gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Importance of Microstructure Control for Designing New Electroactive Terpolymers Based on Vinylidene Fluoride and Trifluoroethylene (2015)

A new family of electroactive fluorinated terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), trifluoroethylene (TrFE) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (TFP) is presented. Statistical poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-TFP) terpolymers with a VDF/TrFE molar ratio of ca. 65/35 and a TFP composition ranging from 0 to 10 mol % were prepared in high yields by free radical terpolymerization in dimethyl carbonate (DMC), initiated by a symmetrical peroxydicarbonate initiator. The choice of TFP as a termonomer was driven by the potential property of the CF3 side groups to limit crystal growth and potentially favor the formation of nanodomains known to enhance electrostrictive properties. For the first time, the reactivity ratios of the TrFE/TFP (rTrFE = 0.13 and rTFP = 3.72 at 48 °C) couple were determined using the Kelen–Tudos linear method, and used in combination with VDF/TrFE and VDF/TFP reactivity ratios to better understand the structures of the terpolymers. Detailed 1H and 19F solution NMR spectroscopic studies were performed and afforded the in-depth characterization of the terpolymers microstructures. The examination of the terpolymer’s composition as a function of the three monomers conversions revealed a strong structural heterogeneity where a 62/33/5 VDF/TrFE/TFP initial monomer composition resulted in a 47/11/42 poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-TFP) terpolymer at low conversion. It was indeed found that TFP preferentially homopolymerizes despite its low initial concentration. The influence of the TFP units on the thermal transitions (TCurie = 65 °C and Tm = 148 °C for a 67/28/5 poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-TFP) terpolymer), thermal stability and electroactivity (Ec = 63 MV/m at 150 MV/m) was also examined. The combination of the determination of the monomers’ reactivity ratios of the terpolymer microstructures and of the assessment of the physical properties of the terpolymers provided insights on the structure–property relationship of the poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-TFP) terpolymers.
SiGe diffusion barriers for P-doped Si/SiGe resonant interband tunnel diodes (2003)

Si/SiGe resonant interband tunnel diodes (RITD) employing /spl delta/-doping spikes of P and B that demonstrate negative differential resistance (NDR) at room temperature are presented. Thin SiGe layers sandwiching the B /spl delta/-doping spike used to suppress B out-diffusion are discussed. Three structures were investigated in this study. Structure A, which employed a symmetrical 1 nm Si /4 nm Si/sub 0.6/Ge/sub 0.4//1 nm Si (1/4/1) spacer, showed a peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) of 2.7 after 1 minute annealing at 725/spl deg/C. Structure B with an asymmetrical 0 nm Si/4 nm Si/sub 0.6/Ge/sub 0.4//2 nm Si (0/4/2) spacer configuration showed a PVCR of 3.2 after 1 minute annealing at 800/spl deg/C. Structure C, which is the same as Structure B, except that a 1 nm Si/sub 0.6/Ge/sub 0.4/ cladding layer was grown below the B /spl delta/-layer, further improved PVCR to 3.6 after 1 minute annealing at 825/spl deg/C. Results clearly show that, by introducing SiGe layers to clad the B delta-doping layer, the B diffusion is suppressed during the post growth annealing, which raises the thermal budget. A higher RTA temperature appears to be more effective in eliminating defects and results in a lower valley current and higher PVCR.
Effect of Various Additives on Sintering of Aluminum Nitride (1981)

AlNの焼結に及ぼす各種添加物の影響を30種の添加物を用いて検討した. その結果, 添加物の内アルカリ土類属又は希土類酸化物がAlNとの相反応により窒素を含むアルミネート相を生成し, これがAlNのち密化を促進して理論密度焼結を達成することが確認された. 焼結体の微細組織は上記のち密化が液相焼結に起因していることを示した. 一方Si化合物はAlNポリタイプのようなより耐熱性の高い化合物を生成しち密化を阻害した.
Passive Aerosol Sampler. Part I: Principle of Operation (2001)

A method has been developed to estimate average concentrations and size distributions with a miniature passive aerosol sampler. To use the passive sampler, one exposes it to an environment for a period of hours to weeks. The passive sampler is intended to monitor ambient, indoor, or occupational aerosols and has potential utility as a personal sampler. The sampler is inexpensive and easy to operate and is capable of taking long-term samples to investigate chronic exposures. After sampling, the passive sampler is covered and brought to the lab. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and automated image analysis are used to count and size collected particles with dp
Self-separated freestanding GaN using a NH4Cl interlayer (2007)

Thick GaN films were grown on void buffer layer by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The void-buffer layers were consisted of NH4Cl, GaN dots, and low-temperature (LT) GaN buffer layer. Instead of GaN, NH4Cl was easily synthesized in NH3 and HCl atmospheres by simply lowering the growth temperature to 500°C, and LT GaN buffer growth was followed during increasing substrate temperature to 600°C. The LT GaN buffer acted as a protecting layer against evaporation of the NH4Cl and a seeding layer for the high temperature (HT) GaN. The NH4Cl layer between a sapphire substrate with GaN dots and the LT GaN buffer were fully evaporated during the HT GaN growth at 1040°C. Many voids were formed at interface caused by evaporation of the NH4Cl layer, which strongly assisted self-separation of thick HT GaN during cooldown after the growth resulting in a 200μm thick freestanding (FS) GaN. The FS GaN showed smooth surface morphology and absence of any crack. The a-axis and c-axis lattice constants of FS GaN were 3.189 and 5.185Å, respectively, which well agrees with those of strain-free bulk GaN. The observed donor-bound exciton emission peak at 3.4718eV agreed with the peak position of bulk GaN. All these features indicate that the obtained FS GaN through the self-separation process is nearly strain-free.
Genomic comparison of virulent and non‐virulent <i><scp>S</scp>treptococcus agalactiae</i> in fish (2014)

Streptococcus agalactiae infections in fish are predominantly caused by beta-haemolytic strains of clonal complex (CC) 7, notably its namesake sequence type (ST) 7, or by non-haemolytic strains of CC552, including the globally distributed ST260. In contrast, CC23, including its namesake ST23, has been associated with a wide homeothermic and poikilothermic host range, but never with fish. The aim of this study was to determine whether ST23 is virulent in fish and to identify genomic markers of fish adaptation of S. agalactiae. Intraperitoneal challenge of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), showed that ST260 is lethal at doses down to 10(2) cfu per fish, whereas ST23 does not cause disease at 10(7) cfu per fish. Comparison of the genome sequence of ST260 and ST23 with those of strains derived from fish, cattle and humans revealed the presence of genomic elements that are unique to subpopulations of S. agalactiae that have the ability to infect fish (CC7 and CC552). These loci occurred in clusters exhibiting typical signatures of mobile genetic elements. PCR-based screening of a collection of isolates from multiple host species confirmed the association of selected genes with fish-derived strains. Several fish-associated genes encode proteins that potentially provide fitness in the aquatic environment.
Preliminary Assessment Concerning the Practical Implementation and Visual Perception of Color Rendering Modulation for Augmented Energy Savings (2011)

Digitally controlled lighting systems equipped with colored LEDs can produce a range of different qualities of light, adjustable to users' requirements. In this context, we explore a lighting control concept which involves strategic control of RYGB LEDs forming white light, employed to increase energy efficiency. There is a fundamental trade-off between color rendering (CR) and luminous efficacy. Specifically, we can reduce CR and increase efficacy when we redistribute spectral energy intensity in favor of wavelengths where the eye response is greatest, the yellow/green region of the spectrum. The notable point is that while changing CR, the light level and color temperature can stay constant, and hence the appearance of the modified white light remains unchanged. The strategy is to bring the lighting of unoccupied spaces to minimum color rendering to save energy without altering the appearance or light levels of the illumination, when the LED system dynamically shifts to 'energy saving mode' (low CR) from 'quality mode' (high CR) according to occupancy. This paper reports and discusses the results of an ongoing research project involving the exercise of LED color mixing re-working the spectrum of white light according to this fundamental energy vs. rendering trade-off. The research work encompasses two main domains: (a) a tunable LED light source with accompanying control equipment; and (b) human factors studies concerning how surfaces and spaces are perceived under a light source with changing spectral components. Results so far have supported the two fundamental hypotheses: (a) when fully developed, color rendering modulation could potentially enable significant power reductions; (b) the majority of subjects did not detect the color rendering changes.
High Speed Flexible Optical Disk with Cylindrically Concaved Stabilizer (2007)

We developed a brand-new stabilizer with a cylindrically concaved active surface for a flexible optical disk system. The unique design enabled extremely stable driving of the flexible disk at rotational speeds over 10,000 rpm. We actually demonstrated the driving at rotational speeds of up to 15,000 rpm, the spindle motor limit of our optical disk tester. This highest rotational speed promises a maximum data transfer rate of more than 600 Mbps for the recording density of a Blu-ray Disc. This stable state was achieved using a simple control that just adjusts the relative axial position of the stabilizer against the flexible disk. Once the adjustment was made, high stability was maintained over a wide rotational speed, ranging from 4,000 to 15,000 rpm. In this stable state, the axial runout on the pickup scanning line was suppressed to less than 10 µm at all rotational speeds. By achieving this high performance with simplified stabilizer control, we have come close to putting our system into practical use.
Focused ion-beam fabrication of fiber probes with well-defined apertures for use in near-field scanning optical microscopy (1998)

We present a focused ion-beam (FIB) fabrication method for very clean and well-defined subwavelength fiber probes with metallic apertures of a desired diameter for use in near-field scanning optical microscopy. Such probes exhibit improved features compared to probes coated with metal by the conventional angled evaporation technique. Examples of FIB fabricated fiber probes are shown and images of a test sample are presented using one of the probes in a near-field microscope.
Scaling of light emitting transistor for multigigahertz optical bandwidth (2009)

We report for an n-InGaP/p-AlGaAs/i-InGaAs-QW/n-GaAs heterojunction bipolar light emitting transistor (HBLET) the record spontaneous optical-signal bandwidth, at −3 dB, of 1.8–4.3 GHz (corresponding to an effective carrier recombination lifetime of 37 ps). Besides the improved circuit matching of three-terminal device operation, the extension in performance is achieved by the lateral reduction in the emitter aperture size DA from 13 to 5 μm to provide higher injection current densities and better confinement of the radiative recombination in the base region. By reducing the carrier loss to lateral extrinsic recombination, we obtain with HBLETs higher current gains β(=ΔIC/ΔIB&gt;30) and simultaneously &gt;4 GHz optical bandwidths.
Coherent noise for non-photorealistic rendering (2011)

A wide variety of non-photorealistic rendering techniques make use of random variation in the placement or appearance of primitives. In order to avoid the "shower-door" effect, this random variation should move with the objects in the scene. Here we present coherent noise tailored to this purpose. We compute the coherent noise with a specialized filter that uses the depth and velocity fields of a source sequence. The computation is fast and suitable for interactive applications like games.
Development and Intralaboratory Evaluation of an <i>in Vitro</i> Human Cell-Based Test to Aid Ocular Irritancy Assessments (1995)

A human cell-based in vitro method was developed to screen for ocular irritancy potential of aqueous compatible and incompatible test agents, such as liquids, insoluble solids, powders, granulars, emulsions, and acids/alkalis. Methods were developed for topical application (an exposure that mimics in vivo testing) and wash-off of test substances on the epithelial surface of human skin derived epithelial-fibroblast cocultures (Skin2 Model ZK1200 from Advanced Tissue Sciences). These cultures contain noncornified stratified squamous epithelium, providing a three-dimensional in vitro model that resembles noncornilled mucosal epithelium, such as cornea and conjunctiva. The hypothesis tested and confirmed in this work was that the rate of cytotoxicity induced by topical application of test substances to the stratified epithelial cell cultures would correlate with ocular irritancy. Test substances were applied to the cell system for up to 30 min, and cytotoxicity was measured as decreased 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphe nyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) vital dye metabolism. The time (in minutes) of exposure to test agent that reduced MTT metabolism to 50% of control levels (the t50 value) was calculated for each test substance, and these values showed a good correlation (r = 0.87) with historic rabbit low-volume eye test maximum average scores (MAS) for a range of liquid, solid, granular, powder, and other test materials, including consumer product formulations and ingredient chemicals. Additionally, t50 values confirmed the mild nature of selected cosmetic formulations. Taken together, these data indicate that this in vitro test, termed the tissue equivalent assay, is a valuable tool to screen for irritancy of test substances to mucosal tissues, such as cornea and conjunctiva.
Enabling Content Dissemination Using Efficient and Scalable Multicast (2009)

Multicast is an approach that uses network and server resources efficiently to distribute information to groups. As networks evolve to become information-centric, users will increasingly demand publish-subscribe based access to fine-grained information, and multicast will need to evolve to (i) manage an increasing number of groups, with a distinct group for each piece of distributable content; (ii) support persistent group membership, as group activity can vary over time, with intense activity at some times, and infrequent (but still critical) activity at others. These requirements raise scalability challenges that are not met by today's multicast techniques. In this paper, we propose the MAD (multicast with adaptive dual-state) architecture to provide efficient multicast service at massive scale. MAD can scalably support a vast number of multicast groups, with varying activity over time, based on two key novel ideas: (i) decouple group membership from forwarding information, and (ii) apply an adaptive dual-state approach to optimize for the different objectives of active and inactive groups. We focus on the scalability characteristics of MAD and demonstrate through analysis, simulation and implementation that the architecture achieves high performance and efficiency.
Silicon nitride powder (1984)

The characteristics and preparation methods of Si3N4 are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the correlation between impurities and strength of sintered Si3N4.
Simple, efficient micro mixing device (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimple, efficient micro mixing deviceRobert E. Gugger and Samuel M. MozerskyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1973, 45, 8, 1575–1576Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60330a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60330a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Unveiling the Unique Phase Transformation Behavior and Sodiation Kinetics of 1D van der Waals Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries (2016)

Carbon‐coated van der Waals stacked Sb 2 S 3 nanorods (SSNR/C) are synthesized by facile hydrothermal growth as anodes for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). The sodiation kinetics and phase evolution behavior of the SSNR/C anode during the first and subsequent cycles are unraveled by coupling in situ transmission electron microscopy analysis with first‐principles calculations. During the first sodiation process, Na + ions intercalate into the Sb 2 S 3 crystals with an ultrafast speed of 146 nm s −1 . The resulting amorphous Na x Sb 2 S 3 intermediate phases undergo sequential conversion and alloying reactions to form crystalline Na 2 S, Na 3 Sb, and minor metallic Sb. Upon desodiation, Na + ions extract from the nanocrystalline phases to leave behind the fully desodiated Sb 2 S 3 in an amorphous state. Such unique phase evolution behavior gives rise to superb electrochemical performance and leads to an unexpectedly small volume expansion of ≈54%. The first‐principles calculations reveal distinctive phase evolution arising from the synergy between the extremely low Na + ion diffusion barrier of 190 meV and the sharply increased electronic conductivity upon the formation of amorphous Na x Sb 2 S 3 intermediate phases. These findings highlight an anomalous Na + ion storage mechanism and shed new light on the development of high performance SIB anodes based on van der Waals crystals.
Low-Power Circuit Techniques for High-Speed ECL SRAMs (1995)

Novel circuit techniques that reduce the total power of BiCMOS/ECL SRAMs by over 40% while preserving their speed are reported. These include techniques to reduce the DC power of the input buffers and Wired-OR (W-OR) predecoderes, the activated memory block, and the sensing circuits. Techniques such as gated-active-pull-down W-ORing, self-resetting drivers and unclocked latched sense amplifiers are used.
The herpes simplex virus type 2 strain HG52 RL1 gene contains a 154 bp intron as predicted from sequence analysis (1996)

The published sequence of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 strain HG52 neurovirulence gene RL1 indicated that, unlike the HSV-1 homologue, the gene contains a 154 bp intron. This intron contains six complete and one partial copy of a 19 bp repeat which encodes a stop codon; thus all three forward frames are blocked. By RT-PCR of poly(A)+ RNA, using primers on either side of the proposed intron, we have isolated a partial cDNA clone corresponding to the predicted spliced mRNA.
Beta carotene uptake into atherosclerotic plaque: Enhanced staining and preferential ablation with the pulsed dye laser (1993)

The yellow color of atherosclerotic plaque is due to the presence of carotenoids, which absorb light between 430-530 nm and account for the preferential ablation of plaque by the pulsed dye laser operating at 480 nm. This study was designed to examine tissue uptake of beta-carotene and the effect of uptake on arterial plaque ablation. Forty-two atherosclerotic NZW rabbits were given intravenous beta-carotene at a dose of 40 mg/kg, twice weekly and killed between 1 hour and 28 days after the initial injection. beta-carotene was not detected in control specimens but was significantly greater in plaque than in normal wall at all time points following beta-carotene injection (P < 0.04 Mann Whitney U test). The ablation threshold was significantly lower in beta-carotene treated plaque than in untreated plaque or normal arterial wall (P < 0.01, Fisher's exact test). In this model beta-carotene is preferentially taken up into arterial plaque, resulting in increased absorption of laser radiation at 480 nm and enhanced tissue ablation.
A three monoclonal antibody combination potently neutralizes multiple botulinum neurotoxin serotype F subtypes (2017)

Human botulism is primarily caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B and E, with around 1% caused by serotype F (BoNT/F). BoNT/F comprises at least seven different subtypes with the amino acid sequence difference between subtypes as high as 36%. The sequence differences present a significant challenge for generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can bind, detect and neutralize all BoNT/F subtypes. We used repertoire cloning of immune mouse antibody variable (V) regions and yeast display to generate a panel of 33 lead single chain Fv (scFv) mAbs that bound one or more BoNT/F subtypes with a median equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 4.06 × 10-9 M. By diversifying the V-regions of the lead mAbs and selecting for cross reactivity we generated five mAbs that bound each of the seven subtypes. Three scFv binding non-overlapping epitopes were converted to IgG that had KD for the different BoNT/F subtypes ranging from 2.2×10-8 M to 1.47×10-12 pM. An equimolar combination of the mAbs was able to potently neutralize BoNT/F1, F2, F4 and F7 in the mouse neutralization assay. The mAbs have potential utility as diagnostics capable of recognizing the known BoNT/F subtypes and could be developed as antitoxins to prevent and treat type F botulism.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Direct Detection of Zika Virus Particles in Human Bodily Fluids for Accurate Early Diagnosis of Infection (2019)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that caused widespread panic beginning in 2015 in northeastern Brazil due to the threatening link between infection and fetal abnormalities such as microcephaly, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths. Since the epidemic began, the virus has been further investigated, unveiling that the long-term dangers of ZIKV infection go beyond fetal neurological impairment. Characterization of the active infection has proven difficult as only 20% of infected individuals are symptomatic. Additionally, ZIKV is often misdiagnosed due to serological cross-reactivity with similar flaviviruses such as dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile. To date, there is no approved vaccine or therapy against ZIKV, highlighting the urgent need to accurately identify active infection to help minimize the spread of the virus. Herein, we describe a highly specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect early active ZIKV using neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies isolated from infected patients in Brazil that do not cross-react with dengue viruses 1-4 and bind directly to a ZIKV immunodominant epitope. The calculated limits of detection of active ZIKV fall within the physiological ranges of the virus in human bodily fluids. This selective immunoassay creates the platform required for future translation toward a point-of-care assay for ZIKV, a necessity to diagnose active ZIKV in the remote regions of which it thrives.