gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Early Adipose Commitment by Zfp521 (2012)

While there has been significant progress in determining the transcriptional cascade involved in terminal adipocyte differentiation, less is known about early events leading to lineage commitment and cell fate choice. It has been recently discovered that zinc finger protein 423 (Zfp423) is an early actor in adipose determination. Here, we show that a close paralog of Zfp423, Zfp521, acts as a key regulator of adipose commitment and differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Zfp521 exerts its actions by binding to early B cell factor 1 (Ebf1), a transcription factor required for the generation of adipocyte progenitors, and inhibiting the expression of Zfp423. Overexpression of Zfp521 in cells greatly inhibits adipogenic potential, whereas RNAi-mediated knock-down or genetic ablation of Zfp521 enhances differentiation. In addition, Zfp521⁻/⁻ embryos exhibit increased mass of interscapular brown adipose tissue and subcutaneous white adipocytes, a cell autonomous effect. Finally, Ebf1 participates in a negative feedback loop to repress Zfp521 as differentiation proceeds. Because Zfp521 is known to promote bone development, our results suggest that it acts as a critical switch in the commitment decision between the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages.
Voltage-pulse generator with resistance coupling (1986)

A voltage-pulse generator for insulation testing is described in which the discharging resistors are used for resistance coupling to expand the actuation range. Modernization of 200-kV and 1-MV generators expanded the actuation ranges of their dischargers from 25 to 48% and from 28 to 42%, respectively.
Modeling Transport in Porous Media With Phase Change: Applications to Food Processing (2010)

Fundamental, physics-based modeling of complex food processes is still in the developmental stages. This lack of development can be attributed to complexities in both the material and transport processes. Society has a critical need for automating food processes (both in industry and at home) while improving quality and making food safe. Product, process, and equipment designs in food manufacturing require a more detailed understanding of food processes that is possible only through physics-based modeling. The objectives of this paper are (1) to develop a general multicomponent and multiphase modeling framework that can be used for different thermal food processes and can be implemented in commercially available software (for wider use) and (2) to apply the model to the simulation of deep-fat frying and hamburger cooking processes and validate the results. Treating food material as a porous medium, heat and mass transfer inside such material during its thermal processing is described using equations for mass and energy conservation that include binary diffusion, capillary and convective modes of transport, and physicochemical changes in the solid matrix that include phase changes such as melting of fat and water and evaporation/condensation of water. Evaporation/condensation is considered to be distributed throughout the domain and is described by a novel nonequilibrium formulation whose parameters have been discussed in detail. Two complex food processes, deep-fat frying and contact heating of a hamburger patty, representing a large group of common food thermal processes with similar physics have been implemented using the modeling framework. The predictions are validated with experimental results from the literature. As the food (a porous hygroscopic material) is heated from the surface, a zone of evaporation moves from the surface to the interior. Mass transfer due to the pressure gradient (from evaporation) is significant. As temperature rises, the properties of the solid matrix change and the phases of frozen water and fat become transportable, thus affecting the transport processes significantly. Because the modeling framework is general and formulated in a manner that makes it implementable in commercial software, it can be very useful in computer-aided food manufacturing. Beyond its immediate applicability in food processing, such a comprehensive model can be useful in medicine (for thermal therapies such as laser surgery), soil remediation, nuclear waste treatment, and other fields where heat and mass transfer takes place in porous media with significant evaporation and other phase changes.
General Atomics Linear Motor Applications: Moving Towards Deployment (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper discusses a number of unique potential applications of linear synchronous and linear induction motors that have resulted from General Atomics' work on the Navy EMALS project for electromagnetically launching planes, and the Urban Maglev project, which uses a long-stator permanent magnet linear synchronous motor. The paper provides an overview of the linear motor technologies being used in these projects, including some of the technical challenges. Potential applications include the use of maglev technology to move cargo in and out of the ports, all-electric trucks which use the energy provided by the linear motor to charge onboard power, and retrofitting linear motors on existing rails to relieve pollution involved in moving cargo in urban settings. </para>
Discrete event modeling and optimization of unreliable production lines with random rates (1994)

We consider a serial production system with unreliable machines maintained by a limited number of repairmen, and finite storage between machines. Processing times may be random variables with exponential or gamma distributions, or deterministic. We develop a continuous-flow model for such a system utilizing simulation and analysis. Random processing times are approximated by sums of deterministic variables using a simple probabilistic technique. The model observes a limited number of events which are sufficient to determine system performance and mean buffer levels. By appropriately reducing the rates of starved and blocked machines and using analysis to compute the times of next event at each machine and buffer, discrete part computations are avoided. It is demonstrated that this approximate model is highly accurate and faster by a factor of 3 or more when compared to conventional simulators. The paper addresses also optimal repair allocation to maximize the expected throughput of the system. Two different approaches are proposed: perturbation analysis and experimental evaluation of various nonpreemptive rules for assigning a repairman to failed machines.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. (1992)

The Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel of human red cells was inhibited with high affinity by several imidazole antimycotics which are potent inhibitors of cytochrome P-450. IC50 values were (in microM): clotrimazole, 0.05; tioconazole, 0.3; miconazole, 1.5; econazole, 1.8. Inhibition of the channel was also found with other drugs with known cytochrome P-450 inhibitory effect. However, no inhibition was obtained with carbon monoxide (CO). This suggests that, given the high selectivity of the above inhibitors for the heme moiety, a different but closely related to cytochrome P-450 kind of hemoprotein may be involved in the regulation of the red cell Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel. Clotrimazole also inhibited two other charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels, those of rat thymocytes (IC50 = 0.1-0.2 microM) and of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (IC50 = 0.5 microM). Imidazole antimycotics inhibit also receptor-operated Ca2+ channels (Montero, M., Alvarez, J. and García-Sancho, J. (1991) Biochem. J. 277, 73-79). This suggests that both Ca2+ and Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels might have a similar regulatory mechanism involving a cytochrome.
Separation of Combustion and Mechanical Noise Using Wiener Filter (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The objective of this paper is to develop a robust methodology to study internal combustion (IC) engine block vibrations and to quantify the contribution of combustion pressure loads and inertial loads (mechanical loads) in overall vibration levels. An established technique for noise separation that, until recently, has not been applied to engine noise is Wiener filtering. In this paper, the harmonic part of the overall vibration response of the IC engine block is removed, resulting in a residual broadband response which is uncorrelated to the source signal. This residue of the response signal and the similarly calculated residue of the combustion pressure represent the dynamic portion of their respective raw signals for that specific operating condition (engine speed and load). The dynamic portion of the combustion pressure is assumed to be correlated only to the combustion event. A relation (frequency response function) between the source signal and residual broadband response of the block is developed for each cylinder pressure source signal. This relation is defined as the Wiener filter. The Wiener filter is then multiplied by the raw cylinder pressure signals to obtain the vibration of the engine block due to the combustion contribution. Finally, the engine vibration due to the mechanical sources is obtained using the difference of the raw block vibration and the combustion contribution. It is imperative that a condition-specific filter is computed in order to analyze the response signal at a specific operating condition.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper successfully demonstrates the process of developing a Wiener filter for a three-cylinder IC engine and identifying the partial contribution of combustion and mechanical excitation in the overall vibration response of the IC engine block. This study is not extended to the contribution analysis for the response due to the sound pressure generated by the engine although it is conceptually possible.</div></div>
Asymmetic Microsomal Epoxidation of Simple Prochiral Olefins (1984)

The enantioselectivity of enzymatic epoxidation as a function of the olefin structure was checked for the simplest substrate. Decisive in this connection was the analysis by complexation gas chromatography using an optically active nickel compound.
Sample-level Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Music Auto-tagging Using Raw Waveforms (2017)

Recently, the end-to-end approach that learns hierarchical representations from raw data using deep convolutional neural networks has been successfully explored in the image, text and speech domains. This approach was applied to musical signals as well but has been not fully explored yet. To this end, we propose sample-level deep convolutional neural networks which learn representations from very small grains of waveforms (e.g. 2 or 3 samples) beyond typical frame-level input representations. Our experiments show how deep architectures with sample-level filters improve the accuracy in music auto-tagging and they provide results comparable to previous state-of-the-art performances for the Magnatagatune dataset and Million Song Dataset. In addition, we visualize filters learned in a sample-level DCNN in each layer to identify hierarchically learned features and show that they are sensitive to log-scaled frequency along layer, such as mel-frequency spectrogram that is widely used in music classification systems.
Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to human disease (2008)

Although several lines of evidence suggest that variation in human inflammation is genetically controlled, the genes which regulate these responses are largely unknown. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) mediate recognition of microbes, regulate activation of the innate immune response and influence the formation of adaptive immunity. Cellular and molecular studies over the past several years have identified a number of common TLR polymorphisms that modify the cellular immune response and production of cytokines in vitro. In addition, human genetic studies suggest that some of these polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to a spectrum of diseases. In this review, we summarize studies of common TLR polymorphisms and how this work is beginning to illuminate the influence of human variation on inflammation and disease susceptibility.
A flow-map model for analyzing pseudothresholds in fault-tolerant quantum computing (2006)

An arbitrarily reliable quantum computer can be efficiently constructed from noisy components using a recursive simulation procedure, provided that those components fail with probability less than the fault-tolerance threshold. Recent estimates of the threshold are near some experimentally achieved gate fidelities. However, the landscape of threshold estimates includes pseudothresholds, threshold estimates based on a subset of components and a low level of the recursion. In this paper, we observe that pseudothresholds are a generic phenomenon in fault-tolerant computation. We define pseudothresholds and present classical and quantum fault-tolerant circuits exhibiting pseudothresholds that differ by a factor of $4$ from fault-tolerance thresholds for typical relationships between component failure rates. We develop tools for visualizing how reliability is influenced by recursive simulation in order to determine the asymptotic threshold. Finally, we conjecture that refinements of these methods may establish upper bounds on the fault-tolerance threshold for particular codes and noise models.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2004)

We report the ring-opening polymerization reaction of ε-caprolactone in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using an enzyme catalyst, Lipase B from Candida antarctica supported on macroporous beads (Novozym-435). Ring-opening polymerization of lactones is more commonly performed in organic solvents or in bulk using a Lewis acid catalyst. Recently there has been much interest in the replacement of such catalysts by enzymes. We demonstrate that the enzymatic route is viable in scCO2, yielding poly(ε-caprolactone) (Mn = 12 000−37 000 g mol-1) with molecular weights very similar to those obtained from the same enzyme catalysts in organic solvents, but with lower polydispersities (typical PDI = 1.4−1.6) and higher yields of polymer product (typically 95−98%). In the same process the unique “gaslike” mass transfer properties of scCO2 can also be exploited to remove quantitatively any unconverted monomer and low molecular weight oligomers by scCO2 extraction. It is also shown that the enzyme catalyst can be cleaned and recycled using scCO2, while still producing high molecular weight polymer (Mn = 35 000−37 000 g mol-1). Thus, a combination of enzyme catalyst and scCO2 can be used repeatedly to prepare biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) in the complete absence of potentially toxic organic solvents or metal catalysts.
Developable surface processing methods for three-dimensional meshes (2010)

Developable surfaces are of great significance in computer graphics as they play a key role in many applications involving planar surface parameterization. Industries where 3D objects are constructed from sheets of material such as fabric or metal typically employ these surfaces throughout their design processes. This work introduces a new descriptor for developable mesh surfaces, which provides the means for creating simple and robust tools for detecting, measuring, and approximating developable surface charts in meshes. Based on this descriptor two novel algorithms are proposed. D-Charts, an algorithm for mesh segmentation into (nearly) developable charts, and DCS approximation, an algorithm for approximation of meshes with developable surfaces. D-Charts uses the proposed descriptor to segment meshes into nearly developable charts for texture atlas generation. By bounding the distortion directly during the segmentation stage, the generated atlases exhibit less distortion for the same number of charts compared to those created using state-of-the-art techniques. In addition to texture atlases, we demonstrate the practicality of this method for industrial applications using the patterns produced by the algorithm to make fabric and paper copies of popular computer graphics models. The DCS approximation method increases surface developability by modifying the geometry, while at the same time keeping the deformed surface as close as possible to the input surface. The method was developed in the context of virtual fabric design, and was combined with a sketching interface to provide a novel design system. The algorithm modifies non-developable meshes generated from sketches into piecewise developable surfaces. These allow straightforward computation of distortion-free texture mapping and automatic generation of 2D patterns for sewing real replicas of the designed garments.
IL-18 Synergizes with IL-7 To Drive Slow Proliferation of Naive CD8 T Cells by Costimulating Self-Peptide–Mediated TCR Signals (2014)

Naive T cell populations are maintained in the periphery at relatively constant levels via mechanisms that control expansion and contraction and are associated with competition for homeostatic cytokines. It has been shown that in a lymphopenic environment naive T cells undergo expansion due, at least in part, to additional availability of IL-7. We have previously found that T cell-intrinsic deletion of TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 6 (TRAF6ΔT) in mice results in diminished peripheral CD8 T cell numbers. In this study, we report that whereas naive TRAF6ΔT CD8 T cells exhibit normal survival when transferred into a normal T cell pool, proliferation of naive TRAF6ΔT CD8 T cells under lymphopenic conditions is defective. We identified IL-18 as a TRAF6-activating factor capable of enhancing lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) in vivo, and that IL-18 synergizes with high-dose IL-7 in a TRAF6-dependent manner to induce slow, LIP/homeostatic-like proliferation of naive CD8 T cells in vitro. IL-7 and IL-18 act synergistically to upregulate expression of IL-18R genes, thereby enhancing IL-18 activity. In this context, IL-18R signaling increases PI3K activation and was found to sensitize naive CD8 T cells to a model noncognate self-peptide ligand in a way that conventional costimulation via CD28 could not. We propose that synergistic sensitization by IL-7 and IL-18 to self-peptide ligand may represent a novel costimulatory pathway for LIP.
Linear Model Predictive Safety Certification for Learning-Based Control (2018)

While it has been repeatedly shown that learning-based controllers can provide superior performance, they often lack of safety guarantees. This paper aims at addressing this problem by introducing a model predictive safety certification (MPSC) scheme for linear systems with additive disturbances. The scheme verifies safety of a proposed learning-based input and modifies it as little as necessary in order to keep the system within a given set of constraints. Safety is thereby related to the existence of a model predictive controller (MPC) providing a feasible trajectory towards a safe target set. A robust MPC formulation accounts for the fact that the model is generally uncertain in the context of learning, which allows for proving constraint satisfaction at all times under the proposed MPSC strategy. The MPSC scheme can be used in order to expand any potentially conservative set of safe states and we provide an iterative technique for enlarging the safe set. Finally, a practical data-based design procedure for MPSC is proposed using scenario optimization.
Growth Per Cycle in Atomic Layer Deposition: A Theoretical Model (2003)

Abstract Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is used in advanced applications where thin layers of materials with precise thickness down to the nanometer scale are needed. Growth of materials by ALD takes place through repeating the separate, saturating reactions of at least two gaseous reactants with a solid substrate. When surface saturation is systematically utilized, the growth obtained per ALD reaction cycle is a well‐defined quantity that depends on i) the reactants used, ii) the ALD processing temperature, and iii) sometimes the substrate material. A model is derived to describe the growth per cycle in ALD as a function of the chemistry of the growth when compounds are used as reactants. Two main types of chemisorption may occur: i) ligand exchange reaction of the ML n reactant with surface “a” groups, where ligands are removed from the surface as gaseous aL, and ii) dissociation or association, where all parts of the ML n reactant are attached to the surface. A simple mathematical model based on the mass balance of chemisorption relates the growth per cycle to the size of the ML n reactant and the chemisorption mechanisms involved. Steric hindrance of the ligands causes saturation of chemisorption if a limited number of bonding sites does not cause it. Because of the steric hindrance, the growth per cycle remains less than a monolayer. The applicability of the model is illustrated through several theoretical examples.
Sensitivity and inversion of borehole flexural dispersions for formation parameters (1997)

Propagation characteristics of borehole flexural waves are functions of five borehole, fluid and formation parameters. Uncertainties in any of these model parameters may introduce errors in the estimate of formation shear-wave speed. Other sources of error in the estimate may be caused by deviations from the assumed circular borehole cross-section or heterogeneity in the material properties of formation in the vicinity of a borehole from the usually assumed homogeneous properties. The influence of uncertainties in model parameters on borehole flexural dispersion has been calculated from a general perturbation model based on Hamilton's principle. A sensitivity analysis of the flexural dispersion to small variations in the model parameters shows that the formation shear speed has by far the most dominant influence in a slow formation. In contrast, the flexural dispersion in a fast formation is significantly influenced by three of the five model parameters: the formation shear speed, the borehole fluid compressional speed and the borehole diameter. The frequency dependence of these sensitivity functions indicates that the inversion of flexural dispersion for formation shear speed is optimal in the range 2–4 kHz for a borehole of diameter 25.4 cm. The range of validity of the perturbation model has been estimated by comparing results of concentric annuli of different thicknesses, and shear-wave speeds different from that of the formation with those from exact numerical solutions from a modal search program. Generally, the perturbation results for altered annuli of thicknesses up to 15 cm are accurate to within 1 per cent for a shear-wave speed 10 per cent lower than that of the formation. This difference between the perturbation and exact results increases to approximately 1 to 3 per cent for a shear-wave speed 20 per cent lower than that of the formation.
Distortion Is Truth (1998)

In two realms of music production—the amplified electric guitar and the recording studio—archaic technology is often the state of the art. Electric guitarists, recording engineers and producers rely upon technology that was perfected in the 1950s and 1960s for much of their sound-making and sound-processing needs because it provides a desirable sonic character. The author asserts that sonic transparency—“uncolored” sound made possible by modern solid-state and/or digital equipment—is antithetical to musical pursuits in which distortion itself is an essential part of the aesthetic.