gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Activity of Gallium-Substituted Haemoglobin on Silver Nanoparticles (2020)

We have developed a nanosized agent for targeted antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), comprised of GaPpIX (a hemin analog with potent photosensitizer activity) encapsulated in haemoglobin (GaHb), mounted on 10-nm Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). The average GaHb–AgNP contains 28 GaPpIX units stabilized by Hb αβ-dimer units. Eradication (>6-log reduction) of <i>S. aureus</i> and MRSA can be achieved by a 10-second exposure to 405-nm irradiation from a light-emitting diode (LED) array (140 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>), with GaHb–AgNP loadings as low as 5.6 μg/mL for <i>S. aureus</i> and 16.6 μg/mL for MRSA, corresponding to nanomolar levels of GaPpIX. This reduction in bacterial count is several orders of magnitude greater than that of GaHb or free GaPpIX on a per mole basis. The GaHb-AgNP platform is also effective against persister MRSA and intracellular MRSA, and can provide comparable levels of aPDT with a 15-minute irradiation by an inexpensive compact fluorescent lightbulb. Collateral phototoxicity to keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) is low at the GaHb–AgNP concentrations and fluences used for aPDT. GaHb adsorbed on 10-nm AgNPs are much more potent than those on 40-nm AgNPs or 10-nm AuNPs, indicating that both size and plasmon-resonant coupling are important factors for enhanced aPDT.<br>
58.4: DSHARP — A Wide Screen Multi‐Projector Display (2003)

Abstract This paper describes a projection system using DLP projectors and parabolic mirrors to provide a 90 degree curved screen with a 4 to 1 aspect ratio. This display is intended to provide an “immersive” experience for the user and facilitate a very large canvas on which to utilize multiple applications or single ones requiring a large screen. The resulting display has a 3072 × 768 pixel display area. Furthermore, this display and replicas are being used to better understand how users interact with large, immersive displays. Currently, there are four units in use at Microsoft for various business and scientific purposes.
New low-voltage SEM technology for imaging and metrology of submicrometer contact holes and other high-aspect-ratio structures (1993)

In this work we present the results of a radically different approach to imaging of high-aspect ratio structures such as contact holes. Our approach utilizes two backscattered electron detection subsystems, one optimized for imaging at the top, like most SEM detectors, and another optimized for imaging at the base of submicrometer structures. These detection systems produce signals that can be combined in real-time to produce an image which resembles the 'extended focus' images obtained with confocal optical microscopes. Unlike confocal images, however, backscattered electron images have the inherent linearity and resolution characteristic of electron-beam technology. Backscattered electron imaging has been used to solve a number of vexing problems in monitoring semiconductor process. For example, contact hole measurement with secondary electrons has typically been done with a minimum or zero signal at the base of the structure, so that the measurement value obtained either has poor precision or is the result of extrapolation. In the case of backscattered electrons, the signal can have its maximum at the base of the structure, allowing high- precision measurement with no need for extrapolation. These results are supported by extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
Design of a new lower extremity orthosis for overground gait training with the WalkTrainer (2009)

A new set of lower limb orthoses was developed for the WalkTrainer project. This mobile reeducation device for paralyzed people allows overground gait training combining closed loop electrical muscle stimulation and lower limb guiding while walking. An active body weight support system offers precise body weight unloading during locomotion. A 6 DOF parallel robot moves the pelvis in any desired position and orientation. The lower extremity orthosis is composed of two key parts. First, a purely passive lightweight exoskeleton acts as the interface between the human leg and the machine. A 1 DOF knee orthotic joint is also designed to prevent hyperextension. Second, the active part - composed of a mechanical leg equipped with motors and sensors - is located behind each human leg, with its base fixed to the WalkTrainer base frame. The two kinematic chains are connected with appropriate linkages at the thigh and the ankle joint. Actuation of the hip, knee and ankle joints is thus provided for their flexion/extension axis. The active mechanism operates only within the sagittal plane and guides the ankle-foot subsystem. Thigh and shank add/abduction movements are possible and even essential since the pelvis moves in a 3D space. This achievement prevents the scissors effect while allowing natural walking motion at the other joints. This paper describes the design and development of the lower extremity orthosis. Starting from a biomechanical approach, the needed actuation and the mechanical structure are discussed as well as the interface between the patient and the robot.
Nucleotide sequence of a mutant acetolactate synthase gene from an imidazolinone-resistant<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>var. Columbia (1990)

Journal Article Nucleotide sequence of a mutant acetolactate synthase gene from an imidazolinone-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia Get access Kanagasabapathi Sathasivan, Kanagasabapathi Sathasivan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar George W. Haughn, George W. Haughn 1Department of Biology, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, S7N 0W0, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Norimoto Murai Norimoto Murai * * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 18, Issue 8, 25 April 1990, Page 2188, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.8.2188 Published: 25 April 1990 Article history Received: 19 February 1990 Published: 25 April 1990
Modulation of human tumor antigen expression. (1987)

With membrane-enriched fractions prepared from human metastatic breast tissue used as immunogen, a group of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated that recognized several distinct antigens on breast and other carcinomas. The antibodies were found to react with established human tumor cells in culture as well as in immunohistochemical protocols using sections of primary and metastatic lesions. One MAb, B72.3, demonstrated a high degree of selective reactivity for human carcinomas in that no reactivity was found with a large number of different normal tissues. These MAbs were used to demonstrate the heterogeneity of expression of the tumor antigens as well as the intrinsic cellular factors (i.e., cell-cycle kinetics and clonal variability) that modulate their expression. Additional studies showed that recombinant human leukocyte interferon can act as a potent regulator of surface antigen expression on human carcinoma cells. Analysis of these cells by radioimmunoassay or flow cytometry revealed that interferon treatment resulted in a higher percentage of the cell population that bind the MAb to the surface antigen. Furthermore, interferon treatment also increases the level of expression for particular tumor antigen throughout the tumor cell population. Experimental models were also developed to investigate the active localization of a radiolabeled MAb by a human tumor xenograft in athymic mice. The results demonstrate active uptake of an 125I-B6.2 by a transplantable human breast tumor that expressed significant quantities of the B6.2-reactive 90 kD tumor antigen. In contrast, a human melanoma cell line grown as a solid, subcutaneous tumor in athymic mice did not localize the labeled B6.2 and does not express the associated 90 kD antigen. We report the generation and characterization of anti-breast carcinoma MAbs. These immunologic probes were used to study relevant breast tumor antigens, the factors that influence their level of expression, and the ability of human tumors grown in athymic mice to localize radiolabeled antibodies.
Umpolung Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines: Diastereoselective Addition of 2-Azaallyl Anions to Davis–Ellman’s Imines (2018)

A highly regioselective and diastereoselective addition of 2-azaallyl anions to N- tert-butanesulfinylimines is reported. This methodology affords the preparation of enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure vicinal diamines bearing two adjacent stereocenters. Reactions proceed efficiently (yield up to 94%), diastereoselectively ( dr values up to 98:2:0:0), and site-selectively to deliver products with differentiated amino groups.
Restricting HIV-1 pathways for escape using rationally designed anti–HIV-1 antibodies (2013)

Recently identified broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that potently neutralize most HIV-1 strains are key to potential antibody-based therapeutic approaches to combat HIV/AIDS in the absence of an effective vaccine. Increasing bNAb potencies and resistance to common routes of HIV-1 escape through mutation would facilitate their use as therapeutics. We previously used structure-based design to create the bNAb NIH45-46(G54W), which exhibits superior potency and/or breadth compared with other bNAbs. We report new, more effective NIH45-46(G54W) variants designed using analyses of the NIH45-46-gp120 complex structure and sequences of NIH45-46(G54W)-resistant HIV-1 strains. One variant, 45-46m2, neutralizes 96% of HIV-1 strains in a cross-clade panel and viruses isolated from an HIV-infected individual that are resistant to all other known bNAbs, making it the single most broad and potent anti-HIV-1 antibody to date. A description of its mechanism is presented based on a 45-46m2-gp120 crystal structure. A second variant, 45-46m7, designed to thwart HIV-1 resistance to NIH45-46(G54W) arising from mutations in a gp120 consensus sequence, targets a common route of HIV-1 escape. In combination, 45-46m2 and 45-46m7 reduce the possible routes for the evolution of fit viral escape mutants in HIV-1YU-2-infected humanized mice, with viremic control exhibited when a third antibody, 10-1074, was added to the combination.
Apochromatic color correction using liquid lenses (1990)

A new method of attaining apochromatic color correction in refractive optical systems has been developed. Common, low-cost optical glasses and abnormal dispersion optical liquids are combined to produce optical systems that have a degree of color correction which previously was possible only by using abnormal dispersion glasses or crystals. In addition to providing dramatic color correction these liquids have good availability, reasonable cost, and low light scatter. Two designs are presented: a glass-liquid apochromatic telescope objective which uses one abnormal dispersion liquid, and an athermal design which uses two liquids. Also presented are the theoretical and experimentally measured optical performance characteristics of these two lenses.
Design, Testing, and Simulation of Microscale Gas Chromatography Columns (1998)

Abstract A microscale gas chromatography column is one component in a microscale chemistry laboratory for detecting chemical agents. Several columns were fabricated using the Bosch etch process which allows deep, high aspect ratio channels of rectangular cross-section. A design tool, based on analytical models, was developed to evaluate the effects of operating conditions and column specifications on separation resolution and time. The effects of slip flow, channel configuration, and cross-sectional shape were included to evaluate the differences between conventional round, straight columns and the microscale rectangular, spiral columns. Experimental data were obtained and compared with the predicted flowrates and theoretical number of plates. The design tool was then employed to select more optimum channel dimensions and operating conditions for high resolution separations.
Modeling and control of the resonant fiber scanner of a novel scanning scope (2002)

The single fiber scanning endoscope is designed with a resonant fiber scanner at the distal end of a thin flexible shaft to produce a flying spot scan for image acquisition purposes. Dynamic nonlinearities during large amplitude vibrations of the resonant fiber scanner result in distortions in the two-dimensional scan pattern and the acquired images. The nonlinearities produce nonlinear amplitude and phase responses, jump and whirl. A dynamic model which includes the fibers dynamic nonlinearities, as well as its piezotube actuators nonlinearities, has been developed to understand the nonlinear behavior and as the basis of a controller to remove the scan distortion. A robust state-space controller with feedback linearization has been implemented to force the resonant fiber scanner to follow three reference scan patterns: raster, propeller, and spiral formats. Acquired images at 250/spl times/250 pixel resolution demonstrate improved image fidelity over previous images taken with open-loop scanning.
Use of population genetics to derive nonrecombinant<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>strains that grow using xylose as a sole carbon source (2006)

According to scientific dogma, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot grow utilizing xylose as a sole carbon source. Although recombinant DNA technology has overcome this deficiency to some degree, efficient utilization of xylose appears to require complex global changes in gene expression. This complexity provides a significant challenge to the development of yeasts suitable for the utilization of xylose-rich lignocellulosic substrates. In contrast to the dogma, we have found that native strains of S. cerevisiae can grow on xylose as a sole carbon source, albeit very slowly. This observation provided the basis for a new approach using natural selection to develop strains of S. cerevisiae with improved ability to utilize xylose. By applying natural selection and breeding over an extended period, we have developed S. cerevisiae strains that can double in less than 6 h using xylose as a sole carbon source. Strains with improved growth rate possessed increased xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities, with the latter showing the greater improvement. This unique, completely nonrecombinant approach to developing xylose-utilizing strains of S. cerevisiae opens an alternative route to the development of yeast that can fully utilize lignocellulosic substrates.
Universal Method for the Purification of Recombinant AAV Vectors of Differing Serotypes (2017)

The generation of clinical good manufacturing practices (GMP)-grade adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors requires purification strategies that support the generation of vectors of high purity, and that exhibit a good safety and efficacy profile. To date, most reported purification schemas are serotype dependent, requiring method development for each AAV gene therapy product. Here, we describe a platform purification process that is compatible with the purification of multiple AAV serotypes. The method generates vector preparations of high purity that are enriched for capsids with full vector genomes, and that minimizes the fractional content of empty capsids. The two-column purification method, a combination of affinity and ion exchange chromatographies, is compatible with a range of AAV serotypes generated by either the transient triple transfection method or the more scalable producer cell line platform. In summary, the adaptable purification method described can be used for the production of a variety of high-quality AAV vectors suitable for preclinical testing in animal models of diseases.
Organic Photoredox Catalysis as a General Strategy for Anti-Markovnikov Alkene Hydrofunctionalization (2014)

The development of a general catalyst system for the direct anti-Markovnikov hydrofunctionalization of alkenes is presented. A unique catalyst system comprised of an acridinium photooxidant and a hydrogen atom transfer reagent allows for a range of alkene anti-Markovnikov hydrofunctionalization reactions including hydroalkoxylation, hydroamination, and hydroacetoxylation.
ACPC: Efficient revocation of pseudonym certificates using activation codes. (2018)

Abstract Vehicular communication (V2X) technologies allow vehicles to exchange information about the road conditions and their own status, and thereby enhance transportation safety and efficiency. For broader deployment, however, such technologies are expected to address security and privacy concerns, preventing abuse by users and by the system’s entities. In particular, the system is expected to enable the revocation of malicious vehicles, e.g., in case they send invalid information to their peers or to the roadside infrastructure; it should also prevent the system from being misused for tracking honest vehicles. Both features are enabled by Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure (VPKI) solutions such as Security Credential Management Systems (SCMS), one of the leading candidates for protecting V2X communication in the United States. Unfortunately, though, SCMS’s original revocation mechanism can lead to large Certification Revocation Lists (CRLs), which in turn impacts the bandwidth usage and processing overhead of the system. In this article, we propose a novel design called Activation Codes for Pseudonym Certificates (ACPC), which can be integrated into SCMS to address this issue. Our proposal is based on activation codes, short bit-strings without which certificates previously issued to a vehicle cannot be used by the latter, which are periodically distributed to non-revoked vehicles using an efficient broadcast mechanism. As a result, the identifiers of the corresponding certificates do no need to remain on the CRL for a long time, reducing the CRLs’ size and streamlining their distribution and verification of any vehicle’s revocation status. Besides describing ACPC in detail, we also compare it to similar-purpose solutions such as Issue First Activate Later (IFAL) and Binary Hash Tree based Certificate Access Management (BCAM). This analysis shows that our proposal not only improves privacy (e.g., in terms of resilience against colluding system authorities), but also leads to processing and bandwidth overheads that are orders of magnitude smaller than those observed in the state of the art.
Application of the spirometer in respiratory gated radiotherapy (2003)

The signal from a spirometer is directly correlated with respiratory motion and is ideal for target respiratory motion tracking. However, its susceptibility to signal drift deters its application in radiotherapy. In this work, a few approaches are investigated to control spirometer signal drift for a Bernoulli-type spirometer. A method is presented for rapid daily calibration of the spirometer to obtain a flow sensitivity function. Daily calibration assures accurate airflow measurement and also reduces signal drift. Dynamic baseline adjustment further controls the signal drift. The accuracy of these techniques was studied and it was found that the spirometer is able to provide a long-term drift-free breathing signal. The tracking error is comprised of two components: calibration error and stochastic signal baseline variation error. The calibration error is very small (1% of 3 l) and therefore negligible. The stochastic baseline variation error can be as large as 20% of the normal breathing amplitude. In view of these uncertainties, the applications of spirometers in treatment techniques that rely on breathing monitoring are discussed. Spirometer-based monitoring is noted most suitable for deep inspiration breath-hold but less important for free breathing gating techniques.
Phase-conjugate fiber-optic gyro (1985)

We describe a new type of fiber-optic gyro which utilizes the phase reversal of the conjugation process, and we report some preliminary experimental results. Polarization scrambling is a well-known source of signal fading and noise in fiberoptic gyros. Polarization-preserving fibers and couplers must be used to decouple the two states of polarization and hence improve the sensitivity. 1 In the phase conjugate fiber-optic gyro, a scalar phase conjugator is employed to restore the severely scrambled waves to their original state of polarization. This eliminates the signal fading and noise due to polarization scrambling. Consider a fiber loop which contains a phase conjugate reflector at the end. The net phase shift of light completing a round trip is proportional to the rotation rate and can be used for rotation sensing. In addition, if the phase conjugate reflector is scalar 2 , the polarization state will not change on reflection. Such a scalar phase conjugator will produce a true time-reversed version of the incident wave and will undo all the reciprocal changes (e.g., polarization scrambling, modal aberration, temperature fluctuation) when the light propagates backward from the phase conjugator to the input coupling. Since the polarization scrambling and modal aberration of the multimode fibers can be corrected by scalar phase conjugation, even multimode fibers can be used in this new type of gyro. We have demonstrated the correction, by scalar phase conjugation, of polarization scrambling and modal aberration, in single and multimode fibers. We have also measured the conjugate phase shift introduced by rotation.
The pulse width modulated - constant temperature anemometer (1996)

A new technique to (i) maintain the resistance of a fine wire probe at an elevated and a `constant' value, and (ii) utilize the duration of the heating current as a measure of the effective cooling velocity is reported here for the first time. The pulse width modulated (PWM) - constant temperature anemometer (CTA) is inherently a digital device given the discrete times at which the output (as a parallel 16-bit number) is presented to the recording device. The advantages of this new device over a conventional CTA are noted. The need for additional performance measures is also clarified.
Generation of Anti-Idiotype scFv for Pharmacokinetic Measurement in Lymphoma Patients Treated with Chimera Anti-CD22 Antibody SM03 (2014)

Pre-clinical and clinical studies of therapeutic antibodies require highly specific reagents to examine their immune responses, bio-distributions, immunogenicity, and pharmacodynamics in patients. Selective antigen-mimicking anti-idiotype antibody facilitates the assessment of therapeutic antibody in the detection, quantitation and characterization of antibody immune responses. Using mouse specific degenerate primer pairs and splenocytic RNA, we generated an idiotype antibody-immunized phage-displayed scFv library in which an anti-idiotype antibody against the therapeutic chimera anti-CD22 antibody SM03 was isolated. The anti-idiotype scFv recognized the idiotype of anti-CD22 antibody and inhibited binding of SM03 to CD22 on Raji cell surface. The anti-idiotype scFv was subsequently classified as Ab2γ type. Moreover, our results also demonstrated firstly that the anti-idiotype scFv could be used for pharmacokinetic measurement of circulating residual antibody in lymphoma patients treated with chimera anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody SM03. Of important, the present approach could be easily adopted to generate anti-idiotype antibodies for therapeutic antibodies targeting membrane proteins, saving the cost and time for producing a soluble antigen.