gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance polymer light-emitting diodes fabricated with a polymer hole injection layer (2003)

Enhanced luminance (L) and luminous efficiency (LE) of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) is demonstrated using poly(bis(tetraphenyldiamino)biphenyl-perfluorocyclobutane), poly(BTPD-Si-PFCB), as the hole injection layer. The monomer is cast directly onto the indium-tin-oxide anode and thermally polymerized in situ. Hole injection from poly(BTPD-Si-PFCB) into the “super yellow” derivative of poly(phenylene vinylene) and into several blue-emitting polymers is comparable to or better than that from poly(ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSSA). With poly(BTPD-Si-PFCB) as the hole injecting layer into “super yellow,” the performance is identical to that obtained with PEDOT:PSSA (LE≈8 cd/A with little fall-off, even at L&gt;104 cd/m2).
Continuous laser generation of ultrasound for nondestructive evaluation (2012)

Non-contact generation of ultrasound in materials is often accomplished using pulsed lasers. The rapid heating from the laser pulse produces a thermoelastic expansion in the material that produces the ultrasound. Here we introduce an alternative method, designated Continuous Laser Generation of Ultrasound (CLGU). With sufficient power, a continuous-wave laser can be scanned across the surface of the test material creating an ultrasonic wavefront that propagates through the material. Discontinuities in the wavefront indicate defects in the material. CLGU will have the ability to perform ultrasonic C-scans three orders of magnitude faster than pulsed laser generation.
Partial destruction of Borrelia burgdorferi within ticks that engorged on OspE- or OspF-immunized mice (1994)

We determined whether Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins (Osps) E and F could elicit immune responses useful for a Lyme disease vaccine. Thirty days after challenge with B. burgdorferi, mice produced antibodies to OspE but not OspF, whereas antibodies to OspF were present in sera of mice obtained 90 days after infection. Examination of sera from patients with Lyme disease revealed antibodies to OspF in a small number (14%) of early-stage disease patients but in a majority (58%) of patients with late-stage disease, while antibodies to OspE were rarely detected in patients. Mice immunized with recombinant OspE or OspF produced high titers of antibodies to OspE or OspF, respectively. OspF-immunized mice were partially protected from both intradermal syringe challenge and tick-mediated transmission of B. burgdorferi while vaccination with OspE did not confer immunity. B. burgdorferi organisms were, however, substantially destroyed within ticks that engorged on either OspE- (75% reduction in the number of spirochetes within the ticks, compared with controls) or OspF (90% reduction in the number of spirochetes within the ticks)-immunized mice.
An Improved Robust Digital Image Watermarking Algorithm based on two-level DCT (2021)

This paper presents a novel image watermarking algorithm based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). To imbed the watermark, we first divide the image into non-overlapping partition. Then, after applying DCT, named as one-level DCT, to the host images blocks, and DC coefficients of each block are extracted. Next, we perform DCT again, named as two-level DCT, on the matrix comprised of the selected DC coefficients of each image blocks. Finally, the watermark is embedded on the part of the coefficients after the two-level DCT. The host signal interference (HIS) is the persistent concern in the spread spectrum principle. This paper overcomes the drawback by substituting spread spectrum watermark (SSW) for the original values. However, in the traditional way, these original values are modified by adding with SSW. Moreover, fixed-number blocks for image segmentation plays an important role in resisting scaling attacks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is resilient to many kinds of image processing attacks and geometric distortions, such as filtering, noise adding, JPEG compression, scaling, aspect ratio change and some kinds of combined transforms.
Ultrastructure and characterization of anisotropic magnetic inclusions in magnetotactic bacteria (1987)

Abstract Ovoid magnetotactic bacteria extracted from the Exeter River, New Hampshire, U. S. A., contain chains of 20–35 anisotropic magnetic inclusions running longitudinally in each of three lateral cell positions adjacent to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. The inclusions are bullet-shaped and have characteristic flattened end faces. Some particles show kinking and curvature in their morphology. In cross section the particles have a hexagonal shape. The length of the inclusions varies over a wide range (45–135 nm) with a mean value of 97.8 nm. In contrast, the width of the particles is restricted to a range of 30–45 nm with a mean value of 36.9 nm. Many particles are surrounded by an organic electrondense envelope. The crystallographic structure of the inclusions has been determined by electron diffraction and corresponds to the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4). The dimensions of the crystals fall within the magnetic single-domain range for magnetite and the magnetic moment of one cell is approximately 4 x 10–12 emu (4 fJT–1).
Organophilic Clay-Based Drilling Fluids for Mitigation of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs Instability and Formation Damage (2019)

High-performance drilling fluid was designed for unconventional reservoirs to minimize the formation damage and borehole instability using organophilic clay treated with trimethyloctylammonium bromide, novel in-house synthesized gemini surfactant, and a high-molecular weight polymer. This gemini surfactant has not been reported in the literature for drilling fluid applications. The performance of designed drilling fluid was evaluated and compared with the base drilling fluid (4 w/v.% bentonite dispersion water). Shale dispersion, linear swelling, filtration, and rheological experiments were performed to investigate the effect of drilling fluids on borehole stability and formation damage. The combined use of organophilic clay and surfactant in the drilling fluid formulation reduced the shale dispersion up to 89%. The linear swelling experiment of shale sample shows 10% swelling of the core in the modified drilling fluid while in base fluid 13% swelling of shale was observed. It was found that modified drilling fluid interactions with shale were greatly reduced using a surfactant and associative polymer in the drilling fluid formulation. Rheological properties of drilling fluids were stable, and filtration characteristics showed that the filtrate volume was within the acceptable limit. The designed drilling fluid made a thin and impermeable filter cake that prevents the invasion of drilling fluid into the formation. This study opens a new direction to reduce the formation damage and borehole instability using organophilic clay, surfactant and high-molecular weight additive in water-based drilling fluid.
Np63 Regulates Stem Cell Dynamics in the Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium (2011)

The ability of the olfactory epithelium (OE) to regenerate after injury is mediated by at least two populations of presumed stem cells-globose basal cells (GBCs) and horizontal basal cells (HBCs). Of the two, GBCs are molecularly and phenotypically analogous to the olfactory progenitors of the embryonic placode (OPPs). In contrast, HBCs are a reserve stem cell population that appears later in development and requires activation by severe epithelial damage before contributing to epithelial reconstitution. Neither HBC emergence nor the mechanism of activation after injury is understood. Here we show that the transcription factor p63 (Trp63), which is expressed selectively by adult HBCs, is required for HBC differentiation. The first evidence of HBC differentiation is the expression of p63 by cells that closely resemble embryonic OPPs and adult GBCs by morphology and expression of the transcription factors Sox2, Ascl1, and Hes1. HBC formation is delayed in Ascl1 knock-out OE and is completely abrogated in p63-null mice. Strikingly, other cell types of the OE form normally in the p63 knock-out OE. The role of p63 in HBC differentiation appears to be conserved in the regenerating rat OE, where HBCs disappear and then reappear after tissue lesion. Finally, p63 protein is downregulated in HBCs activated by lesion to become multipotent progenitor cells. Together, our data identify a novel mechanism for the generation of a reserve stem cell population and suggest that a p63-dependent molecular switch is responsible for activating reserve stem cells when they are needed.
Model reference adaptive control of nonlinear dynamical systems using multilayer neural networks (2002)

A multilayer discrete-time neural net (NN) controller is presented for the model reference adaptive control of a class of MIMO dynamical systems. No initial learning phase is needed and the tracking error between the output of the nonlinear plant and a linear model converges within a very short time. This weight tuning paradigm is based on the well-known delta rule but includes a modification to the learning rate parameter plus a correction term. It guarantees tracking as well as bounded NN weights in non-ideal situations, so that a persistency of excitation condition on the internal signals is not needed. Simulation results are presented in order to verify the theoretical conclusions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of GBCA Use on Detection and Diagnostic Performance of the Central Vein Sign: Evaluation Using a 3-T FLAIR* Sequence in Patients With Suspected Multiple Sclerosis (2022)

<b>BACKGROUND.</b> The central vein sign (CVS) is a proposed MRI biomarker of multiple sclerosis (MS). The impact of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) administration on CVS evaluation remains poorly investigated. <b>OBJECTIVE.</b> The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of GBCA use on CVS detection and on the diagnostic performance of the CVS for MS using a 3-T FLAIR* sequence. <b>METHODS.</b> This study was a secondary analysis of data from the pilot study for the prospective multicenter Central Vein Sign: A Diagnostic Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis (CAVS-MS), which recruited adults with suspected MS from April 2018 to February 2020. Participants underwent 3-T brain MRI including FLAIR and precontrast and post-contrast echo-planar imaging T2*-weighted acquisitions. Postprocessing was used to generate combined FLAIR and T2*-weighted images (hereafter, FLAIR*). MS diagnoses were established using the 2017 McDonald criteria. Thirty participants (23 women, seven men; mean age, 45 years) were randomly selected from the CAVS-MS pilot study cohort. White matter lesions (WMLs) were marked using FLAIR* images. A single observer, blinded to clinical data and GBCA use, reviewed marked WMLs on FLAIR* images for the presence of the CVS. <b>RESULTS.</b> Thirteen of 30 participants had MS. Across participants, on precontrast FLAIR* imaging, 218 CVS-positive and 517 CVS-negative WMLs were identified; on post-contrast FLAIR* imaging, 269 CVS-positive and 459 CVS-negative WMLs were identified. The fraction of WMLs that were CVS-positive on precontrast and postcontrast images was 48% and 58% in participants with MS and 7% and 10% in participants without MS, respectively. The median patient-level CVS-positivity rate on precontrast and postcontrast images was 43% and 67% for participants with MS and 4% and 8% for participants without MS, respectively. In a binomial model adjusting for MS diagnoses, GBCA use was associated with an increased likelihood of at least one CVS-positive WML (odds ratio, 1.6; <i>p</i> < .001). At a 40% CVS-positivity threshold, the sensitivity of the CVS for MS increased from 62% on precontrast images to 92% on postcontrast images (<i>p</i> = .046). Specificity was not significantly different between precontrast (88%) and postcontrast (82%) images (<i>p</i> = .32). <b>CONCLUSION.</b> GBCA use increased CVS detection on FLAIR* images, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the CVS for MS diagnoses. <b>CLINICAL IMPACT.</b> The postcontrast FLAIR* sequence should be considered for CVS evaluation in future investigational trials and clinical practice.
A Novel Microphysiological Colon Platform to Decipher Mechanisms Driving Human Intestinal Permeability (2021)

We developed a human Colon Intestine-Chip platform and showed its value in the characterization of the mechanism of action of interleukin 22 in the human epithelial barrier. This system can be used to elucidate, in a time- and challenge-dependent manner, the mechanism driving the development of leaky gut in human beings and to identify associated biomarkers.
Instrumentation and strategies for high-speed gas chromatography (1991)

Short lengths of capillary column operated at unusually high carrier-gas velocities are used to separate relatively simple mixtures on a timescale of 20 s or less. Two inlet systems are described which can generate the narrow injection bands needed for these elution times. A cryofocusing inlet using a vacuum-pump-operated gas flow direction control is used for compounds generally less volatile than n-pentane. A low-friction gas valve inlet combined with porous-layer open-tubular columns is used for volatile compounds of low molecular mass. Strategies for high-speed separations including high-speed backflush, backflush with recycle, vacuum-outlet operation and selective detection are described. These techniques are used to increase the operational flexibility and the amount of information that can be obtained using high-speed gas chromatography.
Scalable motion vector coding for MC-EZBC (2005)

In the scalable video coder MC-EZBC, the scalability for motion vectors was not provided, and this greatly impacts its performance when scaling down to very low bit rates and resolutions. Here we enhance MC-EZBC with scalable motion vector coding using the Context based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coder (CABAC). Both a layered structure for motion vector coding and an alphabet general partition (AGP) of the motion vector symbols are employed for SNR and resolution scalability of the motion vector bitstream. With these two new features and the careful arrangement of the motion vector bitstream output from the existing MC-EZBC, we obtain temporal, SNR, and resolution scalability for motion vectors. This significantly improves both visual and objective performance at low bit rates and resolutions with only a slight PSNR loss (about 0.05 dB), but no detectable visual loss, at high bit rates.
A comprehensive strategy for contention management in software transactional memory (2009)

In Software Transactional Memory (STM), contention management refers to the mechanisms used to ensure forward progress--to avoid livelock and starvation, and to promote throughput and fairness. Unfortunately, most past approaches to contention management were designed for obstruction-free STM frameworks, and impose significant constant-time overheads. Priority-based approaches in particular typically require that reads be visible to all transactions, an expensive property that is not easy to support in most STM systems. In this paper we present a comprehensive strategy for contention management via fair resolution of conflicts in an STM with invisible reads. Our strategy depends on (1) lazy acquisition of ownership, (2) extendable timestamps, and (3) an efficient way to capture both priority and conflicts. We introduce two mechanisms--one using Bloom filters, the other using visible read bits --that implement point (3). These mechanisms unify the notions of conflict resolution, inevitability , and transaction retry . They are orthogonal to the rest of the contention management strategy, and could be used in a wide variety of hardware and software TM systems. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the overhead of the mechanisms is low, particularly when conflicts are rare, and that our strategy as a whole provides good throughput and fairness, including livelock and starvation freedom, even for challenging workloads.
A Step-Zoom Probe for Laser Endophotocoagulation: I. Design (1987)

A step-zoom probe for laser endophotocoagulation of the eye has been developed, using fiber optics and a gradient index (GRIN) rod lens. It provides the operator with five or more focused spots ranging in size from 50 to 500 microns, and the spot size on the target is independent of the media filling the vitreous cavity, i.e., fluid or air. Each spot is located at the waist of the beam and therefore can be easily placed on the target, reducing the potential for overtreatment. A prototype model is currently undergoing animal testing.
Real-Time Minimization of Tracking Error for Aircraft Systems (2013)

This technology presents a novel, stable, discrete-time adaptive law for flight control in a Direct adaptive control (DAC) framework. Where errors are not present, the original control design has been tuned for optimal performance. Adaptive control works towards achieving nominal performance whenever the design has modeling uncertainties/errors or when the vehicle suffers substantial flight configuration change. The baseline controller uses dynamic inversion with proportional-integral augmentation. On-line adaptation of this control law is achieved by providing a parameterized augmentation signal to a dynamic inversion block. The parameters of this augmentation signal are updated to achieve the nominal desired error dynamics. If the system senses that at least one aircraft component is experiencing an excursion and the return of this component value toward its reference value is not proceeding according to the expected controller characteristics, then the neural network (NN) modeling of aircraft operation may be changed.
A Compact 60-GHz Tapered Slot Antenna Printed on LCP Substrate for WPAN Applications (2010)

We describe a compact endfire 60-GHz tapered slot antenna (TSA), which is printed on a low-permittivity liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate. The antenna features a novel wideband collinear microstrip-to-slot transition, which is of smaller size compared to other transitions. This antenna can be integrated with a RF module for use in future wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. Such an antenna can be used both as an individual radiator as well as an element of antenna array. The antenna also features a fork-shaped metallic carrier, which gives it good rigidity. In addition, the antenna features a metallic reflector, which increases its directive gain. Numerical simulations show that the operating frequency band of the antenna is from 53.3 to 69.6 GHz (greater than 25% bandwidth) and that the directive gain of the antenna within its operating frequency range 57-66 GHz is between 6.8 and 9.9 dB.
<title>Improved no-moving-parts video-rate confocal microscope</title> (1992)

Several years ago our research program developed a video-rate confocal microscope with no moving parts, based on synchronizing and aligning the scan of an image dissector tube (IDT) with the return light resulting from an acousto-optically scanned laser beam. Improvements on the original system have recently been completed. The laser scan is now brought into the Nikon Diaphot inverted microscope through the epi-illumination port and the laser power has been substantially increased. All beam shaping in the laser scanner is done with prisms instead of cylindrical lenses to reduce aberrations. The IDT is located at the side video output port at the end of a very efficient light path. The new system is described along with some results obtained in the laboratory.
A Storage-Based Carry Randomization Technique for Spurs Reduction in Flying-Adder Frequency Synthesizer (2011)

Flying-adder architecture is an emerging on-chip frequency synthesis technology. Its theoretical foundation is the time-average-frequency concept introduced in 2008. During the past decade, the flying-adder technique has been successfully used in numerous commercial products. However, when fractional control word is used, its clock spectrum contains spurious tones due to the periodic carries generated from the fractional accumulation. In this brief, a storage-based technique is introduced to randomize the carries so that the discrete spurs can be converted into noise.
Electrode development in monolithic solid oxide fuel cells (1989)

The interfacial resistance of thin three-layer ceramic solid oxide fuel cell composites was studied at 100{degree}C using AC impedance techniques. The anode interfacial resistance was found to increase dramatically when the H{sub 2}O content decreased below 0.03 atm in a H{sub 2}/H{sub 2}O fuel system. A similar effect was also observed for the CO/CO{sub 2} fuel system. Increases in the anode interfacial resistance were also observed in the presence of H{sub 2}S. Significant decreases in the anode interfacial resistance were accomplished by tailoring the electrode's microstructure.
Fused Raised Pavement Marker Detection Using 2D-Lidar and Mono Camera (2015)

In this paper, we describe a raised pavement markers detection algorithm using a monocular camera and a 2d lidar that supports automated driving in urban and highways scenes. For each sensor, we present a detection methode based on its sensing properties and range. The results of these approaches are tracked with a multi Kalman filter and are represented as mixtures of Gaussians. Afterwards, we use a Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) spline fitting algorithm for a robust estimation of the road boundary. To improve the precision of the applied RANSAC we use the detected painted lane markings. Eventually, we fuse the tracked features with the lane markings on the basis of a product approximation method for Gaussian Mixtures. Experimental results show the reliability and the realtime capability of our approach based on the data we collected in California and Nevada.
Tracking Interacting Objects Using Intertwined Flows (2015)

In this paper, we show that tracking different kinds of interacting objects can be formulated as a network-flow mixed integer program. This is made possible by tracking all objects simultaneously using intertwined flow variables and expressing the fact that one object can appear or disappear at locations where another is in terms of linear flow constraints. Our proposed method is able to track invisible objects whose only evidence is the presence of other objects that contain them. Furthermore, our tracklet-based implementation yields real-time tracking performance. We demonstrate the power of our approach on scenes involving cars and pedestrians, bags being carried and dropped by people, and balls being passed from one player to the next in team sports. In particular, we show that by estimating jointly and globally the trajectories of different types of objects, the presence of the ones which were not initially detected based solely on image evidence can be inferred from the detections of the others.