gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chip cooling with integrated carbon nanotube microfin architectures (2007)

Efficient cooling of silicon chips using microfin structures made of aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays is achieved. The tiny cooling elements mounted on the back side of the chips enable power dissipation from the heated chips on the level of modern electronics demands. The nanotube fins are mechanically superior compared to other materials being ten times lighter, flexible, and stiff at the same time. These properties accompanied with the relative simplicity of the fabrication makes the nanotube structures strong candidates for future on-chip thermal management applications.
Photopatterned Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Their Electroluminescence from Hybrid Light-Emitting Devices (2006)

We demonstrate the ability to use a photolithographic method to make patterned nanocrystal film for device applications. Exposing a nanocrystal film to strong UV light allowed the oleic acid ligands on the surface of the nanocrystals to form an insoluble cross-linked network while the unexposed areas were still soluble to toluene solvent. Therefore, the UV light exposure through a shadow mask followed by solvent rinsing produced a small feature size on the order of 2 mum. We also report that the integrated nanocrystal patterns in an organic light-emitting diode show clear electroluminescence from the nanocrystals.
Fourth-order dispersion suppression of ultrashort optical pulses by second-order dispersion and cosine phase modulation (2000)

A technique for significantly suppressing severe fourth-order dispersion of ultrashort optical pulses in long-distance transmission is analyzed by use of the quadratic phase from the excess second-order dispersion of the fiber link in conjunction with synchronously applied cosine phase modulation of temporally stretched pulses. Numerical simulation predicts much improved transmission of 250-fs pulses at 5-10-GHz repetition rates over ~100 km of fiber by pi-3.5pi phase modulation.
Tutorial on forming through-silicon vias (2020)

Through-silicon vias (TSVs) are a critical technology for three-dimensional integrated circuit technology. These through-substrate interconnects allow electronic devices to be stacked vertically for a broad range of applications and performance improvements such as increased bandwidth, reduced signal delay, improved power management, and smaller form-factors. There are many interdependent processing steps involved in the successful integration of TSVs. This article provides a tutorial style review of the following semiconductor fabrication process steps that are commonly used in forming TSVs: deep etching of silicon to form the via, thin film deposition to provide insulation, barrier, and seed layers, electroplating of copper for the conductive metal, and wafer thinning to reveal the TSVs. Recent work in copper electrochemical deposition is highlighted, analyzing the effect of accelerator and suppressor additives in the electrolyte to enable void-free bottom-up filling from a conformally lined seed metal.
Improve the GNU Debugger for the Design of Multi-core Wireless Nodes (2010)

The emergence of multi-core wireless sensor nodes brings a new opportunity to the popularity of wireless sensor networks. At the same time, there arises the question “How to effectively debug concurrent tasks on a multi-core wireless sensor node?” In this paper, based on the uClinux operating system, we design TMCD (Task-level Multi-Core Debugger), a remote task-level debugger to support embedded multi-core programming. TMCD is an improvement of GDB (GNU Project Debugger). It can not only distribute multiple processes or threads among multiple cores, but also obtain the real-time information of each core and the debugee. We utilize TMCD on a dual-core platform. It shows that TMCD can effectively support multi-core programming.
Iontophoretic device delivery for the localized treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2016)

Poor delivery and systemic toxicity of many cytotoxic agents, such as the recent promising combination chemotherapy regimen of folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX), restrict their full utility in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Local delivery of chemotherapies has become possible using iontophoretic devices that are implanted directly onto pancreatic tumors. We have fabricated implantable iontophoretic devices and tested the local iontophoretic delivery of FOLFIRINOX for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in an orthotopic patient-derived xenograft model. Iontophoretic delivery of FOLFIRINOX was found to increase tumor exposure by almost an order of magnitude compared with i.v. delivery with substantially lower plasma concentrations. Mice treated for 7 wk with device FOLFIRINOX experienced significantly greater tumor growth inhibition compared with i.v. FOLFIRINOX. A marker of cell proliferation, Ki-67, was stained, showing a significant reduction in tumor cell proliferation. These data capitalize on the unique ability of an implantable iontophoretic device to deliver much higher concentrations of drug to the tumor compared with i.v. delivery. Local iontophoretic delivery of cytotoxic agents should be considered for the treatment of patients with unresectable nonmetastatic disease and for patients with the need for palliation of local symptoms, and may be considered as a neoadjuvant approach to improve resection rates and outcome in patients with localized and locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Electronically activated boron-oxygen-related recombination centers in crystalline silicon (2006)

Two different boron- and oxygen-related recombination centers are found to be activated in crystalline silicon under illumination or electron injection in the dark, both leading to a severe degradation in the carrier lifetime. While one center forms on a time scale of seconds to minutes, the formation of the second center typically proceeds within hours. In order to reveal the electronic and microscopic properties of both defect centers as well as their formation and annihilation kinetics, we perform time-resolved lifetime measurements on silicon wafers and open-circuit voltage measurements on silicon solar cells at various temperatures. Despite the fact that the two centers are found to form independently of each other, their concentrations exhibit the same linear dependence on the substitutional boron (Bs) and quadratic dependence on the interstitial oxygen (Oi) content. Our results suggest that the fast- and the slowly forming recombination centers correspond to two different configurations of a BsO2i complex.
A Framework for Robot Learning During Child-Robot Interaction with Human Engagement as Reward Signal (2018)

Using robots as therapeutic or educational tools for children with autism requires robots to be able to adapt their behavior specifically for each child with whom they interact. In particular, some children may like to be looked into the eyes by the robot while some may not. Some may like a robot with an extroverted behavior while others may prefer a more introverted behavior. Here we present an algorithm to adapt the robot's expressivity parameters of action (mutual gaze duration, hand movement expressivity) in an online manner during the interaction. The reward signal used for learning is based on an estimation of the child's mutual engagement with the robot, measured through non-verbal cues such as the child's gaze and distance from the robot. We first present a pilot joint attention task where children with autism interact with a robot whose level of expressivity is pre-determined to progressively increase, and show results suggesting the need for online adaptation of expressivity. We then present the proposed learning algorithm and some promising simulations in the same task. Altogether, these results suggest a way to enable robot learning based on non-verbal cues and to cope with the high degree of nonstationarities that can occur during interaction with children.
TACO: Learning Task Decomposition via Temporal Alignment for Control (2018)

Many advanced Learning from Demonstration (LfD) methods consider the decomposition of complex, real-world tasks into simpler sub-tasks. By reusing the corresponding sub-policies within and between tasks, they provide training data for each policy from different high-level tasks and compose them to perform novel ones. Existing approaches to modular LfD focus either on learning a single high-level task or depend on domain knowledge and temporal segmentation. In contrast, we propose a weakly supervised, domain-agnostic approach based on task sketches, which include only the sequence of sub-tasks performed in each demonstration. Our approach simultaneously aligns the sketches with the observed demonstrations and learns the required sub-policies. This improves generalisation in comparison to separate optimisation procedures. We evaluate the approach on multiple domains, including a simulated 3D robot arm control task using purely image-based observations. The results show that our approach performs commensurately with fully supervised approaches, while requiring significantly less annotation effort.
Mechanical Properties and Nanostructure of Cement-Based Materials Reinforced with Carbon Nanofibers and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Microfibers (2010)

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The Cell Surface and Malignant Transformation (1974)

A malignant cell has lost many restrictions to which normal cells are subjected. For example, cell division is no longer tightly regulated by cell-cell contact or specific serum factors, serum-mediated hormonal feedback loops are broken, and cell recog­ nition of neighboring cells no longer leads to maintenance of cell position. As such differences (Table 1) between normal and malignant cells are described in ever greater detail, mechanisms to explain how the cell maintains any or all of them have remained sorely lacking. Very recently, different laboratories working on widely different biological sys­ tems have reported a series of experiments (1-7) which, taken together, begin to suggest possible mechanisms for the maintenance of the transformed state. Most of these new lines of research have directly involved experiments on the surfaces of normal and malignant cells. In this review we have attempted to make explic�t some implied connections among the results of these laboratories.' Our hope is that our admittedly premature synthesis might be predictive, and so stimulate some new critical experiments.
Biosynthesis of cannabinoids Incorporation experiments with 13C-labeled glucoses (2001)

The biosynthesis of cannabinoids was studied in cut sprouts of Cannabis sativa by incorporation experiments using mixtures of unlabeled glucose and [1-(13)C]glucose or [U-(13)C(6)]glucose. (13)C-labeling patterns of cannabichromenic acid and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid were analyzed by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. (13)C enrichments and coupling patterns show that the C(10)-terpenoid moiety is biosynthesized entirely or predominantly (> 98%) via the recently discovered deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway. The phenolic moiety is generated by a polyketide-type reaction sequence. The data support geranyl diphosphate and the polyketide, olivetolic acid, as specific intermediates in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids.
Wide Bandgap-Based Power Electronics for Aerospace Applications (2022)

Aerospace applications are not new but potentially the final frontiers for power electronics research and developments. On the aviation side, because of the need for fuel saving and greenhouse gas reduction, more electric aircraft (MEA), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and future hybrid and turbo electric propulsion call for a new generation of power converters, motor drives, and solid-state circuit breakers with unprecedented power density, efficiency, and reliability <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[3]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[4]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[5]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[6]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[7]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[8]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[9]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[10]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[11]</xref> . On the space side, lunar, Mars, and deep space expeditions, will need light-weight and highly efficient power electronics systems to work reliably at places that no man has gone before, where space radiation and extreme operation conditions present more challenges to power devices and circuits <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[12]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[13]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[14]</xref> .
Macrophage precursor cells produce perforin and perform Yac-1 lytic activity in response to stimulation with interleukin-2 (1994)

Macrophage precursor cells, derived from mouse bone marrow culture with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) as growth factor and interleukin-2 (IL-2) as stimulating factor, were activated by IL-2 to exert strong cytolytic activity against Yac-1 cells. In response to IL-2 stimulation these bone marrow macrophage precursor cells produced perforin as lytic molecules. The purity of the precursor cells for the study was proved as homogeneous positivity for Mac-1, NK-1.1 and negativity for Lyt 1 and 2. The cells express CSF-1 receptors on their surface, are able to proliferate and differentiate into typical macrophages when stimulated with CSF-1, and are therefore members of the macrophage lineage. Perforin transcripts were identified by Northern blot analysis of IL-2-treated macrophage precursor cells, and the presence of perforin protein in the cytoplasmic granules was demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal antiperforin antibody. In addition, the biological activity of the perforin contained in the macrophage precursor's granules could be documented as calcium-dependent lytic activity using Yac-1 and sheep red blood cells as targets. The results presented in this paper imply the existence of a bipotent precursor cell, which can mature into a typical macrophage if CSF-1 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is supplied as differentiation stimulating factor but develops into an NK/LAK cell when early activation with IL-2 is provided.
An in-depth investigation of the impact of salt nature on the formulation of microemulsion systems (2023)

Electrolytes have a wide range of technological applications. Despite the recent improvements in characterizing and predicting the phase behavior of microemulsion systems by hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) and net-average curvature (NAC) frameworks, they are ineffective in the presence of different salts. This work seeks to bridge this gap by investigating the influence of salt nature on the microemulsion phase formulation. First, a one-dimensional salinity scan on different microemulsion systems consisting of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate as a surfactant, hexane as an oil and, several brines was carried out, and the effect of each salt on the phase behavior were precisely evaluated. The results for optimum salinity and solubilization parameter of different salts were consistent with the Hofmeister series. In addition, multiple linear regression model is presented to accurately predicting the optimum salinity of different salts using this research data and all the available experimental data. The results revealed that the values estimated by this model is in significant consistency with the experimental data by correlation coefficient of 0.92. Finally, the effect of salt type on the NAC parameters (length parameter, and characteristic length[Formula: see text] were evaluated to improve the predicting ability of this equation of state in the presence of various salts. We found that salt nature has a significant impact on both these parameters. It was found that the length parameter is linearly dependent on the optimum ionic strength of salts while the salting-out capacity of each salt was predominant factor affecting the characteristic length.
Extended treatment with selective phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and m<scp>TOR</scp> inhibitors has effects on metabolism, growth, behaviour and bone strength (2013)

The class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PtdIns3Ks) mediate the effects of many hormones and growth factors on a wide range of cellular processes, and activating mutations or gene amplifications of class I PtdIns3K isoforms are known to contribute to oncogenic processes in a range of tumours. Consequently, a number of small-molecule PtdIns3K inhibitors are under development and in clinical trial. The central signalling role of PtdIns3K in many cellular processes suggests there will be on-target side effects associated with the use of these agents. To gain insights into what these might be we investigated the effect of extended daily dosing of eight small-molecule inhibitors of class Ia PtdIns3Ks. Animals were characterized in metabolic cages to analyse food intake, oxygen consumption and movement. Insulin tolerance and body composition were analysed at the end of the experiment, the latter using EchoMRI. Bone volume and strength was assessed by micro-CT and three-point bending, respectively. Surprisingly, after sustained dosing with pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α isoform there was a resolution of the impairments in insulin tolerance observed in drug-naïve animals treated with the same drugs. However, pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α have deleterious effects on animal growth, animal behaviour and bone volume and strength. Together, these findings identify a range of on target effects of PtdIns3K inhibitors and suggest use of these drugs in humans may have important adverse effects on metabolism, body composition, behaviour and skeletal health.
Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Cysteine Disulfides (2008)

A series of unsymmetrical cysteine disulfides have been prepared in a one-pot reaction using 1-chlorobenzotriazole as the oxidant. The methodology appears to be applicable to larger peptides.
Results on the application of simulated annealing algorithm for the design of digital filters with powers-of-two coefficients (2002)

Results on the application of the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to the problem of finding the coefficients of a digital filter with very coarse coefficients values (namely, power-of-two) are presented. For a minimax criterion in the frequency response, the algorithm was found particularly useful for designing a cascade-form FIR (finite impulse response) filter whose performance is known to be superior to that of direct-form filters. Because the SA algorithm is a global optimization method, all stages are designed simultaneously, thus avoiding the classical iterative procedure. The final result is better performance at a higher computational cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Solid-Supported Biomolecules on Modified Silica Surfaces—A Tool for Fast Physicochemical Characterization and High-Throughput Screening (2001)

Biofunctionalization for a wide variety of applications can be achieved by coating silica surfaces with biomolecules such as lipids or proteins. However, specific surface optimization of the inorganic SiO2 is necessary to achieve biocompatible surfaces. Surface shielded porous silica beads can be non-covalently coated with a single lipid bilayer. The lipids retain their fluidity in this handy solid-supported system, perfectly mimicking the soft-surface properties of cellular membranes. A supramolecular architecture can also be used for functional immobilization of membrane proteins: An artificial cytosolic compartment can be created with the aid of polymers; coating by lipid membranes and integration of membrane proteins results in a solid-supported biofunctional cellular surface. Another surface modification enables a direct immobilization of human serum albumin (HSA) molecules onto silica surfaces. The HSA on this otherwise passivated surface provides a convenient material for the investigation of unspecific protein binding of pharmaceuticals on a high-throughput scale.
<i>In vitro</i> activity of natural products against the trypomastigote form of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> (1990)

Abstract The activities of isolated compounds and crude extracts from species of the autochthonous flora of the North of Chile, were evaluated against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in vitro. A marked trypanocidal activity was observed for the chloroform, ethanol and methanol‐aqueous extracts of Gelidium pusilum (Gelidiacea). Similar activity was found in the chloroform extract of Miroglia grandis (Gigartinaceae) and in the methanol + water + chloroform extract of Bacharis boliviensis (Compositae). The most active extracts tested were p ‐cumaroiloxitremethone isolated from Parestrephia quadrangularis and two terpenes from Bacharis boliviensis , not yet structurally elucidated (PN‐3 and PN‐59). The screen identifies natural products which are active against blood trypomastigotes in vitro at 4°C and which may be useful in preventing the transmission of Chagas' disease by blood transfusion.