gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relating Soil Phosphorus to Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff: A Single Extraction Coefficient for Water Quality Modeling (2005)

Phosphorus transport from agricultural soils contributes to eutrophication of fresh waters. Computer modeling can help identify agricultural areas with high potential P transport. Most models use a constant extraction coefficient (i.e., the slope of the linear regression between filterable reactive phosphorus [FRP] in runoff and soil P) to predict dissolved P release from soil to runoff, yet it is unclear how variations in soil properties, management practices, or hydrology affect extraction coefficients. We investigated published data from 17 studies that determined extraction coefficients using Mehlich-3 or Bray-1 soil P (mg kg(-1)), water-extractable soil P (mg kg(-1)), or soil P sorption saturation (%) as determined by ammonium oxalate extraction. Studies represented 31 soils with a variety of management conditions. Extraction coefficients from Mehlich-3 or Bray-1 soil P were not significantly different for 26 of 31 soils, with values ranging from 1.2 to 3.0. Extraction coefficients from water-extractable soil P were not significantly different for 17 of 20 soils, with values ranging from 6.0 to 18.3. The relationship between soil P sorption saturation and runoff FRP (microg L(-1)) was the same for all 10 soils investigated, exhibiting a split-line relationship where runoff FRP rapidly increased at P sorption saturation values greater than 12.5%. Overall, a single extraction coefficient (2.0 for Mehlich-3 P data, 11.2 for water-extractable P data, and a split-line relationship for P sorption saturation data) could be used in water quality models to approximate dissolved P release from soil to runoff for the majority of soil, hydrologic, or management conditions. A test for soil P sorption saturation may provide the most universal approximation, but only for noncalcareous soils.
Intratumoral COX‐2 inhibition enhances GM‐CSF immunotherapy against established mouse GL261 brain tumors (2013)

Immunotherapy has shown effectiveness against experimental malignant brain tumors, but the clinical results have been less convincing most likely due to immunosuppression. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) is the key immunosuppressive product of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and increased levels of PGE2 and COX-2 have been shown in several tumor types, including brain tumors. In the current study, we report enhanced cure rate of mice with established mouse GL261 brain tumors when immunized with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secreting tumor cells and simultaneously treated with the selective COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib systemically (5 mg/kg/day; 69% cure rate) or valdecoxib intratumorally (5.3 µg/kg/day; 63% cure rate). Both combined therapies induced a systemic antitumor response of proliferating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and further analysis revealed T helper 1 (Th 1) cell supremacy. The GL261 tumor cell line produced low levels of PGE2 in vitro, and co-staining at the tumor site demonstrated that a large fraction of the COX-2(+) cells were derived from CD45(+) immune cells and more specifically macrophages (F4/80(+)), indicating that tumor-infiltrating immune cells constitute the primary source of COX-2 and PGE2 in this model. We conclude that intratumoral COX-2 inhibition potentiates GM-CSF immunotherapy against established brain tumors at substantially lower doses than systemic administration. These findings underscore the central role of targeting COX-2 during immunotherapy and implicate intratumoral COX-2 as the primary target.
Synthesis and characterization of temperature/pH-sensitive hydroxypropylcellulose/ sodium alginate hydrogel (2010)

Abstract A series of temperature and pH responsive hydrogels were synthesized by using hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as temperature natural sensitive material, sodium alginate (SA) as pH sensitive material. The effect of SA to LCST has been studied and the mechanism of the influence has been presented. In addition, the swelling ratio and controlling factor of swelling process were all researched in this paper. The main results obtained are as follows: the LCST decreased gradually as SA was added into HPC; the HPC/SA hydrogel responded to both temperature and pH value of the medium; the swelling ratio reached maximum value at pH value of 6.
TCP-ELN: On the Protocol Aspects and Performance of Explicit Loss Notification for TCP over Wireless Networks (2006)

Recently many works have been invested to overcome the low performance of TCP in wireless environments. These proposals are hardly adaptable in real networks due to high resource demand, non scalability and difficulties in their implementation. In this paper we propose a new technique that besides of allowing TCP to improve its performance also takes applicability into account. Our solution is based on the idea of explicit loss notification (ELN) to notify the sender about packet losses on the wireless channel. We evaluate the performance of TCP-ELN with different kind of traffic and error models. Simulation results show that ELN significantly improves the efficiency and fairness performance of TCP for FTP-like and Web-like traffic.
Detection of basepair substitution mutation at a frequency of 1 × 107 by combining two genotypic selection methods, MutEx enrichment and allele‐specific competitive blocker PCR (1998)

The detection of rare mutations has many important applications, including risk assessment of drugs and chemicals, measuring environmental exposures to genotoxins, and cancer cell detection. A sensitive genotypic selection method has been developed that combines two different mutant allele selection techniques, MutEx enrichment and allele-specific competitive blocker PCR (ACB-PCR). This method was developed and evaluated for the detection of a CAA → AAA mutation at codon 61 of the mouse H-ras gene. The MutEx enrichment is based on MutS binding to a mismatched basepair in heteroduplex DNA. The bound MutS protects the mutant allele from degradation during subsequent exonuclease treatment. ACB-PCR preferentially amplifies a mutant allele in a PCR reaction using a primer that has more mismatches to the wild-type allele than the mutant allele. By combining these two approaches, the codon 61 mutation was detected at mutant fractions as low as 1 in 107. This sensitivity was achieved with the thermostable Thermus aquaticus MutS protein but not the Escherichia coli MutS protein. Using the combined approach, the average Pfu DNA polymerase error rate ± the standard error of the mean for this particular basepair was estimated to be 8 ± 3 × 10−7 errors per duplication. The results indicate that MutEx/ACB-PCR is among the most sensitive genotypic selection methods for the detection of mutation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 32:200–211, 1998 © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
NOR virtual ground (NVG)-a new scaling concept for very high density flash EEPROM and its implementation in a 0.5 um process (2002)

A new NOR virtual ground flash cell array concept is introduced. A 2.4 um/sup 2/ cell size based on a 0.5 um process is realized, which is a 35% cell size reduction compared with the conventional NOR cell.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MW peak-power, mJ pulse energy, multi-kHz repetition rate pulses from Yb-doped fiber amplifiers (2006)

We report on pulsed fiber-based sources generating high peak and average powers in beams of excellent spectral/spatial quality. In the first setup, a ~10-kHz pulse repetition rate (PRR), 1ns-pulse, Q-switched microlaser seeded a dual-stage amplifier featuring a 40-μm-core Yb-doped photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) as the power amplifier. From this amplifier, we obtained diffraction-limited (M<sup>2</sup> = 1.05), ~1ns pulses of 1.1mJ energy, ~1.1MW peak power, ~10.2W average-power, spectral linewidth ~9GHz, negligible nonlinearities, and slope efficiency >73%. In the second setup, we replaced the seed source with a shorter-pulse (<500ps) microchip laser of PRR ~13.4 kHz and obtained diffraction-limited (M<sup>2</sup>=1.05), ~450ps pulses of energy >0.7mJ, peak power in excess of 1.5 MW, average power ~9.5W, spectral linewidth <35 GHz. To show further power scaling, these pulses were amplified in a 140-μmcore Yb-doped fiber, which yielded multimode (M<sup>2</sup> ~ 9), 2.2mJ-energy, 30-W average-power pulses of peak power in excess of 4.5MW, the highest ever obtained in a fiber source, to our knowledge. In the third setup, an Yb-doped, 70μmcore, intrinsically single-mode photonic-crystal rod was used to generate diffraction-limited (M<sup>2</sup> ~ 1.1), ~10kHz PRR, ~1ns pulses of 2.05mJ energy, >2 MW peak-power (the highest ever reported in a diffraction-limited fiber source), ~20W average-power, ~13 GHz spectral linewidth, and spectral signal-to-noise ratio >50 dB. Finally, a single polarization large-core Yb-doped PCF was used to demonstrate high-peak-power harmonic generation. We obtained ~1ns pulses of peak powers >410 kW in the green (531nm) and >190kW in the UV (265.5 nm).
Biosensors based on piezoelectric transducers (1999)

The development of immunosensors based on piezoelectric transducers is widely investigated due to their attractive applications in mass sensitive detection [1, 2]. The most classical transducer is based on the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), adapted to the liquid medium, which gives a direct response signal which characterizes the binding event between a sensitive layer, grafted onto the surface transducer, and the analyte to be detected. This kind of transducers offers many applications and an increasing number of publications illustrates this phenomena [3]. However, for small biomolecule detection under minute concentration it is quite difficult to obtain an observable and direct signal. This is mainly due to the lack of mass sensitivity of the commonly used QCM as they are generally built with 5 to 10 MHz quartz crystals. For solving this problem, attemps were made by increasing the working frequencies of the devices as, in general, the mass sensitivity increseases at the same time. Several possibilities were examined : either by using classical QCM with a smaller crystal thickness which increased the resonant frequency or by developping interdigitated piezoelectric devices at higher working frequencies. Various mass sensitivities will be calculated in order to compare the mass sensitivities of the different piezoelectric transducers. Moreover, we insists on the part played by other physico-chemical effects than the mass and which affect the piezoelectric response.
Demystifying High-Dynamic-Range Technology: A new evolution in digital media (2015)

High-dynamic-range (HDR) technology has attracted a lot of attention recently, especially in commercial trade shows such as the Consumer Electronics Show, the National Association of Broadcasters Show, the International Broadcasting Convention, and Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin. However, a great deal of mystery still surrounds this new evolution in digital media. In a nutshell, HDR technology aims at capturing, distributing, and displaying a range of luminance and color values that better correspond to what the human eye can perceive. Here, the term luminance stands for the photometric quantity of light arriving at the human eye measured in candela per square meter or nits. The color refers to all the weighted combinations of spectral wavelengths, expressed in nanometers (nm), emitted by the sun that are visible by the human eye (see Figure 1). The human eye can perceive a dynamic range of over 14 orders of magnitude (i.e., the difference in powers of ten between highest and lowest luminance value) in the real world through adaptation. However, at a single adaptation time, the human eye can only resolve up to five orders of magnitude, as illustrated in Figure 2. Dynamic range denotes the ratio between the highest and lowest luminance value. As reported in Table 1, there are different interpretations for dynamic range, depending on the application. For instance, in photography, dynamic range is measured in terms of f-stops, which correspond to the number of times that the light intensity can be doubled.
CARD9 Signaling in the Innate Immune Response (2008)

CARD9 is a caspase recruitment domain-containing signaling protein that is highly expressed in dendritic cells and in macrophages. Work over the last two years has identified CARD9 as a central regulator of innate immunity. Best characterized is CARD9's function downstream of ITAM-bearing or ITAM-coupled receptors in myeloid cells, including its essential role downstream of the antifungal pattern-recognition receptor Dectin-1. In the ITAM receptor pathway, CARD9 couples receptor proximal splenic tyrosine kinase SYK activation to the canonical NF-kappaB pathway. In addition, CARD9 is involved in the activation of p38 and JNK kinases and it can function downstream of cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors. CARD9 signaling mediates mammalian innate immune responses against selected fungi, bacteria, and viruses and can prime and shape adaptive immunity. This review will summarize current knowledge on CARD9 signaling and its function in the innate immune response.
A nuclear magnetic resonance study of metabolism in the ferret heart during hypoxia and inhibition of glycolysis. (1985)

31P nuclear magnetic resonance was used to measure the relative concentrations of phosphorus-containing metabolites in Langendorff-perfused ferret hearts. Intracellular concentrations of inorganic phosphate ([Pi]i), phosphocreatine ([PCr]i), ATP ([ATP]i) and H+ (pHi) were monitored under control conditions and while oxidative phosphorylation and/or glycolysis were prevented. Mechanical performance was assessed by recording the pressure developed in a balloon placed in the left ventricle. Oxidative phosphorylation was prevented either by replacement of O2 with N2 or by addition of cyanide. When the rate of oxidative phosphorylation was reduced by either method, developed pressure fell to a stable level of about 35% of control after 5 min. The pHi (control value 6.98) first increased to a peak of 7.07 after 2 min but then decreased to give a stable acidosis (pH 6.85). [PCr]i decreased rapidly to about 15% of the control value after 5 min whereas [ATP]i declined very slowly, reaching about 90% of the control value after 10 min. Reduction in the rate of glycolysis was achieved either (i) by removal of external glucose and depletion of glycogen stores by a long (1-2 h) period of stimulation or (ii) by removal of glucose and application of 2-deoxyglucose (1 mM) for 30-60 min. These procedures had only a small effect on pressure development, [ATP]i, [PCr]i and pHi. Measurements of lactate production showed that these procedures reduced the rate of glycolysis by a factor of about 10. When oxidative phosphorylation was prevented during periods when the rate of glycolysis was reduced, developed pressure fell to less than 5% of control after 5 min and there was a subsequent increase in resting pressure (hypoxic contracture). pHi (control value 7.03) first increased to a peak of 7.12 and then declined to about pH 7.00, but there was no subsequent acidosis. [PCr]i fell rapidly to about 10% of control after about 5 min while [ATP]i declined to about half of its control value over 10 min. It is concluded that (i) when oxidative phosphorylation alone is prevented, the changes in pHi can account for a substantial part of the changes in developed pressure. The increase in [Pi]i probably also contributes to the decline of developed pressure. (ii) When oxidative phosphorylation was prevented under conditions in which the rate of glycolysis was also reduced, the more pronounced decline in developed pressure which occurs within 5 min cannot be accounted for by pHi changes and is probably not explained by the rise in [Pi]i or by the moderate fall of [ATP]i.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Visual activation of auditory cortex reflects maladaptive plasticity in cochlear implant users (2012)

Cross-modal reorganization in the auditory cortex has been reported in deaf individuals. However, it is not well understood whether this compensatory reorganization induced by auditory deprivation recedes once the sensation of hearing is partially restored through a cochlear implant. The current study used electroencephalography source localization to examine cross-modal reorganization in the auditory cortex of post-lingually deafened cochlear implant users. We analysed visual-evoked potentials to parametrically modulated reversing chequerboard images between cochlear implant users (n = 11) and normal-hearing listeners (n = 11). The results revealed smaller P100 amplitudes and reduced visual cortex activation in cochlear implant users compared with normal-hearing listeners. At the P100 latency, cochlear implant users also showed activation in the right auditory cortex, which was inversely related to speech recognition ability with the cochlear implant. These results confirm a visual take-over in the auditory cortex of cochlear implant users. Incomplete reversal of this deafness-induced cortical reorganization might limit clinical benefit from a cochlear implant and help explain the high inter-subject variability in auditory speech comprehension.
Double window multi-user detection for asynchronousDS-CDMA (1996)

One-shot (window) detection allows multi-user detection schemes to operate symbol by symbol in asynchronous systems and retain near-far resistance. A novel technique, double window detection, is presented, which significantly outperforms single window detection, especially for decorrelating receivers. Results for decorrelation and MMSE detection, using both windowing types are presented.
Design of all-around automatic integrated rail cleaning vehicle (2021)

With the vigorous development of rail construction in China, the workload of rail cleaning increases rapidly. The use of automatic machinery for rail cleaning will become a trend. The market needs to meet the needs of rail cleaning vehicles’ high reliability and high efficiency. Based on the market demand, this paper designed and developed a high-efficiency, energy-saving, cost-effective rail cleaning equipment. The cleaning operation vehicle integrates the function of pollution absorption, cleaning and high-pressure water. It adopts advanced technology such as artificial intelligence and automatic control system to realize the functions of automatic train operation, route planning, operation state monitoring, water level control, fault detection, garbage classification, operation and maintenance modular management, etc. At the same time, for the high humidity working environment, the function of waterproof has been taken into consideration.
Shoot meristem maintenance is controlled by a <i>GRAS</i> -gene mediated signal from differentiating cells (2002)

Plant shoot development depends on the perpetuation of a group of undifferentiated cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). In the Petunia mutant hairy meristem (ham), shoot meristems differentiate postembryonically as continuations of the subtending stem. HAM encodes a putative transcription factor of the GRAS family, which acts non-cell-autonomously from L3-derived tissue of lateral organ primordia and stem provasculature. HAM acts in parallel with TERMINATOR (PhWUSCHEL) and is required for continued cellular response to TERMINATOR and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (PhSTM). This reveals a novel mechanism by which signals from differentiating tissues extrinsically control stem cell fate in the shoot apex.
A Comprehensive Approach to Naming and Accessibility in Refactoring Java Programs (2012)

Automated tool support for refactoring is now widely available for mainstream programming languages such as Java. However, current refactoring tools are still quite fragile in practice and often fail to preserve program behavior or compilability. This is mainly because analyzing and transforming source code requires consideration of many language features that complicate program analysis, in particular intricate name lookup and access control rules. This paper introduces J_L, a lookup-free, access control-free representation of Java programs. We present algorithms for translating Java programs into J_L and vice versa, thereby making it possible to formulate refactorings entirely at the level of J_L and to rely on the translations to take care of naming and accessibility issues. We demonstrate how complex refactorings become more robust and powerful when lifted to J_L. Our approach has been implemented using the JastAddJ compiler framework, and evaluated by systematically performing two commonly used refactorings on an extensive suite of real-world Java applications. The evaluation shows that our tool correctly handles many cases where current refactoring tools fail to handle the complex rules for name binding and accessibility in Java.
Can China afford to continue its one-child policy? (2005)

For more about the East-West Center, see <a href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/">http://www.eastwestcenter.org/</a>
Advanced Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle Configurations for Use in Concentrating Solar Power Systems: Preprint (2011)

The research will characterize and evaluate advanced S-CO2 Brayton cycle power generation with a modular power tower CSP system.
Spectral precoding for rectangularly pulsed OFDM (2008)

Spectrally precoded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising rectangularly pulsed OFDM signaling format which can provide very small power spectral sidelobes, while allowing for efficient implementation by fast Fourier transform and guard interval insertion. In this paper, general constraints on spectral precoding are developed for OFDM signals with zero padding (ZP-OFDM) or cyclic prefix (CP-OFDM) to warrant the desirable spectral property that the power spectral sidelobes decay asymptotically as f <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2K-2</sup> , where K is a preassigned positive integer. In accordance with the constraints, block partitioning is adopted to construct a general signaling format to facilitate the precoder design of the spectrally precoded CP-OFDM that can provide fast decaying sidelobes. New correlative and orthogonal precoders are also devised so that the desirable spectral property of fast sidelobe decaying is achieved with spectrally precoded ZP-OFDM and CP-OFDM signals.
A tree routing protocol for cognitive radio network (2016)

Cognitive Radio (CR) technology is an agile solution for spectrum congestion and spectrum access utilization problems that result from the legacy fixed spectrum management policies. CR technology can exploit unused licensed band to meet the increasing demand for radio frequency. The routing process faces many challenges in CR Network (CRN) such as the absence of centralized infrastructure, the coordination between the routing module and spectrum management module, in addition to the frequent link failure due to the sudden appearance of PUs. In this paper we propose a Tree routing protocol for cognitive radio network (C-TRP) that jointly utilizes the tree routing algorithm with a spectrum management module in routing decisions, and also we proposed a new metric used in taking the best route decisions. In addition, we enhance the traditional tree routing algorithm by using a neighbor table technique that speeds up the forwarding data packets. Moreover, we add a robust recovery module to C-TRP to resume the network in case of the link failure. The main motivation in the design of C-TRP is quick data transmission and maximization of date rates. The performance evaluation is carried out in NS2 simulator. The simulation results proved that C-TRP protocol achieves better performance in terms of average “PDR”, “end-to-end delay” and “routing overhead ratio “compared to “CTBR” and “STOD-RP” routing protocols.