gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and optimization of a retinal flux density meter (2002)

We present the design and calibration of a retinal flux density (RFD) meter. This device can serve as a standard illuminance meter or can measure flux density on the retina, using both photopic and scotopic spectral responses. In addition, through post processing, the instrument can determine standard illuminances and RFDs at mesopic levels. This device is an extension of an earlier instrument, reported on by us, which replicated the spatial efficiency function of the human eye to determine retinal exposure. In this paper we describe the need for such a measurement device, detail its design, and report on its performance.
Development of In Situ Reinforced Polypropylene Fibers for Use in Formable Woven Preforms (1996)

Composite fibers comprised of isotactic polypropylene (PP) reinforced with fibrils of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) were generated in a novel fiber spinning process. A patented dual extrusion process was used to allow separate thermal histories to be applied to the two polymers, which have melting temperatures which differ by 119°C, and also to allow continuous streams of the TLCP to be introduced into the PP matrix prior to melt spinning. The in situ reinforced fibers of 50/50 wt.% composition were successfully drawn to draw ratios in excess of 200. The fiber tensile properties leveled off for fibers with draw ratios above 100. The tensile modulus plateau, representing the average modulus for fibers with draw ratios greater than 100, was over 30% greater than the modulus value predicted using the rule of mixtures. The in situ reinforced fibers were woven into fabric preforms. The preforms, pre-wetted with PP, were used to fabricate orthotropic composites. The mechanical performance of the composites was evaluated, and a ten-fold increase in modulus relative to the modulus of neat polypropylene was observed for a composite reinforced with 31.5 wt.% TLCP. Composites reinforced with ~20 wt.% TLCP proved formable with elongation to break values in excess of 15% at 30°C below the melting temperature of the TLCP, and the composites were thermoformed without significant fiber damage.
Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Fuel Gas with Application to Gasification Systems (2006)

In regard to gasification for power generation, the removal of mercury by sorbents at elevated temperatures preserves the higher thermal efficiency of the integrated gasification combined cycle system. Unfortunately, most sorbents display poor capacity for elemental mercury at elevated temperatures. Previous experience with sorbents in flue gas has allowed for judicious selection of potential high-temperature candidate sorbents. The capacities of many sorbents for elemental mercury from nitrogen, as well as from four different simulated fuel gases at temperatures of 204−371 °C, have been determined. The simulated fuel gas compositions contain varying concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, moisture, and hydrogen sulfide. Promising high-temperature sorbent candidates have been identified. Palladium sorbents seem to be the most promising for high-temperature capture of mercury and other trace elements from fuel gases. A collaborative research and development agreement has been initiated between the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and Johnson Matthey for optimization of the sorbents for trace element capture from high-temperature fuel gas. Future directions for mercury sorbent development for fuel gas application will be discussed.
Buried, self-aligned barrier layer structures for perovskite-based memory devices comprising Pt or Ir bottom electrodes on silicon-contributing substrates (1998)

The integration of noble metal electrodes into semiconductor memory devices incorporating ferroelectric or high dielectric constant ε materials is expected to require deposition of a conductive, oxidation-resistant barrier material between the noble metal and the silicon contact. Described is an alternative type of barrier layer structure which is formed as buried, self-aligned layer during oxygen-ambient annealing after noble metal deposition on silicon-contributing substrates. Reactions of Pt(20 nm) and Ir(20 nm) films with substrates of single crystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystaline silicon (poly-Si), and tungsten silicide (WSix/Si with x=2.4–2.8) were examined after anneals in atmospheric pressure ambients of oxygen or nitrogen at temperatures of 640–700 °C, a temperature range of interest for high-epsilon materials deposition. While Pt(20 nm) films reacted with silicon and WSix/Si during oxygen annealing to form a mixture of Pt silicides and Pt, Ir(20 nm) films on the same substrates did not form any iridium silicides during oxygen annealing. In all cases, unreacted noble metal M was left due to the formation of an oxygen-containing M–O–Si barrier which interfered with the silicidation reaction. In contrast to these results for oxygen annealing, the Pt and Ir films were completely consumed by silicidation reactions during anneals in nitrogen. Qualitative through-film resistance measurements indicated that the M–O–Si barrier layers formed during oxygen annealing were at least moderately conductive for the cases of M=Ir on silicon and M=Ir or Pt on WSi2.8(300 nm)/Si, a prerequisite for the use of these electrode barrier structures in high-density dynamic random access memory.
Synthesis Of Sidechain Liquid Crystal Polymers For Nonlinear Optics (1987)

Side chain liquid crystalline polymers offer unique advantages as a new class of organic materials with potential for nonlinear optical (nlo) response. Design and synthesis of a series of nitroaromatic side chain liquid crystalline polyesters was carried out employing the concept of having the nitroaromatic species serve concomitantly as both the nonlinear optical chromophore and as the (only) liquid crystalline moiety in the polymer.
Tool for analysis and quantification of fabrication layouts in nanomagnet-based computing (2011)

The coupling among nano-magnets, placed at specific locations, but not necessarily in a regular grid, can be used to perform logic operations. We have developed an image-processing tool that will help one to automatically analyze and characterize atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images of fabrication attempts to identify errors and magnetization. This is currently a highly manual and tedious process. We quantify fabrication errors and generate an enhanced MFM image. The fabrication errors are quantified into 3 categories: missed, extra and merged. The enhanced MFM image shows only magnetization of the sample without any surface characteristics.
Overview of Strategies for High-Temperature Creep and Oxidation Resistance of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels (2010)

A family of creep-resistant, alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steel alloys is under development for structural use in fossil energy conversion and combustion system applications. The AFA alloys developed to date exhibit comparable creep-rupture lives to state-of-the-art advanced austenitic alloys, and superior oxidation resistance in the ~923 K to 1173 K (650 °C to 900 °C) temperature range due to the formation of a protective Al2O3 scale rather than the Cr2O3 scales that form on conventional stainless steel alloys. This article overviews the alloy design approaches used to obtain high-temperature creep strength in AFA alloys via considerations of phase equilibrium from thermodynamic calculations as well as microstructure characterization. Strengthening precipitates under evaluation include MC-type carbides or intermetallic phases such as NiAl-B2, Fe2(Mo,Nb)-Laves, Ni3Al-L12, etc. in the austenitic single-phase matrix. Creep, tensile, and oxidation properties of the AFA alloys are discussed relative to compositional and microstructural factors.
Nonlinear Deformation Prediction and Compensation for 3D Printing Based on CAE Neural Networks (2019)

Although 3D printing technology has developed rapidly in recent years, there are many problems to be solved. The accuracy of the objects obtained by 3D printing is low compared with subtractive manufacturing methods. There are many factors that affect the errors, such as the shape of the object, the properties of the material, and parameters in the printing process. We takes Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing as an example in this paper and take the dental crowns as the test category. We use the Convolutional Auto-Encoder (CAE) architecture to make prediction and compensation for the error of the 3D models directly. We use a simulation method to obtain the data, and test on nonlinear deformation. The results show that our network has a good ability to approximate nonlinear deformation.
Potential Neuroprotective Peptide Emerged from Dual Neurotherapeutic Targets: A Fusion Approach for the Development of Anti-Alzheimer’s Lead (2019)

Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide misfolds into fibrillary aggregates (β-sheet) and is deposited as amyloid plaques in the cellular environment, which severely damages intraneuronal connections leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Furthermore, neurons are rich in tubulin/microtubules, and the intracellular network of microtubules also gets disrupted by the accumulation of Aβ fiber in the brain. Hence, development of new potent molecules, which can simultaneously inhibit Aβ fibrillations and stabilize microtubules, is particularly needed for the efficient therapeutic application in AD. To address these issues, here we introduced an innovative fusion strategy to design and develop next generation anti-AD therapeutic leads. This unexplored fusion strategy entails design and development of a potent nonapeptide by taking into account both the hydrophobic core (17-21) of Aβ peptide and the taxol binding region of β-tubulin. In vitro results suggest that this newly designed peptide interacts at the taxol binding region of β-tubulin with a moderate binding affinity and promotes microtubule polymerization. It has the ability to bind at the hydrophobic core (17-21) of Aβ, responsible for its aggregation, and prevent amyloid fibril as well as plaque formation. In addition, it interacts at the CAS site (catalytic anionic site) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and significantly inhibits AChE induced Aβ fibrillation, stimulates neurite branching, and provides stability to intracellular microtubules and extensive protection of neurons against nerve growth factor (NGF) deprived neuron toxicity. Moreover, this newly designed peptide shows good stability in serum obtained from humans and efficiently permeates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) without showing any toxicity toward differentiated PC12 neurons as well as primary rat cortical neurons. This excellent feature of protecting the neurons by stabilizing the microtubules without showing any toxicity toward neurons will make this peptide a potent therapeutic agent of AD in the near future.
ESDZapper (2005)

On-chip ESD (electrostatic discharging) protection is a challenging IC design problem. New CAD tools are essential to ESD protection design prediction and verification at the full chip level. This paper reports a new CAD tool, entitled ESDZapper, to simulate the complex ESD protection zapping test, procedures and to find the critical discharging path under a specific ESD stress. ESDZapper is developed based on a novel concept of ESD-critical parameters. Capability of the new tool is demonstrated using a practical design example in a 0.35μm BiCMOS technology.
Anaerobic sludge digestion with a biocatalytic additive. [Lactobacillus acidophilus] (1982)

Heterocoagulation experiments of kaolinite with solvent-diluted-bitumen were carried out to investigate the effect of hydrolyzable metal cations and citric acid on the liberation of bitumen from kaolinite. The adsorption of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) on kaolinite, and zeta potentials of kaolinite and bitumen droplets in solutions containing 10(-3)mol/L of Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Fe(3+) with or without citric acid were also measured. It was found that the heterocoagulation of bitumen with kaolinite was enhanced in the presence of the metal cations from pH 7 to pH 10.5, accompanied by a decrease in the magnitude of the zeta potentials and an increase in the adsorption of the metal cations on kaolinite and possibly on bitumen droplets. The addition of 5 x 10(-4)mol/L citric acid reduced the degree of coagulation from 90% to less than 40% in the presence of 10(-3)mol/L Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) cations at pH approximately 10, and at pH approximately 8 for Fe(3+). It was found that hydrolyzable metal cations enhanced bitumen-kaolinite interactions through electrical double layer compression and specific adsorption of the metal hydrolysis species on the surface of kaolinite. The effect of metal cations was removed by citric acid through formation of metal-citrate complexes and/or the adsorption of citrate anions, which restored the zeta potentials of both kaolinite and bitumen. Therefore, electrostatic attraction or repulsion was responsible for the coagulation or dispersion of kaolinite particles from bitumen droplets in the tested system.
16,17-Dihydrorifamycin S and 16,17-dihydro-17-hydroxyrifamycin S. Two novel rifamycins from a recombinant strain C 5/42 of Nocardia mediterranei. (1982)

The structures of 16, 17-dihydrorifamycin S and 16, 17-dihydro-17-hydroxyrifamycin S, two novel ansamycins from the recombinant strain C 5/42 of Nocardia mediterranei, were elucidated by physico-chemical methods. In addition structure-activity relationships among 16, 17-hydrogenated rifamycins are discussed.
Fast, epoxiless bonding system for fiber optic connectors (1991)

The epoxy adhesives traditionally used to bond optical fibers into connectors complicate the connector assembly process due to their limitations in shelf life pot life ease of application and cure time. 3M has developed a new high performance hotmelt adhesive fiber bonding system which overcomes the limitations of the epoxies while providing additional benefits in ease of use and reduced installed cost.
User-aided reader revocation in PKI-based RFID systems* (2011)

Recent emergence of RFID tags capable of performing public key operations motivates new RFID applications, including electronic travel documents, identification cards and payment instruments. In this context, public key certificates form the cornerstone of the overall system security. In this paper , we argue that one of the prominent challenges is how to handle revocation and expiration checking of RFID reader certificates. This is an important issue considering that these high-end RFID tags are geared for applications such as e-documents and contactless payment instruments. Furthermore, the problem is unique to public key-based RFID systems, since a passive RFID tag has no clock and thus cannot use (time-based) off-line methods. In this paper, we address the problem of reader certificate expiration and revocation in PKI-based RFID systems. We begin by observing an important distinguishing feature of personal RFID tags used in authentication, access control or payment applications – the involvement of a human user. We take advantage of the user's awareness and presence to construct a simple, efficient, secure and (most importantly) feasible solution. We evaluate the usability and practical security of our solution via user studies and discuss its feasibility.
A walk-off balanced nonlinear fiber loop mirror switch (1995)

We have successfully demonstrated a walk-off balanced nonlinear fiber loop mirror (WBNFLM)-type all-optical switch for 10 Gb/s signal of 1.3-μm wavelength with 1.5-μm control pulses. This switching scheme, as compared with the conventional types of NFLM, allows the switching speed to go above the limitation imposed by walk-off effects and jitter tolerance to be maximum without degradation of on-off ratio.
Molecular interferometric imaging (2008)

Common-path in-line shearing interferometry, combined with pixel-array imaging, provides a surface metrology that achieves 15 pm surface height resolution. An eighth-wave thermal oxide on silicon generates a reference wave locked in the condition of phase quadrature for phase-to-intensity conversion that makes surface height or index variations directly detectable by an imaging system. The scaling surface mass sensitivity for the surface metrology application is S(scal) = 7 fg/mm under 40x magnification with a molecular resolution of approximately 12 IgG molecules within a pixel, limited by the surface roughness of the substrate. When applied to reverse-phase immunoassays in an antibody microarray format under 7x magnification, the current limit of detection is 10 ng/ml for 1 hour incubation, limited by biological and chemical variability. The biosensor is compatible with real-time binding measurements under active flow conditions with a binding dynamic range per well of 10(3) and a mass sensitivity of 2 pg/mm(2).
Orthogonal thin film magnetometer using the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect (1984)

In an orthogonal thin film magnetometer a driving field oriented in the plane of a permalloy film along its hard-axis, saturates this film periodically in positive and negative direction. On return from saturation and in absence of a magnetic field component along the easy-axis, the magnetization in 50% of the film will rotate clockwise and in the remaining 50% anticlockwise giving rise to domain formation. With an easy-axis field component H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> , more than 50% will rotate in a sense determined by H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> and a net magnetization M <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> will be present as the drive field goes through zero. H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> is measured by detecting M <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> . In prevlous proposals M <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> is detected inductively. We propose the application of the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect by measuring either the planar Hall voltage or the resistance of the film with the dc-current at respectively 0° or 45° to the easy-axis. Expressions for the sensitivity of both the inductive and the magnetoresistive detection methods are derived, showing that the magnetoresistive method behaves better under miniaturization. With a 1 cm square permalloy film, using phase-sensitive detection of the planar Hall voltage, synchronously with the third harmonic of the drive frequency, 3×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> V m/A sensitivity and 0.01A/m resolution have been obtained.
Improving immobilized biocatalysts by gel phase polymerization (1983)

A new method is presented for the treatment of gel-type supports, used for immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes, to obtain high mechanical strength. It is particularly useful for ethanol fermentation over gel beads containing immobilized viable cells, where the beads can be ruptured by gas production and the growth of cells within the gels. This method consists of treating agar or carrageenan gel with polyacrylamide to form a rigid support which retains the high catalytic activity characteristic of the untreated biocatalysts. The size and shape of the biocatalyst is unaffected by this treatment. The method involves the diffusion of acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide and beta-dimethylaminopropionitrile (or N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine) into the performed biocatalyst beads followed by the addition of an initiator to cause polymerization within the beads. Treated gels have been used for the continuous fermentation of glucose to ethanol in a packed column for over two months. During this operation, the gel beads maintained their rigidity, and the maximum productivity was as high as 50 g h(-1) L(-1) gel. There was no appreciable decay of cell activity.
<title>Chemical Vapor Deposited Molybdenum Films For Use In Photothermal Conversion'</title> (1978)

High infrared reflectance, coupled with high solar absorptance, is required for efficient photothermal conversion. Converters can be fabricated by depositing an absorber on a highly reflecting metal. The absorber functions in the visible, yet becomes transparent in the near infrared, allowing the metal to suppress the thermal emittance. Economic considerations demand the use of thin films, rather than bulk materials. The thin film reflector must be capable of withstanding high temperatures of operation. Compatibility of the re-flector with the substrate below, and the absorber above, is required for long-time service. Highly reflective silver films suffer reflectance losses by agglomeration, and require stabilization layers. Refractory materials such as molybdenum avoid agglomeration at temperatures of operation of photothermal converters. Unlike other deposition methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can produce molybdenum films with an infrared reflectance rivaling that of bulk molybdenum. CVD is a non-vacuum based technology with potential for sequential throughput fabrication. Studies are being undertaken to determine how sensitively the reflectance reacts to inclusions of impurities into the molybdenum. Thin film passivators deposited on the molybdenum prevent reflectance losses induced by oxidation, and insure high temperature survival of optimal reflectance. Complete converter stacks have been annealed at 550°C for over 1000 hours in air.
Level-set based automatic cup-to-disc ratio determination using retinal fundus images in ARGALI (2008)

Glaucoma is a leading cause of permanent blindness. However, disease progression can be limited if detected early. The optic cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) is one of the main clinical indicators of glaucoma, and is currently determined manually, limiting its potential in mass screening. In this paper, we propose an automatic CDR determination method using a variational level-set approach to segment the optic disc and cup from retinal fundus images. The method is a core component of ARGALI, a system for automated glaucoma risk assessment. Threshold analysis is used in preprocessing to estimate the initial contour. Due to the presence of retinal vasculature traversing the disc and cup boundaries which can cause inaccuracies in the detected contours, an ellipse-fitting post-processing step is also introduced. The method was tested on 104 images from the Singapore Malay Eye Study, and it was found the results produced a clinically acceptable variation of up to 0.2 CDR units from the manually graded samples, with potential use in mass screening.
Isolation and expression of a novel alternatively spliced mu opioid receptor isoform, MOR‐1F (2000)

The MOR-1 gene is large, with a recent study reporting nine exons spanning 250 kb which combine to yield six different mu opioid receptor splice variants. We now report the isolation of exon 10, which is contained within yet another splice variant, MOR-1F, which is composed of exons 1, 2, 3, 10, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Exon 10 comprises 186 bp which predict a unique 58 amino acid sequence extending beyond exon 3. It has been mapped between exons 4 and 6 and has flanking consensus splice sequences. On Northern blot analysis, the MOR-1F mRNA is smaller than the other MOR-1 mRNAs. When expressed in CHO cells, MOR-1F binds the mu opioid radioligand [3H]DAMGO with high affinity (K(D) = 1.04+/-0.03 nM). Competition studies demonstrated the selectivity of the variant for mu opioid ligands, supporting its classification within the mu opioid receptor family.