gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Cooperative Learning Scheme for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (2012)

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are gaining more interest in variety of applications. Of their different characteristics and challenges, network lifetime and efficiency are the most considered issues in WSN-based systems. The scarcest WSN's resource is energy, and one of the most energy-expensive operations is route discovery and data transmission. This paper presents a novel design of a cooperative nodes learning scheme for cooperative energy-efficient routing (CEERA) in wireless sensor networks. In CEERA, nodes perform a cooperative learning in delivering data to the base station. The retransmission of packets is controlled through an address-based timer. CEERA achieves overhead reduction and energy conservation by controlling various parameters that affect the overall network efficiency. Performance results are evaluated using NS2 simulator and our own implemented event-driven simulation. The simulation results show that our algorithm minimizes the overall energy consumption of the WSN, extends network operational lifetime, and improves network efficiency and throughput.
The small nucleoid protein Fis is involved in <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> quorum sensing (2006)

Quorum sensing is a process of cell-cell communication that bacteria use to relay information to one another about the cell density and species composition of the bacterial community. Quorum sensing involves the production, secretion and population-wide detection of small signalling molecules called autoinducers. This process allows bacteria to synchronize group behaviours and act as multicellular units. The human pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, uses quorum sensing to co-ordinate such complex behaviours as pathogenicity and biofilm formation. The quorum-sensing circuit of V. cholerae consists of two autoinducer/sensor systems, CAI-1/CqsS and AI-2/LuxPQ, and the VarS/A-CsrA/BCD growth-phase regulatory system. Genetic analysis suggests that an additional regulatory arm involved in quorum sensing exists in V. cholerae. All of these systems channel information into the histidine phosphotransfer protein, LuxU, and/or the response regulator, LuxO. LuxO, when phosphorylated, activates the expression of four genes encoding the Qrr (quorum regulatory RNAs) small RNAs (sRNAs). The Qrr sRNAs destabilize the hapR transcript encoding the master regulator of quorum sensing, HapR. Here we identify the nucleoid protein Fis as playing a major role in the V. cholerae quorum-sensing circuit. Fis fulfils the predictions required to be the putative additional component that inputs information into the cascade: its expression is regulated in a growth phase-dependent manner; it requires LuxO but acts independently of LuxU, and it regulates all four qrr genes and, in turn, HapR by directly binding to the qrr gene promoters and modulating their expression.
Optimal phase modulation for gradient-index optical filters (1993)

Fourier transforms provide a basis for the design of gradient-index optical filters. A variety of techniques that differ in their treatment of the complex part or phase of the transformed refractive-index profile are reported. Here we describe a method of using the phase of the index profile as a variable to permit a closed-form, constrained optimization of rugate filters. Use of an optimal phase function in Fourier-based filter designs reduces the product of index contrast and thickness for desired reflectance spectra. The shape of the reflectance spectrum is recovered with greater fidelity by suppression of Gibbs oscillations and shifting of sidelobes into desired wavelength regions.
Non-contact ultrasonic inspection of rails and signal processing for automatic defect detection and classification (2005)

Recent train accidents, associated direct and indirect costs,\nas well as safety concerns, have reaffirmed the need for\ndeveloping rail defect detection systems more effective than\nthose used today. One of the recent developments in rail\ninspection is the use of ultrasonic guided waves and noncontact\nprobe techniques to target transverse-type defects.\nA rail inspection prototype based on these concepts is under\ndevelopment at University of California at San Diego (UCSD.\nThis work reports on the feature extraction and automatic\npattern recognition algorithms that are being tested in the\nlaboratory and will be added to the prototype. The results\ndemonstrate the detection and sizing of transverse, surfacebreaking\ncracks that extend for less than 20% of the rail\nhead cross-sectional area.
A Novel Pulse Compression Scheme Based on Minimum Mean-Square Error Reiteration (2003)

This paper presents an alternative approach to pulse compression that is based upon iterative Minimum Mean- Square Error (MMSE) estimation. It is similar to the well known least squares (LS) approach but does not suffer from the adverse effects caused by scatterers closer than some nominal range. This results in a more robust estimate of the radar returns while maintaining nearly the same sidelobe level. Furthermore, the proposed pulse compression scheme is highly parallelizable in range and therefore can be computed efficiently.
Application of cancer procoagulant as an early detection tumor marker (1994)

The CP assay has potential as an aid in diagnosing early stage malignancies and thereby may significantly improve the survival rate of cancer patients.
Butelase-Mediated Ligation as an Efficient Bioconjugation Method for the Synthesis of Peptide Dendrimers (2016)

Herein we report a novel enzymatic bioconjugation method to prepare peptide dendrimers. Under the catalysis of a newly discovered peptide ligase, butelase 1, peptide dendrimers of di-, tetra-, and octabranches were successfully synthesized using thiodepsipeptides as acyl donors for ligation with lysyl dendrimeric scaffolds. The efficient assembly of the highly clustered dendrimeric structure highlighted the versatility of butelase 1. We also showed that our synthetic antibacterial peptide dendrimers containing an RLYR motif are highly potent and broadly active against antibiotic-resistant strains.
nSeP: immune and metabolic biomarkers for early detection of neonatal sepsis—protocol for a prospective multicohort study (2021)

NCT03777670.
N-Substituted sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with topical effects on intraocular pressure (1986)

N-Methylacetazolamide was shown to be active topically in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) to a small but statistically significant level in the normotensive rabbit eye. In vivo experiments with N-methylacetazolamide suggest that ocular metabolism to acetazolamide was responsible for the observed topical activity. Examination of initial rate kinetics of carbonic anhydrase catalyzed p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolysis showed that N-methylacetazolamide was a competitive inhibitor, in contrast to noncompetitive inhibition seen with acetazolamide and other primary sulfonamide inhibitors. N-Substituted and unsubstituted 4-chlorobenzene- and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamides were also synthesized, and their biochemical characteristics and in vivo ability to lower IOP when applied topically were determined. The primary sulfonamides were reversible noncompetitive inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, with no effect on IOP after topical administration. 4-Nitrobenzene- and 4-chlorobenzenesulfonamides containing both N-hydroxy and N-methyl substituents were model irreversible inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase and exhibited a trend toward topical activity in reducing IOP in normotensive rabbit eyes. Therefore, this paper describes the synthesis and characterization of two types of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; the N-methyl-substituted sulfonamides are reversible competitive inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, while the N-hydroxy-N-methyl-substituted sulfonamides are irreversible inhibitors.
Two gallium-arsenide second-order sigma-delta modulators for 8 MHz bandwidths (2002)

Two second-order sigma-delta modulators for use in analog-to-digital conversion are presented. The circuit uses 1.2 /spl mu/m gallium-arsenide MESFETs. The first modulator contains integrators which are based on the square law of FETs. The output of the modulators are analyzed with ideal and with real filtering.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new MTI-SAR approach using the reflectivity displacement method (1995)

A new method for moving target detection, localization, and velocity estimation using SAR raw data is presented which allows the determination of the target's complete velocity vector. The method is applicable if the target has either a tangential velocity (/spl mu//sub T//spl ne/0) or a radial acceleration (/spl nu//spl dot//sub R//spl ne/0), or both. It is based on the analysis of the Doppler rate map which is obtained from the range compressed raw data, applying the reflectivity displacement method (RDM). The tangential velocity of each moving target is obtained from its own Doppler rate and the radial velocity from its own linear range migration. A velocity accuracy better than 3 m/s can be achieved for the airborne case. The method is validated experimentally by the use of real SAR data obtained by DLR's E-SAR. The paper gives a short description of the state of the art of moving target velocity measurements, introduces the RDM for stationary targets and its extension to the application for moving targets. It furthermore shows experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Uranium Tetraboride by Solid-State Metathesis Reactions (2002)

A novel synthesis of uranium tetraboride (UB(4)) by solid-state metathesis reaction is demonstrated. This approach significantly lowers the temperature required to synthesize this material to < or = 850 degrees C. When UCl(4) is reacted with 2 equiv of MgB(2) at 850 degrees C, crystalline UB(4) is formed. Powder X-ray diffraction and ICP-AES data support the reduction of UCl(4) to UCl(3) as the initial step in the reaction. The UB(4) product is purified by washing with water.
Value of genetic testing in the management of pancreatitis (2004)

The majority of pancreatic diseases are associated with genetic polymorphisms. Recent breakthroughs in understanding the origin and pathways toward pancreatic diseases, and especially acute and chronic pancreatitis, reveal that specific variation in the genomic DNA sequence of individuals strongly influence their susceptibility to pancreatitis, the severity and nature of the inflammatory process, and the likelihood of various complications. Acute pancreatitis is an event, and chronic pancreatitis is a process. They are sequentially linked with chronic pancreatitis reflecting a pathophysiological response to acute pancreatitis events. The triggers, thresholds, mechanism of injury, and immunological responses of individuals with acute and chronic pancreatitis are being organised and defined. In the future, early use of genetic testing will likely play a critical role in early diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic diseases, and could guide new and effective preventative and therapeutic interventions. The benefits and risk of limited genetic testing have been defined by consensus conference, while the framework for future and more extensive genetic evaluation is still developing.
The Liquid Air Cryochambers for Whole-Body Cryotherapy (2008)

The paper describe the liquid air cryochambers used for
whole-body cryotherapy, namely the cryochambers exploiting the
principle of the retentionof cold.
<title>Secondary quantization of color images for minimum visual distortion</title> (1993)

Many times in electronic imaging systems it is necessary to reduce the precision of the digital data for the display, storage, manipulation, or transformation of an image. For example, it may be necessary to reduce 12 bits/channel RGB data to 8 bits/channel due to storage requirements. To accomplish this reduction in the number of digital levels, a series of input levels must be grouped together for each output level. Since this process involves the quantization of previously quantized data, it is sometimes referred to as secondary quantization. The secondary quantization process necessarily results in artifacts, such as contouring in the image, where many colors have been mapped to a single color. Conventional methods, such as linear or power-law resampling, are suboptimal and do not consider intercolor effects. This paper describes a method for determining the quantization functions that will minimize the observable image artifacts generated by the secondary quantization process. The basic approach involves the use of nonlinear optimization techniques to minimize a cost function that provides a measure of the visible color error. Examples are presented that compare the optimized quantization process to conventional techniques.
Random Video File Peer Review to Assess Quality of Colonoscopy (2008)

Purpose: At present, average withdrawal time (WT) and polyp detection rate per endoscopist are used as surrogate markers that an endoscopist is performing a high quality colonoscopy (C) as more direct and specific procedure- or patient-based methods do not exist. We have developed a completely automated, real-time image analysis system that detects when an endoscope is inside a patient and records the entire procedure as a digital video file. Using this system we have created a video file database of approximately 3000 anonymous endoscopies. Aim: To develop and test video file peer review as a new method to assess quality in C. Methods: 75 video files obtained from two rooms over 4 consecutive days in 2007 were randomly selected from the database. 50 files represented C in an intact colon; from these 10 (3 smallest, 4 median and 3 largest) were selected based on size for review by a panel of 6 colonoscopists at Mayo Clinic Rochester (MCR). Three review panels were created to document (1) colonic preparation; (2) scores reflecting (a) visualization of mucosa (0–100%), (b) effort at stool removal (0–10), (c) distension of colon (0–10); and (3) video frames marking (a) entry into cecum, (b) maximal extent and (c) extubation of colon. Results: Colonic preparation was inadequate or poor in 2/10 cases. There was perfect agreement among reviewers regarding extubation of colon for all 10 video files; entry into cecum and maximal extent times only showed close agreement in 7 of 10 files. Average WT was 3.7 ± 1.3 Min (Mean ± SD; range 1.8–5.8), 8.4 ± 4.6 Min (2.8–13.6), and 20.0 ± 13.1 Min (3.2–36.7) for small, medium and large video files respectively using “entry into cecum”, and 2.3 ± 0.3 Min (1.8–2.6), 6.7 ± 4.2 Min (1.7–12.4), and 16.7 ± 14.7 Min (2.3–35.8) using “maximal extent” as start of WT. In 8/10 colons the average WT across the 6 reviewers using “maximal extent” was less than 6 minutes. Numeric scores for visualization of colon, effort at stool removal and distension of colon were 56 ± 26% (Mean ± SD; range average per colon 31–76), 7 ± 3 (2–9), and 6 ± 3 (2–8) respectively. None of these scores was significantly related to WT (P= 0.95, 0.67 and 0.53 respectively). Conclusion: (1) Random Video File Peer Review is a novel, promising quality control method. (2) WT as currently documented at MCR overestimates true WT. (3) There is no relationship between WT and visualization of colon, effort at stool removal or distension of colon. (4) None of procedures reached 80% inspection of the colonic mucosa. (5) Better colon preparation and endoscopist visualization techniques are required to decrease the chance of missing advanced adenomas or colorectal cancers during C. (6) Current markers used to assess quality of C are inadequate and provide a false sense of quality.
Prognostic Utility of Secretory Phospholipase A2 in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease (2011)

sPLA(2) activity provides independent prognostic information beyond established risk markers in patients with stable CAD. These data are encouraging for studies designed to evaluate the role of sPLA(2) as a therapeutic target.
Comparison of germanium and silicon needles as emitter electrodes for air ionizers (1997)

Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) needles were tested as emitter electrodes for use in low particle generating static eliminators. The materials were found to oxidize with minimal incorporation of nitrogen, and the negative polarity enlitters oxidzed at a greater rate than the positive polarity emitters. The negative polarity silicon emitters generated severall orders of magnitude greater particle emissions than any of the other emitters tested. The mean particle size was about 0.015μm. Although the germanium emitters oxidized, no evidence was found to indicate particles were shed from h s material. Preliminary data indcates the emitters perform equally well in Class 100 cleanroom air, and lowest particle generation is achieved when germanium electrodes are purged with dry air.
Diagnosis of thalassemia using cDNA amplification of circulating erythroid cell mRNA with the polymerase chain reaction [published erratum appears in Blood 1992 Jun 15;79(12):3397] (1991)

We have developed a technique to diagnose the alpha- and beta-thalassemia (thal) syndromes using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify cDNA copies of circulating erythroid cell messenger RNA (mRNA) so as to quantitate the relative amounts of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin mRNA contained therein. Quantitation, performed by scintillation counting of 32P-dCTP incorporated into specific globin cDNA bands, showed ratios of alpha/beta-globin mRNA greater than 10-fold and greater than fivefold increased in patients with beta 0- and beta (+)-thal, respectively, as well as a relative increase in gamma-globin mRNA levels. Conversely, patients with alpha-thalassemia showed a decreased ratio of alpha/beta-globin mRNA proportional to the number of alpha-globin genes deleted. This methodology of ascertaining ratios of globin mRNA species provides a new, simplified approach toward the diagnosis of thalassemia syndromes, and may be of value in other studies of globin gene expression at the transcription level.
Use of virulence factor-specific egg yolk-derived immunoglobulins as a promising alternative to antibiotics for prevention of attaching and effacing<i>Escherichia coli</i>infections (2006)

Using a porcine ileal in vitro organ culture model, we have demonstrated that egg yolk-derived antibodies specific for the attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) virulence factors intimin and translocated intimin receptor (Tir), but not those specific for the AEEC-secreted proteins EspA, EspB and EspD, significantly reduced the bacterial adherence of the porcine enteropathogenic E. coli strain ECL1001, formerly 86-1390. Moreover, antibodies specific for intimin and Tir also significantly reduced bacterial adherence of heterologous AEEC strains, including human, bovine and canine enteropathogenic E. coli strains, as well as of O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains in this model. In addition, we demonstrated that the oral administration of these anti-intimin antibodies significantly reduced the extent of attaching and effacing lesions found in the small intestine of weaned pigs challenged with the porcine enteropathogenic E. coli strain ECL1001. Overall, our results underline the potential use of specific egg yolk-derived antibodies as a novel approach for the prevention of AEEC infections.
A Universal Method to Produce Low–Work Function Electrodes for Organic Electronics (2012)

Organic and printed electronics technologies require conductors with a work function that is sufficiently low to facilitate the transport of electrons in and out of various optoelectronic devices. We show that surface modifiers based on polymers containing simple aliphatic amine groups substantially reduce the work function of conductors including metals, transparent conductive metal oxides, conducting polymers, and graphene. The reduction arises from physisorption of the neutral polymer, which turns the modified conductors into efficient electron-selective electrodes in organic optoelectronic devices. These polymer surface modifiers are processed in air from solution, providing an appealing alternative to chemically reactive low-work function metals. Their use can pave the way to simplified manufacturing of low-cost and large-area organic electronic technologies.
Impact of Ammonia Pretreatment Conditions on the Cellulose III Allomorph Ultrastructure and Its Enzymatic Digestibility (2019)

Plant biomasses enriched in crystalline cellulose allomorphs, such as native cellulose I (CI), can be structurally altered using anhydrous liquid ammonia to form an enzymatically less recalcitrant cellulose III (CIII) allomorph. Here, we designed and implemented an advanced ammonia pretreatment reactor/sampler setup that allowed us to systematically study the impact of several process parameters on ammonia–cellulose complex and ultimately CIII formation, including ammonia-to-cellulose concentration, ammonia/cosolvent concentration, pretreatment time, and temperature. Pretreated cellulose ultrastructural characterization was performed using complementary X-ray diffraction-, FTIR-, and FT-Raman spectroscopy-based techniques. We found that the amorphous content of cellulose increased initially when the intermediate ammonia–cellulose complex was formed within the first 30 s of pretreatment. However, a reduction in the amorphous content was observed if the complex was annealed for longer periods of time and/or at high temperatures, resulting in a highly crystalline and well-ordered CIII allomorph. However, depending on the exact pretreatment conditions tested, CIII-“like” cellulosic substrates with varying allomorphic ultrastructures and crystalline order were formed. Interestingly, CIII-like allomorphs with higher crystallinity were more easily hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes compared to native CI and lower crystallinity CIII-like substrates. This work highlights the challenges associated with systematically conducting ammonia treatments, interpretation of the CIII ultrastructure using appropriate analytical techniques, and the influence of cellulose ultrastructure on enzymatic digestibility in light of previous work. Finally, we explored reduced severity and more cost-effective pretreatment conditions that could lower recalcitrance of cellulose by producing crystalline CIII and enable adoption of more advanced ammonia-based pretreatments in cellulosic biorefineries.
Nonhepatic Cell Lines HeLa and 293 Support Efficient Replication of the Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2a Subgenomic Replicon (2004)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2a subgenomic replicon can replicate in two human non-hepatocyte-derived cell lines, HeLa and 293, with in vitro-transcribed replicon RNA. Sequencing analysis revealed that mutations in HCV-derived regions were not essential for replication in these cells, as some clones displayed no mutations.
Removal of hydrogen sulfide from waste treatment plant biogas using the apollo scrubber (1996)

The removal of hydrogen sulfide and other sulphur compounds from anaerobic digester gas streams prior to their use as fuel for boilers, stationary engines, and cogeneration units minimizes corrosion problems and reduces sulfur emission loadings. A research program at the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto in the 1980`s demonstrated the use of a modified flotation cell for the absorption of hydrogen sulfide from a gas stream and its catalytic oxidation to sulfur. The essence of the technology was a proprietary gas liquid contactor which provided very high mass transfer rates at the interface. A bench scale contactor developed at the university achieved hydrogen sulfide removal efficiencies of over 99.9% at atmospheric pressure. A demonstration unit for digester gas scrubbing applications was designed, fabricated, and then installed and evaluated at the Metropolitan Toronto Works Department - Main Treatment Plant (MTP).