gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inferring Locations of Mobile Devices from Wi-Fi Data (2015)

Mobile phones are becoming a primary platform for information access. A major aspect of ubiquitous computing is context-aware applications which collect information about the environment that the user is in and use this information to provide better service and improve user experience. Location awareness makes certain applications possible, e.g., recommending nearby businesses and tracking estimated routes. An Android application is able to collect useful Wi-Fi information without registering a location listener with a network-based provider. We passively collected the data of the IDs of Wi-Fi access points and the received signal strengths. We developed and implemented an algorithm to analyse the data; and designed heuristics to infer the location of the device over time—all without ever connecting to the network thus maximally preserving the privacy of the user.
The Odour of Sex: Sex-Related Differences in Volatile Compound Composition among Barn Swallow Eggs Carrying Embryos of Either Sex (2016)

Avian communication has been traditionally believed to be mainly mediated by visual and auditory channels. However, an increasing number of studies are disclosing the role of olfaction in the interaction of birds with their social environment and with other species, as well as in other behaviors such as nest recognition, food location and navigation. Olfaction has also been suggested to play a role in parent-offspring communication not only in the post-but also in the pre-hatching period. Volatile compounds produced during embryogenesis and passively released through the eggshell pores may indeed represent the only cue at parents' disposal to assess offspring quality, including the sex composition of their clutch before hatching. In turn, sex identification before hatching may mediate adaptive strategies of allocation to either sex. In the present study, we analyzed odour composition of barn swallow eggs incubated in their nest in order to identify any sex-related differences in volatile compounds emitted. For the first time in any bird species, we also investigated whether odour composition is associated with relatedness. The evidence of differences in odour composition among eggs containing embryos of either sex indicates that parents have a cue to identify their brood sex composition even before hatching which can be used to modulate their behavior accordingly. Moreover, odour similarity within nests may represent the prerequisite for kin recognition in this species.
FeUdal Networks for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2017)

We introduce FeUdal Networks (FuNs): a novel architecture for hierarchical reinforcement learning. Our approach is inspired by the feudal reinforcement learning proposal of Dayan and Hinton, and gains power and efficacy by decoupling end-to-end learning across multiple levels -- allowing it to utilise different resolutions of time. Our framework employs a Manager module and a Worker module. The Manager operates at a lower temporal resolution and sets abstract goals which are conveyed to and enacted by the Worker. The Worker generates primitive actions at every tick of the environment. The decoupled structure of FuN conveys several benefits -- in addition to facilitating very long timescale credit assignment it also encourages the emergence of sub-policies associated with different goals set by the Manager. These properties allow FuN to dramatically outperform a strong baseline agent on tasks that involve long-term credit assignment or memorisation. We demonstrate the performance of our proposed system on a range of tasks from the ATARI suite and also from a 3D DeepMind Lab environment.
A compact low-cost add-on module for Doppler radar sensing of vital signs using a wireless communications terminal (2003)

A simple add-on module that allows the detection of human respiration and heart activity using an unmodified wireless telecommunications terminal is presented here. The module combines an antenna and mixing element to receive direct and back-scattered transmissions from the wireless terminal, and through Doppler radar principles produces an output signal proportional to the motion of the user's heart and chest. This signal can be used to monitor heart and respiration rates, and can potentially be relayed by the wireless terminal to a remote health monitoring facility via the existing telecommunications infrastructure. Module functionality is demonstrated here using a 2.4 GHz cordless telephone.
AGDISP: The Aircraft Spray Dispersion Model, Code Development and Experimental Validation (1989)

ABSTRACT OVER the last 4 years the USDA Forest Service and the DOD Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory have continued the development of the AGDISP (AGricultural DISPersal) computer code that predicts the deposition of material released from helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft. The features of the code are reviewed and the predictive capability of the code is assessed by comparison with recent test data. Code applications and limitations are also discussed.
A Study of Solvent Debinding Variables on Ti6Al4V Green Bodies (2014)

Debinding is one of the most critical and time consuming stage in metal injection moulding (MIM). German and Bose (1997) reported that early debinding practice relied on thermal binder degradation, requiring up to 300 hours for complete binder removal. Today multi-stage debinding techniques are introduced cutting down the debinding time to as little as 2 hours. This work investigates solvent debinding variables prior to thermal debinding. Solvent debinding is carried out in n -heptane. Wax and stearic acid are the target binder components being leached out from the green bodies, with wax as the major constituent in the binder formulation. Debinding is conducted at 50, 55, 60 and 65°C for 1-4 hours at each temperature. Weight loss measurements were done. For porosity and surface appearance, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and visual inspection were done. Samples de-bound at 65°C showed an appreciable amount of mass loss; however, surface cracks and warping were observed. A 60°C temperature and time of 4 hours demonstrated best results i.e. a satisfactory mass loss, absence of surface cracks and no warping. Mass loss is directly proportional to temperature and time. SEM results are discussed in the paper.
Synthesis and structures of zwitterionic polymers to induce electrostatic interaction with PDMS surface treated by air-plasma (2018)

Various zwitterionic polymers, sulfobetaine and phosphoryl choline derivatives were synthesized in order to investigate zwitterionic polymer structures toward surface modification of PDMS, where the adsorption of zwitterionic polymers on polydimethylsiloxane surface treated with air-plasma was induced by the electrostatic interaction,.The electrostatic interaction was evaluated with hydrophilicity.The results suggested that a sulfobetaine polymer with higher molecular weight, lower molecular weight distribution, and shorter alkyl chain afforded high electrostatic interaction.A sulfobetaine polymer bearing phenylazide group showed similar electrostatic interaction with the PDMS surface, and it is a promising material for surface modification ofpolydimethylsiloxane.
Beam steering with ultracompact and low-power silicon resonator phase shifters (2019)

Photonic integrated circuit (PIC) phased arrays can be an enabling technology for a broad range of applications including free-space laser communications on compact moving platforms. However, scaling PIC phased arrays to a large number of array elements is limited by the large size and high power consumption of individual phase shifters used for beam steering. In this paper, we demonstrate silicon PIC phased array beam steering based on thermally tuned ultracompact microring resonator phase shifters with a radius of a few microns. These resonators integrated with micro-heaters are designed to be strongly coupled to an external waveguide, thereby providing a large and adjustable phase shift with a small residual amplitude modulation while consuming an average power of 0.4 mW. We also introduce near-field and far-field characterization techniques to enable the calibration and programming of resonator phase shifters in the phased array. With such compact phase shifters, we demonstrate beam steering with a 1x8 PIC phased array. The small size of these resonator phase shifters will enable low-power and ultra-large scale PIC phased arrays for long distance laser communication systems.
Unsymmetrical P-Chirogenic Bis(phosphane) Ligands: Their Preparation and Use in Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2002)

A series of bis(phosphanes) (SP,SP′)-R1(Me)PCH2CH2P′R2R3 (1a−k; R1, R2, and R3 = 1-adamantyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, isopropyl, methyl, phenyl; abbreviated as unsymmetrical BisP*) has successfully been synthesized, by coupling of the (RP)-configured tosylates 5a−d or mesylates 6a−g with lithiated (SP)-R1(Me)PH−BH3 adducts. Asymmetric hydrogenations catalyzed by rhodium complexes of the unsymmetrical BisP* moieties as ligands revealed extremely high enantioselectivities − 99% (9b) and 98% (9e) − when the trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted dehydro-α-amino acid derivatives 8b and 8e, respectively, were used as substrates. It was found that unsymmetrical BisP* species tended to exhibit higher enantioselectivity than C2-symmetrical BisP* species in the Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation of (Z)-dehydro-β-amino acid and enamide derivatives. These results implied that the differentiation between the chiral environments at the two phosphorus atoms could effectively achieve higher enantioselectivity. For each substrate, moreover, it was possible to improve the enantioselectivity by changing the combination of substituents on the two phosphorus atoms. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
The low-temperature phase sequence gamma - delta - epsilon in halide perovskite tetramethylammonium trichlorogermanate(II) studied by X-ray diffraction (1995)

The halide perovskite tetramethylammonium trichlorogermanate(II), N(CH3)4GeCl3, undergoes a structural phase transition at 200 K from an orthorhombic room-temperature phase to an incommensurately modulated orthorhombic phase and at 170 K a further transition to a phase characterized by the coexistence of a monoclinic and an orthorhombic Bravais lattice. It is proposed that the superposition of the two Bravais lattices results from the low bulk modulus (9 GPa) in conjunction with the formation of ferroelastic domains. Local stresses implied by adjacent monoclinic domains allow the soft material to form orthorhombic domain boundaries. Two order parameters xi and eta governing the phase transition at 170 K can be related to a translational and a rotational part of the displacive modulation of the rigid GeCl3 and tetramethylammonium molecules. Experimental evidence suggests that the displacive modulation in the incommensurate phase is related to short-range disorder observed in the room-temperature phase.
Migraine and motion sickness independently contribute to visual discomfort (2009)

The objective of this study was to evaluate, in patients with migraine and healthy volunteers, with and without a history of motion sickness, the degree of discomfort elicited by drifting striped patterns. Eighteen healthy volunteers (HV) and 30 migraine patients participated in the study. Discomfort was greater in migraine patients than in HV, and in individuals with a history of motion sickness than in those without, but the effect of history of migraine was independent of history of motion sickness. Generalized Estimating Equations models for binary correlated data revealed that these differences did not depend on levels of duty cycle, spatial and temporal frequencies. Visual discomfort in migraine patients was associated with worse performance. There was a significant correlation between median degree of discomfort across conditions and number of migraine attacks in the past month. Discomfort to drifting striped patterns may be related to central sensitization in migraine patients.
Advances in characterizing SiON for 0.18- and 0.25-um technologies (1998)

Silicon Oxynitride, denoted as SiO<SUB>x</SUB>N<SUB>y</SUB> or simply as SiON, can be effective as an anti-reflective coating (ARC) in advanced integrated circuit processing typically within a 'photoresist/SiON/Si' thin film structure. However, measured values of reflectance (R) from 'SiON/Si substrate' alone cannot provide the necessary information regarding the effectiveness of SiON as an ARC layer. This is because in order to obtain an effective ARC for a given wavelength (for example at 365, 248 or 193 nm), it is necessary to reduce the standing-wave effects by minimizing the reflectance of that wavelength at the interface between the photoresist and SiON. Obviously, reflectance at this interface cannot be measured directly. R at the 'photoresist/SiON' interface must be calculated. In order to calculate R, the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of the coating at the wavelength of interest, as well as the thickness (d) of the coating, must be known. Furthermore, n of the photoresist is also needed. However, in general, determination n and k values (especially in the DUV), as well as d, is a non-trivial problem. In this paper, we describe a new methodology, the 'n&k Method,' that simultaneously determines n and k over the 190 nm to 900 spectral range, as well as d, of all types of thin film/substrate combinations. These parameters are measured simultaneously and unambiguously, allowing rapid determination (in seconds) of the characteristics of the SiON ARC. This information can then be used to determine R at the wavelength of interest at the interface between the photoresist and SiON film.
Molecular aspects of tumour hypoxia (2008)

Hypoxia is an important feature of the microenvironment of a wide range of solid tumours. Its critical role in radio- and chemoresistance and its significance as an adverse prognostic factor have been well established over the last decades. On a cellular level, hypoxia evokes a complex molecular response with a central role for the HIF-1 pathway. The cellular processes under control of HIF-1 contain important prognostic information and comprise potential candidates for directing hypoxia-modifying therapies. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge on the molecular aspects of tumour hypoxia and the link to clinical practice.
A Reliability Enhancement Mechanism for High-Assurance MLC Flash-Based Storage Systems (2011)

Solid State Devices (SDDs) are replacing mechanical data storage devices such as Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). On the other hand the data reliability in these systems is being questioned due to the fast growth in flash technology such as Multi-Level Cell (MLC). Recently it has been revealed that the Bit Error Rate (BER) increases exponentially in MLC flash memories as they experience more flash writes. Additionally RAID in flash-based storage systems has an inherent problem, that all flash devices should not reach end of life at the same time. Diff-RAID [2] overcomes the said problem. However, Diff-RAID mechanism suffers from drastic age-variation especially during the first few replacements, a problem that has been identified and addressed in this research. A new reliability enhancement mechanism for high-assurance MLC flash-based storage systems has been proposed here, and is compared with published Diff-RAID results. Our mechanism has shown promising results. In terms of convergence, the proposed scheme is 7 times faster. Furthermore, no single device crosses 66% of the age (i.e. max. erasure cycles), unlike the Diff-RAID where in the first few replacements, few devices reach 70-80% of age, which is great improvement in terms of data reliability.
2D electronically beam steerable integrated lens antennas for mmWave applications (2012)

Design of 2D electronically beam steerable integrated lens antennas (ILA) operating in the 73 GHz - 94 GHz frequency band is presented. Quartz extended hemispherical lenses with the diameters of 15 mm and 25 mm and extension lengths optimized with full-wave simulations are applied. Steering capabilities are provided by 8 or 16 switched antenna element arrays mounted on the back plane surface of the lens. The arrays are fabricated using standard high frequency multilayer printed circuit board technology Rogers RO4003C. Single pole 4 through (SP4T) switches from TriQuint Semiconductors and single pole double though (SPDT) switches from Hittite Microwave Corporation are used to implement the switching network. Electromagnetic simulation results of the designed antennas at 77 GHz show that the ILA with the 15 mm diameter lens provides scanning capabilities in any direction within the solid angles θ <; 17° and θ <; 25° (where θ = 0° direction is determined by the lens axis) for 8 and 16 element arrays respectively with the directivity of no less than 16 dBi. The ILA with the 25 mm diameter lens provides scanning capabilities in any direction within the solid angles θ <; 10° and θ <; 16° for 8 and 16 element arrays respectively with the directivity of no less than 20 dBi. The designed 2D electronically steerable ILAs can be used in different millimeter wave WLAN/WPAN applications and 77 GHz automotive radars.
Increased apoptosis of hepatocytes in vascular occlusion after orthotopic liver transplantation (2000)

Early vascular occlusion is liable to cause graft failure, and differential diagnosis between this condition and primary nonfunction (PNF) caused by preservation injury may be difficult. Apoptosis has been detected in immunomediated cytotoxicity and is known to be triggered by mild ischemia. In a retrospective analysis we investigated the role of apoptosis in vascular occlusion, PNF, and acute allograft rejection to improve the differential diagnosis of early graft failure. The liver graft histology of 75 patients (46 male, 29 female) a median 47 (1-64) years of age was screened semiquantitatively for the rate of apoptosis on the hematoxylin-eosin stain (HE) and by the in situ end nick labeling technique (TUNEL). This cohort included all patients who developed PNF (n = 9) or vascular occlusion (n = 11) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in the years 1992 to 1996. Within this period of time we performed 205 OLTs on 189 patients. We further included 22 patients with early acute rejection and 11 controls. The highest rates of apoptotic hepatocytes were seen in vascular occlusion (P < 0.001). Grafts with PNF were explanted 1-3 days after OLT and showed hepatocytes that were 100% necrotic. Cases of acute early rejection showed a significantly higher apoptotic cell count than did normal controls (P < 0.003), increasing in direct proportion to the severity of rejection. Screening biopsies for the rate of apoptosis can improve the efficacy and accuracy of differential diagnosis of early graft failure.
BIST based communication system (2011)

Built-in self-test techniques have been widely researched and adopted for reasons of improvements in test time and test cost, reduction in test resources required for test of large chips with embedded cores, and for field testability. While the adoption of these techniques is becoming prevalent, there continue to be challenges in making BIST solutions comprehensive to meet several design and application constraints. This paper describes the use of BIST implementations for self-test of a communication system, to support field testability. Novel aspects of this solution include (i) full off-line testing of the link and system, (ii) partial online testing, and (iii) support for various network management functions.
Recent advances in Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors for food analysis: a review (2021)

Food safety is the prime area of concern that builds trust. With the prevailing advancements, it has become facile to ensure safety in almost all aspects. Technology has grown from tedious lab techniques to modern chromatographic techniques and immunoassays, progressed with more precise and rapid sensing through the advent of Biosensors. Biosensors provide an automated technology by presenting superfast, nondestructive and cost-effective detection in food analysis. SPR biosensor is an optical biosensor known for its versatility and has wider applications in food testing and analysis. It has an optical system for excitation and interrogation of surface plasmons, and a biomolecular recognition element to detect and seize the target analyte present in a sample. The optical signal detects the binding analyte, on the recognition element, which results in a change in refractive index at the surface and modifies the surface plasmons' propagation constant. SPR aids in label-free detection of various components such as adulterants, antibiotics, biomolecules, genetically modified foods, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, microorganisms and microbial toxins in food and assures safety. The distinct advancements of SPR in food analysis have been found and discussed. The review also provides knowledge on the advantages and the key challenges encountered by SPR.
Design and implementation of underwater wireless electromagnetic communication system (2017)

This paper introduces the design and implementation of the underwater wireless electromagnetic communication system based on the current field theory. The system realizes the wireless transmission of underwater voice signal, and has a good application prospect in underwater short-range wireless communication.
Charge-Discharge Cycle Behavior of MgAl[sub 2]O[sub 4]-Doped LiMn[sub 2]O[sub 4] Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery (2003)

-doped spinels, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10), were synthesized and the cycle performance as cathode material for lithium-ion secondary battery was investigated. Doping with improved the cycle performance of spinel. For the capacity fading was markedly suppressed compared to nondoped It is considered that stable Mg-O-Al bonds dispersed into the matrix stabilized the whole crystal lattice through the common oxygen arrangement between spinel and spinel and inhibited the deterioration of the crystal structure due to the repetition of lithium insertion and deinsertion, resulting in the improvement of cycle performance. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
CD11b facilitates the development of peripheral tolerance by suppressing Th17 differentiation (2007)

Antigen-induced immune suppression, like T cell activation, requires antigen-presenting cells (APCs); however, the role of APCs in mediating these opposing effects is not well understood, especially in vivo. We report that genetic inactivation of CD11b, which is a CD18 subfamily of integrin receptors that is highly expressed on APCs, abolishes orally induced peripheral immune tolerance (oral tolerance) without compromising APC maturation or antigen-specific immune activation. The defective oral tolerance in CD11b(-/-) mice can be restored by adoptive transfer of wild-type APCs. CD11b deficiency leads to enhanced interleukin (IL) 6 production by APCs, which subsequently promotes preferential differentiation of naive T cells to T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which are a T cell lineage characterized by their production of IL-17. Consequently, antigen feeding and immunization of CD11b(-/-) mice results in significant production of IL-17 within the draining lymph nodes that interferes with the establishment of oral tolerance. Together, we conclude that CD11b facilitates oral tolerance by suppressing Th17 immune differentiation.