gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling Neuronal Activity (2008)

With a new technology called optogenetics, it is possible to turn neuronal activity on and off in distinct neuronal populations, using cell-type specific, optically-sensitive, molecular, neuronal activity "switches." These "switches" are microbial, light-sensitive ion conductance-regulating proteins, exemplified by channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR). They are individually introduced into neuronal populations in the brain and become part of the cellular machinery. Ion flux-regulating activity of these “switches” can be controlled externally with light pulses. ChR2 is a cation channel that allows sodium ions to pass into a neuron after it has been activated by approximately 470 nm blue light (thereby increasing activity of the neuron and increasing action potentials). NpHR is a chloride pump that transfers chloride anions into the neuron after it has been activated by approximately 580 nm yellow light (thereby increasing accumulation of negative charge inside the cell and suppressing activity of the neuron). For application of this technology, light of the proper wavelength is delivered to the brain region of interest using a fiberoptic-based system or a light-emitting diode (LED). ChR2 and NpHR can be controlled independently to either increase action-potential firing of specific target neurons or to suppress neural activity, respectively, in intact tissue. In animal experiments, the LED or fiberoptic can be tethered to an external power source with lightweight flexible connectors, allowing stimulation during normal, freely moving behavior. The genes encoding these proteins are introduced into the brain with viral vectors and are expressed in distinct populations of neurons in vivo using specific DNA promoters fused to the gene, thereby guiding expression only in the cell type of choice.
NVM neuromorphic core with 64k-cell (256-by-256) phase change memory synaptic array with on-chip neuron circuits for continuous in-situ learning (2015)

We demonstrate a neuromorphic core with 64k-cell phase change memory (PCM) synaptic array (256 axons by 256 dendrites) with in-situ learning capability. 256 configurable on-chip neuron circuits perform leaky integrate and fire (LIF) and synaptic weight update based on spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). 2T-1R PCM unit cell design separates LIF and STDP learning paths, minimizing neuron circuit size. The circuit implementation of STDP learning algorithm along with 2T-1R structure enables both LIF and STDP learning to operate asynchronously and simultaneously within the array, avoiding additional complication and power consumption associated with timing schemes. We show hardware demonstration of in-situ learning with large representational capacity, enabled by large array size and analog synaptic weights of PCM cells.
Four-terminal electrical testing device (1987)

The invention relates to a four-terminal electrical connector device for testing and measuring unknown resistances of initiators used for starting pyrotechnic events aboard the space shuttle. The testing device minimizes contact resistance degradation effects and so improves the reliability of resistance measurements taken with the device. Separate and independent voltage sensing and current supply circuits each include a pair of socket contacts for mating engagement with the pins of the initiator. The unknown resistance that is measured by the device is the resistance of the bridgewire of the initiator which is required to be between 0.95 and 1.15 ohms.
A circuit level implementation of an adaptive issue queue for power-aware microprocessors (2001)

Article A circuit level implementation of an adaptive issue queue for power-aware microprocessors Share on Authors: Alper Buyuktosunoglu University of Rochester, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester, NY University of Rochester, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester, NYView Profile , David Albonesi University of Rochester, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester, NY University of Rochester, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester, NYView Profile , Stanley Schuster IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NYView Profile , David Brooks IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NYView Profile , Pradip Bose IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NYView Profile , Peter Cook IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NYView Profile Authors Info & Claims GLSVLSI '01: Proceedings of the 11th Great Lakes symposium on VLSIMarch 2001 Pages 73–78https://doi.org/10.1145/368122.368807Online:01 March 2001Publication History 63citation474DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations63Total Downloads474Last 12 Months11Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Phasing Concept For An Array Of Mutually Coherent Laser Transmitters (1987)

A concept is described for phasing the outputs of a multiple telescope array used as a laser transmitter. The technique uses samples of the transmitted beams to control optical path lengths through the separate telescopes so that the beams add constructively at the receiver. The phasing concept is applicable both to systems that provide inputs to the multiple telescopes by dividing a single laser beam and to systems in which the inputs to the telescopes are multiple, phase-locked laser beams. The approach is also compatible with single line and multiline lasers and does not entail stringent alignment requirements. The concept uses a three-step procedure to find the zero optical path difference condition and to effect fine control of the optical path lengths through the different telescopes. Algorithms are described for estimating the phase mismatch from focal plane measurements. The technique is susceptible to errors induced by local aberrations within the individual telescopes. The errors and one possible solution, the use of redundant measurements, are discussed. Performance requirements for a phased-array laser transmitter are described.
Abstract 15428: Development of Instability in QT Interval Dynamics Before the Onset of Ventricular Fibrillation (2011)

INTRODUCTION: Experimental evidence indicates that unstable repolarization dynamics plays an important role in the initiation of ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, assessing repolarization instability before VF onset in the clinic remains a daunting task. HYPOTHESIS: The QT interval (QTI) in the ECG is a manifestation of ventricular repolarization. We have developed and reported a novel algorithm that detects instability in QTI dynamics. We hypothesize that QTI dynamics tends to become unstable in the approach to VF onset. METHODS: One hour-long ECG recordings (one per patient) were collected right before VF onset from 17 patients admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital, and were assembled into a VF group. From each of the 11 patients who did not have cardiac events, one hour-long ECG was randomly selected and assembled into a CONTROL group. All ECGs were subdivided into 1-min episodes termed minECGs. The latter were annotated to obtain QTI and RR intervals (RRIs). Each QTI within a given minECG was defined as a function of QTIs and RRIs of several prior beats. The stability of this function, which describes QTI dynamics of the given minECG, was determined dichotomously in the z-domain. For both VF and COTROL groups, the number of patients who had unstable QTI dynamics, N, was counted every five minutes. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the trends in the value of N in both groups. Paired t-test was used to compare N between VF and CONTROL groups. RESULTS: Linear regression results show a significant increase (p=0.002, R2=0.62) in the value of N in the VF group (Figure) but not in CONTROL (p=0.43). In the VF group, N increased from 7 (first 5 minutes) to 13 (last 5 minutes). The mean N of the VF group (9.33±1.8) was significantly (p CONCLUSONS: More VF patients had unstable QTI dynamics as compared to CONTROL patients. QTI dynamics has a tendency to become unstable in the approach to VF onset.
Multimodal imaging system for dental caries detection (2007)

Dental caries is a disease in which minerals of the tooth are dissolved by surrounding bacterial plaques. A caries process present for some time may result in a caries lesion. However, if it is detected early enough, the dentist and dental professionals can implement measures to reverse and control caries. Several optical, nonionized methods have been investigated and used to detect dental caries in early stages. However, there is not a method that can singly detect the caries process with both high sensitivity and high specificity. In this paper, we present a multimodal imaging system that combines visible reflectance, fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging. This imaging system is designed to obtain one or more two-dimensional images of the tooth (reflectance and fluorescence images) and a three-dimensional OCT image providing depth and size information of the caries. The combination of two- and three-dimensional images of the tooth has the potential for highly sensitive and specific detection of dental caries.
Organoclay Assemblies and Their Properties as Triphase Catalysts (1992)

Organo hectorite clays interlayered with quaternary ammonium ions containing one long alkyl chain and three short chains exhibit a basal spacing (~18 Å) indicative of a bilayer assembly in which the axis of the long chain lies parallel to the silicate sheets. For hectorite derivatives in which the onium ion contains two or more long alkyl chains, more expanded "trimolecular" structures are adopted, as judged from basal spacings of ~21 Å. Both types of organo clay assemble as thin, membrane-like films at the interface of a water/toluene emulsion. The organo clay-stabilized emulsions are exceptionally active catalysts for the conversion of an alkyl bromide to the corresponding nitrile. In addition, a variety of other nucleophilic displacement processes can be catalyzed under triphasic reaction conditions in the presence of organo hectorites, including alcohol oxidations, C-alkylations of nitriles, and the conversion of alkyl bromides to thiocyanates, sulfides, and ethers.
Baseline Sensitivity for 2-D Magnetoquasistatic Through-the-Wall Position Sensing (2021)

Magnetoquasistatic (MQS) fields are not significantly disturbed by dielectrics and have been demonstrated for accurate position sensing in GPS-denied or occluded indoor environments. Previous experiments utilizing the Through-the-Wall technique have verified average position accuracies of under 1m inside a residential house under specific configurations [1] . This abstract will demonstrate the sensitivity of the MQS system baseline and how the 2-D indoor position errors increase as the separation between transmitter nodes decreases. The primary purpose of this work is to advance the understanding of transmitter node placement and mounting limitations on a fire-truck or fire-engine for emergency first responder applications and the effects on the sensitivity of the tracking accuracy. Due to practical lengths of the fire-truck, maximum baselines of about 9m and minimum baselines of about 5m are expected.
Trophoblast-specific processing and phosphorylation of pregnancy- associated glycoprotein-1 in day 15 to 25 sheep placenta (1996)

Bovine and ovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins-1 (PAG-1) are products of binucleate trophoblast cells and belong to the aspartic proteinase gene family. Estimates of their relative molecular masses have varied considerably, from 47 to 90 kDa, even though the mature polypeptide has been inferred to be no more than 330 amino acids in length and that the glycosylated recombinant form synthesized in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or COS-1 cells had an apparent mass of 46 kDa. To establish the relationships among the various molecular forms, metabolic labeling, immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic analysis were used to follow the biosynthesis of ovine PAG-1 (ovPAG-1) in placental explants. In time-course studies, ovPAG-1 could first be detected within 10 min as a 70-kDa form within the tissue. With time, forms of intermediate (53-61 kDa) and low (47 kDa) molecular mass began to accumulate. The latter predominated in medium after 6 h labeling. Pulse chase studies established that the 70-kDa forms were the precursors of the smaller species. Inhibition of glycosylation with tunicamycin or treatment with N-glycosidase F confirmed that ovPAG-1 contained N-linked oligosaccharide chains, but that this carbohydrate accounted for only a relatively small fraction (8-10 kDa) of the apparent mass. Consecutive treatment with neuraminidase and O-glycanase also reduced the apparent molecular mass of the precursor by approximately 11 kDa. OvPAG-1 incorporated 32P from [32P]orthophosphate into phosphoserine and phosphothreonine, but there was no incorporation of 35S from [35S]sulfate. The basis of the differences in molecular mass between the precursor and the final products remains to be elucidated, but the differences seem likely to be due to some unusual form of posttranslational modification introduced in the binucleate cell. The results of the study appear to explain the disparate size values that have been reported for these placenta-derived proteins.
Overhead Lines Lightning Protection by Multi-Chamber Arresters and Insulator-Arresters (2010)

Reported are results of research and development of multi-chamber arresters and insulators that combine characteristics of insulators and arresters. The devices permit to protect overhead power lines rated at 3 to 35 kV and above against induced overvoltages and direct lightning strokes without using shield wire.
Potent antagonists of vasopressin antidiuretic activity that lack the .beta.,.beta.-cyclopentamethylene-.beta.-mercaptopropionic acid substitution at position 1 (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPotent antagonists of vasopressin antidiuretic activity that lack the .beta.,.beta.-cyclopentamethylene-.beta.-mercaptopropionic acid substitution at position 1Nelson C. F. Yim, Michael L. Moore, William F. Huffman, Heidi G. Bryan, Hsin Lan Chang, Lewis B. Kinter, Richard Edwards, Frans L. Stassen, Dulcie Schmidt, and Grace HeckmanCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 12, 2425–2426Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00162a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00162a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views66Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monotonic models for real-time dynamic malware detection (2018)

In dynamic malware analysis, programs are classified as malware or benign based on their execution logs. We propose a concept of applying monotonic classification models to the analysis process, to make the trained model's predictions consistent over execution time and provably stable to the injection of any noise or `benign-looking' activity into the program's behavior. The predictions of such models change monotonically through the log in the sense that the addition of new lines into the log may only increase the probability of the file being found malicious, which make them suitable for real-time classification on a user's machine. We evaluate monotonic neural network models based on the work by Chistyakovet al. (2017) and demonstrate that they provide stable and interpretable results.
Microtitration plate enzyme immunoassay to detect PCR-amplified DNA from Candida species in blood (1995)

We developed a microtitration plate enzyme immunoassay to detect PCR-amplified DNA from Candida species. Nucleotide sequences derived from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal rDNA were used to develop species-specific oligonucleotide probes for Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei. No cross-hybridization was detected with any other fungal, bacterial, or human DNAs tested. In contrast, a C. (Torulopsis) glabrata probe cross-reacted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA but with no other DNAs tested. Genomic DNA purified from C. albicans blastoconidia suspended in blood was amplified by PCR with fungus-specific universal primers ITS3 and ITS4. With the C. albicans-specific probe labeled with digoxigenin, a biotinylated capture probe, and streptavidin-coated microtitration plates, amplified DNA from a few as two C. albicans cells per 0.2 ml of blood could be detected by enzyme immunoassay.
Self-Cleaning Membranes from Comb-Shaped Copolymers with Photoresponsive Side Groups (2017)

In this study, we present a novel self-cleaning, photoresponsive membrane that is capable of removing predeposited foulant layers upon changes in surface morphology in response to UV or visible light irradiation while maintaining stable pore size and water permeance. These membranes were prepared by creating thin film composite (TFC) membranes by coating a porous support membrane with a thin layer of novel comb-shaped graft copolymers at two side-chain lengths featuring polyacrylonitrile (PAN) backbones and photoreactive side chains, synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Photoregulated control over membrane properties is attained through a light-induced transition, where the side chains switch between a hydrophobic spiropyran (SP) state and a zwitterionic, hydrophilic merocyanine (MC) state. The light-induced switch between the SP and MC forms changes surface hydrophilicity and causes morphological changes on the membrane surface as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Before any phototreatment, the as-coated membrane surface comprises mostly hydrophobic SP groups that allow the adsorption of organic solutes such as proteins the membrane surface, reducing flow rate. Once exposed to UV light, conversion of the SP groups to hydrophilic MC groups leads to the release of adsorbed molecules and the full recovery of the initial water flux. A fouled membrane in the more hydrophilic MC form is also capable of self-cleaning upon conversion to the less hydrophilic SP form by visible light irradiation. The self-cleaning behavior observed for this system, where the surface became less hydrophilic but also experienced a morphological change, demonstrates a novel mechanism that has a mechanical component in addition to the changes in hydrophilicity. It is also the first report, to our knowledge, of self-cleaning performance accompanied by a decrease in hydrophilicity.
Combined-media video tracking for summarization (2001)

Video summarization is receiving increasing attention due to the large amount of video content made available on the Internet. In this paper we present a novel idea to track video from multiple sources for video summarization. An algorithm that takes advantage of both video and close caption text information for video scene clustering is described. Experimental results are given followed by discussion on future directions.
Changes in Seizure Threshold Over the Course of Electroconvulsive Therapy Affect Therapeutic Response and Are Detected by Ictal EEG Ratings (1998)

Therapeutic effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy is influenced by the degree to which the stimulus intensity exceeds the seizure threshold. However, the threshold rises variably over the treatment course, confounding maintenance of desired relative stimulus intensity. In 47 depressed patients, decreases in relative stimulus intensity between treatments 1 and 6 were associated with diminished therapeutic response at treatment 6 for unilateral (UL) ECT. A multivariate model including manual ratings of ictal EEG data predicted whether seizure threshold rose with 82% accuracy. The same EEG variables were also significantly related to therapeutic response. Thus, decreases in relative stimulus intensity over the ECT course affect the therapeutic potency of UL ECT. Further, ictal EEG indices have considerable potential for predicting such stimulus intensity changes and their effect on therapeutic outcome.
Tunable, long-wavelength PtSi/SiGe/Si Schottky diode infrared detectors (1995)

We have fabricated p-type PtSi/SiGe/Si Schottky diodes with barrier heights (from photoresponse) that are lowered (relative to PtSi/Si) and highly dependent on the applied bias. The variability in the barrier height is obtained by using the SiGe/Si valence band offset as an additional barrier. When placed in close proximity to the PtSi/SiGe Schottky barrier, the total effective barrier can be altered dramatically by adjusting the applied reverse bias. The voltage sensitivity of the total barrier height can be controlled by the SiGe layer thickness. The voltage-variable barrier heights range, for example, from 0.30 eV at zero bias to 0.12 eV at 2.4 V reverse bias for a 20%, 450 Å thick SiGe layer. This lowest barrier height corresponds to a cutoff wavelength of 10 μm, extending the detection range of PtSi infrared detectors to the long-wavelength range. The quantum efficiency coefficients C1 are normal at this long-wavelength end, but reduced over the rest of the tunable range, because hot carriers have to traverse the entire SiGe thickness in order to be detected. The hot carriers’ energy losses from quasielastic scattering in the SiGe are taken into account in a theoretical model that gives good agreement with data.
Electrochemical Aminoxyl-Mediated Oxidation of Primary Alcohols in Lignin to Carboxylic Acids: Polymer Modification and Depolymerization (2019)

An electrochemical process has been developed for chemoselective oxidation of primary alcohols in lignin to the corresponding carboxylic acids. The electrochemical oxidation reactions proceed under mildly basic conditions and employ 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and 4-acetamido-TEMPO (ACT) as catalytic mediators. Lignin model compounds and related alcohols are used to conduct structure-reactivity studies that provide insights into the origin of the reaction selectivity. The method is applied to the oxidation of lignin extracted from poplar wood chips via a mild acidolysis method, and the reaction affords a novel polyelectrolyte material. Gel permeation chromatography data for the oxidized lignin shows that this material has a molecular weight and molecular weight distribution very similar to that of the extracted lignin, but notable differences are also evident. Base titration reveals a significant increase in the acid content, and the oxidized lignin has much higher water solubility relative to the extracted lignin. Treatment of the oxidized lignin under acidic conditions results in depolymerization of the material into characterized aromatic monomers in nearly 30 wt% yield.