gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast timing-model independent buffered clock-tree synthesis (2010)

In high-performance synchronous chip design, a buffered clock tree with small clock skew is essential for improving clocking speed. Due to the insufficient accuracy of timing models for modern chip design, embedding simulation into a clock-tree synthesis flow becomes inevitable. Consequently, the runtime for clock-tree synthesis becomes prohibitively huge as the complexity of chip designs grows rapidly. To construct a buffered clock tree efficiently, we propose an ultra fast timing-model independent approach to perform skew minimization by structure optimization. To achieve the goal, a novel clock-tree structure, called symmetrical structure, is presented. At each level of a symmetrical clock tree, the number of branches, the wire-length, and the inserted buffers are almost the same. It is natural that the clock skew could be minimized if the configurations of all paths from the clock source to sinks are similar. By symmetrically constructing a clock tree, the clock skew can be minimized without referring to simulation information. Experimental results show that our approach can not only efficiently construct a buffered clock tree, but also effectively minimize clock skew with marginal wiring overheads. Based on a set of commonly used IBM benchmarks, for example, a state-of-the-art work without (with) ngspice simulation results in averagely 7.93X (2.77X) clock skew and requires 46X (24343X) runtime over our approach.
Cross Polarization Interference Reduction Techniques (1979)

The objective of this program was to design, fabricate and test the optimum algorithm developed on the previous contract (Contract F30602-76-C-0041) to improve the performance of cross-polarization on line-of-sight (LOS) digital microwave channels. Specifically, an adaptive equalizer which would function with cross-polarization discrimination ratios from 5 dB to 40 dB and provide up to 20 nanoseconds of linear and parabolic group delay compensation was desired. An experimental equalizer was constructed and successfully tested both in the laboratory and at RADC. All primary design objectives were met with the exception of automatic operation in the copolar mode. Theoretical limitations of the performance measurement techniques used in the equalizer restrict copolar operation to a manual mode. In the automatic cross-polar mode, the equalizer can reduce an input cross-polarization discrimination ratio (CPDR) of 5 dB to a CPDR near 25 dB with the modem signal meeting FCC 19311 requirements over an LC8D radio. Non-dispersive cross-pole interference can be reduced by 25 dB. In back- to-back modem tests, the equalizer's residual interference level is near the design objective of -40 dB.
Photomedicine of the endometrium: experimental concepts (1995)

Gynaecological photomedicine offers new diagnostic and therapeutic methods based on the interaction of light with the reproductive organs. One example is photodynamic therapy (PDT) in which photosensitizers are applied systemically or topically for selective endometrial ablation. Several studies describing the potential use of PDT for this application are reviewed. Basic experimental and clinical aspects of PDT, such as photosensitizer types, application modes, irradiation parameters, optical properties of tissues and photodegradation of photosensitizers are discussed.
Quantifying Human Autonomy Recovery During Ankle Robot-Assisted Reversal of Foot Drop After Stroke (2018)

In this paper, we present a measure to quantify the profile of human autonomy recovery during ankle robot-assisted locomotor training to reverse foot drop after hemiparetic stroke. Underlying this kinetic-based measure is the estimation of the human ankle torque contribution during dynamic (step-by-step) patient-robot interaction, by measuring the device peak torques that meet desired design criteria across gait cycles. As with our previous clinical trials with the ankle robot, we employ an adaptive control approach for a six-week treadmill intervention in chronic stroke patients with well-defined ankle deficits. Here, we provide the first evidence of ankle robot-mediated changes in human autonomy index (HAl) and assess the worthiness of the HAI to predict changes in key volitional ankle neuromotor and whole-body functional gait outcomes. We also propose ways to incorporate the HAl into practice, including a model to customize the duration of robotic therapy for each patient based on minimally acceptable improvements in outcome measures.
Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of 1,3‐Dioxolan‐4‐one and 1,3‐Oxathiolan‐5‐one Derivatives: Synthesis of the Key Intermediate in the Industrial Synthesis of the Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor AMDOXOVIR (2004)

Abstract The resolution of racemic 1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐one and 1,3‐oxathiolan‐5‐one derivatives such as (4‐oxo‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl)methyl 2‐methylpropanoate ( 2 ) by enzymatic solvolysis was investigated. The resolution of 2 , a precursor for the synthesis of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Amdoxovir, was optimized in terms of solvent/nucleophile, reaction conditions, and enzyme. The use of lipase from Candida antarctica B (CALB) and methanol as nucleophile and solvent resulted in an effective resolution and the product ( R )‐2 could be easily isolated. Products of substrate decomposition can be isolated and reused for the synthesis of racemic 2 . The broad range of application for this enzymatic resolution was demonstrated by the resolution of further substrates with different substitution patterns. This process gives a new and unprecedented access to enantiopure 1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐ones and 1,3‐oxathiolan‐5‐ones.
Reconfigurable optical frequency comb and its applications (2015)

The concept of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has revolutionized the field of optical communications. However, the immense demand for bandwidth shows no sign of abating and is pushing service providers to deploy communication networks with increased capacity. Optical transport networks will soon require channel data rates in excess of 100 Gb/s in order to continue to meet the ever increasing demand for bandwidth. Bandwidth flexible optical networks, that dynamically adjust transmission parameters and allocate the bandwidth according to the traffic demands, have been proposed in the literature to support 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s super channels [1]. In such systems, techniques including coherent optical OFDM and Nyquist WDM transmission [2] may be employed to achieve channel spacing at or close to the symbol rate. These high capacity transmission systems are well served by optical frequency comb (OFC) sources that can enable the reduction or elimination of guard bands by featuring fixed frequency spacing between the carriers, in contrast to arrays of independent lasers that do not. Moreover, an OFC that offers wavelength and free spectral range (FSR) tunability allows a single source to be easily adapted. Hence, in order to be successfully employed in such flexible systems, OFC sources should exhibit good spectral flatness, high frequency stability, low linewidth, and reconfigurable central wavelength and FSR. In this work, the authors present a reconfigurable gain switched optical frequency comb [3–5] and demonstrate its optimum features. In addition, several applications of this comb will be reviewed [6, 7].
Continuously tunable and reconfigurable microwave photonic multiband filter based on cascaded MZIs (2017)

A tunable and reconfigurable microwave photonic multiband filter with up to 13 simultaneous passbands is presented. All the passband frequencies are continuously tunable over 20 GHz, and the number of simultaneous passbands is highly reconfigurable between 1 to 13.
Pregnancy: a clue to normal regulation of ly ph i" B m opoes s (1994)

Studies spanning more than a century have documented the influence of sex steroids and other hormones on the size and activity of the thymus. The thymus atrophies when circulating estrogen levels are elevated, and at least part of the age-related involution of the thymus is reversed by castration. However, similar information has not been available for B lymphopoiesis and a chance observation involving pregnant mice was required to direct our attention to the effect of these hormones on the marrow microenvironment. Although the size and activity of the thymus may be influenced by a number of other local and/or exogenously produced hormone& ~, some of which could also be relevant to B-cell development, this review will focus on evidence showing that sex steroids may actively regulate B and T lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, since the actual mechanisms involved in these respons,:s are largely speculative, this review will consider hormone influences in terms of many other factors that influence B lymphopoiesis. B lymphopoiesis in pregnancy A sinai! percemage of large bone-marrow-derived pre-B cells respond to interleukin 7 (IL-7) and form coloni~'s in semisolid agar 4. This straightforward assay was found to be extremely compromised in pregnant animals 5. The numbers of clonable cells were depressed after 6.5 days of gestation and averaged less than 10% of normal levels by the time of parturition. This change corresponded to decreased numbers of B-lin~: ceiis, as identified by ~urf:,c~ ~-_:-_r~:: . , ~u0population that inclu&~ most ot the clonable IL-7-responsive precursor~ (fractions 'B' and 'C' in terminology introduced by Hardy and colleagues 6) declined substantially, and even greater changes were noted in small pre-B cells (fraction 'D'). Ceils with an immature phenotype lslgM +, slgD-, heat stable antigen (HSA) h~] were depressed in spleen, as well as in the bone marrow of pregnant mice. This indicate~ that both the production of new lymphocytes and their export to periph-] eral lymphoid tissues were diminished. Furthermore, the fraction of cycling lymphocytes in marrow was substantially reduced. However, no significant change was observed in the number of mature B cells (IgM ~, IgD -~) in any tissue. Moreover, the effect on B-lineage precursors in marrow was highly selective, and the total number of myeloid and erythroid cells remained unchanged.
Segmentation theory for design of a multi-axis actuator array using segmented binary control (2005)

In this paper, we present a segmentation theory for designing a multi-axis actuator array. This array uses artificial muscle actuators, i.e. shape memory alloys, to control multiple axes in a coordinated manner. The multi-axis actuator array uses segmented binary control (SBC), which is a method of controlling artificial muscle actuators in a digital manner. In SBC, actuators are segmented and each segment is controlled independently, instead of controlling the strain of the actuator as a whole. The advantage of using SBC is that it allows us to avoid the nonlinear properties of the actuator and to use a simple control for each segment. However, one problem of using SBC is the increased number of segments. The segmentation theory provides a basis for using coupled segments, or segments to be shared within the actuator array, along with independent segments, to control the multiple axes with reduced number of segments. A segmentation design procedure is developed based on the theory and the method is applied to an actuator array for driving a five-fingered robot hand capable of taking variety of postures.
Image Permanence of Ink Jet Print System for Portrait (2002)

Thanks to the improved technology with high quality in high speed and to competitive prices of mega-pixel digital cameras and high resolution scanners, color ink jet printers have popularly filtered into our daily life. We expect that the color ink jet printers, both in professional and high amateur markets, will take an important role to pull the digital photographic industry.With this background, Seiko Epson Corporation has developed the portrait printer “Gemini” system. With a set of 6 pigmented inks, this system enables us to print on ink jet media with high quality and with very good image permanence and to use them as commercial photographs.In this report, I will explain the good stability of ink jet media printed by the Gemini system focusing especially on light and gas that are believed to be the more important factors than water, heat, humidity and plasticizer.
Somatic Mutations Predict Poor Outcome in Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome After Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation (2014)

Mutations in TP53, TET2, or DNMT3A identify patients with MDS with shorter OS after HSCT.
Grating Enhanced Continuum Generation (2008)

We describe the large spectral enhancements that are observed when a continuum is generated in a fiber Bragg grating, and review their use in applications such as frequency metrology that benefit from broadband, spectrally tailored sources.
Fabrication of single-mode fibres by v.a.d. (1980)

A 21 km long single-mode fibre with loss values of 0.6 dB/km at 1.2 and 1.55 μm, and 0.7 dB/km at 1.3 μm, has been made by the v.a.d. method. This indicates the high potential of this method in the production of long low-loss single-mode fibres.
Adaptive Charging Networks: A Framework for Smart Electric Vehicle\n Charging (2020)

We describe the architecture and algorithms of the Adaptive Charging Network\n(ACN), which was first deployed on the Caltech campus in early 2016 and is\ncurrently operating at over 100 other sites in the United States. The\narchitecture enables real-time monitoring and control and supports electric\nvehicle (EV) charging at scale. The ACN adopts a flexible Adaptive Scheduling\nAlgorithm based on convex optimization and model predictive control and allows\nfor significant over-subscription of electrical infrastructure. We describe\nsome of the practical challenges in real-world charging systems, including\nunbalanced three-phase infrastructure, non-ideal battery charging behavior, and\nquantized control signals. We demonstrate how the Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm\nhandles these challenges, and compare its performance against baseline\nalgorithms from the deadline scheduling literature using real workloads\nrecorded from the Caltech ACN and accurate system models. We find that in these\nrealistic settings, our scheduling algorithm can improve operator profit by 3.4\ntimes over uncontrolled charging and consistently outperforms baseline\nalgorithms when delivering energy in highly congested systems.\n
Chromophore-modified antineoplastic imidazoacridinones. Synthesis and activity against murine leukemias (1992)

The synthesis of 8-hydroxy and 8-methoxy analogues of some substituted 5-aminoimidazoacridinones (4) is described. The synthesis was carried out by a three-step sequence from the corresponding 1-chloro-4-nitro-9(10H)-acridinone precursors (1). The annulation of the imidazolo ring onto the aminoacridinone chromophore was accomplished by heating the required aminoacridinone (3) with formic acid or, in the case of 1-methyl derivatives, with N,N-dimethylacetamide. Potent cytotoxic activity against L1210 leukemia, as well as antitumor activity against P388 leukemia in mice, was demonstrated for the 8-hydroxy analogues. The corresponding 8-methoxy derivatives were not cytotoxic. However, in some cases, they showed significant in vivo antileukemic activity.
EXTH-22. A NEW DESIGN FOR TRANSDUCER ARRAYS FOR THE DELIVERY OF TUMOR TREATING FIELDS (2017)

Tumor treating fields (TTFields) therapy is delivered to patients’ tumors via four transducer arrays placed on the patient’s scalp. When applying TTFields, the skin temperature below the arrays is monitored continuously to verify it does not exceed a safety threshold of 410C. The temperature sensing is performed using thermistors, positioned in the center of the ceramic insulator disks in the arrays. In the current array design, each of the four arrays is connected through a long wire to a Connector Array Device (CAD) where the temperature from all thermistors is read. Thus, in order to deliver TTFields using the current arrays, there is a need for four long cables running from the arrays to the CAD, which is located near the field generator and often clipped to the patient’s waist or carry bag. The use of four long wires makes the wiring coming off of a patient’s head less flexible and more visible. In addition, the presence of long wires attached to the arrays can make placement of the arrays on the head cumbersome. To overcome these challenges, we have designed a new generation of transducer arrays in which temperature measurements are performed using micro-processers located within connectors which connect to each array on the head. Therefore, placement of the arrays on the head can be performed without the need for individual wires to be connected to the CAD. Following individual array placement, the four arrays are connected via short, thin wires to a miniature hub, placed adjacent to or on the patient’s head. The miniature hub routes the communication from the arrays to the field generator using a single thin cable. This design is intended to significantly improve the ease-of-use and lower the visibility of the TTFields delivery arrays.
Rapid and High-Resolution Multidimensional Coherent Spectroscopy Using Three Frequency Combs (2019)

We present a novel method, tri-comb spectroscopy, which enables the measurement of a high-resolution multidimensional coherent spectrum in 365 ms. This method has the potential to become a field-deployable device for remote-sensing applications.
Machine Load Estimation Via Stacked Autoencoder Regression (2018)

The problem of load estimation from sensor signals holds significance in the field of intelligent manufacturing. The goal of this work is to estimate the axial and spindle load values in a Computer Numerical Control machine from input sensor readings like spindle speed, feed rate, tool positions' etc. This can be viewed as a standard regression problem. Here, we propose a novel deep learning based regression technique that incorporates regression within the stacked autoencoder framework. Unlike the popular heuristic pretraining, fine-tuning approach, we solve all the parameters of the problem jointly. A variable splitting Augmented Lagrangian approach is employed to solve the ensuing optimization problem. Comparisons on standard regression models like linear, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Support Vector Regression and the traditional stacked autoencoder have shown that our technique considerably outperforms them.
In vivo assessment of a novel biodegradable ureteral stent (2017)

Notwithstanding the limitations of the present study, the in vivo testing of our novel natural origin polymer-based BUS suggests this device to feature homogeneous degradation, good urine drainage, and high biocompatibility. Next steps will be to increase its stability, and to improve the radiopacity without compromising its degradation. Ultimately, clinical studies will be required to determine the safety and feasibility of its use in humans.
Analytical Fault Tolerance Assessment and Metrics for TSV-Based 3D Network-on-Chip (2015)

Reliability is one of the most challenging problems in the context of three-dimensional network-on-chip (3D NoC) systems. Reliability analysis is prominent for early stages of the manufacturing process in order to prevent costly redesigns of a target system. This article classifies the potential physical faults of a baseline TSV-based 3D NoC architecture by targeting two-dimensional (2D) NoC components and their inter-die connections. In this paper, through-silicon via (TSV) issues, thermal concerns, and single event effect (SEE) are investigated and categorized, in orderto propose evaluation metrics for inspecting the resiliency of 3D NoC designs. A reliability analysis for major source of faults is reported in this article separately based on their mean time to failure (MTTF). TSV failure probability induced by inductive and capacitive coupling is also discussed. Finally, the paper provides a formal reliability analysis on the aggregated faults that affect TSV. This formal analysis is critical for estimating the resiliency of different components in order to mitigate the redundancy cost of fault-tolerant design or to examine the efficiency of any proposed fault-tolerant methods for 3D NoC architectures.
One-Step Low-Temperature Route for the Preparation of Electrochemically Active LiMnPO<sub>4</sub> Powders (2003)

Pure and well-crystallized LiMnPO4 powders were obtained by a direct precipitation route in an aqueous medium at 373 K. A thermodynamic study of the system Li+/Mn(II)/phosphate/H2O identified a pH range in which LiMnPO4 precipitation was the most probable. From these theoretical considerations, the olivine-type compound precipitation turned out to be straightforward, i.e., no further thermal treatment was needed. A systematic study of the influence of synthesis parameters enabled tailoring of the size of the as-obtained particles. The smallest precipitated particles (∼100 nm) led to a global improvement of the electrochemical behavior when used in lithium batteries, consisting in lowering the polarization and enhancement of the reversible capacities (∼70 mAh/g at C/20). A two-phase Li extraction/insertion mechanism was identified, using the potential intermittent titration technique (PITT) and in situ X-ray diffraction, between LiMnPO4 and the delithiated phase MnPO4, indexed in the space group Pmnb with unit cell parameters a = 5.93(2) Å, b = 9.69(6) Å, and c = 4.78(1) Å.
Efficient simulation of secondary motion in rig-space (2013)

We present an efficient method for augmenting keyframed character animations with physically-simulated secondary motion. Our method achieves a performance improvement of one to two orders of magnitude over previous work without compromising on quality. This performance is based on a linearized formulation of rig-space dynamics that uses only rig parameters as degrees of freedom, a physics-based volumetric skinning method that allows our method to predict the motion of internal vertices solely from deformations of the surface, as well as a deferred Jacobian update scheme that drastically reduces the number of required rig evaluations. We demonstrate the performance of our method by comparing it to previous work and showcase its potential on a production-quality character rig.
Area-of-difference methods for detection of ventricular tachycardia using morphology (2002)

To improve the detection of pathological tachycardias by implantable antitachycardia devices, techniques based on changes in intraventricular electrograms during sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia (VT) are proposed. The area of difference (AD), among the simplest of these proposed methods, sums the absolute difference between the stored template and each electrogram under analysis. To determine whether amplitude and/or baseline fluctuations might affect the results, four area methods were compared. The normalized area of difference (NAD) is independent of amplitude changes, the mean area of difference (MAD) is independent of baseline changes, the normalized mean area of difference (NMAD) is independent of both amplitude and baseline changes, and AD is dependent on both amplitude and baseline changes. The results indicate that the results of the four algorithms are very similar, but algorithms independent of baseline changes are more sensitive to template misalignment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A second-order semidigital clock recovery circuit based on injection locking (2003)

A compact (1 mm × 160 μm) and low-power (80-mW) 0.18-μm CMOS 3.125-Gb/s clock and data recovery circuit is described. The circuit utilizes injection locking to filter out high-frequency reference clock jitter and multiplying delay-locked loop duty-cycle distortions. The injection-locked slave oscillator output can have its output clocks interpolated by current steering the injecting clocks. A second-order clock and data recovery is introduced to perform the interpolation and is capable of tracking frequency offsets while exhibiting low phase wander.