gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absorption and metabolism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in the small intestine of rats (2006)

The absorption and metabolism in the small intestine of chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid), the main phenolic acid in the human diet, and of caffeic acid were studied in rats in order to determine whether chlorogenic acid is directly absorbed or hydrolysed in the small intestine. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids were perfused into a segment of ileum plus jejunum during 45 min (50 microm, 0.75 ml/min) using an in situ intestinal perfusion rat model with cannulation of the biliary duct, and were quantified together with their metabolites in perfusion effluent, bile and plasma. The net absorption (influent flux minus effluent flux of phenolic acids and their metabolites) accounted for 19.5 % and 8 % of the perfused caffeic and chlorogenic acids, respectively. A minor fraction of the perfused caffeic acid was metabolized in the intestinal wall and secreted back into the gut lumen in the form of ferulic acid (0.5 % of the perfused flux). Part of the chlorogenic acid (1.2 % of the perfused flux) was recovered in the gut effluent as caffeic acid, showing the presence of trace esterase activity in the gut mucosa. No chlorogenic acid was detected in either plasma or bile, and only low amounts of phenolic acids (less than 0.4 %) were secreted in the bile. The present results show that chlorogenic acid is absorbed and hydrolysed in the small intestine. In contrast to numerous flavonoids, absorbed phenolic acids are poorly excreted in the bile or gut lumen. Their bioavailability therefore appears to be governed largely by their uptake into the gut mucosa.
Momentary relationship between cortisol secretion and symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia (2005)

Among women with FM, pain symptoms early in the day are associated with variations in function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Event detection from continuous media (2002)

It is difficult to extract semantical contents like events that occurred in the real world from continuous media consisting of visual, auditory, and linguistic information, because machines' ability of understanding media is still incomplete. To avoid this, we propose a strategy of collaborating multimodal information processing for continuous media, called intermodal collaboration and making full use of domain knowledge. The basic experimental results about event detection indicate that our strategy is effective.
Standardization of the AMR wideband speech codec in 3GPP and ITU-T (2006)

3GPP and ITU-T have standardized a multi-rate codec for wideband speech conversational applications. Following a competitive selection process, the adaptive multirate wideband (AMR-WB) specifications were approved in March 2001 as part of 3GPP release 5. The ITU-T Study group 16 approved the same wideband coding algorithm as Recommendation G.722.2 and its Annexes.
Test modeling and parameter identification of a gun magnetorheological recoil damper (2009)

Since its performance requirements of gun recoil mechanism have been continuously increased, this paper was explored and aimed at its dynamic model and parameter identification of a new type of gun magnetorheological recoil damper. Combining with its recoil resistance rule and stroke requirements of the 37mm caliber gun, a long-stroke magnetorheological recoil damper was developed. Using the developed hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for weapon system under impact load excitation, impact tests for the special designed long-stroke magnetorheological recoil damper were done and its dynamic performances under different impact loads and input current were examined. Two nonlinear testing models based on Bingham model and Herschel-Bulkley model were respectively established, index parameters of the MR fluid and other structural parameters in these models were also identified using the least square algorithm. Finally, the validity of test models and identification parameters were verified. The experimental results indicated that the designed large-scale single-ended MR recoil damper under 16000N impact load could reduce off 40% its recoil displacement and pressure peak value, and its adjustability of the damping force of MR dampers could be well applied for gun recoil mechanism impact resistance design.
Nanomechanical study of amorphous and polycrystalline ALD HfO<SUB align=right>2 thin films (2011)

Thin films of hafnium oxide (HfO2) were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The structural properties of the deposited films were characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We investigated the effect of phase transformations induced by thermal treatments on the mechanical properties of ALD HfO2 using nanoindentation. The elastic modulus of the amorphous low temperature deposited ALD HfO2 films was measured to be 370 ± 20 GPa. Subsequent to crystallisation by annealing in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) chamber, the elastic modulus dropped to 240 ± 20 GPa. Similarly, the Meyer hardness decreased from a value of 18 ± 1 GPa for amorphous HfO2 to 15 ± 1 GPa following the transition temperature from amorphous to polycrystalline HfO2.
The hydrogen exchange core and protein folding (1999)

A database of hydrogen-deuterium exchange results has been compiled for proteins for which there are published rates of out-exchange in the native state, protection against exchange during folding, and out-exchange in partially folded forms. The question of whether the slow exchange core is the folding core (Woodward C, 1993, Trends Biochem Sci 18:359-360) is reexamined in a detailed comparison of the specific amide protons (NHs) and the elements of secondary structure on which they are located. For each pulsed exchange or competition experiment, probe NHs are shown explicitly; the large number and broad distribution of probe NHs support the validity of comparing out-exchange with pulsed-exchange/competition experiments. There is a strong tendency for the same elements of secondary structure to carry NHs most protected in the native state, NHs first protected during folding, and NHs most protected in partially folded species. There is not a one-to-one correspondence of individual NHs. Proteins for which there are published data for native state out-exchange and theta values are also reviewed. The elements of secondary structure containing the slowest exchanging NHs in native proteins tend to contain side chains with high theta values or be connected to a turn/loop with high theta values. A definition for a protein core is proposed, and the implications for protein folding are discussed. Apparently, during folding and in the native state, nonlocal interactions between core sequences are favored more than other possible nonlocal interactions. Other studies of partially folded bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Barbar E, Barany G, Woodward C, 1995, Biochemistry 34:11423-11434; Barber E, Hare M, Daragan V, Barany G, Woodward C, 1998, Biochemistry 37:7822-7833), suggest that developing cores have site-specific energy barriers between microstates, one disordered, and the other(s) more ordered.
Synthetic approaches to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and other modified nucleosides (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic approaches to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and other modified nucleosidesMichael E. Jung and John M. GardinerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 8, 2614–2615Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00008a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00008a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views497Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy for Liver Disease (2016)

The field of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy has progressed rapidly over the past decade, with the advent of novel capsid serotype and organ-specific promoters, and an increasing understanding of the immune response to AAV administration. In particular, liver-directed therapy has made remarkable strides, with a number of clinical trials currently planned and ongoing in hemophilia A and B, as well as other liver disorders. This review focuses on liver-directed AAV gene therapy, including historic context, current challenges, and future developments.
A Critical Role for Muscle Ring Finger-1 in Acute Lung Injury–associated Skeletal Muscle Wasting (2012)

Abstract Rationale Acute lung injury (ALI) is a debilitating condition associated with severe skeletal muscle weakness that persists in humans long after lung injury has resolved. The molecular mechanisms underlying this condition are unknown. Objectives To identify the muscle-specific molecular mechanisms responsible for muscle wasting in a mouse model of ALI. Methods Changes in skeletal muscle weight, fiber size, in vivo contractile performance, and expression of mRNAs and proteins encoding muscle atrophy–associated genes for muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1) and atrogin1 were measured. Genetic inactivation of MuRF1 or electroporation-mediated transduction of miRNA-based short hairpin RNAs targeting either MuRF1 or atrogin1 were used to identify their role in ALI-associated skeletal muscle wasting. Measurements and Main Results Mice with ALI developed profound muscle atrophy and preferential loss of muscle contractile proteins associated with reduced muscle function in vivo. Although mRNA expression of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1 and atrogin1, was increased in ALI mice, only MuRF1 protein levels were up-regulated. Consistent with these changes, suppression of MuRF1 by genetic or biochemical approaches prevented muscle fiber atrophy, whereas suppression of atrogin1 expression was without effect. Despite resolution of lung injury and down-regulation of MuRF1 and atrogin1, force generation in ALI mice remained suppressed. Conclusions These data show that MuRF1 is responsible for mediating muscle atrophy that occurs during the period of active lung injury in ALI mice and that, as in humans, skeletal muscle dysfunction persists despite resolution of lung injury.
Microwave Promoted Environmentally Benign Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzothiazoles and Their Urea Derivatives (2008)

2-Aminobenzothiazoles were efficiently synthesized using stable, crystalline tetrabutylammonium tribromide instead of toxic, corrosive liquid bromine under solvent-free and microwave irradiation condition. Furthermore, benzothiazol-2-ylureas were synthesized in good to high yield by reactions of 2-aminobenzothiazoles with N-trichloroacetanilides, which were used as a substitute for toxic, unstable isocyanates, under microwave irradiation condition. This protocol has advantages of no utilization of hazardous chemicals, rapid reaction rate, high yield, and easy work-up procedure.
Identification of Two <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> Lipoproteins Exported by a SecA2-Dependent Pathway (2007)

The SecA2 protein is part of a specialized protein export system of mycobacteria. We set out to identify proteins exported to the bacterial cell envelope by the mycobacterial SecA2 system. By comparing the protein profiles of cell wall and membrane fractions from wild-type and DeltasecA2 mutant Mycobacterium smegmatis, we identified the Msmeg1712 and Msmeg1704 proteins as SecA2-dependent cell envelope proteins. These are the first endogenous M. smegmatis proteins identified as dependent on SecA2 for export. Both proteins are homologous to periplasmic sugar-binding proteins of other bacteria, and both contain functional amino-terminal signal sequences with lipobox motifs. These two proteins appeared to be genuine lipoproteins as shown by Triton X-114 fractionation and sensitivity to globomycin, an inhibitor of lipoprotein signal peptidase. The role of SecA2 in the export of these proteins was specific; not all mycobacterial lipoproteins required SecA2 for efficient localization or processing. Finally, Msmeg1704 was recognized by the SecA2 pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as indicated by the appearance of an export intermediate when the protein was expressed in a DeltasecA2 mutant of M. tuberculosis. Taken together, these results indicate that a select subset of envelope proteins containing amino-terminal signal sequences can be substrates of the mycobacterial SecA2 pathway and that some determinants for SecA2-dependent export are conserved between M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis.
Effect of endogenously produced parathyroid hormone-related peptide on growth of a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). (1996)

A well differentiated human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) was used to explore potential roles for PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor. Using Northern analysis or reverse transcription-PCR, Hep G2 cells were found to express messenger RNAs for both PTHrP and the cloned PTH/PTHrP receptor, and the cells exhibited specific binding for [125I]PTHrP(1-36). Hep G2 growth medium was found to contain relatively large amounts of immunoreactive PTHrP (30 vs. 1-2 pM in medium not exposed to cells), and the PTHrP in growth medium (conditioned medium) was shown to contain N-terminal PTHrP biological activity, as assessed by the ability of the medium to stimulate cAMP production in rat osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8). Conditioned medium produced a dose-dependent severalfold increase in ROS cell cAMP that could be blocked by the PTHrP receptor antagonist [Asn10,Leu11,DTrp12]PTHrP-(7-34). PTHrP in Hep G2 cells also was detected by immunocytochemistry using antiserum to either synthetic PTHrP-(1-34) or recombinant PTHrP-(-5 to 139). Furthermore, these antisera were found to inhibit the ability of PTHrP-(1-34) to stimulate ROS cell cAMP production. When either antiserum (1:800-1:100 dilution) was added to subconfluent Hep G2 cells in medium containing 5% FBS for 3 days, a dose-related 40-50% increase in cell number occurred that could be inhibited by concurrent addition of 10 microM synthetic PTHrP-(1-36). The results show that Hep G2 cells synthesize and secrete both immunoreactive and biologically active PTHrP. As neutralization of PTHrP secreted by these cells by the addition of antiserum to PTHrP resulted in increased cell growth, the findings suggest that PTHrP can function as an autocrine or paracrine growth factor to suppress the growth of these human hepatoma cells.
Outcomes of Interferon/Ribavirin Therapy in Patients with HCV Defined by Expression of Plasma Soluble Human Leukocyte Antigen-G but Not IL-37 (2016)

BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to life-threatening complications worldwide. Immunomodulation signals the response to virus clearance. The immune-suppressive molecule human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) has been shown to function in inhibiting both innate and adaptive immune responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of HLA-G and IL-37 in sustained virological response (SVR) and non-SVR HCV-positive patients before and after complete treatment with a combination of pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). MATERIAL AND METHODS Our study included 132 chronic hepatitis C patents who received combined therapy with IFN-a and RBV. Both SVR and non-SVR patients were included. The end-of-treatment response was deﬁned as undetectable HCV RNA at week 48. Patients with end-of-treatment response were detected by HCV RNA at 24 weeks after therapy. The expression levels of HLA-G and IL-37 at the end and 24 weeks after treatment were detected by ELISA. RESULTS Plasma HLA-G and IL-37 were significantly increased in HCV-infected patients compared with healthy individuals before treatment. Furthermore, HLA-G in SVR patients was noticeably decreased after treatment, while HLA-G in non-SVR patients had no changes after treatment. Additionally, both in SVR and non-SVR patients, the expression of IL-37 was remarkably reduced compared with baseline after treatment. CONCLUSIONS These ﬁndings suggest that elevation of HLA-G and IL-37 in HCV may play an important role in response to combined therapy with IFN-a and RBV. Monitoring the expression of HLA-G during therapy could contribute to adjusting the treatment program of HCV-infected patients.
Methodology for Sizing and Performance Assessment of Hybrid Energy Aircraft (2013)

The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda and NASA N+3 goals have set new challenges for the aeronautical community via declaration of dramatic efficiency improvements. Because further evolutionary improvements do not appear to be sufficient, envisioning disruptive technologies turn out to be essential to reach the set of future targets. The design of innovative integrated energy–power systems is certainly a major promising element as can be shown by the increasing interest toward hybrid energy and universally electric aircraft. The consideration of these new types of aircraft represents a new challenge for conventional aircraft sizing and performance methods. As an extension of the conventional methods used for fuel-energy aircraft, a sizing and performance methodology for hybrid-energy aircraft is proposed. A design study of a battery and fuel hybrid-energy single-aisle retrofit is conducted to demonstrate the methodology and to analyze the implications of the associated new design variables on the s...
Physical properties of water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams containing epoxidized soybean oil in different isocyanate indices (2009)

Abstract To explore the potential of isocyanate usage reduction, water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams were made by replacing 0, 20, and 50% of Voranoll® 490 in the B‐side of the foam formulation by epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) with an isocyanate index ranging from 50 to 110. The compressive strength, density, and thermal conductivity of foams were measured. The foam surface temperature was monitored before and throughout the foaming reaction as an indirect indication of the foaming temperature. Increasing ESBO replacement and/or decreasing isocyanate index decreased the foam's compressive strength. The density of the foam decreased while decreasing the isocyanate index to 60. Further decrease in isocyanate index resulted in foam shrinkage causing a sharp increase in the foam density. The thermal conductivity of foams increased while decreasing the isocyanate index and increasing the ESBO replacement. Mathematical models for predicting rigid polyurethane foam density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were established and validated. Similar to compressive strength, the foaming temperature decreased while decreasing the isocyanate index and increasing the ESBO replacement. Because of the lower reactivity of ESBO with isocyanate, the rate of foaming temperature decrease with decreasing isocyanate index was in the order of 0% > 20% > 50% ESBO replacement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
[Shigella endotoxin protein--its electrophoretic and serological properties]. (1991)

The electrophoretic analysis of lipid A-associated protein (LAP), obtained from S. sonnei, in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea has revealed the heterogeneity of the preparation; it has found to contain three main components with molecular weights of 43, 38 and 18 KD and some minor components with molecular weights of 49, 45 35, 30, 29, 27, 5, 21 and 14 KD. The electrophoretic mobility of the main protein components in the isolated preparation of LAP coincides with that of endotoxin components. The dissociation of proteins and lipopolysaccharide in the process of boiling the endotoxin in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate is indicative of the noncovalent binding of these components. LAP contained in the endotoxin, in contrast to isolated LAP, is resistant to trypsin and proteinase K. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system with the use of LAP as a component of its solid phase has been developed, which makes it possible to carry out the quantitative determination of antibodies to this protein. The EIA system shows high sensitivity in the determination of anti-LAP IgG antibodies: in hyperimmune rabbit sera their titer is 1:250,000-1:800,000. As shown by the method of competitive EIA, the antigenic affinity of LAP of different origin corresponds to the degree of taxonomic propinquity of microorganisms: the maximal degree of cross reactions is observed between LAP obtained from S. sonnei, S. flexneri and Escherichia coli, while their affinity to Salmonella typhi is considerably less; remote microbial species (Bacterium bifidum and Sarcina marcescens) give practically no cross reactions.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mention-Ranking Coreference Models (2016)

Coreference resolution systems are typically trained with heuristic loss functions that require careful tuning. In this paper we instead apply reinforcement learning to directly optimize a neural mention-ranking model for coreference evaluation metrics. We experiment with two approaches: the REINFORCE policy gradient algorithm and a rewardrescaled max-margin objective. We find the latter to be more effective, resulting in a significant improvement over the current stateof-the-art on the English and Chinese portions of the CoNLL 2012 Shared Task.
A COMPARISON OF RISK MEASURES WHEN USED IN A SIMPLE PORTFOLIO SELECTION HEURISTIC (1983)

Assuming that a portfolio manager selects a portfolio by maximizing the returnto‐risk ratios of the securities that constitute the portfolio, the performance of this “heuristic” is sensitive to the choice of risk measure in the return‐to‐risk ratio. Using sixty month holding periods and second degree stochastic dominance to evaluate the performance of the portfolio selection heuristic; the mean absolute deviation, beta and target semivariance were found to be superior to the variance and the mean semivariance. In addition, the heuristic with the superior risk measures provided performance comparable to the optimal single index model.
Cryoballoon or Radiofrequency Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (2016)

In this randomized trial, cryoballoon ablation was noninferior to radiofrequency ablation with respect to efficacy for the treatment of patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and there was no significant difference between the two methods with regard to overall safety. (Funded by Medtronic; FIRE AND ICE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01490814.).