gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear expression of the non–B-cell lineage Sox11 transcription factor identifies mantle cell lymphoma (2007)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is defined pathologically by the detection of CD20, CD5, and most importantly cyclin D1 (CCND1). Its distinction from other lymphomas is important for prognosis and appropriate therapy, but occasional cases may fail to express CCND1 and morphologic simulators may express CD20 and CD5 but not CD23. In this study, we show that the transcription factor Sox11 is specifically expressed in the nucleus of MCL compared with other lymphomas and benign lymphoid tissue. Although the role of Sox11 presently is not known in lymphocyte ontogeny, it is normally expressed in the developing central nervous system in the embryo and shows sequence homology with Sox4, a transcription factor crucial for B lymphopoiesis. Sox11 mRNA is increased in gliomas compared with healthy brain tissue, suggesting a role in malignant transformation and/or cell survival. Our novel finding of specific overexpression of Sox11 mRNA and nuclear protein in both cyclin D1-positive and - negative MCL may be useful for the diagnosis of MCL as a complement to cyclin D1 and also suggests a functional role for Sox11 in MCL.
TU‐D‐BRA‐03: Laser‐Accelerated Electrons for Radiation Therapy (2007)

Laser plasma accelerators provide electron beams with parameters of interest in many fields and in particular for radiotherapy. A short review of progress achieved recently including bubble [1] and colliding [2] schemes will be presented. Using the last improvements of laser‐plasma accelerators, we performed dose deposition simulations using a quasi‐monoenergetic electron beam in the 200 MeV range [3]. It is shown that electron beam properties offer advantageous dosimetric characteristics compare to those calculated with high energy photons. The depth dose curve shows a broad maximum at large depths (> 20 cm). The lateral penumbra of treatment fields for focused electron beams is smaller compared to 6 MeV photons at depths smaller than 10 cm. These advantages result in an improvement of the quality of a clinically approved prostate treatment plan. While the target coverage is the same or even slightly better for 250 MeV electrons compared to photons the dose sparing of sensitive structures is improved. E.g. the dose to the rectum is reduced by 19% for 250 MeV, focused electrons. These findings agree with previous results regarding very high energy electrons as a treatment modality [4, 5, 6]. The lack of compact and cost‐efficient electron accelerators could be overcome by laser‐plasma systems. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the origin electron injection in plasma. 2. Understand the acceleration process and to motivate this approach which uses extremely high electric field. 3. Understand the issues related to clinical application for radiotherapy.
Maximizing Spectrum Availability and Exploitation: How to Maximize Spectrum Sharing Benefits to the Incumbents? (2014)

A significant portion of the radio frequency spectrum remains underutilized due to exclusive and static allocation of spectrum. Provisioning secondary access to the underutilized spectrum could be beneficial to the incumbents if they could gain significant value out of the fallow spectrum while ensuring protection of their primary services. From an incumbent perspective, the spectrum sharing approach needs to be non-harmful as well as efficient. In order to make spectrum sharing efficient, it is necessary to maximize the spectrum available for secondary access as well as maximize its exploitation. We examine the impact of the conservative assumptions that lead to lesser availability of spectrum for secondary access. The problem of joint scheduling and spectrum-access footprint allocation is at the heart of maximizing the exploitation. This problem is NP-hard and we present a suboptimal approach based on the minimal spectrum consumption cost of a spectrum-access request. In order to improve the spectrum sharing potential, we investigate the impact of the various design choices for a spectrum access mechanism. The experiments demonstrate the significance of the active role of the incumbents, the benefits of fine granular spectrum access, and the need for transceiver standards for accomplishing efficient usage of the spectrum.
Development of a computerized scheme for detection of very subtle lung nodules located in opaque areas on chest radiographs (2006)

The detection of lung nodules located in opaque areas including the mediastinum, retrocardiac lung, and lung projected below or on the diaphragm has been very difficult, because the contrast of these nodules is usually extremely low, and sometimes radiologists may not pay attention to these locations. In this study, we have developed a new computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme designed specifically for the detection of these difficult-to-detect lung nodules located in opaque areas. We used 1,000 chest images with 1,076 lung nodules, which included 73 very difficult lung nodules in these opaque areas. In this new computerized scheme, opaque areas within a chest image were segmented by use of an adaptive multi-thresholding method based on edge-gradient values, and then the gray level and contrast of the chest image were adjusted for the opaque areas. Initial candidates were identified by use of the nodule-enhanced image obtained with the average radial-gradient (ARG) filtering technique based on radial gradient values. We employed a total of 35 image features for sequential application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in order to reduce the number of false-positive candidates. The ANNs were trained and tested by use of a k-fold cross-validation test method (k=100), in which each of 100 different combinations of training and test image data sets included 990 and 10 chest images, respectively. The overall performance determined from the results of 100 test data sets indicated that the average sensitivity in detecting lung nodules was 52.1% with 1.89 false positives per image, which was considered "acceptable", because these nodules were very subtle and difficult to detect. By combination of this advanced CAD scheme with our standard CAD scheme for lung-nodule detection, the clinical usefulness of the CAD scheme would be improved significantly.
Improved synthesis of quinaldines by the skraup reaction (1993)

Abstract A series of substituted quinaldines was synthesized with much improved yields from the reaction of croton‐aldehyde and the corresponding anilines using either p ‐chloranil or 2,3‐dichloro‐1,4‐naphthoquinone as the oxidant.
Sulphonated Biphenylated Poly(aryl ether ketone)s for Fuel Cell Applications (2009)

Abstract New series of fully aromatic poly(ether ketone)s with a biphenyl pendant groups were synthesised. A direct comparison of sulphonation reaction among monophenylated poly(ether ether ketone) (Ph‐PEEK), biphenylated poly(ether ether ketone) (BiPh‐PEEK) and PEEK (Victrex) was thoroughly investigated. Several advantages of the pendant‐phenyl poly(ether ketone)s compared with commercial PEEK were identified, including ready control over the site of sulphonation and degree of sulphonation (DS), and mild and rapid sulphonation. The basic membrane physical properties comprising of thermal and mechanical properties, dimensional stability and proton conductivity were studied. One new membrane, sulphonated biphenylated poly(ether ether ketone) (BiPh‐SPEEKDK) having a good combination of membrane properties was fabricated into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), and it showed excellent direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance.
A light-weight distributed scheme for detecting ip prefix hijacks in real-time (2007)

As more and more Internet IP prefix hijacking incidents are being reported, the value of hijacking detection services has become evident. Most of the current hijacking detection approaches monitor IP prefixes on the control plane and detect inconsistencies in route advertisements and route qualities. We propose a different approach that utilizes information collected mostly from the data plane. Our method is motivated by two key observations: when a prefix is not hijacked, 1) the hop count of the path from a source to this prefix is generally stable; and 2) the path from a source to this prefix is almost always a super-path of the path from the same source to a reference point along the previous path, as long as the reference point is topologically close to the prefix. By carefully selecting multiple vantage points and monitoring from these vantage points for any departure from these two observations, our method is able to detect prefix hijacking with high accuracy in a light-weight, distributed, and real-time fashion. Through simulations constructed based on real Internet measurement traces, we demonstrate that our scheme is accurate with both false positive and false negative ratios below 0.5%.
Three Amino Acid Substitutions in the L Protein of the Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 <i>cp</i> 45 Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Contribute to Its Temperature-Sensitive and Attenuation Phenotypes (1998)

Studies were initiated to define the genetic basis of the temperature-sensitive (ts), cold adaptation (ca), and attenuation (att) phenotypes of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) cp45 live attenuated vaccine candidate. Genetic data had previously suggested that the L polymerase protein of cp45, which contains three amino acid substitutions at positions 942, 992, and 1558, contributed to its temperature sensitivity (R. Ray, M. S. Galinski, B. R. Heminway, K. Meyer, F. K. Newman, and R. B. Belshe, J. Virol. 70:580-584, 1996; A. Stokes, E. L. Tierney, C. M. Sarris, B. R. Murphy, and S. L. Hall, Virus Res. 30:43-52, 1993). To study the individual and aggregate contributions that these amino acid substitutions make to the ts, att, and ca phenotypes of cp45, seven PIV3 recombinant viruses (three single, three double, and one triple mutant) representing all possible combinations of the three amino acid substitutions were recovered from full-length antigenomic cDNA and analyzed for their ts, att, and ca phenotypes. None of the seven mutant recombinant PIVs was cold adapted. The substitutions at L protein amino acid positions 992 and 1558 each specified a 105-fold reduction in plaque formation in cell culture at 40 degrees C, whereas the substitution at position 942 specified a 300-fold reduction. Thus, each of the three mutations contributes individually to the ts phenotype. The triple recombinant which possesses an L protein with all three mutations was almost as temperature sensitive as cp45, indicating that these mutations are the major contributors to the ts phenotype of cp45. The three individual mutations in the L protein each contributed to restricted replication in the upper or lower respiratory tract of hamsters, and this likely contributes to the observed stability of the ts and att phenotypes of cp45 during replication in vivo. Importantly, the recombinant virus possessing L protein with all three mutations was as restricted in replication as was the cp45 mutant in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of hamsters, indicating that the L gene of the cp45 virus is a major attenuating component of this candidate vaccine.
Antifibroblast growth factor receptor 3 antibodies identify a subgroup of patients with sensory neuropathy (2015)

A anti-FGFR3 Abs identify a subgroup of patients with SN in whom an underlying autoimmune disorder affecting sensory neurons in the dorsal root and trigeminal nerve ganglia is suspected.
Polarization recovery in phase conjugation by modal scrambling multimode fiber and the effect of applied magnetic field (1986)

We demonstrate that an optical wave propagating through a polarization and modal scrambling multimode fiber can regain its original polarization state by phase conjugation followed by reverse propagation through the medium. 1,2 Such a polarization recovery phenomenon is achieved even when magnetic field is applied along the fiber. 3 The experimental arrangement is described as follows: the output light from the argon-ion laser was coupled Into a graded-index multimode fiber (1 00-μm core diam, 20-m length). A section with a length of ~3 m of the fiber was placed in a uniform magnetic field. The output of the fiber was focused onto a BaTiO 3 crystal which aligned to form a self-pumped phase conjugate mirror. 4 The reflected phase conjugate light was linearly polarized along the x axis and coupled back into the fiber automatically. The polarization state of the phase conjugate light after passing through the fiber, was analyzed. The interesting and significantly new observations are that:
Scour Monitoring System Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Water-Swellable Polymers (2017)

Bridge scour has emerged as a significant concern worldwide, especially in the United States; approximately 60% of bridge failures are scour related. Because of the difficulty of bridge-scour inspection, scour-induced failures tend to occur suddenly without prior warning or signs of distress to the structures. A reliable, effective, and robust monitoring system is very desirable. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop an innovative scour monitoring system using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and water-swellable polymers. The polymer material swells to several times the original volume upon the absorption of water, and the expansion induces a measurable tension on the FBG sensor. The scour monitoring system is vertically embedded in soil, and the measured wavelength shifting of a particular sensor is able to indicate that the sensor is no longer covered with soil (i.e., the soil level has decreased to the elevation of that particular sensor). A detailed introduction of the sensor design was presented, including specially designed protection to prevent water from entering the sensor unit before the sensor system is in place. A prototype of the sensor system was fabricated, and several tests were conducted in the laboratory to verify the functionality of the device. The results indicate that the system is capable of monitoring the change of soil level. Furthermore, the repeatability of the polymer swelling implies the capability of monitoring the entire scour process in the long term. In addition, the proposed system concept could also be used for subsea pipeline scour monitoring and other types of chemical sensing by interchanging the polymer with materials sensitive to other measurands, such as oil.
Alkaloids of Vinca rosea L. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don). 38. 4'-Dehydrated derivatives (1977)

A series of 4'-dehydrated derivatives of various dimeric Vinca alkaloids has been synthesized to further define the structure-activity relationships of Vinca alkaloids with onolytic potency. The concentrated sulfuric acid dehydration in most cases gave mixtures of the 3',4'-and two isomeric 4',20'-alkenes, which were isolated and characterized primarily by proton and 13C NMR. Compound tested for antitumor activity include the three dehydro isomers of 4'-deacetylvinblastine, 4-deacetylvincristine, and 4-deacetylvinblastine-23-amide and some4'-dehydrated derivatives epimeric at C-18'. Generally, the decrease in toxicity imparted by the new double bond was accompained by a decrease in potency. An exception was 3',4'-dehydro-4-deacetylvincristine, which showed a decrease in toxicity and increase in potency against at least one tumor in which vincristine itself has little effect.
Human‐Finger Electronics Based on Opposing Humidity‐Resistance Responses in Carbon Nanofilms (2017)

Carbon nanomaterials have excellent humidity sensing properties. Here, it is demonstrated that multiwalled carbon-nanotube (MWCNT)- and reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO)-based conductive films have opposite humidity/electrical resistance responses: MWCNTs increase their electrical resistance (positive response) and rGOs decrease their electrical resistance (negative response). The authors propose a new phenomenology that describes a "net"-like model for MWCNT films and a "scale"-like model for rGO films to explain these behaviors based on contributions from junction resistances (at interparticle junctions) and intrinsic resistances (of the particles). This phenomenology is accordingly validated via a series of experiments, which complement more classical models based on proton conductivity. To explore the practical applications of the converse humidity/resistance responses, a humidity-insensitive MWCNT/rGO hybrid conductive films is developed, which has the potential to greatly improve the stability of carbon-based electrical device to humidity. The authors further investigate the application of such films to human-finger electronics by fabricating transparent flexible devices consisting of a polyethylene terephthalate substrate equipped with an MWCNT/rGO pattern for gesture recognition, and MWCNT/rGO/MWCNT or rGO/MWCNT/rGO patterns for 3D noncontact sensing, which will be complementary to existing 3D touch technology.
Functional variant analyses (FVAs) predict pathogenicity in the BRCA1 DNA double-strand break repair pathway (2015)

Heritable mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 and other genes in the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway disrupt binding of the encoded proteins, transport into the nucleus and initiation of homologous recombination, thereby increasing cancer risk [Scully, R., Chen, J., Plug, A., Xiao, Y., Weaver, D., Feunteun, J., Ashley, T. and Livingston, D.M. (1997) Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell, 88, 265-275, Chen, J., Silver, D.P., Walpita, D., Cantor, S.B., Gazdar, A.F., Tomlinson, G., Couch, F.J., Weber, B.L., Ashley, T., Livingston, D.M. et al. (1998) Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells. Mol. Cell, 2, 317-328]. To meet the challenge of correct classification, flow cytometry-based functional variant analyses (FVAs) were developed to determine whether variants in DSB repair genes disrupted the binding of BRCA1 to BARD1, PALB2, BRCA2 and FANCD2, phosphorylation of p53 or BRCA1 nuclear localization in response to DNA damage caused by diepoxybutane, mitomycin C and bleomycin. Lymphoblastoid cells from individuals with BRCA1 pathogenic mutations, benign variants, and variants of uncertain significance or with known BRCA2, FANCC or NBN mutations were tested. Mutations in BRCA1 decreased nuclear localization of BRCA1 in response to individual or combination drug treatment. Mutations in BRCA1 reduced binding to co-factors, PALB2 and FANCD2 and decreased phosphorylation of p53. Mutations in BRCA2, FANCC and NBN decreased nuclear localization of BRCA1 in response to drug treatment, cofactors binding and p53 phosphorylation. Unsupervised cluster analysis of all and as few as two assays demonstrated two apparent clusters, high-risk BRCA1 mutations and phenocopies and low-risk, fully sequenced controls and variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Thus, two FVA assays distinguish BRCA1 mutations and phenocopies from benign variants and categorize most VUS as benign. Mutations in other DSB repair pathway genes produce molecular phenocopies. FVA assays may represent an adjunct to sequencing for categorizing VUS or may represent a stand-alone measure for assessing breast cancer risk.
Practical nonconvex Compressive Sensing reconstruction of highly-accelerated 3D parallel MR angiograms (2009)

In this work, a nonconvex Compressive Sensing model targeted at true 3D reconstructions of highly undersampled MR angiograms acquired with parallel imaging is proposed. When combined with the Max-CAPR acquisition sequence, it is demonstrated that high quality, non-view-shared, 3D images of the contrast-filled neurovasculature can be acquired (at acceleration factors exceeding the number of coils) in just over 2 seconds and reconstructed in as few as 14 minutes on a high-performance workstation.
Highly conductive reduced graphene oxide produced via pressure-assisted reduction at mild temperature for flexible and transparent electrodes (2013)

An effective approach to fabricate graphene-based conductive films is explored on the basis of the pressure-assisted reduction technique.
External-Gradient-Formation Method for Disc Centrifuge Photosedimentometric Particle Size Distribution Analysis (1987)

A novel and alternative method for making centrifugal disc photosedimentometric analyses has been developed which allows simplification of previous methods including an industry accepted method, the Buffered Line Start. In this new method the spin fluid/density gradient is formed external to the disc cavity and injected into the disc cavity while the disc is spinning at a predetermined speed. The externally formed spin fluid contains at least two miscible or partially miscible liquids of different densities in a substantially incompletely mixed condition. The External Gradient Method is evaluated and statistically compared to the Buffered Line Start method of analysis using a variety of particle sizes and latex types. The results of the statistical analysis are discussed relative to method type, sample type and size range, temperature and other operational variables.
Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of microwave irradiated poly (styrene-co-methyl methacrylate)/graphene nanocomposites (2015)

Poly (styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(S-co-MMA)) was blended with pristine graphene (G) by melt mixing technique and treated under microwave irradiation. The anocomposites were irradiated for 5 and 10 min at frequency 1245 MHz.Structure changes in the irradiated nanocomposites were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The irradiated composites showed a significant increase in the storage modulus i.e. 21% for 0.1% and 31% for 1% graphene polymer composites after 5 min irradiation. However at higher irradiation (10 min), degradation of nanocomposites was observed. The concept of improvement of interfacial interaction between graphene and P(S-co-MMA) chains at 5-min microwave exposure and degradation of nanocomposites at higher irradiation duration was assessed and supported by X-ray diffraction and canning electron microscopy.
Protein tyrosine pPhosphatase inhibitors and methods of use thereof (2006)

The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II) that are useful for modulating the biological activity of the protein tyrosine phosphatase-1b (PTP1B) enzyme. Compounds of this invention can be used to treat diseases and/or conditions in which the PTP1B enzyme is a factor. Such diseases and/or conditions include, but are not limited to, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, inadequate glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, adipose cell tumors, adipose cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, dyslipidemia, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.