gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Prototype for a Passive Resonant Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope with a 3 × 3 Directional Coupler (2023)

Reducing the dimensions of optical gyroscopes is a crucial task and resonant fiber optic gyroscopes are promising candidates for its solution. The paper presents a prototype of a miniature resonant interferometric gyroscope of a strategic accuracy class. Due to the use of passive optical elements in this gyroscope, it has a great potential for miniaturization, alongside a low production cost and ease of implementation, since it does not require many feedback loops. The presented prototype shows results on a zero instability of 20°/h and an angle random walk of 0.16°/√h. A theoretical model explaining the nature of the multipath interference of resonant spectra and establishing the relationship between the resonator parameters and the output parameters of the presented prototype is proposed. The results predicted are in agreement with the experimental data. The prototype gyroscope demonstrates a scale factor instability and a change in the average signal level, which is due to the presence of polarization non-reciprocity, occurring due to the induced birefringence in the single-mode fiber of the contour. This problem requires further investigation to be performed.
Separation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in fish oil by kinetic resolution using lipase (1998)

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the use of lipases as catalysts for separating eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fish oil by kinetic resolution. Transesterification of various fish oil triglycerides with a stoichiometric amount of ethanol by immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase under anhydrous solvent‐free conditions resulted in a good separation. When free fatty acids from the various fish oils were directly esterified with ethanol under similar conditions, greatly improved results were obtained. By this modification, complications related to regioselectivity of the lipase and nonhomogeneous distribution of EPA and DHA into the various positions of the triglycerides were avoided. As an example, when tuna oil comprising 6% EPA and 23% DHA was transesterified with ethanol, 65% conversion into ethyl esters was obtained after 24 h. The residual glyceride mixture contained 49% DHA and 6% EPA (8:1), with 90% DHA recovery into the glyceride mixture and 60% EPA recovery into the ethyl ester product. When the corresponding tuna oil free fatty acids were directly esterified with ethanol, 68% conversion was obtained after only 8h. The residual free fatty acids comprised 74% DHA and only 3% EPA (25:1). The recovery of both DHA into the residual free fatty acid fraction and EPA into the ethyl ester product remained very high, 83 and 87%, respectively.
Ultra-Broadband Add-Drop Filter/Switch Circuit Using Subwavelength Grating Waveguides (2018)

An ultrabroadband add-drop filter/switch circuit is designed and demonstrated by integrating a pair of subwavelength grating waveguides in a 2 × 2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration using silicon photonics technology. The subwavelength grating is designed such that its stopband and passband are distinguished by a band-edge wavelength λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">edge</sub> ~ 1565 nm, separating C and L bands. The stopband (λ <; λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">edge</sub> ) is filtered at the drop port of the device, whereas the passband (λ > λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">edge</sub> ) is extracted either in cross port or in bar port. The device is designed to operate only in TE polarization. Experimental results exhibit a nearly flat-top band exceeding 40 nm for both stopband and passband. The stopband extinction at cross- and bar ports are measured to be >35 dB with a band-edge roll-off exceeding 70 dB/nm. Wavelength independent directional coupler design and integrated optical microheaters at different locations of the Mach-Zehnder arms for thermo-optic phase detuning are the key for stopband filtering at the drop port and switching of passband between cross- and bar ports with flat top response. Though the insertion loss of fabricated subwavelength grating waveguides are negligibly small, the observed passband insertion loss is ~2 dB, which is mainly due to the combined excess loss of two directional couplers. Experimental results also reveal that the passband switching between cross- and bar ports of the device has been possible with an extinction of >15 dB by an electrical power consumption of P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> ~ 54 mW. A switching time of 5 μs is estimated by analyzing the transient response of the device. The passband edge could also be detuned thermo-optically at a rate of 22 pm/mW.
Repeated testing by use of culture and PCR assay to detect Tritrichomonas foetus carrier bulls in an infected Nebraska herd (2010)

Results suggested that a combination of culture and the gel PCR assay performed on 3 sequential preputial scrapings was the best method for identifying bulls that were carriers for T foetus during this herd outbreak.
Novel printing techniques to print flexible radio frequency devices such as antennas (2021)

Energy harvesting devices such as solar panels and wind generators collect energy sources and convert them to generate power. Such devices are economical and efficient and also allow energy to be generated and devices and applications powered in places without conventional power sources, such as underwater. Energy harvesting also has the potential to be used to satisfy the need for energy autonomy that autonomous electronics, the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable devices demand. At the University of Surrey, UK, Dr Simon King is collaborating with Dr Bilal Malik, Dr Maxim Shkunov and Dr Pavlos Giannakou on a project called flexible smart SURFaces for Augmented indoor communicationS (SURFAS) to design energy harvesting surfaces (antennas) for zero-power consuming electronic devices. Each team member has their own speciality and all share the common goal of revolutioning the ways that devices access and consume energy. The goal is to reduce energy consumption and provide cost benefits. Part of the team's current work involves the use of novel printing techniques to fabricate flexible radio frequency (RF) devices, such as rectifying antennas. The team believes the development of fully integrated printed energy harvesting devices will lead to countless future IoT applications. The ultimate objective of SURFAS is to enable zero-power consumption electronic devices and smart surfaces that are capable of optimally redirecting Wi-Fi signals and enhancing the performance of receivers. The team is also working to develop a manufacturing process for rapidly and cost-effectively producing such devices.
Near-optimal uniqueword design in single-carrier block transmission systems (2006)

The problem of designing short sequences for nearoptimal training arises in single-carrier block transmission systems that use a unique word (UW) extension to facilitate frequency-domain equalization and channel estimation. Effectively, this problem involves constructing sequences of length Q ≤ N/2 that, when padded with zeros to make a length-N sequence, have good periodic autocorrelation properties and, thus, a (nearly) flat power spectrum. Using training sequences with a flat power spectrum allows each channel frequency response coefficient to be estimated with the same accuracy. In this paper, convex optimization theory is used to find near-optimal (in terms of channel estimation mean-square error) sequences with a constrained peak-to-average power ratio that can be used as UWs. The approach used here is a powerful method of solving optimization problems, and it is conjectured that this approach can be extended to similar problems in the field of communications.
Fluorogenic Assay for Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease with Sub-picomolar Affinity (2015)

A fluorogenic substrate for HIV-1 protease was designed and used as the basis for a hypersensitive assay. The substrate exhibits a kcat of 7.4 s(-1), KM of 15 μM, and an increase in fluorescence intensity of 104-fold upon cleavage, thus providing sensitivity that is unmatched in a continuous assay of HIV-1 protease. These properties enabled the enzyme concentration in an activity assay to be reduced to 25 pM, which is close to the Kd value of the protease dimer. By fitting inhibition data to Morrison's equation, Ki values of amprenavir, darunavir, and tipranavir were determined to be 135, 10, and 82 pM, respectively. This assay, which is capable of measuring Ki values as low as 0.25 pM, is well-suited for characterizing the next generation of HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
Deposition of High Permeation Barrier Films by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Organic Solar Cells (2008)

SiOxCy monolayers or stacked multilayers have been deposited at low temperature using a low frequency (100 kHz) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor associated or not with a plasma treatment. An innovative test based on transformation of lithium with oxygen and water vapor has been used to assess the permeation barrier properties of the films. Effects on the permeability of barrier thickness, of a specific argon plasma treatment during the growth process and of the number of grown interfaces are successively studied. A physical explanation of the effect of the plasma treatment is proposed.
A Novel Telemedicine System for Monitoring Congestive Heart Failure Patients (2008)

Congestive heart failure is a widespread cardiac disease in western countries. At present, the main measure for monitoring the level of pulmonary edema in telemedicine systems is weight, which is not a reliable indicator. The authors propose a novel bioimpedance telemedical system to monitor these patients. The system measures the resistivity of each lung using optimization methods and transmits the measurements via a modem to a call center. Preliminary results show that the measured resistivity values among healthy young patients are consistent and reproducible within 48 hours. The mean resistivity values in patients with pulmonary congestion were lower than those of the healthy patients: 887 [Omega*cm]+/-117 vs 1244 [Omega*cm]+/-87 (P<.01). The system is noninvasive, safe, and portable. It retrieves unique information correlated with the amount of fluid in the lungs and transmits the data to a medical call center in order to improve the diagnostics and treatment of congestive heart failure.
The Modelling of Extrusion Processes for Polymers—A Review (2020)

Extrusion processes are widely used in industries that aim to produce advanced solutions for increasingly sophisticated demands in the plastic, food, and pharmaceutical sectors. Though the process has been in use since the 1930s, limited information is available on the analytical computation of extrusion. Generally, production has been carried out based on empirical experience and trial-and-error approaches. The development of industrial operations is, however, best addressed by modelling the processes involved, and the flow of polymer melts and fibers in extruders has been subjected to some previous studies. Also included an overview of design of a die as well as challenges in sheet/film production. This article systematically and critically reviews the literature related to the process design, machine design, process parameters, flow models, and flow analysis of extrusion with a focus on modelling the extrusion of composite materials.
Dynamics and function of distal regulatory elements during neurogenesis and neuroplasticity (2015)

Gene regulation in mammals involves a complex interplay between promoters and distal regulatory elements that function in concert to drive precise spatiotemporal gene expression programs. However, the dynamics of the distal gene regulatory landscape and its function in the transcriptional reprogramming that underlies neurogenesis and neuronal activity remain largely unknown. Here, we performed a combinatorial analysis of genome-wide data sets for chromatin accessibility (FAIRE-seq) and the enhancer mark H3K27ac, revealing the highly dynamic nature of distal gene regulation during neurogenesis, which gets progressively restricted to distinct genomic regions as neurons acquire a post-mitotic, terminally differentiated state. We further find that the distal accessible and active regions serve as target sites for distinct transcription factors that function in a stage-specific manner to contribute to the transcriptional program underlying neuronal commitment and maturation. Mature neurons respond to a sustained activity of NMDA receptors by epigenetic reprogramming at a large number of distal regulatory regions as well as dramatic reorganization of super-enhancers. Such massive remodeling of the distal regulatory landscape in turn results in a transcriptome that confers a transient loss of neuronal identity and gain of cellular plasticity. Furthermore, NMDA receptor activity also induces many novel prosurvival genes that function in neuroprotective pathways. Taken together, these findings reveal the dynamics of the distal regulatory landscape during neurogenesis and uncover novel regulatory elements that function in concert with epigenetic mechanisms and transcription factors to generate the transcriptome underlying neuronal development and activity.
Ultra Deep Reactive Ion Etching of High Aspect-Ratio and Thick Silicon Using a Ramped-Parameter Process (2018)

This paper reports an advanced deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process for realizing ultra-deep ( 500-μm) and ultra-high aspect-ratio (UHAR) silicon structures (AR 40 for 1-mm through-trench etch, AR ≈ 80 for 500-μm through-trench etch, and AR 20 for 500-μm through-hole etch), with straight sidewalls across a wide range of feature sizes. The challenges of making such structures are overcome by continuously ramping critical parameters of the Bosch DRIE process throughout the process, including the 380-kHz bias power during etch step, the etch/passivation step duration, and the chamber pressure. The masking material capable of enduring the long DRIE process is also discussed; 10-μm and 25-μm wide trenches are etched to a depth of 750-μm and 1000-μm, respectively, in 1-mm-thick silicon wafers with straight sidewall profiles and flat trench bottoms. Deeper trenches are expected to be etched beyond a 1-mm thick wafer with thicker and/or higher selectivity masking materials. We have also demonstrated etching of circular holes of diameters as small as 25-μm to a depth of 500-μm, and potentially with 10-15 μm diameter holes. This advanced DRIE process offers opportunities for applications ranging from through-silicon via in 3-D CMOS integration to emerging microand meso-scale microelectromechanical system applications that demand ultra-deep and UHAR DRIE.
Solid-state Structures of N-Substituted Michler’s Ketones and Their Relation to Solvatochromism (2002)

The solvatochromism (νmax) of N-substituted Michler’s ketones − including 4′-[bis(2-acetoxyethyl)amino]-4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone [MK(OAc)2, 1a], 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone [MK(NEt2)2, 1e], 4,4′-bis(4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazino)benzophenone [MK(pipOEt)2, 2a], 4,4′-bis(piperidino)benzophenone [MK(pip)2, 2b], 4,4′-bis(morpholino)benzophenone [MK(mor)2, 2c], 4,4′-bis(piperazino)benzophenone [MK(pipaz)2, 2d], 4,4′-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazino]benzophenone [MK(pipazOH)2, 2e] and 1,4-bis(4-benzoylphenyl)piperazine (BBP, 3) − has been studied at 298 K in various solvents with wide ranging dipolarities and hydrogen-bonding abilities. The solvatochromic properties (νmax)s = (νmax)0 + sπ* + aα + bβ have been analysed in terms of the Kamlet−Taft linear solvation energy (LSE) relationship. The effect of the solvent on the UV/Vis spectral characteristics (νmax) has been determined quantitatively for all compounds in terms of the Kamlet−Taft solvent-independent correlation coefficients s, a, and b. It was found to be mainly the dipolarity/polarizability (π*) and hydrogen bond acidity (α) of the solvent that contribute to the bathochromic UV/Vis band shift. As strongly basic sites are present as substituents at the peripheries of the molecules, protonation takes place at the secondary nitrogen atom of, for example, MK(pipaz)2 (2d) in strongly hydrogen bond-donating (HBD) solvents. This specific type of substitution therefore gives rise to an ambiguous solvatochromic property, which makes the basicity (β term) of the solvent important. The solid-state structures of 2b (C23H28N2O), 2c (C21H24N2O3), and 3 (C30H26N2O2) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Compound 2b crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3121 with a = 948.11(11), b = 948.11(11), c = 1818.0(3) pm, α = β = 90, γ = 120° and Z = 3, whereas 2c crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with a = 1259.9(2), b = 910.16(17), c = 1586.2(3) pm, α = β = γ = 90° and Z = 4. Compound 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P with a = 1034.0(2), b = 1079.9(2), c = 1127.2(2) pm, α = 72.062(4), β = 73.361(4), γ = 74.549(4)° and Z = 2. The UV/Vis band shifts are comparatively discussed with regard to the LSE relationships and the results of the solid-state structure determinations. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
The Low‐<i>z</i>Intergalactic Medium. III. H<scp>i</scp>and Metal Absorbers at<i>z</i>< 0.4 (2008)

We conduct an ultraviolet (HST and FUSE) spectroscopic survey of HI (Lyman lines) and seven metal ions (OVI, NV, CIV, CIII, SiIV, SiIII, FeIII) in the low-redshift intergalactic medium (IGM) at z<0.4. We analyzed 650 Lya absorbers over redshift pathlength Delta z=5.27, detecting numerous absorbers: 83 OVI systems, 39 CIII, 53 SiIII, 24 CIV, 24 NV, and so on. Our survey yields distributions in column density and estimates of the IGM baryon content and metallicities of C, N, O in the IGM. In the low-z IGM, we have accounted for ~40% of the baryons: 30% in the photoionized Lya forest and 10% in the (T=10^5-6 K) warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) traced by OVI. Statistical metallicities of C, N, O ions are consistent with the canonical (z=0) value of 10% solar, with considerable scatter. Improved statistics for weak OVI absorbers allows us to estimate Omega_WHIM/Omega_b=0.073+-0.008 down to logN_OVI=13.4. NV absorption is well-correlated with OVI and both ions show similarly steep power-law indices dN/dz N^-beta with beta_OVI beta_NV 2 while beta_HI=1.7. We conclude that OVI and NV are reliable tracers of the portion of the WHIM at T=10^5-6 K. CIV may be present in both collisional and photoionized phases; N_CIV correlates poorly with both N_HI and N_OVI and beta_HI<beta_CIV<beta_OVI. The ions CIII, SiIII, and SiIV are well correlated with HI and show patterns typical of photoionization. Adjacent ion stages of the same element (CIII/IV and SiIII/IV) provide useful constraints on the photoionization parameter, logU=-1.5+-0.5. Comparison of SiIV and CIV with high-z surveys shows a modest increase in line density, consistent with increasing IGM metallicity at recent epochs.
Accurate frequency estimation with phasor angles (1994)

A power system should always operate in a balanced and stable condition at its designed frequency. Any significant upset of this balance will produce a change in the power system frequency. It is the responsibility of the monitoring and protective devices to detect and restore the system to the equilibrium operating condition at the nominal frequency as soon as it is practical to do so. An accurate measurement of both frequency deviation and rate of change of frequency will greatly facilitate the restoration process. In this thesis, a recursive algorithm for precise frequency and rate of change of frequency measurement is presented. The algorithm consists of three major steps. First, a rough frequency estimation for a data window is computed using a second order least error square approximation on the phasor angles of the input waveform. Then, a resampling based on the rough frequency estimation is carried out, followed by another second order least error square approximation to obtain the final results. The results of simulations using this approach are provided.
Sites of action of phencyclidine. II. Interaction with the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor. (1980)

The effects of phencyclidine (PCP) were studied on the endplate current (EPC), miniature endplate current (MEPC), and synaptic noise of the frog sartorius muscle and on the binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin ([3H]H12-HTX) to the ionic channel of the acetylcholine (ACh) receptor in electric organ membranes of Torpedo ocellata. PCP decreased the peak amplitude of the EPC in a voltage- and time-dependent manner, caused nonlinearity in the current-voltage relationship, accelerated the decay time constants of the EPC and MEPC, and shortened the mean lifetime of the single ionic channel. PCP also inhibited binding of [3H]H12-HTX to the ionic channel of the ACh receptor with a Ki, of 6.9 µM. When carbamyicholine was present to activate the ACh receptors, the Kd value for PCP binding to ionic channel sites was reduced from 10.3 ± 4.2 to 2.0 ± 1.3 µM, thus showing higher affinity for the activated ionic channel sites. In addition, PCP also reacted with the closed ionic channel since a time-dependent effect on EPC amplitude in hyperpolarized membranes was observed even before the ACh receptor was activated. Further, PCP depressed peak EPC amplitude more markedly than it shortened the EPC decay time constant, thus disclosing that the depression of the former cannot be accounted for totally by the action of the agent on the open conformation of the ionic channel. A hybrid model was proposed to account for the interactions of PCP with the open and closed states of the ionic channel of the ACh receptor. The actions of PCP on both states of the ionic channel are qualitatively similar to those seen with histrionicotoxin.
Carbon-doped Anatase TiO2 Powders as a Visible-light Sensitive Photocatalyst (2003)

Abstract Carbon-doped TiO2 powders in an anatase phase colored yellow were fabricated by oxidative annealing of TiC. Carbons were located at oxygen sites. The carbon substitution caused the absorbance edge of TiO2 to be shifted to the higher wavelength region. Carbon-doped TiO2 showed photocatalytic activities for the decomposition of IPA to CO2 via acetone under visible light (400–530 nm) irradiation.
Learning haptic affordances from demonstration and human-guided exploration (2016)

In this paper, we present a system for learning haptic affordance models of complex manipulation skills. The goal of a haptic affordance model is to better complete tasks by characterizing what a particular object-action pair feels like. We use learning from demonstration to provide the robot with an example of a successful interaction with a given object. We then use environmental scaffolding to collect grounded examples (successes and unsuccessful "near misses") of the haptic data for the object-action pair, using a force/torque (F/T) sensor mounted at the wrist. From this we build one success Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and one "near-miss" HMM for each object-action pair. We evaluate this approach with five different actions over seven different objects to learn two specific affordances (open-able and scoop-able). We show that by building a library of object-action pairs for each affordance, we can successfully monitor a trajectory of haptic data to determine if the robot finds an affordance. This is supported through cross-validation on the object-action pairs, with four of the seven object-action pairs achieving a perfect F1 score, and with leave-one-object-out testing, where the learned object-actions models correctly identify the specific affordance with an average accuracy of 67% for scoop-able and 53% for open-able.