gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Studies on Murine Interleukin 1 (1987)

Our understanding of IL 1 biology has been accompanied by dramatic advances in IL 1 biochemistry and molecular biology. In 1981, murine IL 1 was first purified using standard chromatographic procedures (1). Subsequently anti-IL 1 antibodies were generated and used to purify murine IL 1 with a significant increase in overall yield of active protein (2). Using anti-IL 1 antibodies, Giri et al. (3) demonstrated that murine IL 1 is initially synthesized as a 33,000 molecular weight precursor that is enzymatically cleaved to the lower molecular weight forms detected in the culture medium of stimulated cells. More recently, human IL 1 has been purified from the conditioned medium of cultures of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (4–6) as well as a monocytic leukemia cell line (7). However, a major breakthrough in IL 1 research was achieved with the cloning, sequencing, and expression of cDNAs for murine (8) and human (9–11) IL 1. These studies revealed the existence of at least two forms of human IL 1, termed IL 1α (pI 5) and IL 1β (pI 7).
Space Environmentally Stable Polyimides and Copolyimides Derived from [2,4-Bis(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diphenylphosphine Oxide (2002)

Polyimides with a combination of properties including low solar absorptivity (α) in thin films, atomic oxygen (AO), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation resistance, solubility in organic solvents in the imide form, high glass transition (Tg) temperatures, and high thermal stability have been prepared and characterized. The polymers were prepared by reacting a novel aromatic diamine, [2,4-bis(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diphenylphosphine oxide (2), with aromatic dianhydrides in a polar aprotic solvent. The diamine was prepared from commercially available starting materials in a two-step reaction in relatively high yield. Copoly(amide acid)s and copolyimides were prepared using 2 in combination with other commercially available aromatic diamines. The chemistry as well as physical and mechanical properties of the polymers and films will be discussed.
Relationship between lens properties and director orientation in a liquid crystal lens (1989)

Abstract Lenses with a homogeneously aligned liquid crystal having a Fresnel structure have been prepared by using a nematic with a positive dielectric anisotropy. Their focal length can be varied continuously from the value fe for an extraordinary ray to f o for an ordinary ray by applying an electric field across the lens cell. The effective refractive index of the lens where the director is aligned perpendicular to the grooves of the Fresnel structure becomes smaller than when the director is aligned parallel to the grooves. Then the liquid crystal lens has a characteristic aberration which could not be observed in a conventional glass lens; that is, the focal length of the lens becomes different according to the incidence of rays on the different parts of the lens. The properties of the liquid crystal lens can be improved by making the director orientation axially symmetric, in the form of a concentric circle, but the polarization component rotated 90° from the incident extraordinary ray appears when the voltage is applied across the lens cell. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the optical properties and the director orientation in a liquid crystal prism cell.
Constrained Particle Filter for Improving Kinect Based Measurements (2018)

Microsoft Kinect has been gaining popularity in home-based rehabilitation solution due to its affordability and ease of use. It is used as a marker less human skeleton tracking device. However, apart from the fact that the skeleton data are contaminated with high frequency noise, the major drawback lies in the inability to retain the antropometric properties, like the body segments' length, which varies with time during the tracking. In this paper, a particle filter based approach has been proposed to track the human skeleton data in the presence of high frequency noise and multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to reduce the bone length variations. In our approach multiple segments in skeleton are filtered simultaneously and segments' lengths are preserved by considering their interconnection unlike other methods in available literature. The proposed algorithm has achieved MAPE of 3.44% in maintaining the body segment length close to the ground truth and outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Antimalarial Activity of Dihydroartemisinin Derivatives by Transdermal Application (1994)

In addition to artelinic acid, which was demonstrated previously to possess good prophylactic as well as curative antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei by transdermal administration, seven artemisinin derivatives in a gel formulation were assessed for their antimalarial activities in this study. Artemisinin, the parent compound of the series, showed moderate prophylactic but poor curative activity. Although methyl artelinate was more active against P. berghei than artelinic acid and sodium artelinate by subcutaneous injection, its transdermal curative and prophylactic activity was only comparable with or weaker than that of artelinic acid. Conversely, both dihydroartemisinin trimethylsilyl ether and dehydrodihydroartemisinin showed weaker antimalarial activity than artelinic acid by the subcutaneous route, yet exhibited comparable activity by transdermal administration. Artemether, a prodrug of dihydroartemisinin, is as effective as the parent dihydroartemisinin, and both compounds were the most potent agents among the compounds studied, with total prophylactic and curative doses of 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively. Complete absorption of dihydroartemisinin appears to occur within 5 min after application. In general, we found that the prophylactic dose is about half that of the curative dose under the protocols used in this study. This novel drug delivery system may be an easy and safe way to administer artemisinin-type antimalarials and also a good alternative dosage form for active compounds with solubility problems.
Reduction of Noise from the J-52 and F-404 Jet Engines During Static Testing Using the Noise Attenuation Device (NAD) (2009)

Abstract : The NAD is the Noise Attenuation Device. It is based on results of sub-scale testing undertaken for a Strategic Environmental Research and Development Project (SERDP) and Navy Environmental SDI co-sponsored project Reduction of Particulate Emissions from Jet Engine Test Cells (JETCs) Using an Annular After-Reactor (AAR). Those sub-scale tests demonstrated the scientific and engineering basis of the AAR for reducing both particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions from a jet engine. They also provided the basis for using the concept of the AAR to reduce jet engine noise. Therefore the full-scale NAD was designed, specifically, for its application to the Navy's F-414 jet engine, a cornerstone Navy engine. Milestones leading to this application were: (a) test the NAD on the non-after-burning J-52 engine, and (b) evaluate it with the after-burning F-404 engine. Those two milestones have been completed and the results are reported here. Testing of the NAD with the F-414 engine has been approved and is planned for an ESTCP-funded project.
Micromechanical silicon scale (2002)

A novel miniature capacitive scale is described. The device is realized by micromachining single-crystalline silicon. Our design calculations show that it is possible to weigh one gram with an accuracy on the order of a part in million.
Prevention and therapy of JC polyomavirus-mediated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy – a realistic possibility? (2017)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a serious opportunistic infection of the brain caused by the JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). PML occurs when immune control of persistent infection with JCPyV fails, the virus mutates and changes its cellular tropism, enters the brain and infects astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and, in particular cases, also neurones. Currently, there is no therapy for this often fatal disease. A number of approaches have failed, and only the restoration of protective immunity, if possible, can lead to clearance of the virus once PML has occurred. During the last two decades, investigators have attempted to understand the factors contributing to the development of PML, which immune mechanisms are involved in immune surveillance, and which in clearing JCPyV from the brain once PML has occurred. Recent data suggest that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of the cellular immune system, and also JCPyV-specific antibodies, are involved in protection against PML and in resolving the opportunistic infection. Based on the current immunological data, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination strategies have been proposed, and first treatment attempts in PML patients have provided promising results that indicate therapeutic vaccination may be feasible.
Ultrasonic Application of Thick Metallic Coatings (1996)

Abstract Ultrasonic propagation characteristics in thermal spray materials are affected by the complex microstructures of these coatings. Factors such as oxide stringers, porosity, splat size and morphology can all affect wave propagation. This dependence causes many concerns when one performs nondestructive evaluation of such coatings. However, we find that the unique properties of thermally sprayed coatings can be used for the fabrication of the cladding region of clad solid ultrasonic wave guides (or buffer rods) consisting of a core and a cladding. These wave guides are used as precious quality control devices for on-line monitoring of industrial materials processes. This paper is devoted to the tailoring of the ultrasonic behavior of metallic coatings produced by arcspraying. Experimental results show that by a proper control of the core-cladding system it is possible to minimize ultrasonic spurious signals occurring in a clad wave guide while the tailoring of the splat morphology, intersplat oxidation and porosity enable the appropriate ultrasonic absorption within the coating. The unwanted spurious signals are normally generated at the periphery of the core. Examples of the use of thick (up to 5 mm) stainless steel or bronze coatings as claddings on steel, aluminum or zirconium rods in order to provide good ultrasonic wave guides are given. Compared to a conventional non-clad rod the signal to noise ratio of such clad rods has been improved by more than 40 dB due to the reduction of the spurious signals. The potential applications of these clad buffer rods for thickness measurements and in-situ monitoring of materials at elevated temperatures are demonstrated.
Quantitative dispersion microscopy (2010)

Refractive index dispersion is an intrinsic optical property and a useful source of contrast in biological imaging studies. In this report, we present the first dispersion phase imaging of living eukaryotic cells. We have developed quantitative dispersion microscopy based on the principle of quantitative phase microscopy. The dual-wavelength quantitative phase microscope makes phase measurements at 310 nm and 400 nm wavelengths to quantify dispersion (refractive index increment ratio) of live cells. The measured dispersion of living HeLa cells is found to be around 1.088, which agrees well with that measured directly for protein solutions using total internal reflection. This technique, together with the dry mass and morphology measurements provided by quantitative phase microscopy, could prove to be a useful tool for distinguishing different types of biomaterials and studying spatial inhomogeneities of biological samples.
The Development of a Selective Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor That Shows Antitumor Activity (2009)

Normal progression through the cell cycle requires the sequential action of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6. Direct or indirect deregulation of CDK activity is a feature of almost all cancers and has led to the development of CDK inhibitors as anticancer agents. The CDK-activating kinase (CAK) plays a critical role in regulating cell cycle by mediating the activating phosphorylation of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6. As such, CDK7, which also regulates transcription as part of the TFIIH basal transcription factor, is an attractive target for the development of anticancer drugs. Computer modeling of the CDK7 structure was used to design potential potent CDK7 inhibitors. Here, we show that a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-derived compound, BS-181, inhibited CAK activity with an IC(50) of 21 nmol/L. Testing of other CDKs as well as another 69 kinases showed that BS-181 only inhibited CDK2 at concentrations lower than 1 micromol/L, with CDK2 being inhibited 35-fold less potently (IC(50) 880 nmol/L) than CDK7. In MCF-7 cells, BS-181 inhibited the phosphorylation of CDK7 substrates, promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines, and showed antitumor effects in vivo. The drug was stable in vivo with a plasma elimination half-life in mice of 405 minutes after i.p. administration of 10 mg/kg. The same dose of drug inhibited the growth of MCF-7 human xenografts in nude mice. BS-181 therefore provides the first example of a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor with potential as an anticancer agent.
Breast lesion phantom to assess performance of molecular breast imaging (MBI) (2013)

2176 Objectives Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI) uses either single gamma photon or positron emission to visualize tumors that are often occult on mammography in women with radiographically dense breasts. Several commercial and prototype systems have been used to image thousands of women with sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer detection above 90%. The purpose was to develop a breast lesion phantom that will enable measurement of the lesion detection performance of the various MBI systems. Methods MBI consists of either 1) a single scintillator gamma camera plus an opposed compression paddle (Dilon), or 2) a pair of opposed semiconductor (CZT) gamma cameras (Gamma Medica or GE), or 3) a pair of opposed scintillator (511 keV) gamma cameras (Naviscan PEM) that mildly compress each breast in standard mammographic views. We designed a liquid fillable (Tc99m or F18) phantom with the thickness of an average mildly compressed breast (6 cm), with 12 spherical lesions of 6 sizes (3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 mm diameters) and 2 depths (15 and 25 mm), and with a flood background to simulate normal tissue. The phantom can be inverted to simulate 2 additional lesion depths (25 and 45 mm). Two image sets are acquired: one with uniform radioactive flood background and no lesions, the other with plain water background and hot lesions (spheres filled with radioactive liquid). The two image sets are combined in various combinations to simulate varying lesion-to-background ratios. Various doses can be simulated by using partial data sets. Results The phantom enables construction of contrast recovery curves for the 6 relevant lesion sizes at various lesion-to-background ratios and doses. Conclusions The breast lesion phantom enables the comparison of lesion detection performance of the various MBI systems. The contrast recovery curves can also be used to determine the spatial resolution and count density (dose and imaging time) requirements for specific lesion detection imaging tasks. Research Support NIH National Cancer Institute grant CA143716.
Lignin biopolymer based triboelectric nanogenerators (2017)

Ongoing research in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) focuses on increasing power generation, but obstacles concerning economical and eco-friendly utilization of TENGs continue to prevail. Being the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, lignin offers a valuable opportunity for low-cost TENG applications in biomedical devices, benefitting from its biodegradability and biocompatibility. Here, we develop for the first time a lignin biopolymer based TENGs for harvesting mechanical energy in the environment, which shows great potential for self-powered biomedical devices among other applications and opens doors to new technologies that utilize otherwise wasted materials for economically feasible and ecologically friendly production of energy devices.
Medial axis registration of supine and prone CT colonography data (2005)

Computed Tomographic Colonography (CTC) is a minimally invasive method that allows the examination of the colon wall from the source CT sections or in a virtual environment. The primary goal of CTC is the detection of colonic polyps. There are typically two data sets recorded in supine and prone positions. An important step in polyp detection is the anatomical registration of these datasets. We developed and experimentally validated a method to register complementary supine and prone CTC datasets anatomically, using linear stretching/shrinking operations on the media axis colonic path based on the relative path geometries. To compare improvement in spatial registration of supine and prone datasets, a radiologist determined 5 unique reference points (RP) in the registered and unregistered datasets from each of 5 patients by viewing supine and prone data simultaneously. Initial results suggest that our algorithm is capable of registering supine and prone CTC data anatomically within an approximate range of /spl plusmn/13.2 mm, which corresponds to 0.8% error with respect to the average colon length.
Pannexin 1 channels regulate leukocyte emigration through the venous endothelium during acute inflammation (2015)

Inflammatory cell recruitment to local sites of tissue injury and/or infection is controlled by a plethora of signalling processes influencing cell-to-cell interactions between the vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in post-capillary venules and circulating leukocytes. Recently, ATP-sensitive P2Y purinergic receptors have emerged as downstream regulators of EC activation in vascular inflammation. However, the mechanism(s) regulating cellular ATP release in this response remains elusive. Here we report that the ATP-release channel Pannexin1 (Panx1) opens downstream of EC activation by TNF-α. This process involves activation of type-1 TNF receptors, recruitment of Src family kinases (SFK) and SFK-dependent phosphorylation of Panx1. Using an inducible, EC-specific Panx1 knockout mouse line, we report a previously unidentified role for Panx1 channels in promoting leukocyte adhesion and emigration through the venous wall during acute systemic inflammation, placing Panx1 channels at the centre of cytokine crosstalk with purinergic signalling in the endothelium.
Exploration of efficacy of gland morphology and architectural features in prostate cancer gleason grading (2012)

Prostate cancer automatic grading has attracted a lot of attention during the last years [1]. Many research efforts have been fixated on the development of computerized recognition and classification systems to automatically grade Gleason patterns. Automatic computerized Gleason grading methods can be classified into two basic classes: image textural-based class and tissue structural-based (nuclear architecture, gland morphology) class. To the best of our knowledge, tissue structural classification based on three-class classification results including Gleason grade 3, 4 and 5 carcinoma were not reported. The goal of this article is to: (1) develop computerized assessment support systems to automatically grade Gleason patterns 3, 4 and 5 by integrating gland morphology and architectural features; (2) improve classification accuracy especially between intermediate Gleason grades 3 and 4. Computer simulations show an average correct classification accuracy of 97.63%, 96.57% and 87.30% when distinguishing Gleason 3 vs. Gleason 4, Gleason 3 vs. Gleason 5, and Gleason 4 vs. Gleason 5 respectively. These results lead the way towards providing an effective and promising software tool in automatic prostate cancer histological Gleason grading.
A free-standing carbon nanofiber interlayer for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries (2015)

Free-standing porous carbon nanofiber interlayers with tunable surface area and pore structure have been studied to enhance the Li–S battery capacity and cycle life.
Realization and Characterization of a Bulk-Type All-Silicon High Pressure Sensor (2018)

Distinct from conventional diaphragm-type pressure sensors, a silicon-based bulk-type high pressure sensor has been analyzed, realized, and characterized. External hydrostatic pressure acting on the sensor is converted to a biaxial compression inside an all-silicon encapsulated vacuum cavity. The stress anisotropy is analytically modeled and numerically simulated. The biaxial compression is measured using two pairs of piezoresistors oriented to optimally utilize the anisotropy of silicon piezoresistance. An improved pressure seal in the test-package allowed extended testing of the sensor up to a pressure of 200 MPa and a temperature of 175 °C. Reported also is a zero-offset of the sensor, largely attributed to the tensile stress induced by the insulating cover oxide after cooling from the high-temperature dopant activation anneal.
Continuous-Time Marginal Pricing of Electricity (2016)

The current practice of discrete-time electricity pricing starts to fall short in providing an accurate economic signal reflecting the continuous-time variations of load and generation schedule in power systems. This paper introduces the fundamental mathematical theory of continuous-time marginal electricity pricing. We first formulate the continuous-time unit commitment problem as a constrained variational problem, and subsequently define the continuous-time economic dispatch (ED) problem where the binary commitment variables are fixed to their optimal values. We then prove that the continuous-time marginal electricity price equals to the Lagrange multiplier of the variational power balance constraint in the continuous-time ED problem. The proposed continuous-time marginal price is not only dependent to the incremental generation cost rate, but also to the incremental ramping cost rate of the units, thus embedding the ramping costs in calculation of the marginal electricity price. The numerical results demonstrate that the continuous-time marginal price manifests the behavior of the constantly varying load and generation schedule in power systems.
Highly Stable Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Hydrogen Generation Using a Double-Band InGaN/GaN Core/Shell Nanowire Photoanode (2013)

We report on the first demonstration of stable photoelectrochemical water splitting and hydrogen generation on a double-band photoanode in acidic solution (hydrogen bromide), which is achieved by InGaN/GaN core/shell nanowire arrays grown on Si substrate using catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy. The nanowires are doped n-type using Si to reduce the surface depletion region and increase current conduction. Relatively high incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (up to ~27%) is measured under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. Under simulated sunlight illumination, steady evolution of molecular hydrogen is further demonstrated.
GB Virus Type C/Hepatitis G Virus (2003)

After hepatitis G virus (HGV) and GB virus type C (GBV-C) were independently discovered, it was determined that they were two isolates of the same virus. The HGV/GBV-C genome sequence and organization are closely related to hepatitis C virus. Although HGV/GBV-C infection is common and frequently persists in humans, infection has not been found to be associated with any known disease state. Because this virus is not associated with acute or chronic hepatitis, most people refer to it as GBV-C. GBV-C appears to grow in lymphocytes and not in hepatocytes, and presumably this is why the virus does not cause liver disease. Recent studies suggest that GBV-C infection in HIV-positive people is associated with prolonged survival. In vitro coinfection of human lymphocytes with GBV-C and HIV lead to decreased HIV replication. Further understanding of the mechanism(s) responsible for this interaction with HIV may provide novel approaches for treating HIV and AIDS.