gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-Censorship Framework using Mobile IPv6 based Moving Target Defense (2016)

Anti-censorship techniques are important as the ability to freely access information is key to a democratic society. This issue has become even more critical in the information age. In this paper, we present an anti-censorship scheme based on the use of moving target defense implemented with Mobile IPv6. Our approach leverages the participation of content providers (the servers) and relies on unmodified standard Mobile IPv6 protocol. We utilize multiple care-of-addresses to assign each user to access groups and rotate them in a random shuffling that occur at some parametized time interval. We present the various aspects of this approach (such as blocking probability) and reason about its efficacy using an analytical (probabilistic) model. We also present the results of our initial prototype implementation, which was used to look at practical parameters and to understand the implementation overhead. Our analysis shows that it would require a tremendous amount of effort and resources for the adversary to overcome our scheme and censor the end-users.
Interelement coupling in gain-guided diode laser arrays (1986)

Below-threshold studies of an injection-locked gain-guided diode laser array show a far-field emission pattern with several lobes whose angular widths decrease with increasing frequency of the injected radiation. The concurrent increase in the far-field emission angle with the frequency of the injected radiation provides strong evidence that the interelement coupling in a gain-guided diode laser array depends upon the tilt of the wave front in the array cavity. These results provide insight into the coupling mechanism that dominates gain-guided array behavior and strongly suggest that these devices should be viewed as perturbed broad-area devices in which plane waves are undergoing multiple reflections between facets. This contrasts sharply with the coupled-mode picture, which is more appropriate for index-guided arrays.
Molecular characterization of the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> odorant receptor gene family (2007)

The olfactory-driven blood-feeding behaviour of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is the primary transmission mechanism by which the arboviruses causing dengue and yellow fevers affect over 40 million individuals worldwide. Bioinformatics analysis has been used to identify 131 putative odourant receptors from the A. aegypti genome that are likely to function in chemosensory perception in this mosquito. Comparison with the Anopheles gambiae olfactory subgenome demonstrates significant divergence of the odourant receptors that reflects a high degree of evolutionary activity potentially resulting from their critical roles during the mosquito life cycle. Expression analyses in the larval and adult olfactory chemosensory organs reveal that the ratio of odourant receptors to antennal glomeruli is not necessarily one to one in mosquitoes.
A glycine hinge for tRNA‐dependent translocation of editing substrates to prevent errors by leucyl‐tRNA synthetase (2009)

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases often rely on a proofreading mechanism to clear mischarging errors before they can be incorporated into newly synthesized proteins. Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) houses a hydrolytic editing pocket in a domain that is distinct from its aminoacylation domain. Mischarged amino acids are transiently translocated approximately 30A between active sites for editing by an unknown tRNA-dependent mechanism. A glycine within a flexible beta-strand that links the aminoacylation and editing domains of LeuRS was determined to be important to tRNA translocation. The translocation-defective mutation also demonstrated that the editing site screens both correctly and incorrectly charged tRNAs prior to product release.
<title>Low-bit-rate efficient compression for seismic data</title> (2001)

The main drive behind the use of data compression in seismic data is the very large size of seismic data acquired. Some of the most recent acquired marine seismic data sets exceed 10 Tbytes, and in fact there are currently seismic surveys planned with a volume of around 120 Tbytes. Nevertheless, seismic data are quite different from the typical images used in image processing and multimedia applications. Some of their major differences are the data dynamic range exceeding 100 dB in theory, very often it is data with extensive oscillatory nature, the x and y directions represent different physical meaning, and there is significant amount of coherent noise which is often present in seismic data. The objective of this paper is to achieve higher compression ratio, than achieved with the wavelet/uniform quantization/Huffman coding family of compression schemes, with a comparable level of residual noise. The goal is to achieve above 40dB in the decompressed seismic data sets. One of the conclusions is that adaptive multiscale local cosine transform with different windows sizes performs well on all the seismic data sets and outperforms the other methods from the SNR point of view. Comparison with other methods (old and new) are given in the full paper. The main conclusion is that multidimensional adaptive multiscale local cosine transform with different windows sizes perform well on all the seismic data sets and outperforms other methods from the SNR point of view. Special emphasis was given to achieve faster processing speed which is another critical issue that is examined in the paper. Some of these algorithms are also suitable for multimedia type compression.
Preventive equipment for urinary incontinence: a device employing lower abdominal impendance changes. (1994)

The object of this work was to develop a monitoring device for measuring the volume of urine in the bladder to signal, in advance, the need to urinate and thus help prevent urinary incontinence. A high-frequency electric current of 50 KHz transmitter was applied to a pair of terminals placed on the surface of a human body. The constant current was 2mA (p-p). A pair of voltage electrodes was placed in the path of the electric current to pick up high-frequency voltage signals. The best position for current electrodes was found to be on the surface of both femoral joints. Positioning the voltage electrode above the bladder on the lower abdomen was most efficient for detecting the volume of urine. New current electrodes sutured onto underpants were fitted on the surface above the femoral joints, which did not shift in the case of movement by the subjects. The reproducibility and stability were remarkably good with this electrode. The alarm level which foretold both maximum storage volume and maximum desire to void was examined. After that, when the alarm level was set within the range of impedance charge, 60% to 70%, the possibility of prediction of urination exists.
A New Neutron Multiplicity Deadtime Scheme (2008)

Deadtime corrections for passive neutron coincidence counting are traditionally formulated in terms of the Totals counting rate. The deadtime correction is exponential in form with the effective deadtime being linear in terms of observed Totals rate. The deadtime coefficient for the Reals rate is traditionally fixed at four times that of the Totals rate parameter. When it comes to multiplicity counting, however, more complex expressions are typically used for the Doubles and Triples rates based on mathematical actions to the multiplicity histograms with the Singles (or Trigger) rate being treated rather simplistically. Since the Totals and Singles and Reals and Doubles, respectively, are effectively equivalent measures, the difference in deadtime treatment results is an inconsistency. Furthermore, additional empirical correction factors are often applied in the case of the multiplicity deadtime corrections and these do not follow from the underlying theoretical framework. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the semi-empirical deadtime correction expressions from a fresh perspective. We propose to a scheme whereby Totals and Singles are treated equivalently with the correction having the transcendental form of the paralysable model. The impact of correlations on the Totals deadtime correction is shown to be modest. The deadtime correction factor formore » Reals and Doubles are again treated similarly also using an exponential form in terms of the corrected Total event rate but with a deadtime parameter which is not fixed ahead of time to be four times that used in the Totals correction. In the case of the Triples correction, which is evaluated from a composite expression, the deadtime corrections for the Singles and Doubles are used as appropriate but a new empirical correction, again given in terms of the corrected rate, is introduced. The new correction acts only on the part of the Triples expression which is does not represent the correlated-accidentals. The new scheme is not based on an elaborate mathematical model for deadtime losses and consequently does not involve a deadtime-function-weighted sum of histogram elements. In that sense it is simpler to understand and implement. Determination of the free deadtime parameters is based on first extracting the deadtime parameter for the Singles for which several options are available. The Doubles deadtime parameter is then based on rendering the corrected Doubles to Singles ratio for Cf-252 invariant to trigger rate. Similarly the Triple deadtime parameter is extracted from Cf-252 data given the Singles (or Trigger) and Doubles parameters. In this article we briefly review current practice, lay out the new concept and illustrate their application with experimental data of a passive neutron multiplicity counter. (authors)« less
Isotopic methods for probing organization of cellular metabolism (1996)

These examples serve to illustrate that it is now possible to investigate metabolism in intact tissues using a variety of biophysical methods. While we have concentrated on NMR methods, reflecting our own interests in using 13C as a metabolic tracer, GC-mass spectroscopy can often provide similar metabolic information and has the advantage of increased sensitivity over NMR. Combining either or both of these technologies with cleaver 'chemical biopsy' methods offers new opportunities to examine what may seem to be old metabolic questions in a much more relevant environment, the native state.
Cocrystal Structures of Antibody N60-i3 and Antibody JR4 in Complex with gp120 Define More Cluster A Epitopes Involved in Effective Antibody-Dependent Effector Function against HIV-1 (2015)

HIV/AIDS has claimed the lives of over 30 million people. Although antiretroviral drugs can control viral replication, no vaccine has yet been developed to prevent the spread of the disease. Studies of natural HIV-1 infection, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)- or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs), and HIV-1-infected humanized mouse models, passive transfer studies in infants born to HIV-infected mothers, and the RV144 clinical trial have linked FcR-mediated effector functions of anti-HIV-1 antibodies with postinfection control of viremia and/or blocking viral acquisition. With this report we provide additional definition of the molecular determinants for Env antigen engagement which lead to effective antibody-dependent effector function directed to the nonneutralizing CD4-dependent epitopes in the gp41-reactive region of gp120. These findings have important implications for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
A new machine classification method applied to human peripheral blood leukocytes (1994)

Human beings judge images by complex mental processes, whereas computing machines extract features. By reducing scaled human judgments and machine extracted features to a common metric space and fitting them by regression, the judgments of human experts rendered on a sample of images may be imposed on an image population to provide automatic classification.
Noise Reduction of a Turbofan Bleed Valve (2012)

A combined experimental and computational research effort investigated the noise sources of a pneumatic bleed valve used in turbofan engines and developed engineering solutions for attenuating those sources. The experimental effort employed 1/4-scale, rapid-prototyped valve designs which enabled the exploration of a large parameter space. Microphone array systems surveyed the sound and its sources, and Pitot surveys measured the mean velocity downstream of the valve. The numerical code solved the Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) in both steady and unsteady modes. The research addressed the flow and acoustics of the valve without and with a muffler. The noise of the isolated valve consists of conventional jet noise with strong excess sound originating from the valve exit. The excess sound was traced to vortex shedding by support struts. Streamlining of the struts, aided by computational parametric studies, eliminated this noise component. The noise of the complete valve, with muffler attached, was attenuated by two principal means: using the streamlined struts and adding a honeycomb flow straightener to the muffler cavity. Proper installation of the honeycomb is critical for maximizing noise reduction. The resulting best design achieved a reduction of approximately 8 decibels in perceived noise level.
Fault localization in WDM passive optical network by reusing downstream light sources (2005)

We propose and demonstrate a simple and cost-effective technique to detect and localize the fiber failures in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) passive optical networks. By reusing the downstream lasers as WDM light sources for the optical time-domain reflectometry, the proposed technique can localize the failures in both feeder and drop fibers without using the expensive tunable laser.
Novel D-amino acid transaminase. (1988)

L'α-cetoglutarate et la cephalosporine C sont les substrats de la D acide amine transaminase extraite de Bacillus licheniformis. Les produits obtenus (outre le glutamate) peuvent etre utilises dans la synthese de nouvelles cephalosporines
Novel dry cleaning machine for photovoltaic and solar panels (2015)

Accumulation of dust (also known as soiling) on the surface of solar panels decreases the amount of sunlight reaching the solar cells underneath and thus the efficiency of the solar panel is severely impacted. To harness their designed capacity to its fullest, they need to be cleaned periodically, usually with water. The Middle East region is a very suitable region for harvesting solar energy due to abundance of sunlight, but there is also a profusion of sand and dust. Due to water scarcity in this area, cleaning becomes difficult, challenging and subsequently costly. Here, a novel four-stage automated `dry cleaning' method is reported for solar panels. The proposed cleaning process is carried out in four stages with no involvement of liquids. The cleaning process involves compressed air spray, followed by cleaning through a foam roller and a polywool synthetic duster. An electronically controlled mechanical assembly holds the rollers and guides them along the solar panels. A set of servo motors and a stepper motor is installed on the assembly to rotate and guide the cleaning structure. The system is very useful for small and large installations alike, especially in dry areas where there is little or no rain throughout the year.
A New Platform for Oligonucleotide Delivery Utilizing the PEG Prodrug Approach (2005)

The oligonucleotide (oligo, ODN), Genasense (GS), an ODN currently waiting for FDA approval, was chosen as a model and modified with a 5' or 3' aminohexyl functionality (1 and 4, respectively) using solid-state synthesis. These amino derivatives were reacted with different releasable PEGs (rPEGs). The in vitro results of the PEG-modified oligos (Table 1) clearly show a substantial increase in rat plasma half-life and enhanced stability against a variety of nucleases, especially the predominant nuclease (PEII) in mammals, which is the main source of oligo degradation in cells. The advantage of using a PEG prodrug approach was further demonstrated by the pharmacokinetic (PK) results, which exhibited much greater C(max), plasma half-life, and area under the curve (AUC) for 3 compared to unmodified GS. A key step in the synthesis of ODN prodrug conjugates with a dye label was also accomplished successfully by employing dihydropyran derivatives of alcohols and acids as orthogonal protecting groups during the synthesis.
Transcription of<i>cspA</i>, the gene for the major cold-shock protein of<i>Escherichia coli</i>, is negatively regulated at 37Â°C by the 5â²-untranslated region of its mRNA (1999)

The gene for CspA, the major cold-shock protein in Escherichia coli, is tightly regulated at both optimal and low temperatures. While CspA is drastically induced after temperature downshift, it is hardly detectable at 37 degrees C. Here we demonstrate that the deletion of parts of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the cspA mRNA results in constitutive expression of CspA at 37 degrees C. By analyzing the amounts and the stabilities of the mRNAs produced from the deletion constructs, we rule out the possibility that the CspA production is due to the stabilization of the mutant mRNAs. We propose that significant premature termination or pausing occurs during the transcription of the unusually long 5'-UTR of the cspA mRNA at 37 degrees C, which represents a new mechanism that contributes to the tight repression of CspA production at higher temperature.
Auditory augmented reality: Object sonification for the visually impaired (2012)

Augmented reality applications have focused on visually integrating virtual objects into real environments. In this paper, we propose an auditory augmented reality, where we integrate acoustic virtual objects into the real world. We sonify objects that do not intrinsically produce sound, with the purpose of revealing additional information about them. Using spatialized (3D) audio synthesis, acoustic virtual objects are placed at specific real-world coordinates, obviating the need to explicitly tell the user where they are. Thus, by leveraging the innate human capacity for 3D sound source localization and source separation, we create an audio natural user interface. In contrast with previous work, we do not create acoustic scenes by transducing low-level (for instance, pixel-based) visual information. Instead, we use computer vision methods to identify high-level features of interest in an RGB-D stream, which are then sonified as virtual objects at their respective real-world coordinates. Since our visual and auditory senses are inherently spatial, this technique naturally maps between these two modalities, creating intuitive representations. We evaluate this concept with a head-mounted device, featuring modes that sonify flat surfaces, navigable paths and human faces.
Discovery of Narlaprevir (SCH 900518): A Potent, Second Generation HCV NS3 Serine Protease Inhibitor (2010)

Boceprevir (SCH 503034), 1, a novel HCV NS3 serine protease inhibitor discovered in our laboratories, is currently undergoing phase III clinical trials. Detailed investigations toward a second generation protease inhibitor culminated in the discovery of narlaprevir (SCH 900518), 37, with improved potency (∼10-fold over 1), pharmacokinetic profile and physicochemical characteristics, currently in phase II human trials. Exploration of synthetic sequence for preparation of 37 resulted in a route that required no silica gel purification for the entire synthesis.
Atomic layer deposition of epitaxial ferroelectric barium titanate on Si(001) for electronic and photonic applications (2019)

Epitaxial barium titanate (BTO) thin films are grown on strontium titanate-buffered Si(001) using atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 225 °C. X-ray diffraction confirms compressive strain in BTO films after the low temperature growth for films as thick as 66 nm, with the BTO c-axis oriented in the out-of-plane direction. Postdeposition annealing above 650 °C leads to an in-plane c-axis orientation. Piezoresponse force microscopy was used to verify the ferroelectric switching behavior of ALD-grown films. Electrical and electro-optic measurements confirm BTO film ferroelectric behavior in out-of-plane and in-plane directions, respectively, at the micrometer scale.
The NMR blood flowmeter-design (1981)

Two types of crossed-coil nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) blood flowmeter detectors have been developed for the noninvasive measurement of blood flow. The first is a cylindrical coil configuration suitable for limb blood measurement. A cylindrical flowmeter (12.5 cm internal diam) operating at a nuclear resonance frequency of 3.2 MHz has been applied to measurement of flow in the forearm. The second type is the flat crossed-coil detector, which retains many of the operational advantages of the cylindrical detector, but is suitable for blood flow measurement of almost any surface of the body. Three flat crossed-coil detectors are described, operating at NMR frequencies of 9, 21.4, and 75 MHz. Two types of intermediate frequency signal processors have been used in the NMR receivers, a simple diode type, and a synchronous detector. The synchronous detector is preferred for its ease of operation and superior stability. Modular detection systems containing transmitter, receiver, post-detector signal conditioning, and power supply have been designed for all of the flat crossed-coil detectors. A self-contained synchronous detector module is included in the 21.4 and 75 MHz systems.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals from Designed Helical β-Peptides (2006)

We demonstrate that 14-helical beta-peptides can self-assemble to form lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) phases in water. beta-Peptides 1-4 were designed to form globally amphiphilic 14-helices of increasing length. Optical microscopy showed that several of these beta-peptides formed LC phases in aqueous solutions at concentrations as low as 2.5 wt % (15 mM). Liquid crystallinity appears to require the adoption of a globally amphiphilic conformation because a scrambled sequence, 5, does not display LC behavior. Thermal stability and reversibility of LC phase formation were assessed by variable temperature 2H NMR spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The LC phase formed by beta-peptide 3 at 10 wt % is disrupted above 40 degrees C in D2O and re-forms within minutes upon cooling. LC phase behavior for solutions of 3 is influenced by concentration and net charge. These studies demonstrate that highly folded 14-helical beta-peptides can produce LC phases at shorter lengths than do alpha-helical alpha-peptide mesogens and can provide a basis for tailoring properties of LC phases for future applications.
Recognition of double helical DNA by alternate strand triple helix formation (1992)

The triplet specificities and required strand orientations of two classes of DNA triple helices can be combined to\ntarget double helical sequences containing all four base pairs by alternate strand triple helix formation. This allows for the\nuse of oligonucleotides containing only natural 3'-5' phosphodiester linkages to simultaneously bind both strands of double\nhelical DNA in the major groove. The stabilities and structures of these alternate strand triple helices depend on whether\nthe binding site sequence is 5'-(purine)_m(pyrimidine)_n-3' or 5'-(pyrimidine)_m(purine)_n-3'. The sequence type 5'-(purine)_m-(pyrimidine)_n-3' was targeted with an oligonucleotide consisting of a pyrimidine domain and a purine domain linked by a 3'-5'\nphosphodiester. To bind the duplex sequence type 5'-(pyrimidine)_m(purine)_n-3', the third strand requires at least two nucleotides\nlinking binding domains at the site of crossover in the major groove. A new class of oligonucleotides capable of binding mixed\nduplex sequences by crossovers in the major groove may be possible.