gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor (2004)

BACKGROUND: The neurochemical and biological effects of antidepressant medications have become better defined over the last decade. When the anti-depressant bupropion was introduced in the United States in 1989, the specific pharmacologic basis of its clinical effects was uncertain. Research conducted over the past decade has significantly advanced the understanding of the neuropharmacology of bupropion and has demonstrated a novel mechanism of antidepressant activity. This article discusses the mechanism of action of bupropion and relates the drug's neuropharmacologic effects to its clinical efficacy and tolerability profiles. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained via the MEDLINE database in an English-language search spanning the period 1965 to May 2002 and using the search terms bupropion, bupropion SR, and antidepressants, as well as from the manufacturer's bupropion databases. CONCLUSIONS: The preclinical and clinical data show that bupropion acts via dual inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake and is devoid of clinically significant serotonergic effects or direct effects on postsynaptic receptors. Dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibition is associated with a unique clinical profile. Bupropion has demonstrated efficacy comparable to that of other antidepressants. However, because bupropion is a selective norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor with no serotonergic activity, common antidepressant-associated side effects, such as sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and sedation, are not associated with bupropion therapy.
Current trends in transplantation and immunosuppressive treatment. (2003)

The American Society of Transplant Surgeons and the American Society of Transplantation jointly sponsored their third American Transplant Congress on May 30-June 4, 2003. The meeting, which took place in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., thoroughly reviewed the different immunosuppressive protocols for every kind of transplantation. Also presented were the immunological and nonimmunological factors influencing the success or failure of transplants from the point of view of genetics, the place of new investigative agents and the current status of various therapeutic protocols intended to induce tolerance or normal function of grafts in the absence of immunosuppressive treatment. Presentations on renal, liver, heart, lung, multivisceral and islet transplantation are covered in this report, as well as aspects of new immunosuppressive agents, genomics in transplantation and tolerance induction in allotransplantation.
Dimensions of Gut Dysfunction in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Altered Sensory Function (1999)

Growing evidence suggests that symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may be due to a visceral sensory dysfunction. Specifically, it has been shown that patients with IBS have hypersensitive responses to distension of the rectum, whereas their tolerance to somatic stimuli is normal or even increased. Furthermore, patients with IBS have hypersensitivity of the small bowel, which selectively affects mechanosensitive afferents, with normal perception of electrical stimulation of the gut. Sensory dysfunctions may also be associated with altered reflex activity, which may contribute to the clinical symptoms. Normally, a series of mechanisms at different strata of the nervous system modulate visceral afferent input and determine conscious perception. Conceivably, a dysfunction of these regulatory mechanisms may alter sensitivity in clinical conditions. To date, neither the origin nor the clinical significance of visceral hyperalgesia has been elucidated. However, it seems likely that the sensory and reflex dysfunctions of the gut in IBS may combine to different degrees, and their interaction may explain the clinical pleomorphism of the syndrome.
Graphene covered SiC powder as advanced photocatalytic material (2012)

Graphene covered SiC powder (GCSP) has been fabricated by well established method of high temperature thermal decomposition of SiC. The structural and photocatalystic characteristics of the prepared GCSP were investigated and compared with that of the pristine SiC powder. Under UV illumination, more than 100% enhancement in photocatalystic activity is achieved in degradation of Rhodamine B (Rh B) by GCSP catalyst than by pristine SiC powder. The possible mechanisms underlining the observed results are discussed. The results suggested that GCSP as a composite of graphene based material has great potential for use as a high performance photocatalyst.
TextBook Bacteriology: Streptococcus (2015)

Introduction

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) is a Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming coccus that occurs in chains or in pairs of cells. Individual cells are round-to-ovoid cocci, 0.6-1.0 micrometer in diameter (Figure 1). Streptococci divide in one plane and thus occur in pairs or (especially in liquid media or clinical material) in chains of varying lengths. The metabolism of S. pyogenes is fermentative; the organism is a catalase-negative aerotolerant anaerobe (facultative anaerobe), and requires enriched medium containing blood in order to grow. Group A streptococci typically have a capsule composed of hyaluronic acid and exhibit beta (clear) hemolysis on blood agar.
IL‐33 Receptor (ST2) Signalling is Important for Regulation of Th2‐Mediated Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (2015)

T1/ST2, an orphan receptor with homology with the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family, is the ligand-binding component of the receptor for the cytokine IL-33, a newly identified cytokine known to amplify the Th2 cell-dominant immune responses. The function of IL-33/ST2 signalling during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is not fully known. In this study, following intranasal infection with RSV, BALB/c mice showed a marked increase in the production of IL-33, with an elevated expression of ST2 mRNA as well as a massive infiltration of CD45(+) ST2(+) cells in the lungs, suggesting that during the early phase of RSV infection, IL-33 target cells which express ST2 on cell surface, may play a critical role for the development of RSV-induced airway inflammation. Indeed, blocking ST2 signalling using anti-ST2 monoclonal antibody diminished not only RSV-induced eosinophil recruitment, but also the amounts of Th2-associated cytokines, particularly IL-13, and Th17-type cytokine IL-17A in the lungs of infected mice. However, anti-ST2 antibody treatment did not affect the production of Th1-type cytokine IFN-γ as well as pulmonary viral growth and clearance. These results indicate that IL-33/ST2 signalling is involved in RSV-induced, Th2-associated airway inflammation but not protective immunity.
Latent Fingerprint Image Enhancement Based on Progressive Generative Adversarial Network (2020)

Latent fingerprints, a kind of fingerprints which are captured from the finger skin impressions at the crime scene, have been adopted to identify suspected criminals for a long time. However, poor latent fingerprint image quality owing to unstructured overlapping patterns, unclear ridge structure, and various background noise has brought a challenge to the recognition of latent fingerprints. Therefore, image enhancement is a crucial step for more accurate fingerprint recognition. In this paper, a latent fingerprint enhancement method based on the progressive generative adversarial network (GAN) is proposed. The powerful GAN structure provides an efficient translation from latent fingerprint to high-quality fingerprint. Our method consists of two stages: Progressive Offline Training (POT) and Iterative Online Testing (IOT). Progressive training makes our model not only focus on the local features such as minutiae but also preserve structure feature such as the orientation field. We extensively evaluate our model on NIST SD27 latent fingerprint dataset. With the help of orientation estimation task and progressive training scheme, our model achieves better recognition accuracy.
Pulsed infrared laser thermal lens spectrometry of flowing gas samples (1985)

The behavior of the pulsed Infrared laser thermal lens signal Is studied for flowing gas samples. Possible sources of decreased TLS signal are discussed including flow rate and cell temperature. The TLS signal is found to be Independent of the flow rate at all flow rates studied. It Is calculated that absorbances as low as 2.5 x 10-7 In argon and 1 x 10-7 in liquid carbon disulfide should be detectable. The possibilities of using this technique as a chromatography detector for ultratrace amounts of analyte are also discussed.
Attitude tracking control of a GroundGen airborne wind energy system (2016)

An existing attitude tracking control method developed for a FlyGen airborne wind energy (AWE) system is extended to control a GroundGen AWE system. The GroundGen system produces energy through kite-generated aerodynamic forces that tension a flexible tether attached between the kite center of gravity and a ground generator system. The kite is modelled using a six degree of freedom aircraft dynamics model. We first provide an extension of a previously developed attitude tracking theorem which shows the possibility of simultaneously tracking both the effective angle of attack and sideslip angle on the kite. A detailed aerodynamic model with empirical airfoil data and three dimensional wing tip effects is included. A feedback linearization controller is designed, and a baseline simulation is studied for confirming the tracking behavior.
AFT*: Integrating Active Learning and Transfer Learning to Reduce Annotation Efforts (2018)

The splendid success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision is largely attributed to the availability of large annotated datasets, such as ImageNet and Places. However, in biomedical imaging, it is very challenging to create such large annotated datasets, as annotating biomedical images is not only tedious, laborious, and time consuming, but also demanding of costly, specialty-oriented skills, which are not easily accessible. To dramatically reduce annotation cost, this paper presents a novel method to naturally integrate active learning and transfer learning (fine-tuning) into a single framework, called AFT*, which starts directly with a pre-trained CNN to seek worthy samples for annotation and gradually enhance the (fine-tuned) CNN via continuous fine-tuning. We have evaluated our method in three distinct biomedical imaging applications, demonstrating that it can cut the annotation cost by at least half, in comparison with the state-of-the-art method. This performance is attributed to the several advantages derived from the advanced active, continuous learning capability of our method. Although AFT* was initially conceived in the context of computer-aided diagnosis in biomedical imaging, it is generic and applicable to many tasks in computer vision and image analysis; we illustrate the key ideas behind AFT* with the Places database for scene interpretation in natural images.
NKG2D Mediates NK Cell Hyperresponsiveness and Influenza-Induced Pathologies in a Mouse Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2012)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by peribronchial and perivascular inflammation and largely irreversible airflow obstruction. Acute disease exacerbations, due frequently to viral infections, lead to enhanced disease symptoms and contribute to long-term progression of COPD pathology. Previously, we demonstrated that NK cells from cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed mice exhibit enhanced effector functions in response to stimulating cytokines or TLR ligands. In this article, we show that the activating receptor NKG2D is a key mediator for CS-stimulated NK cell hyperresponsiveness, because CS-exposed NKG2D-deficient mice (Klrk1(-/-)) did not exhibit enhanced effector functions as assessed by cytokine responsiveness. NK cell cytotoxicity against MHC class I-deficient targets was not affected in a COPD model. However, NK cells from CS-exposed mice exhibit greater cytotoxic activity toward cells that express the NKG2D ligand RAET1ε. We also demonstrate that NKG2D-deficient mice exhibit diminished airway damage and reduced inflammation in a model of viral COPD exacerbation, which do not affect viral clearance. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of NKG2D(+) NK cells into CS-exposed, influenza-infected NKG2D-deficient mice recapitulated the phenotypes observed in CS-exposed, influenza-infected wild-type mice. Our findings indicate that NKG2D stimulation during long-term CS exposure is a central pathway in the development of NK cell hyperresponsiveness and influenza-mediated exacerbations of COPD.
Oxa1p mediates the export of the N‐ and C‐termini of pCoxII from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space (1997)

Oxa1p is a mitochondrial protein reported to be involved in the assembly of the cytochrome oxidase complex. In the absence of a functional Oxa1p, subunit II of the cytochrome oxidase accumulates as its precursor form (pCoxII). Using mitochondria isolated from a yeast strain bearing a temperature sensitive mutation in the Oxa1p, pet ts1402, we have analyzed the function of the Oxa1p protein. We demonstrate that the accumulation of pCoxII in the pet ts1402 mitochondria does not reflect a compromised Imp1p activity in this mutant. Furthermore, measurement of the membrane potential has shown it to be sufficient to support the export of CoxII from the matrix. Rather, we found that newly synthesized pCoxII accumulates in the matrix of the pet ts1402 mitochondria, because export across the inner membrane is inhibited in the pet ts1402 mitochondria. In conclusion, Oxa1p mediates the export of the N- and C-termini of the mitochondrially encoded subunit II of cytochrome oxidase from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Endothelial cell seeding efficiency onto expanded polytetrafluorethylene grafts with different coatings. (1986)

Initial adherence of 111Indium-oxine labeled, cultured canine venous endothelial cells to expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE) grafts was evaluated using different precoatings of the surface or different pretreated cells. The precoatings evaluated consisted of blood for 5 (Group I) or 15 min (Group II), fibronectin (Group IV), and cryoprecipitate (Group VI). In addition to endothelial cells subcultured immediately before labeling, cells subcultured 48 hours prior to labeling and kept in suspension were studied. Such cells were evaluated on grafts precoated with blood for 5 min (Group III) and fibronectin precoated surfaces (Group V). The amount of fibronectin that adhered to the graft surface with our technique was less den 1%. Seeding efficiency was higher with the blood precoated surfaces (5.3, 3.0, 2.2% in Groups I, II and III respectively) than fibronectin (1.7%, 1.7% in Groups IV, V respectively) or cryoprecipitate (1.9%, Group VI) precoated surfaces. No significant difference between cells immediately subcultured and these kept in suspension for 48 hours regarding adherence to blood (5.3 vs. 2.2%) or fibronectin precoated (1.7 vs. 1.7%) grafts was documented. The seeding efficiency of ePTFE grafts is low and further efforts to improve adherence must be made. From the present studies we recommend the use of blood precoating for about 5 min followed by cell incubation for approximately 10 min in order to achieve optimal seeding efficiency.
Efficient communication and collection with compact normal forms (2015)

In distributed applications, the transmission of non-contiguous data structures is greatly slowed down by the need to serialize them into a buffer before sending. We describe Compact Normal Forms, an API that allows programmers to explicitly place immutable heap objects into regions, which can both be accessed like ordinary data as well as efficiently transmitted over the network. The process of placing objects into compact regions (essentially a copy) is faster than any serializer and can be amortized over a series of functional updates to the data structure in question. We implement this scheme in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler and show that even with the space expansion attendant with memory-oriented data structure representations, we achieve between x2 and x4 speedups on fast local networks with sufficiently large data structures.
Simple Copper Salt-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles with Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides (2007)

Relatively mild and highly efficient CuI-catalyzed N-arylation procedures for nitrogen-containing heterocycles (e.g., imidazoles, benzimidazoles, pyrroles, pyrazoles, indoles, triazoles, etc.) with aryl and heteroaryl halides have been developed. The protocols can be performed easily and tolerate a number of functional groups, such as ester, nitrile, nitro, ketone, free hydroxyl, and free primary amine on the aryl halide.
ASOC/sup TM/-a silicon-based integrated optical manufacturing technology (2002)

ASOC/sup TM/ technology is based on single-mode rib waveguides formed on silicon-on-insulator wafers. Silicon waveguides have excellent properties for many applications in the 1.3 and 1.55 micron telecommunications bands that include, for example, low loss (<02 dB/cm) and relatively small birefringence (<10/sup -3/). The high refractive index of silicon (3.5) allows compact optical circuits to be made, and schemes for reducing waveguide bend radius further will be discussed. This technology was developed by Bookham to overcome the high costs of optical components for use in optical networks, creating a device technology designed for volume manufacturing. It is based on the same processing techniques used in the manufacture of conventional silicon chips, with the addition of integrated optics design and micro-machining techniques for the mechanical assembly features. An important aspect of ASOC/sup TM/ is the incorporation of discrete lasers and photodetectors to form hybrid devices. Laser chips are located in etched features in the silicon, so that the laser stripe is readily aligned with the optical waveguide. Photodiodes are mounted over waveguide mirror structures. In both cases the active element is attached to the silicon by a solder process. Bookham's products are based on a set of integrated optics elements that can be put together to form a number of practical integrated optics devices. The basic elements include bends, couplers and fiber-waveguide interfaces. More sophisticated waveguide elements that have been developed include free-carrier modulators and waveguide gratings.
Efficient Exact Maximum a Posteriori Computation for Bayesian SNP Genotyping in Polyploids (2012)

The problem of genotyping polyploids is extremely important for the creation of genetic maps and assembly of complex plant genomes. Despite its significance, polyploid genotyping still remains largely unsolved and suffers from a lack of statistical formality. In this paper a graphical bayesian model for SNP genotyping data is introduced. This model can infer genotypes even when the ploidy of the population is unknown. We also introduce an algorithm for finding the exact maximum a posteriori genotype configuration with this model. This algorithm is implemented in a freely available web-based software package SuperMASSA. We demonstrate the utility, efficiency, and flexibility of the model and algorithm by applying them to two different platforms, each of which is applied to a polyploid data set: Illumina GoldenGate data from potato and Sequenom MassARRAY data from sugarcane. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on both data sets and can be trivially adapted to use models that utilize prior information about any platform or species.
The impact of CYP allelic variation on antidepressant metabolism: a review (2007)

Psychiatric diseases that are treated with antidepressants are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humankind. Although antidepressants are generally well tolerated and widely available, they are not equally effective in all patients and only 35 - 45% of patients treated for depression with these drugs recover to premorbid levels of functioning. There is a need for an effective, individualized approach to antidepressant selection. One promising lead in the development of personalized medicine is the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, whereby pharmacologic agents are selected on the basis of the genotype of patients, with particular attention to drug targets and phase I- and phase II-metabolizing enzymes. This review article focuses on phase I antidepressant-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., relevant CYP enzymes). The authors first briefly review CYP nomenclature, the relevant members of the CYP superfamily and their alleles, the metabolic categories and CYP antidepressant substrates, inhibitors and inducers. The literature on the impact of CYP polymorphisms on antidepressant metabolism are also reviewed.
Going beyond 1000000 resolved points in a Brillouin distributed fiber sensor: theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration (2016)

Distributed fiber sensing possesses the unique ability to measure the distributed profile of an environmental quantity along many tens of kilometers with spatial resolutions in the meter or even centimeter scale. This feature enables distributed sensors to provide a large number of resolved points using a single optical fiber. However, in current systems, this number has remained constrained to a few hundreds of thousands due to the finite signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the measurements, which imposes significant challenges in the development of more performing sensors. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an ultimately optimized distributed fiber sensor capable of resolving 2100000 independent points, which corresponds to a one-order-of-magnitude improvement compared to the state-of-the-art. Using a Brillouin distributed fiber sensor based on phase-modulation correlation-domain analysis combined with temporal gating of the pump and time-domain acquisition, a spatial resolution of 8.3 mm is demonstrated over a distance of 17.5 km. The sensor design addresses the most relevant factors impacting the SNR and the performance of medium-to-long range sensors as well as of sub-meter spatial resolution schemes. This step record in the number of resolved points could be reached due to two theoretical models proposed and experimentally validated in this study: one model describes the spatial resolution of the system and its relation with the sampling interval, and the other describes the amplitude response of the sensor, providing an accurate estimation of the SNR of the measurements.
Laser Microsurgery of Higher Plant Cell Walls Permits Patch-Clamp Access (1996)

Plasma membranes of guard cells in epidermal peels of Vicia faba and Commelina communis can be made accessible to a patch-clamp pipet by removing a small portion (1-3 micrometers in diameter) of the guard cell wall using a microbeam of ultraviolet light generated by a nitrogen laser. Using this laser microsurgical technique, we have measured channel activity across plasma membranes of V. faba guard cells in both cell-attached and isolated patch configurations. Measurements made in the inside-out patch configuration revealed two distinct K(+)-selective channels. Major advantages of the laser microsurgical technique include the avoidance of enzymatic protoplast isolation, the ability to study cell types that have been difficult to isolate as protoplasts or for which enzymatic isolation protocols result in protoplasts not amenable to patch-clamp studies, the maintenance of positional information in single-channel measurements, reduced disruption of cell-wall-mediated signaling pathways, and the ability to investigate intercellular signaling through studies of cells remaining situated within tissue.