gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decision Support Systems in Oncology (2019)

Precision medicine is the future of health care: please watch the animation at https://vimeo.com/241154708 . As a technology-intensive and -dependent medical discipline, oncology will be at the vanguard of this impending change. However, to bring about precision medicine, a fundamental conundrum must be solved: Human cognitive capacity, typically constrained to five variables for decision making in the context of the increasing number of available biomarkers and therapeutic options, is a limiting factor to the realization of precision medicine. Given this level of complexity and the restriction of human decision making, current methods are untenable. A solution to this challenge is multifactorial decision support systems (DSSs), continuously learning artificial intelligence platforms that integrate all available data-clinical, imaging, biologic, genetic, cost-to produce validated predictive models. DSSs compare the personalized probable outcomes-toxicity, tumor control, quality of life, cost effectiveness-of various care pathway decisions to ensure optimal efficacy and economy. DSSs can be integrated into the workflows both strategically (at the multidisciplinary tumor board level to support treatment choice, eg, surgery or radiotherapy) and tactically (at the specialist level to support treatment technique, eg, prostate spacer or not). In some countries, the reimbursement of certain treatments, such as proton therapy, is already conditional on the basis that a DSS is used. DSSs have many stakeholders-clinicians, medical directors, medical insurers, patient advocacy groups-and are a natural consequence of big data in health care. Here, we provide an overview of DSSs, their challenges, opportunities, and capacity to improve clinical decision making, with an emphasis on the utility in oncology.
Bacterial Exchange in Household Washing Machines (2015)

Household washing machines (WMs) launder soiled clothes and textiles, but do not sterilize them. We investigated the microbial exchange occurring in five household WMs. Samples from a new cotton T-shirt were laundered together with a normal laundry load. Analyses were performed on the influent water and the ingoing cotton samples, as well as the greywater and the washed cotton samples. The number of living bacteria was generally not lower in the WM eﬄuent water as compared to the influent water. The laundering process caused a microbial exchange of influent water bacteria, skin-, and clothes-related bacteria and biofilm-related bacteria in the WM. A variety of biofilm-producing bacteria were enriched in the eﬄuent after laundering, although their presence in the cotton sample was low. Nearly all bacterial genera detected on the initial cotton sample were still present in the washed cotton samples. A selection for typical skin- and clothes-related microbial species occurred in the cotton samples after laundering. Accordingly, malodour-causing microbial species might be further distributed to other clothes. The bacteria on the ingoing textiles contributed for a large part to the microbiome found in the textiles after laundering.
Electrically rechargeable REDOX flow cell (1976)

A bulk energy storage system is designed with an electrically rechargeable reduction-oxidation (REDOX) cell divided into two compartments by a membrane, each compartment containing an electrode. An anode fluid is directed through the first compartment at the same time that a cathode fluid is directed through the second compartment. Means are provided for circulating the anode and cathode fluids, and the electrodes are connected to an intermittent or non-continuous electrical source, which when operating, supplies current to a load as well as to the cell to recharge it. Ancillary circuitry is provided for disconnecting the intermittent source from the cell at prescribed times and for circulating the anode and cathode fluids according to desired parameters and conditions.
Chemerin inhibits IGF-1-induced progesterone and estradiol secretion in human granulosa cells (2012)

Taken together, chemerin and its receptor (CMKLR1) are present and active in hGCs. Chemerin reduces IGF-1-induced steroidogenesis and cell proliferation through a decrease in the activation of IGF-1R signalling pathways in primary hGCs.
Microscopic Neuroanatomic Abnormalities in Autism (1991)

Since its initial description in 1943,1 autism has been primarily conceptualized as a behavioral disorder, and for many years it was believed to be the result of parental and environmental influences. With heightened clinical interest in the disorder, coincident with advances in medical technology, however, evidence for an underlying neurologic basis for autism has become increasingly apparent. HISTORICAL NEUROPATHOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE Based largely on the constellation of symptoms that characterize the disorder, various anatomical sites within the brain have been suggested as a possible primary source of pathology in autism. Suspected regions have included the medial temporal lobe,2-5 the thalamic nuclei,6 the basal ganglia,7 and the vestibular system.8 Computed tomographic imaging studies have shown inconsistent findings.9-14 More recently, however, magnetic resonance imaging studies have described abnormalities in portions of the cerebellum and posterior fossa.15-17 Direct microscopic examination of the autistic brain has, until recently, yielded little information. Aarkrog18 reported "slight thickening of the arterioles, slight connective tissue increase in the leptomeninges, and some cell increase" in a frontal lobe biopsy performed on an autistic patient. Later, in 1976, 33 cases of childhood psychosis were reviewed by Darby.19 Although he suggested a possible correlation between limbic system lesions and the affective symptomatology of autism, no consistent neuropathologic findings were found. In 1980, Williams et al20 studied sections of brain from four patients with autistic-like behavior; looking primarily for cell loss and gliosis, they failed to find any consistent abnormalities. MICROSCOPIC NEUROANATOMIC OBSERVATIONS In 1984, anatomic abnormalities were reported in the brain of a 29-year-old man with well-documented autism; the technique of whole brain serial section was used, and the patient was studied in comparison with an identically processed age- and sex-matched control subject.21,22
Scintillators for positron emission tomography (1995)

Like most applications that utilize scintillators for gamma detection, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) desires materials with high light output, short decay time, and excellent stopping power that are also inexpensive, mechanically rugged, and chemically inert.Realizing that this "ultimate" scintillator may not exist, this paper evaluates the relative importance of these qualities and describes their impact on the imaging performance of PET.
A carbon nanotube field emission multipixel x-ray array source for microradiotherapy application (2020)

The authors report a carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission multipixel x-ray array source for microradiotherapy for cancer research. The developed multipixel x-ray array source has 50 individually controllable pixels and it has several distinct advantages over other irradiation source including high-temporal resolution (millisecond level), the ability to electronically shape the form, and intensity distribution of the radiation fields. The x-ray array was generated by a CNT cathode array (5×10) chip with electron field emission. A dose rate on the order of >1.2 Gy∕min per x-ray pixel beam is achieved at the center of the irradiated volume. The measured dose rate is in good agreement with the Monte Carlo simulation result.
Learning Parameters and Constitutive Relationships with Physics Informed Deep Neural Networks (2018)

We present a physics informed deep neural network (DNN) method for estimating parameters and unknown physics (constitutive relationships) in partial differential equation (PDE) models. We use PDEs in addition to measurements to train DNNs to approximate unknown parameters and constitutive relationships as well as states. The proposed approach increases the accuracy of DNN approximations of partially known functions when a limited number of measurements is available and allows for training DNNs when no direct measurements of the functions of interest are available. We employ physics informed DNNs to estimate the unknown space-dependent diffusion coefficient in a linear diffusion equation and an unknown constitutive relationship in a non-linear diffusion equation. For the parameter estimation problem, we assume that partial measurements of the coefficient and states are available and demonstrate that under these conditions, the proposed method is more accurate than state-of-the-art methods. For the non-linear diffusion PDE model with a fully unknown constitutive relationship (i.e., no measurements of constitutive relationship are available), the physics informed DNN method can accurately estimate the non-linear constitutive relationship based on state measurements only. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed method remains accurate in the presence of measurement noise.
CDRAM in a unified memory architecture (2002)

Improved system performance and lower cost can be achieved in small systems by combining all required memory functions into a single bank (or device) of "unified" memory. For example, the L2 cache, frame buffer, and main memory can be combined. The CDRAM has been designed to provide the performance level of large systems in a small and low cost form factor. Thus it is a very attractive option for unified memory architectures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Differential attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative injuries in early prostatic neoplastic lesions in TRAMP mice by dietary antioxidants (2005)

Our data indicate that in TRAMP mice, OS/NS injuries are likely involved in early prostatic tumorigenesis and can be modulated by various antioxidants.
Erasable holographic recording in photosensitive polymer optical fibers (2003)

We report what is to our best knowledge the first holographic recording in photosensitive polymer optical fibers by guided beams. The fibers are made of poly(methyl methacrylate) doped with Disperse Red 1 dye. We also demonstrate what we believe is the first recording of Fourier-transform images in these fibers.
<title>Knowledge-based approach to JPEG acceleration</title> (1995)

JPEG picture compression and related algorithms are not only used in still picture compression, but also to a growing degree for moving picture compression in telecommunication applications. Real-time JPEG compression and decompression are crucial in these scenarios. We present a method to significantly improve the performance of software based JPEG decompression. Key to these performance gains are adequate knowledge of the structure of the JPEG coded picture information and transfer of structural information between consecutive processing steps. Our implementation achieved an 80% performance increase decompressing typical JPEG video streams.
Out-of-focus: Learning Depth from Image Bokeh for Robotic Perception (2017)

In this project, we propose a novel approach for estimating depth from RGB images. Traditionally, most work uses a single RGB image to estimate depth, which is inherently difficult and generally results in poor performance, even with thousands of data examples. In this work, we alternatively use multiple RGB images that were captured while changing the focus of the camera's lens. This method leverages the natural depth information correlated to the different patterns of clarity/blur in the sequence of focal images, which helps distinguish objects at different depths. Since no such data set exists for learning this mapping, we collect our own data set using customized hardware. We then use a convolutional neural network for learning the depth from the stacked focal images. Comparative studies were conducted on both a standard RGBD data set and our own data set (learning from both single and multiple images), and results verified that stacked focal images yield better depth estimation than using just single RGB image.
A Single Ketamine Infusion Combined With Motivational Enhancement Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Midazolam-Controlled Pilot Trial (2019)

A single ketamine infusion was found to improve measures of drinking in persons with alcohol dependence engaged in motivational enhancement therapy. These preliminary data suggest new directions in integrated pharmacotherapy-behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorder. Further research is needed to replicate these promising results in a larger sample.
A Novel Approach Towards Building a Portable NLIDB System Using the Computational Paninian Grammar Framework (2012)

This paper presents a novel approach to building natural language interface to databases (NLIDB) based on Computational Paninian Grammar (CPG). It uses two distinct stages of processing, namely, syntactic processing followed by semantic processing. Syntactic processing makes the processing more general and robust. CPG is a dependency framework in which the analysis is in terms of syntactico-semantic relations. The closeness of these relations makes semantic processing easier and more accurate. It also makes the systems more portable.
Solid state magnetic field sensors and applications (1993)

Discusses the properties of magnetic field sensors based on semiconductors such as Hall generators and magnetoresistors, and on magnetic metals, such as permalloy and the recently discovered 'giant magnetoresistance' metallic multilayers. Some emphasis is placed on the comparison between sensors made using these different technologies. Applications of magnetic field sensors in magnetic recording technology and in position sensing are discussed briefly. Typically a sensor has to detect the difference between a high and a low value of field, around an average, which is of the order of 10-3 T in recording applications, but can exceed 0.1 T in position sensors.
Real-Time Incremental Segmentation and Tracking of Vehicles at Low Camera Angles Using Stable Features (2008)

We present a method for segmenting and tracking vehicles on highways using a camera that is relatively low to the ground. At such low angles, 3-D perspective effects cause significant changes in appearance over time, as well as severe occlusions by vehicles in neighboring lanes. Traditional approaches to occlusion reasoning assume that the vehicles initially appear well separated in the image; however, in our sequences, it is not uncommon for vehicles to enter the scene partially occluded and remain so throughout. By utilizing a 3-D perspective mapping from the scene to the image, along with a plumb line projection, we are able to distinguish a subset of features whose 3-D coordinates can be accurately estimated. These features are then grouped to yield the number and locations of the vehicles, and standard feature tracking is used to maintain the locations of the vehicles over time. Additional features are then assigned to these groups and used to classify vehicles as cars or trucks. Our technique uses a single grayscale camera beside the road, incrementally processes image frames, works in real time, and produces vehicle counts with over 90% accuracy on challenging sequences.
A novel wideband and reconfigurable high average efficiency power amplifier (2012)

This work presents theory and measurements of a new power amplifier based on the Doherty topology. It is theoretically shown that, by using a new set of design parameters with a Doherty power amplifier topology, the proposed amplifier can provide high efficiency, both at full output power and at power back-off, over a much improved bandwidth compared to the conventional Doherty power amplifier configuration. It is also shown that the proposed amplifier allows for simple reconfiguration of the efficiency in power back-off. A demonstrator circuit using individually controlled main and peak amplifier input signals is designed to validate the theoretical findings. Measurements show state-of-the art efficiency bandwidth at both full output power and at power back-off, as well as reconfigurable efficiency, thus validating the theory and demonstrating the potential of the proposed PA for use in future wireless transmitter applications.
A Convergent Process for the Preparation of Adamantane 11-β-HSD-1 Inhibitors (2008)

A convergent, scalable process was developed for the synthesis of adamantane 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibitors E-4-(2-methyl-2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propionylamino)adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (1) and E-4-(2-methyl-2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propionylamino)adamantane-1-carboxamide (2) to rapidly deliver material for development. The process was high yielding and provided 1 in 52% overall yield over six total steps with a five-step longest linear sequence and 2 in 45% overall yield over seven total steps with a six-step longest linear sequence. A process to prepare active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of >99% purity at the kilogram scale has been developed under tight delivery timelines.
Detecting Domain Dedicated Polar Words (2013)

There are many examples in which a word changes its polarity from domain to domain. For example, unpredictable is positive in the movie domain, but negative in the product domain. Such words cannot be entered in a “universal sentiment lexicon” which is supposed to be a repository of words with polarity invariant across domains. Rather, we need to maintain separate domain specific sentiment lexicons. The main contribution of this paper is to present an effective method of generating a domain specific sentiment lexicon. For a word whose domain specific polarity needs to be determined, the approach uses the Chi-Square test to detect if the difference is significant between the counts of the word in positive and negative polarity documents. We extract 274 words that are polar in the movie domain, but are not present in the universal sentiment lexicon. Our overall accuracy is around 60% in detecting movie domain specific polar words. 1
Synthesis, Characterization, and Unusual Surface Activity of a Series of Novel Architecture, Water-Dispersible Poly(fluorooxetane)s (2002)

A series of water-dispersible, surface-active poly(fluorinated oxetane)s was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of fluorinated oxetane monomers using Lewis acid catalysis. The fluorinated oxetane monomers are made by phase-transfer catalytic reaction of a fluorinated alcohol with 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane. Water dispersibility was introduced by conversion of the diol-terminated α,ω-(dihydroxy)poly(fluorinated oxetanes) into diammonium salts of α,ω-sulfate esters. The poly(fluorinated oxetane) salts exhibit unusually low surface tensions for materials based on a pendant trifluoro- or pentafluoroalkyl group. At a critical micelle concentration of ∼10-5 mol/L (∼10-3 wt %), surface tensions of ∼20−30 mN/m are obtained. The novel architecture of the poly(fluorinated oxetane) salts is thought to be responsible for the anomalous surface activity.
Lossy Transmission Line Model of Hydrofractured Well Dynamics (1998)

Abstract The real-time detection of hydrofracture growth is crucial to the successful operation of water, CO2 or steam injection wells in low-permeability reservoirs and to the prevention of subsidence and well failure. In this paper, we describe propagation of very low frequency (1-10 to 100 Hz) Stoneley waves in a fluid-filled wellbore and their interactions with the fundamental wave mode in a vertical hydrofracture. We demonstrate that Stoneley-wave loses energy to the fracture and that energy transfer from the wellbore to the fracture opening is most efficient in soft rocks. We conclude that placing the wave source and receivers beneath the injection packer provides the most efficient means of hydrofracture monitoring. We then present the lossy transmission line model of wellbore and fracture for the detection and characterization of fracture state and volume. We show that this model captures the wellbore and fracture geometry, the physical properties of injected fluid and the wellbore-fracture system dynamics. The model is then compared with experimentally measured well responses. The simulated responses are in good agreement with published experimental data from several water injection wells with depths ranging from 1000 ft to 9000 ft. Hence, we conclude that the transmission line model of water injectors adequately captures wellbore and fracture dynamics. Using an extensive data set for the South Belridge Diatomite waterfloods, we demonstrate that even for very shallow wells the fracture size and state can be adequately recognized at wellhead. Finally, we simulate the effects of hydrofracture extension on the transient response to a pulse signal generated at wellhead. We show that hydrofracture extensions can indeed be detected by monitoring the wellhead pressure at sufficiently low frequencies.
Do House Prices Affect Consumption? A Comparison Exercise (2011)

This paper undertakes a comparison exercise to disentangle what drives the opposite findings regarding the effect of house prices on consumption documented in two papers using the same data set for the UK. On the one hand, Campbell and Cocco (2007) find that old owners are the most benefited by a house price increase and young renters the least, confirming the so-called wealth hypothesis. On the other hand, Attanasio, Blow, Hamilton, and Leicester (2009) find that house prices have the same impact on consumption across age groups, consistent with the so-called common factor hypothesis. We rule out that changes in the sample period, the definition of consumption, the data source, the type of price deflator, and empirical considerations such as endogeneity bias and sampling noise in the construction of synthetic cohorts are the driving factors of the opposite conclusions reached by the two papers. All our evidence points towards the empirical specification, i.e., whether it is a consumption function (an equation for the level of consumption) or an Euler equation (an equation for consumption growth) as the only plausible explanation to the conflicting results. Our findings revive the debate of whether there is an effect of house prices on consumption, an issue of increasing importance in the current context of declining house prices in industrialized countries.
A Practical Synthesis of N-Substituted 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-ones from N,N′-Disubstituted 2,2′-Dithiodibenzamides (2004)

A variety of N-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-ones were easily synthesized from N,N′-disubstituted 2,2′-dithiodibenz­amides in the presence of O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. Derivatives with a primary, secondary, or tertiary alkyl group or an aryl group on the N-1 nitrogen of the 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one were obtained.
When are substrate effects important for on-chip interconnects? (2003)

In this paper, we investigate the effects of floating and grounded substrates with different conductivities of 100 S/m (medium) and 10.000 S/m (high) on on-chip interconnections in the frequency range from 1 Hz up to 40 GHz. We show that the frequency dependency of line parameters, especially the inductance and resistance per unit length, depends strongly on whether the substrate is grounded or floating, on the relative position of the ground line with respect to the signal lines, and on the substrate conductivity.