gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Routing Scheme for Heterogeneous Data-Flows Using Openflow (2015)

In this paper, we propose an open flow controller that takes into account different application's needs such as latency, bandwidth, reliability, network jitter, etc and optimizes the flow on a combination of such factors. It is a dynamic system that constantly keeps track of these parameters and adapts to changes happening in the network and pushes updated rules on the fly to the switches. Such a system can efficiently route traffic in data-center by routing packets from different applications in separate routes as per requirement, thereby utilizing the resources more judiciously. We built a prototype controller using POX and studied its routing characteristics extensively. We used network-bandwidth, latency and reliability as the parameters to test the system and simulated the network using mininet and found that the system was able to balance these three parameters for different loads according to the requirements.
Collagenase and Sodium Iodoacetate-Induced Experimental Osteoarthritis Model in Sprague Dawley Rats (2009)

The objective of this study was to apply and compare two different experimental osteoarthritis (OA) methods in the rat, namely: Collagenase induced OA (CO) and Monosodium iodoacetate induced OA (MIA) models. The assessment of OA development and progression were performed through three different periods (2, 4 and 6 weeks). Intra-articular injection of either 4 mg joint-1 CO type II or 3 mg joint-1 MIA, were administered to the adult male Sprague Dawley rats, into their right knee joints. Evaluation of OA changes in the knees was achieved with both histopathology score system and radiography approach. Gross results revealed earliest changes such as swelling and redness of the right knee joints of all rats injected with either CO or MIA. Joint dissection revealed distinct thickening of the joint capsule in MIA-injected rats than in CO group. Present finding revealed early development of radiographical as well as histopathological changes in MIA injected group. However, both OA injected groups resulted in a chronic joint degeneration, measured by cellular changes, matrix degradation, subchondral changes and marginal osteophyte formation. Present findings showed significantly higher histopathological score in MIA injected group than those of CO in each of the three selected periods for OA induction. In conclusion, present results demonstrated that MIA can induce OA changes in a shorter period of time than CO in the Sprague Dawley rat. Radiography approach could be a useful tool to evaluate osteoarthritic changes in the knee joints.
A time-dependent bacterial bioluminescence emission spectrum in an in vitro single turnover system: energy transfer alone cannot account for the yellow emission of Vibrio fischeri Y-1. (1990)

Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), which has a bound FMN, was isolated from the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri strain Y-1b. Its presence in a luciferase [alkanal monooxygenase (FMN-linked); alkanal, reduced-FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, luminescing), EC 1.14.14.3] reaction mixture causes a striking color change, and an increase in bioluminescence intensity, as well as a faster rate of intensity decay, so that the quantum yield is not changed. The emission spectrum shows two distinct color bands, one at 490 nm attributed to the unaltered emission of the luciferase system, the other peaking in the yellow around 540 nm due to YFP emission. The kinetics of the two color bands differ, so the spectrum changes with time. The yellow emission reaches its initial maximum intensity later than the blue, and then both blue and yellow emissions decay exponentially with nearly the same pseudo-first-order rate constants, linearly dependent on [YFP] (from 0.01 sec-1 with no YFP to a maximum of approximately 0.1 sec-1 at 4 degrees C) but exhibiting a saturation behavior. The data can be interpreted by assuming the interaction of YFP with the peroxyhemiacetal intermediate in the luciferase reaction to form an unstable new complex whose breakdown gives the yellow emitter in its excited state. This simple model fits well the data at [YFP] less than 15 microM. The results indicate that a single primary excited state cannot be responsible for the blue and the yellow emissions.
Pilot-line processing of screen-printed Cz-Si MWT solar cells exceeding 17% efficiency (2009)

On the way to higher efficiencies, back contact solar cells are a promising alternative to conventional screen-printed solar cells. Especially, the MWT (metal wrap through) solar cell concept with only a few additional process steps compared to the conventional cell process is appropriate for a fast transfer to industry. The focus of this work is to change the conventional cell process as little as possible and to reduce the time-to-market. Hence, a MWT process with only three screen-printing steps and without efficiency losses is realized by combining the via and the solder pad metallization steps. In comparison with the conventional cell process the number of screen-printing steps is not increased and thus the costs for metallization rise only marginally due to somewhat increased paste consumption. In comparison to a previous approach the additional costs of the MWT process can be significantly reduced. A successful MWT process transfer from Fraunhofer ISE's Photovoltaic Technology Evaluation Center (PV-TEC) pilot-line to the pilot-line of ersol Solar Energy AG is shown. Mean cell efficiencies above 17% and maximum efficiencies of 17.3% are achieved for Cz-Si MWT solar cells within pilot-line production. Moreover, an efficiency gain compared to simultaneously processed, conventionally screen-printed solar cells of 0.3% absolute has already been reached. Furthermore, the influence of p-contact solder pads on the cell efficiency is analyzed in detail by current voltage (IV-) and photoluminescence (PL-) measurements within this work.
Field-Cage and Laboratory Evaluations of Semiochemical-Based Baits for Managing Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1990)

Adult western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were offered baits containing toxicant (carbaryl), a feeding stimulant (the curcurbitacins in powdered root of buffalo gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K. [BGRPl), and a nonpheromonal attractant (TIC; 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, indole, and trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1:1:1). Components were encapsulated into starch granules or were formulated into particles by Bio- Control (Warwick, Queensland, Australia). In laboratory assays, baits with approximately 0.5% carbonyl and 3-5% BGRP effectively killed D. v. virgifera. Baits with these components plus 0.3-1.5% TIC were broadcast over maize in walk-in field cages; adult D. v. virgifera beetles were released, and surviving beetles were counted after 24-72 h. In cages treated at 2-32 kg/ha of starch bait, numbers of beetles were reduced by 69-94%, respectively, relative to untreated cages. Starch granules containing only carbaryl (8 kg/hal killed few or no beetles, but granules with carbaryl plus BGRP reduced numbers of beetles per cage by approximately 80% in 24 h. Efficacy of baits was not affected by adding 1.5% TIC or by phenology of maize in the cages. Activity of baits declined after 2-3 wks in the field; 3-wk-old baits reduced numbers of beetles per cage by approximately 45%, whereas freshly applied baits produced reductions of approximately 85%. Although not ideal, these formulations appear suitable for testing the concept of semiochemical-based baits on a larger scale.
Benign Breast Biopsy Diagnosis and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer (2007)

The observed breast cancer occurrence contributes to evidence of increased risk following benign biopsy. The risk associated with histologic diagnoses in absence of atypia was twice the risk experienced by women with normal mammogram evaluations and may be modified by breast density.
Determinação da função de fluência do betão da barragem de Alqueva (2010)

O betão de barragens apresenta características reológicas distintas dos betões utilizados em edifícios e pontes. Dependendo da importância da barragem, a caracterização das propriedades do betão envolve a realização de ensaios específicos. Nesta comunicação apresenta-se uma metodologia para a determinação da função de fluência básica do betão da barragem de Alqueva recorrendo aos resultados experimentais obtidos nas células de fluência instaladas "in situ", sob condições higrométricas variáveis, nos prismas ensaiados à fluência em laboratório, sob condições higrométricas controladas, e nos ensaios de módulo de elasticidade e resistência à compressão de prismas do betão. Os parâmetros da lei de fluência básica representativa do comportamento diferido do betão da obra foram obtidos através do modelo de previsão BaP, desenvolvido por Bažant e Panula em 1976 e por ajuste aos resultados experimentais disponíveis. Os efeitos das variações de carga e de temperatura decorridas durante os ensaios foram considerados, respectivamente, através da hipótese de sobreposição de efeitos e da modelação do efeito das variações de temperatura. A metodologia adoptada permitiu identificar a lei de fluência do betão, referente ao modelo de previsão, que melhor se adapta aos resultados dos ensaios efectuados "in situ" e em laboratório e, por sua vez, ao comportamento global da barragem.
Synthesis of <sup>15</sup>N labelled isophosphoramide mustard (1994)

Abstract The ifosfamide metabolite isophosphoramide mustard (IPM) was synthesized with isotopic enrichment at each nitrogen site. Glycine‐ 15 N was converted to 2‐chloroethylamine‐ 15 N hydrochloride (4 steps, 21% net yield) which was then reacted with phenyl dichlorophosphate to provide N,N ′‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic‐ 15 N 2 acid phenyl ester [62%, PhOP( O ) ( 15 NHCH 2 CH 2 Cl) 2 ]. Catalytic hydrogenation of this phenyl ester followed by the addition of cyclohexylamine (CHA) provided IPM‐ 15 N 2 as the CHA salt (63%).
MRAT: The Mixed Reality Analytics Toolkit (2020)

Significant tool support exists for the development of mixed reality (MR) applications; however, there is a lack of tools for analyzing MR experiences. We elicit requirements for future tools through interviews with 8 university research, instructional, and media teams using AR/VR in a variety of domains. While we find a common need for capturing how users perform tasks in MR, the primary differences were in terms of heuristics and metrics relevant to each project. Particularly in the early project stages, teams were uncertain about what data should, and even could, be collected with MR technologies. We designed the Mixed Reality Analytics Toolkit (MRAT) to instrument MR apps via visual editors without programming and enable rapid data collection and filtering for visualizations of MR user sessions. With MRAT, we contribute flexible interaction tracking and task definition concepts, an extensible set of heuristic techniques and metrics to measure task success, and visual inspection tools with in-situ visualizations in MR. Focusing on a multi-user, cross-device MR crisis simulation and triage training app as a case study, we then show the benefits of using MRAT, not only for user testing of MR apps, but also performance tuning throughout the design process.
Simulating fire with texture splats (2003)

We propose the use of textured splats as the basic display primitives for an open surface fire model. The high-detail textures help to achieve a smooth boundary of the fire and gain the small-scale turbulence appearance. We utilize the Lattice Boltzmann Model (LBM) to simulate physically-based equations describing the fire evolution and its interaction with the environment (e.g., obstacles, wind and temperature). The property of fuel and non-burning objects are defined on the lattice of the computation domain. A temperature field is also incorporated to model the generation of smoke from the fire due to incomplete combustion. The linear and local characteristics of the LBM enable us to accelerate the computation with graphics hardware to reach real-time simulation speed, while the texture splat primitives enable interactive rendering frame rates.
A crystallographic model of (00⋅1) aluminum nitride epitaxial thin film growth on (00⋅1) sapphire substrate (1994)

High-quality thin aluminum nitride films were grown on different orientations of sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. (00⋅1) AlN thin film grown on (00⋅1) Al2O3 has better crystallinity than (11⋅0) AlN on (01⋅2) sapphire. Full width at half maximum of a rocking curve is 97.2 arcsec, which is the narrowest value to our knowledge. A crystallographic model between AlN thin films and sapphire substrates was proposed to explain the process of crystal growth. ‘‘Extended atomic distance mismatch’’ which is the mismatch of atomic distance for a longer period was introduced. It is shown that the mismatch is relaxed by edge-type dislocations. Extended atomic distance mismatch was used to interpret the results that (00⋅1) AlN has better crystallinity than (11⋅0) AlN, but (11⋅0) GaN has better crystallinity than (00⋅1) GaN.
Simulation of the correlation velocity log using a computer based acoustic model (1999)

The Correlation Velocity Log (CVL) can be used on both surface and underwater vessels to measure the velocity relative to the seabed. The CVL has distinct advantages over rival systems, such as inertial navigation and Doppler logs, at low speeds, making it especially suitable for use on autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The aim of this project is to develop a new CVL which incorporates a number of innovative components that will lead to a significant increase in the system accuracy. The project includes the development of a software simulator and a hardware technology demonstrator. This paper describes the simulation part of the project. A two level simulation strategy is employed to investigate the detailed short time scale behaviour independently of the performance over a longer time scale. The detailed model is used to improve the understanding of the effect of variations in the physical environment and of transducer characteristics. A second model is used to study the effect of random and systematic errorsover a long time scale and to test different operating and processing strategies. A fully functioning prototype of the system is being developed in parallel with the simulator.
Anisotropic properties of high permeability grain-oriented 3.25% Si-Fe electrical steel (1994)

Anisotropic magnetic properties of two grades of 0.27 mm thick 3.25% silicon grain-oriented electrical steels are investigated using Epstein size samples cut at 10/spl deg/ intervals between the direction of rolling and its transverse. The global anisotropic variation of the steel is shown to be directly proportional to that of the intrinsic anisotropy energy of the cubic single crystal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Contamination of Soil and Groundwater Due to Stormwater Infiltration Practices, A Literature Review (2008)

Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of infiltration as a method of managing\nstormwater. Infiltration practices promote groundwater recharge, reduce runoff peak flows and\nvolumes, and can lessen the transport of non-point source pollutants to surface water bodies.\nHowever, because stormwater infiltration systems are designed to discharge runoff into the soil,\nthere has been concern that pollutants present in stormwater could contaminate groundwater\nwells. Thus, to understand the relative risks and benefits of infiltration, the fate of stormwater\npollutants must be well understood. The fate of contaminants infiltrated from stormwater runoff\nand the potential for groundwater contamination was investigated by reviewing literature\npublished in peer-reviewed scientific and engineering journals. This review examines common\nstormwater infiltration techniques, priority pollutants in urban stormwater runoff, and\ninvestigates the fate of these pollutants after infiltration.\nPriority pollutants in urban stormwater runoff include nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus),\nheavy metals (i.e. Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd), organics (e.g. petroleum hydrocarbons), pathogens,\nsuspended solids, and salts. The potential for groundwater contamination is a complex function\nof soil and contaminant properties and the depth to the water table. Karst geology in particular\ncan provide pathways for rapid and extensive groundwater contamination from infiltration\nsystems.
Membrane proteins: functional and structural studies using reconstituted proteoliposomes and 2-D crystals (2002)

Reconstitution of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers is a powerful tool to analyze functional as well as structural areas of membrane protein research. First, the proper incorporation of a purified membrane protein into closed lipid vesicles, to produce proteoliposomes, allows the investigation of transport and/or catalytic properties of any membrane protein without interference by other membrane components. Second, the incorporation of a large amount of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers to grow crystals confined to two dimensions has recently opened a new way to solve their structure at high resolution using electron crystallography. However, reconstitution of membrane proteins into functional proteoliposomes or 2-D crystallization has been an empirical domain, which has been viewed for a long time more like "black magic" than science. Nevertheless, in the last ten years, important progress has been made in acquiring knowledge of lipid-protein-detergent interactions and has permitted to build upon a set of basic principles that has limited the empirical approach of reconstitution experiments. Reconstitution strategies have been improved and new strategies have been developed, facilitating the success rate of proteoliposome formation and 2-D crystallization. This review deals with the various strategies available to obtain proteoliposomes and 2-D crystals from detergent-solubilized proteins. It gives an overview of the methods that have been applied, which may be of help for reconstituting more proteins into lipid bilayers in a form suitable for functional studies at the molecular level and for high-resolution structural analysis.
Stereoisomers of β-Carotene and Phytoene in the Alga <i>Dunaliella bardawil</i> (1988)

Dunaliella bardawil, a halotolerant green alga, was previously shown to accumulate high concentrations of beta-carotene when grown outdoors under defined conditions. The beta-carotene of algae cultivated under high light intensity in media containing a high salt concentration is composed of approximately 50% all-trans beta-carotene and 40% 9-cis beta-carotene. We show here that the 9-cis to all-trans ratio is proportional to the integral light intensity to which the algae are exposed during a division cycle. In cells grown under a continuous white light of 2000 microeinsteins per square meter per second, the ratio reached a value of around 1.5, while in cells grown under a light intensity of 50 microeinsteins per square meter per second, the ratio was around 0.2. As previously shown, algae treated with the herbicide norflurazon accumulate phytoene in place of beta-carotene. Electron micrographs showed that the phytoene is accumulated in many distinct globules located in the interthylakoid spaces of the chloroplast. Here too, two isomers are present, apparently all-trans and 9-cis phytoene, and their ratio is dependent upon the integral light intensity to which the algae are exposed during a division cycle. In the presence of norflurazon, Dunaliella bardawil grown under a light intensity of 2000 microeinsteins per square meter per second contained about 8% phytoene with a 9-cis to all-trans ratio of about 1.0. This ratio decreased to about 0.1 when the light intensity was reduced to 50 microeinsteins per square meter per second. These data suggest that the isomerization reaction which leads to the production of the 9-cis isomer occurs early in the path of carotene biosynthesis, at or before the formation of all-trans phytoene. The presence of the 9-cis isomer of beta-carotene and the dependence of its preponderance on light intensity seem to be a common feature of many plant parts. Thus carrots which are exposed to minimal light contain no 9-cis isomer while sun-exposed leaves, fruits, and flowers contain 20 to 50% of the 9-cis isomer.
Strategies for the enhancement of nail plate permeation of drugs to treat onychomycosis (2022)

Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes and yeasts. It has a global prevalence of 5.5%, requires long treatment periods, and has high relapse rates following therapy. Oral antifungals are generally the most common treatment. While effective, they have limitations such as drug-drug interactions, hepatotoxicity and adverse side effects; thus, they cannot be used in several populations. Topical antifungals do not have the safety limitations but are typically not as effective. The primary challenge of topical treatment is the permeation of drug molecules across the nail plate barrier, which is a highly cross-linked keratin network. The use of drugs and formulations with favourable characteristics such as small size, absence of lipophilicity, hydrophilic nature, hydrating properties and appropriate pH can greatly improve permeation. Here, we review physical, nanoparticle-based, formulation-based, mechanical and chemical drug delivery strategies to improve the permeation of drugs across the nail plate.
Bardet–Biedl syndrome type 4 (BBS4)-null mice implicate Bbs4 in flagella formation but not global cilia assembly (2004)

The functions of the proteins encoded by the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) genes are unknown. Mutations in these genes lead to the pleiotropic human disorder BBS, which is characterized by obesity, retinopathy, polydactyly, renal and cardiac malformations, learning disabilities, and hypogenitalism. Secondary features include diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Recently, it has been suggested that the BBS phenotypes are the result of a lack of cilia formation or function. In this study, we show that mice lacking the Bbs4 protein have major components of the human phenotype, including obesity and retinal degeneration. We show that Bbs4-null mice develop both motile and primary cilia, demonstrating that Bbs4 is not required for global cilia formation. Interestingly, male Bbs4-null mice do not form spermatozoa flagella, and BBS4 retinopathy involves apoptotic death of photoreceptors, the primary ciliated cells of the retina. These mutation data demonstrate a connection between the function of a BBS protein and cilia. To further evaluate an association between cilia and BBS, we performed homology comparisons of BBS proteins in model organisms and find that BBS proteins are specifically conserved in ciliated organisms.