gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Drug Cocktail Effects on Cancer Cell-Spheroids Using a Microfluidic Drug-Screening Assay (2017)

Development of drugs based on potential anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents has been hindered by its necessary tedious procedures and failure in the clinical trials because of unbearable toxicity and extremely low clinical efficacy. One of the technical challenges is the mismatch between laboratory settings and human body environments for the cancer cells responding upon treatments of the anti-cancer agents. This major limitation urges for applying more reliable platforms for evaluating drugs with a higher throughput and cell aggregates in a more natural configuration. Here, we adopt a microfluidic device integrated with a differential micromixer and multiple microwell-containing channels (50 microwells per channel) for parallel screening of suspending cell spheroids treated by drugs with different combinations. We optimize the culture conditions of the surfactant-coated microwells in order to facilitate the spheroid formation of the breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). We propose a new drug cocktail combined with three known chemotherapeutic agents (paclitaxel, epirubicin, and aspirin) for the drug screening of the cancer cell-spheroids. Our results exhibit the differential responses between planar cell layers in traditional culture wells and cell-spheroids grown in our microfluidic device, in terms of the apoptotic rates under treatments of the drug cocktails with different concentrations. These results reveal a distinct drug resistance between planar cell layers and cell-spheroids. Together, this work offers important guidelines on applying the cell-spheroid microfluidic cultures for development of more efficacious anticancer drugs.
Postmortem Brain Tissue for Drug Discovery in Psychiatric Research (2009)

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression are common and extremely disabling diseases thought to be caused by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Medications currently available to treat these diseases produce varying degrees of symptom amelioration in most patients but often cause unwanted side effects. The need for more effective medications with fewer side effects is universally acknowledged.
Methods and compositions for the treatment of niddm (2023)

A variety of hypoglycemic agents and compositions for use in the maintenance of maturity onset non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are disclosed. The present invention also discloses methods for reducing the blood glucose level in a patient, as well as methods for reducing symptomatic conditions associated with diabetes in a patient.
Considerations for pacing of the <i>cricoarytenoid dorsalis</i> muscle by neuroprosthesis in horses (2010)

This treatment modality could eventually be applicable to horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.
Reducing pulse durations in diode pumped Q-switched solid-state lasers (1991)

The authors describe a subminiature, laser-diode-pumped, acoustooptic Q-switched Nd:YLF laser. The laser utilizes a very short cavity and laser crystal cooling to increase gain and reduce pulse width. Exploiting this technology results in 1.321 mu m pulses with durations and peak powers of 4.7 ns and 1100 W at 2 kHz and 8.7 ns and 250 W at 10 kHz in Nd:YLF. Similarly, 10 kHz pulses at 1.047 mu m have 2.7 ns duration and 1500 W peak power, also in Nd:YLF.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dynamic integration of zigbee home networks into home gateways using OSGI service registry (2009)

In recent years, Zigbee has become one of the most promising protocols for wireless home networking. Consequently, interoperation with Zigbee-enabled home network devices such as wireless sensors and appliances is an essential functionality in home gateway systems. This paper describes the design and implementation of an effective architecture for dynamic integration of Zigbee home networks into OSGi-based home gateways, where ad hoc Zigbee devices are represented by device proxy services. Further, such proxy services can be automatically downloaded, installed, and registered in the OSGi service registry by the dynamic device integration manager as the corresponding devices join the Zigbee network. Thus, home network applications can discover proxy services for the required Zigbee devices, and access the devices through the common proxy service interfaces without concern for the specific access protocols and libraries of the device.
Study of Digital Signature with Encryption Based on Combined Symmetric Key (2009)

For the characteristics that the signing speed must be quick and the system must be simply deployed in the digital signature system of office automation, a method of digital signature with encryption based on combined symmetric key, symmetric technology and hardware technology is proposed. This method stores key seed matrix, symmetric key algorithm and combined symmetric key algorithm in hardware equipment, in additional to, hardware equipment has the functions of creating symmetric key by combined key seed matrix with combined symmetric key algorithm and digital signature. The advantages of the proposed method is that the key is one-time and time-variant and the key update and maintenance is automation so the key is maintenance-free; Compared with traditional Asymmetric digital signature algorithms, this method has the superiority of fast deciphering and simple key management.
Nano-socketed nickel particles with enhanced coking resistance grown in situ by redox exsolution (2015)

Metal particles supported on oxide surfaces are used as catalysts for a wide variety of processes in the chemical and energy conversion industries. For catalytic applications, metal particles are generally formed on an oxide support by physical or chemical deposition, or less commonly by exsolution from it. Although fundamentally different, both methods might be assumed to produce morphologically and functionally similar particles. Here we show that unlike nickel particles deposited on perovskite oxides, exsolved analogues are socketed into the parent perovskite, leading to enhanced stability and a significant decrease in the propensity for hydrocarbon coking, indicative of a stronger metal-oxide interface. In addition, we reveal key surface effects and defect interactions critical for future design of exsolution-based perovskite materials for catalytic and other functionalities. This study provides a new dimension for tailoring particle-substrate interactions in the context of increasing interest for emergent interfacial phenomena.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry of oligodendrogliomas with special reference to prognosis (1995)

The use of Ki-67 and PCNA LI higher than 3% and 4%, respectively, appears reliable as prognostic factors when investigating pure supratentorial oligodendrogliomas.
Fault-Tolerant Grid-Based Solvers: Combining Concepts from Sparse Grids and MapReduce (2013)

A key issue confronting petascale and exascale computing is the growth in probability of soft and hard faults with increasing system size. A promising approach to this problem is the use of algorithms that are inherently fault tolerant. We introduce such an algorithm for the solution of partial differential equations, based on the sparse grid approach. Here, the solution of multiple component grids are efficiently combined to achieve a solution on a full grid. The technique also lends itself to a (modified) MapReduce framework on a cluster of processors, with the map stage corresponding to allocating each component grid for solution over a subset of the processors, and the reduce stage corresponding to their combination. We describe how the sparse grid combination method can be modified to robustly solve partial differential equations in the presence of faults. This is based on a modified combination formula that can accommodate the loss of one or two component grids. We also discuss accuracy issues associated with this formula. We give details of a prototype implementation within a MapReduce framework using the dynamic process features and asynchronous message passing facilities of MPI. Results on a two-dimensional advection problem show that the errors after the loss of one or two sub-grids are within a factor of 3 of the sparse grid solution in the presence of no faults. They also indicate that the sparse grid technique with four times the resolution has approximately the same error as a full grid, while requiring (for a sufficiently high resolution) much lower computation and memory requirements. We finally outline a MapReduce variant capable of responding to faults in ways other than re-scheduling of failed tasks. We discuss the likely software requirements for such a flexible MapReduce framework, the requirements it will impose on users’ legacy codes, and the system's runtime behavior.
Improving Insulin Sensitivity With HDAC Inhibitor (2013)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) has emerged as a new molecular target in the control of obesity and type 2 diabetes. HDAC is an enzyme with well-known functions in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene transcription in the nucleus, where HDAC interacts with corepressor proteins such as NcoR and SMRT to form active corepressor complexes. In the corepressor complex, HDAC catalyzes removal of acetyl groups from histone proteins to inhibit gene expression. Recent studies have consistently suggested that HDAC also exhibits activity in the cytosol and mitochondria to regulate acetylation of metabolic enzymes (1). More than 20% of mitochondria proteins are regulated by acetylation (2,3). Regulation of HDAC activity is a new approach to modify glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

In HDAC, HDAC3 and sirtuin (SIRT)1 are well-known players in regulation of fatty acid and glucose metabolism. In mammals, HDACs are divided into three classes: class I HDACs (1–3,8,10), class II HDACs (4–7,9,11), and class III HDACs (SIRTs 1–7 and NAD-dependent histone deacetylases). Class I HDACs have strong catalytic activities, and they are targets of most HDAC inhibitors, such as trichostatin A (TSA), sodium butyrate, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. HDAC3 regulates metabolism in genetic and pharmacological studies. NcoR is required by HDAC3 in the regulation of transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)γ. NcoR knockout in fat tissue led to enhanced PPARγ function in adipose tissue, increased insulin sensitivity, …
Comparison of spectral and spatial denoising techniques in the context of High Definition FT-IR imaging hyperspectral data (2018)

The recent emergence of High Definition (HD) FT-IR and Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) Microscopes elevated the IR imaging field very close to clinical timescales. However, the speed of acquisition and data quality are still the critical factors in reaching the clinic. Denoising offers aide in both aspects if performed properly. However, there is a lack of a direct comparison of the efficiency of denoising techniques in IR imaging in general. To achieve such comparison within a rigorous framework and obtaining the critical information about signal loss, a simulated dataset strongly bound by experimental parameters was created. Using experimental structural and spectral information and experimental noise levels data as an input for the simulation, a direct comparison of spatial (Fourier transform, Mean Filter, Weighted Mean Filter, Gauss Filter, Median Filter, spatial Wavelets and Deep Neural Networks) and spectral (Savitzky-Golay, Fourier transform, Principal Component Analysis, Minimum Noise Fraction and spectral Wavelets) denoising schemes was enabled. All of these techniques were compared on the simulated dataset, taking into account SNR gain, signal distortion and sensitivity to tuning parameters as comparison metrics. Later, the best techniques were applied to experimental data for validation. The results presented here clearly show the benefit of using hyperspectral denoising schemes such as PCA and MNF which outperform other methods.
Papel de la flora intestinal en la salud y en la enfermedad (2007)

El término "microflora" o "microbiota" intestinal hace referencia al ecosistema microbiano que coloniza el tracto gastrointestinal. Los instrumentos de biología molecular desarrollados recientemente sugieren que todavía se ha de describir una parte sustancial de las comunidades bacterianas del intestino humano. No obstante, están bien documentados la relevancia y el impacto de las bacterias residentes en la fisiología y la patología del huésped. Las principales funciones de la microflora intestinal incluyen (1) actividades metabólicas que se traducen en recuperación de energía y nutrientes, y (2) protección del huésped frente a invasión por microorganismos extraños. Las bacterias intestinales desempeñan un papel esencial en el desarrollo y la homeostasis del sistema inmunitario. Los folículos linfoides de la mucosa intestinal son áreas principales para la inducción y la regulación del sistema inmune. Por otra parte, se dispone de evidencias que implican a la microbiota intestinal en ciertos procesos patológicos, incluyendo el fallo multi-orgánico, el cáncer de colon y la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.
Electrically-pumped vertical-cavity lasers with Al<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>-GaAs reflectors (1996)

We have fabricated the first electrically-pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) which use oxide-based distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) on both sides of the gain region. They require a third the epitaxial growth time of VCSELs with semiconductor DBRs. We obtain threshold currents as low as 160 μA in VCSELs with an active area of 8 μm×8 μm using a two quantum well InGaAs-GaAs active region. By etching away mirror pairs from the top reflector, quantum efficiencies as high as 61% are attained, while still maintaining a low threshold current of 290 μA.
International companies and post-conflict reconstruction - cross-sectoral comparisons (2005)

This paper draws on the experience of international companies as a guide to future policy-making. What factors have guided investment decisions in post-conflict countries? How do different companies in different sectors perceive political and security risks? How do they manage these risks? What are the lessons both for the private sector and for policy-makers? This paper begins with a review of the extractive industries, but then broadens the discussion to discuss three other sectors: mobile phones, construction and commercial banks. It cites examples from Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Somalia, Sierra Leone, and Timor-Leste. The four sectors vary in the scale of investment that they need, and the time -frame in which they expect to make returns. These calculations in turn influence their attitudes to conflict-affected countries. 'Junior' petroleum and mining companies are willing to take on high political, and security risks in the hope of making major discoveries before their larger, more risk-averse competitors. However, 'major' companies in the extractive industries normally expect a reasonable prospect of long-term stability before committing to large-scale projects which may last for 20-30 years. By contrast, mobile phone companies make smaller investments, and start getting a return as soon as the first subscriber makes a call: they may be able to recover their initial outlay within two or three years. Construction and engineering companies will take on short-term reconstruction contracts, but will hesitate to commit to long-term investment-for example in utilities-unless there is a stable government and legal system. Banks will not set up operations unless there are viable banking laws and foreign exchange regulations. The paper is selective rather than comprehensive-the contrasts it identifies make clear that there is no single post-conflict model that can, or should be applied to all cases. Rather, its aim is to identify common themes, provoke debate, and inspire more detailed research on specific countries, sectors and companies.
Graphene oxide: strategies for synthesis, reduction and frontier applications (2016)

In this review article, we describe a general introduction to GO, its synthesis, reduction and some selected frontier applications. Its low cost and potential for mass production make GO a promising building block for functional hybrid materials.
Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Their Contribution to Flavor in Cereals (1999)

Recent developments in methods for isolation and measurement of volatiles from cereals are reviewed. The main types of isolation methods, namely, direct extraction, distillation, and headspace, have recently been complemented by solid phase microextraction. Direct solvent extraction provides efficient recovery of compounds with a broad range of polarities and volatilities, whereas headspace techniques provide relatively clean extracts. Supercritical fluid and solid phase microextractions have not yet been fully evaluated for cereals. GC and GC/MS remain the dominant techniques for measurement of the extracted compounds, although new electronic noses show promise. Relating these results to human perception requires careful control to ensure valid comparisons and, in this respect, aroma extract dilution analysis is a useful procedure.
Raw soybeans as a protein source for growing cattle (1987)

A 60-day growth trial with 170 exotic crossbred steers (avg. wt. 626 lbs) was conducted to assess the value of raw soybeans in silage-based diets. Protein supplements were based on 1) urea, 2) urea plus soybean oil (SBO), 3) soybean meal (SBM), 4) SBM plus SBO, 5) rolled (RSB), and 6) whole (WSB) soybeans. Soybean oil was added to treatments 2 and 4 in amounts equivalent to that contributed from raw soybeans. Total diets were 11.5% crude protein. Steers fed SBM gained faster (P<.05) and consumed more feed than those fed RSB or WSB. However, SBO added back to the SBM diet resulted in performance similar to that of steers fed RSB or WSB (P=.47). This suggests that the protein value of SBM and raw soybeans was similar, but that small increments (less than 2% of diet dry matter) of soybean lipid inhibited ruminal diet digestion and(or} utilization. There was no advantage for rolling raw soybeans vs. feeding them whole (P=.45). Costs of gain were urea < raw soybeans < soybean meal.
Optimal Meter Placement for Robust Measurement Systems in Active Distribution Grids (2014)

Future active distribution grids are characterized by rapid and significant changes of operation and behavior due to, for example, intermittent power injections from renewable sources and the load-generation characteristic of the so-called prosumers. The design of a robust measurement infrastructure is critical for safe and effective grid control and operation. We had earlier proposed a placement procedure that allows finding an optimal robust measurement location incorporating phasor measurement units and smart metering devices for distribution system state estimation. In this paper, the lack of detailed information on distributed generation is also considered in the optimal meter placement procedure, so that the distributed measurement system can provide accurate estimates even with limited knowledge of the profile of the injected power. Possible non-Gaussian distribution of the distributed power generation has been taken into account. With this aim, the Gaussian mixture model has been incorporated into the placement optimization by means of the so-called Gaussian component combination method. The occurrence of either loss of data or degradation of metrological performance of the measurement devices is also considered. Tests performed on a UKGDS 16-bus distribution network are presented and discussed.
Preparation of high nitrogen compound and materials therefrom (2023)

The high-nitrogen compound of the formula ##STR00001## was prepared. Pyrolysis of the compound yields carbon nitrides C.sub.2N.sub.3 and C.sub.3N.sub.5. The carbon nitrides vary in their density, texture, and morphology.
Evaluation of Pfizer selective enterococcus and KF media for recovery of fecal streptococci from water by membrane filtration (1976)

Pfizer selective enterococcus (PSE) and KF agars were compared for their recovery of fecal streptococci from sewage effluent on membrane filters. The results showed that PSE agar is highly selective for the enterococci. The tan color resulting from esculin hydrolysis, which was not always visible on the surfaces of the colonies, is not considered a necessary differential characteristic on PSE agar since more than 90% of all colonies recovered on membrane filters were confirmed as fecal streptococci and 86% were confirmed as enterococci. The detection of esculin hydrolysis on membrane filters was not improved by using the new Millipore type HC filter. KF agar recovered significantly greater numbers of organisms but was not as selective, with 83% of the typical colonies being confirmed as fecal streptococci and 54% as enterococci. An attempt to improve the selectivity of KF agar while retaining its inclusiveness by incubation at 45 C was not successful.
Obstacles and Coping Strategies of CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors (2021)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy refers to an adoptive immunotherapy that has rapidly developed in recent years. It is a novel type of treatment that enables T cells to express specific CARs on their surface, then returns these T cells to tumor patients to kill the corresponding tumor cells. Significant strides in CAR-T cell immunotherapy against hematologic malignancies have elicited research interest among scholars in the treatment of solid tumors. Nonetheless, in contrast with the efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, its general efficacy against solid tumors is insignificant. This has been attributed to the complex biological characteristics of solid tumors. CAR-T cells play a better role in solid tumors, for instance by addressing obstacles including the lack of specific targets, inhibition of tumor microenvironment (TME), homing barriers of CAR-T cells, differentiation and depletion of CAR-T cells, inhibition of immune checkpoints, trogocytosis of CAR-T cells, tumor antigen heterogeneity, etc. This paper reviews the obstacles influencing the efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapy in solid tumors, their mechanism, and coping strategies, as well as economic restriction of CAR-T cell immunotherapy and its solutions. It aims to provide some references for researchers to better overcome the obstacles that affect the efficacy of CAR-T cells in solid tumors.
Overexpression of Apollon, an Antiapoptotic Protein, Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Childhood <i>De novo</i> Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2007)

This is the first study demonstrating the prognostic implication of the Apollon expression in human cancers, indicating that Apollon overexpression may be used as a poor prognostic marker in childhood acute myeloid leukemia through validation by further studies.