gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Establishment of a sandwich ELISA for the determination of beef content in processed foods by using monoclonal antibodies to myoglobin (2011)

Abstract A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific to beef myoglobin was developed using monoclonal antibodies to sodium dodecyl sulphate-denatured beef myoglobin and a peptide with an amino acid sequence unique to beef myoglobin. This method was very specific for beef myoglobin, and showed no cross-reactivity with not only pork and chicken myoglobins, but also with other food proteins such as egg, cow's milk, wheat and peanut. The limit of detection and that of quantification for the beef protein was 9.5 and 12.8 ng/ml, respectively. When the content of beef protein in pork- and chicken-based model processed foods containing varying amounts of beef were determined by this method, the recovery of beef protein agreed well with the actual ratio of added beef regardless of the processing conditions. Also, the amount of beef protein in several commercially processed foods could be reasonably determined and confirmed by this method.
Effect of a precooling maneuver on body temperature and exercise performance (1981)

Twelve subjects exercised to exhaustion at an ambient temperature of 18 degrees C on a bicycle ergometer with the load being stepwise increased. On one day, exercise was preceded by a precooling maneuver. In the precooling tests, deep body temperature attained values of about 1 degree C lower than in the control tests. There was no indication of metabolic cold defense reactions being evoked throughout the exercise period. In the precooling tests, heart rate was significantly lower than in the controls, but the mean maximum work rate, peak oxygen uptake (VO2), time to exhaustion, and total work were not reduced, i.e., work rate and VO2 were increased for a given heart rate. In the three subjects with the lowest maximum work rates, total work and exhaustion time and, in two cases, maximum work rate were increased after precooling. The onset of sweating occurred at higher work rates but at lower core, mean skin, and mean body temperature after precooling. However, the accumulated sweat secretion was considerably smaller after precooling, indicating less thermoregulatory effort.
Application of film bulk acoustic resonators (2003)

Multipole film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) bandpass filters are being designed and fabricated on various substrates, including silicon and GaAs. Capable performance has been demonstrated for the large number of system insertions within the low microwave (1-3 GHz) range. Progress in applying FBARs to microwave system applications is reviewed. Refinements in processing of critical piezoelectric films on semiconductor substrates have allowed filter development for specific products to begin. Key tradeoffs involve substrate choice and level of monolithic integration to meet performance and yield requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Broadband Design of Reflect-Array Antenna Using Genetic-Swarm-Optimization Method* (2007)

The printed reflect-array (RA) is widely used in satellite communication system as a good substitute for the parabolic reflector due to its low profile, easy fabrication, low cost and light weight, but its bandwidth and aperture efficiency are less than the latter. \nVarious optimization methods had been developed for antenna design. One kind of those evolutionary methods outperforms others due to their simple implementation, and no constraints on solution domain. Among them, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) can find global solution with slow convergence speed, while the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) converges fast with being easily trapped in local maxima. Thus, the combination of GA and PSO can realize global optimization with fast convergence. \nIn this paper, firstly the reflection phase vs. element sizes is analyzed; and also the phase- and amplitude-distribution of illuminated field at each element depending on the feed pattern and ray-path difference are calculated. Then the GSO algorithm with fast convergence is programmed and then run for the target of maximized gain with wider bandwidth as possible (> 20 %), and restriction of side-lobe-level (SLL< –15 dB), by means of adjusting the parameters as sizes and position of each element.
Experiments on interfaces to support query expansion (1997)

This paper focuses on the user and human‐computer interaction (HCI) aspects of the research based on the Okapi text retrieval system. Three experiments implementing different approaches to query expansion are described, highlighting the close relationship between the system’s functionality and different interface designs. The projects evaluated the retrieval effectiveness and usability of an automatic query expansion facility in a VT100 character‐based interface, and two different forms of interactive query expansion implemented in graphical user interface (GUI) environments with different windowing techniques. The experimental conditions, variables and constraints in undertaking operational user testing are discussed in relation to the interface features, and in terms of: the visibility of the system’s operations; the system/user control; and the cognitive load on the user. It is suggested that the quality and effectiveness of the search interaction for query expansion is dependent on resolving the tension between seemingly opposing interface and functional aspects, e.g. automatic vs interactive query expansion, explicit vs implicit use of a thesaurus, document vs query space.
Priority division: A high-speed shared-memory bus arbitration with bounded latency (2011)

In state-of-the-art multi-processor systems-on-chip (MPSoC), interconnect of processing elements has a major impact on the system's overall average-case and worst-case performance. Moreover, in real-time applications predictability of inter-chip communication latency is imperative for bounding the response time of the overall system. In shared-memory MPSoCs buses are still the prevalent means of on-chip communication for small to medium size chip-multi-processors (CMPs). Still, bus arbitration schemes employed in current architectures either deliver good average-case performance (i.e. maximize bus utilization) or enable tight bounding of worst-case-execution time. This paper presents a shared bus arbitration approach allowing high bus utilization while guaranteeing a fixed bandwidth per time frame to each master. Thus it provides high-performance to both realtime and any-time applications or even a mixture of both. The paper includes performance results obtained while executing random traffic on a shared bus implemented on a FPGA. The results show that our approach provides bus utilization close to static priority based arbitration, a fairer bandwidth distribution than Round Robin and latency guarantees identical to TDMA. With this it combines the best properties of these schemes.
Convolutional Neural Networks with Alternately Updated Clique (2018)

Improving information flow in deep networks helps to ease the training difficulties and utilize parameters more efficiently. Here we propose a new convolutional neural network architecture with alternately updated clique (CliqueNet). In contrast to prior networks, there are both forward and backward connections between any two layers in the same block. The layers are constructed as a loop and are updated alternately. The CliqueNet has some unique properties. For each layer, it is both the input and output of any other layer in the same block, so that the information flow among layers is maximized. During propagation, the newly updated layers are concatenated to re-update previously updated layer, and parameters are reused for multiple times. This recurrent feedback structure is able to bring higher level visual information back to refine low-level filters and achieve spatial attention. We analyze the features generated at different stages and observe that using refined features leads to a better result. We adopt a multiscale feature strategy that effectively avoids the progressive growth of parameters. Experiments on image recognition datasets including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN and ImageNet show that our proposed models achieve the state-of-the-art performance with fewer parameters.
Using Machine Learning (2019)

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been around since the 1960s. In those early days, computer scientists dreamed of intelligent computers that could think, but the reality proved far less breathtaking. The biggest obstacle to AI was that computer scientists had to mimic intelligence by anticipating all situations. In limited domains like chess, this worked, but when dealing with large amounts of data, this primitive solution failed because it’s impossible to anticipate all possible situations that might occur in most cases. That’s why the latest developments in AI focus less on hand coding all possibilities and focus more on machine learning.
Practical writing (1993)

In practical (or factual) writing assignments and questions you are given certain material which must be used in a practical, everyday situation indicated by the examiners' (or your employers') instructions. The exercises test your ability to write briefly, clearly and accurately. Because the instructions strictly control both the content and the purpose of your writing, practical writing is sometimes called 'directed writing'.
Analytical approach for strain and piezoelectric potential in conical self-assembled quantum dots (2008)

The problems of strain and piezoelectric effect are solved for a buried semiconductor quantum dot (QD) of conical shape with wetting layer, within continuum elastic model. Analytical results are obtained for the isotropic case of the elasticity. For the isotropic dielectric constant case, we provide an analytical expression of the piezoelectric potential. An extension of Eshelby’s [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 241, 376 (1957)] continuum elasticity theory of inclusions to QDs with wetting layers is adopted. The results for self-assembled InAs/GaAs QDs are compared with numerical results obtained with an atomistic model based on the valence force field method. We find good agreement between the results obtained with the two methods.
The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (2020)

Rheumatoid arthritis is a heterogeneous disease, which can be, based on data combining genetic risk factors and autoantibodies, sub-classified into ACPA-positive and -negative RA. Presence of ACPA and RF as well as rising CRP-levels in some patients years before onset of clinical symptoms indicate that relevant immune responses for RA development are initiated very early. ACPA are highly specific for RA, whereas RF can also be found among healthy (elderly) individuals and patients with other autoimmune diseases or infection. The most important genetic risk factor for RA development, the shared epitope alleles, resides in the MHC class II region. Shared epitope alleles, however, only predispose to the development of ACPA-positive RA. Smoking is thus far the most important environmental risk factor associated with the development of RA. Studies on synovitis have shown the importance not only of adaptive but also of innate immune responses. In summary of the various results from immunological changes in blood and synovial tissue, the extension of the immune response from a diffuse myeloid to a lympho-myeloid inflammation appears to be associated with a more successful therapeutic response to biologics. With respect to advances in synovitis research, new targets for treatment against pathological subsets of immune cells or fibroblasts are already on the horizon. However, alternative strategies involving the microbiome may play an important role as well and research in this field is growing rapidly.
Ambiguity in the Acquisition of Lexical Information (1995)

This paper describes an approach to the automatic identification of lexical information in on-line dictionaries. This approach uses bootstrapping techniques, specifically so that ambiguity in the dictionary text can be treated properly. This approach consists of processing an on-line dictionary multiple times, each time refining the lexical information previously acquired and identifying new lexical information. The strength of this approach is that lexical information can be acquired from definitions which are syntactically ambiguous, given that information acquired during the first pass can be used to improve the syntactic analysis of definitions in subsequent passes. In the context of a lexical knowledge base, the types of lexical information that need to be represented cannot be viewed as a fixed set, but rather as a set that will change given the resources of the lexical knowledge base and the requirements of analysis systems which access it.
Macrostore firmware emulation as an alternative to co-processors (1982)

Macrostores and co-processors are contrasting approaches to solving the problem of extending a microprocessor's instruction set to provide more features and enhance performance. The Texas Instruments 99000 microprocessor family is the first to offer macrostore capability with 1024 bytes of on-chip emulation ROM and 32 bytes of on-chip scratchpad RAM. The generic 99000 16-bit microprocessor and provides a complete general purpose instruction set plus 12 single precision floating point instructions. The 99110 is the first set of the 99000 processor family to be offered with macrostore. The Intel 8087 numeric data processor (NDP), designed for use with the Intel 8086 and 8088 microprocesors, is the first co-processor to be made available. This paper contrasts the two approaches, the 99110 single chip macrostore solution versus the 8086/8087 two-chip co-processors solution as alternative ways of enhancing processing power.
Logic and memory with nanocell circuits (2003)

Molecular electronics is an emerging field that seeks to build faster, cheaper, denser computers from nanoscale devices. The nanocell is a molecular electronics design wherein a random, self-assembled array of molecules and metallic nanoparticles is addressed by a relatively small number of input/output pins. The challenge then is to program the nanocell post-fabrication. We have previously demonstrated the ability to program individual simulated nanocells as logic gates. In this paper, we further explore the problem of programming nanocells and consider connecting nanocells into circuits using bistable latches at the interconnects. These latches are critical because they permit signal restoration. Simulated nanocell circuits for logic and memory are presented here.
Flashback: a lightweight extension for rollback and deterministic replay for software debugging (2004)

Tinzaparin may thus be administered in older patients with renal impairment, at a treatment dose (175 anti-Xa IU/kg/d) for a 10-day treatment period, without accumulation effect nor hemorrhagic side-effect in patients with creatinine clearance greater than 20 mL/min.
HoneyGen: An automated honeytokens generator (2011)

Honeytokens are artificial digital data items planted deliberately into a genuine system resource in order to detect unauthorized attempts to use information. The honeytokens are characterized by properties which make them appear as genuine data items. Honeytokens are also accessible to potential attackers who intend to violate an organization's security in an attempt to mine information in a malicious manner. One of the main challenges in generating honeytokens is creating data items that appear as real and that are difficult to distinguish from real tokens. In this paper we present “HoneyGen” - a novel method for generating honeytokens automatically. HoneyGen creates honeytokens that are similar to the real data by extrapolating the characteristics and properties of real data items. The honeytoken generation process consists of three main phases: rule mining in which various types of rules that characterize the real data are extracted from the production database; honeytoken generation in which an artificial relational database is generated based on the extracted rules; and the likelihood rating in which a score is calculated for each honeytoken based on its similarity to the real data. A Turing-like test was performed in order to evaluate the ability of the method to generate honeytokens that cannot be detected by humans as honeytokens. The results indicate that participants were unable to distinguish honeytokens having a high likelihood score from real tokens.
A Systematic Comprehensive Computational Model for Stake Estimation in Mission Assurance - Applying Cyber Security Econometrics System (CSES) to Mission Assurance Analysis Protocol (MAAP) (2010)

In earlier works, we presented a computational infrastructure that allows an analyst to estimate the security of a system in terms of the loss that each stakeholder stands to sustain as a result of security breakdowns. In this paper, we discuss how this infrastructure can be used in the subject domain of mission assurance as defined as the full life-cycle engineering process to identify and mitigate design, production, test, and field support deficiencies of mission success. We address the opportunity to apply the Cyberspace Security Econometrics System (CSES) to Carnegie Mellon University and Software Engineering Institute's Mission Assurance Analysis Protocol (MAAP) in this context.
Mediaprinting: Identifying Multimedia Content for Digital Rights Management (2010)

Encryption and watermarking are the most common techniques used to protect copyrighted multimedia content, but both have many limitations. Mediaprinting offers a reproducible and reliable alternative for digital rights management and related applications on the Internet.
Fecal β‐Defensin‐2 in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2009)

Defensins, endogenous antibiotic peptides, are part of the intestinal epithelial barrier. In this pilot study we analyzed the possibility of measuring fecal beta-defensin-2 (HBD2) in comparing inflammatory and noninflammatory conditions. In samples from healthy control individuals, low levels of HBD2 were detectable, which markedly rose under inflammatory conditions (P = 0.0002 vs normal control individuals), the highest levels being observed in patients with ulcerative colitis (median 356 ng/g, range 40-527). Despite frank inflammation, Crohn disease patients with colitis had significantly lower, albeit enhanced, HBD2 levels than did ulcerative colitis patients. These data confirm the possibility of quantifying HBD2 in feces and indicate that colitis in Crohn disease and colitis in ulcerative colitis differ from each other with respect to their ability to secrete HBD2.
Role and therapeutic potential of PI3K‐mTOR signaling in de novo resistance to BRAF inhibition (2011)

BRAF inhibition is highly active in BRAF-mutant melanoma, but the degree and duration of responses is quite variable. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of de novo resistance may lead to rational therapeutic strategies with improved efficacy. Proteomic analysis of BRAF-mutant, PTEN-wild-type human melanoma cell lines treated with PLX4720 demonstrated that sensitive and de novo resistant lines exhibit similar RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway inhibition, but the resistant cells exhibited durable activation of S6 and P70S6K. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin blocked activation of P70S6K and S6, but it also increased activation of AKT and failed to induce cell death. Combined treatment with rapamycin and PX-866, a PI3K inhibitor, blocked the activation of S6 and AKT and resulted in marked cell death when combined with PLX4720. The results support the rationale for combined targeting of BRAF and the PI3K-AKT pathways and illustrate how target selection will be critical to such strategies.
Bulk and surface micromachining of GaAs structures (2002)

Two separate schemes for bulk micromachining are presented together with experimental results on microfabricated cantilever beam structures indicating that conventional lithography and wet etching techniques can be used to produce geometrically well-defined, high-strength GaAs elements (fracture limits<or=4 GPa). A process scheme of surface micromachining is presented. The scheme is basically the same as for surface micromachining of polysilicon structures, but in a different materials system. It is realized by a combination of the multisequential epitaxy and the sacrificial layer technique used in the lift-off technique for epitaxial GaAs films. Some characteristics of surface micromachined GaAs structures are: single crystalline structures, wet etching may be used throughout, deposited layers are conformal to underlaying layers, low built-in stresses, and thick structures are possible.<<ETX>>
Nutritionally Induced Insulin Resistance and Receptor Defect Leading to β‐Cell Failure in Animal Models (1999)

Animals with genetically or nutritionally induced insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes comprise two groups: those with resilient beta-cells, e.g., ob/ob mice or fa/fa rats, capable of longstanding compensatory insulin hypersecretion and those with labile beta-cells in which the secretion pressure leads to beta-cell degranulation and apoptosis, e.g., db/db mice and Psammomys gerbils (sand rats). Psammomys features low insulin receptor density; on a relatively high energy diet it becomes hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic. In hyperinsulinemic clamp the hepatic glucose production is only partially suppressed by insulin, even in the normoglycemic state. The capacity of insulin to activate muscle and liver receptor tyrosine kinase is nearly abolished. GLUT4 content and mRNA are markedly reduced. Hyperinsulinemia was also demonstrated to inhibit insulin signaling and glucose transport in several other species. Among the factors affecting the insulin signaling pathway, phosphorylation of serine/threonine appears to be the prominent cause of receptor malfunction as inferred from the finding of overexpression of PKC epsilon isoforms in the muscle and liver of Psammomys. The insulin resistance syndrome progressing in animals with labile beta-cells to overt diabetes and beta-cell failure is a "thrifty gene" characteristic. This is probably also true for human populations emerging from food scarcity into nutritional affluence, inappropriate for their metabolic capacity. Thus, the nutritionally induced hyperinsulinemia, associated with PKC epsilon activation may be looked upon from the molecular point of view as "PKC epsilon overexpression syndrome."
Rubik's cubic compendium (1986)

Millions of people were -- and still are -- simultaneously bewildered, frustrated, and amazed by the problems posed by Rubik's cube. Co-written by the cube's inventor, this book serves as a comprehensive guide to the cube for both the puzzler and the mathematician. The book reveals the wealth of fascinating mathematics concealed within the cube's apparently simple operation, and even those who have solved the cube will discover a vast number of new ideas and possibilities.