gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic event fault tree (deft): a methodology for probabilistic risk assessment of computer-based systems (2008)

The design of systems intended for use in critical applications where failure consequences are high is supported by extensive analysis of potential hazards and their consequences. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is a widely used systematic and comprehensive methodology for such analysis, especially in the nuclear industry. PRA identifies and evaluates risks associated with complex technological systems and thus can help improve the system's safety and performance. The use of computer-based systems for a wide variety of applications is continuously increasing. For example, many existing systems for instrumentation and control in nuclear applications are undergoing an upgrade from mechanical or manual to computer-based technology. Computer-based systems are adaptable and flexible, which makes their use desirable; however, this also creates complexities and introduces dependencies in their analysis of failure scenarios and risks. Current PRA techniques, however, are not appropriate for computer-based systems, which makes the PRA of such upgrades and new system difficult. 
However, fault tree analysis, which is a constituent part of PRA, has been extended to dynamic fault tree in reliability modeling and analysis field. A dynamic fault tree uses special gates to capture and analyze dynamic behaviors or dependencies in computer-based systems. A new methodology, called DEFT, is presented in this dissertation for probabilistic risk assessment of computer-based systems. DEFT models a set of accident scenarios using an event tree structure, and models the pivotal events using dynamic fault tree structures. Besides, DEFT integrates six common probabilistic risk assessment techniques into the event tree/dynamic fault tree model. These common probabilistic risk assessment techniques are imperfect coverage model, phased mission system analysis, sensitivity analysis, diagnostic analysis, common cause failure analysis and uncertainty analysis. These incorporations make DEFT more complicated and more robust. A key process in DEFT is an enhanced modularization algorithm, MULFtree, which successfully handles the dependencies across multiple dynamic fault trees and also significantly reduces the complexity from both modeling and computing processes. Analysis of several representative systems demonstrates the capabilities of DEFT.
Evaluation of a Truncated Recombinant Flagellin Subunit Vaccine against <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> (1999)

ABSTRACT A recombinant protein comprising the maltose-binding protein (MBP) of Escherichia coli fused to amino acids 5 to 337 of the FlaA flagellin of Campylobacter coli VC167 was evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against challenge by a heterologous strain of campylobacter, Campylobacter jejuni 81-176, in two murine models. The sequence of the flaA gene of strain 81-176 revealed a predicted protein which was 98.1% similar to that of VC167 FlaA over the region expressed in the fusion protein. Mice were immunized intranasally with two doses of 3 to 50 μg of MBP-FlaA, given 8 days apart, with or without 5 μg of the mutant E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT R192G ) as a mucosal adjuvant. The full range of MBP-FlaA doses were effective in eliciting antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, and these responses were enhanced by adjuvant use, except in the highest dosing group. Stimulation of FlaA-specific intestinal secretory IgA (sIgA) responses required immunization with higher doses of MBP-FlaA (≥25 μg) or coadministration of lower doses with the adjuvant. When vaccinated mice were challenged intranasally 26 days after immunization, the best protection was seen in animals given 50 μg of MBP-FlaA plus LT R192G . The protective efficacies of this dose against disease symptoms and intestinal colonization were 81.1 and 84%, respectively. When mice which had been immunized with 50 μg of MBP-FlaA plus LT R192G intranasally were challenged orally with 8 × 10 10 , 8 × 10 9 , or 8 × 10 8 cells of strain 81-176, the protective efficacies against intestinal colonization at 7 days postinfection were 71.4, 71.4, and 100%, respectively.
Scalable video multicast with joint layer resource allocation in broadband wireless networks (2010)

Scalable video coding (SVC), together with adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), can improve wireless multicast streaming video by jointly performing radio resource allocation and modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selection. However, the existing schemes in the literature allocate radio resources for different video layers separately, which leads to a waste of radio resources. In this work, we introduce the notion of joint layer resource allocation which allows to jointly allocate resources to multiple video layers that are assigned the same MCS. We formulate this problem and prove it to be NP-hard. Then we develop a pseudo-polynomial algorithm that finds the optimal total system utility. Our algorithm assumes a very generic utility function and flexible video layer rates. To reduce the complexity of the algorithm, we also propose Fully Polynomial Time Approximation Schemes (FPTAS) for the same problem. Simulation results show that our optimal algorithm offers significant improvement on system utility over a previous optimal algorithm and a greedy algorithm both of which do not support joint layer resource allocation. The proposed approximation algorithm provides controllable tradeoff between performance and computational complexity and, with appropriately chosen parameters, it outperforms the greedy algorithm with 40% less running time.
Fresnel Lens Concentrator with Improved Thermal Behavior (2011)

Recent investigations of silicone-on-glass (SoG) Fresnel lens concentrator optics have shown a dependence of the optical efficiency and module performance on lens temperature. It was shown that the temperature dependence is dominated by a reduction of the refractive index with increasing temperature and a deformation of the lens structure due to thermal expansion of the lens material. We succeeded in modeling these effects on a computer by simulating thermal deformations of the lens structure using the finite element method (FEM) and analyzing the resulting deformed structure using ray tracing simulations. In former work, we were able to demonstrate a very good match to high precision optical measurements of Fresnel lenses at varying temperatures. The detailed insight we gained through our measurements and computer simulations was used to develop and manufacture a lens with improved optical performance at the temperature interval which is relevant for operation within a concentrator photovoltaic module. For these optimized SoG lenses, detailed computer simulations predict a significant increase in optical efficiency when compared to non-optimized lenses. High precision measurements of the optical efficiency allowed us to verify our expectations and compare experimental results of a Fresnel lens optimized for operation under varying ambient temperatures to results obtained for non-optimized Fresnel lenses.
Muscle‐Driven In Vivo Nanogenerator (2010)

A nanogenerator based on a single piezoelectric fine wire producing an alternating current (AC) is successfully used for the harvesting of biomechanical energy under in vivo conditions. We demonstrate the implanting and working of such a nanogenerator in a live rat where it harvests energy generated by its breathing or heart beating. This study shows the potential of applying these nanogenerators for driving in vivo nanodevices. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Automated scoring of speaking items in an assessment for teachers of English as a Foreign Language (2014)

Klaus Zechner, Keelan Evanini, Su-Youn Yoon, Lawrence Davis, Xinhao Wang, Lei Chen, Chong Min Lee, Chee Wee Leong. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications. 2014.
Ca2+ administration stimulates the binding of AP-1 factor to the 5′-flanking region of the rat gene for the Ca2+-binding protein regucalcin (1998)

mRNA of the Ca2+-binding protein, regucalcin, is mainly expressed in the liver and only to a small extent in the kidney, and the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA is markedly stimulated by Ca2+ administration [Shimokawa and Yamaguchi (1992) FEBS Lett. 305, 151-154]. The existence of nuclear factors that bind to the 5'-flanking region of the rat regucalcin gene was investigated. When nuclear proteins obtained from various rat tissues were used in gel mobility-shift assays, tissue-specific formation of a protein-DNA complex was found in the liver and kidney. An additional novel protein-DNA complex was formed when liver nuclear extracts obtained from Ca2+-administered rats (10mg of Ca2+/100g body weight) were used. Competition gel mobility-shift experiments using consensus and mutant oligonucleotides for AP-1 factor showed that the additional novel complex was formed from binding of the AP-1 factor to the regucalcin gene. Ca2+-induced binding of the AP-1 factor to the regucalcin gene was completely inhibited by simultaneous administration of trifluoperazine, an antagonist of calmodulin, suggesting that the activation of nuclear AP-1 protein is partly mediated through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent pathway. Moreover, the 5'-flanking region of the rat regucalcin gene ligated to a luciferase reporter gene possessed the promoter activity in H4-II-E hepatoma cells. This promoter activity was enhanced by treatment with Bay K 8644, a Ca2+-channel agonist. The present study demonstrates that the Ca2+-response sequences are located within the 5'-flanking region of the rat regucalcin gene.
Comparative Evaluation of Low-Molecular-Mass Proteins from<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>Identifies Members of the ESAT-6 Family as Immunodominant T-Cell Antigens (2000)

Culture filtrate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains protective antigens of relevance for the generation of a new antituberculosis vaccine. We have identified two previously uncharacterized M. tuberculosis proteins (TB7.3 and TB10.4) from the highly active low-mass fraction of culture filtrate. The molecules were characterized, mapped in a two-dimensional electrophoresis reference map of short-term culture filtrate, and compared with another recently identified low-mass protein, CFP10 (F. X. Berthet, P. B. Rasmussen, I. Rosenkrands, P. Andersen, and B. Gicquel. Microbiology 144:3195-3203, 1998), and the well-described ESAT-6 antigen. Genetic analyses demonstrated that TB10.4 as well as CFP10 belongs to the ESAT-6 family of low-mass proteins, whereas TB7.3 is a low-molecular-mass protein outside this family. The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, and their immunogenicity was tested in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human tuberculosis (TB) patients, Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated donors, and nonvaccinated donors. The two ESAT-6 family members, TB10.4 and CFP10, were very strongly recognized and induced gamma interferon release at the same level (CFP10) as or at an even higher level (TB10.4) than ESAT-6. The non-ESAT-6 family member, TB7.3, for comparison, was recognized at a much lower level. CFP10 was found to distinguish TB patients from BCG-vaccinated donors and is, together with ESAT-6, an interesting candidate for the diagnosis of TB. The striking immunodominance of antigens within the ESAT-6 family is discussed, and hypotheses are presented to explain this targeting of the immune response during TB infection.
Electrical impedance mismatch in capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (2002)

Several investigations on the electrical impedance mismatch, the insertion loss and the noise performance of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) are reported. The theoretical analysis applies the concepts of radio communication circuits to the analytical modeling of a two-way system made of a transmitting cMUT and a receiving one. Since the simulation results can emphasize the effects of either the transmitting and receiving electronics or the characteristics of the transducers on the performance of the system, the proposed approach is very useful for the purpose of optimization. For example, a selection between receivers can be easily done as a trade-off between the insertion loss and the noise sensitivity of the system.
Hybrid electric powertrains: current status, future trends, and electro-mechanical integration methods (2014)

Hybrid electric/electric vehicles are gaining momentum in the automotive industry. Achieving fuel energy efficiency without compromising performance targets are key challenges in this research and development area. This topic includes multidisciplinary subjects and the primary research and development areas can be categorised into the following systems: electrical propulsion, electrical power, energy storage, mechanical propulsion, mechanical transmission, thermal management, power electronics, and control. This paper focuses on addressing different electromechanical propulsion system integration methods. This review is divided into seven different sections, the first is an introduction to understand the reasons why new technologies should emerge in the automotive industry. Second, the primary differences and the advantages of hybrid powertrains are analysed. Vital issues on designing different hybrid powertrain systems are addressed in the third section. Following that, different hybrid powertrain topologies are analysed for various application requirements. Issues related to regenerative braking are highlighted in Section 5. Section 6 describes different electro mechanical propulsion system integration methods and compares hybrid powertrain topologies available in the market. The last section addresses directions for improvement in developing advanced hybrid powertrain systems for automotive applications.
Neural and Statistical Methods for Leveraging Meta-information in Machine Translation (2017)

In this paper, we discuss different methods which use meta information and richer context that may accompany source language input to improve machine translation quality. We focus on category information of input text as meta information, but the proposed methods can be extended to all textual and non-textual meta information that might be available for the input text or automatically predicted using the text content. The main novelty of this work is to use state-of-the-art neural network methods to tackle this problem within a statistical machine translation (SMT) framework. We observe translation quality improvements up to 3% in terms of BLEU score in some text categories.
Correction of optical absorption and scattering variations in laser speckle rheology measurements (2014)

Laser Speckle Rheology (LSR) is an optical technique to evaluate the viscoelastic properties by analyzing the temporal fluctuations of backscattered speckle patterns. Variations of optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients further modulate speckle fluctuations, posing a critical challenge for quantitative evaluation of viscoelasticity. We compare and contrast two different approaches applicable for correcting and isolating the collective influence of absorption and scattering, to accurately measure mechanical properties. Our results indicate that the numerical approach of Monte-Carlo ray tracing (MCRT) reliably compensates for any arbitrary optical variations. When scattering dominates absorption, yet absorption is non-negligible, diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) formalisms perform similar to MCRT, superseding other analytical compensation approaches such as Telegrapher equation. The computational convenience of DWS greatly simplifies the extraction of viscoelastic properties from LSR measurements in a number of chemical, industrial, and biomedical applications.
Basal Plane Dislocation Mitigation Using High Temperature Annealing in 4H-SiC Epitaxy (2013)

Basal plane dislocations (BPD) were mostly eliminated in 4H-SiC epitaxy using post growth high temperature annealing in the range of 1600 o C - 1950 o C for 30s - 2 mins. The samples annealed at temperatures >1700 o C showed the best BPD reduction. However, surface morphology was degraded for samples annealed >1850 o C, and new BPDs were generated. A better capping technique was developed to improve the surface morphology and avoid generation of new BPDs, while significantly reducing the existing BPDs in the SiC epitaxial layers.
Optimization of a high speed countercurrent chromatograph for analytical separations (1991)

Abstract The analytical capability of the high speed countercurrent chromatograph model 4000 (HSCCC‐4000) has been improved by optimizing the dimensions of the multilayer coiled column. Using a two‐phase solvent system of n ‐hexane – ethyl acetate – methanol – water (1:1:1:1) and a set of indole auxins as test samples, a series of studies was conducted to evaluate performance of coiled columns with i.d.s ranging from 0.1 to 0.55 mm. The studies on the stationary phase retention indicated that multilayer coils of 0.55 mm and 0.30 mm i.d. provide satisfactory retention of the stationary phase while the 0.10 mm i.d. column fails to yield reproducible retention. The best partition efficiencies were obtained from the 0.30 mm i.d. multilayer coil with a 6 ml capacity which produced theoretical plate numbers ranging from 5500 to 10500 with a resolution factor of 2.30. The feasibility of interfacing the HSCCC‐4000 with a mass spectrometer is briefly discussed.
Force and Position Control System for Freehand Ultrasound (2015)

A hand-held force-controlled ultrasound probe has been developed for medical imaging applications. The probe-patient contact force can be held constant to improve image stability, swept through a range, or cycled. The mechanical portion of the device consists of a ball screw linear actuator driven by a servo motor, along with a load cell, accelerometer, and limit switches. The performance of the system was assessed in terms of the frequency response to simulated sonographer hand motion and in hand-held image feature tracking during simulated patient motion. The system was found to attenuate contact force variation by 97% at 0.1 Hz, 83% at 1 Hz, and 33% 10 Hz, a range that spans the typical human hand tremor frequency spectrum. In studies with 15 human operators, the device applied the target contact force with ten times less variation than in conventional ultrasound imaging. An ergonomic, human-in-the-loop, imaging-workflow enhancing control scheme, which combines both force- and position-control, permits smooth making and breaking of probe-patient contact, and helps the operator keep the probe centered within its range of motion. By controlling ultrasound probe contact force and consequently the amount of tissue deformation, the system enhances the repeatability, usability, and diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound imaging.
MC-17 SERVO DESIGN FOR HIGH-TPI HARD DISK DRIVES USING A DELAY-ACCOMMODATING STATE ESTIMATOR (2003)

A servo design method is presented for high track-density hard disk drives, in which the plant time delay, mainly due to the processor computation time, is taken into account. The key idea is to incorporate the delay model into the output equation of the state-space representation for the plant model. The application results confirm that the proposed method is very effective in realizing a high-bandwidth servo system.
Removal of sulfur dioxide from waste gases. [Tertiary amines] (1980)

In this efficient, low-cost sulfur dioxide-removal process, a waste-gas stream (such as stack gases) contacts free selective tertiary amines having basic strengths greater than about pK 5 (such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, and tri-n-butylamine) to form a coordinate covalent complex of the amine and the sulfur dioxide. The thermal regeneration of this sufficiently stable complex then liberates a stream of sulfur dioxide and a stream of residual gases while providing the regenerated tertiary amine for collection and reuse in a subsequent sulfur dioxide-cleanup step. The coordinate covalent complex reacts with even very small concentrations of sulfur dioxide and reduces it to undetectable levels. Carbon dioxide in the waste-gas stream will not interfere with efficient cleanup because the selected tertiary amine does not react with it.
1073 Costimulatory CD28 trispecific antibodies targeting PDL1 and PDL2 enhance T cell activation in solid tumors (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> T cells in the tumor micro-environment require TCR/MHC engagement and co-stimulatory receptor engagement to achieve optimal activation. Tumor cells lack expression of CD28 ligands, so we hypothesized that activation of CD28 signaling at the T cell/tumor cell interface could enhance anti-tumor activity. We designed PDL1 x PDL2 x CD28 trispecific antibodies that conditionally costimulate CD28 only in the presence of PDL1 or PDL2 expression, and TCR engagement. As PD1 signaling has been shown to directly inhibit CD28 costimulation, this novel bispecific modality has potential to promote CD28 costimulation while simultaneously preventing the suppression of the same signal. Furthermore, since CD3 bispecific T cells engagers are known to indirectly promote PDL1 expression, PDL1 x PDL2 x CD28 trispecific antibodies can potentially be applied in combination to CD3-bispecific T cell engagers to enhance their activity. <h3>Methods</h3> We developed a CD28 antibody that is agonistic only under the context of TCR engagement. We paired this CD28 binding domain with PDL1 and PDL2 Fab binding domains that share a common light chain to generate PDL1 x PDL2 x CD28 trispecifics monovalent for each of the three antigens. We optimized the affinity for each of the antigens for potent blockade of PDL1 and PDL2 and enable CD28 costimulation across a range of PDL1 and PDL2 cell surface densities. Cell based assays with different TCR engagement modalities were utilized to describe the function of trispecifics including, CD3-stimulated T cells cocultured with cancer cell lines, CMV+ T cells recognizing cancer cells expressing pp65-derived NLV peptide, and Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions. Cell based assays measured IL2 and IFNγ release, T cell proliferation and cancer-cell death as readouts for activity. <h3>Results</h3> PDL1 x PDL2 x CD28 trispecifics block PDL1 and PDL2 binding to PD1 in both solid phase and cell-based assays. PDL1 and PDL2 blockade led to enhanced cytokine secretion from human mixed lymphocyte reactions. Target cell expression of either PDL1 or PDL2 was shown to be sufficient to promote CD28 co-stimulation leading to acute IL2 release of cocultures of CD3-stimulated PBMC with cancer cell lines. In a more physiologically relevant model of TCR engagement, PDL1 x PDL2 x CD28 trispecifics enhanced T cell activation in a CMV-recall assay. When in combination with CD3-targeted T cell engagers, PDL1 x PDL2 x CD28 trispecifics enhanced T cell proliferation and TDCC activity. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Data warrant further development of PDL1 x PDL2 x CD28 trispecifics for treatment of solid tumors.