gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional optimum signal constellation design for few-mode fiber based high-speed optical transport (2012)

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to determine the N-dimensional optimum signal constellation design (ND-OSCD), in MMSE sense, for channel capacity achieving source distribution. The simulation results indicate that the proposed LDPC-coded polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) ND-OSCD significantly outperforms conventional PDM-QAM (by 4.35 dB for 64-ary 3D constellation at BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> ). In addition, the ND-OSCD outperforms sphere packing constellations (by 0.36 dB for 8-ary 3D constellation at BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> ).
Low-computation egocentric barcode detector for the blind (2016)

Linear barcodes are the principal labeling system for retail products. Barcode reader apps found on smartphones always assume that the localization and framing of the barcode is performed manually by a sighted human operator. This is problematic for visually-impaired people since they don't know where to position the camera to scan the barcode. To solve this problem we propose a hand-free interface to detect barcode using a wearable camera. The user rotate a query product in front of him/her and is informed when and where the barcode is visible. The challenge is to detect small barcodes at arm's length in a video with potentially large motion blur. In this paper we propose a novel technique for barcode detection using very little computation (adapted to wearable systems), presenting very good robustness to blur and size variations, and able to run on HD video streams. The proposed system perform significantly better than the state-of-the-art methods on existing public datasets, while being much faster. A new and challenging egocentric product video dataset is also provided with this paper.
Dynamically reconfigurable management of energy, performance, and accuracy applied to digital signal, image, and video processing applications (2012)

There is strong interest in the development of dynamically reconfigurable systems that can meet real-time constraints in energy/power-performance-accuracy (EPA/PPA). In this dissertation, I introduce a framework for implementing dynamically reconfigurable digital signal, image, and video processing systems. 
The basic idea is to first generate a collection of Pareto-optimal realizations in the EPA/PPA space. Dynamic EPA/PPA management is then achieved by selecting the Pareto-optimal implementations that can meet the real-time constraints. The systems are then demonstrated using Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration (DPR) and dynamic frequency control on FPGAs. 
The framework is demonstrated on: (i) a dynamic pixel processor, (ii) a dynamically reconfigurable 1-D digital filtering architecture, and (iii) a dynamically reconfigurable 2-D separable digital filtering system. 
Efficient implementations of the pixel processor are based on the use of look-up tables and local-multiplexes to minimize FPGA resources. For the pixel-processor, different realizations are generated based on the number of input bits, the number of cores, the number of output bits, and the frequency of operation. For each parameters combination, there is a different pixel-processor realization. Pareto-optimal realizations are selected based on measurements of energy per frame, PSNR accuracy, and performance in terms of frames per second. Dynamic EPA/PPA management is demonstrated for a sequential list of real-time constraints by selecting optimal realizations and implementing using DPR and dynamic frequency control. 
Efficient FPGA implementations for the 1-D and 2-D FIR filters are based on the use a distributed arithmetic technique. Different realizations are generated by varying the number of coefficients, coefficient bitwidth, and output bitwidth. Pareto-optimal realizations are selected in the EPA space. Dynamic EPA management is demonstrated on the application of real-time EPA constraints on a digital video. 
The results suggest that the general framework can be applied to a variety of digital signal, image, and video processing systems. It is based on the use of offline-processing that is used to determine the Pareto-optimal realizations. Real-time constraints are met by selecting Pareto-optimal realizations pre-loaded in memory that are then implemented efficiently using DPR and/or dynamic frequency control.
Ku-band slot array antennas for low profile mobile DBS applications: printed vs. machined (2006)

Slot arrays fed with post-wall waveguides were fabricated using conventional printed circuit substrates. Side-walls of waveguides are emulated using rows of closely spaced vias. These arrays have been investigated and compared to the previously developed conventionally machined slot arrays that are defined on top of standard metallic waveguides. Fabrication costs of printed slot arrays are much less than that of machined ones. Additionally, a tolerance of up to 2 mils can be easily realized by using a chemical etching process. However, the insertion loss of printed slot arrays is relatively high due to the dielectric substrate loading. Nevertheless, these antennas, if integrated with LNAs, would sustain the high performance feasible of typically all-metallic slot array structures.
Improving Simultaneous Localization and Mapping for pedestrian navigation and automatic mapping of buildings by using online human-based feature labeling (2010)

In this paper we present an extension to odometry based SLAM for pedestrians that incorporates human-reported measurements of recognizable features, or “places” in an environment. The method which we have called “PlaceSLAM” builds on the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) principle in that a spatial representation of such places can be built up during the localization process. We see an important application to be in mapping of new areas by volunteering pedestrians themselves, in particular to improve the accuracy of “FootSLAM” which is based on human step estimation (odometry). We present a description of various flavors of PlaceSLAM and derive a Bayesian formulation and particle filtering implementation for the most general variant. In particular we distinguish between two important cases which depend on whether the pedestrian is required to report a place's identifier or not. Our results based on experimental data show that our approach can significantly improve the accuracy and stability of FootSLAM and this with very little additional complexity. After mapping has been performed, users of such improved FootSLAM maps need not report places themselves.
Design of an Encodable Tyrosine Kinase-Inducible Domain: Detection of Tyrosine Kinase Activity by Terbium Luminescence (2010)

Tyrosine kinases are critical mediators of intracellular signaling and of intracellular responses to extracellular signaling. Changes in tyrosine kinase activity are implicated in numerous human diseases, including cancers, diabetes, and pathogen infectivity. To address questions in tyrosine phosphorylation, we have designed a protein tyrosine kinase-inducible domain, a small, genetically encodable protein motif whose structure is dependent on its tyrosine phosphorylation state. Tyrosine kinase-inducible domain peptides are based on EF-hand loops in which a structurally critical Glu12 residue is replaced by tyrosine at residue 11 or at residue 15 of the protein. Tyrosine kinase-inducible domain peptides bind terbium(III) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, showing strong terbium luminescence when phosphorylated but weak terbium luminescence when not phosphorylated. Lanthanide binding was confirmed by NMR. A tyrosine kinase-inducible domain peptide, pKID-Abl, was designed to incorporate a recognition sequence of the Abl kinase. Incubation of pKID-Abl with Abl kinase resulted in a large increase in terbium luminescence. This increase in luminescence was abolished when pKID-Abl and Abl kinase were incubated with the Abl kinase inhibitor Gleevec. In addition, incubation of phosphorylated pKID-Abl with the tyrosine phosphatase YOP resulted in a large reduction in terbium luminescence. pKID-Abl was employed as a fluorescent sensor of Abl tyrosine kinase activity in HeLa cell extracts, exhibiting low luminescence with extracts from serum-starved cells and increased luminescence using extracts from EGF-treated cells. These results indicate that tyrosine kinase-inducible domains may be used as sensors of tyrosine kinase and tyrosine phosphatase activity and in the detection of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPE WITH POLARIZATION HOLDING FIBER (1983)

Fiber optic gyroscopes have been reported with both low short term noise1 and good long term zero point stabi1ity.2 A1though optical polarization stabi1ity is a well-known noise source in these devices, to date only fiber coils with ordinary low birefringence fiber have been reported. We report here a fiber gyroscope in which all fiber used, in the coupler, phase modulator, and coil, is high birefringence polarization-holding fiber. Performance of this device is equivalent in the short term and a factor of ~ 4 improved in the long term, compared to the results reported in References 1 and 2, which are the best reported to date. This performance is Interesting because 1t was achieved with a device in many respects quite different from those used previously.
Imaging a full set of optical scattering properties of biological tissue by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (2012)

We here develop a method to measure and image the full optical scattering properties by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (ISOCT). Tissue is modelled as a medium with continuous refractive index (RI) fluctuation and such a fluctuation is described by the RI correlation functions. Under the first-order Born approximation, the forward model is established for ISOCT. By measuring optical quantities of tissue including the scattering power of the OCT spectrum, the reflection albedo α defined as the ratio of scattering coefficient μ(s), and the backscattering coefficient μ(b), we are able to inversely deduce the RI correlation function and image the full set of optical scattering properties.
Electrooptic approach to an integrated optics spectrum analyzer (1981)

An integrated optics spectrum analyzer based on using the linear electrooptic effect is investigated. This spectrum analyzer performs Fourier analysis of sampled electronic signals, where each signal is fed to an electrode of an electrode array. The electrode array acts as a spatial light modulator, and the diffracted light field, representing a weighted discrete Fourier transform (DFT), is focused on a detector array by an integrated transform lens. The theory of operation of the spectrum analyzer is outlined, numerical results relating to this theory are presented, and questions concerning efficiency, dynamic range, design, and implementation are discussed.
Phylogenetic analysis of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy mitochondrial DNA's indicates multiple independent occurrences of the common mutations (1995)

The mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from 17 Caucasian 11778-positive and 30 Caucasian 11778-negative Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients were PCR-amplified and subjected to high resolution restriction endonuclease analysis. Concurrently, all patient mtDNAs were screened for the common primary LHON mtDNA mutations at nucleotide pairs (nps) 3460, 11778, and 14484, the ambiguous intermediate-risk LHON mtDNA mutations at nps 5244 and 15257, and the secondary LHON mtDNA mutations at nps 3394, 4216, 4917, 7444, 13708, and 15812. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using mtDNA haplotype data from the 47 LHON patients and 175 non-LHON Caucasian controls. The superimposition of the LHON mutation screening results upon the Caucasian mtDNA phylogeny revealed (1) 35 different LHON haplotypes, (2) that all three common primary mutations have occurred multiple times in Caucasians, (3) that while recurrent mutation is common for the primary mutations, secondary mutations tend to be lineage-specific, (4) that the np 15257 mutation was confined to a single mtDNA lineage but may be etiologically important in some LHON cases since it was found in a LHON pedigree which lacked a common primary mutation; complete sequence analysis of the proband mtDNA revealed only a single other candidate missense mutation (at np 10663 of the ND4L gene) of uncertain pathological significance; and (5) that the np 14484 mutation may be less pathogenic than either the np 3460 or np 11778 mutations, as this mutation most commonly occurred on a single mtDNA lineage and almost always in association with secondary LHON mutations. A phylogenetic approach to this genetically heterogeneous disease has thus provided key genetic data bearing on the relative pathogenicity of the LHON-associated mtDNA mutations.
Anaerobic sludge digestion in the presence of lactobacillus additive (1980)

A laboratory evaluation of a lactobacillus fermentation product was performed to study its effects as an additive on the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge under conventional and overloaded high-rate conditions. The overloaded conditions were those experienced in commercial municipal digesters. It was concluded from this work that the use of the additive at low concentrations permits digester operation at least up to double the loading of untreated digesters and at higher methane yields and volatile solids reductions without affecting effluent quality. The additive also imparts iproved digester stability and rapid response to loading rate and detention time excursions and upsets. The beneficial effets of the additive observed in the laboratory remain to be established with other feeds such as biomass, and in large-scale commercial digestion tests that are now in progress.
Natural Language Comprehension with the EpiReader (2016)

We present the EpiReader, a novel model for machine comprehension of text. Machine comprehension of unstructured, real-world text is a major research goal for natural language processing. Current tests of machine comprehension pose questions whose answers can be inferred from some supporting text, and evaluate a model's response to the questions. The EpiReader is an end-to-end neural model comprising two components: the first component proposes a small set of candidate answers after comparing a question to its supporting text, and the second component formulates hypotheses using the proposed candidates and the question, then reranks the hypotheses based on their estimated concordance with the supporting text. We present experiments demonstrating that the EpiReader sets a new state-of-the-art on the CNN and Children's Book Test machine comprehension benchmarks, outperforming previous neural models by a significant margin.
Confined propagation and near single-mode laser oscillation in a gain-guided, index antiguided optical fiber (2006)

The authors report laser oscillation in what appears to be a single transverse mode with very large mode area in optical fibers having heavily Nd-doped 100μm diameter cores with refractive index significantly lower in the core than in the surrounding cladding. Since fibers of this type cannot support conventional index-guided modes, their results appear to confirm a recent analysis which predicts gain-guided single-mode propagation in index antiguided fibers, provided the gain coefficient in the core exceeds a threshold value. Fibers of this type may be of significant interest for amplifiers and oscillators having large power outputs and/or small nonlinear pulse distortion.
A Polarographic Cyclodextrin Assay Based on Linoleate‐Cyclodextrin Complex Formation in a Lipoxygenase Reaction (1984)

Abstract A polarographic assay of cyclodextrins in turbid dextrin mixtures is described. The method is based on the ability of cyclodextrins to form complexes with linoleic acid and on the inability of soybean lipoxygenase to oxidize the complexed acid. The degree of complexation is measured with a simple Clark's electrode as a reduced rate of oxygenation of linoleate. Cyclodextrin concentrations down to 0.02–0.04‐mM can be assayed. The method is rapid to carry out because several successive samples can be added into a single lipoxygenase assay mixture. The method was applied to analyses of immobilized cyclodextrins as well as cyclodextrins in complex mixtures of starch and starch degrading enzymes. The conditions for spectrophotometric measurement of the reaction are also described.
Differential Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 and 19-Nor-1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D2 on Calcium and Phosphorus Resorption in Bone (1999)

1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] suppresses the secretion and synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and has been used in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, 1,25-(OH)2D3 can induce hypercalcemia, which often precludes its use. Therefore, an analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3 that would retain its therapeutic effects but produce minor effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism could be an ideal tool for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. It has been shown that 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D2 [19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2], an analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3, can suppress PTH levels in uremic rats at doses that do not affect plasma ionized calcium levels. The experiments presented here, using parathyroidectomized rats fed diets deficient in either calcium (0.02%) or phosphorus (0.02%), were performed to compare the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 on calcium and phosphorus resorption in bone. Parathyroidectomized rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, 1,25-(OH)2D3 (100 ng), or 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 (100 or 1000 ng) for 9 d. Plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were monitored during the study, and ionized calcium levels were determined at the end of the study. By 9 d, 1,25-(OH)2D3 (100 ng/d) increased total calcium levels to 12.4+/-0.26 mg/dl, compared with 6.32+/-0.25 mg/dl (P<0.001) in control animals. The same dose of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 (100 ng/d) was much less potent (9.45+/-0.28 mg/dl, P<0.001). Similar results were seen with ionized calcium levels [19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2, 3.61+/-0.12 mg/dl; 1,25-(OH)2D3, 5.03+/-0.16 mg/dl; P<0.001]. Ionized calcium levels were also lower in rats receiving the higher dose (1000 ng) of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 (4.59+/-0.09 mg/dl, P<0.05). Similar results were seen in rats fed the phosphorus-deficient diet. 1,25-(OH)2D3 (100 ng) increased plasma phosphorus levels from 4.30+/-0.39 mg/dl in vehicle-treated rats to 7.43+/-0.26 mg/dl (P<0.001). The same dose of 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 had no effect (5.19+/-0.32 mg/dl), whereas the high dose (1000 ng) increased plasma phosphorus levels (7.31+/-0.24 mg/dl) in a manner similar to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (100 ng). Therefore, 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 is approximately 10 times less effective in mobilizing calcium and phosphorus from the skeleton, compared with 1,25-(OH)2D3. With its ability to suppress PTH at noncalcemic doses, 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 is a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure.
RETRACTED ARTICLE:LISPRO mitigates β-amyloid and associated pathologies in Alzheimer’s mice (2017)

Lithium has been marketed in the United States of America since the 1970s as a treatment for bipolar disorder. More recently, studies have shown that lithium can improve cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the current United States Food and Drug Administration-approved lithium pharmaceutics (carbonate and citrate chemical forms) have a narrow therapeutic window and unstable pharmacokinetics that, without careful monitoring, can cause serious adverse effects. Here, we investigated the safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy of LISPRO (ionic co-crystal of lithium salicylate and l-proline), lithium salicylate, and lithium carbonate (Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>). We found that LISPRO (8-week oral treatment) reduces β-amyloid plaques and phosphorylation of tau by reducing neuroinflammation and inactivating glycogen synthase kinase 3β in transgenic Tg2576 mice. Specifically, cytokine profiles from the brain, plasma, and splenocytes suggested that 8-week oral treatment with LISPRO downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, upregulates anti-inflammatory cytokines, and suppresses renal cyclooxygenase 2 expression in transgenic Tg2576 mice. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that LISPRO provides significantly higher brain lithium levels and more steady plasma lithium levels in both B6129SF2/J (2-week oral treatment) and transgenic Tg2576 (8-week oral treatment) mice compared with Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. Oral administration of LISPRO for 28 weeks significantly reduced β-amyloid plaques and tau-phosphorylation. In addition, LISPRO significantly elevated pre-synaptic (synaptophysin) and post-synaptic protein (post synaptic density protein 95) expression in brains from transgenic 3XTg-AD mice. Taken together, our data suggest that LISPRO may be a superior form of lithium with improved safety and efficacy as a potential new disease modifying drug for AD.
Generation of functionalized and robust semiconducting polymer dots with polyelectrolytes (2012)

We describe a facile method to functionalize semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) with polyelectrolytes. The polyelectrolyte coating dramatically improves the colloidal stability of the Pdots in solutions which are either of high ionic strength or contain bivalent metal ions: this feature allows Pdots to be used under physiologically relevant environments without losing their functionality. We conjugated the polyelectrolyte-coated Pdots with streptavidin to demonstrate their application in specific cell labeling.
Pressure desensitization of optical fibers (1981)

The pressure sensitivity of the phase in optical fibers has been studied analytically by taking into account the exact composition and geometry of multilayer fibers. This analysis shows that there are combinations of glass and coating materials and corresponding thicknesses which make fibers pressure insensitive.
Flexoelectrically controlled surface bistable switching in nematic liquid crystals (1992)

A new bistable surface switching device using nematic liquid crystals in bookshelflike geometry is presented. The surface bistability is controlled by an external pulsed electric field of defined polarity, which breaks the surface anchoring and selects the final state from dielectric and flexoelectric couplings. A writing time of 32 μs and an optical response time of 300 μs are achieved, for a field of 18 V across a 1 μm thick cell. This simple nematic optical device presents properties directly comparable with those of ferroelectric liquid crystals displays: bistability, sharp threshold, fast address time.
A Short and Efficient Synthesis of <scp>l</scp>-5,5,5,5‘,5‘,5‘-hexafluoroleucine from <i>N</i>-Cbz-<scp>l</scp>-Serine (2002)

[reaction: see text] 5,5,5,5',5',5'-Hexafluoroleucine (6), a fluorous analogue of leucine, is of considerable interest as a building block in the design of fluorous proteins and peptides. We report a short and efficient synthesis of 6, which is obtained from N-Cbz-L-serine (1) in 50% overall yield, 99% enantiomeric excess, and in multigram quantities. Key steps are addition of a serine-derived organozincate to hexafluoroacetone to construct the hexafluoroleucine side chain, followed by radical-mediated deoxygenation of the resulting tertiary alcohol.