gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal customer provisioning in network-based mobile VPNs (2004)

A virtual private network (VPN) is an overlay network that uses the public network to carry data traffic between corporate sites and users, maintaining privacy through the use of tunnelling protocols and security procedures. In the network-based model, VPN-aware network elements are placed within the network to set up concatenated tunnels between the user/site and enterprise resources to offer intranet VPN and remote access VPN. This paper identifies the important differences between a traditional VPN and the mobile VPN and proposes a hierarchical network architecture to efficiently realize network-based mobile VPNs. We address the problem of optimally provisioning VPN-aware devices, called IP service gateways (IPSGs), in the hierarchical network architecture for mobile VPNs, while taking into account of (1) the cost of links over which VPN tunnels are established, (2) the cost of provisioning a VPN customer on an IPSG, and (3) redundancy in IPSG provisioning for fault tolerance. We develop generic yet powerful problem formulations for different scenarios described above while considering practical requirements of the network elements and business requirements of the VPN service provider. The formulation becomes a set of integer programming problems. We solve several instances of the problem for a few practical cases and discuss their applications in the overall network design.
Topical Application of Lithium Chloride on the Pulp Induces Dentin Regeneration (2015)

We herein describe a novel procedure for dentin regeneration that mimics the biological processes of tooth development in nature. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is an important regulator of the Dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) expression. Our approach mimics the biological processes underlying tooth development in nature and focuses on the activation of canonical Wnt signaling to trigger the natural process of dentinogenesis. The coronal portion of the dentin and the underlying pulp was removed from the first molars. We applied lithium chloride (LiCl), an activator of canonical Wnt signaling, on the amputated pulp surface to achieve transdifferentiation toward odontoblasts from the surrounding pulpal cells. MicroCT and microscopic analyses demonstrated that the topical application of LiCl induced dentin repair, including the formation of a complete dentin bridge. LiCl-induced dentin is a tubular dentin in which the pulp cells are not embedded within the matrix, as in primary dentin. In contrast, a dentin bridge was not induced in the control group treated with pulp capping with material carriers alone, although osteodentin without tubular formation was induced at a comparatively deeper position from the pulp exposure site. We also evaluated the influence of LiCl on differentiation toward odontoblasts in vitro. In the mDP odontoblast cell line, LiCl activated the mRNA expression of Dspp, Axin2 and Kallikrein 4 (Klk4) and downregulated the Osteopontin (Osp) expression. These results provide a scientific basis for the biomimetic regeneration of dentin using LiCl as a new capping material to activate dentine regeneration.
Subband image coding with optimal intra- and inter-band subband quantization (2002)

Significant progress has been made in the theory and design of analysis/synthesis filter banks and in the independent encoding and decoding subsystems. However, by comparison, little attention has been given to the optimal design of subband quantizers in the sense of minimizing the overall average distortion subject to a constraint on the output rate of the subband system. In the paper, necessary conditions for optimal subband quantization are presented. These conditions can be employed to design quantizers that exploit the linear and non-linear dependencies both within and across the subbands, leading to improvement in performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inducing oblique decision trees with evolutionary algorithms (2003)

This paper illustrates the application of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to the problem of oblique decision-tree (DT) induction. The objectives are to demonstrate that EAs can find classifiers whose accuracy is competitive with other oblique tree construction methods, and that, at least in some cases, this can be accomplished in a shorter time. We performed experiments with a (1+1) evolution strategy and a simple genetic algorithm on public domain and artificial data sets, and compared the results with three other oblique and one axis-parallel DT algorithms. The empirical results suggest that the EAs quickly find competitive classifiers, and that EAs scale up better than traditional methods to the dimensionality of the domain and the number of instances used in training. In addition, we show that the classification accuracy improves when the trees obtained with the EAs are combined in ensembles, and that sometimes it is possible to build the ensemble of evolutionary trees in less time than a single traditional oblique tree.
Nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene of Lettuce big-vein virus (2001)

A sequence of 1425 nt was established that included the complete coat protein (CP) gene of Lettuce big-vein virus (LBVV). The LBVV CP gene encodes a 397 amino acid protein with a predicted M(r) of 44486. Antisera raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to N-terminal or C-terminal parts of the LBVV CP reacted in Western blot analysis with a protein with an M(r) of about 48000. RNA extracted from purified particles of LBVV by using proteinase K, SDS and phenol migrated in gels as two single-stranded RNA species of approximately 7.3 kb (ss-1) and 6.6 kb (ss-2). After denaturation by heat and annealing at room temperature, the RNA migrated as four species, ss-1, ss-2 and two additional double-stranded RNAs (ds-1 and ds-2). The Northern blot hybridization analysis using riboprobes from a full-length clone of the LBVV CP gene indicated that ss-2 has a negative-sense nature and contains the LBVV CP gene. Moreover, ds-2 is a double-stranded form of ss-2. Database searches showed that the LBVV CP most resembled the nucleocapsid proteins of rhabdoviruses. These results indicate that it would be appropriate to classify LBVV as a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus rather than as a double-stranded RNA virus.
BCR-ABL truncation due to premature translation termination as a mechanism of resistance to kinase inhibitors (2009)

7028 Background: The major mechanism underlying imatinib resistance in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is clonal expansion of leukemic cells with point mutations in the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. We describe three novel ABL premature termination mutations leading to BCR-ABL truncation in leukemia patients with multidrug (imatinib/nilotinib/dasatinib) resistance. Methods: Peripheral blood or bone marrow samples from drug-resistant CML patients were collected. Total nucleic acids were purified and subjected to two rounds of PCR analysis, with the first PCR designed to eliminate amplification of the wild-type, non-translocated ABL gene. Bi-directional sequencing was then performed. HL60 cells (a Ph-negative myeloid leukemia cell line) and peripheral blood of healthy subjects were used as negative controls; a human CML cell line (K562) was used as a positive control. Results: We identified an exon 7 deletion in three CML patients, a 4-nt insertion (908insCAGG) near the exon 5/6 junction in one CML case, and an exon 6 point mutation (997C>T) in one patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These mutations all create premature stop codons and cause termination at residues 381, 315, and 333, respectively, leading to truncated proteins with only the first quarter of the kinase domain (P-loop) or lacking the C-terminus of ABL including the A-loop. Conclusions: These novel mutations, and the previously documented 35-nt insertion in exon 8, may constitute a new class of mutations that 1) cause truncation of the BCR-ABL kinase; (2) abolish the regulatory element in the ABL kinase domain and the downstream C-terminal region; and (3) confer significant drug resistance. [Table: see text]
Enzymes for carbon sequestration: neutron crystallographic studies of carbonic anhydrase (2010)

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a ubiquitous metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO(2) to form HCO(3)(-) and H(+) using a Zn-hydroxide mechanism. The first part of catalysis involves CO(2) hydration, while the second part deals with removing the excess proton that is formed during the first step. Proton transfer (PT) is thought to occur through a well ordered hydrogen-bonded network of waters that stretches from the metal center of CA to an internal proton shuttle, His64. These waters are oriented and ordered through a series of hydrogen-bonding interactions to hydrophilic residues that line the active site of CA. Neutron studies were conducted on wild-type human CA isoform II (HCA II) in order to better understand the nature and the orientation of the Zn-bound solvent (ZS), the charged state and conformation of His64, the hydrogen-bonding patterns and orientations of the water molecules that mediate PT and the ionization of hydrophilic residues in the active site that interact with the water network. Several interesting and unexpected features in the active site were observed which have implications for how PT proceeds in CA.
Virtual holography: a method of source and channel encoding and decoding of information (1979)

A method called virtual holography is developed both theoretically and experimentally. The method can be summarized briefly as registering the hologram image generated by an optical system. The real hologram, which is the hologram physically generated and contains transformed information, is designed according to the constraints of technology and, therefore, represents channel encoding. The virtual hologram, which is the unregistered image of the real hologram and contains the desired information, is designed according to the constraints of the reconstruction and object waves and, therefore, represents source encoding.
Workload-adaptive process tuning strategy for power-efficient multi-core processors (2010)

As more devices are integrated with technology scaling, reducing the power consumption of both high-performance and low-power processors has become the first-class design constraint. Reducing power consumption while satisfying required performance is critical for increasing the operating time of mobile devices and lowering the operating cost of offices and data centers. Meanwhile, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and clock-gating (CG) techniques have been widely used for two of the most powerful techniques to reduce the power consumption of such processors. Depending on performance and power demands, a processor runs at various performance and power states to trade power with performance. In this paper, we propose process tuning strategy to minimize the average power consumption of multi-core processors that use the DVFS and CG techniques, while providing the same maximum performance. The proposed optimization method incorporates with workload characteristics of commercial high-performance and low-power multi-core processors. The experimental results show that our optimized 32nm technologies for workstation, mobile, and server multi-core processors minimize the average power by up to 13, 18, and 9%, respectively.
Effect of Rapid Preheating Treatment on Coal Thermoplasticity and Its Evaluation Method (2004)

Development of the innovative coke-making process, SCOPE21 (Super Coke Oven for Productivity and Environmental enhancement toward the 21st century) has been conducted by Japan Iron and Steel Federation (JISF). It has been performed from 1994 to 2003. The purposes of SCOPE21 process are as follows.1) Increasing the blending ratio of poorly-coking coal in coal charge, in order to reduce the cost of coke and expand the use of available coal resources, 2) In SCOPE21, the coking time in coke ovens can be remarkably shortened due to the rapid preheating of coals up to 330-380°C. The shortening of coking time leads to higher productivity of coke, and therefore to the decrease of oven numbers in the case of identical production of coke compared to conventional coke-making process.These two purposes are supposedly achieved by applying a coal rapid preheating technology to the new coke-making process. In this process, coal is rapidly preheated to the temperature range from 330°C to 380°C and then charged into coke oven. Therefore it is important to study the effect of rapid preheating on coal thermoplas-ticity and the strength of resultant coke.It is generally known that the thermoplasticity of coals is enhanced when the coals are rapidly heated through their thermoplastic stages. However, when the coals are rapidly preheated to 330-380°C, the effect of rapid preheating on the subsequent development of coal thermoplasticity has been unclear.Here, changes of thermoplastic behavior by this preheating were studied using a needle penetrater. Conse-quently, it was found that the thermoplasticity of coals was enhanced when the coals are rapidly preheated to 330-380°C, even when the slow heating rate (3°C/min) was applied through the following thermoplastic stages.
A statistical model for multiphoton calcium imaging of the brain (2009)

Multiphoton calcium fluorescence imaging has gained prominence as a valuable tool for the study of brain cells, but the corresponding analytical regimes remain rather naive. In this paper, we develop a statistical framework that facilitates principled quantitative analysis of multiphoton images. The proposed methods discriminate the stimulus-evoked response of a neuron from the background firing and image artifacts. We develop a harmonic regression model with colored noise, and estimate the model parameters with computationally efficient algorithms. We apply this model to in vivo characterization of cells from the ferret visual cortex. The results demonstrate substantially improved tuning curve fitting and image contrast.
Comparative Immunogenicity in Rhesus Monkeys of DNA Plasmid, Recombinant Vaccinia Virus, and Replication-Defective Adenovirus Vectors Expressing a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 <i>gag</i> Gene (2003)

Cellular immune responses, particularly those associated with CD3(+) CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), play a primary role in controlling viral infection, including persistent infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Accordingly, recent HIV-1 vaccine research efforts have focused on establishing the optimal means of eliciting such antiviral CTL immune responses. We evaluated several DNA vaccine formulations, a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector, and a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector, each expressing the same codon-optimized HIV-1 gag gene for immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. The DNA vaccines were formulated with and without one of two chemical adjuvants (aluminum phosphate and CRL1005). The Ad5-gag vector was the most effective in eliciting anti-Gag CTL. The vaccine produced both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, with the latter consistently being the dominant component. To determine the effect of existing antiadenovirus immunity on Ad5-gag-induced immune responses, monkeys were exposed to adenovirus subtype 5 that did not encode antigen prior to immunization with Ad5-gag. The resulting anti-Gag T-cell responses were attenuated but not abolished. Regimens that involved priming with different DNA vaccine formulations followed by boosting with the adenovirus vector were also compared. Of the formulations tested, the DNA-CRL1005 vaccine primed T-cell responses most effectively and provided the best overall immune responses after boosting with Ad5-gag. These results are suggestive of an immunization strategy for humans that are centered on use of the adenovirus vector and in which existing adenovirus immunity may be overcome by combined immunization with adjuvanted DNA and adenovirus vector boosting.
Strontium iodide scintillators for high energy resolution gamma ray spectroscopy (2008)

Recently SrI<sub>2</sub>, a scintillator patented by Hofstadter in 1968, has been rediscovered and shown to possess remarkable scintillation properties. The light output of SrI<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> has been measured to be even higher than previously observed and exceeds 120,000 photons/MeV, making it one of the brightest scintillators in existence. The crystal also has excellent energy resolution of less than 3% at 662 keV. The response is highly linear over a wide range of gamma ray energies. The emission of SrI<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> and SrI<sub>2</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> is well-matched to both photomultiplier tubes and blue-enhanced silicon photodiodes. While SrI<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> is relatively slow, SrI<sub>2</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> has a fast response. SrI<sub>2</sub> crystals with many different dopant concentrations have been grown and characterized. In this presentation, crystal growth techniques as well as the effects of dopant concentration on the scintillation properties of SrI<sub>2</sub>, over the range 0.5% to 8% Eu<sup>2+</sup> and 0.5% to 2% Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup>, will be discussed in detail.
Targeted adenoviral vectors for cancer gene therapy (Review) (1997)

In order to realise the full potential of gene therapy as a rational approach to the treatment of cancer, it will be necessary to achieve delivery of the therapeutic gene selectively to target tumour cells. Such cancer cell-specific gene delivery is mandated in the context of locoregional or compartmentalised carcinomas, and is also an absolute requirement for the treatment of disseminated disease. Moreover, underlying any cancer gene therapy approach is the need to achieve a high level of efficiency of gene transfer to the target cells. Of the existing viral and nonviral gene delivery vehicles, the adenoviral vector uniquely fulfils two requirements of an intravenously administered vector for cancer gene therapy: systemic stability and the ability to accomplish efficient transduction of cancer cells. However, it is necessary to modify native adenoviral tropism in order to achieve selective transduction of target tumour cells. A number of strategies have been developed for this purpose, involving genetic or immunological modifications to either of two adenoviral capsid proteins, the fibre and penton base. These strategies are designed to generate a targetable, injectable vector which would represent a major advance in the field of cancer gene therapy.
Demonstration of 3-dimensional wide angle laser beam scanner using liquid crystals (2004)

Design and demonstration of a versatile liquid crystal-based scanner is shown for steering a laser beam in three dimensions. The scanner consists of a unique combination of digital and analog control polarization-based beam forming optics resulting in both continuous and random fashion beam steering. The design features a novel device biasing method, large aperture beam-forming optics, low electrical power consumption, and ultrafine as well as wide angle coarse beam steering. Demonstrations include one, two and three dimensional beam steering with a maximum of 40.92 degree continuous scan, all at 1550 nm. The minimum scanner aperture is 1 cm diameter and uses a combination of ferroelectric and nematic liquid crystals in addition to Rutile crystal birefringent prisms.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using an ???? All-Inside???? Technique (1998)

The all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction places an anterior ligament substitute within two bone sockets rather than true bone tunnels. This approach is accomplished through arthroscopy portals which avoids the surgical exposure and morbidity associated with creating traditional bone tunnels.
A noninvasive assessment of myocardial oxygen tension: <sup>19</sup>f nmr spectroscopy of sequestered perfluorocarbon emulsion (1992)

Fluorine NMR spectroscopy of sequestered perfluorocarbon emulsion has been used to measure myocardial oxygen tension. This novel application provides a rapid noninvasive assessment of changes in oxygen tension in response to ischemia and reperfusion. Rats were predosed with Oxypherol-ET (emulsion of perfluorotributylamine). Following vascular clearance of the emulsion the heart was excised and perfused using the Langendorff retrograde technique. 19F spin-lattice relaxation time measurements provided an accurate estimate of myocardial pO2. Using a two-point determination with a time resolution of 1 s, the loss of oxygen was found to be complete within 40 s of the onset of global ischemia. The fall in oxygen tension correlated closely with an observed loss of ventricular pressure. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that perfluorocarbon was distributed throughout the heart; thus, this reporter molecule provides a global measurement of oxygen tension.
Rapid direct methods for enumeration of specific, active bacteria in water and biofilms (1998)

Conventional methods for detecting indicator and pathogenic bacteria in water may underestimate the actual population due to sublethal environmental injury, inability of the target bacteria to take up nutrients and other physiological factors which reduce bacterial culturability. Rapid and direct methods are needed to more accurately detect and enumerate active bacteria. Such a methodological advance would provide greater sensitivity in assessing the microbiological safety of water and food. The principle goal of this presentation is to describe novel approaches we have formulated for the rapid and simultaneous detection of bacteria plus the determination of their physiological activity in water and other environmental samples. The present version of our method involves the concentration of organisms by membrane filtration or immunomagnetic separation and combines an intracellular fluorochrome (CTC) for assessment of respiratory activity plus fluorescent-labelled antibody detection of specific bacteria. This approach has also been successfully used to demonstrate spatial and temporal heterogeneities of physiological activities in biofilms when coupled with cryosectioning. Candidate physiological stains include those capable of determining respiratory activity, membrane potential, membrane integrity, growth rate and cellular enzymatic activities. Results obtained thus far indicate that immunomagnetic separation can provide a high degree of sensitivity in the recovery of seeded target bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7) in water and hamburger. The captured and stained target bacteria are then enumerated by either conventional fluorescence microscopy or ChemScan(R), a new instrument that is very sensitive and rapid. The ChemScan(R) laser scanning instrument (Chemunex, Paris, France) provides the detection of individual fluorescently labelled bacterial cells using three emission channels in less than 5 min. A high degree of correlation has been demonstrated between results obtained with the ChemScan and traditional plate counts of mixed natural bacterial populations in water. The continuing evolution of these methods will be valuable in the rapid and accurate analysis of environmental samples.