gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (FM-CARS): A novel sensitive nonlinear optical method (1983)

A frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (FM-CARS) is proposed. Using phase-modulated Stokes input field, a frequency modulated CARS output is generated. Raman resonances are detected by a CARS heterodyne signal generated in a square-law photodetector. Theoretical estimations show that a high signal-to-noise ratio which is shot-noise limited and effective background suppression are expected with the proposed method independent of the lasers polarization. In typical solvents the sensitivity estimated is χ(3)R=4–8×10−18 esu, which corresponds to the detection of 1–2×10−4 M benzene in cyclohexane.
Two-dimensional optical architecture for time-delay beam forming in a phased-array antenna (1991)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new two-dimensional optical architecture based on polarization switching by N spatial light modulators that provides 2N time delays to a phased-array antenna of p × p radiating elements. Moreover the 0 to 2π phase of the microwave signals is optically controlled by a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator that operates in the birefringent mode. The microwave signal originates from the coherent detection of a dual-frequency laser beam obtained with an acousto-optic frequency shifter. Preliminary experimental results obtained at a microwave frequency f = 1.85 GHz are presented.
Novel splice variants of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel alpha subunit (1998)

In this study, we have identified novel splice variants of the Na+ channel alpha subunit mRNA from cultured rat astrocytes and neuroblastoma cells. These splice variants are characterized by premature truncation or deletion of a segment in the third domain of the Na+ channel alpha subunit. The expression of three splice variants was upregulated by exposure to 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP in spinal cord astrocytes but not in cerebral astrocytes and in B50 and B104 neuroblastoma cells. The calcium ionophore 1 microM A23187, did not influence the expression of splice variants in either astrocytes or neuroblastoma cells. These findings suggest that spinal cord astrocytes may maintain a unique regulatory pathway that participates in the control of Na+ channel mRNA expression.
Theoretical and experimental studies on passively Q-switched KTiOAsO4 optical parametric oscillator (2012)

A passively Q-switched intracavity optical parametric oscillator based on KTiOAsO4 (KTA) crystal is studied theoretically and experimentally. The rate-equation-based theoretical model is established to describe the time evolutions of the population inversion density of the laser crystal, ground-state population density of the saturable absorber, fundamental photon density, signal photon density and the idler photon density. In the experiment, a laser diode-end pumped, passively Q-switched Nd:YAG/KTA IOPO with a Cr4+:YAG crystal as the saturable absorber is realized to verify this model. The characteristics including the output power, the pulse repetition rate, the pulse width and the beam quality were investigated for this OPO. The experimental results for the output power and the repetition rate agree with the theory well. And both results show that with same pumping level the idler pulse width is shorter than the signal one.
Breakdown characteristics of InP/InGaAs composite-collector double heterojunction bipolar transistor (2003)

This investigation proposes an InP/InGaAs composite-collector double heterojunction bipolar transistor (CC-DHBT) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The improved structure exhibits the advantages of no knee-shaped characteristics, no switching effect, low output conductance, a high two-terminal base–collector breakdown voltage (BV) that exceeds 20 V, and high three-terminal breakdown voltages (BVCEO&gt;15 V, BVCBO&gt;20 V). The current gain is over unity at ultralow collector current density of 10−4 A/cm2. These characteristics are attributed to the optimized collector design. Furthermore, this study elucidates complex breakdown mechanisms in the CC-DHBTs.
High efficiency GaAs/GaSb tandem solar cells and tandem circuit cards (2003)

Infrared-sensitive GaSb cells and visible-light-sensitive GaAs cells designed for satellite applications are described. The best component cell efficiencies add up to 28.1% under concentrated sunlight (30*, AM0). Two-terminal tandem cell circuit cards containing nine transparent GaAs cells mounted over holes on the front side of a ceramic double-sided printed circuit card and nine GaSb cells mounted on the back side of the same card have been fabricated and tested. Circuit level conversion efficiencies over 25% (AM0) are demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
On the Interaction of UV Screens with the Lignocellulosic Matrix (2000)

In this report, we describe our attempt to understand the photochemical interactions that occur between dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB)-based UV screens and lignin when high-yield pulps are treated with such materials. Milled wood lignin (MWL) and filter paper were used as models, and various irradiation protocols were carried out in the presence and absence of UV screens. After irradiation, the lignin and the UV screen were extracted and the products analyzed. These experiments showed that upon irradiation, fragments of MWL-containing chromophores were linked to cellulose via an acid-labile linkage. In the presence of UV screens, these reactions were minimized. Molecular weight measurements of the extracted lignin showed that the MWL is degraded upon solid-state irradiation. The samples that contained UV screens showed a reduced tendency to degrade. Using quantitative 31P NMR, it was possible to probe further the detailed structural changes that occurred in MWL during irradiation. In general, DHB-based UV screens and derivatives were found to interact actively with MWL when irradiated.
Evaluation of cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptosis of doxorubicin using folate-decorated chitosan nanoparticles for targeted delivery to retinoblastoma (2010)

Nanoparticles are the new entities that can greatly limit the various side effects of systemic chemotherapy, and that coupled with a targeting moiety enables site-specific delivery of drugs. Folate receptors are overexpressed in retinoblastoma cells, thus these can specifically uptake the drug-loaded nanoparticles, thereby increasing the cytotoxicity at the tumor site. In our work, doxorubicin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was prepared and then conjugated to folic acid. The conjugation efficiency was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thereafter, the efficacy of FA-conjugated DOX-CNPs on retinoblastoma cells (Y-79) was analyzed by MTT assay which demonstrated superior cytotoxic effects as compared to unconjugated DOX-CNPs and native DOX. This may be due to enhanced intracellular uptake of DOX-CNPs-FA (30%) than that of DOX-CNPs (13.24%) and native DOX (5.01%), resulting from the high affinity of FA for folate receptors. Finally, the mechanism of doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis in retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79) was investigated which demonstrated that the mitochondrial pathway is activated and that the FA-conjugated DOX-CNPs are most effective and causes enhanced release of cytochrome <i>c</i> as well as the activation of downstream caspases to assist in apoptosis. Thus, the FA-targeted NPs were proved to possess sustainable, controlled, and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs with DOX as a model drug, which may provide a drug delivery system of precise control and targeting effect for the treatment of retinoblastoma.
Magnetic transition in compressed<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>from x-ray emission spectroscopy (2004)

The magnetic properties of iron in cementite $({\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}\mathrm{C})$ have been measured by x-ray emission spectroscopy in a diamond cell up to 45 GPa. The $\mathrm{Fe}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ fluorescence peaks reveal that ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ undergoes a magnetic collapse at approximately 25 GPa, consistent with theoretical predictions. This transition is likely to be a second-order phase transition without a major structural change. The magnetic collapse transition is expected to affect the elastic and thermodynamic properties of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$; the nonmagnetic phase predicted theoretically has a higher incompressibility and density than the magnetic state. Our results support recent theoretical and thermodynamic calculations indicating that ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}\mathrm{C}$ is unlikely to be the major component in the Earth's inner core.
Preparation of N-(α,β-unsaturated acyl)-sulfonamides (2009)

sulfonamides are prepared (i) by the N-acylation of sulfonamides with N-(,-unsaturated acyl)benzotriazoles in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride and (ii) by reactions of appropriate ,-unsaturated carboxamides with sulfonylbenzotriazoles in the presence of sodium hydride.
To extract informative content from online web pages by using hybrid approach (2016)

In the web pages contains large and vast amount of data, which is rich source of information available to everyone in the world through Internet. However the web page is combination of noisy data like navigational link, advertisements, menus, footer, etc and informative data, so the complexity may increases for main content extraction from web pages. To access main content hand crafted rule technique were used which contain string manipulation functions but preparing these rules becomes much difficult task for the users. So we present a hybrid approach for extracting main content from the web pages. This approach is based on combination of automatic extraction and hand crafted rules techniques. The propose work is mainly focus on automatic extraction technique in which automatic rules are created instead of manual hand crafted rule creation. In this the web page is converted into DOM tree and features are extracted. Use this features in the machine leaning method like decision tree classification and dynamic rules are created. By using these rules informative content is extracted from the web pages. Further the rules which are created in the automatic extraction technique used as hand crafted rule for content extraction from the web pages without using machine learning method. Here the informative content like relevant text, images, multimedia are extracted from the web pages and these web pages are taken from the Internet i.e. Online. And also consider dataset for extracting relevant content. The propose work generates effective rules, achieve automaticity and efficiency.
Impact of High PV Penetration on Voltage Profiles in Residential Neighborhoods (2012)

The objective of this paper is to provide an assessment on voltage profiles in residential neighborhoods in the presence of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The network was modeled in PSCAD using common feeder characteristics that Canadian system planners use in suburban residential regions. A simulation study was performed to investigate potential voltage rise issues in the network up to 11.25% total PV penetration in the feeder and LV transformer capacity penetration up to 75%. Results indicate that the PV penetration level should not adversely impact the voltage on the grid when the distributed PV resources do not exceed 2.5 kW per household on average on a typical distribution grid. Moreover, the role of feeder impedance, feeder length, and the transformer short circuit resistance in the determination of the voltage rise is quantified.
X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Techniques (1986)

Abstract In x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, the strain in the crystal lattice is measured, and the residual stress producing the strain is calculated, assuming a linear elastic distortion of the crystal lattice. This article provides a detailed account of the plane stress elastic model, and describes the most common methods of x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, namely, single-angle and two angle techniques. It elaborates the major steps involved in x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, explaining the possible sources of error in stress measurement. The article also outlines the applications of x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement with examples.
An FPGA-based wideband PLL without significant quantization noise (2004)

An effective mean of eliminating the quantization noise effect at the voltage controlled oscillator input of phase-locked loops using digital filters is proposed in this paper. The solution relies on a simple all-digital sigma-delta modulator to lower the requirements on the digital to analog converter, while keeping the quantization noise effect well under the voltage controlled oscillator inherent phase noise. The proposed solution has been verified experimentally, showing a phase noise performance improvement of 11.5 dB without any other modification than an increase in logic complexity of 93 slices on a Xilinx FPGA.
Transgenic mice expressing high levels of human apolipoprotein B develop severe atherosclerotic lesions in response to a high-fat diet. (1995)

We previously generated transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein (apo-) B and demonstrated that the plasma of chow-fed transgenic animals contained markedly increased amounts of LDL (Linton, M. F., R. V. Farese, Jr., G. Chiesa, D. S. Grass, P. Chin, R. E. Hammer, H. H. Hobbs, and S. G. Young 1992. J. Clin. Invest. 92:3029-3037). In this study, we fed groups of transgenic and nontransgenic mice either a chow diet or a diet high in fat (16%) and cholesterol (1.25%). Lipid and lipoprotein levels were assessed, and after 18 wk of diet, the extent of aortic atherosclerotic lesions in each group of animals was quantified. Compared with the female transgenic mice on the chow diet, female transgenic mice on the high-fat diet had higher plasma levels of cholesterol (312 +/- 17 vs 144 +/- 7 mg/dl; P < 0.0001) and human apo-B (120 +/- 8 vs 84 +/- 3 mg/dl; P < 0.0001). The higher human apo-B levels were due to increased plasma levels of human apo-B48; the human apo-B100 levels did not differ in animals on the two diets. In mice on the high-fat diet, most of the human apo-B48 and apo-B100 was found in LDL-sized particles. Compared with nontransgenic mice on the high-fat diet, the transgenic animals on the high-fat diet had significantly increased levels of total cholesterol (312 +/- 17 vs 230 +/- 19 mg/dl; P < 0.0001) and non-HDL cholesterol (283 +/- 17 vs 193 +/- 19 mg/dl; P < 0.0001). The extent of atherosclerotic lesion development within the ascending aorta was quantified by measuring total lesion area in 60 progressive sections, using computer-assisted image analysis. Neither the chow-fed transgenic mice nor the chow-fed nontransgenic mice had significant atherosclerotic lesions. Nontransgenic animals on the high-fat diet had relatively small atherosclerotic lesions (< 15,000 microns 2/section), almost all of which were confined to the proximal 400 microns of the aorta near the aortic valve. In contrast, transgenic animals on the high-fat diet had extensive atherosclerotic lesions (> 160,000 microns 2/section) that were widely distributed throughout the proximal 1,200 microns of the aorta. Thus, human apo-B expression, in the setting of a diet rich in fats, causes severe atherosclerosis in mice.
An Integrated Robotic Multi-Modal Range Sensing System (2006)

Creating 3-D surface representation of large objects or wide working areas is a tedious and error-prone process using the currently available sensor technologies. The primary problem comes from the fact that laser range sensors allow to capture at most one line of points from a given position and orientation, and stereo vision systems accuracy is dependent upon the initial camera calibration, the extraction of features, and the matching of features. When the registration process is not properly controlled, registration errors tend to significantly degrade the accuracy of measurements, which is revealed to be critical in telerobotic operations where occupancy models are built directly from these range measurements. The reliability of range measurements within a singular range sensor technique can drastically distort the registration process, especially within environments unsuitable for the system. Instead of utilizing a single range sensor, we adopt the use of a multi-modal system allowing diverse modes of range sensing techniques to complement each other in the hope that one system's strength could be used to compensate for another system's weakness. Using a mixture of active and passive range sensing techniques, both giving dense and sparse datasets, this multi-modal range sensing system is integrated seamlessly with minimal processing overhead and optimal workspace
Preparation and dynamic behavior of .eta.3-cyclopropenyl complexes of cobalt, rhodium, and iridium. Crystal and molecular structure of [Ir(.eta.3-C3tBu3)(CO)3] (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and dynamic behavior of .eta.3-cyclopropenyl complexes of cobalt, rhodium, and iridium. Crystal and molecular structure of [Ir(.eta.3-C3tBu3)(CO)3]Russell P. Hughes, David S. Tucker, and Arnold L. RheingoldCite this: Organometallics 1993, 12, 8, 3069–3074Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00032a032https://doi.org/10.1021/om00032a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views172Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Hydrogels for nucleus replacement—Facing the biomechanical challenge (2012)

Hydrogels are considered promising for disc regeneration strategies. However, it is currently unknown whether the destruction of the natural interface between nucleus and surrounding structures caused by nucleotomy and an inadequate annulus closure diminishes the mechanical competence of the disc. This in vitro study aimed to clarify these mechanisms and to evaluate whether hydrogels are able to restore the biomechanical behaviour of the disc. Nucleus pressure in an ovine intervertebral disc was measured in vivo during day and night and adapted to an in vitro axial compressive diurnal (15min) and night (30min) load. Effects of different defects on disc height and nucleus pressure were subsequently measured in vitro using 30 ovine motion segments. Following cases were considered: intact; annulus incision repaired by suture and glue; annulus incision with removal and re-implantation of nucleus tissue; and two different hydrogels repaired by suture and glue. The intradiscal pressure in vivo was 0.75MPa during day and 0.5MPa during night corresponding to an in vitro axial compressive force of 130 and 58N, respectively. The compression test showed that neither the implantation of hydrogels nor the re-implantation of the natural nucleus, assumed as being the ideal implant, was able to restore the mechanical functionality of an intact disc. Results indicate the importance of the natural anchorage of the nucleus with its surrounding structures and the relevance of an appropriate annulus closure. Therefore, hydrogels that are able to mimic the mechanical behaviour of the native nucleus may fail in restoring the mechanical behaviour of the disc.
Fabrication of novel cryomill for synthesis of high purity metallic nanoparticles (2015)

The successful preparation of free standing metal nanoparticles with high purity in bulk quantity is the pre-requisite for any potential application. This is possible by using ball milling at cryogenic temperature. However, the most of ball mills available in the market do not allow preparing high purity metal nanoparticles by this route. In addition, it is not possible to carry out in situ measurements of process parameters as well as diagnostic of the process. In the present investigation, we present a detailed study on the fabrication of a cryomill, which is capable of avoiding contaminations in the product. It also provides in situ measurements and diagnostic of the low temperature milling process. Online monitoring of the milling temperature and observation of ball motion are the important aspects in the newly designed mill. The nanoparticles prepared using this fabricated mill have been found to be free standing and also free from contaminations.
Raynaudʼs phenomenon (1991)

Raynaud's phenomenon is episodic digital ischemia provoked by cold and emotion; it is associated with other disorders, such as Raynaud's syndrome, especially the connective tissue diseases. Recent information suggests links with Sjögren's syndrome, malignancy, and obstructive vascular disease. The vasospasm can affect areas outside the periphery such as the inner ear in vibration white finger syndrome and the placental vessels in pregnancy. The initial presence of autoantibodies increases the chance by 63-fold of developing connective tissue diseases, and such immunologic testing can be usefully combined with nailfold vessel microscopy. Several factors are considered to be of etiologic importance in Raynaud's phenomenon, such as the augmenting effect of cold on the responsiveness of alpha 2-adrenoceptors to agonists. Deficiency in the vasodilator neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide has been detected, as have excess amounts of the vasoconstrictor endothelin. Treatment of vasospasm remains symptomatic, and directed towards the vasospasm and altered blood constituents.
Germany and Europe (2020)

This chapter concentrates on the developing German relationship with the rest of Europe as expressed by German foreign policy since 1949 and relate it to the 'German Question' which has preoccupied European states since at least 1871 and which, in the closing years of the twentieth century, may have reached a mutually satisfactory solution. In July 1870, France, then the most powerful state in continental Europe, declared war on Prussia had become the most powerful German-speaking state. The economic, military and political characteristics of a newly established Germany seemed to confirm this fear. Unification and a large, well-educated workforce had produced a robust economy based on a manufacturing sector which, invigorated by a large internal market, had the strength to penetrate European export markets. In May 1989 the reformist communist Hungarian government unilaterally, and for purely humane reasons, dismantled the barbed-wire frontier fence with Austria and refused to use force to prevent refugees crossing the border.