gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control strategies for neurons modeled by self-exciting point processes (1996)

Experiments demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve evokes qualitatively different responses to those of normal hearing. We apply a self-exciting point process model to explain and predict both responses. For acoustic stimulation, the model predicts the shape of the per-stimulus time histogram (PSTH), the average firing rate, and the maximum possible firing rate. The model also predicts the PSTH for pulsatile electric stimulation. The model is used to parametrize the response differences between electric and acoustic neural stimulation, and to design electrical stimuli which cause single auditory neurons to respond similarly to the normal hearing situation. Such stimuli should find application in advanced cochlear implants.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Salinosporamide A (NPI‐0052) (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved Linear-Ion-Trap Frequency Standard (1995)

Improved design concept for linear-ion-trap (LIT) frequency-standard apparatus proposed. Apparatus contains lengthened linear ion trap, and ions processed alternately in two regions: ions prepared in upper region of trap, then transported to lower region for exposure to microwave radiation, then returned to upper region for optical interrogation. Improved design intended to increase long-term frequency stability of apparatus while reducing size, mass, and cost.
Discovery of Quinazolines That Activate SOS1-Mediated Nucleotide Exchange on RAS (2018)

Proteins in the RAS family are important regulators of cellular signaling and, when mutated, can drive cancer pathogenesis. Despite considerable effort over the last 30 years, RAS proteins have proven to be recalcitrant therapeutic targets. One approach for modulating RAS signaling is to target proteins that interact with RAS, such as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) son of sevenless homologue 1 (SOS1). Here, we report hit-to-lead studies on quinazoline-containing compounds that bind to SOS1 and activate nucleotide exchange on RAS. Using structure-based design, we refined the substituents attached to the quinazoline nucleus and built in additional interactions not present in the initial HTS hit. Optimized compounds activate nucleotide exchange at single-digit micromolar concentrations in vitro. In HeLa cells, these quinazolines increase the levels of RAS-GTP and cause signaling changes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway.
Ein neues Verfahren zur Herstellung von 6-Methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3<i>H</i>)-on-2,2-dioxid Kaliumsalz (Acesulfam-K) (1990)

A New Method for the Preparation of 6-Methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-Dioxide, Potassium Salt (Acesulfame K) A simple two-step synthesis of the title compound, an artificial sweetener, starting from amidosulfonic acid and diketene is described.
Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus content in a fixed ratio on growth and development in Great Danes (2002)

Ca and P concentrations in the diet of young Great Dane puppies are rapidly reflected in the bone mineral content of the puppies until 5 to 6 months of age, after which hormonal regulation adjusts absorption and excretion of these minerals. Appropriate Ca and P concentrations in diets are important in young puppies < 6 months of age.
Multispectral photoacoustic method for the early detection and diagnosis of osteoporosis (2013)

Osteoporosis is a major health problem worldwide, with healthcare costs of billions of dollars annually. The risk of fracture depends on the bone mineral density (measured in clinical practice) as well as on the bone microstructure and functional status. Since pure ultrasonic methods can measure bone strength and spectroscopic optical methods can provide valuable functional information, a hybrid multispectral photoacoustic technique can be of great value. We have developed such a system based on a tunable Ti:Sapph laser at 750 - 950 nm, followed by an acousto-optic modulator to generate photoacoustic signals with frequencies of 0.5 - 2.5 MHz. Another system was based on two directly modulated 830nm laser diodes. The systems were used to photoacoustically excite the proximal end of a rat tibia. Spectrum analyzer with tracking generator was used for measuring both the amplitude and the phase at the distal end. Scanning along both the optical wavelength as well as the acoustic frequency enables full mapping of the bone transfer function. Analyzing this function along the wavelength axis allows deducing the gross biochemical composition related to the bone functional and pathological state. Analyzing the amplitude and phase along the acoustic frequency axis yields the speed of sound dispersion and the broadband ultrasonic attenuation - both have shown clinical relevance.
Oral Vaccination of Channel Catfish against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish Using a Live Attenuated <i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i> Isolate (2015)

Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most problematic bacterial disease affecting catfish aquaculture in the southeastern United States. Efforts to develop an effective ESC vaccine have had limited industrial success. In commercial settings, ESC vaccines are typically administered by immersion when fry are transferred from the hatchery to rearing ponds. While this approach is a practical method of mass delivery, this strategy administers vaccines to very young fish, which lack a fully developed immune system. To circumvent this limitation, an oral vaccination strategy was evaluated as a means of immunizing catfish at the fingerling stage of production, when fish possess a more complete immune arsenal. A virulent E. ictaluri isolate (S97-773) was attenuated by successive passage on media containing increasing concentrations of rifamycin. In laboratory trials, cultured vaccine was diluted and mixed with feed (100 mL diluted vaccine/454 g feed). This mixture was then fed to Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings. Two separate dilutions of cultured vaccine (1:10 and 1:100) were used to create the vaccine-feed mixture, equating to estimated doses of 5 × 10⁷ and 5 × 10⁶ CFU/g of feed, respectively. After 30 d, catfish were exposed by immersion (1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL) to the virulent parental strain of E. ictaluri. The target dose (1:100 dilution, ∼5 × 10⁶ CFU/g of feed) offered exceptional protection (relative percent survival = 82.6-100%). In addition, negligible deaths occurred in fish vaccinated at 10 times the target dose (1:10 dilution, ∼5 × 10⁷ CFU/g of feed). In pond trials, antibody production increased 18-fold in orally vaccinated fish. When compared with nonvaccinated controls, vaccination significantly improved survival, feed fed, feed conversion, biomass produced, and total harvest. This research demonstrates Channel Catfish can be successfully immunized in a commercial setting against E. ictaluri with a single dose of an orally delivered, live attenuated, E. ictaluri vaccine.
CRM1 Inhibition Sensitizes Drug Resistant Human Myeloma Cells to Topoisomerase II and Proteasome Inhibitors both In Vitro and Ex Vivo (2013)

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease despite improved treatments, including lenalidomide/pomalidomide and bortezomib/carfilzomib based therapies and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue. New drug targets are needed to further improve treatment outcomes. Nuclear export of macromolecules is misregulated in many cancers, including in hematological malignancies such as MM. CRM1 (chromosome maintenance protein-1) is a ubiquitous protein that exports large proteins (>40 kDa) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. We found that small-molecule Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export (SINE) prevent CRM1-mediated export of p53 and topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα). SINE's CRM1-inhibiting activity was verified by nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation and immunocytochemical staining of the CRM1 cargoes p53 and topo IIα in MM cells. We found that SINE molecules reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis when used as both single agents in the sub-micromolar range and when combined with doxorubicin, bortezomib, or carfilzomib but not lenalidomide, melphalan, or dexamethasone. In addition, CRM1 inhibition sensitized MM cell lines and patient myeloma cells to doxorubicin, bortezomib, and carfilzomib but did not affect peripheral blood mononuclear or non-myeloma bone marrow mononuclear cells as shown by cell viability and apoptosis assay. Drug resistance induced by co-culture of myeloma cells with bone marrow stroma cells was circumvented by the addition of SINE molecules. These results support the continued development of SINE for patients with MM.
FIRST HIT K-RAS POINT MUTATION FOLLOWED BY TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE ALLELIC LOSS PREDICTS MALIGNANCY IN EUS GUIDED PANCREATIC CYST ASPIRATE. (2004)

Background: The majority of pancreatic cysts are premalignant. Current methods evaluating for malignant degeneration in these are inadequate. Hypothesis: The number and pattern of DNA mutations in pancreatic cyst aspirate predicts the lesion histology. Methods: A prospective study was undertaken spanning 18 months of all patients presenting with a pancreatic cyst. EUS guided cyst aspirate underwent PCR amplification. The PCR products were subjected to k-ras point mutation analysis and tumor suppressor gene (RIZ, VHL, APC, PTEN, p16 & p53) linked microsatellite allelic loss (LOH) analysis, utilizing fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. Time course of mutation accumulation was inferred by the proportion of total DNA manifesting the alteration. The number and acquisition pattern of mutations was compared to the final pathology. Results: Data for 32 cases is presented. There were 11 malignant cysts (8 invasive cancer, 3 carcinoma-in-situ), 14 premalignant cysts and 7 benign. All invasive cancers and 2/3 Cysts with carcinoma-in-situ carried multiple mutations (avg. # mutations=2.8) [95%CI 1.9 to 3.7] whereas 7/14 premalignant cysts carried mutations (avg. # mutations=1.0) [95%CI 0.33 to 1.66] (p=0.003). Ten of 11 malignant cysts exhibited an early k-ras point mutation followed by allelic losses. In comparison only 3 premalignant cysts carried an initial k-ras mutation with or without allelic loss (p<0.001). No mutation was seen in the benign cysts. Conclusions: A detailed molecular analysis of pancreatic cyst aspirate incorporating the mutation acquisition pattern helps differentiate pre-malignant from malignant cysts. This translational approach also provides insight into the genesis of cancer in pancreatic cysts.
Slope-assisted fast distributed sensing in optical fibers with arbitrary Brillouin profile (2011)

We present a novel method, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), for the simultaneous distributed measurement of fast strain variations along the entire length of the sensing fiber. A specially synthesized and adaptable probe wave is used to place the Brillouin interaction always on the slope of the local Brillouin gain spectrum, allowing a single pump pulse to sample fast strain variations along the full length of a fiber with an arbitrary distribution of the Brillouin frequency shift. In this early demonstration of the method, strain vibrations of a few hundred Hz are demonstrated, simultaneously measured on two different sections of an 85 m long fiber, having different static Brillouin shifts and with a spatial resolution of 1.5 m.
The Cell Lysis Activity of the <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> Bacteriophage B30 Endolysin Relies on the Cysteine, Histidine-Dependent Amidohydrolase/Peptidase Domain (2006)

The Streptococcus agalactiae bacteriophage B30 endolysin contains three domains: cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase (CHAP), Acm glycosidase, and the SH3b cell wall binding domain. Truncations and point mutations indicated that the Acm domain requires the SH3b domain for activity, while the CHAP domain is responsible for nearly all the cell lysis activity.
A Tunable Optical Tapped-Delay-Line that Simultaneously and Independently Processes Multiple Input WDM Data Signals (2013)

We demonstrate an optical tapped-delay-line that is reconfigurable with complex tap-coefficients and independently and simultaneously performs data pattern recognition, equalization, and QAM format conversion on eight B/QPSK WDM signals at both 20 and 26 Gbaud, demonstrating >400 Gbit/s processing speed.
Holistic twig joins (2002)

XML employs a tree-structured data model, and, naturally, XML queries specify patterns of selection predicates on multiple elements related by a tree structure. Finding all occurrences of such a twig pattern in an XML database is a core operation for XML query processing. Prior work has typically decomposed the twig pattern into binary structural (parent-child and ancestor-descendant) relationships, and twig matching is achieved by: (i) using structural join algorithms to match the binary relationships against the XML database, and (ii) stitching together these basic matches. A limitation of this approach for matching twig patterns is that intermediate result sizes can get large, even when the input and output sizes are more manageable.In this paper, we propose a novel holistic twig join algorithm, TwigStack, for matching an XML query twig pattern. Our technique uses a chain of linked stacks to compactly represent partial results to root-to-leaf query paths, which are then composed to obtain matches for the twig pattern. When the twig pattern uses only ancestor-descendant relationships between elements, TwigStack is I/O and CPU optimal among all sequential algorithms that read the entire input: it is linear in the sum of sizes of the input lists and the final result list, but independent of the sizes of intermediate results. We then show how to use (a modification of) B-trees, along with TwigStack, to match query twig patterns in sub-linear time. Finally, we complement our analysis with experimental results on a range of real and synthetic data, and query twig patterns.
A low energy electron magnetometer (1979)

The concept of a highly sensitive magnetometer based on the deflection of low energy electron beams in magnetic fields is analyzed. Because of its extremely low mass and consequently high e/m ratio, a low energy electron is easily deflected in a magnetic field, thus providing a basis for very low field measurement. Calculations for a specific instrument design indicate that a low energy electron magnetometer (LEEM) can measure magnetic fields as low as 1000 nT. The anticipated performance of LEEM is compared with that of the existing high resolution magnetometers in selected applications. The fast response time of LEEM makes it especially attractive as a potential instrument for magnetic signature analysis in large engineering systems.
Numeric data to information granules and computing with words (2009)

The underlying intent of this study is to show how numeric data, fuzzy sets (and information granules, in general) as well as information granules of higher type build a knowledge-based conceptual hierarchy. The bottom-up organization of the paper starts with a concept and selected techniques of data compactification. Compactification is the process, which involves information granulation and in successive phases may give rise to higher type constructs (say, type-2 fuzzy sets, interval-valued fuzzy sets and alike). The detailed algorithmic investigations are provided where we show how membership grades of higher type constructs are formed. In the sequel, we focus on computing with words (CW) which in this context is regarded as a general paradigm of processing information granules. We stress the relationships between numeric computing and processing information granules of well-defined semantics (which constitutes the essence of computing with words).
An artist friendly hair shading system (2010)

Rendering hair in motion pictures is an important and challenging task. Despite much research on physically based hair rendering, it is currently difficult to benefit from this work because physically based shading models do not offer artist friendly controls. As a consequence much production work so far has used ad hoc shaders that are easier to control, but often lack the richness seen in real hair. We show that physically based shading models fail to provide intuitive artist controls and we introduce a novel approach for creating an art-directable hair shading model from existing physically based models. Through an informal user study we show that this system is easier to use compared to existing systems. Our shader has been integrated into the production pipeline at the Walt Disney Animation Studios and is being used in the production of the upcoming animated feature film Tangled.
Sorting Packets by Packet Schedulers Using a Connected Trie Data Structure (2007)

Packet scheduling is a critical component of router data paths because it allows routers to divide bandwidth intelligently between competing flows. A large number of scheduling algorithms annotate packets with time stamps and subsequently sort these packets according to their annotated time stamp values. For these algorithms the problems of efficiently tagging and sorting packets are still open to investigation. In this paper we propose a data structure and algorithm that reduces the latency of determining the packet with the smallest time stamp to a single memory access time and a small constant number of computation steps, independent of the number of flows serviced by the scheduler. The complexity of inserting a packet into our sorting data structure is logarithmic as a function of the ratio between the maximum packet size and minimum connection weight. The latency of inserting a packet can be hidden by performing insertions of several packets in parallel. This is the fastest sorting data structure known to us. One of the most efficient alternative implementation techniques proposed by Chao et. al. [20] is associated with logarithmic complexity of the scheduling decision time, as a function of the maximum value of packet time stamps. Our solution applies to many different packet fair queuing algorithms including Weighted Fair Queuing [28], Self-Clocked Fair Queuing (SCFQ) [28] and Start Time Fair Queuing [4].
Final analysis of a phase I/IIa trial of the folate‐binding protein‐derived E39 peptide vaccine to prevent recurrence in ovarian and endometrial cancer patients (2019)

This phase I/IIa trial reveals that E39 + GM-CSF is safe and may be effective in preventing recurrence in high-risk ovarian and endometrial cancer when optimally dosed (1000 μg) to FBP low patients being treated for primary disease.
452. MegaTAL Disruption of CCR5 To Protect Anti-HIV CAR+ Lymphocytes from HIV Infection (2015)

More than 30 million people are infected with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) dramatically decreases mortality, but HIV-infected individuals on ART have an increased risk of malignancies, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, and shortened life expectancy. Therefore a cure for HIV remains an important treatment goal. A previous Phase II randomized clinical trial of anti-HIV Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T-cells was partially effective. We hypothesize that a limitation of the previous strategy was that the anti-HIV CAR+ lymphocytes were susceptible to HIV infection.
Magnetless ring circulators for full duplex division wireless communication (2017)

Concurrent full duplex division (FDD) operation is a goal for wireless communications allowing for simultaneous operation of a transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX). FDD ideally increases the available communication throughput by 2×. FDD requires circuits that isolate the TX from the RX, so that the co-located TX signal does not saturate the co-located RX. We present a magnetless ring circulator (MRC) that demonstrates greater than 30dB of transmit (TX) to receive (RX) isolation over a 27% fractional bandwidth centered at 5.6 GHz. Because the ring combiner is passive, it is not limited in power handling; isolation is measured up to a TX power of > 45 dBm with no degradation at that limit.
Adaptive template generation for amyloid PET using a deep learning approach (2018)

Accurate spatial normalization (SN) of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) images for Alzheimer's disease assessment without coregistered anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the same individual is technically challenging. In this study, we applied deep neural networks to generate individually adaptive PET templates for robust and accurate SN of amyloid PET without using matched 3D MR images. Using 681 pairs of simultaneously acquired <sup>11</sup> C-PIB PET and T1-weighted 3D MRI scans of AD, MCI, and cognitively normal subjects, we trained and tested two deep neural networks [convolutional auto-encoder (CAE) and generative adversarial network (GAN)] that produce adaptive best PET templates. More specifically, the networks were trained using 685,100 pieces of augmented data generated by rotating 527 randomly selected datasets and validated using 154 datasets. The input to the supervised neural networks was the 3D PET volume in native space and the label was the spatially normalized 3D PET image using the transformation parameters obtained from MRI-based SN. The proposed deep learning approach significantly enhanced the quantitative accuracy of MRI-less amyloid PET assessment by reducing the SN error observed when an average amyloid PET template is used. Given an input image, the trained deep neural networks rapidly provide individually adaptive 3D PET templates without any discontinuity between the slices (in 0.02 s). As the proposed method does not require 3D MRI for the SN of PET images, it has great potential for use in routine analysis of amyloid PET images in clinical practice and research.
Tilted cone beam VCT reconstruction algorithm (2005)

Reconstruction algorithms for volumetric CT have been the focus of many studies. Several exact and approximate reconstruction algorithms have been proposed for step-and-shoot and helical scanning trajectories to combat cone beam related artifacts. In this paper, we present a closed form cone beam reconstruction formula for tilted gantry data acquisition. Although several algorithms were proposed to compensate for errors induced by the gantry tilt, none of the algorithms addresses the case in which the cone beam geometry is first rebinned to a set of parallel beams prior to the filtered backprojection. Because of the rebinning process, the amount of iso-center adjustment depends not only on the projection angle and tilt angle, but also on the reconstructed pixel location. The proposed algorithm has been tested extensively on both 16 and 64 slice VCT with phantoms and clinical data. The efficacy of the algorithm is clearly demonstrated by the experiments.
Ni nanocluster on modified CeO<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoporous composite for tri-reforming of methane (2016)

Modified Ni-CeO<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoporous catalysts have been synthesized by using a very facile solvothermal approach and urea deposition precipitation method. The catalyst system is highly stable for more than 100 h with almost a constant syngas ratio of 2.1 and >95% methane conversion at 800 °C in the tri-reforming reaction of methane.