gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Natural Gas Mixtures through Polymeric Membranes—A Review (2007)

Abstract Various technologies are now available to design engineers to condition raw natural gas to pipeline quality. Conditioning of natural gas involves the removal of acid gases like CO2 and H2S, besides water vapor. Among different separation methods available, membrane technology has emerged to be a viable and valuable option over conventional techniques like amine absorption, in view of its advantages such as economy, process safety and environmentally benign nature. Semi‐permeable membranes were first employed in natural gas processing for more than 20 years. However, the technological breakthrough in the application of polymeric membranes to natural gas separation accelerated with the development of asymmetric membranes, which retain their selective characteristics, but after increased permeation rates as compared to their dense counterparts. Efforts to correlate the basic polymer structure with permeability and selectivity have resulted in the synthesis of novel polymers. Membranes for natural gas separation are most generally configured in the form of hollow fibers, capillaries or spirally wound elements, considering their intrinsic separation characteristics, process conditions and design parameters. This review addresses the current scientific and technological breakthrough that governs the field of application of membranes for natural gas separation. The performance of such membranes and the current research activity on CO2/CH4 separation are the main focus of this review. Potential membrane materials for further research in this area are also discussed
Detection and Filtering of Short-Term (1 /fγ) Noise in Inertial Sensors (1999)

Systematic and random errors inherently present in all inertial sensors contribute to the long-term divergence of the navigation solution of an Inertial Navigation System (INS). To keep such long-term divergence under control while taking advantage of their excellent short-term performance, an INS is often combined with information from other navigation aids. However, the improvements due to external aiding are limited by the type, accuracy and update period of the information provided by the aid(s). In the case where an INS is aided by GPS, only the long-term inertial errors are suppressed while the short-term inertial errors essentially remain unaffected. A better navigation solution can therefore be expected if most of the short-term inertial sensor noise is reduced prior to data integration. This paper describes a method of inertial data pre-filtering over the frequency band of interest, i.e. between the measurement period of external aiding with GPS and the edge of the motion band. A model for the short-term inertial errors in this band is introduced as a combination of a broad band signal with noise possessing self-similarities over several decades of frequency. The model is defined in the frequency and wavelet domains. A technique for adaptive estimation of the model parameters is introduced. This method is based on an analysis of a short portion of data above the band of interest. Once the model parameters are estimated for a specific system and time-period, the noise distribution is predicted within the band of interest and the signals are de-noised. This filtering methodology is tested using different navigation-grade strapdown inertial systems and the results are presented. A 20% improvement in the attitude determination has been observed under the dynamic conditions with respect to an independent reference.
A synchronized multiplexing scheme for multi-view HD video over IP system (2006)

This paper proposes a prototype realization of multi-view HD video transport system with synchronized multiplexing over IP networks. The proposed synchronized multiplexing considers the synchronization during video acquisition and the multiplexing for the interactive view-selection during transport. For the synchronized acquisition from multiple HDV camcoders through IEEE 1394 interface, we estimate the timeline differences among MPEG-2 compressed video streams by using global time of network between the cameras and a server and correct timelines of video streams by changing the timestamp of the MPEG-2 system stream. Also, we multiplex a selected number of acquired HD views at the MPEG-2 TS (transport stream) level for the interactive view-selection during transport. Thus, with the proposed synchronized multiplexing scheme, we can display synchronized HD view.
The role of vascular growth factors in hyperoxia-induced injury to the developing lung (2002)

Normal pulmonary vascular development is the result of a complex interplay of growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the angiopoietins. Injury to the developing lung, whether due to hyperoxia or mechanical ventilation, results in disordered vascular development, ranging from an apparent arrest of microvascular development in milder injury to extensive microvascular derangement in more severe injury. Alterations in vascular growth factors may participate in these injuries. During injury to the developing animal lung, VEGF abundance is markedly decreased. In models of post-injury recovery, up-regulation of VEGF accompanies the re-establishment of normal vasculature. Alterations in lung VEGF levels in human premature infants are less clear cut. However, among humans premature newborns who later go on to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), VEGF production is decreased in comparison to those newborns who recover. Other angiogenic factors, such as the CXC ELR+ chemokines, are also altered in injury to the developing lung, but their specific roles in vascular injury are less clear. Strategies that enhance microvascular integrity, whether through attenuating alterations in vascular growth factors or by other means, also improve the outcome of lung injury. Such therapies may eventually offer hope in human BPD.
A contention-based multiple access protocol in cooperative wireless networks (2010)

Cooperative communication has emerged as a promising technique to enhance system performance in wireless networks. This paper proposes a contention-based cooperative multiple medium access control protocol by means of multiple retransmissions of the same packet from different relay nodes. The proposed scheme exploits cooperative communication capability not only from time diversity derived from multiple temporal transmissions but also spatial diversity derived from distributed multiple relays. A Markov chain is introduced to analyze the throughput performance of the proposed cooperative scheme. The performance evaluation of the protocol is validated and compared with non-cooperative ARQ protocol in error-prone channels.
Polymeric Cracking of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate to Chemicals and Energy (2011)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used thermoplastic. PET residues represent on average 7.6 wt% of the different polymer wastes in Europe. Pyrolysis of these wastes is attracting increasing interest, and PET is a potential candidate for this thermal process. The paper measures and discusses the kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction in terms of the reaction rate constants as determined by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis, with special emphasis on the required heating rate to obtain relevant results. The product yields and compositions are also determined. Gaseous products represent 16-18 wt%. The amounts of condensables and carbonaceous residue are a function of the operating mode, with slow pyrolysis producing up to 24 wt% of carbonaceous residue. Major condensable components are benzoic acid, monovinyl terephthalate, divinyl terephthalate, vinyl benzoate, and benzene. The present paper complements previous literature findings by (1) the study of the influence of the heating rate on the reaction kinetics in dynamic pyrolysis tests, (2) the isothermal investigation in a fluidized bed reactor to pyrolyze PET, and (3) the assessment of upgrading and recovery of the products. The paper concludes with a proposed reactor recommendation for PET pyrolysis, in either the bubbling or circulating fluidized bed operating mode.
Hierarchical Micro/Mesoporous Carbons Synthesized with a ZnO Template and Petroleum Pitch via a Solvent-Free Process for a High-Performance Supercapacitor (2017)

Hierarchical micro/mesoporous carbons were prepared using ZnO nanoparticles as hard templates and a petroleum industrial-residual pitch as the carbon source via a solvent-free process. The ZnO templates can be easily removed using HCl(aq), thereby avoiding limitations present in conventional porous silica templating approaches that require highly corrosive HF(aq) for template removal. Notably, the proposed solvent-free synthetic method from low-cost pitch to high-value porous carbons is a friendly process with respect to our overexploited environment. With the combination of ZnO nanoparticles and pitch, the surface area (76-548 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>) of the resultant mesoporous carbons increases with an increase in the weight ratios of ZnO to pitch. Furthermore, the hierarchical micro/mesoporous carbons with a large surface area (854-1979 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>) can be feasibly fabricated by only adding an appropriate amount of an activating agent. Meanwhile, N-doped hierarchical porous carbons can be achieved by carbonizing the blend of these materials with melamine. For supercapacitor application, the resultant carbons exhibit a high capacitance up to 200.5 F g<sup>-1</sup> at 5 mV s<sup>-1</sup> using LiClO<sub>4</sub>/PC as the electrolyte in a symmetrical two-electrode cell. More importantly, the coin-cell supercapacitor based on porous carbons achieved a capacitance of 94 F g<sup>-1</sup> at 5 mV s<sup>-1</sup> and 63% capacitance retention at 500 mV s<sup>-1</sup>, thereby holding the potential for commercialization.
[Cytokine storm in avian influenza]. (2008)

The most dramatic example of defining the pathogenicity of influenza virus A/H5N1 strains is the higher fatality rate of avian influenza epidemic (>50%) occured in Southeast Asia in 1997 comparing to the pandemic caused by influenza virus A/H1N1 in 1918 (5-10%) which was recorded as the most destructive pandemic in the world. When considering the fatal/total case numbers (208/340) reported by World Health Organization in respect of December 14th, 2007, the mortality rate has now reached to 61 percent. Recent studies have shown that the high fatality rate of avian influenza virus infections is a consequence of an overactive inflammatory response and the severity of infection is closely related with virus-induced cytokine dysregulation. The most important feature of A/H5N1 immunopathogenesis is the appearence of hypercytokinemia ("cytokine storm") which is characterized by the extreme (exaggerated) production and secretion of large numbers and excessive levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This phenomenon is blamed on the emergence of lethal clinical symptoms such as extensive pulmonary oedema, acute bronchopneumoniae, alveolar haemorrhage, reactive haemophagocytosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, associated with necrosis and tissue destruction. Numerous in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have pointed out that A/H5N1 viruses are very strong inducers of various cytokines and chemokines [Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha, Interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha/beta, Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, MIP-1 (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein), MIG (Monokine Induced by IFN-gamma), IP-10 (Interferon-gamma-Inducible Protein), MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein), RANTES (Regulated on Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted), IL-8], in both humans and animals. The privileged cells of cytokine storm are macrophages and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, while the primary contributor cytokines are TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma. It has been detected that, mutations of some viral genes (NS1, PB2, HA and NA) are responsible for the cytokine storm, by increasing the viral replication rate, expending the tissue tropism, facilitating the systemic invasion and emerging of resistance against the host antiviral response. It has been shown that Glu92 and Ala149 mutations, and carboxyl-terminal ESEV/EPEV motif of NS1 protein have been implicated as determinants of virulence for A/H5N1 strains. In addition, Lys627 mutation in PB2 protein, polybasic aminoacid mutations in the cleavage region of hemagglutinin (HA) polyprotein, and glycosylation and sialylation mutations in HA and neuraminidase (NA) proteins were found to enhance the immune-mediated patology of highly virulent A/H5N1 strains. In this review article, the immunopathogenesis of influenza infection and the mechanisms of cytokine storm caused by influenza A/H5N1 viruses have been discussed under the light of recent literature.
Structure, Stability, and Lewis Acidity of Mono and Double Ti, Zr, and Sn Framework Substitutions in BEA Zeolites: A Periodic Density Functional Theory Study (2013)

The siting of Ti, Sn, and Zr framework heteroatoms in zeolite BEA and the resulting Lewis acidity were systematically investigated by periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Mono as well as double substitutions were considered. Substitution of Si by Ti, Sn, or Zr in the lattice of BEA zeolite is not random. For all substituted zeolites, the introduction of heteroatoms at the T2 crystallographic position is preferred. Water adsorption was used as a probe for Lewis acidity of lattice sites in these substituted zeolites. Although the Lewis acidity of Sn- and Zr-substituted BEA zeolites is generally quite similar, it is substantially higher than that of Ti–BEA. The Lewis acidity of substituted zeolites strongly depends on the crystallographic location of the heteroatoms. For those lattice sites that can be approached from two different directions, interaction with water will be favored from the more accessible direction. Stable structures containing double lattice substitutions at distances below 5.0 Å are found in Sn–BEA but not in Ti– or Zr–BEA. It is argued that substituted heteroatoms play an important role during the activation of reactants, with their ability to activate them depending on the type of heteroatom. The presence of paired lattice sites in Sn–BEA zeolite substantially enhances Lewis acidity of the zeolites, which clearly distinguishes Sn–BEA from its Ti- and Zr-substituted analogues.
Quantifying the Latency and Possible Throughput of External Interrupts on Cyber-Physical Systems (2020)

An important characteristic of cyber-physical systems is their capability to respond, in-time, to events from their physical environment. However, to the best of our knowledge there exists no benchmark for assessing and comparing the interrupt handling performance of different software stacks. Hence, we present a flexible evaluation method for measuring the interrupt latency and throughput on ARMv8-A based platforms. We define and validate seven test-cases that stress individual parts of the overall process and combine them to three benchmark functions that provoke the minimal and maximal interrupt latency, and maximal interrupt throughput.
Aetiology Of Subacute Cough In Patients Presenting At Slims Ent Outpatient Clinic – A Clinical Study (2022)

Cough is one of the most common complaint of patients seeking medical attention. A number of patients attend our OPD for complaint of Subacute cough lasting 3-8 weeks. Majority of such cough are due to ENT pathologies. This study aims to evaluate the Otolaryngological causes of Cough in these patients.
Diagnosis and management of autism in childhood (2011)

#### Summary points

Autism spectrum disorder is a commonly used umbrella term for a class of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by a triad of deficits in social reciprocity, impaired communication, and repetitive restricted patterns of behaviour or interests. Symptoms are evident in early childhood, often before age 3 years, and result in functional impairment. Autism was first described in the 1940s; it was originally thought to be relatively rare because only the most severely affected people were identified. However, epidemiological studies have documented an increasing prevalence over the past 15 years, with one UK cohort study from 2006 reporting a prevalence rate of about one in 110 children compared with four to five cases per 10 000 before the 1990s.1 This reflects, in part, recognition of a broader phenotype of affected individuals who share impairments within the three core areas.2

It is crucial that general clinicians are familiar with the diagnosis and management of autism because the importance of early identification and intervention, and the benefit of supporting families in navigating the myriad of decisions once …
Selective <i>Mycobacterium avium–induced</i> production of nitric oxide by human monocyte-derived macrophages (1994)

Infection with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium, but not with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis or avirulent Mycobacterium smegmatis, induced the formation of nitric oxide by human monocyte-derived macrophages. This process was not affected by lipopolysaccharide or cytokines such as interferon-gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha. M. avium-induced nitric oxide production was significantly decreased by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase activity, without any significant enhancement of intramacrophagic mycobacterial growth. Infection with all the three mycobacterial species induced a significant activation of phospholipase A2 activity of macrophages as evidenced by the increased release of thromboxane A2. Finally, nitric oxide production by human monocyte-derived macrophages required infection with live M. avium, as neither gamma-irradiated M. avium nor the subcellular fractions of this microorganism (cell wall, cytosol) were able to trigger nitric oxide synthesis.
A Go-back-N HARQ time bundling for Machine Type Communication devices in LTE TDD (2013)

In LTE TDD, some configurations which assign more subframes for Downlink (DL) are designed for heavy DL traffic. In such case, multiple HARQ ACK/NACKs for different DL subframes shall be transmitted in a given Uplink (UL) subframe. This situation will become worse while the Machine Type Communication (MTC) User Equipments (UEs) come into the LTE network because the number of the MTC UEs is very large and with several particular features. Indeed, to efficiently reduce the UL overhead caused by control signalling, the time bundling is adopted to combine multiple HARQ ACK/NACKs into an ACK/NACK by AND operation. However, the time bundling increases the number of transmissions and also degrades the overall system throughput. In this paper, we propose the Go-back-N (GBN) time bundling to decrease the number of transmissions and to increase the system throughput by strategically mixing the transmitted Transport Blocks (TBs) and the new coming TBs controlled by the transmit window. The simulation results show that the GBN time bundling can significantly improve the efficiency of HARQ feedback operation in LTE TDD. In other words, the overall throughput performance and the number of transmissions are improved especially for a large number of MTC UEs in LTE TDD network.
Macroheterocycles; XX. Synthesis of Cryptands Containing Urea and Thiourea Moieties (1984)

Syntheses par action d'oligoethyleneglycols sur des dithiocarbamates prepares par action de CS 2 sur le 18-crown-6. Selectivite pour les alcalins et alcalinoterreux
Soft-Switched Boost DC-DC Converter System for Electric Vehicles using An Auxiliary Resonant Circuit (2014)

Abstract — The paper introduces soft switching of a Boost Converter which can be included in the Electrical Vehicle technology. In order to raise the motor power rating, the DC link Vehicles, there is a great need for less component stress, smaller voltage of inverter up to 400V, and higher efficiency. The conventional Boost Converter generates switching loss at turn on and off thus the whole system&apos;s efficiency is reduced. The proposed converter utilizes soft switching method using an auxiliary switch and resonant circuit. So a natural zerovoltage switching method for the whole switches is achieved without additional device to reduce switching loss and device inrush voltage stresses. Therefore, the converter reduces switching loss lower than the hard switching. These advantages make the new converter promising for high power density applications. The operation principles of the converter and the conditions for realization of soft switching are analyzed by the MATLAB/Simulink. Its simulation results prove that all the switches in soft switching state and the efficiency of the converter is helpful in lossless operation of
Association of mycothiol with protection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> from toxic oxidants and antibiotics (2003)

Mycothiol, MSH or 1D-myo-inosityl 2-(N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, is an unusual conjugate of N-acetylcysteine (AcCys) with 1D-myo-inosityl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (GlcN-Ins), and is the major low-molecular-mass thiol in mycobacteria. Mycothiol has antioxidant activity as well as the ability to detoxify a variety of toxic compounds. Because of these activities, MSH is a candidate for protecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis from inactivation by the host during infections as well as for resisting antituberculosis drugs. In order to define the protective role of MSH for M. tuberculosis, we have constructed an M. tuberculosis mutant in Rv1170, one of the candidate MSH biosynthetic genes. During exponential growth, the Rv1170 mutant bacteria produced approximately 20% of wild-type levels of MSH. Levels of the Rv1170 substrate, GlcNAc-Ins, were elevated, whereas those of the product, GlcN-Ins, were reduced. This establishes that the Rv1170 gene encodes for the major GlcNAc-Ins deacetylase activity (termed MshB) in the MSH biosynthetic pathway of M. tuberculosis. The Rv1170 mutant grew poorly on agar media lacking catalase and oleic acid, and had heightened sensitivities to the toxic oxidant cumene hydroperoxide and to the antibiotic rifampin. In addition, the mutant was more resistant to isoniazid, suggesting a role for MSH in activation of this prodrug. These data indicate that MSH contributes to the protection of M. tuberculosis from oxidants and influences resistance to two first-line antituberculosis drugs.
Telematic driving profile classification in car insurance pricing (2016)

Abstract This paper presents pricing innovations to German car insurance. The purpose is to provide an effective approach to adapting actuarial pricing decision to incorporate telematic data, which differs substantially from established tariff criteria in complexity and volume. A vehicle mobility model and a real-world sample of driving profiles form the input into the analysis. We propose an allocation of the driving profiles based on velocity and acceleration parameters to specific driving styles for evaluating the driving behaviour to subsequently enable discounts or surcharges on the premiums to obtain usage-based insurance premiums. The result is highly relevant for actuaries, who calculate the tariffs, but also for managers, as they have to make a pricing decision.