gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Latent Code and Text-based Generative Adversarial Networks for Soft-text\n Generation (2019)

Text generation with generative adversarial networks (GANs) can be divided\ninto the text-based and code-based categories according to the type of signals\nused for discrimination. In this work, we introduce a novel text-based approach\ncalled Soft-GAN to effectively exploit GAN setup for text generation. We\ndemonstrate how autoencoders (AEs) can be used for providing a continuous\nrepresentation of sentences, which we will refer to as soft-text. This soft\nrepresentation will be used in GAN discrimination to synthesize similar\nsoft-texts. We also propose hybrid latent code and text-based GAN (LATEXT-GAN)\napproaches with one or more discriminators, in which a combination of the\nlatent code and the soft-text is used for GAN discriminations. We perform a\nnumber of subjective and objective experiments on two well-known datasets (SNLI\nand Image COCO) to validate our techniques. We discuss the results using\nseveral evaluation metrics and show that the proposed techniques outperform the\ntraditional GAN-based text-generation methods.\n
Apolipoprotein L-I Promotes Trypanosome Lysis by Forming Pores in Lysosomal Membranes (2005)

Apolipoprotein L-I is the trypanolytic factor of human serum. Here we show that this protein contains a membrane pore-forming domain functionally similar to that of bacterial colicins, flanked by a membrane-addressing domain. In lipid bilayer membranes, apolipoprotein L-I formed anion channels. In Trypanosoma brucei, apolipoprotein L-I was targeted to the lysosomal membrane and triggered depolarization of this membrane, continuous influx of chloride, and subsequent osmotic swelling of the lysosome until the trypanosome lysed.
Magneto-Optic-Based Fiber Switch for Optical Communications (2006)

Magneto-optical switching using Faraday rotation is investigated for optical fiber networks. Nonlinearity of the Faraday rotation was measured, and the optical switch was designed accordingly. The device was implemented experimentally with promising results
Mode of Interaction Between Tumor Necrosis Factor α and a Monoclonal Antibody Expressing a Recurrent Idiotype (1993)

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha) is an inflammatory cytokine which exists mainly as a 51kD complex built up of 3 identical, noncovalently-linked polypeptide subunits. We have raised monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against human TNF alpha (huTNF alpha). One of these mAb (mAb78, mouse IgG1k) was studied in detail. mAb78 expresses a recurrent idiotype typical of the BALB/c anti-huTNF alpha antibody response. HuTNF alpha bound to mAb78 with an affinity constant (Kobs) of 3.2 x 10(10)M-1. The number of huTNF alpha-binding sites per mAb78 molecule was approximately 0.7. At concentrations higher than the Kobs mAb78 neutralized huTNF alpha at a approximately 1.3:1 molar ratio. mAb78 precipitated huTNF alpha in a double immunodiffusion assay in agar. Gel-filtration experiments of mAb78-huTNF alpha mixtures, that had been set up in large antigen excess, detected complexes of 570 kD as the smallest ones formed under these conditions. We propose that these results are accommodated best by a model according to which cyclic complexes built up of 3 mAb78 and 2 huTNF alpha molecules are the smallest units formed upon interaction of the reagents. In view of this model we discuss how huTNF alpha and mAb78 can undergo a precipitin reaction.
A non-intrusive Short-Time Objective Intelligibility measure (2017)

We propose a non-intrusive intelligibility measure for noisy and non-linearly processed speech, i.e. a measure which can predict intelligibility from a degraded speech signal without requiring a clean reference signal. The proposed measure is based on the Short-Time Objective Intelligibility (STOI) measure. In particular, the non-intrusive STOI measure estimates clean signal amplitude envelopes from the degraded signal. Subsequently, the STOI measure is evaluated by use of the envelopes of the degraded signal and the estimated clean envelopes. The performance of the proposed measure is evaluated on a dataset including speech in different noise types, processed with binary masks. The measure is shown to predict intelligibility well in all tested conditions, with the exception of those including a single competing speaker. While the measure does not perform as well as the original (intrusive) STOI measure, it is shown to outperform existing non-intrusive measures.
Type II restriction endonuclease R.KpnI is a member of the HNH nuclease superfamily (2004)

The restriction endonuclease (REase) R.KpnI is an orthodox Type IIP enzyme, which binds to DNA in the absence of metal ions and cleaves the DNA sequence 5'-GGTAC--C-3' in the presence of Mg2+ as shown generating 3' four base overhangs. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that R.KpnI contains a betabetaalpha-Me-finger fold, which is characteristic of many HNH-superfamily endonucleases, including homing endonuclease I-HmuI, structure-specific T4 endonuclease VII, colicin E9, sequence non-specific Serratia nuclease and sequence-specific homing endonuclease I-PpoI. According to our homology model of R.KpnI, D148, H149 and Q175 correspond to the critical D, H and N or H residues of the HNH nucleases. Substitutions of these three conserved residues lead to the loss of the DNA cleavage activity by R.KpnI, confirming their importance. The mutant Q175E fails to bind DNA at the standard conditions, although the DNA binding and cleavage can be rescued at pH 6.0, indicating a role for Q175 in DNA binding and cleavage. Our study provides the first experimental evidence for a Type IIP REase that does not belong to the PD...D/EXK superfamily of nucleases, instead is a member of the HNH superfamily.
Flow analysis method for the determination of silicic acid in highly purified water by gel-phase absorptiometry with molybdate and Malachite Green (1991)

A flow analysis method based on the on-line concentration and direct absorptiometric measurement of the ion-associate species formed between molybdosilicate and Malachite Green on Sephadex LH-20 gel, is described for the determination of silicic acid in highly purified water. The increase in the attenuance of the coloured species, which was concentrated on-line onto the gel packed in a flow-through cell, could be measured continuously with a spectrophotometer at 627 nm. The coloured species on the gel was easily desorbed with a mixture of sulphuric acid and acetone, and the gel-packed flow-through cell could be used repeatedly. The concentrations of silicic acid in 4–5 samples of highly purified water were determined in less than 1 h. The detection limit was 0.1 µg dm–3 of Si using water samples with a volume of about 5 cm3. The total amount of silicate-silicon in highly purified water was determined after treating the samples with ammonia solution.
Autofluorescence Microscopy of Fresh Cervical-Tissue Sections Reveals Alterations in Tissue Biochemistry with Dysplasia¶ (2001)

Fluorescence spectroscopy offers an effective, noninvasive approach to the detection of precancers in multiple organ sites. Clinical studies have demonstrated that fluorescence spectroscopy can provide highly sensitive, specific and cost-effective diagnosis of cervical precancers. However, the underlying biochemical mechanisms responsible for differences in the fluorescence spectra of normal and dysplastic tissue are not fully understood. We designed a study to assess the differences in autofluorescence of normal and dysplastic cervical tissue. Transverse, fresh tissue sections were prepared from colposcopically normal and abnormal biopsies in a 34-patient study. Autofluorescence images were acquired at 380 and 460 nm excitation. Results showed statistically significant increases in epithelial fluorescence intensity (arbitrary units) at 380 nm excitation in dysplastic tissue (106 +/- 39) relative to normal tissue (85 +/- 30). The fluorophore responsible for this increase is possibly reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Stromal fluorescence intensities in the dysplastic samples decreased at both 380 nm (102 +/- 34 [dysplasia] vs 151 +/- 44 [normal]) and 460 nm excitation (93 +/- 35 [dysplasia] vs 137 +/- 49 [normal]), wavelengths at which collagen is excited. Decreased redox ratio (17-40% reduction) in dysplastic tissue sections, indicative of increased metabolic activity, was observed in one-third of the paired samples. These results provide valuable insight into the biological basis of the differences in fluorescence of normal and precancerous cervical tissue.
A sketching interface for modeling the internal structures of 3D shapes (2006)

This paper presents a sketch-based modeling system for creating objects that have internal structures. The user input consists of hand-drawn sketches and the system automatically generates a volumetric model. The volumetric representation solves any self-intersection problems and enables the creation of models with a variety of topological structures, such as a torus or a hollow sphere. To specify internal structures, our system allows the user to cut the model temporarily and apply modeling operations to the exposed face. In addition, the user can draw multiple contours in the Create or Sweep stages. Our system also allows automatic rotation of the model so that the user does not need to perform frequent manual rotations. Our system is much simpler to implement than a surface-oriented system because no complicated mesh editing code is required. We observed that novice users could quickly create a variety of objects using our system.
Capsid protein sequence diversity of avian nephritis virus (2011)

The capsid gene sequences of 25 avian nephritis viruses (ANVs), collected in the UK, Germany and Belgium from the 1980s to 2008, were determined and compared with those of serotype 1 (ANV-1) and serotype 2 (ANV-2) ANV isolates. Amino acid identities as low as 51% were determined. Pairwise comparisons supported by phylogenetic analysis identified six ANVs, including ANV-1 and ANV-2, which shared<80% amino acid identities with one another, and which were selected to be representative of six groups. The ANVs were not distributed according to geographical location or year of sampling, and the detection of ANVs from five different groups in 11 samples sourced from six flocks belonging to the same UK organization within a 4-month period indicated that sequence-diverse ANVs were co-circulating. Amino acid alignments demonstrated the existence of variable regions throughout the capsid protein, nine of which were selected for detailed comparisons. With most ANVs, the variable region sequences were similar to those of one of the six representative ANVs, but some ANV capsids displayed novel variable region profiles, in which variable regions that were characteristic of more than one representative ANV were present. Phylogenetic analysis based on C-terminal sequences of approximately 260 amino acids and SimPlot analysis provided evidence that RNA recombination events located in the 1250 to 1350 nucleotide region resulted in new combinations of the N-terminal and C-terminal capsid regions. The high level of capsid sequence diversity observed in the present study has important implications for both the control and diagnosis of ANV infections.
Remarkably similar antigen receptors among a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2004)

Studies of B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) expressed by leukemic lymphocytes from patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) suggest that B lymphocytes with some level of BCR structural restriction become transformed. While analyzing rearranged V(H)DJ(H) and V(L)J(L) genes of 25 non-IgM-producing B-CLL cases, we found five IgG(+) cases that display strikingly similar BCRs (use of the same H- and L-chain V gene segments with unique, shared heavy chain third complementarity-determining region [HCDR3] and light chain third complementarity-determining region [LCDR3] motifs). These H- and L-chain characteristics were not identified in other B-CLL cases or in normal B lymphocytes whose sequences are available in the public databases. Three-dimensional modeling studies suggest that these BCRs could bind the same antigenic epitope. The structural features of the B-CLL BCRs resemble those of mAb's reactive with carbohydrate determinants of bacterial capsules or viral coats and with certain autoantigens. These findings suggest that the B lymphocytes that gave rise to these IgG(+) B-CLL cells were selected for this unique BCR structure. This selection could have occurred because the precursors of the B-CLL cells were chosen for their antigen-binding capabilities by antigen(s) of restricted nature and structure, or because the precursors derived from a B cell subpopulation with limited BCR heterogeneity, or both.
TCP-Aware Channel Allocation in CDMA Networks (2008)

This paper explores the use of rate adaptation in cellular networks to maximize throughput of long-lived TCP sessions. We focus on the problem of maximizing the throughput of TCP connections and propose a joint optimization of MAC and physical layer parameters with respect to TCP sending rate. In particular, we propose a simple TCP-aware channel scheduler that adapts the wireless channel rate to changes in the TCP sending rate and explore its performance for both single and multiple concurrent sessions. In the case of a single TCP session, we develop a fluid model of its steady-state behavior in such a system that adapts between two channel rates. Our results indicate that a two-rate scheme improves TCP throughput by 15% to 20% over a system that does not exploit rate adaptation and that little additional benefit accrues from the addition of a third channel rate. Finally, we extend the framework to scenarios where bandwidth is shared by multiple TCP sessions. We propose two channel allocation algorithms and explore their performance through simulation. Our results indicate that TCP throughput is relatively insensitive to either channel allocation algorithm and adaptive rate variation is the dominant factor in performance.
Studies on serum-free culture of insect cells for virus propagation and recombinant protein production (1992)

Three lepidopteran cell lines, Spodoptera frugiperda cell line IPLB-Sf-21 and its clonal isolate Sf9 and the Trichoplusia ni cell line TN368, were adapted to a serum-free medium, EX-CELL 400. The cell growth kinetics of the serum-free cultures in monolayer were compared with that of serum-containing cultures. Virus production and recombinant protein production with a baculovirus expression vector in serum-free cultures were evaluated in comparison with those in serum-containing cultures. The production of both polyhedra and extracellular virus in both types of media was not significantly different. The production of β-galactosidase as a recombinant protein in the serum-free cultures was not as high as that in serum-containing cultures. Electron microscopical studies showed that virus replication and polyhedra formation in serum-free cultures were very similar to those in serum-containing cultures. The larval infectivity of polyhedra produced in the three cell lines grown in EX-CELL 400 medium did not differ from each other. In contrast, the infectivity of polyhedra produced in serum-containing cultures differed for the three cell lines and polyhedra from IPLB-SF-21 cells showed the highest infectivity.
Development of a Multicellular Three-dimensional Organotypic Model of the Human Intestinal Mucosa Grown Under Microgravity (2016)

Because cells growing in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment have the potential to bridge many gaps of cell cultivation in 2-D environments (e.g., flasks or dishes). In fact, it is widely recognized that cells grown in flasks or dishes tend to de-differentiate and lose specialized features of the tissues from which they were derived. Currently, there are mainly two types of 3-D culture systems where the cells are seeded into scaffolds mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM): (a) static models and (b) models using bioreactors. The first breakthrough was the static 3-D models. 3-D models using bioreactors such as the rotating-wall-vessel (RWV) bioreactors are a more recent development. The original concept of the RWV bioreactors was developed at NASA's Johnson Space Center in the early 1990s and is believed to overcome the limitations of static models such as the development of hypoxic, necrotic cores. The RWV bioreactors might circumvent this problem by providing fluid dynamics that allow the efficient diffusion of nutrients and oxygen. These bioreactors consist of a rotator base that serves to support and rotate two different formats of culture vessels that differ by their aeration source type: (1) Slow Turning Lateral Vessels (STLVs) with a co-axial oxygenator in the center, or (2) High Aspect Ratio Vessels (HARVs) with oxygenation via a flat, silicone rubber gas transfer membrane. These vessels allow efficient gas transfer while avoiding bubble formation and consequent turbulence. These conditions result in laminar flow and minimal shear force that models reduced gravity (microgravity) inside the culture vessel. Here we describe the development of a multicellular 3-D organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa composed of an intestinal epithelial cell line and primary human lymphocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts cultured under microgravity provided by the RWV bioreactor.
Intermetallic-strengthened nanocrystalline bainitic steel (2018)

A new thermally stable, nanocrystalline bainitic steel has been developed, rich in nickel and aluminium. During tempering, it is expected that a significant quantity of intermetallic precipitates will form. This was confirmed by X-ray diffractometry, scanning transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform analysis of atomic column images, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction. These are the first intermetallics to be produced in a nanocrystalline bainitic steel.
Single-Antenna GPS-Based Aircraft Attitude Determination (1998)

A method for synthesizing aircraft attitude information from single-antenna GPS velocity measurements is described. The attitude information consists of flight path angle and roll angle about the aircraft velocity vector axis. This ‘pseudo-attitude’ is compared with the conventional attitude consisting of pitch and roll angle about the body axis. In addition, a pseudo-attitude display is presented that shows flight path angle and roll angle instead of the traditional pitch and roll information, thus yielding direct indications of the actual flight path state. Flight tests in a Piper Arrow aircraft demonstrated that pseudo-attitude is equivalent in performance to conventional attitude, with no subjective or objective differences between the two. The results show that a single-antenna GPS receiver provides a useful source of attitude information and consequently may be used as a backup attitude system or for fault diagnostics in redundant systems.
Radiation-induced protective carbon coating for extreme ultraviolet optics (2002)

A technique is described that uses radiation and a gas-phase species to produce a protective carbon coating on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optics. A specific example is given in which a ∼5 Å carbon coating is deposited on EUV Mo/Si optics via coexposure to radiation (EUV photons, electrons) and ethanol vapor. Auger electron spectroscopy, sputter Auger depth profiling, and EUV reflectivity measurements are presented that suggest a carbon coating that is substantially void free and protects the optic from water-induced oxidation at the water partial pressures used in the tests (∼2×10−7 Torr). The coating is also resistant to atmospheric degradation, and to gasification by the combination of electrons and molecular oxygen. The protective coating reduces the relative reflectivity (ΔR/R0) of an optic by ∼0.5%.
Hierarchical pixel bar charts (2002)

Simple presentation graphics are intuitive and easy-to-use, but only show highly aggregated data. Bar charts, for example, only show a rather small number of data values and x-y-plots often have a high degree of overlap. Presentation techniques are often chosen depending on the considered data type, bar charts, for example, are used for categorical data and x-y plots are used for numerical data. We propose a combination of traditional bar charts and x-y-plots, which allows the visualization of large amounts of data with categorical and numerical data. The categorical data dimensions are used for the partitioning into the bars and the numerical data dimensions are used for the ordering arrangement within the bars. The basic idea is to use the pixels within the bars to present the detailed information of the data records. Our so-called pixel bar charts retain the intuitiveness of traditional bar charts while applying the principle of x-y charts within the bars. In many applications, a natural hierarchy is defined on the categorical data dimensions such as time, region, or product type. In hierarchical pixel bar charts, the hierarchy is exploited to split the bars for selected portions of the hierarchy. Our application to a number of real-world e-business and Web services data sets shows the wide applicability and usefulness of our new idea.
Energy Response of Neutron Area Monitor with Silicon Semiconductor Detector (1993)

Abstract A prototype neutron area monitor with a silicon semiconductor detector has been developed which has the energy response of 1 cm dose equivalent recommended by the 1CRP-26. Boron and proton radiators are coated on the surface of the silicon semiconductor detector. The detector is set at the center of a cylindrical polyethylene moderator. This moderator is covered by a porous cadmium board which serves as the thermal neutron absorber. Neutrons are detected as α-particles generated by the nuclear reaction 10B(n, α)7Li and as recoil protons generated by the interaction of fast neutrons with hydrogen. The neutron energy response of the monitor was measured using thermal neutrons and monoenergetic fast neutrons generated by an accelerator. The response was consistent with the 1cm dose equivalent response required for the monitor within ±34% in the range of 0.025–15 MeV.
Detection of<i>Bifidobacterium</i>Strains that Induce Large Quantities of IgA (1992)

AbstractAn in vitro screening test using the murine Peyer's patch cell culture method was developed for detection of bifidobacteria which induce large quantities of IgA. Bifidobacteria grown for 48 h were added at a dose corresponding to an absorbance value of 0.275 at 660 nm to BALB/c mouse Peyer's patch cells, and 7 days later the quantities of IgA antibody in the culture supernatants were measured by an ELISA method. With this screening test, three strains of bifidobacteria capable of inducing large quantities of IgA were selected from 120 strains isolated from human faeces and identified as Bifidobacterium breve (two strains) and B. longum (one strain). When one of the three strains (B. breve Y1T 4064) was administered orally along with cholera toxin (CT) into mice, the amount of anti-CT IgA antibody in faeces and anti-CT IgA antibody production and proliferation in Peyer's patch cells tended to be greater and were significantly greater, respectively, than after administration of only CT or CT and B. breve Ka-6, which did not induce IgA.Key Words: BifidobacteriumAdjuvant activityPeyer's patchIgACholera toxin