gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unconventional optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation) (2020)

We have introduced the Master Slave (MS) interferometry method to address the limitations due to the use of conventional FTs or its derivatives in OCT data processing. The novel MS technology replaces the FT operator with a parallel batch of correlators. An electrical signal proportional to the channeled spectrum at the interferometer output is correlated with P masks producing P signals, a signal for each point out of P in the A-scan. In this way, it is possible to: (i) directly access the information from selected depths in the sample placed in the slave interferometer; (ii) eliminate the process of resampling, required by the FT based conventional technology, with immediate consequences in improving the decay of sensitivity with depth, achieving the expected axial resolution limit and reducing the time to display an en-face OCT image, while slightly lowering the cost of OCT assembly and (iii) tolerate the dispersion left unbalanced in the slave interferometer. The lecture will present several developments based on the MS-OCT technology, such as: (a) an equivalent OCT/SLO (scanning laser ophthalmoscopy), where no extra optical channel for the SLO is needed; (b) coherence revival swept source OCT employing the MS tolerance to dispersion: (c) Gabor filtering, where large number of repetitions with different focus adjustments can be performed more time efficiently than when employing FT based OCT; (d) MS phase processing, which opens novel avenues in phase- and polarization-sensitive modalities; (e) achieving the theoretical axial resolution when using a ultra wide broadband source such as a supercontinuum laser; (f) down-conversion OCT that can deliver an en-face OCT image from a sample in real-time, irrespective of the tuning speed of the swept source where the mask signals are generated in real time (by a physical master interferometer) while sweeping the frequency of the swept source.
Development of a New Guardrail System (1997)

The W-beam guardrail system has been the standard in the United States since the late 1950s and has proved to perform reasonably well under most impact conditions. However, in recent years the vehicle fleet has changed to include a relatively large percentage of light trucks, such as pickups, vans, and sport-utility vehicles. These vehicles have a higher center of mass and bumper mounting height than conventional automobiles and have been shown to have higher rollover and injury rates during guardrail accidents than conventional automobiles. Standard W-beam guardrails were not designed to capture the bumper of many of these vehicles. In recognition of the potential safety problems associated with light-truck accidents, safety performance standards were recently changed with the publication of NCHRP Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. These performance standards require all new safety hardware to be tested with a full-size three-quarter-ton pickup to ensure acceptable performance for most vehicles in the light-truck category. In recognition of this, a guardrail system capable of capturing and redirecting a larger range of vehicle types and sizes was developed. A new guardrail system, called the Buffalo Rail, was designed with a new cross-sectional shape with an effective depth of 311 mm (compared to 194 mm for the W-beam), a rail thickness of 13 gauge, and a post spacing of 2500 mm. The safety performance of the Buffalo Rail was found to be acceptable according to the procedures and criteria recommended for the three-quarter-ton pickup truck at Test Level 3 in NCHRP Report 350.
Optical-Input, Optical-Output Morphological Processor (1992)

Some advantages of optical and electronic processing combined. Proposed optical-input/optical-output morphological processor is optoelectronic assembly performing some binary operations on picture elements of binary input image, yielding processed binary output image. Number of such processors cascaded to form more complicated image-processing system. Use of optics as connection medium makes rate of processing faster than in all-electronic system designed to perform same overall processing functions. At the same time, use of electronics as processing medium provides flexibility of reconfiguration not available in all-optical system.
Recent developments in 3-D SAFT reconstruction applied to laser-ultrasonics (2000)

The Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) has been used to improve both the detectability and the lateral resolution of conventional ultrasonics. This method has recently been applied to laser-ultrasonics, an ultrasonic technique based on the generation and detection of ultrasound with lasers. Actual 3-D SAFT reconstruction is still considered computationally intensive and the pseudo-3-D SAFT, stacking line SAFT images together, is more commonly used. A recent development in 3-D SAFT reconstruction is toward improvements of frequency domain SAFT. In addition to increasing speed, the improved method (F-SAFT) includes temporal deconvolution to enhance both axial and lateral resolutions, con-trol of the aperture to improve signal-to-noise ratio, as well as spatial interpolation in subsurface planes. These last two features also allow a reduction in the sampling requirements to further decrease both data acquisition time and processing time, therefore making the technique more attractive for industrial use. All the above operations are well adapted to the frequency domain calculations and embedded in the F-SAFT processing. The performance of F-SAFT reconstruction will be illustrated using laser-ultrasonic data taken from test samples with flat-bottom holes.
Nonlinear Optical Imaging of Integral Membrane Protein Crystals in Lipidic Mesophases (2009)

Second-order nonlinear optical imaging of chiral crystals (SONICC) is explored for selective detection of integral membrane protein crystals grown in opaque and turbid environments. High turbidity is a hallmark of membrane protein crystallization due to the extensive use of detergent and/or lipids that often form various mesophases. Detection of crystals in such media by conventional optical methods (e.g., intrinsic UV fluorescence, birefringence, bright-field image analysis, etc.) is often complicated by optical scattering and by the small sizes of the crystals that routinely form. SONICC is shown to be well-suited for this application, by nature of its compatibility with imaging in scattering media and its high selectivity for protein crystals. Bright second harmonic generation (SHG) (up to 18 million counts/s) was observed from even relatively small crystals (5 mum) with a minimal background due to the surrounding lipid mesophase ( approximately 1 thousand counts/s). The low background nature of the resulting protein crystal images permitted the use of a relatively simple, particle counting analysis for preliminary scoring. Comparisons between a particle counting analysis of SONICC images and protocols based on the human expert analysis of conventional bright-field and birefringence images were performed.
Relax: A Sterically Relaxed Donor–Acceptor Approach for Color Tuning in Broadly Absorbing, High Contrast Electrochromic Polymers (2016)

A family of five electrochromic polymers (ECPs) based on 3,4-dioxythiophenes (XDOTs) (where X = ethylene (E) and propylene (Pro)) or a 3,4-diacyclic-substituted dioxythiophene (AcDOT, Ac) as main chain donors coupled in a random fashion with the sterically relaxed (i.e., low torsional energy barriers to planarity) donor–acceptor–donor unit EDOT–BTD–EDOT (EBE, BTD = 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) were synthesized using direct heteroarylation polymerization conditions. Designed as broadly light absorbing materials to improve overall contrast, ECPs were solution spray-cast into thin films, and their electrochromic properties were measured and compared against the previously reported ECP-Black (random copolymer composed of ProDOT and BTD). These new polymers exhibit enhanced integrated contrasts across the visible region (380–780 nm, Δ%Tint) larger than 45%, the highest achieved being ∼52%, a substantial improvement over ECP-Black (Δ%Tint = ∼32%). Increasing torsional strain of the main chain donor units moves the short wavelength peak to higher energy, allowing hue control. Increasing the composition of the EBE monomer in random copolymers yields more level and uniform absorption across the visible, reducing hue saturation and giving more muted colors relative to the normally vibrantly colored ECPs with no observable loss in contrast. Pro-Ac0.65/EBE0.35 gave the highest integrated electrochromic contrast with color values (L*a*b* where L* indicates lightness, a* defines green and red, and b* defines blue and yellow hues, for negative and positive values, respectively), indicating improved color neutrality (45, 5, 3) when compared to ECP-Black (47, 3, −14). Two-component solution blends of Pro-Ac0.65/EBE0.35 with the previously reported all donor polymer ProDOT2-EDOT in differing weight ratios were prepared and cast into films giving more aesthetically pleasing black-to-transmissive electrochromes, while maintaining a high integrated contrast at ∼51%. The use of EBE demonstrates the synthetic capability to improve the contrast of broadly absorbing ECPs for black or dark-to-transmissive applications in electrochromic window and display-type devices.
The effect of alginate oligosaccharides on the mechanical properties of Gram-negative biofilms (2013)

The influence of a novel, safe antibiofilm therapy on the mechanical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms in vitro was characterized. A multiscale approach employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) and rheometry was used to quantify the mechanical disruption of the biofilms by a therapeutic polymer based on a low-molecular weight alginate oligosaccharide (OligoG). AFM demonstrated structural alterations in the biofilms exposed to OligoG, with significantly lower Young's moduli than the untreated biofilms, (149 MPa vs 242 MPa; p < 0.05), a decreased resistance to hydrodynamic shear and an increased surface irregularity (Ra) in the untreated controls (35.2 nm ± 7.6 vs 12.1 nm ± 5.4; p < 0.05). Rheology demonstrated that increasing clinically relevant concentrations of OligoG (<10%) were associated with an increasing phase angle (δ) over a wide range of frequencies (0.1-10 Hz). These results highlight the utility of these techniques for the study of three-dimensional biofilms and for quantifying novel disruption therapies in vitro.
Optimal Proactive Path Planning for Collaborative Robots in Industrial Contexts (2019)

The coexistence of humans and robots in the future production plants is one of the pillars of Industry 4.0. Humans and robots will collaborate to accomplish common tasks in order to mutually compensate their deficiencies. In recent years, many efforts have been spent to develop safe motion planning strategies, designed to prevent robots from injuring humans. Most of the previous techniques are classifiable as reactive, since the considered motion controllers impose some local corrective actions in order to dodge the space occupied by the human. In this paper, a proactive approach is adopted, optimizing robotic paths according to a prediction of the volume occupied by the human when collaborating with the robot. The validity of the approach is shown in a realistic use-case involving the collaboration of a human operator with a 7 degrees robotic arm, the ABB YuMi.
Ferroelectric optical image comparator using PLZT thin films (1988)

A PLZT thin film device has been constructed in which the photoinduced current represents the dot product between a stored image and an image projected onto its surface. One-dimensional autocorrelations have been performed by measuring this current while displacing the projected image. This device has the potential to perform as a high-resolution, high-speed optical comparator.
Photoassisted electrolysis of water - Conversion of optical to chemical energy (1976)

A description is given of devices, termed photoelectrochemical cells, which can, in principle, be used to directly convert light to fuels and/or electricity. The fundamental principles on which the photoelectrochemical cell is based are related to the observation that irradiation of a semiconductor electrode in an electrochemical cell can result in the flow of an electric current in the external circuit. Attention is given to the basic mechanisms involved, the energy conversion efficiency, the advantages of photoelectrochemical cells, and the results of investigations related to the study of energy conversion via photoelectrochemical cells.
High-Yield Synthesis of Gold Nanorods with Longitudinal SPR Peak Greater than 1200 nm Using Hydroquinone as a Reducing Agent (2013)

While gold nanorods have been extensively studied and used in many biological, plasmonics, and sensing applications, their conventional seed-mediated synthesis still presents a number of limitations. Its high sensitivity to the concentration of the reducing agent (ascorbic acid) leads to problems with reliability as well as extremely poor yield of ionic-to-metallic gold conversion, which is only ∼15%. In addition, the synthesis of high purity nanorods with longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak higher than 1000 nm is particularly difficult utilizing this technique. This report demonstrates the use of hydroquinone for the synthesis of gold nanorods which addresses these two major limitations. By replacing ascorbic acid with a large excess of hydroquinone, rods with LSPR up to 1230 nm can be synthesized with a high degree of purity, reliability, and near quantitative conversion of gold ions to metallic gold. The growth of the rods is tracked by TEM utilizing a thiolation reaction to halt their growth. Finally, the effect of changing various parameters including hydroquinone, seed, gold, and silver concentration is examined, demonstrating the tunability of the procedure over the broad range of attainable LSRPs from 770 to 1230 nm.
Fabrication of carbon nanofibrous microelectrode array (CNF-MEA) using nanofiber immersion photolithography (2014)

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used for stimulating and receiving electrical signals between human and machines and for in vitro neural study. This work demonstrates the fabrication process of nanofibrous 3D microelectrodes using immersion lithography. Oil immersion negates the diffraction effects intrinsic in the photopatterning of electrospun nanofibers to give increased aspect ratio microarchitectures. Nanofiber electrode resistivity is characterized and its performance compared to that of carbon thin film. In vitro testing of electrodes are performed using E18 cortical neurons and analyzed for cell density and cell viability.
ICEMS: Intelligent Condition-Based Engine/Equipment Management System (www.icems.com) (2001)

Health management of a machine, such as a gas turbine engine, offers the potential benefits of efficient operations planning and the reduced cost of ownership. It requires a tight integration of major health management functions, such as trending, failure identification, forecasting, life prediction, operations and maintenance planning. This paper introduces a suite of plug-in tools that enhance the condition monitoring and health management capabilities of operational (or legacy) systems. One of these systems is the U. S. Air Force Comprehensive Engine Trending and Diagnostics System (CETADS), which has been used as the baseline for the development of the tools. These tools are collectively called the Intelligent Condition-based Engine/Equipment Management System (ICEMS). These tools are configured as software modules, which can be incorporated into an operational health management system individually or as a group. ICEMS modules implement the advanced algorithms containing artificial intelligence, statistical, model-based analysis techniques, and RCM practices. Although these modules have been developed and tested using data from the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 engine in service at Luke Air Force Base, the modules are also generalized to cover many generic machines (or equipment).
Long-Term Cardiac-Targeted RNA Interference for the Treatment of Heart Failure Restores Cardiac Function and Reduces Pathological Hypertrophy (2009)

Our data show for the first time the high efficacy of an RNAi therapeutic strategy in a cardiac disease.
Characteristics of Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O thin film bulk acoustic wave devices (2003)

Piezoelectric thin film zinc oxide (ZnO) and its ternary alloy magnesium zinc oxide (MgxZn1-xO) have broad applications in transducers, resonators, and filters. In this work, we present a new bulk acoustic wave (BAW) structure consisting of Al/MgxZn1-xO/n(+)-ZnO/r-sapphire, where Al and n+ type ZnO serve as the top and bottom electrode, respectively. The epitaxial MgxZn1-xO films have the same epitaxial relationships with the substrate as ZnO on r-Al2O3, resulting in the c-axis of the MgxZn1-xO being in the growth plane. This relationship promotes shear bulk wave propagation that affords sensing in liquid phase media without the dampening effects found in longitudinal wave mode BAW devices. The BAW velocity and electromechanical coupling coefficient of MgxZn1-xO can be tailored by varying the Mg composition, which provides an alternative and complementary method to adjust the BAW characteristics by changing the piezoelectric film thickness. This provides flexibility to design the operating frequencies of thin film bulk acoustic wave devices. Frequency responses of devices with two acoustic wave modes propagating in the specified structure are analyzed using a transmission line model. Measured results show good agreement with simulation.
On the Methods Based on the Pressure Rise Test for Monitoring a Freeze-Drying Process (2010)

This article is focused on the methods based on the pressure rise test (PRT) used to monitor the primary drying of a lyophilization process. Details about the model-based algorithms proposed to interpret the PRT, namely, manometric temperature measurement (MTM), pressure rise analysis (PRA), and dynamic parameters estimation (DPE), are briefly summarized and various features of the models used by these algorithms, in particular the role of the vial wall and radiation on the thermal balance of the system, are investigated. The optimal selection of the sampling frequency and the time interval between two tests is discussed, and the influence of the duration of the test on the results is investigated by means of mathematical simulation: results obtained from the PRT can be significantly improved by optimizing the duration of the test. Moreover, the problem of misleading results obtained at the end of the primary drying is investigated, taking into account the problem of ill-conditioning of the algorithms. An improved version of the DPE algorithm is proposed to cope with this problem; its effectiveness is demonstrated by means of mathematical simulations and experimental runs.
Proposed Framework for Anomalous Change Detection (2006)

For the anomalous change detection problem, you have a pair of images, taken of the same scene, but at different times and typically under different viewing conditions. You are looking for interesting differences between the two images. There will be some differences that are pervasive, perhaps due to overall contrast, brightness or focus differences, or maybe due to atmospheric or even seasonal changes – but there may also be changes that occur in only a few pixels. These rare changes are potentially indicative of something truly changing in the scene, and the idea is to use anomaly detection to find them. But you want to identify the changes that are unusual. You do not want to be confounded by ususual pixels that are “similarly unusual ” in both images. We propose a machine learning framework for identifying these anomalous changes. 1.
Multi-zone coupling productivity of horizontal well fracturing with complex fracture networks in shale gas reservoirs (2018)

In this paper, a series of specific studies were carried out to investigate the complex form of fracture networks and figure out the multi-scale flowing laws of nano/micro pores–complex fracture networks–wellbore during the development of shale reservoirs by means of horizontal well fracturing. First, hydraulic fractures were induced by means of Brazilian splitting tests. Second, the forms of the hydraulic fractures inside the rock samples were observed by means of X-ray CT scanning to measure the opening of hydraulic fractures. Third, based on the multi-scale unified flowing model, morphological description of fractures and gas flowing mechanism in the matrix–complex fracture network–wellbore, the productivity equation of single-stage horizontal well fracturing which includes diffusion, slipping and desorption was established. And fourthly, a productivity prediction model of horizontal well multi-stage fracturing in the shale reservoir was established considering the interference between the multi-stage fracturing zones and the pressure drop in the horizontal wellbore. The following results were obtained. First, hydraulic fractures are in the form of a complex network. Second, the measured opening of hydraulic fractures is in the range of 4.25–453 μm, averaging 112 μm. Third, shale gas flowing in different shapes of fracture networks follows different nonlinear flowing laws. Forth, as the fracture density in the strongly stimulated zones rises and the distribution range of the hydraulic fractures in strongly/weakly stimulated zones enlarges, gas production increases gradually. As the interference occurs in the flowing zones of fracture networks between fractured sections, the increasing amplitude of gas production rates decreases. Fifth, when the length of a simulated horizontal well is 1500 m and the half length of a fracture network in the strongly stimulated zone is 100 m, the productivity effect of stage 10 fracturing is the best. Therefore, it is necessary to control fracturing degree reasonably and optimize fracturing parameters, so as to provide a theoretical support for the optimization design of shale gas reservoir fracturing.
Ultra-narrow linewidth Brillouin laser with nanokelvin temperature self-referencing (2019)

Ultrastable lasers serve as the backbone for some of the most advanced scientific experiments today and enable the ability to perform atomic spectroscopy and laser interferometry at the highest levels of precision possible. With the recent and increasing interest in applying these systems outside of the laboratory, it remains an open question as to how to realize a laser source that can reach the extraordinary levels of narrow linewidth required and still remain sufficiently compact and portable for field use. Critical to the development of this ideal laser source is the necessity for the laser to be insensitive to both short- and long-term fluctuations in temperature, which ultimately broaden the laser linewidth and cause drift in the laser’s center frequency. We show here that the use of a large mode-volume optical resonator with 2 m of optical fiber, which acts to suppress the resonator’s fast thermal fluctuations, together with stimulated Brillouin scattering optical nonlinearity presents a powerful combination that enables lasing with an ultra-narrow linewidth of 20 Hz. To address the laser’s long-term temperature drift, we apply two orthogonal polarizations of the narrow Brillouin line as a metrological tool that precisely senses a minute change in the resonator’s temperature at the level of 85 nK. The precision afforded by this temperature measurement enables new possibilities for the stabilization of resonators against environmental perturbation.