gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transverse oscillation vector velocity estimation using a phased array transducer (2012)

The Transverse Oscillation method has shown its commercial feasibility, providing the user with 2D velocity information. Todays implementation on commercial ultrasound platforms only support linear array transducers and are limited in depth. Extending the implementation to a phased array transducer, vector velocity echocardiography will become possible. This paper describes the general modification made on the BK Medical 2202 Pro Focus UltraView using a 64 element phased array transducer and the simulations and measurements performed. The results show that velocities can be obtained at depths even greater than 100 mm. Tests at depths of 72 mm and 82 mm with a peak velocity of 0.5 m/s, showed a relative mean bias B̃ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</sub> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> that varied from 0% and to 21% and a relative mean standard deviation σ̃ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</sub> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> that varied from 18% and to 51%. The investigation showed an increasing bias with respect to depth, which leaves room for optimization. Despite the bias, the method has shown to work and produce reliable results, and 2D velocity estimates are provided within the entire color-box down to a depth of more than 100 mm making vector velocity imaging possible in the entire heart.
Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Nucleic Acids (2014)

Sequence-specific isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques are ideally suited for use in molecular diagnostic applications because they do not require thermal cycling equipment and the reactions are typically fast. One of the most widely cited isothermal techniques is termed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). This protocol allows amplification times as fast as 5 to 10 min. Furthermore, various methodologies to detect amplification have been applied to LAMP to increase its utility for the point-of-care market. Basic LAMP protocols are provided herein for detection of specific DNA and RNA targets, along with a method to perform multiplex LAMP reactions, permitting even greater flexibility from this powerful technique.
A Metallurgical Look at Coiled Tubing (2013)

Abstract Coiled tubing has been traditionally characterized by its mechanical properties in order to guarantee that the structural response of the tubing is uniform and satisfies current standards along its full length. Also the tubing is generally fatigued tested in order to characterize its responses under simulated field conditions. As coiled tubing applications become more challenging, there is a need for higher mechanical properties, better resistance to severe environments and a better relative fatigue performance in the tube body and bias weld. The limitations to develop a product that satisfies these new requirements can not be understood solely based on coiled tubing mechanical properties, but extensive metallurgical analysis must be performed. In this study, the relevance of the metallurgy basis in each of the production steps was reviewed in order to understand the limitations of current manufacturing process. This understanding, coupled with the goal of developing new products that satisfy new market demands, has resulted in a complete redesign of the manufacturing process. Preliminary results of a new manufacturing process have proven to provide a path for current and future innovative products.
<title>CMOS VLSI pilot and support chip for a liquid crystal on silicon 8x8 optical cross connect</title> (2001)

With the explosion of Internet and multi-service traffic, telecommunication transport networks today are turning to Wavelength Division Multiplexing. Optical cross-connects (OXCs) allow flexible rerouting of wavelength channels. It has been shown that 2-D free-space beam deflection by nematic liquid crystal gratings provide a good solution for the realization of optical switches in OXCs. Operating in the telecom 1.5 micrometers wavelength region they serve as an active holographic element. Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) combined with VLSI technologies allow the fabrication of large capacity, low cost and low consumption compact free-space switches. An N X N optical switch can be built by cascading two LCOS-based spatial light modulators (SLMs). The first part of the paper describes a circuit that provides the physical support as well as piloting circuitry for such SLMs. It is capable of piloting beams from a linear array of 8 incoming fibers towards a similar array of 8 outgoing fibers. The electrode command voltages are analog while the external interface as well as on-chip memory is digital. The chip has been implemented in a CMOS 0.5 (mu) process with 600,000 transistors while die size is 320 mm<SUP>2</SUP> (80 mm<SUP>2</SUP> active area).
Abstract 126: High Efficiency Reprogramming of Fibroblasts Into Cardiomyocytes Requires Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling (2015)

The mammalian heart is composed of ~30% cardiomyocytes which have limited capacity to regenerate and ~70% non-cardiomyocytes including endothelial cells and cardiac fibroblasts. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes by forced expression of cardiomyogenic transcription factors, GMT (GATA4, Mef2C, Tbx5) or GHMT (GATA4, Hand2, Mef2C, Tbx5), has recently been demonstrated, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac repair. Despite extensive efforts, the efficiency of direct reprogramming of embryonic or adult fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes has yet to exceed 20%, or 0.1% respectively, leading many in the field to question the clinical translatability of this method. Here, we demonstrate that pro-fibrotic signaling events governed by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Rho kinase (ROCK) are concomitantly activated in GHMT-expressing fibroblasts, leading to potent suppression of cardiac reprogramming ( Figure 1 ). Remarkably, pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β, or ROCK leads to conversion of ≥ 60% of fibroblasts into highly functional cardiomyocytes, displaying global cardiac gene expression, spontaneous contractility, action potentials and calcium transients. Furthermore, inhibition of TGF-β, or ROCK dramatically enhances the kinetics of cardiac reprogramming, with spontaneously contracting cardiomyocytes emerging in less than two weeks, as opposed to 4 weeks with GHMT alone. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac conversion of fibroblasts, and should enhance efforts to generate cardiomyocytes for clinical applications.
Abstract 15: Targeting cancer stem cells and vasculature by a novel anti-delta-like 4 ligand (DLL4) antibody inhibits triple-negative breast cancer tumor growth and delays tumor recurrence (2010)

Abstract Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC, ER−, PR− Her2−) accounts for about 10% of all types of breast cancer and is known to particularly aggressive and refractory to current therapies. Chemotherapeutic agents, such as taxanes, are currently the only treatment option for this type of breast cancer, however, these treatments often result in high rates of local and systemic relapse. It has been suggested that cancer stem cells drive tumor growth and progression and are preferentially resistant to many current therapies. Delta-like 4 ligand (DLL4) is an important component of the Notch signaling pathway which is known to mediate stem cell self-renewal and vascular development. We hypothesized that targeting cancer stem cells and the tumor vasculature by interfering with the DLL4/Notch pathway will improve treatment outcome. We developed anti-DLL4 antibodies that recognize either the human or murine protein and have potent binding and antagonist activities. We used these antibodies to investigate the role of DLL4 in triple negative breast cancer and to probe the mechanism in tumor and stromal cells in xenograft models derived from primary breast tumors. These studies showed that anti-DLL4 was efficacious as a single agent and in combination with paclitaxel (Taxol) against TNBC xenograft tumors. Gene expression analysis showed that anti-DLL4 affected vascular-related genes in the stroma and Notch target genes in the tumor and stroma. Inclusion of anti-DLL4 delayed breast tumor recurrence and decreased the growth rate of recurrent tumors following termination of paclitaxel treatment. Flow cytometric analysis showed that ESA+/CD44+/CD24low expressing breast cancer stem cells, BrCSC, were enriched followed by paclitaxel treatment, whereas the combination of anti-DLL4 and paclitaxel reversed paclitaxel-induced increase in this cell population. Further analysis indicated that blocking DLL4 signaling in tumor cells by anti-human DLL4 delayed tumor recurrence and decreased ESA+/CD44+/CD24low expressing BrCSC fraction and tumorigenic potential, whereas blocking DLL4 in host stroma and endothelial cells by anti-mouse DLL4 interfered with angiogenesis. The combination of both antibodies produced an additive effect. Our findings provide a rationale for targeting cancer stem cells and tumor vasculature through inhibition of the DLL4/Notch signaling for TNBC treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 15.
Hardware/Software Co-Exploration of Neural Architectures (2019)

We propose a novel hardware and software co-exploration framework for efficient neural architecture search (NAS). Different from existing hardware-aware NAS which assumes a fixed hardware design and explores the neural architecture search space only, our framework simultaneously explores both the architecture search space and the hardware design space to identify the best neural architecture and hardware pairs that maximize both test accuracy and hardware efficiency. Such a practice greatly opens up the design freedom and pushes forward the Pareto frontier between hardware efficiency and test accuracy for better design tradeoffs. The framework iteratively performs a two-level (fast and slow) exploration. Without lengthy training, the fast exploration can effectively fine-tune hyperparameters and prune inferior architectures in terms of hardware specifications, which significantly accelerates the NAS process. Then, the slow exploration trains candidates on a validation set and updates a controller using the reinforcement learning to maximize the expected accuracy together with the hardware efficiency. Experiments on ImageNet show that our co-exploration NAS can find the neural architectures and associated hardware design with the same accuracy, 35.24% higher throughput, 54.05% higher energy efficiency and 136x reduced search time, compared with the state-of-the-art hardware-aware NAS.
Iterative channel estimation for GPRS (2002)

In this paper we consider iterative estimation and equalization techniques and present a simple method of updating channel estimates that includes decoder outputs into the iteration process. To clarify performance-complexity trade-off we evaluated iterative estimation and turbo equalization techniques in the General Packet Radio System (GPRS). It is found that turbo estimation is more beneficial for GPRS, showing 1 dB gain after one channel estimate update, while turbo equalization rounds provide only a slight improvement on the top of that.
Measurement of lightning currents on high structures and wind turbines (2018)

This article deals with the measurement of lightning current on high structures and, in particular, wind turbines. It offers a synopsis of the special lightning current characteristics for high building structures. The special requirements for lightning current measurements on high objects and, especially, wind turbines, are derived from this. It presents a measurement system for determining lightning currents in wind turbines based on Rogowski coils. In order to verify this lightning current recording unit, comparison measurements were carried out at the lightning measurement stations Gaisberg (Austria) and Peissenberg (Germany). First measurements have also been carried out on wind turbines.
Ultrasound Guided, Freehand Transperineal Prostate Biopsy: An Alternative to the Transrectal Approach (2015)

The use of ultrasound guided freehand transperineal prostate biopsy for the suspicion or surveillance of prostate cancer is feasible and safe. The results were encouraging with respect to the primary outcome measurements. Ultrasound guided freehand transperineal prostate biopsy with the patient under local anesthesia is currently under investigation. Large, prospective, randomized, multiple operator studies to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of freehand transperineal prostate biopsy and transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy techniques are recommended.
Catalytic Multi-Stage Liquefaction of Coal. Fourth quarterly report, 1 July 1993--30 September 1993 (1993)

This quarterly report covers the activities of Catalytic Multi-Stage Liquefaction of Coal during the Period July 1--September 30, 1993, at Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. in Lawrenceville and Princeton, New Jersey. This DOE Contract Period is from December 8, 1992 to December 7, 1994. The overall objective of this program is to produce liquid fuels from coal by direct liquefaction at a cost that is competitive with conventional fuels. Specifically, this continuous bench-scale program contains provisions to examine new ideas in areas such as: low temperature pretreatments, more effective catalysts, on-line hydrotreating, new coal feedstocks, other hydrogen sources, more concentrated coal feeds and other highly responsive process improvements while assessing the design and economics of the bench-scale results. This quarterly report covers work on Laboratory Scale Studies, Continuous Bench-Scale Operations, Technical Assessment and Project Management.
Autonet: a high-speed, self-configuring local area network using point-to-point links (1991)

Autonet is a self-configuring local area network composed of switches interconnected by 100 Mb/s, full-duplex, point-to-point links. The switches contain 12 ports that are internally connected by a full crossbar. Switches use cut-through to achieve a packet forwarding latency as low as 2 ms/switch. Any switch port can be cabled to any other switch port or to a host network controller. A processor in each switch monitors the network's physical configuration. A distributed algorithm running on the switch processor computes the routes packets are to follow and fills in the packet forwarding table in each switch. With Autonet, distinct paths through the set of network links can carry packets in parallel, allowing many pairs of hosts to communicate simultaneously at full link bandwidth. A 30-switch network with more than 100 hosts has been the service network for Digital's Systems Research Center since February 1990.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Abstract 764: Transient up-regulation of Myc in B-cell lymphomas enhances p53-independent apoptotic responses to chemotherapy. (2013)

Abstract The c-MYC oncogene deregulation is a common trait in human cancers, with programmed cell death (or apoptosis) among Myc-regulated events. Myc is well-known to induce apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner, via the Myc→ARF ┤MDM2 ┤p53 pathway. We had previously shown that this pathway couldbe exploited to increase sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. Specifically, small increases in Myc levels obtained by inhibiting Myc-targeting microRNA-34a resulted in enhanced apoptotic response of B-cells to bortezomib (Sotillo et al, Oncogene 2010). Because many Myc-driven tumors are defective for p53 activity, we sought to determine whether transient up-regulation of Myc also increases cell death in response to chemotherapeutic drugs in a p53-deficient background. For this purpose, we used B-lymphoma cells isolated from bone marrows of p53ER™ knock-in mice and subsequently transduced with a Myc-expressing retrovirus (Amaravadi et al, J Clin Inv 2007, Yu et al, Blood 2007). This inducible system allowed us to distinguish between p53-dependent (cells treated with tamoxifen) and independent (no tamoxifen added) cell death. Additionally, instead of modulating Myc levels through miRNA inhibitors, which currently have limited clinical utility, we increased Myc stability with a small molecule inhibitor of GSK3β, which promotes proteosomal degradation of Myc. We observed that the activation of p53 via the addition of tamoxifen is sufficient to induce robust apoptosis, with neither modulation of Myc levels nor additional treatment with doxorubicin being necessary. On the other hand, in the absence of active p53 doxorubicin was needed to kill Myc/p53ER™ cells, but cell killing was rather inefficient. Remarkably, pharmacological stabilization of Myc strongly enhanced p53-independent doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. This enhancement was accompanied by selective activation of pro-apoptotic genes BIM, BAX and BAK, but not PUMA or NOXA, suggesting that the response was indeed p53-independent. To validate this effect in a more relevant setting, we inhibited GSK3β in various Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines and achieved consistent up-regulation of Myc. Most importantly, even in p53mut Ramos cells, Myc stabilization resulted in sharply increased responses to doxorubicin. Our results suggest that transient up-regulation of Myc could be a viable adjuvant therapy even for tumors with p53 loss or MDM2 amplification. Citation Format: Elena Sotillo-Piñeiro, Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko. Transient up-regulation of Myc in B-cell lymphomas enhances p53-independent apoptotic responses to chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 764. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-764
Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acids Encoding a Parathyroid Hormone-Like Peptide in Normal Human and Animal Tissues with Abnormal Expression in Human Parathyroid Adenomas (1988)

A novel PTH-like peptide has recently been purified and cloned from human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. We surveyed the expression of mRNAs encoding this peptide in normal tissues by Northern analysis. One or more low abundance hybridizing transcripts was identified in poly(A)+ RNA prepared from human keratinocytes, thyroid, bone marrow, and fibroblasts, from bovine hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla, and from rat brain, stomach mucosa, and fetal but not adult liver. One or more hybridizing transcripts was also identified in poly(A)+ RNA prepared from a number of established lines, including rat pituitary (GH4), rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12), human osteosarcoma (TE-85), and human medullary carcinoma (TT) cells. Northern analysis of mRNAs from abnormal human parathyroid tissue revealed an overexpression of transcripts for the PTH-like peptide which appeared to be specific for adenomatous or autonomous glands. These findings suggest that the PTH-like peptide is expressed in a number of endocrine and nonendocrine tissues, that it is developmentally expressed in at least one tissue (fetal liver), and that the regulation of its expression is abnormal in human parathyroid adenomas.
Photon counting chirped AM ladar: concept, simulation, and initial experimental results (2006)

In ARL's current chirped amplitude modulation (AM) ladar prototypes using unity gain solid state detectors, amplifier noise limits the receiver sensitivity. This noise is well above the signal shot noise limit. We are developing a method using Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (Gm-APD) photon counting detectors in the chirped AM ladar receiver to yield sensitivities approaching the signal shot noise limit. This method is based on the fact that the chirped AM waveform that modulates the transmitted laser power also modulates the average photon arrival rate at the receiver with a delay corresponding to the round-trip time between the transceiver and the target. We present the concept, and computer and electronic simulation results for ARL's chirped AM ladar operating with a photon counting receiver. We also present the design and initial results of the proof-of-principle laboratory optical experiment that we recently performed. The simulation and experimental results predict significant improvements in the ladar's receiver sensitivity.
Influence of surface treatment and biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite/poly(<scp>L</scp>-lactic acid) fibers (2012)

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) micro-fibers have been coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) using a quick biomimetic method to form a precursor for bone repair composites. To increase the coating content within a coating time as short as 1-2.5 h, PLLA fibers have been treated by soaking in NaOH or NaOCl solutions at mild conditions. Although different surface hydrolysis and coating methods have been used to prepare bioceramic/polymer composites, it is for the first time that the influences of the surface treatment and HA coating process on the mechanical properties of the polymer and HA/polymer composite fibers were investigated systemically.
Metal coordination and selectivity with oxine ligands bound to silica polyamine composites (2009)

Abstract A series of oxine ligands, 5‐X, 8OHC 9 H 6 N (X = H, Cl, SO 3 H) have been covalently bound to a silica gel polyamine composite made from a silanized amorphous silica xerogel and poly(allylamine) (BP‐1) by the Mannich reaction. The resulting modified composites WP‐4(X = H), CB‐1(X = Cl), and SB‐1(X = SO 3 H) were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and solid state CPMAS‐ 13 C‐NMR. Using the analytical data before and after the ligand modification, the ligand loading could be estimated and in combination with metal ion capacities a metal to ligand ratio could be obtained. The composites WP‐4 and CB‐1 both showed ratios of approximately 1 : 1 while the sulfonate modified composite, SB‐1, showed a metal to ligand ratio of 1 : 2. This is tentatively interpreted in terms of a zwitterionic oxine as the dominant species at pH = 2 where the sulfonic acid group is ionized, the quinoline nitrogen is protonated and where two sulfonate groups on adjacent oxines bind a trivalent or divalent ion. All the modified composites show a clear selectivity for trivalent over divalent ions and a good selectivity for gallium over aluminum. The substituent groups on the oxine ligand have only a minor influence on these selectivity trends but SB‐1 shows slightly better capture kinetics. The selectivity for gallium over aluminum is applied to the separation of gallium from aluminum, ferrous, and zinc in an acid ore leach of solid tailings obtained from a zinc mine using WP‐4. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010