gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mid-IR Type-II Interband Cascade Lasers (2011)

The interband cascade laser (ICL) concept provides robust and efficient emission in the midwave infrared spectral band. While the geometry is somewhat analogous to that of a quantum cascade laser employing intersubband transitions, the ICL implementation exploits the type-II band alignment of the GaSb-based material system. A semimetallic band overlap at the boundary between the electron and hole injector regions automatically generates carriers with densities tunable by quantum confinement. Electrical injection then replenishes the carriers already present rather than creating the population inversion. In this paper, we describe and analyze the physical principles governing ICL operation, and discuss specific modifications to the active region, electron injector, hole injector, and waveguide designs that demonstrably improve the performance. The pulsed I- V and L-I characteristics of devices processed from over 50 wafers provide a statistically meaningful confirmation of the established trends.
Fundamental Properties of OFF-ON Resistance of a New Type Self-recovering Fuse Operated by Dielectrophoresis (2006)

This paper deals with fundamental properties of the OFF to ON state transition of a new type of self-recovering fuse (SRF) device operated by dielectrophoresis (DEP) we have proposed and developed. This fuse device basically consists of electrodes made on a substrate, a fuse element to make and break the conducting path between the electrode gap, and liquid matrix as insulation media to cover the fuse element and the electrodes. The self-recovering operation, i.e. the OFF to ON state transition, is mainly controlled by DEP and viscous forces. In this study, we experimentally investigated influence of the liquid matrix and the substrate material on the OFF and ON resistances of the SRF device in terms of improvement of the resistance characteristics. We also investigated the effect of a mechanical impact or vibration on the ON state properties. As a result, we achieved the OFF resistance more than 1 MOmega without remarkably increasing the ON resistance, by using silicone oil as liquid matrix and the glass substrate. We confirmed the self-recovering operation by DEP and the maintaining ON state under both DC and high frequency (up to 100 kHz) AC voltage applications. In addition, the mechanical impact endurance of the SRF device was basically found
Acidic derivatives of homocysteine thiolactone: utility as anionic linkers (1992)

Homocysteine thiolactone (2) derivatives in which the nitrogen is acylated with groups containing acidic functionalities have been synthesized. These include the succinyl (3), the carboxymethylglutaryl (4), the 3-phosphonopropionyl (7), and the 3-sulfopropionyl (8) derivatives. These thiolactones can be used to introduce a thiol functionality into proteins such as the outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis (OMPC) allowing conjugation with electrophilic ligands. This chemistry is the same as with N-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone (1), but their pKa values are such that at pH 7 concomitant negative charge is introduced into the conjugate. Such negative charge should neutralize some excess positive charge introduced when arginine- and lysine-rich peptides are bonded as ligands. In the case of OMPC, introduction of such positive charge appears to effect irreversible precipitation. The system has been studied using the maleimidopropionyl and bromoacetyltriarginine (9 and 10) derivatives as models. In select instances anionic spacers reduce the degree of precipitation relative to N-acetyl-homocysteine thiolactone derivatives.
Method and apparatus for shaping and enhancing acoustical levitation forces (1981)

A method and apparatus for enhancing and shaping acoustical levitation forces in a single-axis acoustic resonance system wherein specially shaped drivers and reflectors are utilized to enhance to levitation force and better contain fluid substance by means of field shaping is described.
Investigations on a second order nonlinear optical interpenetrating polymer network (1993)

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) incorporating nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores as a second order NLO material is reported. The IPN system consists of an NLO active epoxy-based polymer network and an NLO active phenoxy-silicon polymer network. The IPN structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The optical quality of the polymer film did not deteriorate after curing and poling at 200 {degrees}C for 1 h. The sample showed no decay of second harmonic intensity after being heated at 110 {degrees}C for 168 h. The nonlinear optical coefficient (d{sub 33}) of the poled IPN sample was measured to be 16.0 pm/V at 1064 nm. The high rigidity of the polymer backbones, crosslinked matrices, and interpenetration of the polymer networks are responsible for the excellent temporal stability of the second order NLO properties of the IPN system.
Two-dimensional low-pass filtering codes (1998)

We describe a framework for designing encoders that transform arbitrary data sequences into two-dimensional arrays satisfying certain constraints, in particular, constraints that guarantee arrays with limited high spatial frequency content. We also exhibit specific codes that produce such arrays. Such codes are useful for holographic recording systems.
Production of hydrogen by thermocatalytic cracking of natural gas (1995)

It is universally accepted that in the next few decades hydrogen production will continue to rely on fossil fuels (primarily, natural gas). On the other hand, the conventional methods of hydrogen production from natural gas (for example, steam reforming) are complex multi-step processes. These processes also result in the emission of large quantities of CO{sub 2} into the atmosphere that produce adverse ecological effects. One alternative is the one-step thermocatalytic cracking (TCC) (or decomposition) of natural gas into hydrogen and carbon. Preliminary analysis indicates that the cost of hydrogen produced by thermal decomposition of natural gas is somewhat lower than the conventional processes after by-product carbon credit is taken. In the short term, this process can be used for on-site production of hydrogen-methane mixtures in gas-filling stations and for CO{sub x}-free production of hydrogen for fuel cell driven prime movers. The experimental data on the thermocatalytic cracking of methane over various catalysts and supports in a wide range of temperatures (500-900{degrees}C) are presented in this paper. Two types of reactors were designed and built at FSEC: continuous flow and pulse fix bed catalytic reactors. The temperature dependence of the hydrogen production yield using oxide type catalysts was studied. Alumina-supported Ni- and Fe-catalysts demonstrated relatively high efficiency in the methane cracking reaction at moderate temperatures (600-800{degrees}C). Kinetic curves of hydrogen production over metal and metal oxide catalysts at different temperatures are presented in the paper. Fe-catalyst demonstrated good stability (for several hours), whereas alumina-supported Pt-catalyst rapidly lost its catalytic activity.
A flow cytometric method for isolating mutants sensitive to radiation (1993)

Current methods for isolating radiation-sensitive mammalian cell mutants are extremely laborious and time consuming. The authors have developed a fundamentally new procedure combining the culture of clonally-derived cell aggregates (spheroids) with viable flow cytometric analysis and sorting. Essentially, each spheroid serves as a three-dimensional colony which can be individually assayed and manipulated. This method has several potential advantages over current procedures: rapid isolation of large numbers of individual clones; automated sensitivity analysis; rapid separation of sensitive clones; and recovery of surviving cells directly from the tested spheroids. This method also eliminates slow-growth clones which are not actually sensitive. The flow method can potentially screen 10[sup 7] clones in one day, a 1,000-fold improvement. Several of the individual techniques critical to this procedure have been demonstrated: generation of >10[sup 8] clonar spheroids; flow sorting of spheroids into a uniformly-sized population; continued uniform growth after sorting; decreased spheroid growth after radiation exposure; and recovery of viable cells from irradiated spheroids. Using radiation sensitive and resistant cells, the authors are verifying the seperation of rare sensitive clones from a predominantly resistant background.
Motion fields to predict play evolution in dynamic sport scenes (2010)

Videos of multi-player team sports provide a challenging domain for dynamic scene analysis. Player actions and interactions are complex as they are driven by many factors, such as the short-term goals of the individual player, the overall team strategy, the rules of the sport, and the current context of the game. We show that constrained multi-agent events can be analyzed and even predicted from video. Such analysis requires estimating the global movements of all players in the scene at any time, and is needed for modeling and predicting how the multi-agent play evolves over time on the field. To this end, we propose a novel approach to detect the locations of where the play evolution will proceed, e.g. where interesting events will occur, by tracking player positions and movements over time. We start by extracting the ground level sparse movement of players in each time-step, and then generate a dense motion field. Using this field we detect locations where the motion converges, implying positions towards which the play is evolving. We evaluate our approach by analyzing videos of a variety of complex soccer plays.
Characteristics and Attributes of Char Forming Combustion Modified Flexible Foams Based on PHD Polyol (1990)

Combustion modified foams have been used in various applica tions for several years and they can be formulated to meet a variety of flam mability standards. Two general groups are commercially established: foams having margmal fire retardancy and foams having a high degree of resistance to ignition when exposed to high energy open flames such as two sheets of burning paper. The latter include melamine modified HR foams, which drip and develop molten polymer upon flame exposure, and the hydrate alumina modified HR foams that form a surface char upon flame exposure that protects the foam underneath against burning and reduces the rate of fire growth in fur nishings. Several types of latter foams have been developed, namely: high per formance COMBUSTION MODIFIED HIGH RESILIENCE (CMHR) foams that contain a sophisticated flame retardant system comprised of hydrated alumina and auxiliary flame retardants; MRC high resilience foams for medium risk category occupancies which also contain hydrated alumina and flame retardants; and ATH/HR that perform within the range bounded by Cali fornia 117 foams and CMHR foam—they are high resilience foams that contain only hydrated alumina and a liquid flame retardant. All of these are char formers-a very important attribute for fire safety in furnishings, transit vehicle seating, and other applications. Since all of the said char forming combustion modified foams based on PHD polyol contain organic materials, they are subject to decomposition and igni tion, and will sustain burning when exposed to a sufficiently intense heat source. Nevertheless, all of them represent a significant contribution to im proved fire safety in the end applications. Combustibility tests were conducted using specified controlled tests to measure the performance behavior of the material under these conditions. The data are not intended to reflect the hazards of this or any other material under actual fire conditions. This paper emphasizes the importance of char forming characteristics of foam in fire performance.
Experimental demonstration of an all-optical 2R regenerator with adjustable decision threshold and "true" regeneration characteristics (2000)

Experimental 2R regeneration characteristics of an optical decision circuit based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with gain clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers in both arms are reported for the first time. The decision circuit gives a true regeneration, i.e., a digital characteristic on a linear instead of a logarithmic (or dB) scale for the input and/or output power.
Structure–function relationship studies of PTH(1–11) analogues containing sterically hindered dipeptide mimetics (2007)

The N-terminal 1-34 fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is fully active in vitro and in vivo and reproduces all biological responses characteristic of the native intact PTH. In order to develop safer and non-parenteral PTH-like bone anabolic agents, we have studied the effect of introducing conformationally constrained dipeptide mimetics into the N-terminal portion of PTH in an effort to generate miniaturized PTH-mimetics. To this end, we have synthesized and conformationally and biologically characterized PTH(1-11) analogues containing 3R-carboxy-6S-amino-7,5-bicyclic thiazolidinlactam (7,5-bTL), a rigidified dipeptide mimetic unit. The wild type sequence of PTH(1-11) is H-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-NH(2). The following pseudo-undecapeptides were prepared: [Ala(1), 7,5-bTL(3, 4), Nle(8), Arg(11)]hPTH(1-11)NH(2) (I); [Ala(1), 7,5-bTL(6, 7), Nle(8), Arg(11)]hPTH(1-11)NH(2) (II); [Ala(1), Nle(8), 7,5-bTL(9, 10), Arg(11)]hPTH(1-11)NH(2) (III). In aqueous solution containing 20% TFE, only analogue I exhibited the typical CD pattern of the alpha-helical conformation. NMR experiments and molecular dynamics calculations located the alpha-helical stretch in the sequence Ile(5)-His(9). The dipeptide mimetic unit 7,5-bTL induces a type III beta-turn, occupying the positions i - 1 and i of the turn. Analogue II exhibited an equilibrium between a type I beta-turn and an alpha-helix, and analogue III did not show any ordered structure. Biological tests revealed poor activity for all analogues (EC(50) > 0.1 mM). Apparently, the relative side-chain orientation of Val(2), Ile(5) and Met(8) can be critical for effective analogue-receptor interaction. Considering helicity as an essential property to obtain active PTH agonists, one must decorate the correctly positioned dipeptide mimetic azabicycloalkane scaffold with substitutions corresponding to the displaced amino acids.
TCAM Razor: A Systematic Approach Towards Minimizing Packet Classifiers in TCAMs (2009)

Packet classification is the core mechanism that enables many networking services on the Internet such as firewall packet filtering and traffic accounting. Using ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) to perform high-speed packet classification has become the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">de facto</i> standard in industry. TCAMs classify packets in constant time by comparing a packet with all classification rules of ternary encoding in parallel. Despite their high speed, TCAMs suffer from the well-known range expansion problem. As packet classification rules usually have fields specified as ranges, converting such rules to TCAM-compatible rules may result in an explosive increase in the number of rules. This is not a problem if TCAMs have large capacities. Unfortunately, TCAMs have very limited capacity, and more rules mean more power consumption and more heat generation for TCAMs. Even worse, the number of rules in packet classifiers has been increasing rapidly with the growing number of services deployed on the Internet. In this paper, we consider the following problem: given a packet classifier, how can we generate another semantically equivalent packet classifier that requires the least number of TCAM entries? In this paper, we propose a systematic approach, the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TCAM Razor</i> , that is effective, efficient, and practical. In terms of effectiveness, TCAM Razor achieves a total compression ratio of 29.0%, which is significantly better than the previously published best result of 54%. In terms of efficiency, our TCAM Razor prototype runs in seconds, even for large packet classifiers. Finally, in terms of practicality, our TCAM Razor approach can be easily deployed as it does not require any modification to existing packet classification systems, unlike many previous range encoding schemes.
Altered membrane association of p60v-src and a murine 63-kDa N-myristoyl protein after incorporation of an oxygen-substituted analog of myristic acid. (1989)

A number of viral and cellular proteins contain covalently bound lipid. In a subset of these acyl proteins, the 14-carbon saturated fatty acid myristic acid is attached through an amide linkage to an NH2-terminal glycine residue. Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) transfers the myristoyl moiety from myristoyl-CoA to these nascent proteins and is highly selective for fatty acid chain length. We have found that 10-(propoxy)decanoyl-CoA (11-oxymyristoyl-CoA), an analog of myristic acid with reduced hydrophobicity, acts as a substrate for NMT both in vitro and in vivo. Comparison of the in vitro kinetic properties of a number of synthetic octapeptide substrates of NMT using myristoyl-CoA or 11-oxymyristoyl-CoA indicated that there is an interaction between the acyl-CoA and peptide binding sites of this acyltransferase. Peptide catalytic efficiency with 11-oxymyristoyl-CoA was reduced relative to that with myristoyl-CoA, but the extent of the reduction varied widely among the octapeptides tested. These in vitro data accurately predicted that only a subset of myristoyl proteins synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a murine myocyte-like cell line (BC3H1) would incorporate 11-oxy[3H]myristate. Substitution of the myristoyl moiety by the 11-oxymyristoyl moiety does not significantly affect the membrane association of most N-myristoyl proteins. However, for the tyrosine kinase p60v-src and a 63-kDa N-myristoyl protein in BC3H1 cells, analog incorporation results in marked redistribution from the membrane to the cytosolic fraction. These studies demonstrate the utility of heteroatom-containing analogs for analysis of the role of myristate in acyl protein targeting. The sequence-specific nature of analog incorporation and the protein-specific effects on membrane association suggests that these compounds may represent a useful class of antiviral and antitumor agents.
Cancer stem cell metabolism (2016)

Cancer is now viewed as a stem cell disease. There is still no consensus on the metabolic characteristics of cancer stem cells, with several studies indicating that they are mainly glycolytic and others pointing instead to mitochondrial metabolism as their principal source of energy. Cancer stem cells also seem to adapt their metabolism to microenvironmental changes by conveniently shifting energy production from one pathway to another, or by acquiring intermediate metabolic phenotypes. Determining the role of cancer stem cell metabolism in carcinogenesis has become a major focus in cancer research, and substantial efforts are conducted towards discovering clinical targets.
On Analyzing the Capacity of WDM PONs (2009)

By taking advantage of the multiple wavelength provisioning capability, WDM PON dramatically enlarges its capacity as compared to TDM PON. The capacity of a WDM PON system depends on many factors, such as the number and capacities of wavelength channels, the network architecture, the wavelength support of receivers, and the tuning ability of lasers. This paper introduces the definition of achievable rate region to describe the capacity of WDM PON and analyzes the achievable rate region for a given network architecture from the perspective of wavelength sharing. This can facilitate comparison of different WDM PON architectures and help design an efficient access control scheme.
All-Optical AND Gate Using Cross-Gain Modulation in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (2004)

By using the cross-gain modulation of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), a novel all-optical AND gate has been successfully demonstrated at 10 Gb/s. Firstly, Boolean \overlineB was obtained using the first SOA with signal B and clock injection. Then, the all-optical AND gate is achieved by simultaneously injecting signal A and signal \overlineB out of the first SOA.
Nanowire superconducting single photon detectors progress and promise1 (2014)

Since the first reported detection of a single photon using a superconducting nanowire in 2001, rapid progress has been made in the development and application of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD or SSPD). I will briefly describe use of these detectors in new applications, progress in detector developments, and describe areas of research and their potential impact.
Integrated Guided-Wave Photodiode Using Through-Absorber Quantum-Well-Intermixing (2013)

A high-speed, high-saturation power photodiode compatible with a relatively simple monolithic integration process is described. The detector is comprised of an intrinsic bulk absorption layer, an electron drift region, and a field termination layer, and is grown above a main waveguide core comprised of a number of quantum wells, which are used as the active region of a phase modulator. Through-absorber quantum-well-intermixing is used to blue-shift the bandedge of the underlying quantum wells, reducing the optical losses of that material. The detectors demonstrate quantum efficiency, input saturation power, and 3-dB bandwidth of 50 GHz.
Potential molecular targets of tea polyphenols in human tumor cells: significance in cancer prevention. (2003)

Next to water, tea is the most popular beverage in the world, and the cancer-preventive effects of this beverage have been suggested. Epidemiological studies have shown decreased cancer occurrence in those individuals who drink green tea regularly. A wealth of research suggests numerous mechanisms of action to explain these observations. The most abundant and popular compound studied in tea research is (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which acts as a powerful antioxidant and can inhibit a number of tumor cell proliferation- and survival-related proteins. Tea polyphenols are known to inhibit the large multi-catalytic protease (the proteasome) and metaloproteionases, involved in tumor survival and metastasis, respectively. Additionally, tea polyphenols inhibit the activities of many tumor-associated protein kinases, including epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and IkB kinase. Tea polyphenols have also been found to inhibit some cancer-related proteins that regulate DNA replication and transformation. At present, it is not known which of these activities of tea polyphenols are required for its cancer-preventive effects. However, by understanding the in vivo concentrations of tea polyphenols required to inhibit each of these activities, we may start to sort out in the future the mechanisms responsible for the cancer-preventive effects of tea.