gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein A-IV improves glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin secretion (2012)

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is secreted by the small intestine in response to fat absorption. Here we demonstrate a potential role for apoA-IV in regulating glucose homeostasis. ApoA-IV-treated isolated pancreatic islets had enhanced insulin secretion under conditions of high glucose but not of low glucose, suggesting a direct effect of apoA-IV to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin release. This enhancement involves cAMP at a level distal to Ca(2+) influx into the β cells. Knockout of apoA-IV results in compromised insulin secretion and impaired glucose tolerance compared with WT mice. Challenging apoA-IV(-/-) mice with a high-fat diet led to fasting hyperglycemia and more severe glucose intolerance associated with defective insulin secretion than occurred in WT mice. Administration of exogenous apoA-IV to apoA-IV(-/-) mice improved glucose tolerance by enhancing insulin secretion in mice fed either chow or a high-fat diet. Finally, we demonstrate that exogenous apoA-IV injection decreases blood glucose levels and stimulates a transient increase in insulin secretion in KKAy diabetic mice. These results suggest that apoA-IV may provide a therapeutic target for the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and treatment of diabetes.
Assembly Mechanism of Highly Crystalline Selenium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanorods via Particle Attachment and Their Effect on the Fate of Stem Cells (2019)

Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of human bone. Synthetic hydroxyapatite and its different modified forms, which have been shown to be biocompatible and osteoconductive, have been widely used in bone tissue engineering. It is still challenging to controllably synthesize hydroxyapatite with a targeted morphology. In this work, we synthesized highly crystalline selenium-doped hydroxyapatite nanorods (SeHAN) via a two-step alcohol thermal method and provided a complete explanation of the synthesis mechanism. Tracing the crystals obtained from the solvated phase to the crystal phase with high-resolution microscopy, the nanorod formation route can be briefly described as follows: as a basic unit, ∼30 nm amorphous apatite initially formed in the first step and partly crystallized in early part of the second step; after a period of alcohol thermal reaction, immature nanorods appeared, which were composed of nanocrystals; finally, immature nanorods transformed into single-crystal nanorods through crystallization by particle attachment. Since few works have focused on the osteogenesis ability of SeHAN, whose antitumor effect has been widely studied, we investigated the influences of SeHAN on rat-bone-marrow-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Surprisingly, SeHAN exhibited excellent biocompatibility for MSCs, enhanced their osteogenic differentiation, and inhibited their adipogenic differentiation. This work provides not only a general method to controllably synthesize hydroxyapatite nanorods/SeHAN but also an insight into understanding the hydroxyapatite formation mechanism. The current study also highlights the effects of SeHAN on MSCs that could furnish a significative strategy for manufacturing functional biomaterials for biomedical applications and tissue engineering by enhanced ossification and reduced marrow adiposity.
First application of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis for continuous methanol carbonylation (2006)

A solid, silica-supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) rhodium iodide Monsanto-type catalyst system, [BMIM][Rh(CO)2I2]-[BMIM]I-SiO2, exhibits excellent activity and selectivity towards acetyl products in fixed-bed, continuous gas-phase methanol carbonylation.
Nanoparticle Assembly at Fluid Interfaces:  Structure and Dynamics (2004)

The self-assembly of nanoparticles at fluid interfaces, driven by the reduction in interfacial energy, was investigated. With spherical, tri-n-octyl-phosphine-oxide covered cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles (1-8 nm), thermal fluctuations compete with the interfacial segregation giving rise to a size-dependent self-assembly of the particles. The structure of the nanoparticle assembly was studied using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray scattering in situ, which indicate that the particles form a densely packed monolayer. The energetics of the adsorption of nanoparticles onto the interface was revealed by time-dependent fluorescence studies on a mixture of two different sized nanoparticles at the interface. The dynamics of the nanoparticles at the fluid interface, probed using fluorescence photobleaching methods, suggests a liquid-like behavior. The results have implications in the design of hierarchical self-assemblies of nanoparticles for the one-step fabrication of devices on multiple length scales.
DNA Sequencing Using Ultra Small Amounts of Reagents and Template (1994)

One of the key points in the genome project is finding ways to reduce the running cost in DNA sequencing. One way is to use a highly-sensitive fluorescent DNA sequencer, where only trace amounts of template DNA and reagents are needed. An experimental protocol optimized for the trace amounts of DNA analysis was established by using the hybridization reaction rate coefficient of primers on template DNA, which was estimated to be 7.5 x 10(5) M-1sec-1 at 37 degrees C. One femtomole of template DNA with 0.001 unit of modified T7 DNA polymerase (Sequenase Ver. 2.0) and also 0.45 fmol of M13 template DNA with 0.01 unit of Taq DNA polymerase were enough to sequence DNA of up to 400 bases.
Discovery and Application of Doubly Quaternized Cinchona‐Alkaloid‐Based Phase‐Transfer Catalysts (2014)

We report the discovery of novel N,N'-disubstituted cinchona alkaloids as efficient phase-transfer catalysts for the assembly of stereogenic quaternary centers. In comparison to traditional cinchona-alkaloid-based phase-transfer catalysts, these new catalysts afford substantial improvements in enantioselectivity and reaction rate for intramolecular spirocyclization reactions with catalyst loadings as low as 0.3 mol% under mild conditions.
Influence of electropolymerization conditions on the molecular weight of polyaniline (1994)

Successful attempts to produce high-molecular-weight polyanilines via electrochemical synthesis are reported. A systematic study of the influence of electropolymerization conditions on the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) showed that Mw of polyaniline varied only between about 22 000 and 40 000 g mol−1, even for a wide range of conditions. Significant increases in Mw are only obtained when a neutral salt is added to the electrolyte. Mw can be increased up to 160 000 g mol−1 by increasing the LiCl concentration to about 6 M. This salt effect on Mw is consistent with electrostatic charge screening effects.
Fault injection-based assessment of partial fault tolerance in stream processing applications (2011)

This paper describes an experimental methodology used to evaluate the effectiveness of partial fault tolerance (PFT) techniques in data stream processing applications. Without a clear understanding of the impact of faults on the quality of the application output, applying PFT techniques in practice is not viable. We assess the impact of PFT by injecting faults into a synthetic financial engineering application running on top of IBM's stream processing middleware, System S. The application output quality degradation is evaluated via an application-specific output score function. In addition, we propose four metrics that are aimed at assessing the impact of faults in different stream operators of the application flow graph with respect to predictability and availability. These metrics help the developer to decide where in the application he should place redundant resources. We show that PFT is indeed viable, which opens the way for considerably reducing the resource consumption when compared to fully consistent replicas.
Interconnect and packaging technologies for terahertz communication systems (2017)

Using newly developed silicon micromachining technology that enables low-loss and highly integrated packaging solutions, we are developing vertically stacked transmitters and receivers at terahertz frequencies that can be used for communication and other terahertz systems. Although there are multiple ways to address the problem of interconnect and packaging solutions at these frequencies, such as system-on-package (SOP), multi-chip modules (MCM), substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), liquid crystal polymer (LCP) based multilayer technologies, and others, we show that deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) based silicon micromachining with vertical integration allows the most effective solutions at terahertz frequencies.
Real Time Analysis of Formation Face Pressures in Acid Fracturing Treatments (2019)

Abstract Objective Knowledge of fracture entry pressures or the formation face pressures during Acid Fracturing treatments can help in evaluating the effectiveness of the stimulation treatment in dynamic mode and can also enable and improve real-time decisions during the execution of treatment. In this paper, details of the methods and tools employed to generate formation face pressures in real-time mode with the help of live bottomhole pressure data, is discussed in detail. Methods, Procedures, Process The majority of the horizontal wells considered for this study were drilled and completed in the North Sea with permanent bottomhole pressure gauges that enabled constant monitoring of well pressures. The tool in discussion uses the combination of treatment data such as surface pressure, fluid density, injection rates, type of fluid, wellbore description, gauge depth, and wellbore deviation, along with bottomhole pressures to generate formation face pressures just outside the casing at active perforation depth. The tool carries out the calculations as the treatment is being pumped thus providing a dynamic array of several important parameters and can also evaluate the treatment after it has been executed. Results, Observations, Conclusions Acid fracturing treatments combine the basic principles of hydraulic fracturing and acid reaction kinetics to stimulate acid soluble formations. It is customary to start the treatment with a high viscosity pad to generate a fracture geometry and follow it up with acid to react with the walls of the fracture and etch it differentially. The non-uniform etching action of the acid creates an uneven surface on fracture walls that provides the requisite fracture conductivity which is key to enhancing the well performance. The effectiveness of a treatment schedule can be ascertained by determining and analyzing the pressure behavior during the injection process. Several acid fracture treatments were analyzed using the tool and led to important conclusions related to fracture propagation modes, acid exposure times and effectiveness of given acid types. The results had a direct influence on modification of treatment designs and pump schedules to optimize treatment outcomes. Novel Ideas The knowledge of formation face pressures is critical to the success of hydraulic fracturing treatments, especially in multi-stage and multiple perforation cluster type horizontal well completions. The tool developed in the study helps generate information that predicts pressures at fracture entry in real-time mode.
Promoter for the oxidation of SO/sub 2/ in an FCC process. [Fluidized catalytic cracking] (1984)

In a process for cracking a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon an improved oxidation promoter for converting SO/sub 2/ to SO/sub 3/ comprises an intimate association of palladium and at least one other metal selected from the group comprising platinum, osmium, iridium, rhenium, and rhodium.
Stabilized extrinsic fiber-optic Fizeau sensor for surface acoustic wave detection (1992)

A surface acoustic wave sensor based on an in-line extrinsic Fizeau interferometer is described. A single-mode fiber, used as the input/output fiber, and a multimode fiber, used solely as a reflector, form an air-gap that acts as a low-finesse Fabry-Perot or Fizeau cavity. The Fresnel reference reflection from the glass/air interface at the front of the air-gap interferes with the sensing reflection from the air/glass interface at the far end of the air-gap. Strains in the thin-walled silica tube housing the two fibers change the length of the air-gap, thereby altering the phase difference between the reference and sensing reflections. A theoretical analysis of the interaction between the strain induced by elastic stress wave fields and the fiber sensor housing is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structures of Human Golgi-resident Glutaminyl Cyclase and Its Complexes with Inhibitors Reveal a Large Loop Movement upon Inhibitor Binding (2011)

Aberrant pyroglutamate formation at the N terminus of certain peptides and proteins, catalyzed by glutaminyl cyclases (QCs), is linked to some pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer disease. Recently, a glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibitor, PBD150, was shown to be able to reduce the deposition of pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-β peptides in brain of transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease, leading to a significant improvement of learning and memory in those transgenic animals. Here, we report the 1.05-1.40 Å resolution structures, solved by the sulfur single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing method, of the Golgi-luminal catalytic domain of the recently identified Golgi-resident QC (gQC) and its complex with PBD150. We also describe the high-resolution structures of secretory QC (sQC)-PBD150 complex and two other gQC-inhibitor complexes. gQC structure has a scaffold similar to that of sQC but with a relatively wider and negatively charged active site, suggesting a distinct substrate specificity from sQC. Upon binding to PBD150, a large loop movement in gQC allows the inhibitor to be tightly held in its active site primarily by hydrophobic interactions. Further comparisons of the inhibitor-bound structures revealed distinct interactions of the inhibitors with gQC and sQC, which are consistent with the results from our inhibitor assays reported here. Because gQC and sQC may play different biological roles in vivo, the different inhibitor binding modes allow the design of specific inhibitors toward gQC and sQC.
Topology Optimization of Manifold Microchannel Heat Sinks (2020)

The manifold microchannel (MMC) heat sink has been widely studied for liquid-cooling of power-dense electronic components. Conventionally, thermal-fluid performance of an MMC heat sink is analyzed via unit cell simulations and designed by varying the rectangular fin and channel geometries, namely size optimization. To further explore the performance potential of the MMC heat sink, this paper proposes topology optimization (TO) to design the optimal freeform fin/channel geometry to maximize heat transfer performance while minimizing the required pumping power. The heat transfer physics in an MMC heat sink is governed by conjugate heat transfer between an incompressible laminar fluid and a heated conductor. The MMC heat sink fin/channel geometry design is formulated as a material distribution problem in a periodic unit cell. Since TO describes the geometry non-parametrically, it facilitates innovative designs through the exploration of arbitrary shapes. The physics-governed design optimization problem is solved by mathematical programming using design sensitivities and an iterative gradient-based method. The thermal-fluid performance is presented for both conventional size optimization and the proposed TO approach, considering the heat transfer performance versus the required pumping power. It is demonstrated that the TO designed fin/channel geometries outperform those obtained through size optimization. Due to the shape complexity associated with the TO designed fin/channel geometries, they are not readily suitable for conventional manufacturing processes, e.g., machining and metal die-casting. However, such out-of-box designs fully exploit the flexibility offered by the latest advanced manufacturing processes, e.g., additive manufacturing and rapid investment casting.
Laser deposition of epitaxial titanium nitride films on (100) MgO (1989)

We have investigated the formation of epitaxial (100) oriented TiN films grown on (100) MgO substrates using an excimer laser (wavelength 308 nm, pulse duration 45 ns, and energy density (5–6 J cm−2) physical vapor deposition method. The films were deposited by laser ablation of a TiN target pellet in high vacuum (∼3.0×10−7 Torr), with the substrate temperature ranging from 450 to 750 °C. The epitaxial films were obtained at relatively low substrate temperatures (∼450 °C). The deposited films were analyzed using cross-section and plan-view transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering/channeling, Auger electron spectroscopy, and electron channeling patterns. The results indicate epitaxial film growth (〈100〉 TiN parallel to 〈100〉MgO) near the stoichiometric TiN composition, and low oxygen content. The minimum channeling yield χmin was found to be ≤10%. The room-temperature resistivity was as low as 50 μΩ cm and the lattice parameter was found to be 4.218 Å.
Research data supporting "Predicting Crystallization of Amorphous Drugs with Terahertz Spectroscopy" (2015)

The data includes all the terahertz spectra used to plot the figures in the publication linked to this dataset. Details are provided in the accompanying publication.
Disintegrated channel estimation in scalable filter-and-forward relay network with IRI coordination (2015)

Accurate channel estimation (CE) techniques are highly desired to achieve the spatial diversity that is supported by multiple relays. This paper investigates a disintegrated CE technique that is unavoidably required for the space-time coding in the cooperative relay network and that can effectively work in a scalable relay network with a fixed protocol. The filter-and-forward (FF) relaying strategy is studied herein with a superimposed training method to estimate channels on different hops. To overcome disadvantage of the interference suppression method in a conventional FF relay network, a generalized filtering technique is proposed to coordinate multi-relay transmissions for reducing inter-relay interference (IRI). The generalized filtering matrix can effectively multiplex the training sequences from different relays to the destination via frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM) and codedivision multiplexing (CDM) methods; unlike a conventional beamforming method being seriously constrained on the size of a relay network in which only 2 relays in dual hops are present. The improvements attained using the proposed technique are confirmed comprehensive computer simulations.
Improved performance design of gallium arsenide solar cells for space (1984)

Two gallium arsenide solar cell configurations have evolved over the last decade-the heteroface solar cell [1] which uses a (GaAl) As surface passivating layer over a p-n solar cell; and a n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p-p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> shallow homojunction solar cell [2]. Energy conversion efficiencies of 18.8 percent have been reported with the heteroface structure [1]. In this paper, we report an improved design, shallow junction heteroface, n-p, gallium arsenide solar cell for space applications, with a predicted AMO efficiency in the range of 22.7 to 23.9 percent. The analysis was based on the technique of loss minimization [3]. A similar analysis for p-n heteroface solar cells leads to a projected AMO efficiency in the 21.9 to 23.0 percent range. The optimized n-p structure, while slightly more efficient, has the added advantage of being less susceptible to radiation-induced degradation by virtue of its thin top junction layer [4]. Detailed spectral response curves and an analysis of the loss mechanisms are reported. The details of the design are readily measurable. The optimized designs were reached by quantifying the dominant loss mechanisms and then minimizing them using computer simulations. This methodology is also reported.
Next generation of optical fibre sensors: new concepts and perspectives (2014)

Fibre sensing has reached an interesting turning point today: a clearer assessment about promises that were really held and those that failed to convince can be envisioned. A choice of key fibre sensing techniques will be reviewed and a critical discussion about their real impact will be presented. The promising potentialities of distributed sensing in its different flavours will be addressed, without omitting perspectives on other major techniques, such as Bragg gratings and chemical sensors.
Fused biconical tapered fiber-optic devices: Application to data buses (1980)

Abstract The technology of fiber-optic couplers based on fused biconical tapered structures is reviewed, and the linear and star data-bus configurations that can be constructed using these couplers are discussed. A useful network topology for interconnecting star couplers using the hybrid transmission-reflection star coupler is also proposed. This network configuration has the advantage of requiring significantly less optical fiber than networks employing a single transmission or reflection star.
Nonlinear spectral phase induced by optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (2017)

Optical parametric phase (OPP), inherently induced in optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA), will significantly degrade pulse compression in the few-cycle pulse regime. While OPP is a well-known nonlinear phenomenon, its nonlinearity origin has remained unclear in physics. Here, we present a systematic theoretical investigation on OPP and demonstrate that OPP originates from the cascaded quadratic nonlinearity in a broadband OPCPA with intrinsic phase-mismatch. Because the intrinsic phase-mismatch is frequency dependent, OPP manifests itself as a nonlinear spectral phase. We show that OPP increases with the parametric gain, approaches to half the intrinsic phase-mismatch in the high-gain limit, and thus directly links with the crystal dispersion. We also find that the effect of OPP in the spatial domain is typically negligible, which makes the OPP compensation necessary only in the spectral domain. The results presented in this paper are of importance to guide the design of few-cycle intense OPCPA systems.
Two-dimensional conduction-band engineering for performance optimization of quantum cascade lasers (2012)

This paper presents the deep-well quantum cascade laser (DW QCL) structures of novel active-region designs for virtually suppressing carrier leakage as well as for further increasing the CW η <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">wp,max</sub> value. Preliminary results are T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> values as high as 797 K over the 20-60 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> C range in heatsink temperature.