gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of a model human image code (1987)

Hypothetical schemes for neural representation of visual information can be expressed as explicit image codes. We may test whether a given code is sufficient, in the sense of retaining all the information that the human perceives, and necessary, in the sense of retaining only that information. The latter is a test of efficiency. Here, we explore a code modeled on the simple cells of the primate striate cortex. The Cortex transform maps a digital image into a set of subimages (layers) that are bandpass in spatial frequency and orientation. The layers are sampled so as to minimize the number of samples and still avoid aliasing. Samples are quantized in a manner that exploits the bandpass contrast-masking properties of human vision. The entropy of the samples is computed to provide a lower bound on the code size. Finally, the image is reconstructed from the code. We devise psychophysical methods for comparing the original and reconstructed images to evaluate the sufficiency of the code. When each resolution is coded at the threshold for detection artifacts, the image-code size is about 1 bit/pixel.
Geometric Folding Algorithms: Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra (2007)

Lavishly illustrated and entertaining account of the surprising and useful results of the maths of folding and unfolding.
MPLS Extension Header (2019)

Motivated by the need to support multiple in-network services and
functions in an MPLS network, this document describes a method to
encapsulate extension headers into MPLS packets. The encapsulation
method allows stacking multiple extension headers and quickly
accessing any of them as well as the original upper layer protocol
header and payload. We show how the extension header can be used to
support several new network applications and optimize some existing
network services.
Schedule Optimisation To Complement Assisted History Matching and Prediction Under Uncertainty (2006)

Abstract Recently our business has had great success in developing tools for using full physics simulators in Assisted History Matching (AHM) and prediction of future performance. However, the end user is often left wondering what to do with the large number of forecasts from these studies; any optimisation of the remaining potential has to be done manually. This paper discusses a method in which the principles of AHM are used to optimise the development. In AHM the practitioner attempts to minimise the error between the observed and simulated data; the ‘objective function’. A large number of ‘geological’ variables to the simulator are sensitised. ‘Control’ variables are used in the predictive work. These are only limited by the scheduling features of the reservoir simulator and would normally be the number and location of development wells; change in facilities constraints; re-completion; workovers etc. The objective function for development optimisation tends to be an economic one, i.e. Net Present Value (NPV) or some other profitability indicator. The method described in this paper has an advanced feature for generating additional results based on the simulator output time series. Schedule optimisation is known to be a very difficult problem, not amenable to standard mathematical programming algorithms, and we describe how, in conjunction with the use of a proxy model, we have successfully applied genetic algorithm optimization techniques, to solve the scheduling problem with minimal CPU processing. The method has been used a number of times and its application is described by some case studies; optimising the number and location of development wells and timing of scheduling events. As a very large number of possible combinations of variables are used the optimisation tends to be less subjective than a manual giving generally better results.
A New Procedure for Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Hydrazides (2002)

The standard method for preparing carboxylic acid hydrazides is hydrazinolysis of esters in alcoholic solutions. However, when applied to alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, the main product typically is the pyrazolidinone resulting from an undesired Michael-type cyclization. Other alternative methodologies reported for direct preparation of hydrazides from acids are inefficient. We developed an efficient and general process, involving preforming activated esters and/or amides followed by reaction with hydrazine, for the preparation of hydrazides including those of alpha,beta-unsaturated acids. This process gives the desired hydrazides in excellent yield and purity under mild conditions.
Molecular and functional analysis indicates a mosaic structure of <i>Salmonella</i> pathogenicity island 2 (1999)

Two large virulence loci encoding type III secretion systems are present on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) is important for the survival of S. typhimurium in host organs and forms an insertion of about 40 kb at the tRNA(Val) gene. However, several indications suggested that SPI2 was not the result of a single event of horizontal gene transfer. We characterized the portion of SPI2 towards the 30 cs boundary and performed mutational analysis to investigate the contribution of this region to S. enterica virulence. This analysis indicates that SPI2 may be composed of at least two different genetic elements. About 15 kb of the 40 kb of SPI2 contain genes without a significant contribution to systemic infections in the model of murine salmonellosis. Our study allowed us to define genes in SPI2 important for virulence further and indicated that this locus has a complex mosaic structure.
Cerium oxide nanoparticle: a remarkably versatile rare earth nanomaterial for biological applications (2014)

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) have received much attention because of their excellent catalytic activities, which are derived from quick and expedient mutation of the oxidation state between Ce4+ and Ce3+. The cerium atom has the ability to easily and drastically adjust its electronic configuration to best fit its immediate environment. It also exhibits oxygen vacancies, or defects, in the lattice structure; these arise through loss of oxygen and/or its electrons, alternating between CeO2 and CeO2−x during redox reactions. Being a mature engineered nanoparticle with various industrial applications, CeONP was recently found to have multi-enzyme, including superoxide oxidase, catalase and oxidase, mimetic properties that produce various biological effects, such as being potentially antioxidant towards almost all noxious intracellular reactive oxygen species. CeONP has emerged as a fascinating and lucrative material in biological fields such as bioanalysis, biomedicine, drug delivery, and bioscaffolding. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to CeONP’s catalytic mechanisms, multi-enzyme-like activities, and potential applications in biological fields. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have the unique power to act as both oxidation and reduction catalysts, thanks to the ability of cerium to rapidly switch between two oxidation states. Can Xu and Xiaogang Qu from the Chinese Academy of Sciences review how this dual catalytic activity yields enzyme-like behavior that can be harnessed for cancer-detecting assays and new biomedical applications. The nanoparticles mimic enzyme species, such as superoxide dismutases and catalases, that repair the damage caused by free radicals and reduce harmful reactive oxygen levels in the body. With tiny dimensions that allow them to enter cellular spaces inaccessible to traditional medicines - including crossing the blood-brain barrier for Alzheimer's disease treatments - these nanomaterials may offer potent remedies against degenerative diseases. Xu and Qu stress the need for systematic biological testing, however, to resolve possible toxicity concerns. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) have attracted much attention because they possess multi-enzyme mimetic properties and have been used in bioanalysis, biomedicine, drug delivery, bioscaffold and so on. This review summarizes recent achievements on CeONPs catalytic mechanisms, the multi-enzyme-like activity, and their biomedical applications, such as in treatment of cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease.
Dynamic Provisioning Using Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP-FAST) (2009)

Dynamic Provisioning Using EAP-FAST March 2009The EAP method EAP-FAST-MSCHAPv2 reuses the EAP type code assigned to EAP-MSCHAPv2 (26) for authentication within an anonymous TLS tunnel.In order to minimize the risk associated with an anonymous tunnel, changes to the method were made that are not interoperable with EAP-MSCHAPv2.Since EAP-MSCHAPv2 does not support method-specific version negotiation, the use of EAP-FAST-MSCHAPv2 is implied by the use of an anonymous EAP-FAST tunnel.This behavior may cause problems in implementations where the use of unaltered EAP-MSCHAPv2 is needed inside an anonymous EAP-FAST tunnel.Since such support requires special case execution of a method within a tunnel, it also complicates implementations that use the same method code both within and outside of the tunnel method.If EAP-FAST were to be designed today, these difficulties could be avoided by utilization of unique EAP Type codes.Given these issues, assigned method types must not be re-used with different meaning inside tunneled methods in the future.
Protective Effects of Human Recombinant Mnsod in Adjuvant Arthritis and Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis (1991)

We have previously shown that human recombinant methionyl manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is more efficient than CuZnSOD as an anti-inflammatory agent in a model of acute inflammation (Carrageenan-induced paw edema). This effect was attributed to the prolonged half-life of MnSOD in blood (t1/2 = 6 h vs. 10 min, respectively). In the present study, the two enzymes were compared in terms of their effectiveness in two systems: (1) Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, which is considered to be a model for the chronic situation of rheumatoid arthritis and (2) Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, which is a chronic situation believed to be mediated by oxygen free radicals. Rats inflicted with adjuvant arthritis were treated during the period of maximal joint swelling (Days 15-21 after adjuvant injection) with MnSOD or CuZnSOD (12 to 50 mg/kg, i.p. daily). MnSOD administration resulted in a 50-75% reduction of paw swelling, as well as inhibition of the elevation of serum globulins. A similar treatment with CuZnSOD gave merely marginal effects. In the second system, lung fibrosis was induced in rats by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. MnSOD (50 mg/kg, s.c.), administered 2 h before and then 2 and 4 days after bleomycin, markedly inhibited lung fibrosis, as evident from lung weight and collagen content measured by the 3rd week. By contrast, CuZnSOD administration did not give a significant effect. The results indicate that MnSOD is superior to CuZnSOD in the treatment of chronic inflammatory processes. In addition, they lend further support to the involvement of oxygen free radicals in bleomycin toxicity.
The assessment of time-dependent changes in human performance. (1977)

This paper discribes a series of experiments to illustrate the use of various methods of time series analysis in the delineation of the effects of circadian and ultradian cycles on human performance. These experiments are concerned with measures of both human performance and physiology. They illustrate how the parameters of these time series analytic techniques can be used to postulate physiological mechanisms where time-dependent changes have been shown to be significant. The use of analytic techniques in both the time and frequency domain is illustrated.
Keys to Clinical Success with Pulp Capping: A Review of the Literature (2009)

Clinical Relevance. Confusion and misconceptions surround direct and indirect pulp capping. This review of the literature provides evidence-based recommendations to guide clinicians in their decision-making process when they encounter a situation requiring pulp capping.
Two-Beam Optical Head (1987)

Real time error checking is required in optical disk systems to improve data reliability and to increase data throughput to/from the computer. This paper describes a two-beam optical head which meets the requirement. The head is composed of two laser diodes (830 nm for write and servo operations, 780 nm for read operation), dichroic mirrors, and an achromatic objective lens. New optical servo technologies have been developed and incorporated in this optical head. One is a new focusing technology (called the Wax-wane method) which needs only two optical components. Another is a new tracking technology (called the ILT method) which enables a tracking range of ±400 μm.
Low voltage wavelength tuning of an external cavity diode laser using a nematic liquid crystal-containing birefringent filter (1990)

A tunable diode laser incorporating a two-stage birefringent filter in an external cavity is discussed. Tuning of the laser wavelength is accomplished with a nematic liquid-crystal cell with electrically controlled birefringence in each stage of the filter. The laser has a scan range of 26.7 AA for a drive voltage to each of the liquid-crystal cells of <1.7 V RMS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High surface area, nanostructured boehmite and alumina catalysts: Synthesis and application in the sustainable epoxidation of alkenes (2018)

We report a new, straightforward and inexpensive sol-gel route to prepare boehmite nanorods [γ-AlO(OH)-NR] with an average length of 23 nm ± 3 nm, an average diameter of 2 nm ± 0.3 nm and a high specific surface area of 448 m2/g, as evidenced by TEM and N2-physisorption, respectively. The boehmite was converted to γ-alumina with preserved nanorod morphology (γ-Al2O3-NR) and high surface area upon calcination either at 400 or 600 °C. These nanostructured materials are active and selective heterogeneous catalysts for the epoxidation of alkenes with the environmentally friendly H2O2. The best catalyst, γ-Al2O3-NR-400, showed to be versatile in the scope of alkenes that could be converted selectively to their epoxide and displayed enhanced reusability compared to previously reported alumina catalysts. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of the material was enhanced by optimising the reaction conditions such as the solvent and the type of hydrogen peroxide source. Under the optimised reaction conditions, the γ-Al2O3-NR-400 catalyst displayed 58% cyclooctene oxide yield after 4 h of reaction at 80 °C with full selectivity towards the epoxide product. The correlation between the catalytic activity of these materials and their physicochemical properties such as surface area, hydrophilicity and number and type of acid sites was critically discussed based on a detailed characterisation study.
Recent advances in fabrication and characterization of GeTe-based phase-change RF switches and MMICs (2017)

Recent progress in germanium telluride (GeTe) based phase-change RF switch technology development has resulted in switches with tens of thousands of switching cycles and μs-level switching times. A highly compact (0.33 × 0.61mm) series-shunt, single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch based on 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> generation inline phase change switch (IPCS) devices was built and characterized. The SPDT switch exhibited less than 1.1dB insertion loss and greater than 39dB isolation in the DC-65GHz bandwidth. It achieved <2μs settling time for RF switching between the throws. In addition, 30,000 switching operations were demonstrated with <0.05dB variation in insertion loss and < 2dB variation in isolation.
Recent Progress in Chemical Composition, Production, and Pharmaceutical Effects of Kombucha Beverage: A Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2020)

Kombucha is a valuable traditional natural tea that contains beneficial compounds like organic acids, minerals, different vitamins, proteins, polyphenols, and several anions. Kombucha possesses anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity as well as hepatoprotective effects. Considering the unique properties of Kombucha, several investigations have already been conducted on its nutritional properties. In this review, an effort has been devoted to pool recent literature on the biomedical application of Kombucha under the objectives, including the chemical composition of Kombucha and industrial production, and highlight different properties of Kombucha. Finally, we explain its adverse effects and prospect. This review is an active, in-depth, and inclusive report about Kombucha and its health benefits.
Introduction (2014)

Over the past two decades the relationship between the suspect and the state has been subject to considerable change. The impact of European Convention jurisprudence both before and after the Human Rights Act has highlighted the importance of due process rights for suspects and has strengthened protection at all stages of the criminal justice process from arrest to trial, sentencing and imprisonment. There has also been greater awareness of the problems facing vulnerable suspects and witnesses. At the same time there have been measures that have weakened protection for suspects. These include limits on the right to silence, the persistence of emergency legislation and the strengthening of the state’s powers in the context of the war on terror and continuing cuts to legal aid and other services. There have also been advances in the collection of forensic evidence but this has raised a new problem of retention of biometric data. These issues have divided commentators on the criminal justice system, as well as politicians and the public.
Simultaneous Integration of SiGe High Speed Transistors and High Voltage Transistors (2006)

Integration of high voltage transistors and varactors with high tuning range into high frequency SiGe bipolar technologies is challenging due to the requirement of a shallow collector for the high speed transistor. This paper presents a high speed SiGe bipolar technology using a novel concept with two epitaxial layers for the simultaneous integration of high speed transistors, high voltage transistors, and varactors. Using this concept high speed transistors with 209 GHz cut-off frequency and 3.3 ps gate delay have been combined with high voltage transistors providing an emitter-collector breakdown voltage of 5 V. Additionally in this concept a varactor has been developed and optimized to achieve a high tuning range of 13 GHz and low phase noise for a 77 GHz VCO
Selective cytotoxicity of 5-hydroxyuridine for human colon adenocarcinoma cells. (1985)

The cytotoxicity of 5-hydroxyuridine (OHUrd), 5-FU, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine was determined by colony assays for three human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines and for a cell line derived from normal fetal intestinal cells. All three tumor cell lines were more sensitive to OHUrd than were the FeInt cells, whereas 5-FU was more toxic to the latter. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine was substantially more cytotoxic to only one of the tumor cell lines compared to the normal cells. In HT-29 tumor cells, OHUrd cytotoxicity could be prevented by coincubation with uridine or cytidine but not by pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides or by purine nucleosides. Compared to OHUrd, 5-hydroxyuracil was much less cytotoxic for HT-29 cells. The increased cytotoxicity of OHUrd for these tumor cells compared to fetal intestinal cells may implicate biochemical differences that might be exploitable for improved chemotherapy. Direct comparison of drug sensitivity of colon tumor cells compared to normal counterpart cells may provide a method of screening agents selective for these tumor cells.
Compress-and-forward scheme for a relay network: Approximate optimality and connection to algebraic flows (2011)

We study a wireless relay network, with a single source and a single destination. Our main result is to show that an appropriate compress-and-forward scheme supports essentially the same reliable data rate as the quantize-map-and-forward and noisy network coding schemes [1], [2]; thus, it is approximately optimal - in the sense the data rate is a universal constant away from the cut-set upper bound. We characterize the compress-and-forward scheme through an abstract flow formulation, a generalization of flow on linking systems. This characterization allows for efficient computation of the minimal amount of information that has to flow through each node in the network.
Low-Frequency Magnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Braided Three-Phase Power Cable Based on 12-Pulse Bridge Rectifier Circuit and PWM Inverter Circuit (2018)

The near magnetic fields of power cables and shielding effectiveness (SE) of cable's braided shield structure are discussed in this paper. The excited current at extreme low frequency (0-400Hz) is provided by a 12-pulse three-phase bridge rectifier or a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter circuit. Under such excitation, the effects of harmonics can be assessed. Meanwhile, braided metal wires are characterized in terms of hundreds of current filament in 2-D simulation model of cable. Therefore, skin effect and proximity effect are considered in this configuration, which contributes to accurate and high computational efficiency for calculating magnetic fields. Result shows that highly braided copper shielding layer (88%) together with copper strips can lead to large reduction of magnetic fields compared with unprotected counterpart.
Expression patterns of the lysophospholipid receptor genes during mouse early development (2008)

Lysophospholipids (LPs) such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are known to mediate various biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. To better understand the role of these lipids in mammalian early development, we applied whole-mount in situ hybridization techniques to E8.5 to E12.5 mouse embryos. We determined the expression patterns of the following LP receptor genes, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family: EDG1 to EDG8 (S1P1 to S1P5 and LPA1 to LPA3), LPA4 (GPR23/P2Y9), and LPA5 (GPR92). We found that the S1P/LPA receptor genes exhibit overlapping expression patterns in a variety of organ primordia, including the developing brain and cardiovascular system, presomitic mesoderm and somites, branchial arches, and limb buds. These results suggest that multiple receptor systems for LPA/S1P lysophospholipids may be functioning during organogenesis.
Cloning and characterization of a human delayed rectifier potassium channel gene. (1993)

A human genomic DNA library was screened for sequences homologues to the rat delayed rectifier Kv 2.1 (DRK1) K+ channel cDNA. Three phages were isolated which hybridized to Kv 2.1 cDNA probes. Alignment of the human genomic DNA sequence with the rat cDNA sequence indicated that the open reading frame (ORF) is interrupted by a large intervening sequence, that separates exons encoding the membrane spanning core region of the K+ channel polypeptide. The Kv 2.1 gene occurs once in the human genome and has been mapped to chromosome 20. The human, mouse and rat Kv 2.1 proteins have been highly conserved, showing only a few substitutions outside of the membrane spanning domains in the amino- and carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domains. Nevertheless, expression of human DRK1 channels in Xenopus oocytes showed that mouse, rat and human Kv 2.1 channels have distinct pharmacological and electrophysiological properties. The observed differences in activation, voltage-dependence, 4-aminopyridine sensitivity and single-channel conductance have to be attributed to amino acid substitutions in the amino-and/or carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domains. Obviously, these domains of Kv 2.1 channels influence biophysical K+ channel properties, which are thought to be determined solely by the membrane spanning core domain of potassium channels.