gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of sperm sexing in the cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>) by dual colour fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (2005)

Separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm cells, together with artificial insemination using sex-specific semen, makes it possible to pre-determine the sex of calves. This has the potential to considerably improve cattle breeding, genetic resource management and particularly the efficiency of dairy and meat production. However, the broad use of sexed semen will depend on availability, price, fertilizability and in particular the actual sorting purity of sperm doses. To validate the accuracy of sperm sexing in Bos taurus, we have developed a simple, fast and reliable dual colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test, where Y-bearing spermatozoa are identified by a DNA fragment hybridizing to a large pericentromeric repetitive DNA block on the bovine Y chromosome (locus DYZI, Yp13-q12). To avoid an underestimation of Y signals, we used a second DNA probe identifying a large subcentromeric block of complex repetitive DNA on the bovine autosome 6 (locus D6Z1, 6q12-15) as a positive control. Bovine sperm were fixed with methanol:acetic acid and denatured by simply immersing in 3 M NaOH, yielding consistent hybridization results and good preservation of sperm morphology. The FISH protocol was evaluated on unsorted sperm as well as on sperm samples sexed using the Beltsville technology, which separates X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa by staining with Hoechst 33342 and flow sorting according to their DNA content (Johnson et al. 1987).
Gelatin-Based Blends and Composites. Morphological and Thermal Mechanical Characterization (2001)

Gelatin, a natural macromolecular proteic material from renewable resources, is widely used in many industrial applications. In this study gelatin scraps, deriving from pharmaceutical capsule productions, were turned into films by casting water solutions or suspensions producing flexible and consistent films. Gelatin was blended with poly(vinyl alcohol), a biodegradable synthetic polymer, in order to improve mechanical properties in the films. Gelatin was blended also with sugar cane bagasse, a lignin cellulosic waste from sugar cane processing. These blends showed good interface adhesion between gelatin and sugar cane fibers and mechanical properties of practical interest for up to 20% of sugar cane content by weight. Glutaraldehyde was used in different amounts as a cross-linking agent increasing elongation at break especially for amount above 1%. Morphology, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and tensile tests, respectively. Cast films presented thermal and mechanical properties, which make them good candidates as biodegradable self-fertilizing mulching films.
A Safety Review and Meta-Analyses of Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab: Off-Label versus Goldstandard (2012)

Evidence from head-to-head trials raises concern about an increased risk of ocular and multiple systemic AE with bevacizumab. Therefore, clinicians and patients should continue to carefully weight up the benefits and harms when choosing between the two treatment options. We also emphasize the need for studies that are powered not just for efficacy, but for defined safety outcomes based on the signals detected in this systematic review.
UNIX for VMS Users (1989)

This is a guide for use by those making the transition from VMS to UNIX. Each concept is illustrated with one or more examples comparing the way a task is performed in VMS and in UNIX. The book progresses in a logical sequence from fundamental concepts to advanced programming and networking. Based on the Berkeley 4.2 version of UNIX, the text includes more than 150 interactive examples as well as appendixes providing command summaries and useful cross-reference tables.
Measuring Metabolic Rates (2018)

<italic>Measuring Metabolic Rates</italic> demystifies the field of metabolic rate measurement, explaining every common variation of the art, from century-old manometric methods through ingenious syringe-based techniques, direct calorimetry, aquatic respirometry, stable-isotope metabolic measurement, and every type of flow-through respirometry. Each variation is described in enough detail to allow it to be applied in practice. Special chapters are devoted to metabolic phenotyping and human metabolic measurement, including room calorimetry. Background information on different analyzer and equipment types allows users to choose the best instruments for their application. Respirometry equations—normally a topic of terror and confusion to researchers—are derived and described in enough detail to make their selection and use effortless. Tools and skills—many of them open source—that will amplify the innovative researcher’s capabilities are described. Vital topics such as manual and automated baselining, implementing multi-animal systems, common pitfalls, and the correct analysis and presentation of metabolic data are covered in enough detail to turn a respirometry neophyte into a hardened metabolic warrior, ready to take on the task of publication in peer-reviewed journals with confidence.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sialylated Glycopeptides Derived from Mucins and T-Cell Stimulating Peptides (2001)

The Tn, T, sialyl-Tn, and 2,3-sialyl-T antigens are tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens expressed on mucins in epithelial cancers, such as those affecting the breast, ovary, stomach, and colon. Glycopeptides carrying these antigens are of interest for development of cancer vaccines and a short, chemoenzymatic strategy for their synthesis is reported. Building blocks corresponding to the Tn (GalNAc alpha-Ser/Thr) and T [Gal beta(1-->3)GalNAc alpha-Ser/Thr] antigens, which are relatively easy to obtain by chemical synthesis, were prepared and then used in the synthesis of glycopeptides on the solid phase. Introduction of sialic acid to give the sialyl-Tn [Neu5Ac alpha(2-->6)GalNAc alpha-Ser/Thr] and 2,3-sialyl-T [Neu5Ac alpha(2-->3)Gal beta(1-->3)GalNAc alpha-Ser/Thr] antigens is difficult when performed chemically at the building block level. Sialylation was therefore carried out with recombinant sialyltransferases in solution after cleavage of the Tn and T glycopeptides from the solid phase. In the same manner, the core 2 trisaccharide [Gal beta 1-->3(GlcNAc beta 1-->6)GalNAc] was incorporated in glycopeptides containing the T antigen by using a recombinant N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. The outlined chemoenzymatic approach was applied to glycopeptides from the tandem repeat domain of the mucin MUC1, as well as to neoglycosylated derivatives of a T cell stimulating viral peptide.
Opto‐electro‐thermal optimization of photonic probes for optogenetic neural stimulation (2018)

Implantable photonic probes are of increasing interest to the field of biophotonics and in particular, optogenetic neural stimulation. Active probes with onboard light emissive elements allow for electronic multiplexing and can be manufactured through existing microelectronics methods. However, as the optogenetics field moves towards clinical practice, an important question arises as to whether such probes will cause excessive thermal heating of the surrounding tissue. Light emitting diodes typically produce more heat than light. The resultant temperature rise of the probe surface therefore needs to be maintained under the regulatory limit of 2°C. This work combines optical and thermal modelling, which have been experimental verified. Analysis has been performed on the effect of probe/emitter geometries, emitter, and radiance requirements. Finally, the effective illumination volume has been calculated within thermal limits for different probe emitter types and required thresholds.
Magnetic Shield Effectiveness in Low Frequency (2011)

Since the early days of radio and telegraph communications, it has been known that a spark gap generates electromagnetic waves rich in spectral content (frequency components) and that these waves can cause interference or noise in various electronic and electrical devices such as radio receivers and telephone communications. Electromagnetic pulses are fields of energy that they can damage electrical and electronic circuits at once. New technology of microelectronic circuits is sensitive to interference power. An intentional or inadvertent risk and unforeseen create irreparable damages, so that it is important to investigate electromagnetic interference from viewpoint: generation source, the effectiveness on electronic components and safekeeping methods. One of the prevalent methods for safekeeping against these pulses is shielding. In this paper, at first, the effect of magnetic field intensity is investigated in frequency selected (0-545Hz) for various shields such as: paramagnetic materials, diamagnetic materials and ferromagnetic materials and shielding effectiveness is calculated for various low frequencies in one point in shield and shielding effectiveness variation with increase in frequency for any material is obtained. In The following of paper, the effect of magnetic field intensity is investigated on shield's two apertures and six apertures. Then, the apertures are displaced on shield surface and shielding effectiveness variation is obtained. This apertures displacement has done for various shield materials. Finally, the effects of composite shields are studied to shielding effectiveness. These shields have combined to two materials. We obtained interesting results from composite shields. In this paper, solution method has chosen 2DFEM and the whole of simulations have done Cosmos/M.
Respiratory system abnormalities in Prader-Willi syndrome: a literature review (2022)

Background and Objective: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by hypotonia and failure to thrive in infancy, followed by hyperphagia and obesity later in life. Phenotypic features include obesity, shot stature, small hands and feet, almond-shaped eyes, and narrow bifrontal diameter. There is multisystem involvement with cognitive, behavioral, and endocrine abnormalities including growth hormone deficiency (GHD), hypogonadism, and obesity from hyperphagia, with its attendant complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Additionally, PWS is associated with respiratory system abnormalities due to generalized hypotonia, obesity, and scoliosis that affect the mechanics of respiration, as well as impaired ventilatory and arousal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia. Respiratory failure is the leading cause of mortality in individuals with PWS, making early diagnosis and the treatment of respiratory problems crucial for their survival. This review summarizes and updates the current knowledge about the mechanisms and screening recommendations for respiratory system abnormalities associated with PWS. Methods: The only English-language literature search was conducted via PubMed, MeSH, and Google Scholar with keywords that included “Prader-Willi syndrome” and “respiratory” between 1976 and 2021. Additional papers were found via references from articles related to the original search. Key Content and Findings: A total of 2,111 review articles were identified with keyword “PWS”. When we added keywords “respiratory” or “respiratory failure” to PWS, 171 articles were detected. Of those, 74 articles were selected for inclusion based on their relevance to the objectives of this article. Conclusions: Respiratory system abnormalities in PWS include abnormalities in respiratory control, dysphagia and silent aspiration, abnormal chest wall and pulmonary mechanics, and sleep-disordered breathing. Consideration of the respiratory problems that occur in PWS and the effect of growth hormone treatment (GHT) on these problems contributes significantly to improving prognosis of these individuals. Reports of unexpected mortality with GHT in a subset of PWS patients have raised concerns over safety, though a causal relationship between growth hormone (GH) and sudden death has not been demonstrated. The recommendations are to perform a sleep study, and treat any obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or respiratory-compromising obesity, prior to initiation of GH.
Classification of Pulmonary Emphysema in CT Images Based on Multi-Scale Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (2018)

In this work, we aim at classifying emphysema in computed tomography (CT) images of lungs. Most previous works are limited to extracting low-level features or mid-level features without enough high-level information. Moreover, these approaches do not take the characteristics (scales) of different emphysema into account, which are crucial for feature extraction. In contrast to previous works, we propose a novel deep learning method based on multiscale deep convolutional neural networks. There are three contributions for this paper. First, we propose to use a base residual network with 20 layers to extract more high-level information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first deep learning method for classification of emphysema. Second, we incorporate multi-scale information into our deep neural networks so as to take full consideration of the characteristics of different emphysema. Finally, we established a high-quality emphysema dataset which contains 91 high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) volumes, annotated manually by two experienced radiologists and checked by one experienced chest radiologist. A 92.68% classification accuracy is achieved on this dataset. The results show that (1) the multi-scale method is highly effective in comparison to the single scale setting; (2) the proposed approach is superior to the state-of-the-art techniques.
Serum Interleukin-18 Levels Are Associated With Nephropathy and Atherosclerosis in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2005)

Serum levels of IL-18 might be a predictor of progression of diabetic nephropathy as well as cardiovascular diseases.
Societies, Communities and Native Title (2010)

In this paper I examine the use and meaning of the terms 'community' and 'society' in native title cases. I consider this use from an anthropological point of view but situate it within legal contexts relevant to native title law. I explore whether there is a difficulty for anthropologists in the way these terms may be used in the context of native title processes and, if this be the case, how such difficulty may be alleviated or circumvented.
A Metadata Approach to Predicting Twitter User Geolocation (2016)

As the volume of available data created from social media grows, creating value out of this information becomes an interesting challenge. This work presents an approach to identify a users country of origin from just looking at a single tweet. The approach focuses on using only metadata, while disregarding the actual content of the tweet. This work also looks at the scalability of the approach using Naive Bayes algorithm. The experiments concludes that using metadata to predict a user geolocation is a viable approach that scales to a stable accuracy with increasing data size.
Spatiotemporal representation of dynamic objects (2002)

A new representation of dynamic scene objects to facilitate the compression and indexing of image sequences is presented. Exploiting the spatiotemporal (ST) piecewise-continuity of visual cues, the dynamic scene objects are represented as a collection of motion discontinuities. Each discontinuity signals either the start of a different motion or the occurrence of occlusion. It is shown that the sign of the Gaussian and mean curvature of the ST surfaces is sufficient for qualitatively representing the motion discontinuities. An estimation technique is developed to compute the sign of surface curvature from ST volume data, and the transformation rules that relate the image motion to the type of surface patch are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and implementation of indoor positioning system based on iBeacon (2016)

With the rapid increase in data and multimedia services, demand for positioning has increased especially in complex indoor environment which often needs to determine the location information of the mobile terminal. There is a lack of accuracy and robustness in current indoor positioning system. This paper designs and implements an indoor positioning system based on iBeacon. We adopt Gaussian filter and Unscented Kalman filter method to robustly extract strong signals from iBeacon device. With the extracted signals, we compared them with-in database. The goal of this paper is to design and implement a mobile-based indoor location system which has the mobile applications with the Bluetooth Low Energy technology based on the iBeacon. Using a mobile terminal our system can show position results. Moreover, our system can run on both Android systems and IOS ones. Our method has better performance compared with WiFi method. The experimental results demonstrates that the error is only within 4 meters and our system can achieve accurate and robust positioning.
Effect of Non-dialyzable Extract of Amaranth Seeds on Immunoglobulin Production and Proliferation of a Human-human Hybridoma Cell Line, HFlOB4. (1995)

The effects of a non-dialyzable extract of amaranth seeds on the immunoglobulin M (IgM) production and proliferation of a human-human hybridoma cell line, HF10B4, were examined. The extract of amaranth seeds promoted the IgM production of HF10B4 cells at concentrations ranging from 0.25mg/ml to 2.5mg/ml. The proliferation of HF10B4 cells was slightly activated at concentrations ranging from 0.007mg/ml to 0.01mg/ml. The IgM production-stimulating (IPS) activity of the extract remained after heating it at 40, 60 and 80°C for 20 min. The IPS activity of the extract was found to exist in the fractions with a molecular weight of over 30000 on Sephacryl S-100 HR column chromatography of the extract. On DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography of the active fraction, the IPS activity was found in both unadsorbed and adsorbed fractions.
Metallomesogens: Metal Complexes in Organized Fluid Phases (1991)

Abstract Metallomesogens , metal complexes of organic ligands which exhibit liquid crystalline (mesomorphic) character, combine the variety and range of metal‐based coordination chemistry with the extraordinary physical properties exhibited by liquid crystals. Thermotropic metallomesogens have been made incorporating many metals, including representatives of s‐, p‐, d‐and even f‐block elements. Both rodlike (calamitic) and disklike (discotic) thermotropic metallomesogens are known, and examples of all the main mesophase types are found. Many different varieties of ligand can be used: monodentate (4‐substituted pyridines), bidentate (β‐diketonates, dithiolenes, carboxylates, cyclometalated aromatic amines), or polydentate (phthalocyanines, porphyrins). As with organic mesogens, molecular shape and intermolecular forces play an important role, i.e. the ligands are important in determining mesophase character. The chief requirement for a metallomesogen is a rigid core, usually unsaturated and either rod‐ or disklike in shape, bearing several long hydrocarbon tails. The metal atom is usually at or near the center of gravity of the molecule. In some cases the ligands are themselves mesogenic, but this is not a requirement. The presence of one or more metals opens many exciting possibilities: new shapes, not easily generated by organic compounds, and hence new properties are then accessible. The incorporation of d‐block metals brings with it features such as color and paramagnetism. Profound effects arise from the large and polarizable concentration of electron density that every metal atom possesses, since the molecular polarizability is a key factor in determining whether a molecule will form liquid crystals. Enhanced physical properties (e.g. high birefringencies), as well as new and unexpected ones, will result. A major requirement for metallomesogens to find applications in new device technology is that the metal–ligand bonds are strong and inert and the complexes stable; this can be accomplished with, for example, chelating ligands and the 5d metals.
Charge heterogeneity induced binding and phase stability in β-lacto-globulin–gelatin B gels and coacervates at their common pI (2015)

An understanding of the interactions between gelatin B (GB) and β-lacto-globulin (β-Lg) mainly arising from surface selective patch binding occurring at their common p<italic>I</italic> (≈5.0 ± 0.5) in the absence of added salt.
Highly Anisotropic Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> Nanosheets: Gentle Exfoliation from the Bulk Precursors Possessing 1D Crystal Structure (2017)

2D materials, particularly those bearing in-plane anisotropic optical and electrical properties such as black phosphorus and ReS<sub>2</sub> , have spurred great research interest very recently as promising building blocks for future electronics. However, current progress is limited to layered compounds that feature atomic arrangement asymmetry within the covalently bonded planes. Herein, a series of highly anisotropic nanosheets (Sb<sub>2</sub> Se<sub>3</sub> , Sb<sub>2</sub> S<sub>3</sub> , Bi<sub>2</sub> S<sub>3</sub> , and Sb<sub>2</sub> (S, Se)<sub>3</sub> ), which are composed of 1D covalently linked ribbons stacked together via van der Waals force, is introduced as a new member to the anisotropic 2D material family. These unique anisotropic nanosheets are successfully fabricated from their polymer-like bulk counterparts through a gentle water freezing-thawing approach. Angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy characterization confirms the strong in-plane asymmetry of Sb<sub>2</sub> Se<sub>3</sub> nanosheets, and photodetection study reveals their high responsivity and anisotropic in-plane transport. This work can enlighten the synthesis and application of new anisotropic 2D nanosheets that can be potentially applied for future electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Electron-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry Determine the Interface and Dynamics of Apolipoprotein E Oligomerization (2011)

Apolipoprotein E, a 34 kDa protein, plays a key role in triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Of the three common isoforms (ApoE2, -3, and -4), only ApoE4 is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. All three isoforms of wild-type ApoE self-associate to form oligomers, a process that may have functional consequences. Although the C-terminal domain, residues 216-299, of ApoE is believed to mediate self-association, the specific residues involved in this process are not known. Here we report the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/DX) coupled with enzymatic digestion to identify those regions in the sequence of full-length apoE involved in oligomerization. For this determination, we compared the results of H/DX of the wild-type proteins and those of monomeric forms obtained by modifying four residues in the C-terminal domain. The three wild-type and mutant isoforms show similar structures based on their similar H/DX kinetics and extents of exchange. Regions of the C-terminus (residues 230-270) of the ApoE isoforms show significant differences of deuterium uptake between oligomeric and monomeric forms, confirming that oligomerization occurs at these regions. To achieve single amino acid resolution, we examined the extents of H/DX by using electron transfer dissociation (ETD) fragmentation of peptides representing selected regions of both the monomeric and the oligomeric forms of ApoE4. From these experiments, we could identify the specific residues involved in ApoE oligomerization. In addition, our results verify that ApoE4 is composed of a compact structure at its N-terminal domain. Regions of C-terminal domain, however, appear to lack defined structure.