gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep learning for individual heterogeneity: an automatic inference framework (2021)

We develop methodology for estimation and inference using machine learning to enrich economic models. Our framework takes a standard economic model and recasts the parameters as fully flexible nonparametric functions, to capture the rich heterogeneity based on potentially high dimensional or complex observable characteristics. These "parameter functions" retain the interpretability, economic meaning, and discipline of classical parameters. In contrast to common implementations of machine learning in economics, these functions need not be predictions. We show that deep learning is particularly well-suited to structured modeling of heterogeneity in economics. First, we show how the network architecture can be easily designed to match the global structure of the economic model, delivering novel methodology that moves deep learning beyond prediction. Second, we prove convergence rates for the estimated parameter functions. These parameter functions are then the key input into the finite-dimensional parameter of inferential interest. We obtain valid inference based on a novel orthogonal score or influence function calculation that covers any second-stage parameter and any machine-learning-enriched model that uses a smooth per-observation loss function. No additional derivations are required and the score can be taken directly to data, using automatic differentiation if needed to obtain the components: the researcher need only define the original model and define the parameter of interest. A key insight is that we need not write down the influence function in order to evaluate it on the data. We apply this after deep learning, but our result can be used for any first-step estimator. Our framework covers, as special cases, well-known examples such as average treatment effects and partially linear models, but we also seamlessly deliver new results for such diverse examples as price elasticities, willingness-to-pay, and surplus measures in binary or multinomial choice models, average marginal and partial effects of continuous treatment variables, fractional outcome models, count data, heterogeneous production function components, and more. Across all these contexts inference can be made as automated as is currently available in special cases. We illustrate the utility of our framework with an application to a large scale advertising experiment for short-term loans. We show how economically meaningful estimates and inferences can be made that would be unavailable without our framework.
Design of a Mini Heat Sink Based on Constructal Theory for Electronic Chip Cooling (2014)

New technological advancements in electronic circuits and computer engineering have increased the need for better cooling systems; liquid cooling of electronic components seems to offer a solution for this problem. An important part of such solution is to design a compact cooling channel system that offers a uniform temperature distribution over the part to be cooled. This work investigates the application of constructal theory for the design of a compact double sided cooling pad for such applications. Fluid enters the two networks, on the top and bottom of the pad, via a single inlet inside a separating layer between them. The heated fluid then collected at the periphery of the channel network. An exit port is then attached to a collection well for the exit flow. Numerical method is used to redesign flow passage dimensions inside the heat sink and optimize fluid outlet layout to ensure uniform heat removal and temperature distribution in the pad. A sample model of the actual device is built; using advanced 3D printing technology, for flow study. Flow pattern, temperature distribution, and the resulted pressure drop for the designed heat sink are presented for different flow rates.
Human endothelial culture supernatant (HECS): a growth factor for hybridomas. (1980)

Human endothelial culture supernatant (HECS) had strong growth-promotion activity for hybridoma cells: the yield of hybridomas after fusion was increased at least 2-fold over that in the presence of feeder cells, such as mouse macrophages and spleen cells. Moreover, HECS could substitute for feeder cells when hybridomas were cultured at the single-cell level, and strongly enhanced the proliferation of hybrid cells. furthermore, the presence of human endothelial cells prolonged the stability of human-mouse hybridomas, producing human immunoglobulin, hybrids known to survive poorly during culture in vitro.
A liquid phase of synapsin and lipid vesicles (2018)

Neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles (SVs) form tight clusters at synapses. These clusters act as a reservoir from which SVs are drawn for exocytosis during sustained activity. Several components associated with SVs that are likely to help form such clusters have been reported, including synapsin. Here we found that synapsin can form a distinct liquid phase in an aqueous environment. Other scaffolding proteins could coassemble into this condensate but were not necessary for its formation. Importantly, the synapsin phase could capture small lipid vesicles. The synapsin phase rapidly disassembled upon phosphorylation by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, mimicking the dispersion of synapsin 1 that occurs at presynaptic sites upon stimulation. Thus, principles of liquid-liquid phase separation may apply to the clustering of SVs at synapses.
Interaction Domains of the UL16 and UL21 Tegument Proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus (2009)

The UL16 protein of herpes simplex virus is capsid associated and was previously identified as a binding partner of the membrane-associated UL11 tegument protein (J. S. Loomis, R. J. Courtney, and J. W. Wills, J. Virol. 77:11417-11424, 2003). In those studies, a less-prominent, approximately 65-kDa binding partner of unknown identity was also observed. Mass spectrometry studies have now revealed this species to be UL21, a tegument protein that has been implicated in the transport of capsids in the cytoplasm. The validity of the mass spectrometry results was tested in a variety of coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments. The data revealed that UL21 and UL16 can form a complex in the absence of other viral proteins, even when the assays used proteins purified from Escherichia coli. Moreover, UL11 was able to pull down UL21 only when UL16 was present, suggesting that all three proteins can form a complex. Deletion analyses revealed that the second half of UL21 (residues 268 to 535) is sufficient for the UL16 interaction and packaging into virions; however, attempts to map a subdomain of UL16 were largely unsuccessful, with only the first 40 (of 373) residues being found to be dispensable. Nevertheless, it is clear that UL16 must have two distinct binding sites, because covalent modification of its free cysteines with N-ethylmaleimide blocked binding to UL11 but not UL21. These findings should prove useful for elucidating the molecular machinery used to transmit a signal into a virion when it attaches to cells, a recently discovered mechanism in which UL16 is a central player.
Bile acids in treatment of ocular disease (2009)

Bear bile has been included in Asian pharmacopeias for thousands of years in treatment of several diseases, ranging from sore throat to hemorrhoids. The hydrophilic bile acids tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are the major bile acids of bear bile. Both of these are available as synthetic formulations and are approved by the health administrations of several countries for treatment of cirrhosis and gallstones. This review briefly covers the use of bear bile in Traditional Chinese Medicine, bile acid physiology, approved use of UDCA and TUDCA in Western medicine, and recent research exploring their neuroprotective properties, including in models of ocular disease.
The Present State of Phage Taxonomy (1974)

Characteristics of over 1,150 phages have been categorized into 17 groups, based upon morphology and nucleic acid content. A scheme is presented for cataloging phage data for computer storage, retrieval, and sorting to be used in the development of a phage taxonomy and nomenclature.
Remotely Triggered Locomotion of Hydrogel Mag-bots in Confined Spaces (2017)

In this study, soft hydrogel crawlers with remote magnetic-responsive motility in confined spaces have been developed. Inspired by the motion of maggots, the hydrogel crawlers can reversibly contract and elongate their body controlled by repeatedly switching on/off an alternating magnetic field. Based on the cyclic deformation, the hydrogel crawlers can move peristaltically in a confined space that is coated with asymmetric micro-patterns. The dependence of the hydrogel motility on the pattern structures and lubrication is characterized using experimental measurements. Such a hydrogel system pioneers the study of active motile systems in porous media and has the potential to impact the fields of targeted drug delivery and active actuators.
The military medical management of missile injury to the spine: A review of the literature and proposal of guidelines (2001)

The management of missile injury to the spinal cord is controversial. The literature is reviewed and recommendations made about the management of these injuries. To surgeons in a country that is relatively safe such injuries are rare, this review provides useful information about this condition.
The Multifaceted Roles of STAT3 Signaling in the Progression of Prostate Cancer (2014)

The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 governs essential functions of epithelial and hematopoietic cells that are often dysregulated in cancer. While the role for STAT3 in promoting the progression of many solid and hematopoietic malignancies is well established, this review will focus on the importance of STAT3 in prostate cancer progression to the incurable metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Indeed, STAT3 integrates different signaling pathways involved in the reactivation of androgen receptor pathway, stem like cells and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition that drive progression to mCRPC. As equally important, STAT3 regulates interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment as well as immune cell activation. This makes it a major factor in facilitating prostate cancer escape from detection of the immune response, promoting an immunosuppressive environment that allows growth and metastasis. Based on the multifaceted nature of STAT3 signaling in the progression to mCRPC, the promise of STAT3 as a therapeutic target to prevent prostate cancer progression and the variety of STAT3 inhibitors used in cancer therapies is discussed.
PKM2 under hypoxic environment causes resistance to mTOR inhibitor in human castration resistant prostate cancer (2018)

The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of mTOR inhibitor for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) under hypoxia. Although under normoxia C4-2AT6, it is a CRPC cell line, expressed elevated pAkt, pS6 and Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) accompanied by elevated HIF-1a expression, 5% hypoxic condition further induced expression of these proteins. These results indicate hypoxic environment elevated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in aggressive prostate cancer. However, C4-2AT6 cells treated with mTOR inhibitor under hypoxia less decreased compared to cells treated with the same dose drugs under normoxia. Western blot analysis showed mTOR inhibitor: RAD001 not only inhibited pS6, but also increased the expression of PKM2 in a dose and time dependent manner. Pyruvate kinase acts on glycolysis. PKM2, which is frequently express in tumor cells, is one isoform of pyruvate kinase. PKM2 is reported to act as a transcription factor. In the present study overexpression of PKM2 in C4-2AT6 induced resistance to RAD001 under normoxia. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of targeting PKM2, we inhibited PKM2 in C4-2AT6 under hypoxia using si-PKM2. The number of C4-2AT6 under chronic hypoxia exposed to siPKM2 significantly decreased compared to intact C4-2AT6 under chronic hypoxia. Furthermore, si-PKM2 improved resistance to mTOR inhibitor in C4-2AT6. When examined using clinical samples, high PKM2 expression was correlated with a high Gleason score and poor PSA free survival. These results suggested that up-regulation of PKM2 is one possibility of resistance to mTOR inhibitor in CRPC. And it is possible that PKM2 is a useful therapeutic target of CRPC.
Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on Phytoalexins Biosynthesis and Induced Disease Resistance to<i>Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfectum</i>in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>L.) (2014)

The effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) sprayed on cotton healthy leaves was evaluated in terms of inherent bioactive chemicals induction. The total phenolic content significantly increased after MeJA 5.0 mM treatments compared to the other tested concentrations (0; 2.5; 10; 15; 20 mM). Among the eleven phenolic compounds which were found except for ferulic acid, gossypetin, gossypol, 3- p -coumaroylquinic acid, and piceatannol were identified as major phenolic constituents of cotton. Their content also significantly increased after the MeJA treatment. In addition, gossypol increased 64 times compared to the control, in the 5.0 mM MeJA treatment. Furthermore, cichoric acid, chlorogenic acid, and pterostilbene are synthesized de novo in leaves of MeJA-treated plant. Treatment of cotton leaves with MeJA 5.0 mM followed 72 h of incubation hampered the expression of Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV). MeJA efficiency was concentration and incubation time dependent. Disease severity on MeJA-treated leaves was significantly lower as compared to the control. Therefore, the high content of gossypetin, gossypol, 3- p -coumaroylquinic acid, ferulic acid, and piceatannol and the presence of cichoric acid, chlorogenic acid, and pterostilbene in plants treated with MeJA, contrary to the control, are essential to equip the cotton compounds with defences or phytoalexins against FOV.
A rigid-body target design methodology for optical pose-tracking systems (2008)

The standard method for estimating the rigid-body motion of arbitrary interaction devices with an infrared-optical tracking system involves attaching pre-defined geometric constellations of retro-reflective or light-emitting markers, commonly referred to as "targets", to all tracked objects. Optical markers of the same type are typically indistinguishable from each other, requiring the tracking system to establish their identities through known spatial relationships. Consequently, the specific geometric arrangement of markers across multiple targets has a considerable impact on the system's overall performance and robustness.
Shrinkage and Warpage Prediction for Injection Molded Components (1993)

Shrinkage and warpage analysis is now an important part of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) for injection molded components. The theory behind this anal ysis (including effects of crystallinity, orientation and cooling stress relaxation) is pre sented, along with a number of case studies showing the successful application of this technology.
Photoaffinity labeling of the angiotensin II receptor. 3. Receptor inactivation with photolabile hormone analogs (1979)

It has been shown that the receptor of angiotensin II (AT) in rabbit aorta strips, rat aorta, and rat stomach can be blocked specifically and irreversibly by several photolabile analogues of Sar-Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe ([Sar1]AT) with irradiation. The effectiveness of a photolabel with light of wavelength 365 nm depends on the labeling amino acid (L-4'-nitrophenylalanine, L-4'-diazoniumphenylalanine, or L-4'-azidophenylalanine) and on its position in the peptide (replacing Tyr4 and/or Phe8). The 4'-azido)Phe-containing analogues are all good to fair photoinactivators. Their decreasing order of effectiveness is as follows: [Sar1,(4'-azido)Phe8]AT, [Sar1,(4'-azido)Phe4,8]AT, and [Sar1,(4'-azidoPhe4]AT. The (4'-nitro)Phe analogues show the opposite relation: the good ligand [Sar1,(4'-nitro)Phe8]AT is almost ineffective, but the nonligand [Sar1,(4-nitro)Phe4]AT exhibits good, specific photoinactivation. This can be explained by the existence of a different photolysis pathway for (4'-nitro)Phe: this analogue probably undergoes a multiphoton decay with a long-lived first excited state. A peptide in this state may differ in its pharmacological properties from the ground state and become a ligand.
Preliminary study on architecture of global energy internet standard (2016)

Global Energy Internet (GEI) is the trend of development of the energy industry with broad prospects and potential economic benefits and social benefits in the world. It is crucial to establish the technical standard system of GEI for technology innovation and industrial development. First, technical standard systems and standards at home and abroad have been combed in the field of ultra-high voltage transmission, smart grid and clean energy. Secondly, brief analyses on economic and social benefit have been analyzed for establishment of the GEI standard system. Through the discussion, the content and methodology of GEI standards system are clarified with clear technical courses. Finally, specific suggestions are put forward for application of the GEI standard system, and the study will make a beneficial exploration for the development of GEI.
Bioinspired approaches for toughening of fibre reinforced polymer composites (2020)

In Nature, there are a large range of tough, strong, lightweight and multifunctional structures that can be an inspiration to better performing materials. This work presents a review of structures found in Nature, from biological ceramics and ceramics composites, biological polymers and polymers composites, biological cellular materials, biological elastomers to functional biological materials, and their main toughening mechanisms, envisaging potential mimicking approaches that can be applied in advanced continuous fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite structures. For this, the most common engineering composite manufacturing processes and current composite damage mitigation approaches are analysed. This aims at establishing the constraints of biomimetic approaches development as these bioinspired structures are to be manufactured by composite technologies. Combining both Nature approaches and engineering composites developments is a route for the design and manufacturing of high mechanical performance and multifunctional composite structures, therefore new bioinspired solutions are proposed.
Histological study on conjunctival and corneal reactions in rabbits induced by chronic topical application of latanoprost and travoprost (2013)

Introduction: Chronic topical glaucoma therapy was reported to cause deleterious changes tothe ocular surface epithelial layer. Aim of the work: The aim of this study was to compare the histological changes in the cornea after chronic exposure to latanoprost preserved with 0.02% benzalkonium chloride(BAK) eye drops, travoprost preserved with sofZia eye drops and preservative-free artificial tears. Materials and methods Fifteen white rabbits were randomized into three groups (five animals each). They received once-daily topical application of one of the three treatments for 30 days. The first group (the control group) received preservative-free artificial tears (Refresh Plus). The second group received travoprost preserved with SofZia (Travatan Z).The third group received latanoprost preserved with 0.02% BAK (Xalatan). Enucleation was performed at the end of the experiment. Corneal samples were processed for light and transmission electron microscopic studies and conjunctival samples for light microscopic study. The mean epithelial height of the corneal epithelium, the mean number of goblet cells in the conjuctival epithelium and the mean area% of PAS-positive goblet cells were measured using an image analyzer. These results were statistically analysed using analysis of variance and the t-test. Results: Latanoprost eye drops preserved in BAK produced toxic changes in the form of degeneration and desquamation of the superficial epithelial cells in the cornea, separation of Descemet’s membrane and degeneration of endothelial cells, in addition to decreased number of goblet cells in the conjunctiva. Travoprost eyedrops preserved in sofZia were safer and produced slight changes on the rabbit’s ocular surface compared with latanoprost eye drops preserved in BAK. Conclusion It was concluded that antiglaucomatous drugs preserved with sofZia produced less corneal and conjunctival changes than those preserved with BAK.
An etched antenna for autoclaveable RFID tags (1996)

The smart structures community has become interested in embedding of antennae into carbon-epoxy composite materials to facilitate the delivery of power to an embedded sensor system as well as transfer of data and instructions to and from the sensor system. Once a sensor is attached to this embedded antenna, the resultant sensor system can be used to measure, for example, temperature, strain, acceleration, or chemical processes, and thus be used to monitor the “health” of the structure, the state of cure of the part, or perhaps external stimuli.
Dermorphin [D-Arg2, Lys4] (1-4) amide inhibits below-level heat hypersensitivity in mice after contusive thoracic spinal cord injury (2019)

Opioid use for chronic pain is limited by severe central adverse effects. We examined whether activating mu-opioid receptors (MORs) in the peripheral nervous system attenuates spinal cord injury (SCI) pain-like behavior in mice. We produced a contusive SCI at the T10 vertebral level and examined motor and sensory dysfunction for 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, we tested the effect of subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of dermorphin [D-Arg2, Lys4] (1-4) amide (DALDA), a peripherally acting MOR-preferring agonist, on mechanical and heat hypersensitivity. Basso mouse scale score was significantly decreased after SCI, and mice showed hypersensitivity to mechanical and heat stimulation at the hind paw beginning at 2 weeks, as indicated by increased paw withdrawal frequency to mechanical stimulation and decreased paw withdrawal latency to heat stimulation. In wild-type SCI mice, DALDA (1 mg/kg, s.c.) attenuated heat but not mechanical hypersensitivity. The effect was blocked by pretreatment with an intraperitoneal injection of methylnaltrexone (5 mg/kg), a peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonist, and was also diminished in Pirt-MOR conditional knockout mice. DALDA did not adversely affect exploratory activity or induced preference to drug treatment in SCI mice. In vivo calcium imaging showed that DALDA (1, 10 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited responses of small dorsal root ganglion neurons to noxious heat stimulation in Pirt-GCaMP6s mice after SCI. Western blot analysis showed upregulation of MOR in the lumbar spinal cord and sciatic nerves at 6 weeks after SCI. Our findings suggest that peripherally acting MOR agonist may inhibit heat hypersensitivity below the injury level with minimal adverse effects.
Space-age robots come down to earth. (1995)

The author describes recent trends in the robotics industry toward development of slimmer arms and more dexterous hands and commercial use of the devices. The Moll sewing arm, BarrettArm, and BarrettWrist are used as examples.
Synchronization and comparison of Lifelog audio recordings (2008)

We investigate concurrent dasiaLifelogpsila audio recordings to locate segments from the same environment. We compare two techniques earlier proposed for pattern recognition in extended audio recordings, namely cross-correlation and a fingerprinting technique. If successful, such alignment can be used as a preprocessing step to select and synchronize recordings before further processing. The two methods perform similarly in classification, but fingerprinting scales better with the number of recordings, while cross-correlation can offer sample resolution synchronization. We propose and investigate the benefits of combining the two. In particular we show that the combination allows sample resolution synchronization and scalability.