gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-Axis Attitude Control With a Single Wheel (1987)

Single-device attitude-control system provides stabilization along three axes. Flywheel connected to electronically controlled motor rotates on magnetic bearing. At high rotational speed, small angular displacements about x and y axes, in response to control signals enable storage of relatively large amounts of angular momentum. Angular momentum about z axis stored in changes in rotational speed.
TSV-Aware Analytical Placement for 3-D IC Designs Based on a Novel Weighted-Average Wirelength Model (2013)

Through-silicon vias (TSVs) are required for transmitting signals among different dies for the 3-D integrated circuit (IC) technology. The significant silicon areas occupied by TSVs bring critical challenges for 3-D IC placement. Unlike most published 3-D placement works that only minimize the number of TSVs during placement due to the limitations in their techniques, this paper proposes a new 3-D cell placement algorithm that can additionally consider the sizes of TSVs and the physical positions for TSV insertion during placement. The algorithm consists of three stages: 1) 3-D analytical global placement with density optimization and whitespace reservation for TSVs; 2) TSV insertion and TSV-aware legalization; and 3) layer-by-layer detailed placement. In particular, the global placement is based on a novel weighted-average (WA) wirelength model, giving the first published model that can outperform the well-known log-sum-exp wirelength model theoretically and empirically. Also, a scheme is proposed to enhance the numerical stability of the WA wirelength model. Furthermore, 3-D routing can easily be accomplished by traditional 2-D routers since the physical positions of TSVs are determined during placement. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our algorithm. Compared with state-of-the-art 3-D cell placement works, our algorithm can achieve the best routed wirelength, TSV counts, and total silicon area, in shortest running time.
<title>Ultrafast scanning probe microscopy</title> (1994)

We have developed a general technique which combines the temporal resolution of ultrafast laser spectroscopy with the spatial resolution of scanned probe microscopy (SPM).Using this technique with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we have obtained simultaneous 2 ps time resolution and 50 A spatial resolution.This improves the time resolution currently attainable with STM by nine orders of magnitude.The potential, of this powerful technique for studying ulwMast dynamical phenome_,a on surfaces with atomic _.u31ution is discussed.
A clinical microwave thermography system (1987)

Microwave thermography is the technique of observing the natural thermal radiation from the tissues of the body at centimetric wavelengths to obtain information about internal body temperature patterns. The ability of the technique to relatively directly obtain a measurement of body internal temperatures is the result of the relative transparency of body tissues to microwave radiation at the lower microwave frequencies. Tissue properties are such that, for many medical applications, the optimum measurement frequency is near 3 GHz at which frequency temperature information can be obtained from clinically useful depths of several centimetres within the body while achieving a spatial resolution of one to two centimetres. With proper design of equipment, microwave temperature-pattern measurements can be made independently of the type of tissue being viewed by the measuring antenna. Equipment has been developed which is suitable for routine clinical use. This equipment is being used for clinical assessments of the technique and has demonstrated that microwave thermography can very simply, and with complete safety, provide medically valuable information about disease activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Responsive Nanostructures with Tunable Optical Properties (2016)

Abstract Review: 52 refs.
Multiscale Understanding of Covalently Fixed Sulfur–Polyacrylonitrile Composite as Advanced Cathode for Metal–Sulfur Batteries (2021)

Metal-sulfur batteries (MSBs) provide high specific capacity due to the reversible redox mechanism based on conversion reaction that makes this battery a more promising candidate for next-generation energy storage systems. Recently, along with elemental sulfur (S<sub>8</sub> ), sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN), in which active sulfur moieties are covalently bounded to carbon backbone, has received significant attention as an electrode material. Importantly, SPAN can serve as a universal cathode with minimized metal-polysulfide dissolution because sulfur is immobilized through covalent bonding at the carbon backbone. Considering these unique structural features, SPAN represents a new approach beyond elemental S<sub>8</sub> for MSBs. However, the development of SPAN electrodes is in its infancy stage compared to conventional S<sub>8</sub> cathodes because several issues such as chemical structure, attached sulfur chain lengths, and over-capacity in the first cycle remain unresolved. In addition, physical, chemical, or specific treatments are required for tuning intrinsic properties such as sulfur loading, porosity, and conductivity, which have a pivotal role in improving battery performance. This review discusses the fundamental and technological discussions on SPAN synthesis, physicochemical properties, and electrochemical performance in MSBs. Further, the essential guidance will provide research directions on SPAN electrodes for potential and industrial applications of MSBs.
Preventive Antibacterial Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2008)

Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN74386719.
Photorefractive square-law converter (1990)

As a method of optically addressed spatial light modulation (SLM), real-time holography in photorefractive materials offers a highly desirable combination of dynamic range, resolution, and sensitivity. Unfortunately, true holographic recording requires a reference beam that is coherent with the information-bearing beam. This requirement was eliminated with the development of the photorefractive inchoherent-to-coherent converter (PICOC) device, 1 which used an incoherent information-bearing input beam to locally erase a photorefractive grating. In attaining compatibility with incoherent sources, however, this device sacrificed the wide dynamic range of real-time holography. In particular, uniformity of response is obtained only with weak signal beams—a situation inherently resulting in a low-contrast output. To circumvent this difficulty we have devised a new photorefractive SLM technique in which high-contrast and incoherent-source compatibility are simultaneously achieved. Specifically, by superimposing our input image on an external fixed-amplitude grating and incoherently imaging the composite result into a photorefractive crystal, we may write a corresponding index grating into the material. We show that this grating may be read out by means of standard holographic techniques to yield a coherent replica of the image without the contrast loss associated with the PICOC device. In particular, we show that although this new device offers resolution equivalent to that of the PICOC, substantial improvements in both the dynamic range and the available range of response speed are achieved.
Identification and approximations for systems with multi-stage workflows (2011)

Distributed systems with multi-stage workflows are characterized by multiple logical stages which can either execute sequentially or concurrently and a single stage can be executed on one or more physical nodes. Knowing the mapping of logical stages to physical nodes is important to characterize performance and study resource bottlenecks. Often due to the physical magnitude of such systems and complexity of the software, it is difficult to get detailed information about all the system parameters. We show that under light load conditions, the system can be well approximated using first order models and the hence simplifying the system identification problem. For general load, we develop a parameter estimation technique using maximum likelihood and propose a heuristic to solve it efficiently.
Efficient diode pumped ytterbium-doped fibre laser (2010)

A highly efficient laser action from a ytterbium-doped fibre (YDF) is demonstrated using a fibre Bragg grating at room temperature. The YDF used is drawn from a Yb2O3-doped preform, fabricated through deposition of a porous layer of composition SiO2-GeO2 by the MCVD process in conjunction with a solution doping technique. The fibre laser operates at a wavelength of 1028 nm with maximum slope efficiency of 88% when pumped by a singlemode 977 nm laser diode.
eMIMIC: Estimating HTTP-Based Video QoE Metrics from Encrypted Network Traffic (2018)

Understanding the user-perceived Quality of Experience (QoE) of HTTP-based video has become critical for content providers, distributors, and network operators. For network operators, monitoring QoE is challenging due to lack of access to video streaming applications, user devices, or servers. Thus, network operators need to rely on the network traffic to infer key metrics that influence video QoE. Furthermore, with content providers increasingly encrypting the network traffic, the task of QoE inference from passive measurements has become even more challenging. In this paper, we present a methodology called eMIMIC that uses passive network measurements to estimate key video QoE metrics for encrypted HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming (HAS) sessions. eMIMIC uses packet headers from network traffic to model a HAS session and estimate video QoE metrics such as average bitrate and re-buffering ratio. We evaluate our methodology using network traces from a variety of realistic conditions and ground truth of two popular video streaming services collected using a lab testbed. eMIMIC estimates re-buffering ratio within 1 percentage point of ground truth for up to 70% sessions and average bitrate with error under 100 kbps for up to 80% sessions. We also compare eMIMIC with recently proposed machine learning-based QoE estimation methodology. We show that eMIMIC can predict average bitrate with 2.8%-3.2% higher accuracy and re-buffering ratio with 9.8%-24.8% higher accuracy without requiring any training on ground truth QoE metrics.
Photoluminescent Silicon Clusters in Oriented Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica Film (1999)

The synthesis of ca. 1 nm diameter photoluminescent silicon nanoclusters in the surfactant-containing channels of a free-standing, oriented hexagonal mesoporous silica film is reported. The preparation involves an exceptionally mild disilane CVD procedure (see Fig.), during which the surfactants are intentionally retained within the channels during CVD, thus restricting the space in which the silicon clusters nucleate and grow.
Formation of high <i>T</i> <i>c</i> superconducting films by organometallic chemical vapor deposition (1988)

The first growth of superconducting YBaCuO films by organometallic chemical vapor deposition is described. Metal β-diketonates were decomposed thermally on MgO substrates in an oxygen-rich atmosphere to produce amorphous brown films. Subsequent annealing in oxygen yielded dull gray films whose thickness corresponded to deposition rates of approximately 8 nm min−1. These films showed semiconductor-like behavior at higher temperatures, followed by a broad resistive transition from 80 to 36 K with the resistance becoming zero at ∼20 K. Analysis of x-ray data indicated the presence of the orthorhombic superconducting phase and various other metal oxides. Profilometer measurements yielded film thicknesses up to 950 nm, and scanning electron microscopy revealed faceted grains from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in size.
Fault Isolation of High Resistance Defects Using Comparative Magnetic Field Imaging (2003)

Abstract As integrated circuit packages become more complicated, the localization of defects becomes correspondingly more difficult. One particularly difficult class of defects to localize is high resistance (HR) defects. These defects include cracked traces, delaminated vias, C4 non-wet defects, PTH cracks, and any other package or interconnect structure that results in a signal line resistance change that exceeds the specification of the device. These defects can result in devices that do not run at full speed, are not reliable in the field, or simply do not work at all. The main approach for localizing these defects today is time domain reflectometry (TDR) [1]. TDR sends a short electrical pulse into the device and monitors the time to receive reflections. These reflections can correspond to shorts, opens, bends in a wire, normal interfaces between devices, or high resistance defects. Ultimately anything that produces an electrical impedance change will produce a TDR response. These signals are compared to a good part and require time consuming layer-by-layer deprocessing and comparison to a standard part. When complete, the localization is typically at best to within 200 microns. A new approach to isolating high resistance defects has been recently developed using current imaging. In recent years, current imaging through magnetic field detection has become a main-stream approach for short localization in the package [2] and is also heavily utilized for die level applications [3]. This core technology has been applied to the localization of high resistance defects. This paper will describe the approach, and give examples of test samples as well as results from actual yield failures.
Thumb + Pen Interaction on Tablets (2017)

Modern tablets support simultaneous pen and touch input, but it remains unclear how to best leverage this capability for bimanual input when the nonpreferred hand holds the tablet. We explore Thumb + Pen interactions that support simultaneous pen and touch interaction, with both hands, in such situations. Our approach engages the thumb of the device-holding hand, such that the thumb interacts with the touch screen in an indirect manner, thereby complementing the direct input provided by the preferred hand. For instance, the thumb can determine how pen actions (articulated with the opposite hand) are interpreted. Alternatively, the pen can point at an object, while the thumb manipulates one or more of its parameters through indirect touch. Our techniques integrate concepts in a novel way that derive from marking menus, spring-loaded modes, indirect input, and multi-touch conventions. Our overall approach takes the form of a set of probes, each representing a meaningfully distinct class of application. They serve as an initial exploration of the design space at a level which will help determine the feasibility of supporting bimanual interaction in such contexts, and the viability of the Thumb + Pen techniques in so doing.
The eidochromatic transform for color-image coding (2005)

We introduce the eidochromatic transform as a tool for improved lossy coding of color images. Many current image-coding formats (such as JPEG 2000) utilize both a color-component transform (relating values of different image components at a single location) and a wavelet or other spatial transform (relating values of a single-image component at proximate, but different image locations). The eidochromatic transform further reduces redundancy by relating image values simultaneously across color components and in the two spatial dimensions. Our approach is to introduce an additional transform step following the color-component and spatial transforms. In tests, this step reduced the overall static entropy of the chrominance components of quantized transformed images by up to 40% or more. Combined with JPEG 2000's modeling and coding method, the eidochromatic transform was found to reduce the size of lossily coded color images by up to 27% overall.
The polyvinyl alcohol–bacterial cellulose system as a new nanocomposite for biomedical applications (2006)

Finding materials suitable for soft tissue replacement is an important aspect for medical devices design and fabrication. There is a need to develop a material that will not only display similar mechanical properties as the tissue it is replacing, but also shows improved life span, biocompatibility, nonthrombogenic, and low degree of calcification. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a hydrophilic biocompatible polymer with various characteristics desired for biomedical applications. PVA can be transformed into a solid hydrogel with good mechanical properties by physical crosslinking, using freeze-thaw cycles. Hydrophilic bacterial cellulose (BC) fibers of an average diameter of 50 nm are produced by the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum, using a fermentation process. They are used in combination with PVA to form biocompatible nanocomposites. The resulting nanocomposites possess a broad range of mechanical properties and can be made with mechanical properties similar to that of cardiovascular tissues, such as aorta and heart valve leaflets. The stress-strain properties for porcine aorta are matched by at least one type of PVA-BC nanocomposite in both the circumferential and the axial tissue directions. A PVA-BC nanocomposite with similar properties as heart valve tissue is also developed. Relaxation properties of all samples, which are important for cardiovascular applications, were also studied and found to relax at a faster rate and to a lower residual stress than the tissues they might replace. The new PVA-BC composite is a promising material for cardiovascular soft tissue replacement applications.
A Low-Cost Storage Server for Movie on Demand Databases (1994)

With recent advances in storage and network technology it is now possible to provide movie on demand (MOD) service, eliminating the inflexibility inherent in todays broadcast cable systems. A MOD server is a computer system that stores movies in compressed digital form and provides support for different portions of compressed movie data to be accessed and transmitted concurrently. In this paper, we present a low-cost storage architecture for a MOD server that relies principally on disks. The high bandwidths of disks in conjunction with a clever strategy for striping movies on them is utilized in order to enable simultaneous access and transmission of &quot;certain&quot; different portions of a movie. We also present a wide range of schemes for implementing VCRlike functions. 1 Introduction The movie on demand (MOD) concept has become exceedingly popular with telecommunications, computer and cable companies. Viewers that subscribe to a MOD service have access to a much wider feature set Permis...
Cloning and Expression of the <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> Lactoferrin Receptor Genes (1998)

The lactoferrin receptor genes from two strains of Moraxella catarrhalis have been cloned and sequenced. The lfr genes are arranged as lbpB followed by lbpA, a gene arrangement found in lactoferrin and transferrin receptor operons from several bacterial species. In addition, a third open reading frame, orf3, is located one nucleotide downstream of lbpA. The deduced lactoferrin binding protein A (LbpA) sequences from the two strains were found to be 99% identical, the LbpB sequences were 92% identical, and the ORF3 proteins were 98% identical. The lbpB gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from a third strain of M. catarrhalis, and the encoded protein was found to be 77% identical and 84% similar to the other LbpB proteins. Recombinant LbpA and LbpB proteins were expressed from Escherichia coli, and antisera raised to the purified proteins were used to assess antigenic conservation in a panel of M. catarrhalis strains. The recombinant proteins were tested for the ability to bind human lactoferrin following gel electrophoresis and electroblotting, and rLbpB, but not rLbpA, was found to bind lactoferrin. Bactericidal antibody activity was measured, and while the anti-rLbpA antiserum was not bactericidal, the anti-rLbpB antisera were found to be weakly bactericidal. Thus, LbpB may have potential as a vaccine candidate.
Spin-Filter Transistor (2004)

We propose and theoretically analyze a spin-filter transistor (SFT) employing the spin-filter effect in a ferromagnetic barrier layer. The proposed SFT has a tunneling-injection-type hot-electron-transistor structure with a thin ferromagnetic emitter barrier and a thick ferromagnetic collector barrier. The emitter barrier acts as a tunneling injector of highly spin-polarized hot electrons from the nonmagnetic emitter to the nonmagnetic base, and the collector barrier acts as a spin analyzer that determines the flow of spin-polarized hot electrons from the base to the nonmagnetic collector or to the base electrode. By the combination of these two spin filters, the output characteristics of the SFT depend on the magnetization configuration (parallel or antiparallel) of the emitter and collector barriers. The SFT can realize not only a very large magnetocurrent ratio, but also current and power gains.
Selective Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from a Wide Range of E-Waste and Process Scalability of Membrane Solvent Extraction (2019)

In this study, the scalability of the supported membrane solvent extraction (MSX) process for the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from scrap permanent magnets was demonstrated by processing larger quantities of different scrap magnet feedstocks with a membrane area of more than 1 m<sup>2</sup>. The MSX process was successfully employed to recover high-purity REEs in their oxide form (REOs) from a wide range of end-of-life magnet feedstocks including hard disk drives (HDDs), MRI, cell phone, bonded, swarf, and hybrid car magnets. REEs with the purity of more than 99.5 wt %, recovery of more than 95%, and an extraction rate of as high as 9.3 g/(h m<sup>2</sup>) were recovered from feed solutions containing REEs of up to 46 000 mg/L. It was found that the extraction rate strongly depends on the initial REE concentration in the feed solution and to some extent on the composition of the scrap magnet source. The results demonstrated that MSX is a scalable and versatile process for the recovery of REEs from a wide range of electronic wastes.
Galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis using immobilized β-galactosidase (2014)

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are carbohydrates generated from glucose and galactose, which exhibit prebiotic functionality. In the colon they selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. This thesis provides an overview of historical and current literature on the synthesis of (galacto-)oligosaccharides and describes the enzyme (beta-galactosidase) and the mechanism of synthesis. The selection of a suitable carrier for the immobilization was carried out by application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Application of AHP methodology lead to the same outcome as when a model for the cost price calculation per cycle of GOS synthesis was applied. The application of the immobilized enzyme in a batch- as well as a continuous system is described. In the batch process the synthesis of GOS starting from a lactose slurry instead of the more commonly described lactose solution was given attention. The enzymatic and the volumetric productivities of the systems were compared with those of a free enzyme system. Additionally, the compositions of the GOS mixture were compared. The formation of allo-lactose during the GOS synthesis, catalyzed by B. circulans beta-galactosidase, is further discussed. The reaction is kinetically controlled reaction makes the rate of allo-lactose formation dependent of the enzyme dosage. The preferential substrate utilization of the enzyme lead to accumulation of allo-lactose. This study shows that the use of an immobilized enzyme system can contribute to a more cost-efficient and more sustainable process for the synthesis of GOS.