gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for stroke treatment: mechanisms of action and efficacy in preclinical studies (2009)

G-CSF is widely employed for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Recently, neuroprotective effects of G-CSF in animal stroke models were discovered including infarct size reduction and enhancement of functional recovery. The underlying mechanisms of action of G-CSF in ischemia appear to be a direct anti-apoptotic activity in neurons and a neurogenesis inducing capacity. Additional effects may be based on the stimulation of new blood-vessel formation, the stimulation of immunocompetence and -modulation as well as on bone marrow mobilization. In addition to a discussion of these mechanisms, we will review the available preclinical studies and analyze their impact on the overall efficacy of G-CSF in experimental stroke.
Neutrophilic Alveolitis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: The Role of Interleukin-8 (1992)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an immunologically mediated pulmonary disorder in which activated alveolar macrophages (AM) and neutrophils play cardinal roles in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory lung lesion. The factors responsible for the induction and perpetuation of the neutrophilic alveolitis are not known. Recently, a novel cytokine (Interleukin-8) was described that is released by activated mononuclear phagocytes and a variety of other cell types, and it exhibits potent chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Increased expression of IL-8 has been described in other inflammatory disorders characterized by neutrophilic infiltration, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and the sepsis syndrome, but no studies have assessed this cytokine in the context of interstitial pulmonary disorders. We have previously shown that normal human AM release IL-8 upon appropriate stimulation, but data assessing the expression of IL-8 by human AM in specific pulmonary disease states are lacking. In this study, we examined the expression of steady-state mRNA for IL-8 by human alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or sarcoidosis and from healthy volunteers. Because it is known that adherence to plastic culture plates may up-regulate gene expression for IL-8 in the absence of additional stimulation, we extracted mRNA immediately from the cell pellet obtained by BAL rather than using cultured alveolar macrophage monolayers. Northern blot analysis was performed to determine IL-8 mRNA expression. We found that BAL cells from patients with IPF constitutively expressed mRNA for IL-8, and the amount of IL-8 mRNA (as assessed by laser densitometry) correlated with the percent of neutrophils on BAL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Code optimizers and register organizations for vector architectures (1992)

A major challenge facing computer architects today is designing cost-effective hardware that executes multiple operations simultaneously. The goal of such designs is to improve performance by taking advantage of fine-grain parallelism. In this dissertation, I study vector architectures, the oldest of several processor designs that support fine-grain parallelism. Because implementing a cost-effective processor that performs well requires studying not only the design of processors but also the design of algorithms for compilers, this dissertation encompasses aspects of both hardware and software design. <p>In the first half of this dissertation, I demonstrate that a vector architecture is a cost-effective processor that supports fine-grain parallelism. I show that implementing a vector architecture is no more costly than implementing a superscalar architecture, which is currently popular among designers of VLSI microprocessors. I then show that programs that are rich in parallelism tend also to be vectorizable and are also the ones that execute the longest in a workload, thus demonstrating further the effectiveness of vector architectures. Finally, I show that superpipelined hardware in combination with a vector architecture can take advantage of what little parallelism is available in non-vectorizable programs. <p>In the second half of this dissertation, I investigate the cost and performance of different organizations for a vector register file in the Cray Y-MP vector processor, an investigation that emphasizes the interaction between processor design and compiler algorithms. After showing that instruction scheduling has a major impact on how effectively more vector registers can be used, I present data from simulation experiments indicating that 16 vector registers and a list scheduling algorithm can improve performance significantly over that of 8 vector registers and the scheduling algorithm used in the Cray vectorizing compiler. I also investigate the usage of an alternative register organization, called a partitioned vector register file, which is less costly to implement than a traditional one but places some restrictions on accessing vector registers. To circumvent this restructive access, I develop an algorithm for assigning vector registers and present data showing that, when using my algorithm, the performance of a partitioned vector register file is comparable to that of a traditional one
The Amount of Plasminogen, Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 in Human Thrombi and the Relation to IVVO-TNO Lysibility (1992)

Thrombolytic therapy successfully reopens obstructed blood vessels in the majority of cases. However, it is not known why a substantial amount of thrombi are resistant to lysis by a fibrinolytic agent. In vitro studies have demonstrated that tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen incorporated in the clot (during formation) increase lysibility. To test whether lysibility of in vivo formed human thrombi is related to their composition, we studied 25 venous thrombi obtained at autopsy and 21 arterial thrombi obtained during embolectomy. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen was measured in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extract of each thrombus; t-PA antigen and plasminogen antigen were determined in a 6 M urea extract of the thrombus, representing bound proteins. Lysibility was measured as weight reduction during 8 h of incubation in PBS containing streptokinase (SK) 100 U/ml, corrected for spontaneous lysis, reflected by weight loss in PBS without SK. In addition, lysibility in SK was compared with lysibility in urokinase (UK) 100 U/ml and in t-PA 200 U/ml. Spontaneous lysis amounted to 29 +/- 5% (mean +/- SEM) and 33 +/- 5% in venous and arterial thrombi, respectively, and inversely correlated with the PAI-1 content of thrombi (r = -0.43, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Two-Dimensional Constellation Shaping in Fiber-Optic Communications (2019)

Constellation shaping has been widely used in optical communication systems. We review recent advances in two-dimensional constellation shaping technologies for fiber-optic communications. The system architectures that are discussed include probabilistic shaping, geometric shaping, and hybrid probabilistic-geometric shaping solutions. The performances of the three shaping schemes are also evaluated for Gaussian-noise-limited channels.
σ <sup>S</sup> -Dependent Gene Expression at the Onset of Stationary Phase in <i>Escherichia coli</i> : Function of σ <sup>S</sup> -Dependent Genes and Identification of Their Promoter Sequences (2004)

The sigma(S) subunit of RNA polymerase, the product of the rpoS gene, controls the expression of genes responding to starvation and cellular stresses. Using gene array technology, we investigated rpoS-dependent expression at the onset of stationary phase in Escherichia coli grown in rich medium. Forty-one genes were expressed at significantly lower levels in an rpoS mutant derived from the MG1655 strain; for 10 of these, we also confirmed rpoS and stationary-phase dependence by reverse transcription-PCR. Only seven genes (dps, osmE, osmY, sodC, rpsV, wrbA, and yahO) had previously been recognized as rpoS dependent. Several newly identified rpoS-dependent genes are involved in the uptake and metabolism of amino acids, sugars, and iron. Indeed, the rpoS mutant strain shows severely impaired growth on some sugars such as fructose and N-acetylglucosamine. The rpoS gene controls the production of indole, which acts as a signal molecule in stationary-phase cells, via regulation of the tnaA-encoded tryptophanase enzyme. Genes involved in protein biosynthesis, encoding the ribosome-associated protein RpsV (sra) and the initiation factor IF-1 (infA), were also induced in an rpoS-dependent fashion. Using primer extension, we determined the promoter sequences of a selection of rpoS-regulated genes representative of different functional classes. Significant fractions of these promoters carry sequence features specific for Esigma(S) recognition of the -10 region, such as cytosines at positions -13 (70%) and -12 (30%) as well as a TG motif located upstream of the -10 region (50%), thus supporting the TGN(0-2)C(C/T)ATA(C/A)T consensus sequence recently proposed for sigma(S).
Ammonia Induced Encephalopathy from Valproic Acid in a Bipolar Patient: Case Report (2003)

Valproic acid is widely used as a mood stabilizer. We report a case of an adult with bipolar disorder taking therapeutic doses of valproic acid, who presented to the emergency department with coma related to hyperammonemia as a complication of valproic acid treatment. Valproic acid was discontinued which resulted in rapid clinical recovery. Valproic acid induced coma was likely related to a urea cycle enzymopathy. Clinicians should consider hyperammonemia in all patients who present with coma and other mental status changes while on valproic acid. In such patients, ammonia level should be obtained in addition to liver function tests.
Major Brain Research Program (2013)

A new federally funded “big science” project will probe the inner workings of the brain. The initiative, announced by President Obama in April, will be funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation.
High glucose concentration induces the overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta through the activation of a platelet-derived growth factor loop in human mesangial cells. (1996)

High glucose concentration has been shown to induce the overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 mRNA and protein in different cell types, including murine mesangial cells, thus possibly accounting for the expansion of mesangial extracellular matrix observed in diabetic glomerulopathy. In the present study, we evaluated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B-chain and PDGF-beta receptor gene expression in human mesangial cells (HMCs) exposed to different concentrations of glucose and then sought a possible relationship between a PDGF loop and the modulation of TGF-beta 1 expression. HMC [3H]thymidine incorporation was upregulated by 30 mmol/L glucose (HG) up to 24 hours, whereas it was significantly inhibited at later time points. Neutralizing antibodies to PDGF BB abolished the biphasic response to HG, whereas anti-TGF-beta antibodies reversed only the late inhibitory effect of hyperglycemic medium. HG induced an early and persistent increase of PDGF B-chain gene expression, as evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, whereas PDGF-beta receptor mRNA increased by twofold after 6 hours, thereafter declining at levels 70% lower than in controls after 24 hours. 125I-Labeled PDGF BB binding studies in HMCs exposed to HG for 24 hours confirmed the decrease of PDGF-beta receptor expression. TGF-beta 1-specific transcripts showed 43 and 78% increases after 24 and 48 hours of incubation in HG, respectively, which was markedly diminished by anti-PDGF BB neutralizing antibodies or suramin. We conclude that HG induces an early activation of a PDGF loop that, in turn, causes an increase of TGF-beta 1 gene expression, thus modulating both HMC proliferation and mesangial matrix production.
New soybean oil–styrene–divinylbenzene thermosetting copolymers. v. shape memory effect (2002)

Abstract A series of new shape memory polymers are synthesized by the cationic copolymerization of regular soybean oil, low saturation soybean oil (LoSatSoy oil), and/or conjugated LoSatSoy oil with styrene and divinylbenzene, norbornadiene, or dicyclopentadiene initiated by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate or related modified initiators. The shape memory properties of the soybean oil polymers are characterized by the deformability ( D ) of the materials at temperatures higher than their glass‐transition temperatures ( T g ), the degree to which the deformation is subsequently fixed at ambient temperature ( FD ), and the final shape recovery ( R ) upon being reheated. It is found that a T g well above ambient temperature and a stable crosslinked network are two prerequisites for these soybean oil polymers to exhibit shape memory effects. Good shape memory materials with high D , FD , and R values are prepared by controlling the crosslink densities and the rigidity of the polymer backbones. The advantage of the soybean oil polymers lies in the high degree of chemical control over the shape memory characteristics. This makes these materials particularly promising in applications where shape memory properties are desirable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1533–1543, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10493
Queda algo aún de los llamados delitos de propia mano (2006)

El trabajo trata de responder a la pregunta en torno a si aun puede seguirse hablando de los delitos de propia mano como categoria autonoma a pesar de las criticas que se le ha dirigido. La tesis que se sostiene es que si se reformula su contenido en clave normativa y se llega a un consenso en torno a la realidad que se identifica con ellos no habria inconveniente en continuar manejando esa terminologia. Desde las premisas actuales del Derecho penal la misma solo podria traducirse en el reconocimiento de que la dinamica ejecutiva propia de algunos delitos demanda que a quien responda de ellos como autor conforme a los criterios comunes de la teoria del dominio del hecho le sea imputable no solo el resultado de lesion o peligro sino la concreta conducta que contemplan. A diferencia de la forma tradicional en que a menudo se han entendido los delitos de propia mano, desde esa comprension normativa sus consecuencias no se traducen en restriccion alguna relativa a la autoria mediata, sino que se proyectan tan solo al ambito de la responsabilidad en comision por omision por la conducta de terceros.
Designing Multipolar Resonances in Dielectric Metamaterials (2016)

Dielectric resonators form the building blocks of nano-scale optical antennas and metamaterials. Due to their multipolar resonant response and low intrinsic losses they offer design flexibility and high-efficiency performance. These resonators are typically described in terms of a spherical harmonic decomposition with Mie theory. In experimental realizations however, a departure from spherical symmetry and the use of high-index substrates leads to new features appearing in the multipolar response. To clarify this behavior, we present a systematic experimental and numerical characterization of Silicon disk resonators. We demonstrate that for disk resonators on low-index quartz substrates, the electric and magnetic dipole modes are easily identifiable across a wide range of aspect-ratios, but that higher order peaks cannot be unambiguously associated with any specific multipolar mode. On high-index Silicon substrates, even the fundamental dipole modes do not have a clear association. When arranged into arrays, resonances are shifted and pronounced preferential forward and backward scattering conditions appear, which are not as apparent in individual resonators and may be associated with interference between multipolar modes. These findings present new opportunities for engineering the multipolar scattering response of dielectric optical antennas and metamaterials, and provide a strategy for designing nano-optical components with unique functionalities.
A real world application used to implement a true IDDQ based test strategy (facts and figures) (2003)

This paper discusses the results of introducing a true IDDQ based test strategy in a production test environment. The objectives of the project were to increase wafer sort test quality, product quality and overall test coverage without the need for expensive tests, meanwhile reduce the overall tests costs and pave the pathway for volume testing using a low-cost Design for Test (DFT) supportive tester platform. The experiments were carried out on a HP83K test system using a dedicated test chip and a commercial product as test vehicles. A commercially available loadboard IDDQ monitor was used to perform the IDDQ measurements. The project results show that a proper use of IDDQ testing not only serves to improve product quality but, in combination with proper measurement hardware, also serves to considerably reduce test time and costs, hence meeting the goals of the project.
A Cost Model for SPARK SQL (2018)

In this paper, we propose a novel cost model for Spark SQL. The cost model covers the class of Generalized Projection, Selection, Join (GPSJ) queries. The cost model keeps into account the network and IO costs as well as the most relevant CPU costs. The execution cost is computed starting from a physical plan produced by Spark. The set of operations adopted by Spark when executing a GPSJ query are analytically modeled based on the cluster and application parameters, together with a set of database statistics. Experimental results carried out on three benchmarks and on two clusters of different sizes and with different computation features show that our model can estimate the actual execution time with about the 20 percent of errors on the average. Such an accuracy is good enough to let the system choose the most effective plan even when the execution time differences are limited. The error can be reduced to 14 percent, if the analytic model is coupled with our straggler handling strategy.
Design and Simulation of Double "S" Shaped Metamaterial (2012)

Metamaterials are defined as artificial electromagnetic structures based on the assembly of magnetic resonators and infinitely long metal rods at sub wavelength scale, which have the negative permittivity and the negative permeability simultaneously in a specific frequency range. However there are also some new metamaterial structures being explored which exhibit the same behavior. In this paper, we present the design, and simulation of a double S-shaped metamaterial in the microwave range. The design tool is the HFSS software which uses the finite element method. The extraction of effective parameters by the method of reflection- transmission coefficients demonstrates the metamaterial behavior of the said structure.
A Line Segment Detector for SAR Images with Controlled False Alarm Rate (2018)

In this paper we propose to adapt LSD [1] (a state-of-the-art line segment detector for optical images) to SAR images. The first modification is replacing the gradient computation with an exponentially weighted ratio-based method which has a constant false alarm rate for SAR images. Next, we observe that the strong noise removal necessary for processing SAR images strongly impairs the independent hypothesis of the a contrario model used by LSD. A first order Markov chain is used to take the spatial dependencies into consideration. Experiments show that the proposed method has good performances and the number of false detections is well controlled.
The Reductive Fragmentation of 7‐Hydroxy‐9,10‐dioxotaxoids (2003)

Abstract The retro‐aldol reductive fragmentation of different structural types of 7‐hydroxy‐9,10‐dioxotaxoids was investigated, showing that the reaction is typical of taxanes and requires cerium( III ) promotion with NaBH 4 in protic medium and alkylboron (aluminium) hydrides in aprotic solvents. The resulting 7,8‐ seco ‐taxanes are key intermediates for the synthesis of a novel class of anticancer taxanes endowed with a unique pattern of in vivo biological activity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Low loss SiGe waveguides in the MID-IR (2013)

In this work, we present the first experimental report validating the potential offered by SiGe/Si waveguides in the mid-IR with record low propagation loss over a wide bandwidth, which range between 1.5 dB/cm @3.25 μm down to 0.5 dB/cm @ 4.75 μm.
New developments in the assessment of COPD: early diagnosis is key (2014)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in the world, and its associated health burdens and costs are mounting. Until recently, it was generally accepted that targeting the diagnosis of COPD early in its course was a relatively fruitless effort, since treatments other than already ubiquitous smoking-cessation efforts were unlikely to alter its course. However, there is strong evidence to suggest that the majority of patients with objective COPD are not aware of their condition, and this leads to a significant delay in diagnosis, more aggressive smoking-cessation intervention, and potential treatment. Novel methods of diagnostic testing, community health programs, and primary-care provider recommendations hold promise to expand the recognition of COPD in its incipient stages - where recent evidence suggests a rapid decline in lung function occurs and may be prevented if acted upon. This review explores the evidence to support the efforts to justify programs aimed at early diagnosis, alternative diagnostic strategies that may augment traditional spirometry, therapeutic modalities that could potentially be used in the future to alter early lung-function decline, and emphasizes the necessary cooperative role that physicians, patients, communities, and governments need to play to realize the significant health impact that stands to be gained.
Reflections on cancer therapy. (1992)

A schedule for treatment of cancer patients with low-dose combined chemotherapy infusions is presented for discussion. This schedule is designed to activate the immune system. Active agents such as mistletoe preparations etc. which are at present still controversial, balneological applications, diet, ethics and nursing home facilities are mentioned. Finally the question is raised as to whether it may be appropriate under certain circumstances in the individual case to institute abortive cytostatic treatment even in suspicion of a cancerous condition, i.e. at a time when the organ diagnosis has not yet been substantiated.