gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Si-Based Heterojunction Solar Cell without Transparent Conductive Oxide (2006)

A novel nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si)/ multicrystalline Si (mc-Si) heterojunction (HJ) solar cell has been fabricated using a simple structure. This paper presents the process development and fabrication of the HJ solar cell based on relatively thick (n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ) nc-Si emitter on a (p) mc-Si substrate without using any TCO layer or intrinsic buffer layer. Highly conductive nc-Si films with conductivities in the range of 80-150 Omega <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1 </sup> were developed by direct deposition of nc-Si on mc-Si substrates. In addition to a high-quality junction, nc-Si emitters can provide low resistive path for the lateral photocurrent in photovoltaic devices. Solar cells with size of 1cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , with high quality junctions and fill factors of exceeding 70% are obtained
A CMOS Temperature Sensor With Versatile Readout Scheme and High Accuracy for Multi-Sensor Systems (2018)

In this paper, a smart CMOS temperature sensor with a versatile readout scheme is presented. A digital-assisted readout solution is proposed to improve the compatibility of the circuit and maintain the performance of a traditional smart temperature sensor. In addition, the potential multi-operating points of the analog front-end are analyzed, and a compact start-up circuit is designed to make the analog front-end work properly. Fabricated in a standard 0.13 μm CMOS process, the proposed temperature sensor occupies a silicon area of 0.29 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and draws a current of 95 μA from a 2 to 3.6 V supply voltage at the room temperature. Measured results show that the proposed design has the inaccuracy of ± 0.47 °C (3σ) from -40 °C to 125 °C after a single-point temperature calibration. It achieves a resolution of 16 mK at a conversion time of 5.12 ms and a supply sensitivity of less than 0.05 °C/V. Thanks to the versatile readout scheme, the proposed temperature sensor is compatible with multi-sensor systems where the readout-circuitry can be shared between different input signals.
Structure and Expression of the Gene Encoding Secretor‐Type Galactoside 2‐α‐<scp>l</scp>‐fucosyltransferase (<i>FUT2</i>) (1997)

The expression and secretion of ABO antigens in epithelial cells of glands are controlled by secretor-type alpha (1,2)fucosyltransferase activity. We have examined the expression of the secretor-type alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2) and a pseudogene of FUT2 (Sec1) in several tumor cell lines by northern blot and/or reverse-transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analyses. Transcripts of FUT2 were found in total RNA from ovarian, gastric and colonic cancer cell lines but not from six leukemic cell lines, including erythroleukemic HEL cells, by RT-PCR. On the other hand, RT-PCR indicated that Sec1 was expressed in all these tumor cells, including all hematopoietic cells studied. Northern blot analysis indicated that FUT2 transcripts with a similar size (3.3 kb) were expressed in cancer cell lines. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends suggested that the entire FUT2 cDNA is 3.1-kb long and has two Alu repetitive elements in its 3' untranslated region, including an inverted repeat. The mRNA, therefore, may form a large stem-and-loop structure (1.2 kb). Each stem contains about 300 bases, the loop contains 640 bases, and the percentage of complementary nucleotide sequences in the stem region is 85%. The presence of a large stem-and-loop structure in the 3' untranslated region may regulate the level of the FUT2 transcript by affecting the stability of the mRNA.
Fully Stereocontrolled Total Syntheses of the Prostacyclin Analogues 16<i>S</i>-Iloprost and 16<i>S</i>-3-Oxa-Iloprost by a Common Route, Using Alkenylcopper-Azoalkene Conjugate Addition, Asymmetric Olefination, and Allylic Alkylation (2005)

In this article we describe fully stereocontrolled total syntheses of 16S-iloprost (16S-2), the most active component of the drugs Ilomedin and Ventavis, and of 16S-3-oxa-iloprost (16S-3), a close analogue of 16S-2 having the potential for a high oral activity, by a new and common route. The key steps of this route are (1) the establishment of the complete C13-C20 omega side chain of the target molecules through a stereoselective conjugate addition of the alkenylcopper derivative 9 to the bicyclic C6-C12 azoalkene 10 with formation of hydrazone 8, (2) the diastereoselective olefination of ketone 7 with the chiral phosphoryl acetate 39, and (3) the regio- and stereoselective alkylation of the allylic acetate 43 with cuprate 42. These measures allowed the 5E,15S,16S-stereoselective synthesis of 16S-2 and 16S-3, a goal which had previously not been achieved. Azoalkene 10 was obtained from the achiral bicyclic C6-C12 ketone 11 as previously described by using as key step an enantioselective deprotonation. The configuration at C16 of omega-side chain building block 9 has been installed with high stereoselectivity by the oxazolidinone method and that at C15 by a diastereoselective oxazaborolidine-catalyzed reduction of the C13-C20 ketone 23 with catecholborane. Surprisingly, a high diastereoselectivity in the reduction of 23 was only obtained by using 2 equiv of oxazaborolidine 24. Application of substoichiometric amounts of 24 resulted in irreproducible diastereoselectivities ranging from very high to nil.
Analysis and Design Techniques of CMOS Charge-Pump-Based Radio-Frequency Antenna-Switch Controllers (2009)

Analysis and design techniques of charge-pump-based RF antenna-switch controllers are presented. Loading effects of RF antenna switches that cause voltage drop of the controller have been identified and embedded in the analysis. The proposed analysis also captures effects of MOS-switch on-resistance and parasitic capacitances, so more precise descriptions of the charge-pump output voltage can be obtained. Furthermore, the body biasing technique has been employed to prevent latch-up. The analysis and the design techniques have been verified using a 0.35-mum CMOS technology. RF antenna-switch performances with the designed controller have also been measured and presented.
Residents feel unprepared and unsupervised as leaders of cardiac arrest teams in teaching hospitals: A survey of internal medicine residents* (2007)

The results suggest that residents perceive deficits in their training and supervision to care for critically ill patients as cardiac arrest team leaders. This raises sufficient concern to prompt teaching hospitals and medical schools to consider including more appropriate supervision, feedback, and further education for residents in their role as cardiac arrest team leaders.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Options (2012)

ARDS; Pathophysiology; Treatment.
Molecular design of three‐dimensional artificial extracellular matrix: Photosensitive polymers containing cell adhesive peptide (1993)

Abstract A photodimerizable monomer, methacrylic acid‐(7‐coumaroxy) ethyl ester, was synthesized and was copolymerized with a hydrophilic monomer ( N,N ‐dimethylacrylamide) to obtain a water‐soluble photosensitive polymer. Irradiation of the copolymer film and aqueous solution with a high‐pressure mercury lamp resulted in highly hydrated gel. The gel yield was enhanced with the content of the photodimerizable group in the copolymer and the irradiation time. The degree of swelling of the gels decreased concomitantly. Incorporation of the well‐known cell adhesive peptidyl ligand Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser(RGDS) into photosensitive copolymers attained a biologically active hydrophilic gel matrix upon UV light irradiation. Irradiation of a buffer solution of the latter copolymer premixed with smooth muscle cells entrapped the cells throughout the gel matrix. This indicates that the designed polymer and the resulting cell‐incorporated hydrogel are biomimic to an extracellular matrix and to the media of the vascular wall, respectively. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Junctions and Diffusion Barriers for High Temperature Thermoelectric Modules (2010)

Thermoelectric modules based on doped bismuth telluride (Bi2Te 3) are commonly used for the construction of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) and heat pumps. However, due to low operating temperature (< 200oC), TEGs based on this material reveal low efciency. In order to obtain high effectiveness in energy conversion, one needs to design high temperature modules made of new thermoelectric materials. The goal of the present work has been to develop the method of preparation of ohmic junctions between semiconducting CoSb3 element and metallic Cu electrode, for temperatures up to 600oC. In order to protect thermoelectric material from interaction with a solder and the electrode material, the appropriate diffusion barriers were applied. The junctions were formed by the resistance soldering technique in the protective atmosphere of Ar + H2. Lead-free alloys based on Ag and Cu were used as the solder. Diffusion layers of Ni were prepared via the magnetron sputtering technique. The chemical and microstructural properties of the junction area were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with EDX analyzer. Resistivity measurements and current-voltage characteristics were used to determine the contact resistance and ohmic contact quality
StabilyteTM tubes that contain strongly acidic citrate prevent in vitrocomplex formation between activated protein C and protein C inhibitor (2003)

StabilyteTM tubes that contain strongly acidic citrate prevent in vitro complex formation between activated protein C and protein C inhibitor -
[Chlamydia pneumoniae--pathogenesis and perspectives]. (1993)

Chlamydia pneumoniae, a Gram-negative bacterium, formerly named TWAR but identified as a distinct species since 1988, is now considered to be the most common agent of chlamydial infection in Scandinavia. C pneumoniae has a different tissue trophism from that of Chlamydia trachomatis, since C pneumoniae may infect bronchi and lungs, macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. C pneumoniae, like other chlamydiae, has a slow, intracellular life cycle. An absence of reaction from the host cells, combined with scant tissual reaction owing to the low endotoxic activity of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide, may help to explain the usually discreet clinical picture. Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease may follow chronic lung infection, and acute pneumonic episodes can trigger myocardial infarct. Asymptomatic infection with C pneumoniae is widespread. Intriguing diagnostic questions are the possible existence of a non-pathogenic carrier state, and the conceivable sensitization of the host with respect to a heterotypic, secondary chlamydial infection by, for example, C trachomatis, giving rise to an aggravated clinical picture. Early antibiotics are indicated to avoid the development of chronic disease.
Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonate Functional Polymers (1998)

Polymers with pendant cyclic carbonate functionality were synthesized via the free radical copolymerization of vinyl ethylene carbonate (4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, VEC) with other unsaturated monomers. Both solution and emulsion free radical processes were used. In solution copolymerizations, it was found that VEC copolymerizes completely with vinyl ester monomers over a wide compositional range. Conversions of monomer to polymer are quantitative with complete incorporation of VEC into the copolymers. Cyclic carbonate functional latex polymers were prepared by the emulsion copolymerization of VEC with vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate. VEC incorporation was quantitative and did not affect the stability of the latex. When copolymerized with acrylic monomers, however, VEC is not completely incorporated into the copolymer. Sufficient levels can be incorporated to provide adequate cyclic carbonate functionality for subsequent reaction and crosslinking. The unincorporated VEC can be removed using a thin film evaporator. The Tg of VEC copolymers can be modeled over the compositional range studied using either linear or Fox models with extrapolated values of the Tg of VEC homopolymer.
Disassembly of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cores In Vitro Reveals Association of Nef with the Subviral Ribonucleoprotein Complex (2003)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virulence factor Nef enhances viral infectivity in single-cycle infection assays and accelerates HIV-1 replication in vitro. It has been reported that the effects of Nef are mediated early after viral entry and before the completion of reverse transcription, as viral DNA synthesis is strongly attenuated during infection by Nef-defective virions. Our previous work has demonstrated that Nef is associated with mature HIV-1 cores, implicating Nef in the regulation of HIV-1 core stability. Here we report a comparative analysis of HIV-1 cores isolated from wild-type and Nef-defective particles. We observed no effect of Nef on HIV-1 core structure or stability; however, Nef cosedimented with a subviral ribonucleoprotein complex following dissociation of CA. These results indicate that Nef interacts tightly with an internal component of the HIV-1 core. They further suggest that virion-associated Nef may facilitate an early step in HIV-1 infection following dissociation of the viral capsid in the target cell.
Plasticity and hydrolytic weakening of quartz single crystals (1984)

The historical record and experimental data on the plasticity of quartz crystals are reviewed, including the discovery of the important phenomenon of hydrolytic weakening. Quartz deforms by slip on numerous planes, generally with Burgers vectors 1/3< > and [0001]; < c + a > slip may be activated when resolved shear stresses on a and c slip systems are low. Dry natural crystals deformed in an anhydrous environment are very strong, with strengths approaching the intrinsic “theoretical” values, at temperatures up to 1000°C. Synthetic crystals with high OH concentrations and dry crystals heat‐treated in a hydrous environment are anomalously weak above a critical temperature (T c ) that varies inversely with OH content. There is a transition in the preferred slip system in crystals equally stressed for a and c slip that coincides with the hydrolytic weakening temperature (T c ). Yielding and flow in all crystals below their respective critical weakening temperatures appear to be controlled by a lattice resistance mechanism, characterized by a low activation energy and very small activation area. Above the critical temperatures, it appears that crystal flow is facilitated by diffusion of “water,” or some related hydroxy defect, to the dislocations, causing hydrolysis of the strong Si‐O‐Si bonds and aiding bond exchange. This process may assist glide or climb of dislocations–or both–and appears to be rate‐limiting. There is evidence that hydrolytic weakening is strongly influenced by confining pressure, possibly through the solubility or diffusivity of H 2 O or its components in quartz. The change in slip systems at the weakening temperature is attributable to anisotropy of the diffusivity. Similarly, a discontinuity in the creep rates of synthetic crystals, with a concomitant change of activation energy, at the α‐β transition is consistent with observed changes in diffusivity at the transition temperature. The experimental data are not yet complete enough to construct an adequate microdynamical model of the flow mechanism.
Analysing the movement of a hair swatch using video and image analysis: A promising technique for exploring the dynamic properties of hair (2014)

In conclusion, this method is complementary to the ones used generally to characterize global visual perceptions (colour, styling, shine). This dynamic component not only opens doors to new qualitative evaluations, linked with sensorial experts and consumers perceptions, but also to new quantitative parameters.
Nonparametric Sparsification of Complex Multiscale Networks (2011)

Many real-world networks tend to be very dense. Particular examples of interest arise in the construction of networks that represent pairwise similarities between objects. In these cases, the networks under consideration are weighted, generally with positive weights between any two nodes. Visualization and analysis of such networks, especially when the number of nodes is large, can pose significant challenges which are often met by reducing the edge set. Any effective "sparsification" must retain and reflect the important structure in the network. A common method is to simply apply a hard threshold, keeping only those edges whose weight exceeds some predetermined value. A more principled approach is to extract the multiscale "backbone" of a network by retaining statistically significant edges through hypothesis testing on a specific null model, or by appropriately transforming the original weight matrix before applying some sort of threshold. Unfortunately, approaches such as these can fail to capture multiscale structure in which there can be small but locally statistically significant similarity between nodes. In this paper, we introduce a new method for backbone extraction that does not rely on any particular null model, but instead uses the empirical distribution of similarity weight to determine and then retain statistically significant edges. We show that our method adapts to the heterogeneity of local edge weight distributions in several paradigmatic real world networks, and in doing so retains their multiscale structure with relatively insignificant additional computational costs. We anticipate that this simple approach will be of great use in the analysis of massive, highly connected weighted networks.
Differential expression and function of members of the <i>zfh-1</i> family of zinc finger/homeodomain repressors (2000)

zfh-1 is a zinc finger/homeodomain transcriptional repressor in Drosophila that regulates differentiation of muscle and gonadal cells and is also expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Binding sites for zfh-1 overlap with those for snail, and like snail, it recruits the corepressor CtBP-1. The protein ZEB-1 appears to be a vertebrate homologue of zfh-1 and is expressed in several tissues including muscle, CNS, and T lymphocytes, and during skeletal differentiation. Mutation of the ZEB-1 gene led to a severe T cell phenotype and skeletal defects but, interestingly, no defects were evident in other ZEB-1-expressing tissues. These results suggested that another ZEB-1-related factor may compensate for the loss of ZEB-1 in other tissues. Here, we characterize such a ZEB-1-related protein, which we have termed as ZEB-2. The overall organization of ZEB-2 is similar to ZEB-1 and zfh-1 and it has similar biochemical properties: it binds E boxes and interacts with CtBP-1 to repress transcription. However, there are also differences between ZEB-1 and ZEB-2, both in activity and tissue distribution. Whereas ZEB-1 and ZEB-2 overlap in skeletal muscle and CNS (providing an explanation for why mutation of ZEB-1 alone has little effect in these tissues), they show a different pattern of expression in lymphoid cells. ZEB-1, but not ZEB-2, is expressed in T cells from the thymus ZEB-2 appears to be expressed on splenic B cells. Additionally, ZEB-2 inhibits a wider spectrum of transcription factors than ZEB-1.
Neuron-specific hel-N1 and HuD as novel molecular markers of neuroblastoma: a correlation of HuD messenger RNA levels with favorable prognostic features. (1997)

Hel-N1 and HuD belong to the elav gene family and encode neuron-specific RNA-binding proteins that are temporally regulated in neural development. Recently, these genes have been detected in small cell lung carcinoma, a neuroendocrine tumor, with HuD down-regulated in poorly differentiated, variant subsets. We, therefore, sought to determine: (a) the extent to which Hel-N1 and HuD are expressed in neuroblastoma (NB); and (b) whether the individual patterns of expression are associated with clinical features of the tumor. We used a sensitive and quantitative RNase protection assay that reliably distinguishes between these homologous genes, and with it we show that Hel-N1 and HuD transcripts were detected in 100% of cultured cells (11 of 11) and 97% of primary tumor samples (35 of 36). Densitometric quantification of transcripts indicated that the levels of HuD and Hel-N1 varied in all samples. In primary NB tissue, samples that expressed the highest Hel-N1 or HuD levels were N-myc unamplified. With HuD, the level in unamplified primary tumors was significantly higher than that of amplified tumors (0.80 +/- 0.12 versus 0.33 +/- 0.12, P < 0.02). HuD expression in prognostically favorable tumor stages was also significantly higher than unfavorable stages (0.98 +/- 0.19 versus 0.47 +/- 0.08, P < 0.03). In summary, the ubiquitous detection of HuD and Hel-N1 in NB indicates that they are molecular neuronal markers of this tumor. Furthermore, high HuD mRNA levels may predict a clinically favorable outcome.
Conducting laser research. (1992)

Nurses today are sometimes reluctant to get involved with research due to their lack of involvement or experience. This article simplifies the research process by comparing its steps with the familiar steps of the nursing process. Laser technology offers nurses the challenge of an ever-changing arena in which research projects can be easily identified and conducted.
The use of tooth thickness in predicting intermaxillary tooth-size discrepancies. (1998)

Intermaxillary tooth-size discrepancies can be assessed using a diagnostic setup or predicted using a mathematical formula, such as the Bolton analysis. However, variations in tooth thickness may produce inaccuracies in the Bolton analysis ratio. To date, no method for incorporating tooth thickness into discrepancy prediction has been proposed. The purpose of this study was to design and test a new method of predicting anterior tooth-size discrepancy that takes into account tooth thickness and width. Forty-four positioner setup models were set to ideal overbite (2.5 mm) and occlusion (Class I canine relationship). Interproximal gaps between the maxillary or mandibular central incisors were allowed in order to optimize tip and torque. The mesiodistal width of all anterior teeth and the labiolingual thickness of the maxillary incisors were measured on these idealized setups to the nearest 0.1 mm. Actual intermaxillary anterior ratios were then calculated. A new method of prediction was developed by assuming a linear relationship between tooth thickness and ideal intermaxillary ratio. Errors in Bolton's method were compared with the new method. The results showed wide variations in mesiodistal tooth widths, tooth thicknesses, and intermaxillary anterior ratios in orthodontically treated patients. The correlation coefficient between the intermaxillary ratio and tooth thickness was r = 0.68 when tooth thickness was < 2.75 mm, and r = 0.28 when tooth thickness was > or = 2.75 mm. The mean absolute errors in predicting the actual intermaxillary ideal ratio was 1.29 +/- 0.81 for Bolton's ratio and 0.84 +/- 0.46 for the new prediction formula. These new formulas were better than Bolton's ratio in predicting tooth-size discrepancies (p = 0.003). Tooth thickness combined with mesiodistal width may be useful in predicting intermaxillary tooth-size discrepancies.