gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chromosome 13 dementia syndromes as models of neurodegeneration (2001)

Two hereditary conditions, familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD), are associated with amyloid deposition in the central nervous system and neurodegeneration. The two amyloid proteins, ABri and ADan, are degradation products of the same precursor molecule BriPP bearing different genetic defects, namely a Stop-to-Arg mutation in FBD and a ten-nucleotide duplication-insertion immediately before the stop codon in FDD. Both de novo created amyloid peptides have the same length (34 amino acids) and the same post-translational modification (pyroglutamate) at their N-terminus. Neurofibrillary tangles containing the classical paired helical filaments as well as neuritic components in many instances co-localize with the amyloid deposits. In both disorders, the pattern of hyperphosphorylated tau immunoreactivity is almost indistinguishable from that seen in Alzheimer's disease. These issues argue for the primary importance of the amyloid deposits in the mechanism(s) of neuronal cell loss. We propose FBD and FDD, the chromosome 13 dementia syndromes, as models to study the molecular basis of neurofibrillary degeneration, cell death and amyloid formation in the brain.
Maximum reflectance of multilayer dielectric mirrors in the presence of slight absorption (1980)

A new design technique for multilayer reflectors is presented It is useful when slight absorption by one or both of the coating materials limits the performance of the reflector. The basic procedure is to add layers to a given substrate or multilayer system one pair at a time. The thickness of each layer is chosen to give the maximum increase in reflectance for each pair of layers added. In general, the optical thicknesses of the layers in each pair are not quarter waves, but depend on the optical constants of the materials, as well as the starting reflectance of the subsystem. By using such optimized pairs, it is possible to exceed the reflectance limit usually imposed on quarter-wave stack reflectors by absorption. Expressions for the optimum design and the ultimate reflectance for a high reflector made with a given set of coating materials are given. Other design techniques found in the literature require more layers to achieve the same level of reflectance as the present method.
A New Integrity Risk Allocation Method for BDS GBAS (2021)

Integrity is an important index to describe the safety of civil aviation. In ground-based argument system (GBAS), to assign the integrity to the fault sub-items, the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics gives a universal allocation algorithm. It involves the internal allocation of protection level (PL) risk, internal allocation of the non-protection level risk and the overall allocation between the two assumptions. However, this traditional allocation method is both empirical and static. The former is reflected in the fact that the allocation is highly based on the simple but inaccurate assumption, and the latter is reflected in the deviation from the time-variant principle. In order to solve above problems, we combine the concepts of traditional PLs and fault-mode PLs. We optimize them to get the mini PL to improve availability. Then based on real data collected at Dongying Shengli Airport, we test the proposed scheme. Compared with the original approach, this method reduces the PL by 4.68%, 9.32%, 8.21% respectively. An allocation consequence is shown to support future BDS GBAS.
Flat nonlinear optics: metasurfaces for efficient frequency mixing (2017)

Gradient metasurfaces, or ultrathin optical components with engineered transverse impedance gradients along the surface, are able to locally control the phase and amplitude of the scattered fields over subwavelength scales, enabling a broad range of linear components in a flat, integrable platform<sup>1–4</sup>. On the contrary, due to the weakness of their nonlinear optical responses, conventional nonlinear optical components are inherently bulky, with stringent requirements associated with phase matching and poor control over the phase and amplitude of the generated beam. Nonlinear metasurfaces have been recently proposed to enable frequency conversion in thin films without phase-matching constraints and subwavelength control of the local nonlinear phase<sup>5–8</sup>. However, the associated optical nonlinearities are far too small to produce significant nonlinear conversion efficiency and compete with conventional nonlinear components for pump intensities below the materials damage threshold. Here, we report multi-quantum-well based gradient nonlinear metasurfaces with second-order nonlinear susceptibility over 10<sup>6</sup> pm/V for second harmonic generation at a fundamental pump wavelength of 10 μm, 5-6 orders of magnitude larger than traditional crystals. Further, we demonstrate the efficacy of this approach to designing metasurfaces optimized for frequency conversion over a large range of wavelengths, by reporting multi-quantum-well and metasurface structures optimized for a pump wavelength of 6.7 μm. Finally, we demonstrate how the phase of this nonlinearly generated light can be locally controlled well below the diffraction limit using the Pancharatnam-Berry phase approach<sup>5,7,9,</sup> opening a new paradigm for ultrathin, flat nonlinear optical components.
Self‐Organized Organic Thin‐Film Transistors on Plastic (2004)

The development of the self‐organized growth of pentacence thin films on the channel region of a thin‐film transistor (TFT) using surface modifications induced by organic vapor phase deposition is reported (see Figure). A bottom‐contact TFT on plastic using an organic gate insulator of cross‐linked poly‐(4‐vinylphenol) exhibited a field‐effect mobility of 1.2 cm 2 /Vs and an on/off current ratio of ∼ 10 7 .
Optimal measurement method for scatterometer-based overlay metrology (2008)

Scatterometry takes advantage of the sensitivity exhibited by optical diffraction from periodic structures, and hence is an efficient technique for lithographic process monitoring. Even though the potential of this technique has been known for many years, it is challenging to accurately and quickly extract the multilayer grating overlay from diffraction data. We propose a method to measure the overlay by selecting an optimal measurement design based on the theoretical modeling of differential signal scatterometry overlays. A set of two grating overlay targets are designed with an intentional offset difference between the top and bottom gratings, to maximize the differential signal measurement sensitivity and to minimize the response to the process noise. We model the measurement sensitivity to overlays of two layer gratings, at a fixed wavelength and with a range of azimuth incidence angles from 0 to 180 deg, by means of rigorous diffraction theory. We compare the optical response of the zero- and first-order diffractive overlays. We show that with the appropriate target design and algorithms, scatterometry overlay achieves improved accuracy for future technology nodes.
An  2,6-sialyltransferase cloned from Photobacterium leiognathi strain JT-SHIZ-119 shows both sialyltransferase and neuraminidase activity (2009)

We cloned, expressed, and characterized a novel beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase from Photobacterium leiognathi strain JT-SHIZ-119. The protein showed 56-96% identity to the marine bacterial alpha2,6-sialyltransferases classified into glycosyltransferase family 80. The sialyltransferase activity of the N-terminal truncated form of the recombinant enzyme was 1477 U/L of Escherichia coli culture. The truncated recombinant enzyme was purified as a single band by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis through 3 column chromatography steps. The enzyme had distinct activity compared with known marine bacterial alpha2,6-sialyltransferases. Although alpha2,6-sialyltransferases cloned from marine bacteria, such as Photobacterium damselae strain JT0160, P. leiognathi strain JT-SHIZ-145, and Photobacterium sp. strain JT-ISH-224, show only alpha2,6-sialyltransferase activity, the recombinant enzyme cloned from P. leiognathi strain JT-SHIZ-119 showed both alpha2,6-sialyltransferase and alpha2,6-linkage-specific neuraminidase activity. Our results provide important information toward a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial sialyltransferases belonging to the group 80 glycosyltransferase family in the CAZy database.
Control of attenuation pole frequency of a dual-mode microstrip ring resonator bandpass filter (2001)

A novel method is proposed to control the attenuation pole frequency of a dual-mode circular microstrip ring resonator bandpass filter, keeping the bandwidth constant. In this paper, the coupling between the dual modes is provided as the total effect of stub perturbation at the end of symmetry plane, and the angle between input/output ports. By making a various combinations of these two parameters, it is possible to control the attenuation pole frequency. An additional small coupling induced by excitation capacitance is also considered. Filters are simulated using the calculated coupling constant, and then the attenuation pole frequencies and bandwidth of the simulated filters are verified by experiment. Theoretical expressions are further devised to calculate the attenuation pole frequencies.
The effect of fly ash on the sulfate resistance of concrete (1989)

The durability of concrete is determined by its ability to endure the physical and environmental surroundings without losing the functional properties and structural integrity of the original design. Concrete containing fly ash can be proportioned to meet the durability requirements of a wide range of applications, such as concrete for mass structures, pavements, structural members, and high strength applications. One area where the long term performance of concrete containing fly ash is not clearly understood is in sulfate environments. The sulfate attack mechanism in concrete containing fly ash has been related in recent years to the mineralogical and chemical composition of the cementitious and pozzolanic material. This study investigated the interrelationship between the physical, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of portland cement, fly ash, and their proportions, and the sulfate resistance of concrete containing fly ash. Eighteen fly ashes and five portland cements have been studied at four levels of volumetric replacement of fly ash for portland cement. Other variables studied were workability, air content, curing conditions, and permeability. The fly ashes were characterized by performing chemical, physical and mineralogical analyses. Over 700 specimens were submerged in a 10 per cent sodium sulfate solution. The specimens were measured for expansion, mass change, and cracking. The study has revealed a strong correlation between the glassy composition of fly ash and the sulfate resistance of concrete (A).
In-Process Monitoring of Lack of Fusion in Ultra-Thin Sheets Edge Welding Using Machine Vision (2018)

Lack of fusion can often occur during ultra-thin sheets edge welding process, severely destroying joint quality and leading to seal failure. This paper presents a vision-based weld pool monitoring method for detecting a lack of fusion during micro plasma arc welding (MPAW) of ultra-thin sheets edge welds. A passive micro-vision sensor is developed to acquire clear images of the mesoscale weld pool under MPAW conditions, continuously and stably. Then, an image processing algorithm has been proposed to extract the characteristics of weld pool geometry from the acquired images in real time. The relations between the presence of a lack of fusion in edge weld and dynamic changes in weld pool characteristic parameters are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the abrupt changes of extracted weld pool centroid position along the weld length are highly correlated with the occurrences of lack of fusion. By using such weld pool characteristic information, the lack of fusion in MPAW of ultra-thin sheets edge welds can be detected in real time. The proposed in-process monitoring method makes the early warning possible. It also can provide feedback for real-time control and can serve as a basis for intelligent defect identification.
6C-3 Singular Spectrum Analysis for Detecting Brachytherapy Seeds with Angle Variation (2007)

Prostate brachytherapy uses small, titanium-shelled radioactive seeds to locally treat prostate cancer. Unfortunately, during the implantation procedure, needles inserted under the guidance of transrectal-ultrasound (TRUS) cause gland movement, which often results in seed misplacement and suboptimal dosimetry. In a previous study, an algorithm based on singular spectrum analysis (SSA) was described to determine actual seed locations. The SSA algorithm demonstrated promise for reliably imaging seeds when their orientation was optimal, i.e., with the seed axis normal to the ultrasound beam. In this present study, the performance of the SSA algorithm was tested when the orientation of the seed deviated up to 22 degrees from normality. Experimental data from a single seed inserted in a gel pad and another inserted in a piece of beef were collected with a single-element, 5-MHz transducer. Simulations were designed and evaluated with the SSA algorithm. Finally, success in seed detection was expressed quantitatively through developed scoring metrics. These metrics also were computed for conventional B-mode images used for comparison. The results showed that the SSA algorithm was able to detect the seed accurately up to a deviation of ap8 degrees.
Optimizing Multiple Spaced Seeds for Homology Search (2006)

Optimized spaced seeds improve sensitivity and specificity in local homology search. Several authors have shown that multiple seeds can have better sensitivity and specificity than single seeds. We describe a linear programming (LP)-based algorithm to optimize a set of seeds. Theoretically, our algorithm offers a performance guarantee: the sensitivity of a chosen seed set is at least 70% of what can be achieved, in most reasonable models of homologous sequences. In practice, our algorithm generates a solution which is at least 90% of the optimal. Our method not only achieves performance better than or comparable to that of a greedy algorithm, but also gives this area a mathematical foundation.
Dose-Dependent Artifact in the Far Wall of the Carotid Artery at Dynamic Contrast-enhanced US (2011)

A dose-dependent, nonlinear propagation artifact known as pseudoenhancement occurs in the far wall adventitia of the carotid artery and should not be mistaken as a marker of plaque vulnerability.
Homogeneous catalytic asymmetric hydrogenolysis of sodium epoxysuccinate: the first example of asymmetric hydrogenolysis of an epoxide (1991)

As the first example of asymmetric hydrogenolysis of an epoxide, the homogeneous catalytic asymmetric hydrogenolysis of sodium epoxysuccinate was accomplished by using rhodium catalysts containing chiral phosphine ligands.
NMF-Density: NMF-Based Breast Density Classifier. (2014)

Abstract. The amount of tissue available in the breast, commonly char-acterized by the breast density, is highly correlated with breast cancer. In fact, dense breasts have higher risk of developing breast cancer. On the other hand, breast density influences the mammographic interpretation since it decreases the sensitivity of breast cancer detection. This sensitivity decrease is due to the fact that both cancerous regions and tissue appear as white areas in breast mammograms. This paper introduces new features to improve the classification of breast density in digital mammograms accord-ing to the commonly used radiological lexicon (BI-RADS). These features are extracted from non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) of mammo-grams and classified using machine learning classifiers. Using ground truth mammographic data, the classification performance of the proposed fea-tures is assessed. Simulation results show that the latter significantly out-performs existing density features based on principal component analysis (PCA) by achieving higher classification accuracy. 1
Tumor‐associated carbohydrate antigens: A possible avenue for cancer prevention (2005)

Here we examine the use of glycopeptides containing tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) as potential preventive vaccines for carcinomas. Our recent results suggest that CD8+ T cells (CTL) are capable of recognizing TACA in a conventional class I MHC-restricted fashion. The ThomsenFriedenreich antigen (TF), a disaccharide, and Tn, its immediate precursor, are TACA largely expressed in carcinomas. TF and Tn can be successfully used as Th-independent vaccines when conjugated to designer peptides with optimal binding affinity for class I MHC molecules. TF- and Tn-specific CTL generated using this strategy are capable of recognizing TACA-expressing tumours in vitro, suggesting that glycopeptides are as effectively presented by class I MHC molecules as non-glycosylated peptides. Because the exact sequences of endogenously synthesized glycopeptides are unknown, the TACA-specific T cell repertoire elicited by carbohydrate-based vaccines is assumed to be degenerate. Here we report that mice genetically manipulated to develop TACA-expressing mammary tumours are not tolerant to glycopeptide vaccination. Moreover, we tested the immunogenicity of designer glycopeptides capable of binding multiple HLA alleles as a novel approach for the development of vaccines potentially useful for vaccination of a large fraction of the general population. Our results have suggested that CTL derived from normal donors respond with high efficiency to glycopeptides in vitro, opening a new avenue for the design of prospective vaccines for cancer prevention.
White light velocity interferometry (1996)

We describe a generic method for using broadband and incoherent light in velocity interferometry. Single frequency lasers are no longer necessary. Compact, powerful and inexpensive light sources previously prohibited due to their incoherence are now suitable for Doppler velocimetry of remote objects through air, including arc lamps, flash lamps, light from detonations, pulsed lasers, chirped frequency lasers and lasers operated simultaneously in several lines. These powerful sources should allow practical line and areal velocimetry. In our technique, the light source is imprinted with a coherent echo having a delay matching the delay in an analyzing interferometer. The technique is generic to all wave phenomena (i.e. radar, ultrasound).
Liquid foams of graphene (2012)

Liquid foams are dispersions of bubbles in a liquid. Bubbles are stabilized by foaming agents that position at the interface between the gas and the liquid. Most foaming agents, such as the commonly used sodium dodecylsulfate, are surfactant molecules with linear or branched chain molecular structures. This thesis presents a new class of liquid foams made with a foaming agent having a sheet molecular structure. In these foams, air bubbles are encapsulated inside graphene shells. The shells have a concentric layered structure made of isophorone diamine modified graphene oxide sheets. The liquid foams of graphene were initially developed as an extractive step in the preparation of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to polymer nanocomposites and graphene. Chapter 2 presents a novel processing method for grapheneepoxy nanocomposites. Chapter 3 deals with the structure, formation mechanism, stability and mechanical properties of the liquid foams of graphene. Chapter 4 reports on materials and methods. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the main conclusions of this work and proposes future directions for research. Thesis supervisor: Edwin L. Thomas Title: Professor of Materials Science and Engineering
Detection of heavy metals using fully printed three electrode electrochemical sensor (2014)

A flexible three electrode electrochemical sensor was successfully screen printed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. Silver (Ag) ink, silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) ink and carbon ink was used for the counter, reference and working electrodes, respectively. The feasibility of the fully printed sensor for detecting very low concentrations of toxic heavy metal ions was demonstrated. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) response of the printed sensor revealed a very high sensitivity at nano molar (nM) concentration levels of lead nitrate (Pb(NO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) and cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ). A percentage change of 18 %, in impedance, was observed for the 1 nM concentration of Pb(NO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> when compared with DI water. The response of the electrochemical sensor is analyzed and presented in this paper.
Discodermolide/Dictyostatin Hybrids:  Synthesis and Biological Evaluation (2003)

Two hybrid analogues of discodermolide and dictyostatin (<b>3</b>, <b>26</b>) have been designed and synthesized. These are the first macrocyclic analogues\nof discodermolide and biological activities were evaluated and compared with linear discodermolide analogues.
Piezoelectrric composite transducer for use in ultrasonic probe (1994)

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A QVGA 143 dB Dynamic Range Frame-Free PWM Image Sensor With Lossless Pixel-Level Video Compression and Time-Domain CDS (2010)

The biomimetic CMOS dynamic vision and image sensor described in this paper is based on a QVGA (304×240) array of fully autonomous pixels containing event-based change detection and pulse-width-modulation (PWM) imaging circuitry. Exposure measurements are initiated and carried out locally by the individual pixel that has detected a change of brightness in its field-of-view. Pixels do not rely on external timing signals and independently and asynchronously request access to an (asynchronous arbitrated) output channel when they have new grayscale values to communicate. Pixels that are not stimulated visually do not produce output. The visual information acquired from the scene, temporal contrast and grayscale data, are communicated in the form of asynchronous address-events (AER), with the grayscale values being encoded in inter-event intervals. The pixel-autonomous and massively parallel operation ideally results in lossless video compression through complete temporal redundancy suppression at the pixel level. Compression factors depend on scene activity and peak at ~1000 for static scenes. Due to the time-based encoding of the illumination information, very high dynamic range - intra-scene DR of 143 dB static and 125 dB at 30 fps equivalent temporal resolution - is achieved. A novel time-domain correlated double sampling (TCDS) method yields array FPN of <;0.25% rms. SNR is >56 dB (9.3 bit) for >10 Lx illuminance.