gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modular internal circulation filter for nuclear reactors (1975)

The installation described is for removing possibly harmful debris in a nuclear reactor during pre-commissioning tests. It includes a pressure vessel, a coolant intake and outlet allowing for a flow to circulate through it. An upper core plate and a lower core plate maintained at a given distance apart in the vessel are provided with apertures for coolant flow. An upper structure is fitted near the top of the pressure vessel. Numerous filtering systems containing filtering elements are placed on this lower core plate together with stud bolts spaced out for fitting fuel elements. At least one stud housing opening is made in each filtering system in order to orientate these systems accurately on the core plate and each filtering system comprises facilities for positioning, in a removable way, each filtering system on this plate. These facilities are so designed as to enable each system to be removed when the pre-commissioning tests are terminated. These filtering units are effectively able to trap swarf and filings that may have inadvertently remained in the pressure vessel and in the primary cooling system during assembly.
Controlling a Four-Quadrant Brushless Three-Phase dc Motor (1986)

Control circuit commutates windings of brushless, three-phase, permanent-magnet motor operating from power supply. With single analog command voltage, controller makes motor accelerate, drive steadily, or brake regeneratively, in clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Controller well suited for use with energy-storage flywheels, actuators for aircraft-control surfaces, cranes, industrial robots, and other electromechanical systems requiring bidirectional control or sudden stopping and reversal.
An efficient compression scheme for bitmap indices (2004)

When using an out-of-core indexing method to answer a query, it is generally assumed that the I/O cost dominates the overall query response time. Because of this, most research on indexing methods concentrate on reducing the sizes of indices. For bitmap indices, compression has been used for this purpose. However, in most cases, operations on these compressed bitmaps, mostly bitwise logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT, spend more time in CPU than in I/O. To speedup these operations, a number of specialized bitmap compression schemes have been developed; the best known of which is the byte-aligned bitmap code (BBC). They are usually faster in performing logical operations than the general purpose compression schemes, but, the time spent in CPU still dominates the total query response time. To reduce the query response time, we designed a CPU-friendly scheme named the word-aligned hybrid (WAH) code. In this paper, we prove that the sizes of WAH compressed bitmap indices are about two words per row for large range of attributes. This size is smaller than typical sizes of commonly used indices, such as a B-tree. Therefore, WAH compressed indices are not only appropriate for low cardinality attributes but also for high cardinality attributes.In the worst case, the time to operate on compressed bitmaps is proportional to the total size of the bitmaps involved. The total size of the bitmaps required to answer a query on one attribute is proportional to the number of hits. These indicate that WAH compressed bitmap indices are optimal. To verify their effectiveness, we generated bitmap indices for four different datasets and measured the response time of many range queries. Tests confirm that sizes of compressed bitmap indices are indeed smaller than B-tree indices, and query processing with WAH compressed indices is much faster than with BBC compressed indices, projection indices and B-tree indices. In addition, we also verified that the average query response time is proportional to the index size. This indicates that the compressed bitmap indices are efficient for very large datasets.
Adversarial Robustness Against the Union of Multiple Perturbation Models (2019)

Owing to the susceptibility of deep learning systems to adversarial attacks, there has been a great deal of work in developing (both empirically and certifiably) robust classifiers. While most work has defended against a single type of attack, recent work has looked at defending against multiple perturbation models using simple aggregations of multiple attacks. However, these methods can be difficult to tune, and can easily result in imbalanced degrees of robustness to individual perturbation models, resulting in a sub-optimal worst-case loss over the union. In this work, we develop a natural generalization of the standard PGD-based procedure to incorporate multiple perturbation models into a single attack, by taking the worst-case over all steepest descent directions. This approach has the advantage of directly converging upon a trade-off between different perturbation models which minimizes the worst-case performance over the union. With this approach, we are able to train standard architectures which are simultaneously robust against $\ell_\infty$, $\ell_2$, and $\ell_1$ attacks, outperforming past approaches on the MNIST and CIFAR10 datasets and achieving adversarial accuracy of 47.0% against the union of ($\ell_\infty$, $\ell_2$, $\ell_1$) perturbations with radius = (0.03, 0.5, 12) on the latter, improving upon previous approaches which achieve 40.6% accuracy.
Exploiting Natural Variation in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>to Identify Genes for Increased Ethanol Resistance (2010)

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass holds promise as an alternative fuel. However, industrial stresses, including ethanol stress, limit microbial fermentation and thus prevent cost competitiveness with fossil fuels. To identify novel engineering targets for increased ethanol tolerance, we took advantage of natural diversity in wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. We previously showed that an S288c-derived lab strain cannot acquire higher ethanol tolerance after a mild ethanol pretreatment, which is distinct from other stresses. Here, we measured acquired ethanol tolerance in a large panel of wild strains and show that most strains can acquire higher tolerance after pretreatment. We exploited this major phenotypic difference to address the mechanism of acquired ethanol tolerance, by comparing the global gene expression response to 5% ethanol in S288c and two wild strains. Hundreds of genes showed variation in ethanol-dependent gene expression across strains. Computational analysis identified several transcription factor modules and known coregulated genes as differentially expressed, implicating genetic variation in the ethanol signaling pathway. We used this information to identify genes required for acquisition of ethanol tolerance in wild strains, including new genes and processes not previously linked to ethanol tolerance, and four genes that increase ethanol tolerance when overexpressed. Our approach shows that comparative genomics across natural isolates can quickly identify genes for industrial engineering while expanding our understanding of natural diversity.
<title>Pulse Modulation Of Double Heterostructure Diode Lasers By Picosecond Optoelectronic Switches</title> (1983)

Picosecond optoelectronic switches have been applied for high speed pulse modulation of double heterostructure (DHS) GaAs/(GaAl)As diode lasers. The picosecond switches made of crystalline GaAs doped with chronium (GaAs:Cr) are activated by the pulse train of a synchronously mode-locked dye laser. The generated electrical pulses with a typical duration of 60 ps are superimposed to a variable dc bias for direct modulation of different gain and index guided GaAs/(GaAl)As DHS laser diodes. The shortest pulses obtained from the diode laser are of 55 ps width. The emission spectra of the unbiased index guided as well as gain guided lasers are always multimode at this fast modulation and the spectral width of the individual laser modes is in the order of 10 GHz. Single mode operation can be obtained with index guided lasers if the short electrical pulses are superimposed to a dc current well above threshold, however, temporal broadening due to diffusion damping occurs under these operation conditions.
Dynamic Plasmonic Pixels (2019)

Information display utilizing plasmonic color generation has recently emerged as an alternative paradigm to traditional printing and display technologies. However, many implementations so far have either presented static pixels with a single display state or rely on relatively slow switching mechanisms such as chemical transformations or liquid crystal transitions. Here, we demonstrate spatial, spectral, and temporal control of light using dynamic plasmonic pixels that function through the electric-field-induced alignment of plasmonic nanorods in organic suspensions. By tailoring the geometry and composition (Au and Au@Ag) of the nanorods, we illustrate light modulation across a significant portion of the visible and infrared spectrum (600-2400 nm). The fast (∼30 μs), reversible nanorod alignment is manifested as distinct color changes, characterized by shifts of observed chromaticity and luminance. Integration into larger device architectures is showcased by the fabrication of a seven-segment numerical indicator. The control of light on demand achieved in these dynamic plasmonic pixels establishes a favorable platform for engineering high-performance optical devices.
Engineering of Composite Particles for Drug Delivery Using Supercritical Fluid Technology (2006)

Challenges associated with the production of micro- and nanoparticles for drug delivery can be addressed using supercritical fluids (SCFs) or liquefied gases. These fluids offer the benefits of low processing temperatures, efficient organic solvent extraction, environmentally benign processing and cost effectiveness. In this chapter, we discuss the different technological approaches which employ SCFs, in relation to potential applications such as manufacturing of particulate systems for controlled or sustained release, coating and tastemasking, respiratory formulations and nanoparticles for increased solubilization.
Spring-Loaded Diaphragm-Based Fiber Acoustic Sensor (2019)

We report a new fiber sensor utilizing a spring-loaded circular diaphragm to detect extremely weak acoustic waves. When exposed to an acoustic wave, the diaphragm vibrates parallel to itself relative to a stationary substrate. This vibration is detected interferometrically with a laser beam provided by a single-mode fiber placed ~30 μm from the diaphragm. The beam straddles the reflective diaphragm and the substrate, is reflected, and recoupled into the fiber. When the diaphragm vibrates, it modulates the phase and amplitude profiles of the reflected beam, and therefore, the optical power recoupled into the fiber. A measurement of this power modulation provides the amplitude and frequency of the acoustic wave. This design presents several advantages over the previous generation. It does not require a lens, its sensitivity is much less dependent on angular misalignment between the chip and the fiber, assembly is faster and simpler, and the pressure resolution is improved by a factor of ~2. A sensor prototype is described with a measured average pressure resolution of 7.6 μPa/√Hz between 300 Hz and 20 kHz and a resolution of 1.8 μPa/√Hz at 7.5 kHz. The measured acoustic sensitivity is independent of the polarization of the interrogating light. The measured wavelength dependence is larger than expected, as a result of a spurious Fabry-Perot interferometer caused by the weak Fresnel reflection on the fiber end. A second sensor with an anti-reflection-coated fiber end is reported with significantly reduced wavelength dependence, of great interest in multiplexed sensor arrays.
Comparison of Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Slot Jet Reattachment Nozzle and a Conventional Slot Jet Nozzle (1996)

Abstract A new type of nozzle, the Slot Jet Reattachment Nozzle (SJR), was designed and built with a zero degree exit angle. The heat transfer characteristics of the submerged SJR nozzle were compared to a conventional submerged slot jet nozzle. The comparisons were made under identical air flow power at each nozzle’s favorable height from the impinging surface. Infrared imaging techniques were used to obtain the temperature distributions on the impinging surface. The results indicate that comparable local heat transfer coefficients are obtained by the SJR nozzle while the exerted force on the impinging surface is significantly reduced. The peak local heat transfer coefficient for the SJR nozzle is approximately 8.4 percent higher than the peak local heat transfer coefficient for the slot jet nozzle under the same flow power. Additional experiments were conducted under matching local peak pressure for the SJR and slot jet nozzles. The results showed significant enhancements, of the order of 1.5 times, in the peak local heat transfer coefficient for the SJR nozzle over the slot jet nozzle.
Preparation of Molybdenum Single Crystal with a Desired Orientation by Means of Zone Annealing. (1997)

A new technique for preparation of molybdenum single crystal with a desired orientation has been proposed. The technique was performed as follows; first, a specimen with a comb shape was mechanically fabricated from hot-rolled sheet with various rolling procedures and reductions. Then the edge of specimen with a comb shape was locally heated by the optical-beam image furnace in order to make some secondary recrystallized grains with various orientations. After the secondary recrystallized grains were mechanically eliminated except for a secondary grain having a desired orientation, the specimen was zone-annealed at 2000-2200°C at the zone-speed of 5 mm/ hr to grow the secondary grain. Consequently, molybdenum single crystal with a desired crystallographic orientation can easily be produced.
Peptides derived from HIV‐1 Rev inhibit HIV‐1 integrase in a shiftide mechanism (2008)

The HIV-1 Integrase protein (IN) mediates the integration of the viral cDNA into the host genome. IN is an emerging target for anti-HIV drug design, and the first IN-inhibitor was recently approved by the FDA. We have developed a new approach for inhibiting IN by "shiftides": peptides derived from its cellular binding protein LEDGF/p75 that inhibit IN by shifting its oligomerization equilibrium from the active dimer to an inactive tetramer. In addition, we described two peptides derived from the HIV-1 Rev protein that interact with IN and inhibit its activity in vitro and in cells. In the current study, we show that the Rev-derived peptides also act as shiftides. Analytical gel filtration and cross-linking experiments showed that IN was dimeric when bound to the viral DNA, but tetrameric in the presence of the Rev-derived peptides. Fluorescence anisotropy studies revealed that the Rev-derived peptides inhibited the DNA binding of IN. The Rev-derived peptides inhibited IN catalytic activity in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition was much more significant when the peptides were added to free IN before it bound the viral DNA than when the peptides were added to a preformed IN-DNA complex. This confirms that the inhibition is due to the ability of the peptides to shift the oligomerization equilibrium of the free IN toward a tetramer that binds much weaker to the viral DNA. We conclude that protein-protein interactions of IN may serve as a general valuable source for shiftide design.
Fabrication of Ultrafine X-Ray Mask Using Precise Crystal Growth Technique (1992)

Fabrication of an ultrafine pitch mask for X-ray lithography by precise crystal growth is proposed. With the use of a precise crystal growth technique, a grating pattern with nanometer pitch and/or a precision of the atomic spacing can be transferred. As a preliminary experiment, masks of GaInAs/InP layered structure were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) and patterns were transferred by Cu-L X-ray. One-hundred-nm patterns were transferred onto resist layers.
Benchmarking for large-scale placement and beyond (2003)

Over the last five years the VLSI Placement community achieved great strides in the understanding of placement problems, developed new high-performance algorithms, and achieved impressive empirical results. These advances have been supported by non-trivial benchmarking infrastructure, and future achievements are set to draw on benchmarking as well. In this paper we review motivations for benchmarking, especially for commercial EDA, analyze available benchmarks, and point out major pitfalls in benchmarking. We outline major outstanding problems and discuss the future of placement benchmarking. Furthermore, we attempt to extrapolate our experience to circuit layout tasks beyond placement.
Electrochemical Activation of Dimethyl Disulfide for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTElectrochemical Activation of Dimethyl Disulfide for Electrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionRichard S. Glass, Viatcheslav V. Jouikov, and Nina V. BojkovaView Author Information Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson,Arizona 85721 [email protected]Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 12, 4440–4443Publication Date (Web):May 11, 2001Publication History Received8 February 2001Published online11 May 2001Published inissue 1 June 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo010156xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo010156xbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views632Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Adducts,Aromatic compounds,Hydrocarbons,Oxidation,Pyridines Get e-Alerts
Development of an anti-oxidative intraocular irrigating solution based on reactive persulfides (2022)

Anti-oxidative intraocular irrigating solutions (IISs) based on reactive persulfides, such as oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG), are commonly used worldwide. However, even with GSSG-based IISs, it has been shown that oxidative stress can occur during surgery, posing a risk to intraocular tissues. This study compared two IISs: one containing GSSG and one containing an oxidized glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG). Experimental in vivo irrigation with the IISs in rabbits showed that there was less leakage into the anterior chamber of rabbit serum albumin during perfusion with a 300-μM GSSSG IIS than with a 300-μM GSSG IIS. Experimental in vivo cataract surgery in rabbits showed that aqueous flare was suppressed 3 days after surgery with a 600-μM GSSSG IIS, but not with a 300-μM GSSSG or 300-μM GSSG IIS. Furthermore, an in vitro experiment, without any live tissue, showed that reactive oxygen species were suppressed more strongly with a 600-μM GSSSG IIS than with a 300-μM GSSG IIS. Thus, this study found that novel IISs based on GSSSG had anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects during and after intraocular surgery and may decrease the rate of complications after surgery.
Pseudo-handover based power and subchannel adaptation for two-tier femtocell networks (2011)

The two-tier femtocell network is comprised of a central macrocell underlaid with shorter range femtocell hotspots. Due to the universal frequency reuse, this kind of new system architecture brings about urgent problems of the interference management and the resource allocation. Motivated by these problems, the following contributions are made in this paper: 1) a novel joint power and subchannel allocation problem for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) downlink based femtocells is formulated on the premise of minimizing Femto BSs' radiating interference; 2) a pseudo-handover based scheduling information exchange method is proposed to avoid the collision interference; 3) an iterative scheme of subchannel allocation and power control is proposed to solve the formulated problem, which is an NP-complete problem. Through simulations and comparisons with three other schemes, the proposed scheme shows better performance in reducing interference and the Femto BS's transmit power, and improving the spectrum efficiency.
Salmonella DIVA vaccine reduces disease, colonization and shedding due to virulent S. Typhimurium infection in swine (2017)

Evaluation of the S. Typhimurium DIVA vaccine indicates that vaccination will provide both swine health and food safety benefits.
Improving Channel Decoder Performance on the (2005)

This work improves channel decoder performance on the code-division multiple-access (CDMA) forward link through more accurate calculation of the channel code trellis path metrics used to decode convolutional and turbo codes. This is achieved by performing the metric calculations with better channel state estimates. Channel state estimation involves determining desired signal amplitude and interference plus noise variance at the channel decoder input. Two options are presented for performing this estimation. Standard estimation is a simple scheme that results from assuming all CDMA forward link interference and noise can be lumped into a single additive white Gaussian noise process. Improved estimation is a new and more accurate technique that separately accounts for the intracell interference and intercell interference plus thermal noise processes. Simulations show that the decoding of convolutional and turbo codes is significantly im- proved by the more accurate channel state information provided by improved estimation. Index Terms—Code-division multiple-access (CDMA), electro- magnetic radiative interference, error correction coding, estima- tion, Gaussian processes, land mobile radio cellular systems, mul- tipath channels, sequences, turbo coding, Viterbi decoding, Walsh sequences.
Inference of the HIV-1 VRC01 Antibody Lineage Unmutated Common Ancestor Reveals Alternative Pathways to Overcome a Key Glycan Barrier (2018)

Elicitation of VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is an appealing approach for a preventative HIV-1 vaccine. Despite extensive investigations, strategies to induce VRC01-class bnAbs and overcome the barrier posed by the envelope N276 glycan have not been successful. Here, we inferred a high-probability unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the VRC01 lineage and reconstructed the stages of lineage maturation. Env immunogens designed on reverted VRC01-class bnAbs bound to VRC01 UCA with affinity sufficient to activate naive B cells. Early mutations defined maturation pathways toward limited or broad neutralization, suggesting that focusing the immune response is likely required to steer B cell maturation toward the development of neutralization breadth. Finally, VRC01 lineage bnAbs with long CDR H3s overcame the HIV-1 N276 glycan barrier without shortening their CDR L1, revealing a solution for broad neutralization in which the heavy chain, not CDR L1, is the determinant to accommodate the N276 glycan.
Combination coal deashing and coking process. [12 claims] (1976)

Partial extension of thrombi into the arterial lumen may occur after injection of thrombin into small pseudoaneurysms with short necks. In our experience, this is an asymptomatic and self-limited complication of the procedure.