gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Blade Tip Repair for SGT-700 Turbine Blade Stage 1, With Oxidation Resistant Weld Alloy (2018)

The SGT-700 gas turbine currently rated at 33 MW (simple cycle) and with an efficiency of ∼ 37% has been in service since 2002. In order to reduce life cycle cost, a repair process with an acceptable repair yield needed to be developed for turbine blade stage 1. The stage 1 blade is made from the polycrystalline cast alloy IN792, and the blade is coated with PtAl or MCrAlY+TBC depending on engine model. The blade is internally air cooled. After the row 1 vane, the stage 1 blade is forced to withstand the highest temperatures. The combination of high temperatures, and thermomechanical fatigue loading results in blade tip degradation, which leads to a loss of thermal efficiency. The blade tip repair process described in this document is one step in a continuous repair development plan for the SGT-700. To ensure quality in each reparation, the blade tip repair described here was developed using Siemens’ Product Development Process (PDP). The development of the repair procedure include: • Coating removal • Pre- and post-weld heat treatment • Machining of oxidized areas • Hot box welding with manual GTAW • Grinding to final air foil shape • Re-opening of the cooling holes with EDM • EDM to restore the squealer tip • Recoating and air flow check This technical paper describes the repair process developed together with a sub-supplier. The project resulted in a successful repair process for the component as well as repaired blades with higher blade tip oxidation resistance compared with the original design.
A Literature Review on Imported Intermediate Inputs and Gains from Trade (2020)

Purpose This paper provides a literature review on imported intermediate inputs and gains from trade. With the expansion in global value chains, intermediate input trade has substantially grown to become a major source of gains from trade. Design/Methodology/Approach This paper reviews the theoretical background for gains from trade due to the use of imported intermediate inputs, and surveys a selected number of empirical studies that find substantial gains from trade through access to imported intermediate inputs. Findings Imported intermediate inputs can increase productivity via variety, quality and learning effects. A large body of empirical studies show that the new access to foreign inputs has increased firm-level productivity in several small open developing countries. Furthermore, the use of imported intermediate inputs do not only promote R&D investment and quality upgrading, but also contribute to a drop in consumer prices or an increase in real consumption. Research Implications The review emphasizes the importance of comprehensive research at the firm-level including within-firm extensive margin and identification of channels that raise productivity. In addition, it is worth noting that higher FDI liberalization and deregulation can increase gains from trade through access to new imported inputs.
The impact of an HIV/AIDS module on the knowledge and attitudes of Grade 11 Biology learners (2006)

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of an HIV/AIDS module, taught for 24 hours over eight weeks in six schools, on the knowledge and attitudes of Grade 11 biology learners. The module contained scientific content on HIV/AIDS and outcomes-based assessment activities. Learners' answers in pre-, post- and retention tests and a questionnaire that included open and closed questions on general and functional knowledge, attitudes and skills (analysed for significant changes). Narratives written by each learner were analysed to determine how the module had dealt with issues that affected their lives.Analysis of the tests and questionnaires showed a significant improvement in the means scored in the pre-, post- and retention tests. ANOVA showed that the difference was unlikely to be attributable to chance. Narrative analysis identified a number of common themes. The learners were glad to have been taught this information and many provided evidence of how the module impacted on their lives and sexual behaviour. They felt the knowledge had empowered and motivated them to control their own lives.
Sodium Hydride/Trialkylaluminum Complexes for the Controlled Anionic Polymerization of Styrene at High Temperature (2006)

Abstract Summary: A new generation of anionic initiators (butyllithium free), based on trialkylaluminum and a readily available alkali metal hydride, has been developed for the control of styrene polymerization at high temperature. Triisobutylaluminum and sodium hydride form heterocomplexes that are efficient for the initiation of styrene polymerization at 100 °C in toluene or in bulk. To be active under such conditions, these systems require the presence of an excess of metal hydride with respect to AlR 3 ([Al]/[Na] < 1). PS chains are specifically initiated by the hydrides coming from NaH, and molar masses are controlled in the range 0.8 < [Al]/[Na] < 1. Fast exchange between dormant 1:1 and active 1:2 complexes (Al:Na), and ligand rearrangements within the 1:2 complex, can explain the observed results. Initiation of styrene with i ‐Bu 3 Al/NaH systems. magnified image Initiation of styrene with i ‐Bu 3 Al/NaH systems.
A Robust Random Forest-Based Approach for Heart Rate Monitoring Using Photoplethysmography Signal Contaminated by Intense Motion Artifacts (2017)

The estimation of heart rate (HR) based on wearable devices is of interest in fitness. Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a promising approach to estimate HR due to low cost; however, it is easily corrupted by motion artifacts (MA). In this work, a robust approach based on random forest is proposed for accurately estimating HR from the photoplethysmography signal contaminated by intense motion artifacts, consisting of two stages. Stage 1 proposes a hybrid method to effectively remove MA with a low computation complexity, where two MA removal algorithms are combined by an accurate binary decision algorithm whose aim is to decide whether or not to adopt the second MA removal algorithm. Stage 2 proposes a random forest-based spectral peak-tracking algorithm, whose aim is to locate the spectral peak corresponding to HR, formulating the problem of spectral peak tracking into a pattern classification problem. Experiments on the PPG datasets including 22 subjects used in the 2015 IEEE Signal Processing Cup showed that the proposed approach achieved the average absolute error of 1.65 beats per minute (BPM) on the 22 PPG datasets. Compared to state-of-the-art approaches, the proposed approach has better accuracy and robustness to intense motion artifacts, indicating its potential use in wearable sensors for health monitoring and fitness tracking.
Semantic-Based Visual Information Retrieval (2007)

"This book presents state-of-the-art advancements and developments in the field, and also brings a selection of techniques and algorithms about semantic-based visual information retrieval. It covers many critical issues, such as: multi-level representation and description, scene understanding, semantic modeling, image and video annotation, human-computer interaction, and more" - Provided by publisher
Energy Transition for Depolarized Backscatter from Rough Surfaces (2010)

In this paper we study the depolarized backscatter enhancement phenomenon for electromagnetic wave scattering from rough surfaces. Some new experimental data on light scattering from rough metallic surfaces shows a phenomenon of backscattering enhancement existing in the antispecular direction under some conditions, such as the surface parameters, wave polarization and operating frequency. From a roughly random surface the backscattering enhancement is predicted due to the constructive interference of multiple surfaces scattering. The study is based upon the integral equation method modified to be able to predict the phenomenon of multiple scattering and backscattering enhancement. From the study we found the backscattering enhancement takes place on the specialized surface parameters large compared with the incident wavelength. Further we also conclude that the depolarized multiple scattering makes much contribution along the plane of incidence from random rough surfaces, but depolarized single scattering makes little contributions as our expectation. In comparison of model prediction of total multiple scattering strength with measured data along the specular plane, excellent agreement is obtained.
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Modern UWB antennas and equipment (2010)

Published01 March 2010 Doi10.5772/210 ISBN978-953-7619-67-1 eBook (PDF) ISBN978-953-51-6420-3 Copyright year2010 Number of pages500
Interleukin 5 modifies histamine release and leukotriene generation by human basophils in response to diverse agonists. (1990)

Human interleukin 5 (IL-5), known as a selective colony-stimulating factor of the eosinophil lineage and activator of mature eosinophils, also profoundly influences the mediator release profile of human basophils. IL-5 by itself triggers neither granule release nor de novo synthesis of lipid mediators. However, at low concentrations (0.1-10 ng/ml), IL-5 rapidly primes basophils for enhanced histamine release and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) generation in response to all established basophil agonists. LTC4 generation is more strongly affected by IL-5 than histamine release. In particular, IL-5 renders basophils capable of producing large quantities of LTC4 in response to C5a, which, without the cytokine, induces histamine release only. Finally, IL-5 renders basophils responsive to agonists (neutrophil-activating peptide 1 and C3a), which are otherwise inefficient triggers for basophil mediator release. The effects are similar to the recently established bioactivity of IL-3 on basophils, with the exception of its influence on IgE-dependent basophil activation, which is less pronounced. Thus, IL-5 strongly modulates the function not only of eosinophils but also of basophils, the two major effector leukocyte types involved in allergic inflammatory processes, e.g., in asthma.
Extended DQRAP (XDQRAP). A cable TV protocol functioning as a distributed switch (2002)

XDQRAP, an extension of DQRAP (distributed Queueing Random Access protocol), is a multiple access protocol that like DQRAP offers a throughput equal to the offered traffic up to a load of one and with a lesser delay than any other multiple access protocol. XDQRAP, as does DQRAP, provides this performance for all values of "a", i.e., the size of the network is immaterial. XDQRAP also functions as a distributed switch in that the segments of variable length packets in a dotted system do not require encapsulation, i.e., an adaptation layer is not required. XDQRAP is described and simulation results are presented. The argument is presented that community networks should utilize random access of a shared medium on the inbound channel(s) at the MAC layer and that these community networks should utilize XDQRAP to support all voice and data transmission.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fibulins 3 and 5 Antagonize Tumor Angiogenesis <i>In vivo</i> (2006)

Lethal tumor growth and progression cannot occur without angiogenesis, which facilitates cancer cell proliferation, survival, and dissemination. Fibulins (FBLN) 5 and 3 are widely expressed extracellular matrix proteins that regulate cell proliferation in a context-specific manner. Reduced FBLN-5 expression has been associated with cancer formation and progression in humans, whereas its constitutive expression antagonizes endothelial cell angiogenic sprouting in vitro. Thus, FBLN-5 may suppress tumorigenesis by preventing tumor angiogenesis. FBLN-3 is homologous to FBLN-5 and expressed in endothelial cells, yet its role in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis is unknown. We find FBLN-3 expression to be altered in some human tumors and that its constitutive expression in endothelial cells inhibited their proliferation, invasion, and angiogenic sprouting, as well as their response to vascular endothelial growth factor as measured by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. In endothelial cells, both FBLNs (a) reduced angiogenic sprouting stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF); (b) inhibited matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity; and (c) stimulated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression. More importantly, both FBLNs prevented angiogenesis and vessel infiltration into bFGF-supplemented Matrigel plugs implanted in genetically normal mice, as well as decreased the growth and blood vessel density in tumors produced by MCA102 fibrosarcoma cells implanted s.c. into syngeneic mice. Our findings establish FBLN-3 and FBLN-5 as novel angiostatic agents capable of reducing tumor angiogenesis and, consequently, tumor growth in vivo and suggest that these angiostatic activities may one day be exploited to combat tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer patients.
Detection of Sophisticated Adulterations of Natural Vanilla Flavors and Extracts:  Application of the SNIF-NMR Method to Vanillin and <i>p-</i>Hydroxybenzaldehyde (1997)

This paper describes recent progress in the isotopic analysis of the two main aromatic constituents of vanilla flavor (vanillin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (pHB)). Some improvements concerning the SNIF-NMR analysis of vanillin are presented. They include (i) improvement of the analytical precision by using new software for automatic phasing, baseline correction and curve fitting of the signals of the 2H-NMR spectra; (ii) significant enrichment of the database containing measurements performed on vanillin extracted from vanilla beans harvested in different countries and on synthetic vanillin; (iii) standardization of the purification process to obtain pure vanillin, in order to avoid isotopic fractionation; and (iv) improvement of the statistical tools for both proving and quantifying adulterations. All these improvements were also successfully applied to site specific deuterium NMR analysis of pHB. It is now also possible with the SNIF-NMR method to discriminate between the natural and chemical origins of pHB. New results concerning the δ13C deviation of pHB are also presented. Thus the lowest value of δ13C of pHB extracted from vanilla bean can be set at −19.5‰. We recommend the methodology presented in this paper as a standard procedure for purifying vanillin and pHB, without significant isotopic fractionation, from most matrices (for example from ice cream, yogurts, etc.), in order to perform isotopic analyses (13C IRMS and 2H-NMR). Keywords: SNIF-NMR; vanillin; pHB; δ13C; adulteration; vanilla flavor; vanilla extract; ice cream; purification
Managing urban environmental sanitation services in selected Pacific Island countries : annotated bibliography of regional literature and data sources (1995)

This study contains a review of urban sector research and project work conducted in all the Bank member countries of the South Pacific region, together with a partially annotated comparative listing of work undertaken in Papua New Guinea. The nine countries covered comprise all the independent island states in the South Pacific region other than Tuvalu. The study forms a precursor to the Bank's study on Managing Urban Environmental Sanitation Services in Selected Pacific Island Member Countries (PMCs).
Selective Sorption of Actinides by Titania Nanoparticles Covalently Functionalized with Simple Organic Ligands (2013)

Although current and proposed reprocessing of used nuclear fuel is performed predominantly by solvent extraction processes, solid phase sorbent materials have many advantages including the ability to avoid production of large volumes of organic waste. Therefore, three titania nanoparticle based sorbent materials have been developed, functionalized with organic ligands designed to impart selectivity for elements relevant to important separations at the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle. A novel, simplified method of covalent functionalization to the titania surface has been utilized, and the resulting materials have been shown to be hydrolytically stable at pH 2. The sorption behavior of these organofunctionalized titania materials was investigated over a wide pH range with a selection of elements including fission products and actinides. Titania nanoparticles functionalized with an amine or phosphate moiety were able to demonstrate exclusive extraction of uranium under optimized conditions. Titania nanoparticles functionalized with a picolinamide moiety exhibited superior minor actinide sorption properties, in terms of both efficiency and selectivity, to solvent extraction processes using similar organic moieties. As such, organo-functionalized titania materials as solid phase sorbents show promise as a future alternative to solvent extraction processes for nuclear separations.
Machine learning for technical skill assessment in surgery: a systematic review (2022)

Accurate and objective performance assessment is essential for both trainees and certified surgeons. However, existing methods can be time consuming, labor intensive, and subject to bias. Machine learning (ML) has the potential to provide rapid, automated, and reproducible feedback without the need for expert reviewers. We aimed to systematically review the literature and determine the ML techniques used for technical surgical skill assessment and identify challenges and barriers in the field. A systematic literature search, in accordance with the PRISMA statement, was performed to identify studies detailing the use of ML for technical skill assessment in surgery. Of the 1896 studies that were retrieved, 66 studies were included. The most common ML methods used were Hidden Markov Models (HMM, 14/66), Support Vector Machines (SVM, 17/66), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN, 17/66). 40/66 studies used kinematic data, 19/66 used video or image data, and 7/66 used both. Studies assessed the performance of benchtop tasks (48/66), simulator tasks (10/66), and real-life surgery (8/66). Accuracy rates of over 80% were achieved, although tasks and participants varied between studies. Barriers to progress in the field included a focus on basic tasks, lack of standardization between studies, and lack of datasets. ML has the potential to produce accurate and objective surgical skill assessment through the use of methods including HMM, SVM, and ANN. Future ML-based assessment tools should move beyond the assessment of basic tasks and towards real-life surgery and provide interpretable feedback with clinical value for the surgeon.PROSPERO: CRD42020226071.
Sensing array of radically coupled genetic biopixels (2012)

While there has been significant progress in the development of engineering principles for synthetic biology, a substantial challenge is the construction of robust circuits in a cellular environment that is governed by noisy processes such as random bursts of transcription and translation. Such an environment leads to considerable intercellular variability in circuit behavior, which can hinder their functionality at the colony level. While quorum sensing is a promising design strategy for reducing variability through coordination across a cellular population, the length scales are limited by the diffusion time of the small molecule governing the intercellular communication. In this talk, I will discuss our recent progress in engineering the synchronization of thousands of oscillating colony “biopixels” over centimeter length scales through the use of redox signaling that is mediated by hydrogen peroxide vapor. We have used the redox communication to construct a frequency modulated biosensor by coupling the synchronized oscillators to the output of an arsenic sensitive promoter that modulates the frequency of colony‐level oscillations due to quorum sensing. For the detection of arsenic, we have developed thresholding and period modulation as sensing mechanisms. In the case of thresholding, oscillations arise when a pre‐determined low level of arsenic is present, while for period modulation the level of arsenic is proportional to the oscillatory frequency. In both cases, the coupling of thousands of colonies dramatically increases the signal to noise ratio and leads to the reliable detection of extremely low levels of arsenic. Given the repertoire of sensing capabilities of bacteria such as E. coli, the ability to coordinate their behavior over large length scales sets the stage for the construction of low cost genetic biosensors that are capable of detecting heavy metals and pathogens in the field.
Reactivity of Alveolar Epithelial Cells in Primary Culture with Type I Cell Monoclonal Antibodies (1992)

An understanding of the process of alveolar epithelial cell growth and differentiation requires the ability to trace and analyze the phenotypic transitions that the cells undergo. This analysis demands specific phenotypic probes to type II and, especially, type I pneumocytes. To this end, monoclonal antibodies have been generated to type I alveolar epithelial cells using an approach designed to enhance production of lung-specific clones from a crude lung membrane preparation. The monoclonal antibodies were screened by a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical techniques, with the determination of type I cell specificity resting primarily on immunoelectron microscopic localization. Two of these new markers of the type I pneumocyte phenotype (II F1 and VIII B2) were used to analyze primary cultures of type II cells growing on standard tissue culture plastic and on a variety of substrata reported to affect the morphology of these cells in culture. On tissue culture plastic, the antibodies fail to react with early (days 1 to 3) type II cell cultures. The cells become progressively more reactive with time in culture to a plateau of approximately 6 times background by day 8, with a maximum rate of increase between days 3 and 5. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that type II cells in primary culture undergo at least partial differentiation into type I cells. Type II cells grown on laminin, which reportedly delays the loss of type II cell appearance, and on fibronectin, which has been reported to facilitate cell spreading and loss of type II cell features, develop the type I cell markers during cultivation in vitro with kinetics similar to those on uncoated tissue culture plastic. Cells on type I collagen and on tissue culture-treated Nuclepore filters, which have been reported to support monolayers with type I cell-like morphology, also increase their expression of the II F1 and VIII B2 epitopes around days 3 to 5. Taken together with available morphologic information, these data suggest that expression of different alveolar epithelial cell phenotypic markers by type II cells in primary culture may be independently regulated. The monoclonal antibody probes described in this report should prove useful in the continued investigation of the mechanisms and regulation of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Vibrational Spectra of Fluoro‐Chloro‐Platinates(IV) Including Stereoisomers. (1989)

Abstract The reaction of (PtCl 6 ) 2‐ with BrF 3 yields the mixed complexes (PtFnCl6‐n)2‐ with n = 1‐5; the product distribution depends on the reaction temp. and time.