gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PAT Tools for the Optimization of the Freeze-Drying Process (2009)

1. Freezing: the product to be dried is put over shelves in a chamber and its temperature is lowered so that the water (or the other solvent) is frozen. Unfortunately, not all the solvent freezes forming ice crystals, but a certain amount (sometimes significant) remains bonded to the product and must be finally desorbed. In some cases the product (the drug and the excipients) does not crystallize, but forms an amorphous glass which can retain a high amount of moisture. 2. Primary drying: the pressure of the chamber where the product is placed is reduced to a low value, thus causing ice sublimation. This process is carried out at very low temperatures (typically in the range -40°C to -10°C), but it requires energy that is generally supplied through the shelves. 3. Secondary drying: the amount of residual water, strongly bonded to the partially dried product, is reduced to a low value by using high vacuum and moderate temperatures, e.g., 20°C to 40°C. This step is required to ensure the long term preservation of the product.
Enabling Resilient Microgrid Through Programmable Network (2016)

In this paper, we integrate programmable networks in microgrid (MG) to provide flexible and easy-to-manage communication solutions, thus enabling resilient MG operations in face of various cyber and physical disturbances. Specifically, two contributions have been made: 1) establish a novel software-defined networking (SDN) based communication architecture that abstracts the network infrastructure from the upper-level applications to significantly expedite the development of MG applications and 2) create a hardware-in-the-loop cyber-physical platform for evaluating and validating the performance of the presented architecture, control techniques, and SDN-based functionalities. Test results have demonstrated that the new architecture can significantly enhance MG resilience, particularly for those that have high penetration of renewable energy sources.
Abstract 1049: Akt1 and Akt2 are associated with poor outcome in glioblastoma multiforme (2010)

Abstract The Akt pathway is implicated in progression of astrocytic tumors. To refine the Akt pathway as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) we determined activated Akt isoform(s) that mediate cellular behavior, and are associated with clinical parameters. Akt1 and Akt2 message is associated with worse clinical outcome while Akt3v1 message is associated with better clinical outcome. Silencing individual isoforms with shRNA gives different phenotypes. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that PI3K/Akt pathway components cluster with individual Akt isoforms and with tumor subtype suggesting that different arms of the PI3K/Akt pathway are associated with individual isoforms. Taken together, the data indicate that Akt3 function differs from Akt1 and 2 function, and support a role for Akt1 and 2 in the malignant behavior of glioma cells. Selective inhibition of Akt1 and/or 2, or their downstream effectors may be more effective and less toxic than general inhibition of Akt or PI3K. Supported by the Barrow Neurological Foundation (AJ and BGF). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1049.
Polyethyleneglycol methacrylate 200 as an electrophoresis matrix in hydroorganic solvents (1992)

The properties of gels composed of poly(polyethyleneglycol methacrylate) and copolymers of polyethyleneglycol methacrylate and acrylamide were studied. These novel electrophoresis matrices are amphigels (swellable in water and organic solvents) that have unprecedented organic solvent compatibility. Hydrophobic proteins which are poorly solubilized in aqueous detergent systems (e.g., zein) are well-resolved in these gels with hydro-organic solvents. This is especially relevant for isoelectric focusing, to avoid using either ionic detergents that may interfere with the focusing, or urea that may cause carbamylation of proteins. Variations of crosslinker, buffer, and solvent systems in these gels were explored.
Generator-based Verification (2003)

To prove system correctness, assumptions made in verifying a block must be cleared by verifying that the block's environment guarantees them. Conversely, guarantees enforced by a block may be used as assumptions for its environment. Block level interface specifications thus serve as both assumptions and guarantees in compositional verification. Traditionally, such specifications have been represented as monitors or checkers. In this paper, we propose an alternative representation using generators. Novel algorithms are presented for simulation and formal verification. We argue that for simulation, representation as a generator can be more efficient than as a checker-both asymptotically and practically. We also identify a subset of generators that can be efficiently handled using formal techniques. Experimental results are given for some benchmark examples and industrial case studies.
Performance analysis of a thermionic thermal detector at 400 K, 300 K, and 200 K (1999)

The thermionic thermal detector (TTD) sense IR radiation by temperature modulation of thermionic emission current within a silicon Schottky diode. The thermionic emission current is the well known Richardson dark current. The TTD operates in the LWIR band. The physics of TTD operation is distinct from that of silicon Schottky barrier MWIR detectors, such as PtSi/Si which are based on internal photoemission. In fact, the TTD has high detection efficiency. The architecture of a TTD array is very similar to that of microbolometer arrays, expect the detector elements are thermally isolated Schottky diodes, operating under reverse bias. When the TTD array is illuminated by an IR image, the temperature of individual detector elements will vary with the local incident power of the image. Under small signal conditions, the dark current of individual detectors will vary as temperature, resulting in an electronic image of the IR scene. The reverse bias dark current of a Schottky diode varies exponentially with temperature. For the small temperature variations observed on the focal pane of an uncooled sensor, this variation is approximately linear. The rate of temperature variation is determined by the Schottky barrier potential and, to a lesser extent by the applied bias potential. The operating temperature range of the detector can be designed into the device by selecting a metal with the appropriate Schottky barrier height. Experimental Schottky barrier heights were determined using Richardson dark current activation energy analysis. Devices optimized for operating at room ambient temperature have a 6 percent K temperature coefficient. The use of Schottky diode thermionic emission for uncooled IR imaging offers several advantages relative to current technology. TTD manufacture is 100 percent silicon processing compatible. Schottky barrier based thermionic emissions array have the same uniformity characteristics as MWIR Schottky barrier photoemissive arrays. Operating TTDs in reverse bias provides a high impedance 'current source' to the multiplexer, resulting in negligible Johnson noise. This mode of operation also results in negligible detector 1/f-noise and drift. In addition, the TTD thermionic emission detection process has high efficiency, fully comparable with the best current thermal detectors.
A Cas9 with PAM recognition for adenine dinucleotides (2020)

CRISPR-associated (Cas) DNA-endonucleases are remarkably effective tools for genome engineering, but have limited target ranges due to their protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) requirements. We demonstrate a critical expansion of the targetable sequence space for a type II-A CRISPR-associated enzyme through identification of the natural 5[Formula: see text]-NAAN-3[Formula: see text] PAM preference of Streptococcus macacae Cas9 (SmacCas9). To achieve efficient editing activity, we graft the PAM-interacting domain of SmacCas9 to its well-established ortholog from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpyCas9), and further engineer an increased efficiency variant (iSpyMac) for robust genome editing activity. We establish that our hybrids can target all adenine dinucleotide PAM sequences and possess robust and accurate editing capabilities in human cells.
Universal linkers for signal amplification in auto-ligating probes (2005)

We reported recently oligonucleotide ligation methods for detection of DNAs and RNAs in solution and in cellular imaging. In previous systems, ligated full-length oligonucleotide products have almost native DNA structure and bind tightly with target strand, which limits the resulting signals to one per target. When small amounts of RNAs are targeted, signal amplification becomes very important issue. Here, we report on a new universal linker to destabilize ligated products in template-dependent auto-ligation, which accelerates the dissociation of ligated product from target and allows as much as 92-fold amplification of signals in DNA and RNA detection without enzymes, reagents, or thermal cycling. This signal amplification is shown in solution experiments and in solid supported assays.
Recent advances in Josephson junction devices (1988)

Abstract The paper describes recent advances in high-speed digital circuits using all niobium (Nb/AlO x /Nb) Josephson junctions. The world's fastest logic gate modified variable threshold logic (MVTL) is described. The MVTL gate family has been applied to various logic circuits such as a 16-bit ALU and a 4-bit microprocessor. The high-speed performance of Josephson junctions in LSI-level circuits has been verified using these circuits.
Some Considerations on the Qualities of Iron Ore Agglomerates and Lump Iron Ores Required for a Blast Furnace Operation (1981)

Operational results of blast furnaces have increasingly improved in conjunction with improvement of iron ore agglomerates such as sinter and pellets, and blast furnace operation technique.And in order to maintain the quality of sinter and pellets, many properties, such as chemical compositions, size distribution, crushing strength, reducibility, high temp. reduction, softening and melting down temp., etc, are examined. However, it is not clear that which properties are regarded as significant for the blast furnace operation. Therefore, it is necessary to make clear the significant properties of the iron ore agglomerates.For the purpose of the stable operation of the furnace and improvement of fuel rate, the authors proposed one method to regulate the heat balance in the blast furnace by three factors, i.e. oxygen volume in blast, ore to coke ratio, and JIS reduction rate of burden. It was proved from the examinations of operational results of many blast furnaces that the well stabilization of heat balance in the furnace was obtained in the range from 150° to 210° of the angle θ, which is made by plotting the data of the three factors on the diagram. It is possible to control the angle θ by adjusting both the mean JIS reduction rate of burden materials and ore to coke ratio as burden conditions.Judging from these analyses, it is evident that the angle θ can be employed as an index which reflects the heat balance in a furnace and that the most important quality of burden for a blast furnace is the JIS reduction rate. However, high reducibility does not always mean a better results but it should be determined in relation with the heat balance.
Target‐Cell Sensitivity to Natural Killer‐Cell Lysis is Determined by the Expression of a Novel Antigen in Conjunction with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class‐I Molecules (1994)

Recently, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) was developed that identified a novel tumour-cell antigen conserved across species (mouse, rat and man). Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis demonstrated that this antigen was expressed at highest levels on human tumour cell lines sensitive to natural killer (NK)-cell lysis. These MoAbs inhibited NK cell lysis of K562 target cells (by up to 90%), as well as a variety of other NK-sensitive target cells. Biochemical analyses revealed that the MoAbs reacted with a polypeptide of 42 kDaltons, distinct from other known cell surface antigens. Now the expression of this antigen has been analysed further with a panel of 24 tumour cell lines to determine its role in NK cell function. The expression of target cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in conjunction with sensitivity to NK cell lysis was examined also. For each of the 24 cell lines it was found that the level of expression of the novel target cell antigen determined the sensitivity of the cell line to NK cell lysis. However, the level of MHC antigen expression could modulate target cell sensitivity to NK cell lysis, in that high levels of MHC class-I molecule expression resulted in a target cell that was insensitive to NK cell lysis regardless of the level of expression of the novel antigen. Thus, for most transformed cell lines, sensitivity to NK cell lysis appeared to be determined by the expression and levels of the novel antigen in association with MHC class-I molecules.
Helical microfibers created by photopolymerization with light fields possessing orbital angular momentum (Conference Presentation) (2018)

Photopolymerization, the process of using ultraviolet light to activate polymerization within resins, is a powerful approach to create arbitrary, transparent micro-objects with a resolution below the diffraction limit. Such microstructures have been optimized for optical manipulation and are finding application elsewhere, including micro-optics, mechanical microstructures and polymer crystallography. Furthermore, due to self-focusing, photopolymerization can form a waveguide, which develops into an optical fibre as long as submillimeters. Importantly, to date virtually all photopolymerization studies have been performed with incident light fields possessing planar wavefronts and simply exploit the beam intensity profile. Here we investigate photopolymerization of ultraviolet curing resins with a light field possessing orbital angular momentum (OAM). We show that the annular vortex beam breaks up via modulation instability into the m-microfibers, depending on the azimuthal index m of an incident optical vortex. These microfibers exhibit helical structures with chirality determined by the sign of m and mirror the helical nature of the incident vortex beam wavefront. We have developed a numerical model based on the Beam Propagation Method that captures the key experimental observations for a variety of optical vortices characterized by their azimuthal index m. This research opens up a range of new vistas and has broad consequences for the fields of structured light, new approaches to writing novel mesoscopic structures and applications such as in detecting or sorting the OAM mode (e.g. photonic lanterns) in areas including optical communications and manipulation.
Wavefront reconstruction for lateral shearing interferometry based on difference polynomial fitting (2015)

The wavefront reconstruction method for shearing interferometry using difference Zernike polynomial fitting has been the easiest algorithm to implement up to now. The method is extended to using general basis functions in this paper. Simulations and experiments verify that highly accurate reconstructions can be achieved based on difference polynomial fitting regardless, of the pupil shape and the orthogonality of the basis functions. The reconstruction accuracy mainly depends on whether the used terms of the polynomials are enough to represent the wavefront. When the used terms cannot perfectly represent the wavefront, the reconstruction accuracy of Taylor monomials is a little higher than that of Zernike polynomials. It is also presented and proved that the reconstruction accuracy can be estimated using the deviation between the reconstructed difference fronts and the measured difference fronts.
Single-lobed far-field radiation pattern from surface-emitting complex-coupled distributed-feedback diode lasers (1995)

Theoretical analysis of surface-emitting complex-coupled distributed-feedback (SE-CC-DFB) lasers with a second-order grating reveals that operation in a single-lobed, orthonormal beam can be fundamentally favored. This happens when the modal-gain difference between symmetric and antisymmetric modes due to the optical-field (longitudinal) overlap with the gain/loss grating overcomes the modal-gain difference based on radiation losses. The analysis is performed for a simple three-layer structure with gain placed in the high-index regions (i.e., in-phase, second-order CC-DFB). Lasing at or near the Bragg frequency provides essentially uniform near-field patterns, thus immunizing the device to gain spatial hole burning. The results and their implications are discussed.
Enhancing effects of microcavities on shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave sensors: A finite element simulation study (2008)

Shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors with microcavities in the delay paths of 36° YX-LiTaO3 substrate were studied using finite element methods. Microcavities of square cross sections of sizes λ∕4 and λ∕2 and of different depths were located in the middle of the delay path. Simulation results for nonfilled and polystyrene-filled microcavity devices were compared with standard delay line shear-horizontal SAW, optimized Love-wave, and etched grating sensors. We found that the best case microcavities studied reduce insertion loss by 19.25dB from 33.28dB and exhibit velocity sensitivity 4.83 times larger than that of the standard SAW sensor simulated.
Photodeposition of Thin Polydiacetylene Films from Solution That Exhibit Large Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotodeposition of Thin Polydiacetylene Films from Solution That Exhibit Large Third-Order Optical NonlinearitiesM. S. Paley, D. O. Frazier, H. Abdeldayem, and S. P. McManusCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 12, 2213–2215Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00048a005RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Rubisco Small and Large SubunitN-Methyltransferases (1999)

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)is methylated at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal methionine of the processed form of the small subunit (SS), and at the epsilon-amino group of lysine-14 of the large subunit (LS) in some species. The Rubisco LS methyltransferase (LSMT) gene has been cloned and expressed from pea and specifically methylates lysine-14 of the LS of Rubisco. We determine here that both pea and tobacco Rubisco LSMT also exhibit (alpha)N-methyltransferase activity toward the SS of Rubisco, suggesting that a single gene product can produce a bifunctional protein methyltransferase capable of catalyzing both (alpha)N-methylation of the SS and (epsilon)N-methylation of the LS. A homologue of the Rubisco LSMT gene (rbcMT-S) has also been identified in spinach that is closely related to Rubisco LSMT sequences from pea and tobacco. Two mRNAs are produced from rbcMT-S, and both long and short forms of the spinach cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli cells and shown to catalyze methylation of the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal methionine of the SS of Rubisco. Thus, the absence of lysine-14 methylation in species like spinach is apparently a consequence of a monofunctional protein methyltransferase incapable of methylating Lys-14, with activity limited to methylation of the SS.
Advances in the isolation of HTLV-III from patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex and from donors at risk. (1985)

During the last 2 yr more than 100 independent isolates of human T-cell leukemia virus type III have been obtained in this laboratory. Most isolates were from peripheral blood T-lymphocytes established in cell culture from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex (ARC) patients and healthy donors at risk for AIDS. Several were also obtained from leukocytes from bone marrow, lymph node, and brain tissue and from body excretions, e.g., saliva and semen. In addition HTLV-III was found in cell-free plasma. The incidence (number of isolates per number of patients or donors tested) of virus isolation was approximately 80% for ARC patients, approximately 50% for AIDS patients, and approximately 30% for healthy individuals at risk for AIDS. Inclusion of hydrocortisone in cell culture medium greatly facilitated the isolation of virus from primary leukocytes from AIDS/ARC patients and also promoted its transmission to fresh leukocytes in vitro. Biological analysis of cells from infected patients or donors, as well as from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to virus in vitro, demonstrated that OKT4/leu3a+ T-lymphocytes were preferentially infected and were subjected to a characteristic cytopathic effect. In addition to the well-defined individuals at risk for AIDS, heterosexual transmission of HTLV-III with its subsequent pathological manifestations was found. Virus was isolated from males with heterosexual promiscuity as their only recognized risk factor and from the spouses of these and other AIDS and ARC patients.
Performance space modeling for hierarchical synthesis of analog integrated circuits (2005)

Automated analog sizing is becoming an unavoidable solution for increasing analog design productivity. The complexity of typical analog SoC subsystems however calls for efficient methods that can handle design hierarchy, in terms of both performance estimation and hierarchical design optimization method. This paper discusses and compares recent developments in this area, with special emphasis on automated modeling and on multi-objective bottom-up hierarchical design.
Optical and structural properties of black molybdenum photothermal converter layers deposited by the pyrolysis of Mo(CO)6 (1981)

Black molybdenum thin films, combining high infrared reflectance with significant solar absorptance, have been prepared by pyrolyzing Mo(CO)6 under oxidizing conditions and subsequent annealing under a hydrogen atmosphere. X-ray and electron diffraction, electron microprobe, and Auger analysis show that the films, as deposited, are fine grained (300 A), stress-free, monoclinic MoO2 with [010] preferred orientation. As the annealing progresses the reflectance in the infrared rises faster than in the visible. Consequently, the spectral selectivity can be optimized in a partially annealed state characterized by a complex mixture of Mo and MoO2. Like black chrome, black molybdenum is a composite material, consisting of metal particles suspended in an oxide matrix. However, black molybdenum is capable of prolonged operation at temperatures in excess of the decomposition temperature of black chrome. After passivation with Si3N4, very simple photothermal solar converter coatings with a respectable spectral selectivity and significant temperature durability at 500 C in vacuum are obtained.