gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dominators, super blocks, and program coverage (1994)

In this paper we present techniques to find subsets of nodes of a flowgraph that satisfy the following property: A test set that exercises all nodes in a subset exercises all nodes in the flowgraph. Analogous techniques to find subsets of edges are also proposed. These techniques may be used to significantly reduce the cost of coverage testing of programs. A notion of a super block consisting of one or more basic blocks in that super block must be exercised by the same input. Dominator relationships among super blocks are used to identify a subset of the super blocks whose coverage implies that of all super blocks and, in turn, that of all basic blocks. Experiments with eight systems in the range of 1-75K lines of code show that, on the average, test cases targeted to cover just 29% of the basic blocks and 32% of the branches ensure 100% block and branch coverage, respectively.
Flexural, Dry Sliding Wear and Machinability (EDM) Characteristics of AZ91D/TiC (0, 5, 10, 15, & 20 wt%) MMCs (2021)

Weight saving and increase in strength of the material is a challenge for engineers in the automobile sector and aerospace industry. Here, an attempt has been made to analyse the flexural, wear and machinability behaviour of Mg/TiC composites. The optical microscope (OM), SEM, and X-Ray mapping (XRM) were used to determine any defect in the void, distribution and presence and elemental mapping of TiC within the composites. The results of the three-point flexural test show that the maximum flexural strength and flexural strain are obtained at AZ91D/20% TiC composite. The wear test result indicates that with the rise in sliding speed, the wear rate of composites is decreased. The response of EDM machining parameters, such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR), was determined by using both experimental and Taguchi Method. The maximum MRR was obtained at pulse-on time 200 μs, pulse-off time 11 μs, input current 8 amps and 15 wt% of TiC-reinforced Mg alloy. It is also observed that the experimental result of SR is more significant than the predicted value obtained from Taguchi Method.
Exosomes for Non‐Invasive Cancer Monitoring (2018)

Exosomes, membrane-bound phospholipid vesicles having diameters of 50-200 nm, are secreted by all cell types and circulate in human body fluids. These vesicles are known to carry cellular constituents that are specific to the originating cells (e.g., cytoplasmic/membrane proteins, RNA, and DNA). Thus, exosomes, which are both structurally stable and abundant, are robust indicators of cancers and, as a result, they have been utilized to monitor this disease in a manner that is less invasive than gold standard tissue biopsies. In this review, the history of exosomes and the specific biomarkers present in exosomes that enable accurate monitoring of various diseases are described. In addition, methods for analysis of exosomes and identification of biomarkers are presented with special emphasis being given to isolation and signaling strategies. Lastly, integrated, microfluidic systems developed for exosome-based cancer diagnosis are described and future directions that research in this area will likely take are presented.
Design Considerations for High Power Inductors in DC-DC Converters (2007)

The demand for high density power conversion systems has led to numerous material developments for passive circuit components. Typically, these innovations improve thermal capabilities, enable higher switching frequencies, and increase component efficiency. For inductors, research has focused on formulating low-loss core materials such as distributed gap and nanocrystalline alloy materials that can be manufactured in appropriate core geometries. This paper presents a discussion of design trade-offs for core and winding implementations using these materials. Empirical results for power loss as well as temperature rise based on thermal management are presented for both distributed gap and nanocyrstalline alloy cores used in a high power DC-DC converter.
Mouse models for <i>BRAF</i>-induced cancers (2007)

Oncogenic mutations in the BRAF gene are detected in approximately 7% of human cancer samples with a particularly high frequency of mutation in malignant melanomas. Over 40 different missense BRAF mutations have been found, but the vast majority (>90%) represent a single nucleotide change resulting in a valine-->glutamate mutation at residue 600 ((V600E)BRAF). In cells cultured in vitro, (V600E)BRAF is able to stimulate endogenous MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] and ERK phosphorylation leading to an increase in cell proliferation, cell survival, transformation, tumorigenicity, invasion and vascular development. Many of these hallmarks of cancer can be reversed by treatment of cells with siRNA (small interfering RNA) to BRAF or by inhibiting MEK, indicating that BRAF and MEK are attractive therapeutic targets in cancer samples with BRAF mutations. In order to fully understand the role of oncogenic BRAF in cancer development in vivo as well as to test the in vivo efficacy of anti-BRAF or anti-MEK therapies, GEMMs (genetically engineered mouse models) have been generated in which expression of oncogenic BRaf is conditionally dependent on the Cre recombinase. The delivery/activation of the Cre recombinase can be regulated in both a temporal and spatial manner and therefore these mouse models can be used to recapitulate the somatic mutation of BRAF that occurs in different tissues in the development of human cancer. The data so far obtained following Cre-mediated activation in haemopoietic tissue and the lung indicate that (V600E)BRAF mutation can drive tumour initiation and that its primary effect is to induce high levels of cyclin D1-mediated cell proliferation. However, hallmarks of OIS (oncogene-induced senescence) are evident that restrain further development of the tumour.
Algorithms for finding paths with multiple constraints (1984)

Abstract Let G = ( V, E ) be a graph with weight function w : E rightarrow Z + and length function l : E /rightarrow Z + . The problem of determining for v 1 , V 2 /in V whether there is a path from v 1 to v 2 with weight at most W and length at most L is NP‐complete. This paper gives two approaches to meeting or approximating the length and weight constraints. The first approach is to use a pseudopolynomial‐time algorithm which determines whether a path meets the constraints. Its running time is O ( n 5 b log nb ) where n = |V| and b is the largest length or weight. If tables with O ( n 3 b ) entries are kept then all instances of multiple constraints may be decided. Table size may be substantially decreased if one is willing to tolerate incorrect answers to rare instances. The algorithm is suitable for distributed execution. In the second approach, an objective function is defined which evaluates a path's distance from meeting the constraints. Polynomial‐time algorithms attempt to find good paths in terms of the objective function. One algorithm is at most 1.62 times worst than optimal. A notion of “average worst‐case behavior” is defined. The algorithm's “average” behavior is 1.51 times worse than optimal.
Mode of action and adverse effects of lipid lowering drugs (1998)

Serum lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides are incorporated into hydrophilic lipoproteins, which include chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). An elevated level of these lipoproteins, except for HDL, is the basis of all hyperlipidemias. However, only some of the lipoprotein fractions, particularly LDL and remnant particles, are potential risk factors for atherogenesis and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Several classes of pharmacological agents are currently available to increase the breakdown and reduce the synthesis of LDL and remnant factors. These include nicotinic acid and its analogs, fibric acid derivatives (e.g., clofibrate, gemfibrozil, bezafibrate), bile acid resins (e.g., cholestyramine), HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin) and probucol. Lipid lowering drugs of different classes have a synergistic effect on lipid metabolism and combination therapy is often used. Lipid lowering drugs are prescribed as long-term preventive therapy in apparently asymptomatic people. Several studies indicate that secondary prevention with lipid lowering drugs is cost-effective, particularly in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease.
Cosmetic use formulations containing pentyl rhamnoside and cetyl rhamnoside (2001)

For the first time, we report here the synthesis and use of pentyl and cetyl rhamnoside as cosurfactant or surfactant, respectively, and their evaluation in cosmetic formulations. l-rhamnose is more reactive than d-glucose in direct acetalization with long alkyl chains of alcohol, because of its higher lipophilicity, whereas for short alkyl chains, glucose and rhamnose are equivalent. Furthermore, pentyl rhamnoside could be used as a new non-toxic cosurfactant to formulate microemulsions. Finally, a white continuous aqueous phase emulsion and a liquid soap were evaluated for cosmetic uses. These new formulations showed very good cosmetic properties with high hydration properties and rapid cutaneous penetration.
Prediction of Long‐Term Survival in Chronic Heart Failure by Multiple Biomarker Assessment: A 15‐Year Prospective Follow‐Up Study (2010)

The present study represents the longest available follow-up of patients with CHF evaluating the prognostic power of multiple biomarkers. It shows that a simple assessment of plasma ANP levels is the strongest long-term predictor of death in all stages of heart failure.
Highly efficient dandelion-like near-infrared light photoinitiator for free radical and thiol-ene photopolymerizations (2019)

Efficient photopolymerization activated by nonharmful near-infrared (NIR) light is important for various biological applications. Here we propose a NIR light free-radical photoinitiator (PI) fabricated by incorporating oxime-ester coumarin functionality on the surface of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The coumarin groups of PI absorb the light emitted from the UCNP core, whereas the oxime ester groups undergo cleavage to form radicals. Upon irradiation at 980 nm, the mobile radicals, formed in a manner similar to that of dandelion seed release, initiate both free-radical and thiol-ene photopolymerizations. The superior efficiency of dandelion-like PIs assisted photopolymerizations can be attributed to the reduction of energy loss and increased local PI concentration due to Förster resonance energy transfer process and confinement effect, respectively. Moreover, the proposed PI system can initiate polymerization under low-power NIR laser and reduces the thermal side effects. The possibility of its potential use in deep curing applications was also demonstrated.
NAND Flash Memory Organization and Operations (2015)

NAND flash memories are well known for their uncomplicated structure, low cost, and high capacity. Their typical characteristics include architecture, sequential reading, and high density. NAND flash memory is a non-volatile type of memory and has low power consumption. The erasing of NAND Flash memory is based on a block-wise base. Since cells in a ash chip will fail after a limited number of writes, limited write endurance is a key characteristic of flash memory. There are many noise causes such as read or program disturbs, retention process, charge leakage, trapping generation, etc. Preferably, all errors in the storage would be adjusted by the ECC algorithm. The conclusion of all mentioned parasitic factors creates a set of external and internal influences which affects variable behaviour of memory in time. To prepare a review of all the important factors that affect the reliability and life-cycle endurance of NAND flash memories and was our main motivation for this paper.
Migration scheme based machine learning for QoS in cloud computing: Survey and research challenges (2017)

VM migration has become a hot topic in the Cloud Dater Centers (CDCs). Numerous VM migration schemes are proposed for QoS aimed to improve various metrics affecting the CDCs. Also, it combines a Machine learning approach with modeling and predicting in CDC. Migration scheme through prediction based metric can greatly improve the physical machines resource utilization. Also, effective VM migration scheme can reduce the power consumption and time of the data centers. Thus, it needs to consider metrics which may impact the migration performance and energy efficiency. In this paper, we summarize and classify previous approaches of migration in CDCs. Furthermore, we conclude with a discussion of research problems in this area. In the future work, we will study on live migration mechanism to improve the live migration performance and energy efficiency in the variety of CDCs.
A Novel System for Managing Electrical Utility Loads (2005)

This paper describes a novel system for managing electrical utility loads by a unique combination of radio frequency and power line carrier signalling. The paper briefly reviews the history of utility load control and the need for load control under the present energy shortage. The advantages of this system approach are listed. The economical trade-offs of load management vs. additional generating capacity are briefly discussed. A detailed description of how this novel system works and functional description of each of the sub-units are presented.
Topical medicine for treatment of the musculoskeletal. (2010)

Twenty human volunteers (patients) with diverse conditions causing chronic pain obtained good treatment with use of a painex delivery system containing 1, 8-cineole (1%), phenolic compounds and combined camphor ascorbic acid.
Daphniphyllum alkaloids. Part 8. Asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-secodaphniphylline (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDaphniphyllum alkaloids. Part 8. Asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-secodaphniphyllineJeffrey A. Stafford and Clayton H. HeathcockCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 20, 5433–5434Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00307a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00307a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1068Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Spring-Loaded Mechanism of DNA Unwinding by Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Helicase (2007)

NS3, an essential helicase for replication of hepatitis C virus, is a model enzyme for investigating helicase function. Using single-molecule fluorescence analysis, we showed that NS3 unwinds DNA in discrete steps of about three base pairs (bp). Dwell time analysis indicated that about three hidden steps are required before a 3-bp step is taken. Taking into account the available structural data, we propose a spring-loaded mechanism in which several steps of one nucleotide per adenosine triphosphate molecule accumulate tension on the protein-DNA complex, which is relieved periodically via a burst of 3-bp unwinding. NS3 appears to shelter the displaced strand during unwinding, and, upon encountering a barrier or after unwinding >18 bp, it snaps or slips backward rapidly and repeats unwinding many times in succession. Such repetitive unwinding behavior over a short stretch of duplex may help to keep secondary structures resolved during viral genome replication.
The Effects of Hydrogen Reduction on Magnetic Properties of Barium Ferrite Particles (1997)

A reduction process of the substituted Ba-ferrite has been found to be devided into three steps. At the first and second steps, the magneto-plumbite structure maintains and the coercivity increases. When the reduced-substituted Ba-ferrite particles are reoxidized, the coercivity is reversible in the first step but irreversible in the second step. During the third step, the magneto-plumbite structure was collapsed with formation of α-Fe and BaFeOs-x phases and consequently the coercivity distribution was broad and the coercivity irreversible. The coercivity and saturation magnetization decreases and increases up to 130 emu/g respectively. In this study, it is found that the substituted cations prevent the magneto-plumbite structure from collapse during the reduction process and furthermore migrate from the magnetic sites of 4fIV+2a, 2b, and 12k to 4fVI and 12k'. An increase in the coercivity before the collapse of magneto-plumbite structure is attributed to the migration of substituted cations in hexagonal Ba-ferrite structure.
Quorum sensing enhancement of the stress response promotes resistance to quorum quenching and prevents social cheating (2014)

Quorum sensing (QS) coordinates the expression of virulence factors and allows bacteria to counteract the immune response, partly by increasing their tolerance to the oxidative stress generated by immune cells. Despite the recognized role of QS in enhancing the oxidative stress response, the consequences of this relationship for the bacterial ecology remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate that QS increases resistance also to osmotic, thermal and heavy metal stress. Furthermore a QS-deficient lasR rhlR mutant is unable to exert a robust response against H2O2 as it has less induction of catalase and NADPH-producing dehydrogenases. Phenotypic microarrays revealed that the mutant is very sensitive to several toxic compounds. As the anti-oxidative enzymes are private goods not shared by the population, only the individuals that produce them benefit from their action. Based on this premise, we show that in mixed populations of wild-type and the mexR mutant (resistant to the QS inhibitor furanone C-30), treatment with C-30 and H2O2 increases the proportion of mexR mutants; hence, oxidative stress selects resistance to QS compounds. In addition, oxidative stress alone strongly selects for strains with active QS systems that are able to exert a robust anti oxidative response and thereby decreases the proportion of QS cheaters in cultures that are otherwise prone to invasion by cheats. As in natural environments stress is omnipresent, it is likely that this QS enhancement of stress tolerance allows cells to counteract QS inhibition and invasions by social cheaters, therefore having a broad impact in bacterial ecology.
Shortening the Timeline of Pediatric Phase I Trials: The Rolling Six Design (2008)

The rolling six design may significantly decrease the duration of pediatric phase I studies without increasing the risk of toxicity. The design will be tested prospectively in upcoming Children's Oncology Group phase I trials.
[Human brucellosis in Poland in 2002]. (2004)

The registered 31 cases of human brucellosis in Poland comprise chronically ill professionals who in the past were involved for many years in the control of animal brucellosis. One case of acute infection was imported from Mediterranean region.
Identification of novel <i>FLT‐3</i> Asp835 mutations in adult acute myeloid leukaemia (2001)

Genomic DNA from 97 cases of adult de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) for FLT3 exon 20 mutations. Initial sequencing of four cases, representing the spectrum of CSGE abnormalities, revealed changes affecting codon Asp835 in three cases and also an intron 20 A to G change. In order to identify all possible Asp835 alterations, as well as the frequency of the intronic change nucleotide 2541 + 57 A-->G, the patient PCR products were digested with EcoRV and NlaIII respectively. Seven cases (7.2%) possessed a mutation affecting Asp835; these were identified, following DNA sequencing, as Asp835Tyr (n = 5), Asp835His (n = 1) and Asp835del (n = 1). Alterations affecting Asp835 were not found in 80 normal control DNA samples. In contrast, the nucleotide 2541 + 57 A-->G change was shown to be a polymorphism, with an allelic frequency of 0.24 for the G and 0.76 for the A allele. This study reports, for the first time, point mutations in the human FLT3 gene that, because of their homology with other class III receptor tyrosine kinase mutations, probably result in constitutive activation of the receptor.
Electromagnetic Pattern Extraction and Grouping for Near-Field Scanning of Integrated Circuits by PCA and <i>K</i>-Means Approaches (2019)

Electromagnetic patterns in near field scanning usually give important information about the source inside an device under test. In this paper, we develop a postprocessing technique, including standard-deviation-based method, principal component analysis, and K-means method, so that the electromagnetic patterns in near field scanning can be extracted fast and grouped automatically and efficiently. The postprocessing techniques are applied to experimental near-field scanning of ICs, such as a microcontroller unit (MCU) and a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The grouping on the electromagnetic patterns of the MCU is in good agreement with the published grouping result, and the grouping on the electromagnetic patterns of the FPGA can find out the additional cluster responsible for additional circuit.
Myocardin Is a Key Regulator of CArG-Dependent Transcription of Multiple Smooth Muscle Marker Genes (2003)

The interactions between serum response factor (SRF) and CArG elements are critical for smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker gene transcription. However, the mechanisms whereby SRF, which is expressed ubiquitously, contributes to SMC-specific transcription are unknown. Myocardin was recently cloned as a coactivator of SRF in the heart, but its role in regulating CArG-dependent expression of SMC differentiation marker genes has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we examined the expression and the function of myocardin in SMCs. In adult mice, myocardin mRNA was expressed in multiple smooth muscle (SM) tissues including the aorta, bladder, stomach, intestine, and colon, as well as the heart. Myocardin was also expressed in cultured rat aortic SMCs and A404 SMC precursor cells. Of particular interest, expression of myocardin was induced during differentiation of A404 cells, although it was not expressed in parental P19 cells from which A404 cells were derived. Cotransfection studies in SMCs revealed that myocardin induced the activity of multiple SMC marker gene promoters including SM alpha-actin, SM-myosin heavy chain, and SM22alpha by 9- to 60-fold in a CArG-dependent manner, whereas myocardin short interfering RNA markedly decreased activity of these promoters. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a dominant-negative form of myocardin significantly suppressed expression of endogenous SMC marker genes, whereas adenovirus-mediated overexpression of wild-type myocardin increased expression. Taken together, results provide compelling evidence that myocardin plays a key role as a transcriptional coactivator of SMC marker genes through CArG-dependent mechanisms.