gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Enrichment with a Resuscitation Step for Isolation of Freeze-Injured <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 from Foods (2000)

We studied injury of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells in 11 food items during freeze storage and methods of isolating freeze-injured E. coli O157:H7 cells from foods. Food samples inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 were stored for 16 weeks at -20 degrees C in a freezer. Noninjured and injured cells were counted by using tryptic soy agar and sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite. Large populations of E. coli O157:H7 cells were injured in salted cabbage, grated radish, seaweed, and tomato samples. In an experiment to detect E. coli O157:H7 in food samples artificially contaminated with freeze-injured E. coli O157:H7 cells, the organism was recovered most efficiently after the samples were incubated in modified E. coli broth without bile salts at 25 degrees C for 2 h and then selectively enriched at 42 degrees C for 18 h by adding bile salts and novobiocin. Our enrichment method was further evaluated by isolating E. coli O157:H7 from frozen foods inoculated with the organism prior to freezing. Two hours of resuscitation at 25 degrees C in nonselective broth improved recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from frozen grated radishes and strawberries, demonstrating that the resuscitation step is very effective for isolating E. coli O157:H7 from frozen foods contaminated with injured E. coli O157:H7 cells.
Unique genetic basis of the distinct antibiotic potency of high acetic acid production in the probiotic yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> var. <i>boulardii</i> (2019)

The yeast <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i> has been used worldwide as a popular, commercial probiotic, but the basis of its probiotic action remains obscure. It is considered conspecific with budding yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, which is generally used in classical food applications. They have an almost identical genome sequence, making the genetic basis of probiotic potency in <i>S. boulardii</i> puzzling. We now show that <i>S. boulardii</i> produces at 37°C unusually high levels of acetic acid, which is strongly inhibitory to bacterial growth in agar-well diffusion assays and could be vital for its unique application as a probiotic among yeasts. Using pooled-segregant whole-genome sequence analysis with <i>S. boulardii</i> and <i>S. cerevisiae</i> parent strains, we succeeded in mapping the underlying QTLs and identified mutant alleles of <i>SDH1</i> and <i>WHI2</i> as the causative alleles. Both genes contain a SNP unique to <i>S. boulardii</i> (<i>sdh1</i> <sup>F317Y</sup> and <i>whi2</i> <sup>S287*</sup>) and are fully responsible for its high acetic acid production. <i>S. boulardii</i> strains show different levels of acetic acid production, depending on the copy number of the <i>whi2</i> <sup>S287*</sup> allele. Our results offer the first molecular explanation as to why <i>S. boulardii</i> could exert probiotic action as opposed to <i>S. cerevisiae</i> They reveal for the first time the molecular-genetic basis of a probiotic action-related trait in <i>S. boulardii</i> and show that antibacterial potency of a probiotic microorganism can be due to strain-specific mutations within the same species. We suggest that acquisition of antibacterial activity through medium acidification offered a selective advantage to <i>S. boulardii</i> in its ecological niche and for its application as a probiotic.
Iron and Ascorbic Acid Content in Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyces in Tanzania: Modeling and Optimization of Extraction Conditions (2014)

The main purpose of this study was to optimize extraction conditions for ferrous (iron II) and L-ascorbic acid from dried calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L grown in Dodoma in Tanzania by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Plant materials were taxonomically identified and authenticated by a plant taxonomist whereby a voucher specimen number 4992 was deposited at the herbarium in the Department of Botany at the University of Dar es Salaam. RSM with five level three-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to determine optimal combination of independent factors- soaking time, extraction temperature and solid-solvent ratio. Both single and multiple factor experiments were conducted. In single factor experiment (SFE) each independent factor was assessed to give experimental range. Ferrous was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method (AAS) while L-ascorbic acid was measured by iodometric titration technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 16.0 and Design-Expert software Version 8.0.7.1. Mean and standard deviation of triplicates were calculated and assessed. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed to find differences between the effect of the factors and their interaction. Significance was considered at 5% level of confidence (i.e. P<0.05). Finally, the obtained data was fitted using a cubic order polynomial model. The optimized extraction parameters were determined at soaking time 48 minutes, solid-solvent ratio 44% and extraction temperature 55 ° C. Under these extraction conditions, amount of L-ascorbic acid and ferrous extracted were 83.1 and 7.8 mg/100g respectively. The RSM helped to study interaction effect of extraction temperature, soaking time and solid-solvent ratio. Industries may adopt these optimal extraction conditions for production of Rosella beverages.
Retinoic acid receptor α is required for synchronization of spermatogenic cycles and its absence results in progressive breakdown of the spermatogenic process (2004)

Targeted mutagenesis of the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) gene has revealed its essential role in spermatogenesis. Although cells in all stages of spermatogenesis were detected in RAR alpha(-/-) testes, there was an increase in degenerating pachytene spermatocytes and a temporary developmental arrest in step 8-9 spermatids in the first wave of spermatogenesis, a delay in the onset of the second wave, and a temporary arrest in preleptotene to leptotene spermatocytes in the first, second, and third waves. A striking aspect of the mutant phenotype was the failure of spermatids to align at the tubular lumen at stage VIII. Furthermore, there were missing or decreased numbers of the predicted cell types in tubules, and they exhibited a profound asynchrony of mixed spermatogenic cell types. In vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling revealed a significant decrease in germ cell proliferation in both juvenile and adult RAR alpha(-/-) testes and confirmed the arrest at step 8-9 spermatids. Retinoid signaling through RAR alpha, thus, appears to be critical for establishment of synchronous progression of spermatogenesis and the subsequent establishment of correct cellular associations.
A quality management implementation framework for manufacturing‐based R&D environments (2001)

This research outlines the practices that managers believe are critical for achieving quality management in applied research and development (e.g. R&D, process development, product development, and engineering) departments of manufacturing companies. Using these practices, comments from R&D managers, and the existing quality in R&D research literature, a model is developed that highlights the need for broad management practices, specific management practices, awareness of the R&D external environment, and a quality culture to achieve quality management in the R&D departments of manufacturing organizations.
Understanding the oxidation and reduction process in transparent conducting oxides (2018)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Cobalt supported on metal-doped ceria catalysts (M = Zr, Sn and Ti) for NO oxidation (2015)

The higher catalytic of Ce–Co was due to higher amount of finely dispersed cobalt species, more oxygen vacancies and excellent redox ability.
Effects of cytosolic NADH/NAD<sup>+</sup> levels on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> release in permeabilized rat ventricular myocytes (2004)

In the heart ischaemic conditions induce metabolic changes known to have profound effects on Ca(2+) signalling during excitation-contraction coupling. Ischaemia also affects the redox state of the cell. However, the role of cytosolic redox couples, such as the NADH/NAD(+) redox system, for the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis has remained elusive. We studied the effects of NADH and NAD(+) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release in permeabilized rat ventricular myocytes as well as on Ca(2+) uptake by SR microsomes and ryanodine receptor (RyR) single channel activity. Exposure of permeabilized myocytes to NADH (2 mm; [Ca(2+)](cyt)= 100nm) decreased the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous Ca(2+) sparks by 62% and 24%, respectively. This inhibitory effect was reversed by NAD(+) (2 mm) and did not depend on mitochondrial function. The inhibition of Ca(2+) sparks by NADH was associated with a 52% decrease in SR Ca(2+) load. Some of the effects observed with NADH may involve the generation of superoxide anion (O(2)(-).) as they were attenuated to just a transient decrease of Ca(2+) spark frequency by superoxide dismutase (SOD). O(2)(-). generated in situ from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction caused a slowly developing decrease of Ca(2+) spark frequency and SR Ca(2+) load by 44% and 32%, respectively. Furthermore, in studies with cardiac SR microsomes NADH slowed the rate of ATP-dependent Ca(2+) uptake by 39%. This effect also appeared to depend on O(2)(-). formation. Single channel recordings from RyRs incorporated into lipid bilayers revealed that NADH (2 mm) inhibited the activity of RyR channels by 84%. However, NADH inhibition of RyR activity was O(2)(-).-independent. In summary, an increase of the cytoplasmic NADH/NAD(+) ratio depresses SR Ca(2+) release in ventricular cardiomyocytes. The effect appears to be mediated by direct NADH inhibition of RyR channel activity and by indirect NADH inhibition (O(2)(-). mediated) of SR Ca(2+)-ATPase activity with a subsequent decrease in SR Ca(2+) content.
Excited States of Water-Soluble Metal Porphyrins as Microenvironmental Probes for DNA and DNA-Model Compounds:  Time-Resolved Transient Absorption and Resonance Raman Studies of Ni(TMpy-P4) in [Poly(dG-dC)]<sub>2</sub>and [Poly(dA-dT)]<sub>2</sub> (1996)

The dynamics and mechanisms of photoexcitation relaxation of the water-soluble cationic metalloporphyrin nickel(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(N-methylpyridyl)]porphyrin (Ni(TMpy-P4)) bound to DNA-model polynucleotides, i.e. poly(dG-dC)2 and poly(dA-dT)2, and free in a mere phosphate buffer, have been studied in detail by using time-resolved picosecond transient absorption (TA) and nanosecond resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopies. For the Ni(TMpy-P4)−poly(dG-dC)2 complex, double-exponential kinetics of relaxation has been found, with time constants of ≤10 and 350 ± 20 ps, and absolute absorption spectra have been reconstructed from experimentally measured difference spectra. The long-lived transient species has been assigned to the excited intramolecular metal-centered (d,d) state 3B1g of the 4-coordinate Ni porphyrin intercalated between G-C base pairs. Transient RR spectra originating from this state have also been obtained and discussed. A much more complicated process of excitation relaxation has been found for the Ni(TMpy-P4)−poly(dA-dT)2 complex, where at least four relaxation components can be separated with time constants of ≤10, ∼100, ∼450 ps, and ≫1 ns. Our studies support the existence of at least two types of Ni(TMpy-P4) interaction with poly(dA-dT)2, each having its own kinetics of TA decay and transient RR spectra. Both TA and RR sets of data show that a major part of Ni porphyrin molecules yields a photophysical behavior typical for a 4-coordinate species, the excited (d,d) state 3B1g playing the key role in relaxation processes, while a minor part of Ni(TMpy-P4) also participates in axial ligand binding/release photoprocesses. Comparative analysis of transient RR spectra of Ni(TMpy-P4) bound to the A-T sequence and free in a phosphate buffer shows that no 6-coordinate 3B1g(L)2 transient species is photogenerated in the complex with poly(dA-dT)2, and therefore, axial coordination of only one extra-ligand molecule (most probably from the surrounding water solution) to the porphyrin central Ni ion is proposed to explain the experimental results. Possible processes of Ni(TMpy-P4) binding to poly(dA-dT)2 are discussed on the basis of the current photophysical data.
Rapid Determination of Colistin Resistance in Clinical Strains of Acinetobacter baumannii by Use of the Micromax Assay (2013)

Colistin is an old antibiotic which has been used as a therapeutic option for carbapenem- and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, like Acinetobacter baumannii. This pathogen produces life-threatening infections, mainly in patients admitted to intensive care units. Rapid detection of resistance to colistin may improve patient outcomes and prevent the spread of resistance. For this purpose, Micromax technology was evaluated in four isogenic A. baumannii strains with known mechanisms of resistance to colistin and in 66 isolates (50 susceptible and 16 resistant). Two parameters were determined, DNA fragmentation and cell wall damage. To assess DNA fragmentation, cells trapped in a microgel were incubated with a lysing solution to remove the cell wall, and the released nucleoids were visualized under fluorescence microscopy. Fragmented DNA was observed as spots that diffuse from the nucleoid. To assess cell wall integrity, cells were incubated with a lysis solution which removes only weakened cell walls, resulting in nucleoid release exclusively in affected cells. A dose-response relationship was demonstrated between colistin concentrations and the percentages of bacteria with DNA fragmentation and cell wall damage, antibiotic effects that were delayed and less frequent in resistant strains. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that both DNA fragmentation and cell wall damage were excellent parameters for identifying resistant strains. Obtaining ≤11% of bacteria with cell wall damage after incubation with 0.5 μg/ml colistin identified resistant strains of A. baumannii with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Results were obtained in 3 h 30 min. This is a simple, rapid, and accurate assay for detecting colistin resistance in A. baumannii, with strong potential value in critical clinical situations.
Trunk positioning accuracy in children 7‐18 years old (1992)

Trunk proprioception was measured in 253 healthy children 7-18 years of age using infrared markers placed on the back of the head and on the skin over the T1, T8, and S1 spinous processes. The children were tested for their accuracy in sensing return of the head and trunk to a centered, neutral position in the frontal plane. Whole-body sway was also quantified during 10 s of relaxed standing by measuring mean amplitudes of trunk marker and foot center of pressure (CP) movements. The results show that trunk positioning accuracy improved significantly with age (p = 0.000). Subjects could position their trunk in the frontal plane to within a mean (+/- SD) of 2.5 (+/- 1.1) and 0.9 (+/- 0.6) degrees of the neutral position at ages 7 and 18 years, respectively. No statistically significant gender differences were found. At every age trunk positioning accuracy was diminished in the presence of a continuous external trunk moment (equivalent to 0.01 x body weight x height), although not significantly so. Neither mean trunk sway nor CP amplitudes were significantly correlated with age or sex. The overall results suggest that spine decompensation is only abnormal when it exceeds 20 mm in healthy children and adolescents.
Fast and Accurate Motion Estimation Algorithm By Adaptive Search Range and Shape Selection (2006)

The paper presents a fast and accurate motion estimation algorithm. To obtain accurate motion vectors while minimizing computational complexity, we adjust the search range for each frame and each block to suit the motion level of the video. An appropriate search range for each frame is determined on the basis of motion vectors and prediction errors obtained for the previous frame. At each block, the search range is determined on the basis of the search range of its frame and of the motion vector values of all adjacent blocks for which those values have already been obtained. With our algorithm, since narrow search ranges are chosen for areas in which little motion occurs, computational complexity can be reduced without degrading estimation accuracy. Since wide search ranges are chosen for areas of significant motion, good video-quality encoding can be maintained. In the encoding of an SDTV size video, the addition of range adjustment results in a reduction in the computational complexity of motion estimation of roughly 65%, while maintaining the same video quality.
Interferometric Measurement Of The Roughness Of Machined Parts (1989)

A technique for the measurement of surface roughness using a non-contact optical profiler is presented for the measurement of surfaces having RA's of up to 2.5 μm (100 μn). The optical profiler uses phase-measurement interferometry to directly measure surface height profiles at a single wavelength of illumination. By utilizing information from surface height measurements made at two different wavelengths, surface profiles with peak-to-valleys of up to 20 gm (800 μn) can be determined. The technique presented is non-destructive, quick, and has an rms repeatability of better than 25 nm (1 μn). Results of measurements made with both linear and area detector arrays on calibrated roughness standards as well as on machined surfaces are presented.
Mixed Specifier for Bipolar Mania and Depression (2014)

Bipolar disorder, while commonly encountered in the primary care setting, is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed. In the DSM-IV-TR, patients could be diagnosed as being in a mixed state only if they had concurrent manic and depressive symptoms; while this occurs in some patients, many more experience subsyndromal mixed symptoms that would disqualify a "mixed state" diagnosis. The recently released DSM-5 attempts to capture this large proportion of patients with subsyndromal mixed symptoms with the inclusion of the "mixed specifier." The presence of such subsyndromal mixed symptoms has significant implications for both diagnosis and treatment. For those presenting with major depressive disorder with subsyndromal manic symptoms, clinicians must be vigilant for the development of full-blown bipolar disease. In treating this group, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors remain first-line therapy, but augmentation with other therapies is often required. If a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is confirmed and the patient is experiencing a depressive phase, traditional antidepressants should be avoided. For those presenting with mania and mixed depressive symptoms, treatment with a combination of atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers is best.
Surface acoustic wave filter in high frequency range with narrow bandwidth and excellent temperature property (2008)

Radio frequency (RF) filters in high frequency using surface acoustic wave (SAW) such as MediaFLO <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> , time division synchronous code division multiple access (TDSCDMA) in China handy phone system, and global positioning system (GPS) in cars require a narrow bandwidth. So, the SAW substrates for their RF filters are also required to have a very excellent temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) and optimum electro-mechanical coupling factor. Rayleigh wave on a ZnO film/Al-electrode/quartz structures and shear horizontal (SH) type of leaky SAW (LSAW) on a flattened SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /high density metal electrodes/36deg-48degYX-LiTaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> one have good TCF and suitable coupling factor to realize them. On the other hand, large reflection coefficient is required to realize the multimode resonator filter. Though the latter has the large reflection coefficient, the farmer has small one. So, in the case of the former structure, authors also attempted to apply a high density metal electrode such as Au electrode instead of Al electrode to realize the large reflection coefficient. As the result, the multi-mode resonator filters composed of a ZnO/high density electrode/quartz and a flattened SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /high density electrode/LiTaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> with good TCF for the RF range have been realized for the first time.
Encapsulation Using Hyperbranched Polymers: From Research and Technologies to Emerging Applications (2010)

Dendritic macromolecules, such as hyperbranched polymers are increasingly being studied in the context of encapsulation. The intensive research on encapsulation using hyperbranched polymers is motivated by factors such as a cost-effective polymer synthesis and a customizable property profile. Hence, in the past few years, hyperbranched polymers have been employed as carriers for several guest molecules such as dyes, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, catalysts, and aromatic hydrocarbons. However, hyperbranched polymers compete not only with perfectly structured dendrimers but also with conventional carrier molecules in terms of price and performance criteria such as processability, loading capacity, delivery efficiency and/or reduction of toxic side effects. This article aims at reviewing the research and development (R&D) in the field of encapsulation using hyperbranched polymers. Based on a summary of the most relevant R&D results and encapsulation technologies in this area, progress and challenges are discussed and new emerging applications are described. The most prominent emerging applications include the encapsulation and/or controlled release of (i) unstable or sensitive components (such as those used in the field of personal care), (ii) pharmaceutical substances (using hyperbranched carrier polymers with a narrow molar mass distribution), and (iii) inorganic nanoparticles to design versatile nanoreactors for catalytic applications.
Controlling Dialogue Generation with Semantic Exemplars (2021)

Prakhar Gupta, Jeffrey Bigham, Yulia Tsvetkov, Amy Pavel. Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 2021.
Genetic linkage of the tricho-dento-osseous syndrome to chromosome 17q21 (1997)

Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO), MIM# 190320, is transmitted as a highly penetrant autosomal dominant trait that is characterized by variable clinical expression. The principal clinical features include kinky/curly hair in infancy, enamel hypoplasia, taurodontism, as well as increased thickness and density of cranial bones. Possible genetic linkage has been reported for TDO with the ABO blood group locus, but the gene defect remains unknown. We have identified four multiplex families (n = 63, 39 affected, 24 unaffected) from North Carolina segregating TDO. We previously have excluded a major locus for TDO in the ABO region for these families. Utilizing a genome-wide search strategy, we obtained conclusive evidence for linkage of the TDO syndrome locus to markers on chromosome 17q21 (D17S791, Z max = 10.54, Theta = 0.00) with no indication of genetic heterogeneity. Multipoint analysis suggests the TDO locus is located in a 7 cM chromosomal segment flanked by D17S932 and D17S941. This finding represents the first step towards isolation and cloning of the TDO gene. Identification of this gene has important implications for understanding normal and abnormal craniofacial development of hair, teeth and bone.