gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boron-carbide-aluminum and boron-carbide-reactive metal cermets. [B/sub 4/C-Al] (1985)

Hard, tough, lighweight boron-carbide-reactive metal composites, particularly boron-carbide-aluminum composites, are produced. These composites have compositions with a plurality of phases. A method is provided, including the steps of wetting and reacting the starting materials, by which the microstructures in the resulting composites can be controllably selected. Starting compositions, reaction temperatures, reaction times, and reaction atmospheres are parameters for controlling the process and resulting compositions. The ceramic phases are homogeneously distributed in the metal phases and adhesive forces at ceramic-metal interfaces are maximized. An initial consolidated step is used to achieve fully dense composites. Microstructures of boron-carbide-aluminum cermets have been produced with modules of rupture exceeding 110 ksi and fracture toughness exceeding 12 ksi..sqrt..in. These composites and methods can be used to form a variety of structural elements.
Comparative mapping in <i>Arabidopsis</i> and <i>Brassica</i>, fine scale genome collinearity and congruence of genes controlling flowering time (1996)

The model dicotyledonous plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, is closely related to Brassica crop species. It is intended that information concerning the genetic control of basic biological processes in Arabidopsis will be transferable to other species. Genome collinearity and its potential to facilitate the identification of candidate genes in Arabidopsis homologous to genes controlling important agronomic traits in Brassica was investigated. Genetic mapping in B. nigra identified two loci influencing flowering time (FT), with loci on linkage groups 2 and 8 explaining 53% and 12% of the total variation in FT, respectively. The CO gene exerts an important control over FT in A. thaliana, and B. nigra homologues of CO probably also play an important role in regulating FT. B. nigra homologues of CO were identified on linkage groups 2 and 8, the homologue on group 2 was coincident with the major locus controlling FT while the homologue on group 8 was within the 90% confidence interval of the weaker FT gene. The CO homologue on group 2 exhibits abundant allelic variation suggesting that it naturally controls a wide range of flowering times. Fine-scale A. thaliana/B. nigra comparative mapping demonstrated short-range collinearity between the genomes of Arabidopsis and Brassica. Eleven DNA fragments spaced over a 1.5 Mb contig in A. thaliana were used as RFLP probes in B. nigra. Three collinear representations of the A. thaliana contig were identified in B. nigra, with one interrupted by a large chromosomal inversion. Collinearity over this range will allow the resources generated by the Arabidopsis genome project to facilitate map-based cloning in Brassica crops.
A system for remote orthopedics rehabilitation (2013)

In this paper we present a system prototype for supporting the orthopedics rehabilitation process at the hospital and at home. In the system, the patient gets immediate feedback on the executed exercises controlling a gaming interface, while the system collects data about the therapy progress.
A special irrigation liquid to increase the reliability of laser‐induced shockwave lithotripsy (1992)

For the laser-induced shockwave lithotripsy (LISL) the laser-pulses of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser produce an optical breakdown in the irrigation liquid surrounding the urinary stone. Subsequently high-pressure shockwaves are emitted causing stone fragmentation. Since the LISL is an endoscopic technique, problems arise from the transmission of the laser pulses through optical fibers. The intensity threshold for an optical breakdown in commonly used saline solution amounts to 21 GW/cm2, in optical silica fibers, to about 3 GW/cm2. Therefore bare fibers cannot be used without being destroyed by a breakdown. So we have developed an irrigation liquid by adding small quantities of metal ions to saline solution to lower the threshold intensity. The most suitable ion was Fe3+ in a concentration of 0.02 mmol/l, which shows a lowering to 5 GW/cm2. In combination with a spherically shaped fiber exit the intensities that have to be transmitted are below the threshold of the fiber material. Using this irrigation liquid the overall reliability of the method could be significantly increased and several stone fragmentations can be performed with a single optical fiber.
Phase error correction method for fringe projection profilometry systems while considering random noises and objects' reflectivity (2018)

Measuring objects with drastic texture variation is a big challenge for fringe projection profilometry (FPP) systems. In this paper, the reasons why textures on measured objects' surface influence the measurement accuracy are thoroughly analyzed and an effective phase error compensation method is proposed. Due to the existence of various random noises, the reconstruction accuracy will be negatively affected by the textures with different reflectivity. As an intrinsic feature of digital cameras, random noises be hardly removed by mathematical solutions. In this paper, it is mathematically proved that image pixels with the same fringe modulation have the same noise variance and the same phase error variance. With the aid of fringe orientations calculated in the phase map, pixels which satisfy the following two conditions are picked out as a group: 1. They should have the same phase. 2. They have almost the equivalent modulation values. Then the phase values of this group of pixels are averaged and this mean phase is the compensated phase value. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively reduce phase errors caused by random noises and textures with small reflectivity.
Genetic polymorphism of thiopurine S-methyltransferase: clinical importance and molecular mechanisms (1996)

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) catalyses the S-methylation of thiopurines such as mercaptopurine and thioguanine. TPMT activity exhibits genetic polymorphism, with about 1 in 300 inheriting TPMT-deficiency as an autosomal recessive trait. If treated with standard dosages of thiopurines. TPMT-deficient patients accumulate excessive thioguanine nucleotides (TGN) in hematopoietic tissues, leading to severe hematopoietic toxicity that can be fatal. However, TPMT-deficient patients can be successfully treated with a 10-15-fold lower dosage of these medications. The human gene encoding polymorphic TPMT has been cloned and characterized, and two mutant alleles have recently been isolated from TPMT-deficient and heterozygous patients (TPMT*2, TPMT*3), permitting development of PCR-based methods to identify TPMT-deficient and heterozygous patients prior to therapy. TPMT*3 is the predominant mutant allele in American whites, accounting for about 75% of mutations in this population. Ongoing studies aim to better define the influence of TPMT activity on thiopurine efficacy, to identify additional mutant alleles and determine their frequency in different ethnic groups, to elucidate the mechanism(s) for loss of function of mutant proteins, to identify potential endogenous substrates and to define the molecular mechanisms of TPMT regulation. Together, these advances bold the promise of improving the safety and efficacy of thiopurine therapy.
Regulation of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 Expression in Oocytes In Vivo: A Key Role of the E-Box1 (2006)

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is preferentially expressed in oocytes and is essential for female fertility. To identify regulatory elements that confer high-level expression of GDF9 in the ovary but repression in other tissues, we generated transgenic mice in which regions of the Gdf9 locus were fused to reporter genes. Two transgenes (-10.7/+5.6mGdf9-GFP) and (-3.3/+5.6mGdf9-GFP) that contained sequences either 10.7 or 3.3 kb upstream and 5.6 kb downstream of the Gdf9 initiation codon demonstrated expression specifically in oocytes, thereby mimicking endogenous Gdf9 expression. In contrast, transgenes -10.7mGdf9-Luc and -3.3mGdf9-Luc, which lacked the downstream 5.6-kb region, demonstrated reporter expression not only in oocytes but also high expression in male germ cells. This suggests that the downstream 5.6-kb sequence contains a testis-specific repressor element and that 3.3 kb of 5'-flanking sequence contains all the cis-acting elements for directing high expression of Gdf9 to female (and male) germ cells. To define sequences responsible for oocyte expression of Gdf9, we analyzed sequences of Gdf9 genes from 16 mammalian species. The approximately 400 proximal base pairs upstream of these Gdf9 genes are highly conserved and contain a perfectly conserved E-box (CAGCTG) sequence. When this 400-bp region was placed upstream of a luciferase reporter (-0.4mGdf9-Luc), oocyte-specific expression was observed. However, a similar transgene construct (-0.4MUT-mGdf9-Luc) with a mutation in the E-box abolished oocyte expression. Likewise, the presence of an E-box mutation in a longer construct (-3.3MUT-mGdf9-Luc) abolished expression in the ovary but not in the testis. These observations indicate that the E-box is a key regulatory sequence for Gdf9 expression in the ovary.
Uniform linear arrays of strained-layer InGaAs-AlGaAs quantum-well ridge-waveguide diode lasers fabricated by ECR-IBAE (1995)

Uniform linear arrays of strained-layer multiple-quantum-well InGaAs-AlGaAs ridge-waveguide diode lasers have been fabricated that operate near 980 nm and have low threshold currents I/sub th/ and high differential quantum efficiencies /spl eta//sub d/. Uniformity was achieved by a combination of uniform ion-beam-assisted etching with an electron cyclotron resonance ion source and uniform organometallic vapor-phase epitaxial (OMVPE) growth. We investigated the effects of device geometry, namely, ridge width, cavity length, and remaining cladding thickness outside the ridge t, on I/sub th/ and /spl eta//sub d/. For uncoated lasers with 500-/spl mu/m-long cavities, 2- to 3-/spl mu/m-wide ridges, and t=165/spl plusmn/75 nm fabricated in double-quantum-well OMVPE material, I/sub th/ was typically in the range 6-7 mA and /spl eta//sub d/ was >40% per facet. A 24-element array of 2-/spl mu/m-wide, 200-/spl mu/m-long ridge-waveguide lasers with a high reflection coating on the back facet exhibited excellent uniformity, with threshold currents and single-ended differential quantum efficiencies that averaged 3.4 mA and 72%, respectively. Similar arrays with high-reflectivity coatings on both facets exhibited threshold currents as low as 2 mA.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Towards Low-Complexity Scalable Coding for Ultra-High Resolution Video And Beyond (2018)

The current state of the art of video coding lacks specific tools to efficiently deal with ultra-high resolutions such as 8K video both at a hardware and software level. At the same time, the increase in video resolutions combined with a larger variety in display resolutions results in a need for spatial scalability at low computational complexity. The proposed solution allows for legacy 4K encoders and decoders both software and in particular hardware to be still exploited with 8K content. The proposed format also offers spatial scalability for an average BD-rate increase of 16%. This scalability is achieved by a polyphase subsampling of the input sequence and by leveraging the existing temporal scalability to induce spatial scalability.
Aerodynamic Flow Control over an Unconventional Airfoil Using Synthetic Jet Actuators (2001)

Control of flow separation on an unconventional symmetric airfoil using synthetic (zero net mass flux) jet actuators is investigated in a series of wind tunnel tests. The symmetric airfoil comprises the aft portion of a NACA four-digit series airfoil and a leading edge section that is one-half of a round cylinder. The experiments are conducted over a range of Reynolds numbers between 3.1 × 10 5 and 7.25 × 10 5 . In this range, the flow separates near the leading edge at angles of attack exceeding 5 deg. When synthetic jet control is applied near the leading edge, upstream of the separation point, the separated flow reattaches completely for angles of attack up to 17.5 deg and partially for higher angles of attack. The effect of the actuation frequency, actuator location, and momentum coefficient is investigated for different angles of attack. The momentum coefficient required to reattach the separated flow decreases as the actuators are placed closer to the separation point. In some cases, reattachment is also achieved when the actuators are placed downstream of the stagnation point on the pressure side of the airfoil
Human IgG and IgA subclass response following immunization with a polyvalent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine (1988)

The human IgG and IgA response was determined after vaccination with an experimental 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine. The majority of natural antibody acquired prior to immunization was found in the IgG1, IgG2 and IgA1 subclasses. The immune response to vaccination was concentrated within the IgG1, IgG2, IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses with greater than or equal to 70% of subjects responding with a significant (greater than or equal to fourfold) rise in titer. The IgG3 and IgG4 response was meager with few volunteers (0%-40%) showing a significant titer rise. Therefore, vaccination with Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide induces a vigorous IgG and IgA response in humans which is not restricted to single antibody class or subclass.
Measurements of resonance frequencies and damping of large encapsulated bubbles in a closed, water-filled tank (2012)

The ultimate goal of this work is to accurately predict the resonance frequencies of large (on the order of 10 cm radius) encapsulated bubbles used in an underwater noise abatement system, and also to investigate ways to enhance the system's efficacy over the use of air-filled bubbles alone. Toward that end, a closed water-filled tank was developed for the purpose of measuring the resonance frequency and damping of single large tethered encapsulated bubbles. The tank was designed to be operated in the long wavelength limit for frequencies below the lowest tank resonance, which was near 350 Hz, using the method described by Leighton, et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am.112, 1366-1376 (2002)]. Individual bubble resonance frequencies and quality factors were measured for encapsulated bubbles of various sizes. The effects of the encapsulating material and wall thickness were investigated, along with the effects of alternative fill gases and internal heat transfer materials. The experimental results were compared with an existing predictive model [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 1510-1521 (1995)] of bubble resonance and damping.
Self-Testing Static Random-Access Memory (1991)

Proposed static random-access memory for computer features improved error-detecting and -correcting capabilities. New self-testing scheme provides for detection and correction of errors at any time during normal operation - even while data being written into memory. Faults in equipment causing errors in output data detected by repeatedly testing every memory cell to determine whether it can still store both one and zero, without destroying data stored in memory.
Multi-mode Optical Fiber Amplifier Supporting over 10 Spatial Modes (2016)

We demonstrate a multimode cladding-pumped fiber amplifier that supports 10 modes with 2-dB mode-dependent gain, 20-dB gain, and 25-dBm output power. The mode-dependent gain is minimized using an oversized core supporting additional modes.
Liquid crystal lens driven by two voltages (2005)

A two-voltage-driving technique is applied to build liquid crystal (LC) lens and LC microlens. One bias voltage is fixed and the other one varies to control the focal length of the LC lens or the LC microlens. The range of the variable focus is wide, and in the entire focus range the optical quality is preserved. The application of the LC lens as a focusing lens for cameras is demonstrated.
Structural Analogues of the Calanolide Anti-HIV Agents. Modification of the <i>trans</i>-10,11-Dimethyldihydropyran-12-ol Ring (Ring C) (1997)

(+)-Calanolide A is a potent inhibitor of reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), which was isolated from an extract of Calophyllum lanigerum, along with seven related compounds. In order to examine the structure-activity relationships of the trans-10,11-dimethyldihydropyran-12-ol ring (designated ring C), a series of structural analogues were prepared and evaluated using a whole cell cytopathicity assay (XTT). Removal of the 10-methyl group resulted in decreased activity, with only one epimer exhibiting anti-HIV activity. Substituting the 10-methyl group with an ethyl chain maintained anti-HIV activity, with only a 4-fold reduction in potency relative to racemic calanolide A. Substitution of the 10-methyl group with an isopropyl moiety completely eliminated the anti-HIV activity. Addition of an extra methyl group at either the 10- or 11-position maintained the basic stereochemical features of the parent calanolide system while removing the chirality at the respective carbon, but resulted in decreased activity relative to calanolide A. In all the above examples, analogues containing a cis relationship between the 10- and 11-alkyl moieties were completely devoid of activity. Synthetic intermediates in which the 12-hydroxyl group was in the ketone oxidation state exhibited suppressing anti-HIV activity, with EC50 values only 5-fold less potent than that of calanolide A for both the 10,11-cis (6) and -trans (5) series. These ketones represent the first derivatives in the calanolide series to exhibit anti-HIV activity while not containing a 12-hydroxyl group. Likewise, ketone derivative 6 was the first example of a compound in the calanolide series having a cis relationship between the 10- and 11-methyl groups found to exhibit anti-HIV activity. Analogues which showed anti-HIV activity in the CEM-SS cytoprotection assay were further confirmed to be inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Functional spectral filter for optical simulation of dichromats in color discrimination (2010)

We are gradually recognizing the importance of Color Universal Design in which confusing color combinations for color deficient people should be avoided in documents and signs, while the design is still comfortable for people with normal color vision. However, it is not so easy to avoid those confusing colors perfectly because it is difficult to describe them only by words like a manual. A special kind of software or some color combination charts are currently used for this purpose. Thus, we proposed the functional spectral filter with which users in normal color vision can easily find the confusing color combinations for dichromats. Spectral transmittance of the filter was designed as that the amount of color differences for a normal observer with the filter should be close to the one for color dichromats. This designing process of the filter was formulated as an optimization problem of minimizing a discrepancy in color differences between them. The filter was realized by vacuum deposition technology. Evaluation results for Ishihara plates, Panel D-15 test and color discrimination ellipse (Cambridge Color Test) indicated that color normal observers with the filter are reasonably similar to dichromats in color discrimination property as expected from the filter design.
Speech enhancement for mobile communications (2000)

Three major applications of speech enhancement have been studied: noise reduction for mobile telephone handsfree accessories, noise reduction for handheld mobile telephones, and short delay noise reduction for frame-less telephone systems. During conversation, both hearing and speaking adapt to the background noise in a noisy environment. However, when the conversation takes place over the telephone disturbances are more annoying. The disturbances are a problem since the brain will not get the extra visual and other background information when interpreting the speech. The basis for all the methods presented in this thesis is a novel spectral subtraction algorithm, a speech enhancement method. The novel method improves the conventional spectral subtraction method by introducing causal properties and reducing fluctuations of the gain filter used in spectral subtraction. Further, one extra microphone is included to improve the estimate of the background noise. Frame-less communication systems are also considered . A new spectral subtraction method, which performs the speech enhancement filtering in the time-domain.
A novel one transistor non-volatile memory feasible for NOR and NAND applications in IoT era (2016)

For the first time, we propose a one transistor nonvolatile memory which can solve the long time charge loss issue incurred in the conventional nitride-storage cell, a hurdle to the scaling of SONOS memory. The SONOS cell uses charge as the storage, while the new invention discloses a cell with one transistor and the gate connected to a simple MIM structure. The readout is from the transistor's V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> or I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> , similar to that of flash memory. A bilayer MIM is preferable for best performance. Results demonstrated that this memory exhibits excellent endurance, retention, large window, which can also solve the sneak path and forming issues in conventional crossbar ReRAM. The architecture is fully compatible with the logic CMOS technology and well-suited for both NOR and NAND memories, especially for future embedded applications.
Cutoff‐free traveling wave NMR (2011)

Abstract Recently, the concept of traveling wave NMR/MRI was introduced by Brunner et al. (Nature 2009;457:994–992), who demonstrated MR images acquired using radio frequency (RF) waves propagating down the bore of a MR scanner which acts as a waveguide. One of the significant limitations of this approach is that each bore has a specific cutoff frequency, which can be higher than most Larmor frequencies at the magnetic field strengths commonly in use for MR imaging and spectroscopy today. One can overcome this limitation by using a central conductor in the waveguide and thereby converting it in to a transmission line which has no cutoff frequency. Broadband propagation of waves through the sample thus becomes possible. NMR spectra and images with such an arrangement are presented and traveling wave behavior is demonstrated. In addition to facilitating NMR spectroscopy and imaging in smaller bores via traveling waves, this approach also allows one to perform multinuclear traveling wave experiments (an example of which is shown), and to study otherwise difficult‐to‐access samples in unusual geometries. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 38: 253–267, 2011.
Synthesis of High-Silica LTA and UFI Zeolites and NH<sub>3</sub>–SCR Performance of Their Copper-Exchanged Form (2016)

A series of LTA zeolites with Si/Al = 8.3-∞ and a UFI zeolite with Si/Al = 11 are synthesized using benzylimidazolium-based cations as organic structure-directing agents in fluoride media, if required, together with the tetramethylammonium ion. Two LTA zeolites with Si/Al = 11 and 16 showed an enhanced operating temperature window with excellent thermal durability for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3, compared to Cu-SSZ-13 commercially being used for automotive applications.