gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dehydroepiandrosterone: Kinetics of Metabolism in Normal Men and Women* (1978)

The single injection and constant infusion techniques were utilized to study the kinetics of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) metabolism and its peripheral conversion to several other C19-steroids including C19-steroid sulfates. The MCRs (mean +/- SEM) for normal men and normal women were 1866 +/- 144 and 1901 +/- 87 liters/24 h, respectively. The single injection technique yielded values for rate constants (units) and volumes of distribution (1) as follows: K1, 42.6 +/- 7.7 for men and 37.1 +/- 5.0 for women; K2, 64.3 +/- 11.2 for men and 55.5 +/- 5.0 for women; K2, 64.3 +/- 11.2 for men and 55.5 +/- 5.0 for women; V1, 38.5 +/- 6.0 for men and 33.7 +/- 2.5 for women; V2, 30.4 +/- 7.3 for men and 27.5 +/- 9.9 for women. The constant infusion technique yielded values for the conversion ratios for the transformation of DHEA to several products: delta 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol to DHEA of 0.10 +/- 0.01 for men and 0.16 +/- 0.03 for women, delta 4-androstenedione to DHEA of 0.04 +/- 0.01 for men and 0.07 +/- 0.02 for women, DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) to DHEA of 6.36 +/- 0.81 for men and 10.09 +/- 0.87 for women, delta 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol sulfate to DHEA of 0.42 +/- 0.06 for men and 0.50 +/- 0.04 for women, and androsterone sulfate to DHEA of 1.11 +/- 0.13 for men and 2.06 +/- 0.18 for women. The ratios for the conversion to DHEA sulfate and androsterone sulfate were significantly higher for women than men. The plasma concentrations of DHEA were 8.50 +/- 0.95 and 8.75 +/- 1.01 ng/ml for men and women, respectively. The calculated production rates for DHEA were 16.34 +/- 2.66 and 16.19 +/- 1.78 mg/24 h for men and women, respectively. There was no sex difference in the binding of DHEA to plasma proteins and this is reflected in the lack of sex difference in the MCRs. Calculations indicate that DHEA is a major precursor of circulating delta 5-diol.
An Unmanned Aircraft for Dropwindsonde Deployment and Hurricane Reconnaissance (1993)

The prototype of a remotely piloted aircraft designed for research and operational reconnaissance of tropical cyclones has been developed and successfully test flown. Using modern aerodynamic and materials technology, the operational aircraft will by 1994 be capable of sustained operations at altitudes up to 20 km and of deploying large numbers of frangible dropwindsondes. We discuss the potential of such vehicles for making significant improvements of hurricane forecasts and for enhancing the database used in operational weather forecasts, atmospheric research, and climate monitoring.
Memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease: implications for development of therapeutics (2008)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by a constellation of cognitive disturbances, the earliest and most prominent being impaired episodic memory. Episodic memory refers to the memory system that allows an individual to consciously retrieve a previously experienced item or episode of life. Many recent studies have focused on characterizing how AD pathology impacts particular aspects of episodic memory and underlying mental and neural processes. This review summarizes the findings of those studies and discusses the effects of current and promising treatments for AD on episodic memory. The goal of this review is to raise awareness of the strides that cognitive neuroscientists have made in understanding intact and dysfunctional memory. Knowledge of the specific memorial processes that are impaired in AD may be of great value to basic scientists developing novel therapies and to clinical researchers assessing the efficacy of those therapies.
Precision and accuracy in isotope ratio measurements by plasma source mass spectrometry (1998)

Precise and accurate isotope ratio measurements are an important task in many applications such as isotope dilution mass spectrometry, bioavailability studies or the determination of isotope variations in geological and cosmic samples. There is much more interest in ICP-MS for isotope ratio determinations at present compared with GDMS, which is preferred for the direct measurement of the isotopic composition of metallic solid samples. Spectroscopic interferences and a limited abundance sensitivity can influence the accuracy of isotope ratio determinations by GDMS and ICP-MS. In addition, in ICP-MS the space charge effect always influences the accuracy and a nozzle separation effect may also contribute to the total mass bias. Using a quadrupole ICP-MS the mass discrimination per mass unit can be >10% for elements with mass numbers <10, about 1–5% for mass numbers in the range of 20–120 and only <1% for heavier elements. Mass discrimination is strongly dependent on the potential of the different lenses of the ion optics and on the nebulizer gas flow. Even in magnetic sector field ICP-MS instruments a distinct mass discrimination is observed. Different procedures such as calibration by substances of consistent natural isotopic composition of the same or a neighbouring element and by isotopic standard reference materials, respectively, in combination with various mathematical functions, linear and exponential ones, are used for mass bias correction. In addition to the ion counting statistics, stability of the ion current is one of the most important topics which influences the precision of isotope ratio determinations. Magnetic sector field instruments, producing flat topped peak shapes, coupled with a multi-collector system for simultaneous measurement of different isotopes achieve the best relative standard deviation in the range of typically 0.005–0.02%, which is only comparable with precisions obtained by TIMS. However, ICP-TOFMS also has the potential for similar results. Typical relative standard deviations for other types of plasma source mass spectrometers for isotope ratio determinations are as follows: GDMS 0.1–1, quadrupole ICP-MS 0.1–0.5, and high resolution ICP-MS 0.05–0.2%.
TRIED AND TESTED (2000)

SUBTITLE: WHEN YOU ARE NEXT SITTING IN AN AIRLINER HIGH ABOVE THE WORLD'S LESS HOSPITABLE TERRAIN, SPARE A MOMENT TO APPRECIATE ITS RELIABILITY. STUART BIRCH EXPLORES THE RIGOUR AND INGENUITY THAT DELIVER SUCH CAPABILITY HOUR AFTER HOUR, DAY AFTER DAY.
Thermal Protection of Newborns: The World Health Organization Guidelines Need to Include Clear and Feasible Options for Low-Resource Settings (2021)

Backgorund: Hypothermia in babies may increase mortality, directly or indirectly, by potentiating the effect of the other morbidities. Guidelines published by The World health organization (WHO) on newborn health (2015) may be inadequate to address the issue in a low-resource setting. To be relevant in such a context, they should be user-friendly for the trainers of health workers (HW) who may be responsible for interpreting the recommendations and training the HW. Text: According to earlier guidelines (2013), ‘No randomized or quasi-randomized trial that evaluated the impact of keeping infants warm after discharge (hospital births) or after 24 hours (home births) was identified’. However, kangaroo mother care (KMC), a strong recommendation with moderate-quality evidence, and thermal protection are inseparable, as the most crucial component of KMC is skin-to-skin contact, which keeps a baby warm. A HW may be surprised when the guidelines or the basis change and, the move comes at a time when the earlier guidelines (1993) are just finding roots in patient care practices. Current guidelines are based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, where randomized trials assume more importance. The guidelines recommend the following methods to keep infants warm after birth: KMC (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence), intermittent KMC (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence), and radiant warmers or incubators (strong recommendation, very low-quality evidence). The divergence between the evidence and the recommendations may be difficult for the HW to comprehend. Conclusions: The guidelines for postnatal care need to be revisited and revised so that clear and feasible options for keeping infants warm in low-resource settings are offered. Besides KMC, warm rooms, heated mattresses, plastic wraps and Styrofoam boxes may be suggested.  What is already known about this subject? • In the absence of a randomized or quasi-randomized trial that evaluated the impact of keeping infants warm, there are fewer options in a low-resource setting.  • They include Kangaroo mother care and incubators/radiant warmers. What does this study add? • Options that may not have been supported by randomized trials but have consistent results may be suggested. • They include warm rooms, heated mattresses, plastic wraps and Styrofoam boxes. • In future revisions, the level of evidence should be paired with the recommendations. How might this impact on clinical practice or future developments? The health worker may choose the most feasible option at home or at a facility.
The endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways in plants (2009)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which all eukaryotic cells preserve the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the face of accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Plants possess at least two signaling pathways specific for UPR. ER membrane-bound ER stress sensor/transducers, AtbZIP60 and AtbZIP28, are basic leucine zipper transcription factors that are activated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis systems and regulate transcription of the UPR genes. These signaling pathways play important roles not only in the UPR but also in other biological processes such as the response to pathogens and heat stress.
[Implants of carotid body cells as a treatment alternative for Parkinson disease]. (1999)

The appearance of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in a large number of parkinsonian patients treated with levodopa, has promoted the development of new therapeutical approaches. Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus medialis results in a marked improvement of parkinsonism and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. However, this approach does no delay the progression of the disease. Transplantation of dopamine-releasing cells might represent an advantage as these cells could replace the loss of dopaminergic neurons occurring in Parkinson's disease. This article reviews the main results obtained in experimental models of Parkinson's disease and in humans using different types of dopaminergic cells. The advantages and limitations of this treatment are also discussed.
Full-chip optical proximity correction using lithography simulation (1998)

The application of Optical Proximity Correction for improving uniformity of printed dimensions at sub-half-micron resolution in a 0.35 micron CMOS process is described. Results are presented in terms of measurements made on polysilicon gates, at different pitches, which are compared to the uncorrected case. The impact of photomask and stepper lens qualities on dimensional control are also considered. Results presented are at the demonstrator stage but strategy for implementation in production is discussed.
Race/Ethnic and Sex Differences in the Association of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors (2018)

Race/ethnic minorities are less likely to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors despite higher body mass index and ASCVD risk. These findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive recommendations to improve cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk populations, particularly minority women.
Design of a navigator for a Testbed Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (1989)

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) are a subject of study at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). This thesis discusses the formulation of a navigator for the Testbed AUV being constructed at NPS. The navigator being proposed estimates the position of the vehicle using measurable dynamic parameters. The estimate is refined by an observation of position using sonar. The effects of set, drift and sonar noise are minimized using a filter. A simulation to test the AUV is also provided to test the effectiveness of the navigator through a range of noise environments. The simulation is an extension of the work of LT C.A. Hartley who modeled a more complex sonar to detect motion over the ground for a station keeping AUV.
PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR DENGUE FEVER AND SEVERE DENGUE (2015)

Predictive models based in symptomatology of suspected dengue patients seeking medical care in Honduras. The models based on logistic regression models predicted the outcomes of dengue fever/ severe dengue. Sensitivity and specificity are discussed. It also describe the level of agreement between Honduran classification of severe dengue and the ones based on World Health Organization guidelines of 1997 and 2009.
Soldiers are the Ones Experiencing This Pain, I Mean the Conscripted Privates … (1998)

I was alone as I passed through the entrance gate into the barracks. We were trained for war. We were given Kirikkale-made guns during basic training and G3 guns at our proficiency units. The guns were registered in our names. If anything happened to the guns, we couldn't afford to pay for them because they were old, historical guns. If the Turkish army is so powerful, why are old guns like that still being used? I liked the morning exercises. It made us feel fit. Exercising during hot weather was a problem. It would have been quite unpleasant if we weren't close to the water. Before the lots were drawn, we were asked if we had a brother serving in the East or if we had an acquaintance who was a member of the Grand National Assembly, a commander or an officer. This was probably to give us a final chance. Among the soldiers in our squad, nine out of ten were sent to the East and one to Cyprus. When they assigned "Gaziantep" for me, I was glad. Gaziantep was not in the Emergency Rule Zone. There were soldiers with all sorts of political beliefs. The ultranationalists were defending nationalism, but they were trying their best not to be sent to the East.KeywordsMilitary ServiceCivilian LifeEntrance GateReligious HolidayExperience Water ShortageThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
[Overexpression of HCCR in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and its clinical significance]. (2007)

人宫颈癌基因(HCCR)是新近确定的一种癌基因,定位于人染色体12q,编码HCCR-1和HCCR-2两种蛋白[1].HCCR不仅在宫颈癌组织中表达,而且在人其他肿瘤如白血病、淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、肾癌、胃癌、结肠癌、肝癌和子宫癌中均有过度表达[2],可作为肝癌及乳腺癌诊断的标志物[3]。
The role of perceived spatial separation in the unmasking of speech (1999)

Spatial separation of speech and noise in an anechoic space creates a release from masking that often improves speech intelligibility. However, the masking release is severely reduced in reverberant spaces. This study investigated whether the distinct and separate localization of speech and interference provides any perceptual advantage that, due to the precedence effect, is not degraded by reflections. Listeners' identification of nonsense sentences spoken by a female talker was measured in the presence of either speech-spectrum noise or other sentences spoken by a second female talker. Target and interference stimuli were presented in an anechoic chamber from loudspeakers directly in front and 60 degrees to the right in single-source and precedence-effect (lead-lag) conditions. For speech-spectrum noise, the spatial separation advantage for speech recognition (8 dB) was predictable from articulation index computations based on measured release from masking for narrow-band stimuli. The spatial separation advantage was only 1 dB in the lead-lag condition, despite the fact that a large perceptual separation was produced by the precedence effect. For the female talker interference, a much larger advantage occurred, apparently because informational masking was reduced by differences in perceived locations of target and interference.
Calculation of a Complete Enzymic Reaction Surface:  Reaction and Activation Free Energies for Hydride-Ion Transfer in Dihydrofolate Reductase (2007)

We present a two-dimensional grid method for the calculation of complete free-energy surfaces for enzyme reactions using a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) potential within the semiempirical (PM3) QM approximation. This implementation is novel in that parallel processing with multiple trajectories (replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations) is used to sample configuration space. The free energies at each grid point are computed using the thermodynamic integration formalism. From the free-energy surface, the minimum free-energy pathway for the reaction can be defined, and the computed activation and reaction energies can be compared with experimental values. We illustrate its use in a study of the hydride-transfer step in the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate catalyzed by Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase with bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cofactor. We investigated the effects of changing the QM region, ionization state of the conserved active-site Asp27 residue, and polarization contributions to the activation and reaction free energy. The results clearly show the necessity for including the complete substrate and cofactor molecules in the QM region, and the importance of the overall protein (MM) electrostatic environment in determining the free energy of the transition state (TS) and products relative to reactants. For the model with ionized Asp27, its inclusion in the QM region is essential. We found that the reported [Garcia-Viloca, M.; Truhlar, D. G.; Gao, J. J. Mol. Biol. 2003, 327, 549] stabilization of the TS due to polarization is an artifact that can be attributed to truncation of the electrostatic interactions between the QM and MM atoms. For neutral (protonated) Asp27, our calculated reaction free energy of -4 ± 2 kcal/mol agrees well with the experimental value of -4.4 kcal/mol, although the corresponding activation free-energy estimate is still high at 21 ± 2 kcal/mol compared with the experimental value of 13.4 kcal/mol. The results are less supportive of the ionized Asp27 model, which gives rise to a much higher activation barrier and favors the reverse reaction.
Factor B Is the Second Lipopolysaccharide-binding Protease Zymogen in the Horseshoe Crab Coagulation Cascade (2015)

Factor B is a serine-protease zymogen in the horseshoe crab coagulation cascade, and it is the primary substrate for activated factor C, the LPS-responsive initiator of the cascade. Factor C is autocatalytically activated to α-factor C on LPS and is artificially converted to β-factor C, another activated form, by chymotrypsin. It is not known, however, whether LPS is required for the activation of factor B. Here we found that wild-type factor B expressed in HEK293S cells is activated by α-factor C, but not by β-factor C, in an LPS-dependent manner and that β-factor C loses the LPS binding activity of factor C through additional cleavage by chymotrypsin within the N-terminal LPS-binding region. Surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance analyses revealed that wild-type factor B binds to LPS with high affinity comparable with that of factor C, demonstrating that factor B is the second LPS-binding zymogen in the cascade. An LPS-binding site of wild-type factor B was found in the N-terminal clip domain, and the activation rate of a clip domain deletion mutant was considerably slower than that of wild-type factor B. Moreover, in the presence of LPS, Triton X-100 inhibited the activation of wild-type factor B by α-factor C. We conclude that the clip domain of factor B has an important role in localizing factor B to the surface of Gram-negative bacteria or LPS released from bacteria to initiate effective proteolytic activation by α-factor C.
Low-complexity indexing method for Z/sup n/ and D/sub n/ lattice quantizers (1998)

Code vector indexing is a key problem in lattice quantization applications. In order to solve this problem, we propose a method based on the idea of a coding table encompassing a set of points as small as possible. Our method works for both spherical and pyramidal code books. It provides a good tradeoff between computational complexity and storage requirements.
Automated generation of statistical test cases from UML state diagrams (2002)

The adoption of the object-oriented (OO) technology for the development of critical software raises important testing issues. This paper addresses one of these issues: how to create effective tests from OO specification documents? More precisely, the paper describes a technique that adapts a probabilistic method, called statistical functional testing, to the generation of test cases from UML state diagrams, using transition coverage as the testing criterion. Emphasis is put on defining an automatic way to produce both the input values and the expected outputs. The technique is automated with the aid of the Rational Software Corporation's Rose RealTime tool. An industrial case study from the avionics domain, formally specified and implemented in Java, is used to illustrate the feasibility of the technique at the subsystem level. Results of first test experiments are presented to exemplify the fault revealing power of the created statistical test cases.
Kinetics of silicide-induced crystallization of polycrystalline thin-film transistors fabricated from amorphous chemical-vapor deposition silicon (1998)

Self-aligned, n-channel, polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors with 15 μm channels were fabricated by recrystallizing amorphous silicon for 6 h at 500 °C. A thin nickel silicide at the source and drain was used to seed the crystallization. The channel mobility was initially 87 cm2/V s, and improved to 170 cm2/V s after hydrogenating the devices. The recrystallization velocity in the channel was measured optically and electrically, and found to be 3.5×10−8 cm/s; this value exceeds by two orders of magnitude the solid-phase epitaxial regrowth rate of amorphous silicon. This observation, together with the low activation energy of 0.3 eV measured for the silicide-assisted regrowth velocity as compared to 2.76 eV for epitaxial regrowth, suggest that the channel recrystallization is assisted by Ni diffusing to the recrystallization front.
Eigenfeatures for planar pose measurement of partially occluded objects (1996)

Planar pose measurement from images is an important problem for automated assembly and inspection. In addition to accuracy and robustness, ease of use is very important for real world applications. Recently, Murase and Nayar have presented the "parametric eigenspace " for object recognition and pose measurement based on training images. Although their system is easy to use, it has potential problems with background clutter and partial occlusions. We present an algorithm that is robust in these terms. It uses several small features on the object rather than a monolithic template. These "eigenfeatures" are matched using a median statistic, giving the system robustness in the face of background clutter and partial occlusions. We demonstrate our algorithm's pose measurement accuracy with a controlled test, and we demonstrate its detection robustness on cluttered images with the objects of interest partially occluded.
Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link Format (2012)

This specification defines Web Linking using a link format for use by
constrained web servers to describe hosted resources, their
attributes, and other relationships between links. Based on the HTTP
Link Header field defined in RFC 5988, the Constrained RESTful
Environments (CoRE) Link Format is carried as a payload and is
assigned an Internet media type. RESTful refers to the
Representational State Transfer (REST) architecture. A well-known URI
is defined as a default entry point for requesting the links hosted by
a server. [STANDARDS-TRACK]