gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct detection of DNA with an integrated detector on a microfluidic chip (2003)

A microfluidic chip has been developed which allows for the direct detection of several distinct DNA targets present in a sample. The direct detection of underivatized DNA is advantageous for the analysis of very small amounts of sample, where contamination is a major concern. DNA probes can be attached in microchannels present on the chip via a biotin/avidin linkage. The sample is then introduced into the channel where an appropriate DNA target hybridizes with its complementary probe. Following hybridization of the target, an alkaline buffer is introduced to the channel to dehybridize the double-stranded DNA and flush the target downstream to a copper electrode. The dehybridized DNA is then detected electrochemically. The elution time can be used to identify the particular DNA target since the DNA probes are spatially segregated in the channel. Integrating the detector and the sensing probes on the microfluidic chip allows for an inexpensive and easily fabricated biosensor device for the precise recognition and subsequent detection of a specific complimentary DNA target for diagnosis and genetic screening.
The polygenic nature of inhibitors in hemophilia A: results from the Hemophilia Inhibitor Genetics Study (HIGS) Combined Cohort (2012)

Studies of determinants of development of inhibitory Abs to factor VIII in people with hemophilia A indicate a complex process involving multiple factors. The Hemophilia Inhibitor Genetics Study (HIGS) Combined Cohort was formed to extend our understanding of the genetic background of risk. The study group contains 833 subjects from 3 independent cohorts: brother pairs and singletons with and without a history of inhibitors, as well as 104 brother pairs discordant for inhibitor status. Using an Illumina iSelect platform, 13 331 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 1081 genes, primarily immune response and immune modifier genes, were typed. Each cohort was analyzed separately with results combined using a meta-analytic technique. After adjustment for potential confounders, 53 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found to be significant predictors of inhibitor status using the criteria of odds ratios in the same direction in all cohorts or allowing for a 20% interval around an odds ratio = 1 in 1 of the 3 and significant in at least 2. Of the 53 markers, 13 had meta P < .001. Eight of the 53 were significant predictors among the discordant pairs. Results support the complexity of the immune response and encourage further research with the goal of understanding the pathways involved.
Defects in SiC substrates and epitaxial layers affecting semiconductor device performance (2004)

The current status of SiC bulk growth is reviewed, while specific attention is given to the effect of defects in SiC substrates and epitaxial layers on device performance and yield. The progress in SiC wafer quality is reflected in the achievement of micropipe densities as low as 0.92 cm−2 for a 3-inch n-type 4H-SiC wafer, which provides the basis for a high yielding fabrication process of large area SiC power devices. Using a Murphy Probe Yield Analysis for the breakdown characteristics of 10 kV PiN diodes we have extracted an “effective” defect density for 4H-SiC material to be as low as 30 cm−2, providing valuable information to further isolate and address the specific material defects critical for device performance. We address the problematic degradation of the forward characteristics (Vf-drift) of bipolar SiC PiN diodes [CITE]. The underlying mechanism due to stacking fault formation in the epitaxial layers and possible effects of device processing are investigated. An improved device design is demonstrated, which effectively stabilizes this Vf-drift. We show the progression in the development of semi-insulating SiC grown by the sublimation technique from extrinsically doped material to high purity semi-insulating (HPSI) 4H-SiC bulk crystals of up to 100 mm diameter without resorting to the intentional introduction of elemental deep level dopants, such as vanadium. Uniform resistivities in 3-inch HPSI wafers greater than 3 × 1011 Ω-cm have been achieved. Secondary ion mass spectrometry, deep level transient spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance data suggest that the semi-insulating behavior in HPSI material originates from deep levels associated with intrinsic point defects. MESFETs produced on HPSI wafers are free of backgating effects and have resulted in the best combination of power density and efficiency reported to date for SiC MESFETs of 5.2 W/mm and 63% power added efficiency (PAE) at 3.5 GHz.
Improvements in uncooled systems using bias equalization (1999)

This paper describes a new approach for the control of microbolometer detector array uniformity as a function of substrate temperature change. This approach, called the bias equalization method, uses an electronic means of controlling the microbolometer array uniformity. For this method a three stage non-uniformity correction algorithm is employed. The first stage corrects for substrate temperature non- uniformity effects on the microbolometer detector elements followed by traditional offset and gain non-uniformity correction stages. To correct for substrate temperature non- uniformity effects, bias equalization coefficients are supplied to the readout integrated circuit (ROIC) to allow the control of a unique operating bias or temperature delta for each microbolometer detector element in the array. The bias equalization method circuitry allows microbolometer array non-uniformity control over a wider range of ROIC substrate temperatures while maintaining better than 80 mK NEdT using f/1.8 optics. This approach is expected to allow removal of the thermoelectric cooler from uncooled systems, thus making it ideally suited for high-volume, low-cost, low-power and low-weight production applications.
Multiple importance sampling for first- and second-order PMD (2002)

We have demonstrated a simulation method that can efficiently generate not only large first- and second-order PMD, but also combinations where one of the two is large and the other is small. Furthermore, the use of importance sampling allows the accurate determination of the associated probability distribution, even for very rare events.
Be-implanted GaInAsP/InP double heterojunction laser diodes (1983)

Beryllium ion implantation has been used to fabricate broad-area GaInAsP/InP laser diodes operating at a wavelength of 1.3 μm, which have threshold current densities comparable to those obtained using conventional Zn doping during the epitaxial growth process. Both a Be-implant schedule which results in minimal diffusion of the implanted Be and one which results in significant diffusion have been investigated. On most wafers, the average normalized threshold current density ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J_{nom} = J_{th}/d</tex> ) using either implant schedule has been typically 6-8 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . μm. The lowest J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nom</inf> observed was 4.2 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . μm and was measured on a "nondiffused" implanted laser.
Coupling of a Gas-Phase Chemiluminescence Nitrogen Detector and a Capillary Electrophoretic System (1999)

A capillary electrophoretic system has been successfully connected to a gas-phase chemiluminescence nitrogen detector via a pneumatic nebulizer interface. The interface, built in-house, consists of a nebulizing gas delivery subsystem, a sheath liquid subsystem, a short spray tube, and a liquid gap. The liquid gap is formed at the point where the spray tube, the separation capillary, and the sheath liquid subsystem meet. The sheath liquid subsystem consists of a grounding connection to complete the electric circuit for the electrophoretic system, a sheath liquid delivery pump, a sheath liquid overflow outlet maintained at atmospheric pressure, and a sheath liquid conduit with a hydrodynamic resistance that is much smaller than that of the separation capillary. The interface operates at the natural self-aspiration rate of the short spray tube. The design ensures that the natural self-aspiration rate of the nebulizer is higher than the maximum electroosmotic flow rate that can be produced in the separation capillary. The flow difference is made up by the sheath liquid which, due to the hydrodynamic resistance differences, is sucked into the liquid gap preferentially from the sheath liquid conduit. Thus, the spray tube and the separation capillary are decoupled from each other hydrodynamically, and any laminar flow-induced additional band broadening in the separation capillary is avoided. Using the combined electrophoretic separation and gas-phase chemiluminescence nitrogen detector system, the mass detection limit for five nucleotide bases used as test compounds was found to be about 10 pmol nitrogen.
Toward Orally Absorbed Prodrugs of the Antibiotic Aztreonam. Design of Novel Prodrugs of Sulfate Containing Drugs. Part 2 (2020)

Aztreonam, first discovered in 1980, is an FDA approved, intravenous, monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic. Aztreonam is active against Gram-negative bacteria and is still used today. The oral bioavailability of aztreonam in humans is less than 1%. Herein we describe the design and synthesis of potential oral prodrugs of aztreonam.
A CMOS linear voltage/current dual-mode imager (2006)

We present a CMOS image sensor capable of both voltage- and current-mode operations. Each pixel on the imager has a single transistor acting as either source follower for voltage readout, or transconductor for current readout. The two modes share the same readout lines, but have their own correlated double sampling (CDS) units for noise suppression. We also propose a novel current-mode readout technique using a velocity-saturated short-channel transistor, which achieves high linearity. The 300/spl times/200 image array is a mixture of 3 types of pixels with identical photodiodes and access switches; while the readout transistors are sized for their designated mode of operation. This ensures a fair comparison on the performance of the different modes.
A Vasculature Anatomy Inspired Flexible Slot Antenna for Continuous Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring (2021)

In this study, we introduce a vasculature-anatomy-inspired sensor for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring. The sensor is based on a flexible slot-antenna that can be integrated inside a wearable glove, and enables sufficient penetration of the radiated electromagnetic waves in order to wirelessly monitor blood glucose variations. Serum-based experiments demonstrate high fidelity across the diabetic glucose range [10mg/dl – 500mg/dl]. Furthermore, human studies exhibit clinical accuracy of 98%, between the reference glucose levels and the sensor's output, in twenty-one subjects who underwent a total of sixty-three oral glucose tolerance tests.
<title>Monte Carlo simulations incorporating Mie calculations of light transport in tissue phantoms: examination of photon sampling volumes for endoscopically compatible fiber optic probes</title> (1996)

Details of the interaction of photons with tissue phantoms are elucidated using Monte Carlo simulations. In particular, photon sampling volumes and photon pathlengths are determined for a variety of scattering and absorption parameters. The Monte Carlo simulations are specifically designed to model light delivery and collection geometries relevant to clinical applications of optical biopsy techniques. The Monte Carlo simulations assume that light is delivered and collected by two, nearly-adjacent optical fibers and take into account the numerical aperture of the fibers as well as reflectance and refraction at interfaces between different media. To determine the validity of the Monte Carlo simulations for modeling the interactions between the photons and the tissue phantom in these geometries, the simulations were compared to measurements of aqueous suspensions of polystyrene microspheres in the wavelength range 450 - 750 nm.
Micromachined Probes for Submillimeter-Wave On-Wafer Measurements—Part I: Mechanical Design and Characterization (2011)

The mechanical design and characterization of a micromachined on-wafer probe scalable to submillimeter-wave frequencies is presented. The design consists of a silicon micromachined probe with a ground-signal-ground configuration on a 15 μm thick silicon substrate. This micromachined chip is housed in a metal waveguide block that provides mechanical support for the probe and enables coupling to a waveguide flange. Load-cell measurements of the probe show a DC contact resistance below 0.07 Ω with an applied force of 1 mN. A companion paper presents the electromagnetic design and calibrated on-wafer measurements at 500 to 750 GHz.
Simultaneous Wavelength and Mode Conversion in a Higher-order-mode Fiber (2012)

We present a novel method for simultaneous wavelength and mode conversion in a higher-order-mode fiber with mode-crossing. A dispersive wave in the LP11mode is experimentally excited by a frequency-shifted soliton in the LP02 mode.
Probability-Based Transmit Power Control for Dynamic Spectrum Access (2008)

To take advantage of time-varying spectrum opportunities, a cognitive radio (CR) user continuously monitors the dynamic usage of the licensed frequency band and is allowed to utilize the spectrum resource when it does not cause unacceptable interference with licensed users. In this paper, the transmit power control scheme for each data transmission between periodic spectrum sensing activities is proposed to improve the performance of the CR user with utilization of the statistics of the licensed band occupancy. While the conventional CR transmission scheme allocates the same transmit power to each data sample, our scheme varies the transmit power dynamically according to the non-interfering probability at each sample so that the effective transmission rate of the CR user increases and the expected interference level with the licensed communication decreases. Detection errors are also incorporated into the analysis. It is demonstrated by numerical results that our scheme considerably improves the overall bandwidth efficiency while ensuring the priority of licensed users.
HIGH FREQUENCY FILTERING OF 24-HOUR HEART RATE DATA (2013)

Heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRV) analysis based on spectral methods have been widely applied for assessment of autonomic nervous system activities. However, an observation of existing frequency dynamic in particular spectral bands of HRV, especially when analysis is done in short time RR interval series, is problematic using these methods. We used self-developed digital filters to solve this problem. The high-frequency (HF; 0.15-0.4 Hz) band of RR intervals is filtered with 3 finite (FIR) and 4 infinite impulse response (IIR) filters from original 24-hour HR record. We showed that the use of various filters for identification of respiration influence on HR. An analysis using FIR filters gives more accurate results, but requires more calculation resources. No differences between results obtained using filtering and spectral analysis were observed. The use of FIR and IIR filters are simple and effective for processing of both, 24-hour data and short-time series of RR intervals.
Advances and Limits in Copolymerization of Olefins with Conjugated Dienes (2005)

Abstract The field of the copolymerization of olefins with conjugated dienes has been investigated. While the insertion of butadiene is often limited with most catalyst systems designed for olefin polymerization, lanthanide metallocene catalysts insert butadiene with good efficiency. In the present paper, the preparation of a vast range of products including new polymers is reviewed.
Clean and efficient extraction of copper ions and deposition as metal (2018)

A simple, clean and efficient one-pot process is offered as an alternative to the conventional complex processing presently used to extract copper ions from copper containing materials, like copper concentrate or slag, and to form copper metal. The alternative process uses a eutectic molten salt of potassium chloride, sodium chloride and zinc chloride as the reaction fluid which is recyclable, low in cost, environmentally benign, low melting (melting point 204°), high boiling (vapor pressure is only a few psi at 800°) and chemically, thermally and physically stable. The metal completely dissolves out of copper concentrate or slag in the aerobic eutectic molten chloride salt in a graphite or glassy carbon pot, which serves as a cathode, with a graphite anode, to reduce the metal ions to metal which sinks to the bottom of the graphite pot. The total efficiency forextraction and deposition is virtually 100% as determined by elemental and gravimetric analyses.
The Nucleus Multi-channel Implantable Hearing Prosthesis (1984)

The Nucleus Multi-channel Implantable Hearing Prosthesis was developed in conjunction with the University of Melbourne. A 22 channel flexible electrode array is inserted into the cochlea through a round window opening. A cable leads from the electrode array to a demountable connector mounted on the Receiver-Stimulator unit (RSU). A custom CMOS integrated circuit is mounted inside the hermetically sealed titanium and ceramic RSU which is encased in silicone rubber and measures 34.5 mm diameter and 10.5 mm thick. Biphasic current pulse stimuli can be delivered to any selected electrode pairs at rates in excess of 1 kHz. A pocket-sized speech processor extracts spectral information from the incoming acoustic signal, and encodes stimulus information onto the single RF power/data signal transmitted to the RSU through the skin. The Speech Processor includes electronic memory circuits which are programmed with the information mapping acoustic parameters to stimulation parameters for each electrode for each patient. This MAP is established as a result of psychophysical experiments performed by the audiologist using the Diagnostic and Programming System based on a customized microcomputer.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferrocene‐Based Planar Chiral Imidazopyridinium Salts for Catalysis. (2015)

Abstract Novel enantiopure planar, chiral ferrocenyl imidazolium complexes are presented.
Passive shimming of MR magnets: algorithm, hardware, and results (1993)

An improved method for allowing a magnetic resonance (MR) magnet to meet its stringent field homogeneity requirements has been developed. The method is called passive shimming and involves the placement of pieces of ferromagnetic material in the magnet bore at locations which are determined from an initial field map. Software and hardware which facilitate this shimming procedure have been developed at GE and successfully implemented in MR scanners around the world. The software uses a linear programming algorithm to minimize the thicknesses of shims at each of a number of allowable locations which will bring the peak-to-peak field error in the volume of interest to its minimum level. The hardware consists of arc-shaped drawers on each of which shim packages may be built up to a predetermined maximum thickness. This shimming technology represents a major cost reduction from the superconducting or resistive electromagnetic correction coils which are typically used to shim a magnet's field.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation of Endohyphal Bacteria from Foliar Ascomycota and <i>In Vitro</i> Establishment of Their Symbiotic Associations (2016)

Endohyphal bacteria (EHB) can influence fungal phenotypes and shape the outcomes of plant-fungal interactions. Previous work has suggested that EHB form facultative associations with many foliar fungi in the Ascomycota. These bacteria can be isolated in culture, and fungi can be cured of EHB using antibiotics. Here, we present methods for successfully introducing EHB into axenic mycelia of strains representing two classes of Ascomycota. We first establish in vitro conditions favoring reintroduction of two strains of EHB (Luteibacter sp.) into axenic cultures of their original fungal hosts, focusing on fungi isolated from healthy plant tissue as endophytes: Microdiplodia sp. (Dothideomycetes) and Pestalotiopsis sp. (Sordariomycetes). We then demonstrate that these EHB can be introduced into a novel fungal host under the same conditions, successfully transferring EHB between fungi representing different classes. Finally, we manipulate conditions to optimize reintroduction in a focal EHB-fungal association. We show that EHB infections were initiated and maintained more often under low-nutrient culture conditions and when EHB and fungal hyphae were washed with MgCl2 prior to reassociation. Our study provides new methods for experimental assessment of the effects of EHB on fungal phenotypes and shows how the identity of the fungal host and growth conditions can define the establishment of these widespread and important symbioses.
Estimating End-to-End Performance by Collaborative Prediction with Active Sampling (2007)

Accurately estimating end-to-end performance in distributed systems is essential both for monitoring compliance with service-level agreements (SLAs) and for performance optimization (e.g., choosing the highest-bandwidth server for a download request in a content-distribution system). Due to infeasibility of exhaustive pairwise measurements, a natural alternative is to predict unobserved end-to-end performances from available historic data, with minimal additional measurements. In this paper we present an approach to this based on Collaborative Prediction (CP), an estimation method designed to work with sparse data, that has enjoyed much success in other domains (e.g. product recommendation systems), and obviates the need for landmark nodes commonly assumed in other approaches. Specifically, we use Max-Margin Matrix Factorization (MMMF), a linear factor model for CP that has outperformed state- of-art CP techniques. Moreover, our approach readily admits active sampling based on prediction confidence, and we further propose a novel active-sampling CP approach yielding even higher predictive accuracy, while allowing a flexible trade-off between "exploration" (choosing suboptimal samples to improve estimation accuracy) and "exploitation" (choosing node with best estimated performance). We demonstrate successful empirical results on a variety of practical problems, including network latency prediction (NLANR-AMP, P2PSim and PlanetLab datasets) and bandwidth prediction in content-distribution systems (IBM's downloadGrid data).