gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PRESCILA: A NEW, LIGHTWEIGHT NEUTRON REM METER (2004)

Conventional neutron rem meters currently in use are based on 1960's technology that relies on a large neutron moderator assembly surrounding a thermal detector to achieve a rem-like response function over a limited energy range. Such rem meters present an ergonomic challenge, being heavy and bulky, and have caused injuries during radiation protection surveys. Another defect of traditional rem meters is a poor high-energy response above 10 MeV, which makes them unsuitable for applications at high-energy accelerator facilities. Proton Recoil Scintillator-Los Alamos (PRESCILA) was developed as a low-weight (2 kg) alternative capable of extended energy response, high sensitivity, and moderate gamma rejection. An array of ZnS(Ag) based scintillators is located inside and around a Lucite light guide, which couples the scintillation light to a sideview bialkali photomultiplier tube. The use of both fast and thermal scintillators allows the energy response function to be optimized for a wide range of operational spectra. The light guide and the borated polyethylene frame provide moderation for the thermal scintillator element. The scintillators represent greatly improved versions of the Hornyak and Stedman designs from the 1950's, and were developed in collaboration with Eljen Technology. The inherent pulse height advantage of proton recoils over electron tracks in the phosphor grains eliminates the need for pulse shape discrimination and makes it possible to use the PRESCILA probe with standard pulse height discrimination provided by off-the-shelf health physics counters. PRESCILA prototype probes have been extensively tested at both Los Alamos and the German Bureau of Standards, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Test results are presented for energy response, directional dependence, linearity, sensitivity, and gamma rejection. Initial field tests have been conducted at Los Alamos and these results are also given. It is concluded that PRESCILA offers a viable, ergonomically superior, alternative to traditional rem meters that is effective for a wide range of neutron fields. The probe is capable of excellent sensitivity (40 counts per minute per microSv h-1 for 241AmBe) and extended energy response to beyond 20 MeV. Directional response is uniform (+/-15%) over a wide range of energies. Response linearity has been characterized to over 20 mSv h-1. Gamma rejection is effective in gamma fields up to 2 mSv h-1. The PRESCILA technology has been commercialized and is now offered under license by Ludlum Measurements, Inc.
Immunopotentiating effect of a Fomitella fraxinea-derived lectin on chicken immunity and resistance to coccidiosis (2006)

This study reports a novel immunopotentiating effect of a lectin (FFrL) extracted from the mushroom Fomitella fraxinea on poultry cell-mediated immunity and poultry coccidiosis. We describe the extraction of FFrL, its in vitro mitogenic activity and in vivo protection against an oral challenge infection with Eimeria acervulina. When tested on several cell types, crude FFrL agglutinated mouse erythrocytes and thymocytes and various other cells including murine and human cell lines. However, crude FFrL did not agglutinate human erythrocytes. Crude FFrL showed a potent mitogenic activity on chicken splenic lymphocytes, and at lower concentrations it exerted stronger mitogenic activity than Concanavalin A, a well-known potent mitogen for lymphocytes. Further, FFrL significantly induced (P < 0.05) nitric oxide secretion in HD11 cells and suppressed (P < 0.05) RP9 tumor cell growth in a dose-dependent fashion. When injected into 18-d-old chicken embryos followed by a posthatch oral E. acervulina challenge infection, FFrL treatment significantly protected chickens against weight loss associated with coccidiosis (P < 0.05). Injecting embryos with FFrL also resulted in significant reduction in oocyst shedding as compared with the control saline-injected birds (P < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that FFrL can be an effective growth promoting and immunostimulating agent in poultry during coccidiosis.
40-Gb/s colorless tunable dispersion compensator with 1000-ps/nm tuning range employing a planar lightwave circuit and a deformable mirror (2005)

We propose and demonstrate a tunable dispersion compensator for 40-Gb/s signals consisting of a waveguide grating router and a deformable mirror. It has an adjustment range of /spl plusmn/500 ps/nm and a 100-GHz free-spectral range.
Demonstration of fast wavelength tuning for a high performance packet switch (1988)

The authors discuss a new packet switch design using multiwavelength optical interconnects and fast wavelength tunable transmitters and receivers. They present results from an 8-channel laser tuning experiment with wavelength switching times >
Preparation and Characterization of SiC Whisker-Reinforced SiC Porous Ceramics for Hot Gas Filtration (2014)

SiC porous ceramics (SCPCs) were fabricated by a dry press forming method and in situ reaction-bonding technique using ZrO2 as sintering aids, activated carbon as pore-forming agent, and SiC whiskers as reinforcing agent. The effects of the amount of SiC whiskers on the porosity, bending strength, microstructure, and gas permeability of the SCPCs were investigated. The results showed that without incorporated SiC whiskers, the bending strength was 9.7 MPa for the SCPCs sintered at 1550 °C, while the bending strength of the SCPCs with 3.3 wt % SiC whiskers reached 28 MPa, nearly a 3-fold increase in bending strength over that of pristine SCPCs. The SiC whiskers-enhanced ceramic supports exhibited a porosity of 44.2% and an average pore size of 14.6 μm. Moreover, the samples also showed a gas permeability of 270 m3/m2·h·kPa, which is 1.7 times higher than that of the pristine SCPCs. The bending strength remained high after 18 cold–hot cycles (800 °C), indicating good thermal shock resistance.
A nonlinear interferometer with intrinsic stability (2017)

We realize a passively stable nonlinear interferometer based on a single parametric amplifier, attaining 99.9% visibility by combining RF modulation and spatial filtering. Our configuration offers new capabilities for robust interferometric sensors.
Opaque Service Virtualisation: A Practical Tool for Emulating Endpoint Systems (2016)

Large enterprise software systems make many complex interactions with other services in their environment. Developing and testing for production-like conditions is therefore a very challenging task. Current approaches include emulation of dependent services using either explicit modelling or record-and-replay approaches. Models require deep knowledge of the target services while record-and-replay is limited in accuracy. Both face developmental and scaling issues. We present a new technique that improves the accuracy of record-and-replay approaches, without requiring prior knowledge of the service protocols. The approach uses Multiple Sequence Alignment to derive message prototypes from recorded system interactions and a scheme to match incoming request messages against prototypes to generate response messages. We use a modified Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for distance calculation during message matching. Our approach has shown greater than 99% accuracy for four evaluated enterprise system messaging protocols. The approach has been successfully integrated into the CA Service Virtualization commercial product to complement its existing techniques.
ELECTRONICS AND ALGORITHMS FOR ROLLOVER SENSING. IN: OCCUPANT AND VEHICLE RESPONSES IN ROLLOVERS (2004)

This chapter on the electronics and algorithms for rollover sensing is from a comprehensive textbook on occupant and vehicle responses in rollovers. The authors note that rollover sensing and discrimination generally requires an algorithm that monitors vehicle motion and anticipates conditions that will lead to a rollover. Then, occupant protection measures could be used to mitigate injuries in the event of the vehicle rollover. A rollover discrimination system typically includes internal motion sensors, vehicle signals from other on-board sensors, and a microprocessor to execute the deployment algorithm. The authors use a simulation environment that models the performance of the system across part tolerance, temperature extremes, and component age to estimate the scope of expected discrimination performance in the field. They also present a sample of real-world events which can be used to calibrate algorithm parameters to ensure immunity margins and deployment timing for the system. The authors conclude by emphasizing that the rollover sensing module (RSM) is only one component in an entire vehicle-wide safety system, which includes vehicle characteristics, interior dimensions, and the location and deployment behavior of the safety restraints.
A prototype of Virtual Traffic Lights on Android-based smartphones (2013)

Virtual Traffic Lights (VTL) is a recently proposed self-organizing traffic control scheme that has the potential to mitigate traffic congestion in urban areas. This paper reports a prototype design effort on Virtual Traffic Lights using Android-based smartphones. The experiments performed show the feasibility of implementing VTL using smartphones' WiFi devices.
AspectJ (2000)

Complex systems usually contain design units that are logically related to several objects in the system. Some examples include: tracing, propagation of interrupts, multi-object protocols, security enforcement etc. This crosscutting between those design units and the objects is a natural phenomenon. But, using traditional implementation techniques, the source code — i.e. the classes — becomes tangled with the implementation of the crosscutting concerns.
Neuroprotective effects of gangliosides may involve inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (1995)

Gangliosides are polar, sugar-containing lipids that are major constituents of neuronal membranes. Gangliosides are neuroprotective in animal models of neurotoxicity and may also be useful in patients with clinical conditions such as spinal cord injury. We show that a series of gangliosides inhibit nitric oxide synthase activity by binding calmodulin. The prevention of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cultures by gangliosides closely parallels their potencies in binding calmodulin and inhibiting nitric oxide synthase. Neuroprotective effects of gangliosides may arise from blockade of nitric oxide formation.
Advancing the Design and Operating Conditions for Block Freeze Concentration of Urine-Derived Fertilizer (2021)

This paper is focused on evaluating the performance of a scalable block freezing device for concentrating aged, source-separated urine from a community-scale urine collection system that is used to create sustainable fertilizers. Temperature settings for two-stage freeze concentration were determined to be −6.5 °C during the first stage, −13 °C during the second stage, and 3.0–4.0 °C during the thaw stage. These temperatures reflect a smaller range than prior freeze concentration studies and have the potential to reduce energy consumption. The length of freeze and melt periods, the direction of heat transfer within the freeze chamber, and the orientation of the freeze chamber were varied to identify a preferred operating condition. The relative mass of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) was constant during processing, and all were concentrated up to 3.3 times in a single stage with 80% nutrient retention. An iterative mass balance analysis of a two-stage system that incorporated recycling retained 92% of nutrients and achieved a concentration index of 5.8. This experimental concentrator reveals performance and unique operational features that elevate freeze concentration as a scalable option for urine separation systems.
A Photochromic Platinum(II) Bis(alkynyl) Complex Containing a Versatile 5,6-Dithienyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2006)

A luminescent diarylethene-functionalized platinum(II) diimine bis(alkynyl) complex displays interesting photochromic behavior with successful photosensitization by excitation into the 3MLCT/LLCT excited state of this complex to trigger photocyclization.
3-Dimensional Structures to Enhance Cell Therapy and Engineer Contractile Tissue (2010)

Experimental studies in animals and recent human clinical trials have revealed the current limitations of cellular transplantation, which include poor cell survival, lack of cell engraftment, and poor differentiation. Evidence in animals suggests that use of a 3-dimensional scaffold may enhance cell therapy and engineer myocardial tissue by improving initial cell retention, survival, differentiation, and integration. Several scaffolds of synthetic or natural origin are under development. Until now, contractility has been demonstrated in vitro only in biological scaffolds prepared from decellularized organs or tissue, or in collagenic porous scaffold obtained by crosslinking collagen fibers. While contractility of a cellularized collagen construct is poor, it can be greatly enhanced by tumor basement membrane extract. Recent advances in biochemistry have shown improved cell-matrix interactions by coupling adhesion molecules to achieve an efficient and safe bioartificial myocardium with no tumoral component. Fixation of adhesion molecules may also be a way to enhance cell homing and/or differentiation to increase local angiogenesis. Whatever the clinically successful combination ultimately proves to be, it is likely that cell therapy will require providing a supportive biochemical, physical, and spatial environment that will allow the cells to optimally differentiate and integrate within the target myocardial tissue.
ABVIC: an improved serological test to resolve indeterminate diagnoses for herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) (2016)

Abstract Approximately 50 million Americans are infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and may, at any time, transmit infectious virus to sexual partners. Current HSV-2 serological antibody tests are imperfect; 5–6% of those who initiate HSV-2 ELISA IgG screening receive low-positive results, known to include about 50% false-positives compared to HSV Western Blot, the current gold standard test. Even when low-positive samples are run by Western, ~20% obtain indeterminate results. We report a new, flow-cytometry-based method that measures serum antibody-binding to virus-infected cells (ABVIC). Unlike the glycoprotein G-based HerpeSelect assay, ABVIC tests for antibodies to ~30 HSV-2 antigens and appears to be ~100-fold more sensitive than the gG-2-based antibody capture ELISA. We report that when serum was collected from n=17 patients who had previously received “HSV-2 indeterminate” results by Western Blot, the ABVIC test offered a clear answer in every case. Sixteen of 17 were HSV-2 seronegative by ABVIC and only 1 of 17 was weakly HSV-2 seropositive. Most of the “Indeterminate” serum samples exhibited high background, which produces weak reactivity in the HerpeSelect and Western blot assays, but which does not confound the internally controlled ABVIC assay. We conclude that the highly quantitative, flow cytometry-based ABVIC test may be used to resolve the vast majority of “HSV-2 Indeterminate” results that have misled thousands of patients to the erroneous conclusion that they carry HSV-2 and pose a transmission risk to others.
Compressive Network Coding for Approximate Sensor Data Gathering (2011)

This paper presents a joint source and network coding scheme, called compressive network coding (CNC), for approximate data gathering in wireless sensor networks. Injecting the concept of compressive sensing into network coding avoids the all-or-nothing effect of network decoding, allowing CNC to achieve graceful degradation in data precisions when the energy budget is not sufficient. Based on the observation that sensor links are highly unreliable, we formulate the energy constrained multi-source, multi-hop, and multi-path transmission as a network utility maximization (NUM) problem. A practical distributed algorithm is developed to achieve the optimal utility. We carry out simulations over real sensor data. Results show that CNC consistently outperforms conventional network coding, achieving an average gain over 3.7 dB in data reconstruction PSNR. Furthermore, CNC achieves over 10 dB gain for five sensors (out of 53) whose readings contain abrupt changes.
Platelet-activating factor. Evidence for 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators). (1979)

A glyceryl ether containing phosphoglyceride, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine (Ac-GEPC), has been shown to have a biological activity indistinguishable from that of naturally generated (rabbit) platelet activating factor (PAF). Its biochemical and biological properties so closely parallel those of naturally occurring PAF that we propose they are one and the same compound. Both PAF and AcGEPC could be converted to an inactive form through base-catalyzed methanolysis and restored to 100% functional activity by reaction with acetic anhydride. The synthetic lipid, AcGEPC, elicited 50% secretion of serotonin from rabbit platelets at a level of 10(-10) M (based on phosphorus). A propionyl derivative had somewhat comparable activity towards platelets, whereas the butyryl homologue was some 7-fold less active and the stearoyl derivative was inactive. These short chain acylglyceryl ether phosphoglycerides represent an entirely new, potent and unique class of lipid chemical mediators. 1-Acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine (AcLL) also exhibited activity towards platelets but was some 200-fold less active than AcGepc. the propionyl lysolecithin behaved quite similarly to AcLL, but butyryl and stearoyl lysolecithins showed no activity.
Criteria for developing castable, creep-resistant aluminum-based alloys – A review (2006)

Abstract We describe four criteria for the selection of alloying elements capable of producing castable, precipitation-strengthened Al alloys with high-temperature stability and strength: these alloying elements must (i) be capable of forming a suitable strengthening phase, (ii) show low solid solubility in Al, (iii) low diffusivity in Al, and (iv) retain the ability for the alloy to be conventionally solidified. With regard to criterion (i), we consider those systems forming Al3M trialuminide compounds with a cubic L12 crystal structure, which are chemically and structurally analogous to Ni3Al in the Ni-based superalloys. Eight elements, clustered in the same region of the periodic table, fulfill criterion (i): the first Group 3 transition metal (Sc), the three Group 4 transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) and the four latest lanthanide elements (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). Based on a review of the existing literature, these elements are assessed in terms of criteria (ii) and (iii), which satisfy the need for a dispersion...
An Optofluidic Photobioreactor Strategy for Bioenergy (2011)

A novel approach to cultivating cyanobacteria is presented which utilizes near-field evanescent waves on the surface of waveguides to excite the photocenters in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria. This approach to light delivery when applied to photobioreactor design may provide an opportunity to significantly increase yield and make biofuels an economically competitive alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
Mesenchymal Cells and Growth Factors in Bunions (1999)

Bunion formation in adults is an example of bone growth that occurs after physis closure. Bone is laid down secondary to mechanical irritation caused by foot deformity. It is a mechanism of ectopic bone formation unrelated to physeal growth. In this article, bone formation is analyzed using immunohistochemical and cell culture techniques. Using markers specific for mesenchymal cells (collagen type IIa and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3), a cell population is defined in the soft tissues that overlie the bunion and is isolated from explant cultures. The cells do not produce bone matrix in culture, and they do not express osteoblast-related antigens. Stimulation of the cells by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 leads to rapid cell proliferation and phenotype change. The cells start to form humps and at the same time express alkaline phosphatase and collagen type I. Expression of collagen type IIa and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 ceases. These series of experiments indicate that a specific population of mesenchymal cells occurs in the soft tissues that overlie the bunion. This population is capable of bone formation when stimulated by FGF, a common mediator of inflammatory processes. Thus, FGF stimulation of mesenchymal cells in soft tissues that overlie the head of the first metatarsal is a potential link between the biomechanical forces that cause hallux valgus and bunion formation.
Liposomes designed to avoid the reticuloendothelial system. (1990)

Recent work has revealed some new and important characteristics of liposomes: Inclusion of certain glycolipids within liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin and cholesterol drastically prolongs the circulation time and reduces their uptake by liver and spleen. Concomitantly, their accumulation in several implanted tumors is substantially increased. These studies suggest that controlling the circulation time of liposomes and limiting their non-specific uptake by the Reticuloendothelial system (RES) opens up new opportunities for achieving specific targeting to tumors in vivo, with both diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.
Repetitive bimanual integrative therapy (RABIT) virtual rehabilitation system (2013)

Virtual rehabilitation games have gained increased clinical acceptance in the therapy of patients post stroke or traumatic brain injury. This is due to their ability to motivate, as well as intrinsic large number of movement repetitions that are keys to inducing brain plasticity and facilitating recovery. Unfortunately, bi-manual therapy, while potentially more efficacious, is less developed at this time. The novel RABIT system combines physical and cognitive training in integrative game-play sessions. Using the Razer Hydra game interface, the patients playa series of custom games designed to improve focusing, decision making (executive function), short-term and long-term memory, progressing in difficulty over 6 weeks of therapy.
Quaternion Neural Networks Applied to Prostate Cancer Gleason Grading (2013)

Diagnosis of prostate cancer currently involves visual examination of samples for the assignment of Gleason grades using a microscope, a time-consuming and subjective process. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of histopathology images has become an important research area in diagnostic pathology. This paper presents a scheme to improve the accuracy of existing CAD systems for Gleason grading on digital biopsy slides by combining color and multi-scale information using quaternion algebra. The distinguishing features of presented algorithm are: 1) use of the quaternion wavelet transform and modified local binary patterns for the analysis of image texture in regions of interest, 2) A two-stage classification method: (a) a quaternion neural network with a new high-speed learning algorithm used for multiclass classification, and (b) several binary Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers used for classification refinement. In order to evaluate performance, hold-one-out cross validation is applied to a data set of 71 images of prostatic carcinomas belonging to Gleason grades 3, 4 and 5. The developed system assigns the correct Gleason grade in 98.87% of test cases and outperforms other published automatic Gleason grading systems. Moreover, averaged over all the classes, testing of the proposed method shows a specificity rate of 0.990 and a sensitivity rate of 0.967. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed scheme can help pathologists and radiologists diagnose prostate cancer more efficiently and with better reproducability.