gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Gd implantation on the structural and magnetic properties of GaN and AlN (2006)

Gd + ions were implanted at total doses of 3–6×1014cm2 into single-crystal GaN or AlN epilayers grown on sapphire substrates and annealed at 700–1000°C. The implanted Gd showed no detectable diffusion in either material after annealing, as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, corresponding to a diffusion coefficient &lt;8×10−12cm2s−1. Under all annealing conditions, x-ray diffraction shows the formation of second phases. In the case of GaN, these include Gd3Ga2, GdN, and Gd, while for AlN only Gd peaks are observed. Both the GaN and AlN show high saturation magnetization after annealing at 900°C (∼15emucm−3 for GaN and ∼35emucm−3 for AlN). The magnetization versus temperature characteristics of the Gd-implanted GaN show a blocking behavior consistent with the presence of precipitates, whereas the AlN shows a clear difference in field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetization to above room temperature which may also be due to Gd inclusions.
An H.264/AVC scalable extension and high profile HDTV 1080p encoder chip (2008)

The first single-chip H.264/AVC HDTV 1080 p encoder for scalable extension (SVC) with high profile is implemented on a 16.76 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> die with 90 nm process. It dissipates 349/439 mW at 120/166 MHz for high profile and SVC encoding. The proposed frame-parallel architecture halves external memory bandwidth and operating frequency. Moreover, the prediction architecture with inter-layer prediction tools are applied to further save 70% external memory bandwidth and 50% internal memory access.
Guanidinium and amidinium fungicides: A new class of carbocation mimetic ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (1995)

Abstract A novel class of chemical has been designed with the aim of inhibiting the Δ 14 ‐reductase and Δ 8 ‐Δ 7 ‐isomerase enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in fungi. Use was made of knowledge about the mechanisms of both enzymes and the mode of action of known, fungicidal inhibitors of these enzymes. Pioneer examples have been synthesised and have been demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda, acting in the same manner as the commercial fungicide fenpropimorph. They also showed excellent fungicidal activity against Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. hordei Marchal (powdery mildew of barley) and Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. (wheat leaf rust) in in‐vivo glasshouse tests. Using these compounds as a starting point, systematic structural variation has been carried out. Testing of a wide range of analogues at high volume confirms the potential of this class of compound to control mildew and rust pathogens at levels comparable to those of the standards. Correlation of in‐vivo and enzymatic data is good and the structure‐activity relationship developed for this series of compounds closely parallels that found for the morpholine/piperidine class of fungicides, suggesting a common mode of action.
A Case Study of Testing Strategy for AI SoC (2019)

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are becoming a driving force behind the technological revolution and industrial transformation leading to economic and social development. Application specific AI SoCs are being developed at different companies to accelerate processing of the data-intensive AI computations. There are many new challenges in designing and implementing Design-For-Test (DFT) logic for AI SoCs. In this paper, we share our experiences with DFT implementation for our AI SoC. To achieve lower power and higher bandwidth for AI SoC, we use high speed Serdes PHY with lower threshold voltage, which uses many SoC pins. Therefore, it has a negative impact on DFT and ATPG due to lack of reusable IOs that can be used as scan test channels. In this paper, we present our solution and tradeoffs made to optimize DFT silicon area overhead, test cost, test coverage, pre-silicon verification run time with ready-to-use silicon bring-up methodologies.
Andreasen Particle Packing Method on the Development of Geopolymer Concrete for Civil Engineering (2013)

Alkali-activated binders (AAB) or geopolymers are new ceramic materials with the potential to replace portland cement in a wide range of applications, from immobilization of heavy metals to concretes for civil engineering. They rely on the alkaline activation of aluminosilicates, such as blast furnace slag (BFS), pulverized fly ash (PFA), and metakaolin (MK). Despite their high mechanical strength and chemical durability, geopolymer concretes are in many cases marked with high porosity and permeability, which could negatively affect the performance or long-term durability of concretes. This paper employs the Andreasen particle packing method, commonly used for ceramic materials, to improve the geopolymer formulations studied on the development of micro-concretes. Three parameters were investigated: (1) the Andreasen packing factor q, 0.21, 0.235, and 0.26, which alter particle size distribution of aggregates; (2) the solution to solids rate, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5; and (3) the type of aggregates, either glass or quartz. The influence of these parameters on mechanical strength, in addition to porosity and apparent density, were determined. Results have shown that the Andreasen method may be used to change the rheology and, therefore, develop different geopolymer mixes. In the particular case of the development of geopolymer floor tiles, the best formulation is the one with a solution to solid rate of 1.4, Andreasen packing factor of 0.235, and quartz aggregate.
<sup>1</sup>H NMR of intact muscle at 11 T (1984)

1H NMR spectra of intact frog, and chicken skeletal muscles, were recorded at 470 MHz with the Plateau and Guéron pulse sequence for the suppression of water [(1982) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 7310]. Only a few transients were required to resolve the resonances from the protons of muscle metabolites. The previously unobserved exchangeable protons of muscles were also recorded and thereby phosphocreatine and creatine could be measured simultaneously. During aging of dissected frog muscle, changes in levels of phosphocreatine, creatine and lactic acid, and the decrease in the intracellular pH were followed by 1H NMR.
Dielectric response and conductivity of dilute suspensions of colloidal particles (1981)

A numerical scheme is developed for solving the equations which govern the behaviour of dilute suspensions of colloidal particles in an oscillating electric field. Appropriate expressions for the conductivity and the complex dielectric response of a dilute suspension are also derived. The behaviour of these properties as functions of frequency, zeta potential, particle radius, electrolyte concentration and valency is displayed. The effect of slipping-surface boundary conditions for the electric potential is briefly discussed.
Maskless fabrication of a microfluidic device with interdigitated electrodes on PCB using laser ablation (2016)

This paper reports the maskless fabrication of a microfluidic device with interdigitated electrodes (IDE) based on the technology of MicroElectroMechanical Systems on Printed Circuit Board (PCB-MEMS) and laser ablation. The device has flame retardant (FR)-4 resin as substrate, cooper (Cu) as active material and SU-8 polymer as structural material. By adjusting the laser parameters, Cu IDEs and SU-8 microchannels were successfully patterned onto the FR-4 substrate. The respective width, gap and overlap of the IDEs were 50 μm, 25 μm and 500 μm. The respective width, depth and length of the microchannels were 210 μm, 24.6 μm and 6.3 mm. The resolution and repeatability achieved in this approach, along with the low cost of the involved materials and techniques, enable an affordable micromachining platform with rapid fabrication-test cycle to develop active multiphysic microdevices with several applications in the fields of biosensing, cell culture, drug delivery, transport and sorting of molecules, among others.
Transcription attenuation. (1988)

Prokaryotic transcription attenuation mechanisms are described in which different metabolic signals and sensing events are used to regulate transcription termination at sites preceding structural genes.Suggestive eukaryotic examples also are mentioned.
Preparation and characterization of rifampin loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a potential system for pulmonary drug delivery. (2015)

The goal of this research is to determine the feasibility of loading rifampin into mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Rifampin was selected as a model lipophilic molecule since it is a well-documented and much used anti tuberculosis drug. The mesoporous silica nanoparticles were prepared by using tetraethyl ortho silicate and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (as surfactant). The prepared nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their particle size measurement and porosimetry. The results showed that the particle size is 218 ± 46 nm (mean ± SD) and surface area is 816 m(2)g(-1). In order to load rifampin within the mesopores, adsorption experiments using three different solvents (methanol, water and dimethyl sulfoxide) were carried out. The loading procedure resulted in a significant improvement in the amount of rifampin loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles and methanol was found to be a suitable solvent, providing a drug entrapment efficiency of 52 %. Rifampin loaded nanoparticles underwent different in-vitro tests including, SEM and drug release. The in-vitro drug release was investigated using buffer phosphate (pH=7.4). Regarding the drug release study, a biphasic pattern of release was observed. The drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles were capable of releasing 95% of their drug content after 24 h, following a faster release in the first four hours. The prepared rifampin loaded nanoparticles seem to have potential for use as a pulmonary drug delivery.
Assertion-based repair of complex data structures (2007)

Programmers have long used assertions to characterize properties of code. An assertion violation signals a corruption in the programstate. At such a state, it is standard to terminate the program, debug it if possible, and re-execute it. We propose a new view: instead of terminating the program, use the violated assertion as a basis of repairing the state of the program and let it continue.
Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood: State of the Art for Non-Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis (2003)

In Singapore, 1 in 5 pregnancies occur in mothers > 35 years old and genetic diseases, such as thalassaemia, are common. Current methods for the diagnosis of aneuploidy and monogenic disorders require invasive testing by amniocentesis, chorion villus biopsy or fetal blood sampling. These tests carry a procedure-related risk of miscarriage that is unacceptable to many couples. Development of non-invasive methods for obtaining intact fetal cells would allow accurate prenatal diagnosis for aneuploidy and single gene disorders, without the attendant risks associated with invasive testing, and would increase the uptake of prenatal diagnosis by women at risk. Isolation of fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood should allow accurate non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of both aneuploidies and monogenic disorders. Expression of gamma-globin in maternal erythroblasts and the inability to locate fetal erythroblasts reliably in all pregnancies have prevented its clinical application. In the absence of a highly specific fetal cell marker, enrichment, identification and diagnosis--the 3 components of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis--have clearly defined objectives. Since fetal cells are rare in maternal blood, the sole purpose of enrichment is yield--to recover as many fetal cells as possible--even if purity is compromised at this stage. In contrast, the primary goal of identification is specificity; absolute certainty of fetal origin is required at this stage if the ultimate objective of diagnosis, accuracy, is to be achieved. This review summarises the current state of the art of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis using fetal erythroblasts enriched from maternal blood.
Local and remote modifications of nociceptive sensitivity during carrageenin-induced inflammation in the rat (1987)

The modifications of the threshold for vocalization induced by pressure on the paws (both hind paws and both forepaws) were monitored at different times (15 min-96 h) following intraplantar injection of the polysaccharide carrageenin in the rat. During the first 2 h following the carrageenin injection, a decrease in vocalization threshold was observed not only for the right, injected hind paw, but also, in some rats, on paws distant from the inflamed plantar region, especially the right forepaw. This hyperalgesic effect was suppressed by locally administered Xylocaine into the right hind paw. During the 4 days following the injection, the number of rats hyperalgesic in the injected paw progressively declined. Twenty-four hours after the carrageenin injection, only a few rats still presented a clear hyperalgesia in the non-injected paws.
Physanolide A, a Novel Skeleton Steroid, and Other Cytotoxic Principles from <i>Physalis </i><i>a</i><i>ngulata</i> (2006)

A novel withasteroid, physanolide A (1), with an unprecedented skeleton containing a seven-membered ring, and two new physalins, physalins U (2) and V (3), were isolated from Physalis angulata. The structures were elucidated from spectroscopic analysis, and plausible biosynthetic pathways were postulated. Physalins B (4), D (5), and F (6) showed strong cytotoxicity against multiple tumor cell lines, including KB, A431, HCT-8, PC-3, and ZR751, with EC50 values less than 4 μg/mL.
Determination of velocity vector angles using the directional cross-correlation method (2006)

A method for determining both velocity magnitude and angle in any direction is suggested. The method uses focusing along the velocity direction and cross-correlation for finding the correct velocity magnitude. The angle is found from beamforming directional signals in a number of directions and then select the angle with the highest normalized correlation between directional signals. The approach is investigated using Field II simulations and data from the experimental ultrasound scanner RASMUS and with a parabolic flow having a peak velocity of 0.3 m/s. A 7 MHz linear array transducer is used with a normal transmission of a focused ultrasound field. The velocity profile estimates from simulations have relative mean standard deviations between 0.7% and 7.7% for flow between 45 ◦ and 90 ◦ . The angle estimation performance is highly dependent on the choice of the time ktprf · Tprf (correlation-time) between signals to correlate, and a proper choice varies with flow angle and flow velocity. One performance example is given with a fixed value of ktprf for all flow angles. The angle estimation on measured data for flow at 60 ◦ to 90 ◦ , yields a probability of valid estimates between 68% and 98% and with standard deviations between 1 ◦ and 4 ◦ . The optimal value of ktprf for each flow angle is found from a parameter study to reveal the potential of the method and with these values the performance on simulated data yields angle estimates with no outlier estimates and with standard deviations below 2 ◦ .
Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylboronates Bearing a Tertiary or Quaternary B-Substituted Stereogenic Carbon by NHC-Cu-Catalyzed Substitution Reactions (2010)

Allylic substitutions that afford alpha-substituted allylboronates bearing B-substituted tertiary or quaternary carbon stereogenic centers are presented. C-B bond-forming reactions, catalyzed by chiral bidentate Cu-NHC complexes, are performed in the presence of commercially available bis(pinacolato)diboron. Transformations proceed in high yield (up to >98%) and site selectivity (>98% S(N)2'), and in up to >99:1 enantiomer ratio. Trans- or cis-disubstituted alkenes can be used; alkyl- (linear as well as branched) and aryl-trisubstituted allylic carbonates serve as effective substrates. Allylboronates that bear a quaternary carbon center are air-stable and can be easily purified by silica gel chromatography; in contrast, secondary allylboronates cannot be purified in the same manner and are significantly less stable. Oxidation of the enantiomerically enriched products furnishes secondary or tertiary allylic alcohols, valuable small molecules that cannot be easily obtained in high enantiomeric purity by alternative synthesis or kinetic resolution approaches.
Sequence Stereoisomerism in Calixarene-Based Pseudo[3]rotaxanes (2011)

Two calix[6]arene directional wheels can be ordered in the right stereosequence by their through-the-annulus threading with a rationally designed bis(benzylalkylammonium) axle. These stereoisomeric pseudo[3]rotaxanes can be considered as a minimal "informational system" because the "written information" on the thread is transferred to a specific sequence stereoisomer.
<title>Laser range-finding techniques in the sensing of 3-D objects</title> (1990)

Three pulsed time-of--flight laser rangefinders have been developed for studying the measurement of the 3-D shape of large objects. A manually scanned system is suggested for manufacturing accuracy measurement and control for ship block assembly. This system can be used to measure distance, plane regularity, angles, spatial forms etc . , within a range from 3 m to 30 m with mm-level accuracy . The two others are automatically scanning based on galvanometer driven mirrors, and a servo-controlled mechanical scanner. These systems are intended for applications where it is important to be able to gather 3-D data automatically and with high speed. The resolutions are also on the mm-level, but the measurement speed is 10 000 points/s at maximum.
9 GHz phase locked oscillator using a sampling phase detector. Application to VSAT local oscillators (18-27GHz) (1993)

This communication describes the design of a 9 GHz phase-locked oscillator (PLO) based on a Sampling Phase Detector (SPD). The use of this device avoids the need of analog dividers in X band and allows to perform the phase detection directly in 9 GHz between the 90th harmonic of the reference (100 MHz xtal) and the VCO signal. The locked signal will be multiplied by using MESFET frequency multipliers in order to generate coherent signals of 18 GHz and 27 GHz to be used as the local oscillators in the external unit of the VSAT.
Bipolar Semi-custom Ics in Non Entertainment Consumer Applications (1981)

Semi-custom integrated circuit component and gate arrays have been available for about 10 years. Early developments focused on the use of bipolar technology with heavy emphasis on linear applications. Recent developments with other emerging technologies have been more directed to the digital field. However the bipolar/linear applications have continued to expand at a steady rate with applications in many fields such as: Consumer Products Medical Applications Telecommunications Military Industrial Automotive Power/Servo Controls
Effects of leukotriene B4 in the human lung. Recruitment of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces without a change in protein permeability. (1989)

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a major product of human alveolar macrophages and has potent chemotactic activity for neutrophils (PMN) in vitro. To evaluate the effects of LTB4 in the normal human lung, we instilled LTB4 (5 X 10(-7)M, 10 ml) into a subsegment of the right middle lobe and 0.9% NaCl (10 ml) into a subsegment of the lingula using a fiberoptic bronchoscope in 12 healthy human volunteers. 4 h later, we performed bronchoalveolar lavage of the same subsegments. Compared with the NaCl instillation, LTB4 caused a large increase in lavage total cells (NaCl = 6.8 +/- 1.0 X 10(6) vs. LTB4 = 26.4 +/- 5.0 X 10(6), P less than 0.01), most of which were PMN (NaCl = 12.2 +/- 4.6% vs. LTB4 = 55.7 +/- 6.0%, P less than 0.001). In contrast, there was only a small increase in lavage total protein, and the lavage total protein correlated weakly with lavage total cells and PMN. The production of superoxide anion by the lavage PMN in response to phorbol myristate acetate was similar to that of peripheral blood PMN. The migration of lavage PMN was normal toward the chemotactic peptide FMLP, but reduced toward LTB4 and zymosan-activated human serum. Morphometric analysis using transmission electron microscopy indicated a selective loss of small granules in the lung neutrophils as compared with peripheral blood neutrophils. The data indicate that in the normal human lung, LTB4 can recruit active PMN into the airspaces without causing a significant change in the protein permeability of the epithelial barrier.
Contemporary approaches to the identification of athletes at risk for sudden cardiac death (2008)

The devastating impact of SCD in young athletes warrants the commitment of additional resources to identify those at risk. It is time for a systematic preparticipation screening program for all competitive athletes, using at least a standardized comprehensive personal and family history questionnaire and a screening ECG at the time of matriculation to high school and college. Although additional outcomes-based research is required, improved efforts to expand the infrastructure necessary for effective cardiac screening in young athletes are recommended.
Percentage restrained differential, percentage of what? (2011)

Percentage restrained differential protection is one of the oldest forms of adaptive protection algorithms. The slope characteristic provides high sensitivity when low levels of current are flowing in the zone of protection but has less sensitivity when high levels of current are flowing and false differential current due to current transformer (CT) saturation is more likely. The percentage restraint characteristic operates on the ratio of operate-to-restraint current in the zone of protection. The operate quantity is universally defined as the magnitude of the differential current in the zone of protection. However, several different methods have been developed to quantify the restraint quantity, which is a measure of the through current in the zone of protection. The definition of the restraint magnitude will have an impact on the effective sensitivity and security of a given percentage slope characteristic. This paper examines several common methods for defining restraint and slope characteristics and provides guidance on selection of the correct slope setting. Examples are used to examine a multirestraint transformer differential application with steady-state, proportional, and transient sources of mismatch in the zone of protection.
Wood Species Recognition Using GLCM and Correlation (2009)

The proposed system identifies the species of the wood using the textural features present in its barks. Each species of a wood has its own unique patterns in its bark, which enabled the proposed system to identify it accurately. Automatic wood recognition system has not yet been well established mainly due to lack of research in this area and the difficulty in obtaining the wood database. In our work, a wood recognition system has been designed based on pre-processing techniques, feature extraction and by correlating the features of those wood species for their classification. Texture classification is a problem that has been studied and tested using different methods due to its valuable usage in various pattern recognition problems, such as wood recognition, rock classification. The most popular technique used for the textural classification is Gray-level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM). The features from the enhanced images are thus extracted using the GLCM is correlated, which determines the classification between the various wood species. The result thus obtained shows a high rate of recognition accuracy proving that the techniques used in suitable to be implemented for commercial purposes.