gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of a memristor-based spiking neural network immune to device variations (2011)

We propose a design methodology to exploit adaptive nanodevices (memristors), virtually immune to their variability. Memristors are used as synapses in a spiking neural network performing unsupervised learning. The memristors learn through an adaptation of spike timing dependent plasticity. Neurons' threshold is adjusted following a homeostasis-type rule. System level simulations on a textbook case show that performance can compare with traditional supervised networks of similar complexity. They also show the system can retain functionality with extreme variations of various memristors' parameters, thanks to the robustness of the scheme, its unsupervised nature, and the power of homeostasis. Additionally the network can adjust to stimuli presented with different coding schemes.
Potential Usefulness of Computerized Nodule Detection in Screening Programs for Lung Cancer (1992)

If the number of false-positive results can be significantly reduced, computer-vision schemes such as this may have a role in lung cancer screening programs.
Wavelength-flattened fused couplers (1985)

A technique is reported for the fabrication of fused couplers, which yields devices having splitting ratios substantially independent of wavelength. A low-loss, stable, single-mode 2×2 port coupler has been fabricated using this technique. The coupler has 50/50% coupling at both 1.3 and 1.52 μm and 50% ± 9% coupling over the wavelength range 1.23 to 1.57 μm.
Dual-modulation, dual-wavelength, optical polarimetry system for glucose monitoring (2016)

A dual modulation optical polarimetry system utilizing both laser intensity and polarization modulation was designed, built, and tested. The system was designed to reduce complexity and enhance the speed in order to facilitate the reduction of motion-induced time-varying birefringence, which is one of the major limitations to the realization of polarimetry for glucose monitoring in the eye. The high-speed less complex technique was tested using in vitro phantom studies with and without motion artifact introduced. The glucose concentration ranged from 0 to 600 mg/dl and the glucose measurements demonstrated a standard error of prediction to within 8.1 mg/dl without motion and to within 13.9 mg/dl with motion. Our feedback control systems took less than 10 ms to reach stabilization, which is adequately fast to eliminate the effect of time-varying birefringence. The results indicate that this new optical polarimetric approach has improved the speed and reduced the complexity, showing the potential for it to be used for noninvasive glucose measurements.
Evidence of a New Chimeric<i>bcr</i>/c-<i>abl</i>mRNA in Patients with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia and the Philadelphia Chromosome (1985)

The hallmark of chronic myelocytic leukemia is the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). In recent studies, we obtained data that strongly suggested the involvement of an oncogene, c-abl, in this type of leukemia. This oncogene, normally located on chromosome 9, is translocated to chromosome 22 as a result of the Ph1 translocation. In addition, we identified a region on chromosome 22, the breakpoint cluster region (bcr), which contains the chromosomal breakpoint in all patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia who are positive for Ph1. Recent studies have suggested that the bcr is part of a gene that is truncated as a consequence of the Ph1 translocation. The deleted part of this gene could be replaced by c-abl sequences; to test this hypothesis we analyzed the RNA of five patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. All five had chimeric bcr/c-abl messenger RNA, suggesting that the deleterious effects of this disease can be associated with an abnormal chimeric protein encoded by the bcr and the c-abl oncogene.
GNSS Interferometric Radio Occultation (2016)

GNSS Reflectometry, Scatterometry and Radio Occultation aboard ISS is the mission concept under study within the European Space Agency. Its core payload consists of an interferometric GNSS-Reflectometry ocean altimeter/scatterometer which does not need to generate any clean replicas of the GNSS codes for its operation. This paper describes a new interferometric technique by which such payload could also perform radio occultation as an add-on, without requiring any additional hardware resources, like the generation of clean code replicas or a storage of them. Two possibilities are studied. The first one consists of performing the complex autocorrelation function of the received signal transmitted by a rising or setting GNSS satellite. The autocorrelation function is evaluated around time epochs that are multiples of the period of suitable codes found in the modulation of the navigation signals. Satellite discrimination has to be performed spatially, through the antenna pattern. The second possibility consists in acquiring the reference signal separately from the occultation event which, in turn, has two options depending upon the geometry at which the reference is recorded: zenithal and top of the atmosphere. The signal-to-noise ratio, the satellite discrimination, and the impact of clock errors are assessed.
Pyrazolo[4,3-<i>e</i>]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-<i>c</i>]pyrimidine Derivatives:  Potent and Selective A<sub>2A</sub>Adenosine Antagonists (1996)

A series of pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives (10a-o,q,r), bearing alkyl and aralkyl chains on positions 7 and 8, were synthesized in the attempt to obtain potent and selective antagonists for the A(2A) adenosine receptor subtype. The compounds were tested in binding and functional assays to evaluate their potency for the A(2A) compared with the A1 adenosine receptor subtype. In binding studies in rat brain membranes, most of the compounds showed affinity for A(2A) receptors in the low nanomolar range with a different degree of A(2A) versus A1 selectivity. Comparison of N(7) (10a-d,h-o)- and N(8) (10e-g)-substituted pyrazolo derivatives indicates that N(7) substitution decreases the A1 affinity with the concomitant increase of A(2A) selectivity. Specifically, the introduction of a 3-phenylpropyl group at pyrazolo nitrogen in position 7 (101) increased significantly the A(2A) selectivity, being 210-fold, while the A(2A) receptor affinity remained high (Ki=2.4 nM). With regards to the affinity for A(2A) receptors, also the compound 10n, bearing in the 7-position a beta-morpholin-4-ylethyl group, deserves attention (Ki=5.6 nM) even though the A2A selectivity (84-fold) was not as high as that of 101. Conversely, the compound 10m (N(7)-4-phenylbutyl derivative) showed a remarkable selectivity (A1/a(2A) ratio = 129) associated with lower A(2A) affinity (Ki = 21 nM). In functional studies, most of the compounds examined reversed 5'-(N-ethylcarbamoyl) adenosine-induced inhibition of rabbit platelet aggregation inhibition which is a biological response mediated by the A2A receptor subtype. The compounds are potent and selective A2A antagonists which can be useful to elucidate the pathophysiological role of this adenosine receptor subtype. These compounds deserve to be further developed to assess their potential for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
Abradable Coatings for Low-Temperature Applications (2001)

Abstract Various low-temperature abradable coatings for applications reaching 482°C were evaluated with the purpose of being applied onto the compressor spacers of an 11 MW land-based gas turbine engine. The coating is intended to reduce the compressor rotor tip-clearance, and is expected to increase the compressor efficiency by a range of 0.5 to 1%. This study evaluated physical and metallurgical characteristics, abradable and oxidation-resistance properties of plasma-sprayed AlSi-BN, NiCrFeAl-BN and quasicrystal AlCuFeCr, and flame-and plasma-sprayed NiCrFeAl-BN.
ChemInform Abstract: FOLATE ANTAGONISTS. 22. ANTIMALARIAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF 2,4‐DIAMINO‐6‐QUINAZOLINESULFONAMIDES (1985)

Abstract Die auf zwei Wegen zugänglichen Verbindungen (III) werden auf antibakterielle Aktivität sowie Antimalaria‐Wirkung untersucht.
Detection of Active Tuberculosis Infection by T Cell Responses to Early‐Secreted Antigenic Target 6‐kDa Protein and Culture Filtrate Protein 10 (2000)

The purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test has no predictive value for tuberculosis (TB) in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated individuals because of cross-reactive responses to nonspecific constituents of PPD. T cell responses to early-secreted antigenic target 6-kDa protein (ESAT-6) and the newly identified culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10), 2 proteins specifically expressed by M. tuberculosis (MTB) but not by BCG strains, were evaluated. Most TB patients responded to ESAT-6 (92%) or CFP-10 (89%). A minority of BCG-vaccinated individuals responded to both ESAT-6 and CFP-10, their history being consistent with latent infection with MTB in the presence of protective immunity. No responses were found in PPD-negative controls. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 84% and 100%, respectively, at a cutoff of 300 pg of interferon-gamma/mL. These data indicate that ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are promising antigens for highly specific immunodiagnosis of TB, even in BCG-vaccinated individuals.
Avian-Human Reassortant Influenza A Viruses Derived by Mating Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses (1984)

Reassortant influenza A viruses were produced by mating an avian virus (A/Mallard/NY/78, A/Mallard/Alberta/78, or A/Pintail/Alberta/79) with a wild-type human influenza A virus. From each mating a reassortant virus was obtained that contained the genes coding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens of the human influenza A wild-type virus and the six other RNA segments ("internal genes") of the avian influenza A virus parent. The avian-human reassortant influenza viruses produced resembled their avian virus parent in that they produced plaques on MDCK monolayers at 42 C, a temperature restrictive for the human influenza viruses. In the trachea of squirrel monkeys, each avian-human reassortant influenza virus was as restricted in its replication as was its avian influenza virus parent. Thus, one or more of the six internal genes of each avian parent virus was responsible for restriction of the reassortant virus in monkeys. The A/Washington/80 X A/Mallard/NY/78 reassortant virus retained its phenotype of restricted replication in monkeys after five serial passages in vivo. It also failed to transmit to cagemates or induce resistance to wild-type virus challenge, and it did not initiate a systemic or enteric infection. These findings form the basis for evaluation of these attenuated avian-human reassortant influenza A viruses as live attenuated vaccines for humans.
Interferometric at-wavelength flare characterization of extreme ultraviolet optical systems (1999)

The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) has recently been developed to provide the high-accuracy wave-front characterization critical to the development of EUV lithography systems. Here we describe an enhanced implementation of the PS/PDI that significantly extends its measurement bandwidth. The enhanced PS/PDI is capable of simultaneously characterizing both wave front and flare. PS/PDI-based flare characterization of a recently fabricated EUV 10×-reduction lithographic optical system is presented.
Ratio-metric readout technique for MEMS gyroscopes with force feedback (2014)

This paper presents a ratio-metric readout technique for force-feedback gyroscopes that achieves a precise scale factor. The drive mode self-oscillation loop is modified to continuously estimate the scale factor to track and reject changes of the drive mode velocity and proof mass voltage. Experiments demonstrate a twenty-fold reduction of scale factor variations and the suppression of the turn-on transient. The device achieves an angle random walk of 5.3 mdeg/rt-s and a bias stability of 3 deg/hr.
<title>Femtosecond optical parametric oscillators</title> (1994)

The recent development of femtosecond optical parametric oscillators has extended the wavelength range over which ultrafast lasers are available (visible to 3.5 micrometers has been demonstrated). The options in cavity configurations, phase matching, and nonlinear optical crystals used with a Ti:sapphire pump laser are discussed. Results of an OPO using the nonlinear crystal KTiOAs<SUB>4</SUB>, which is potentially tunable to 5 micrometers , are presented.
A NEW PROCESS FOR TAR SAND RECOVERY (1992)

Abstract An extraction process for bitumen recovery from tar sand has been developed using an alkaline solution (e.g., NaOH, Na2SiO3) and sonication at a low temperature and ambient atmosphere. The bitumen recovered thus far is extraordinarily low in ash content and virtually free of metal and asphaltene, with an average gravity of 15° API for 95% cumulative recovery (based on carbon content) in a continuous operation. The heavier components, asphaltene and preasphaltene, were separated as solids, which contained many highly-enriched strategic metals. Clean sand and intact clay can be recovered simultaneously, easily, and essentially in full. It is demonstrated here that (1) the addition of radicals (H2O2, benzoyl peroxide, AIBN) reduces the reaction time from hours to minutes, and (2) hydroquinone (radical inhibitor) slows the reaction rate tremendously. This process utilizes the principle of membrane-mimetic chemistry. By applying sonication simultaneously, the multi-lamellar vesicles dissociate into individual micelles that can be reorganized into the oil phase. In this manner, the lighter portions of the bitumen (hydrocarbons) can be separated from the heavy residua (asphaltics). In addition, the surfactants formed (pent solution) can be used to extract more bitumen from new batches of tar sand. KEYWORDS: Tar sandBitumenSeparationRecoveryUltrasound Additional informationNotes on contributorsJIH-FEN KUO County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County 1955 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90607, U.S.A. LONG-KUAN JANG Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA, 90840, U.S.A. TEH FU YEN Author for all correspondences
Molecular architecture of the uncleaved HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (2013)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, a membrane-fusing machine, mediates virus entry into host cells and is the sole virusspecific target for neutralizing antibodies. Binding the receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers Env conformational changes from the metastable unliganded state to the fusion-active state. We used cryo-electron microscopy to obtain a 6-Å structure of the membranebound, heavily glycosylated HIV-1 Env trimer in its uncleaved and unliganded state. The spatial organization of secondary structure elements reveals that the unliganded conformations of both gp120 and gp41 subunits differ from those induced by receptor binding. The gp120 trimer association domains, which contribute to interprotomer contacts in the unliganded Env trimer, undergo rearrangement upon CD4 binding. In the unliganded Env, intersubunit interactions maintain the gp41 ectodomain helical bundles in a “spring-loaded” conformation distinct from the extended helical coils of the fusion-active state. Quaternary structure regulates the virus-neutralizing potency of antibodies targeting the conserved CD4-binding site on gp120. Recent studies that help validate the 3-D reconstruction of the unliganded HIV-1 Env precursor map will be presented. The Env trimer architecture provides mechanistic insights into the metastability of the unliganded state, receptor-induced conformational changes, and quaternary structure-based strategies for immune evasion.
An Improved Li / Li x CoO2 Rechargeable Cell (1989)

Improvement of the cycling behavior of the cell has been brought about by the use of esters and alkyl carbonate‐based mixed solvents, and by physical modifications of the cathode structure. Binary solvent mixtures of methyl formate with either dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, or and electrolyte exhibit superior resistance towards solvent oxidation as well as improved lithium cycling efficiencies. Use of these mixed solvents with newly developed thin cathodes has resulted in stable cells which can be cycled more than 100 times at current densities of 1–10 mA cm−2, and at an average cell discharge voltage of between 3.9 and 3.7 V. Due to the high rate of solid‐state diffusion of Li+, the cathode can be charged at rates of up to 2 mA cm−2 over at least 100 deep charge and discharge cycles.
Versatile design technique for customizable electromagnetic band gap structures (2012)

A technique for modeling electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures using port reduction methods for N-port systems with lumped circuit elements between adjacent cells is developed. In this work, we demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this technique and outline potential applications. Namely, the functionality of an EBG can be modified to meet a wide range of design goals. A device that outperforms conventional EBGs in both physical compactness and bandwidth is demonstrated.
Molecular Characterization of a Highly Divergent HIV Type 1 Isolate Obtained Early in the AIDS Epidemic from the Democratic Republic of Congo (2001)

Numerous complete human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomes have been characterized for contemporary viruses, but few isolates obtained early in the HIV-1 epidemic have been studied. In this article, we describe the molecular characterization of an HIV-1 isolate (83CD003) that was obtained from an AIDS patient in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1983. The complete 83CD003 genome was sequenced in its entirety and found to encode uninterrupted open reading frames for all viral genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 83CD003 was a member of the major (M) group of HIV -1, but did not group with any of the known subtypes. Rather, it formed an independent lineage in all regions of its genome that was roughly equidistant from representatives of all other subtypes. Similarly, 83CD003 also did not cluster with any of several unclassified group M sequences that have been reported more recently to circulate in the DRC, suggesting that it may represent an early group M lineage thai is either rare or has gone extinct. The molecular clone of 83CD003 yielded an infectious virus after transfection into mammalian cells and its biological properties can be further studied.
Cloning and characterization of a novel epidermal cell surface antigen (ESA). (1994)

We report here the isolation and characterization of a cDNA that encodes a novel extracellular epidermal molecule, epidermal surface antigen (ESA), which is thought to play a role in intercellular epidermal adhesion. Sequence analysis reveals that the 379 amino acid ESA has a molecular mass of about 41.7 kDa and an alpha-helix-rich secondary conformation. Much of this also has an heptad substructure, consistent with the formation of several bundles of alpha-helices in a compact globular structure. The ESA protein appears to consist of an NH2-terminal hydrophobic region with mixed alpha and beta structure followed by a more hydrophilic COOH-terminal region which is very rich in alpha-helix. The 2.5-kilobase ESA mRNA is expressed in cultured keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, carcinoma, and melanoma cell lines. The ESA gene is conserved in all mammalian species examined and has been localized to human chromosome 17 (M17S1) in the same region as the gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. The high level of expression of the ESA mRNA in human skin and in cultured cells derived from the epidermis, the appearance of ESA protein early in human development, and conservation of the ESA gene throughout mammalian evolution suggest that the novel ESA protein plays a vital role in epidermal structure and maintenance.
Motif-grafted antibodies containing the replicative interface of cellular PrP are specific for PrP <sup>Sc</sup> (2004)

Prion diseases are closely associated with the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal conformer (PrPSc) [Prusiner, S. B. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13363-13383]. Monoclonal antibodies that bind epitopes comprising residues 96-104 and 133-158 of PrPC potently inhibit this process, presumably by preventing heterodimeric association of PrPC and PrPSc, and suggest that these regions of PrPC may be critical components of the PrPC-PrPSc replicative interface. We reasoned that transplanting PrP sequence corresponding to these regions into a suitable carrier molecule, such as an antibody, could impart specific recognition of disease-associated forms of PrP. To test this hypothesis, polypeptides containing PrP sequence between residues 89-112 or 136-158 were used to replace the extended heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 of an IgG antibody specific for the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1. Herein the resulting engineered PrP-IgGs are shown to bind specifically to infective fractions of PrP in mouse, human, and hamster prion-infected tissues, but not to PrPC, other cellular components, or the HIV-1 envelope. PrPSc reactivity was abolished when the sequence of the PrP 89-112 and 136-158 grafts was mutated, scrambled, or N-terminally truncated. Our findings suggest that residues within the 89-112 and 136-158 segments of PrPC are key components of one face of the PrPC-PrPSc complex. PrPSc-specific antibodies produced by the approach described may find widespread application in the study of prion biology and replication and in the detection of infectious prions in human and animal materials.
Visible (639 nm <or= lambda <or=661 nm) vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes (1993)

The demonstration ofInAlGaP visible VCSEL (vertical cavity surface emitting laser) diodes is reported. The structures were grown by MOVPE (metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy) on GaAs substrates and consist of an InAlGaP optical cavity active region surrounded by AlGaAs DBRs (distributed Bragg reflectors). Gain-guided 'etched post' test devices were fabricated. A top annulus contact defines emitting diameters of 10 mu m and 20 mu m with a 5 mu m radial thickness; thus, a large percentage of the injected current does not directly contribute to lasing but to device heating. Despite this, lasing wavelengths from 639.1 nm to 660.7 nm were measured on unrotated wafers, at room temperature without heat sinking. The pulsed excitation was approximately 100 ns pulses at 10 kHz to 1 MHz. Many devices continued lasing with up to a 40% duty cycle at 1 MHz. The larger devices typically have a threshold of 30 mA at 2.7 V. The peak output power is 3.38 mW with a resistance of less than 15 Omega .
Antifreeze Protein. (2003)

In 1969, the first antifreeze protein (AFP) was discovered from the blood plasma of Antarctic Nototheniids. In the past thirty years, different types of AFP have been found in many life forms that exhibit freezing tolerance, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, and vertebrates. These discoveries have evoked us many questions regarding to the antifreeze mechanism and its biological significance for preventing their tissues from freezing damage. At present, ice physicist, biologist, chemist, biochemist, molecular biologist, physiologist, and NMR and X-ray structural biologists are subjecting AFP, which greatly improves our understandings about AFP and accelerates its applicability to various cryo-industries. In the present review we will describe an updated biophysical aspects of AFP to highlight the interests of this research field.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTITUMOR AGENTS. 1. 1,4‐BIS((AMINOALKYL)AMINO)‐9,10‐ANTHRACENEDIONES (1980)

Abstract Durch Kondensation der Verbindungen (I) und (IV) mit den Aminen (II) und (V) erhält man die Vertreter (III) und (VI), von denen letzterer zu (VII) aromatisiert wird.