central planning in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China; fascism in Mussolini’s Italy; National Socialism in Hitler’s Germany; the New Deal in Roosevelt’s United States; the Bretton Woods international monetary system and the adoption of Keynesian macroeconomic policies after the Second World War; major nationalizations in postwar Great Britain; the reemergence of free-market principles in postwar Germany; Soviet-style Five-Year Plans in India; the final abandonment of gold in favor of a system of fluctuating exchange rates among unanchored government fiat monies; regulation and deregulation and reregulation around the globe; the collapse and repudiation of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe; market-led growth policies in the East Asian “tigers” and then in China and India; “neoliberal” policies promoting the globalization of economic activities. In recent years an unhappy sequence– a worldwide housing credit bubble, followed by the collapse of mammoth financial institutions, followed by expensive government bailouts and takeovers, followed by record-breaking budget deficits and fiscal crises– has returned the issues of monetary policy, regulation, nationalization, and fiscal policy to the front of the economic policy stage across the developed world.
Automatic loop interchange (1984)

Parallel and vector machines are becoming increasingly important to many computation intensive applications. Effectively utilizing such architectures, particularly from sequential languages such as Fortran, has demanded increasingly sophisticated compilers. In general, a compiler needs to significantly reorder a program in order to generate code optimal for a specific architecture.Because DO loops typically control the execution of a number of statements, the order in which loops are executed can dramatically affect the performance of a machine on a particular section of code. In particular, loop interchange can often be used to enhance the performance of code on parallel or vector machines.Determining when loops may be safely and profitably interchanged requires a study of the data dependences in the program. This work discusses specific applications of that theory to loop interchange. This theory is described as it has been implemented in PFC (Parallel Fortran Converter) -- a program which attempts to uncover operations in sequential Fortran code that may be safely rewritten as vector operations.
Finite Fields (1996)

The theory of finite fields is a branch of algebra that has come to the fore because of its diverse applications in such areas as combinatorics, coding theory and the mathematical study of switching ciruits. This book is devoted entirely to the theory of finite fields, and it provides comprehensive coverage of the literature. Bibliographical notes at the end of each chapter give an historical survey of the development of the subject. Worked-out examples and lists of exercises found throughout the book make it useful as a text for advanced-level courses.
Blood Vessel Segmentation of Fundus Images by Major Vessel Extraction and Sub-Image Classification (2014)

This paper presents a novel three-stage blood vessel segmentation algorithm using fundus photographs. In the first stage, the green plane of a fundus image is preprocessed to extract a binary image after high-pass filtering, and another binary image from the morphologically reconstructed enhanced image for the vessel regions. Next, the regions common to both the binary images are extracted as the major vessels. In the second stage, all remaining pixels in the two binary images are classified using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classifier using a set of eight features that are extracted based on pixel neighborhood and first and second-order gradient images. In the third postprocessing stage, the major portions of the blood vessels are combined with the classified vessel pixels. The proposed algorithm is less dependent on training data, requires less segmentation time and achieves consistent vessel segmentation accuracy on normal images as well as images with pathology when compared to existing supervised segmentation methods. The proposed algorithm achieves a vessel segmentation accuracy of 95.2%, 95.15%, and 95.3% in an average of 3.1, 6.7, and 11.7 s on three public datasets DRIVE, STARE, and CHASE_DB1, respectively.
Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation: advances and issues (2010)

In this review, we present a comprehensive set of experimental results on microcavity-polariton Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC), obtained within a close collaboration between Institut Neel, Grenoble, France and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. First, we recall the main observations, i.e., massive occupation of the ground state and build-up of long range order, which led us to conclude that polariton BEC indeed occurs. Then, the highly disordered environment in which the condensation takes place is considered: we show how interactions are a necessary ingredient for polariton BEC. Finally we discuss quantised vortices observed for the first time in polariton condensates. Their unusual features are shown to be inherited from the disordered environment and the driven-dissipative character of the polariton BEC.
Chromosome-scale genomes of commercially important mahoganies, Swietenia macrophylla and Khaya senegalensis (2023)

Mahogany species (family Meliaceae) are highly valued for their aesthetic and durable wood. Despite their economic and ecological importance, genomic resources for mahogany species are limited, hindering genetic improvement and conservation efforts. Here we perform chromosome-scale genome assemblies of two commercially important mahogany species: Swietenia macrophylla and Khaya senegalensis. By combining 10X sequencing and Hi-C data, we assemble high-quality genomes of 274.49 Mb (S. macrophylla) and 406.50 Mb (K. senegalensis), with scaffold N50 lengths of 8.51 Mb and 7.85 Mb, respectively. A total of 99.38% and 98.05% of the assembled sequences are anchored to 28 pseudo-chromosomes in S. macrophylla and K. senegalensis, respectively. We predict 34,129 and 31,908 protein-coding genes in S. macrophylla and K. senegalensis, respectively, of which 97.44% and 98.49% are functionally annotated. The chromosome-scale genome assemblies of these mahogany species could serve as a vital genetic resource, especially in understanding the properties of non-model woody plants. These high-quality genomes could support the development of molecular markers for breeding programs, conservation efforts, and the sustainable management of these valuable forest resources.
Fast discrete cosine transform structure suitable for implementation with integer computation (2000)

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) has wide applications in speech and image coding. We propose a fast DCT scheme with the property of reduced multiplication stages and fewer additions and multiplications. The proposed algorithm is structured so that most multiplications are performed at the final stage, which reduces the propagation error that could occur in the integer computation.
[Therapeutic efficacy of a benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, in Mycobacterium intracellulare infection induced in mice]. (1994)

Therapeutic efficacy of KRM-1648 was studied in BALB/c mice infected with Mycobacterium intracellulare. Mice were infected intravenously with 1.0 x 10(7) CFU of the organisms/mouse and then given 0.2 mg or 0.4 mg of KRM-1648 emulsified in 2.5% gum arabic-0.2% Tween 80 by gavage, once daily, 6 days per week, from day 1 to the death of mice. The therapeutic efficacy of the drug was evaluated on the basis of survival times, incidence and degree of gross lung lesions and bacterial loads in the lungs and spleen. The lung lesions were not observed in any experimental groups at 4 weeks after the infection. At 8 weeks after the infection, the lung lesions were observed in all control mice, but 2 of 5 mice treated with 0.2 mg of KRM and 4 of 5 mice treated with 0.4 mg of KRM did not show any lung lesions, and the degree of the lesions was much milder in KRM-1648-treated mice than in the control mice. All mice of treated and untreated groups died, and median survival times were 141 days for the control mice, 216 days for mice treated with 0.2 mg of KRM-1648 and 220 days for mice treated with 0.4 mg of KRM-1648. At the death, lung lesions were observed in all mice. The CFUs of M. intracellulare in the lungs and spleen in mice treated with KRM-1648 were fewer than those in the control mice at 4 and 8 weeks after the infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Increased dryness after pressing and wet web strength by utilizing foam application technology (2016)

Production cost savings by lowering basis weight has been a trend in papermaking. The strategy has been to decrease the amount of softwood kraft pulp and increase use of fillers and recycled fibers. These changes have a tendency to lower strength properties of both the wet and dry web. To compensate for the strength loss in the paper, a greater quantity of strength additives is often required, either dosed at the wet end or applied to the wet web by spray. In this pilot-scale study, it was shown how strength additives can be effectively applied with foam-based application technology. The technology can simultaneously increase dryness after wet pressing and enhance dry and wet web strength properties. Foam application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), guar gum, starch, and cellulose microfibrils (CMF) increased web dryness after wet pressing up to 5.2%-units compared to the reference sample. The enhanced dewatering with starch, guar gum, and CMF was detected with a bulk increase. Additionally, a significant increase in z-directional tensile strength of dry web and and in-plane tensile strength properties of wet web was obtained. Based on the results, foam application technology can be a very useful technology for several applications in the paper industry.
Fluorescent Citrine-IgG fusion proteins produced in mammalian cells (2010)

Genetically encoded fluorescent antibodies are desirable for many applications in biotechnology, proteomics, microscopy, cell biology and molecular diagnostics, although efficient production of fluorescent IgGs in mammalian cells has been hampered by different and mutually incompatible secretion- and folding-requirements of antibodies and green fluorescent protein-derived fluorescent entities. Here, we show that this hurdle can be overcome by generating whole antibody fusions with Citrine, a modified yellow fluorescent protein that folds properly in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells. Applying optimized connector sequences, one or more Citrine molecules can be fused to different positions of IgGs without interfering with folding, secretion or function of the fusion proteins. These proteins can be transiently expressed and purified to similar yields as unmodified antibodies using standard technologies. IgG-Citrine fusions fully retain binding specificity and affinity, and can be applied to assays that require labeled IgG. A particularly interesting feature is the pH-dependency of Citrine fluorescence. This makes IgG-Citrine fusion proteins a valuable tool to track antibody target binding, internalization and subsequent intracellular trafficking to acidic compartments.
Biometric identification system by lip shape (2003)

Biometrics systems based on lip shape recognition are of great interest, but have received little attention in the scientific literature. This is perhaps due to the belief that they have little discriminative power. However, a careful study shows that the difference between lip outlines is greater than that between shapes at different lip images of the same person. So, biometric identification by lip outline is possible. In this paper the lip outline is obtained from a color face picture: the color image is transformed to the gray scale using the transformation of Chang et al. (1994) and binarized with the Ridler and Calvar threshold. Considering the lip centroid as the origin of coordinates, each pixel lip envelope is parameterized with polar (ordered from -/spl pi/ to +/spl pi/) and Cartesian coordinates (ordered as heights and widths). To asses identity, a multilabeled multiparameter hidden Markov model is used with the polar coordinates and a multilayer neural network is applied to Cartesian coordinates. With a database of 50 people an average classification hit ratio of 96.9% and equal error ratio (EER) of 0.015 are obtained.
High‐mobility‐group (HMG) proteins and histone H1 subtypes expression in normal and tumor tissues of mouse (1993)

Exhaustive extraction of mouse tissues with perchloric acid has been used together with reverse-phase HPLC and electrophoresis to quantify the amounts of chromosomal proteins HMG17, HMG14 and HMGI, relative to histone H1. Normal lung and thymus contain approximately 3% HMG17/HMG14 but only approximately 2% HMGI. In tumor tissues (Lewis lung carcinoma and lymphoma NQ35), the amount of HMG17/HMG14 is not greatly altered but HMGI levels rise considerably, reaching 10% in Lewis lung carcinoma. HMGI synthesis does not replace HMG17/HMG14 proteins, suggesting that HMGI proteins contribute to the structure of chromatin regions in a manner distinct from those of HMG17/HMG14. Ion-spray mass spectrometry has been used to determine the molecular masses of H1 subtypes from the same four mouse tissues. In addition to the six known species H1 zero, H1a, H1b, H1c, H1d and H1e, a newly defined subtype of mass 21,756 Da from Lewis lung carcinoma, named H1L was identified. Several phosphorylated H1 subtypes have also been defined by mass spectrometry. The combined use of reverse-phase HPLC and electrophoresis permitted quantification of these seven histone H1 subtypes in the four mouse tissues. Increased phosphorylation of H1 subtypes in tumors parallels the phosphorylation of HMGI proteins which are present in great amounts, showing that both are involved as post-translational-modified forms in the structure of the chromatin of neoplastic systems.
Attitudinal differences--a study comparing 4-H members and dropouts, ages 13 to 15, in 16 Montana counties (2015)

The problem associated with this study was to determine what differences existed between the attitudes of active 4-H members and dropouts in this study toward the 4-H program in Montana. The researcher also wished to determine if there was a correlation between the age a person started 4-H and their length of membership. In addition, the researcher wanted to ascertain the reasons for dropping out of 4-H. The instrument was developed by the researcher and was sent to 491 present and 410 past 4-H members who were 13 to 15 years of age when enrolled in 4-H. This study included 16 counties in Montana. The data in this study were tested using the Pearson r correlation coefficient and the Chi-squared test of independence. Approximately 66 percent of the sample responded with about 60 percent actually being used. Approximately 52 percent of the respondents were from farms and ranches while 48 percent were from urban domiciles. Thirty-three hypotheses were tested in this study. The results of this testing indicated that an urban or\nrural domicile made no difference in the respondent's attitude that 4-H was mainly for people from farms and ranches. In addition, age was found to be negatively correlated to length of 4-H membership. The data also indicated that attitudinal differences existed between active 4-H members and dropouts in the areas of: (1) responsibility-building in 4-H, (2) 4-H and 4-H projects being fun and interesting, (3) recommending 4-H to others, (4) parental attitude toward 4-H, (5) 4-H being time consuming, (6) 4-H record books, (7) peer attitude toward 4-H, (8) parental pressure to stay in 4-H, (9) memebership in school organizations, (10) 4-H program repetition, (11) help received in 4-H, (12) interest in school and 4-H, (13) member voice in 4-H planning, (14) peer influence to quit 4-H. The two main reasons given for dropping out of 4-H were: (1) I had too many other things to do and, (2) the club was not very organized. The major conclusions drawn from this study are that: (1) 4-H may not be for every youth but the 4-H program should explore ways to broaden its appeal while retaining its 4-H image, (2) 4-H and School will vie for young people's time and (3) family participation in 4-H is important to 4-H member retention.
A new network node similarity measure method and its applications (2014)

Network node similarity measure has been paid particular attention in the field of statistical physics. In this paper, we utilize the concept of information and information loss to measure the node similarity. The whole model is based on this idea that if two nodes are more similar than the others, then the information loss of seeing them as the same is less. The present new method has low algorithm complexity so that it can save much time and energy to deal with the large scale real-world network. We illustrate the availability of this approach based on two artificial examples and computer-generated networks by comparing its accuracy with the other selected approaches. The above tests demonstrate that the new method can provide more reasonable results consistent with our human common judgment. The new similarity measure method is also applied to predict the network evolution and predict unknown nodes' attributions in the two application examples.
DDBJ Read Annotation Pipeline: A Cloud Computing-Based Pipeline for High-Throughput Analysis of Next-Generation Sequencing Data (2013)

High-performance next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are advancing genomics and molecular biological research. However, the immense amount of sequence data requires computational skills and suitable hardware resources that are a challenge to molecular biologists. The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) of the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) has initiated a cloud computing-based analytical pipeline, the DDBJ Read Annotation Pipeline (DDBJ Pipeline), for a high-throughput annotation of NGS reads. The DDBJ Pipeline offers a user-friendly graphical web interface and processes massive NGS datasets using decentralized processing by NIG supercomputers currently free of charge. The proposed pipeline consists of two analysis components: basic analysis for reference genome mapping and de novo assembly and subsequent high-level analysis of structural and functional annotations. Users may smoothly switch between the two components in the pipeline, facilitating web-based operations on a supercomputer for high-throughput data analysis. Moreover, public NGS reads of the DDBJ Sequence Read Archive located on the same supercomputer can be imported into the pipeline through the input of only an accession number. This proposed pipeline will facilitate research by utilizing unified analytical workflows applied to the NGS data. The DDBJ Pipeline is accessible at http://p.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/.
The Approach to<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>in Cystic Fibrosis (2009)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa continues to be the most common pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, and chronic infection with mucoid strains is associated with an accelerated decline in lung function. Although multiple factors can potentially explain the susceptibility of CF airways to this organism, their individual relevance is still largely unclear. Prevention of infection remains an important task, and hygiene measures have been successful in reducing cross-infection, but the universal presence of the organism creates an ongoing challenge, and vaccination strategies have not been highly successful to date. Over the last decade treatment strategies have shifted from controlling chronic infection to attempting to eradicate P. aeruginosa in the early stages of infection. Multiple strategies have been shown to be efficacious, but the optimal form and duration of therapy have yet to be defined. Inhaled antibiotics are a key component of maintenance therapy for chronic infection, and the spectrum of available compounds is rapidly expanding. Pulmonary exacerbations can be reduced with this strategy but usually require intravenous antibiotic therapy once they occur. Nonantibiotic approaches to address P. aeruginosa infection are currently being developed and may expand the therapeutic repertoire in the future.
Scrutinizing the Scaffolds of Marine Biosynthetics from Different Source Organisms: Gram-Negative Cultured Bacterial Products Enter Center Stage (2014)

Compounds from macro marine organisms are presumed to owe their biosynthetic origins to associated microbial symbionts, although few definitive examples exist. An upsurge in the recent literature from 2012 to 2013 has shown that four compounds previously reported from macro marine organisms are in fact biosynthesized by non-photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria (NPGNB). Structural parallels between compounds isolated from macro marine organisms and NPGNB producers form the basis of this review. Although less attention has been given to investigating the chemistry of NPGNB sources, there exists a significant list of structural parallels between NPGNB and macro marine organism-derived compounds. Alternatively, of the thousands of compounds isolated from Gram-positive actinomycetes, few structural parallels with macro marine organisms are known. A summary of small molecules isolated from marine NPGNB sources is presented, including compounds isolated from marine myxobacteria. From this assemblage of structural parallels and diverse chemical structures, it is hypothesized that the potential for the discovery of inspirational molecules from NPGNB sources is vast and that the recent spike in the literature of macro marine compounds owing their biosynthetic origin to NPGNB producers represents a turning point in the field.
Optimal Command Shaping for Vibration Suppression in Robot Arm Motion (1997)

In motion control applications, servo drive systems have widely applied to various load systems with complicated mechanisms. A robot arm with flexible joints is one of typical examples and it forms multi-mass resonant systems which generate mechanical vibration. Since such vibration gives tracking errors in motion and/or increase of settling time, the vibration suppression is indispensable to achieve the high performance robot arm motion. Many schemes such as model-based feedforward control and modern control theory-based feedback control have been proposed to overcome those problems.This paper presents a new feedforward control scheme using optimal control command shaping to suppress the resonant vibration in robot arm motion. By analyzing characteristics of the conventional position controller with the S-shaped position command, an optimal command design can be examined to eliminate the resonant vibration. Based on these analyses, a new command shaping algorithm is proposed. The proposed feedforward scheme can obtain the same vibration suppression characteristics as those by the conventional feedback schemes, regardless of the simple input position command shaping. Experimental results with a prototype show an effectiveness of the proposed control.