gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Unified Subdivision Scheme for Polygonal Modeling (2001)

Subdivision rules have traditionally been designed to generate smooth surfaces from polygonal meshes. In this paper we propose to employ subdivision rules as a polygonal modeling tool, specifically to add additional level of detail to meshes. However, existing subdivision schemes have several undesirable properties making them ill suited for polygonal modeling. In this paper we propose a general set of subdivision rules which provides users with more control over the subdivision process. Most existing subdivision schemes are special cases. In particular, we provide subdivision rules which blend approximating spline based schemes with interpolatory ones. Also, we generalize subdivision to allow any number of refinements to be performed in a single step.
Phase locking of a 27 THz quantum cascade laser to a microwave reference (2009)

We demonstrate the phase locking of a 2.7 THz metal-metal waveguide quantum cascade laser (QCL) to an external microwave signal. The reference is the 15th harmonic, generated by a semiconductor superlattice nonlinear device, of a signal at 182 GHz, which itself is generated by a multiplier chain (x12) from a microwave synthesizer at approximately 15 GHz. Both laser and reference radiations are coupled into a bolometer mixer, resulting in a beat signal, which is fed into a phase-lock loop. The spectral analysis of the beat signal confirms that the QCL is phase locked. This result opens the possibility to extend heterodyne interferometers into the far-infrared range.
Oxycarbonylation of Methanol to Dimethyl Carbonate Using Molten Salts as Catalyst (1998)

Dimethyl carbonate can be prepared with high selectivity from methanol, carbon monoxide, and oxygen by reacting these substances in the presence of a catalyst consisting of a eutectic mixture of copper chloride and potassium chloride. Applying the pressure-swing technique by changing the system pressure cyclically, the dimethyl carbonate yield can markedly be improved.
Magnetic resonance imaging of frozen tissues: Temperature-dependent MR signal characteristics and relevance for MR monitoring of cryosurgery (1999)

Previously, the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of frozen tissues created during cryosurgery has been described as a signal void. In this work, very short echo times (1.2 msec) allowed MR signals from frozen tissues to be measured at temperatures down to -35 degrees C. Ex vivo bovine liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and water were imaged at steady-state temperatures from -78 degrees to +6 degrees C. Signal intensity, T2*, and T1 were measured using gradient-echo imaging. Signal intensity and T2* decrease monotonically with temperature. In the future, these MR parameters may be useful for mapping temperatures during cryosurgery.
Hexagonal Waveguide Based Circularly Polarized Horn Antennas for Sub-mm-Wave/Terahertz Band (2018)

In this paper, we introduce a class of circularly polarized horns realizable at sub-mm-wave and terahertz frequencies. The proposed designs exploit differential dispersion in hexagonal waveguides (a birefringencelike effect), which allows a linear to circular polarization conversion. These can be fabricated for terahertz applications, as they do not require waveguide partitions or elaborate waveguide assemblies needed in existing designs. In this paper, we discuss the theory of hexagonal waveguides, develop analytical design procedures, and show measurement results for a fabricated prototype. The prototype is developed for WR-8 band (90-140 GHz) operation, showing a midband gain of 18 dBi and 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 37%.
Reagentless Ultrasensitive Specific DNA Array Detection Based on Responsive Polymeric Biochips (2006)

Self-assembled molecular structures immobilized on solid substrates and composed of fluorophore-tagged oligonucleotide probes and an optical polymeric transducer were investigated for the trace level detection of DNA target molecules. Rapid and efficient energy transfer between the polymeric transducer and fluorophores within the molecular aggregates leads to a massive intrinsic amplification of the fluorescence signal and to the label-free detection of as little as 300 DNA molecules, with the specificity required for the detection of single-nucleotide mismatches. This capacity for attomolar detection levels while the sensing structures are attached onto solid supports could lead to the development of biochip platforms for fast and simple PCR-free multitarget DNA detection.
<b> <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> fatty acid binding protein inhibits the activation of TLR4 </b> (LB288) (2014)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria and is a potent activator of the innate immune system. The immune response to LPS can lead to septic shock syndrome if the inflammatory response is amplified and uncontrolled which can be fatal. The receptors that recognize LPS are lipid binding protein (LBP), CD14, MD12 and Toll‐like Receptor 4 (TLR‐4) which all cooperates in the pathway activation. Today, there is much interest to develop TLR antagonists to control the innate immunity and regulation of innate immune responses. TLR antagonists currently under development are structural analogs of agonists and probably bind to the receptor but fail to signal or pathway activation. However, there is still a need for effective molecules that could prevent or circumvent the negative effect of inflammatory responses during a variety of human diseases. We demonstrated that the protein Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein (FABP) has antagonist properties through TLR‐4 after LPS stimulation. FABP binds to human CD14 co‐receptor of HEK 293 cells to block the activation of NF‐kB induced by LPS, functioning thus as antagonist of TLR4. We also demonstrated that FABP inhibited the production of inflammatory molecules as TNF‐α, IL‐12A and NOS production by human monocytes derived macrophage (MDM) in vitro . This results directed to explore the potential of FABP as a new class of drug against septic shock bacterial or others inflammatory diseases in which TLR4 are involved.
IP Fast Reroute for Double-Link Failure Recovery (2009)

Failure recovery using IP fast reroute (IPFRR) has gained much attention recently. The basic idea is to find backup paths and configure the routing tables in advance. After a failure is detected, the pre-determined backup paths are used immediately to forward the affected packets. Since the calculation and configuration are performed in advance, the recovery can be completed very quickly. IPFFR is considered as a promising approach to enhance the survivability of IP networks. While single failure recovery has been extensively researched, using IPFRR for double-link failure recovery remains as a great challenge. We propose a solution for this issue called Efficient SCan for Alternate Paths for double-link failure recovery (ESCAP-DL). ESCAP-DL guarantees 100% coverage from both single and double-link failures and has the advantages of low complexity and resource requirement. The scheme resumes packet forwarding immediately after failures are detected and does not require failure advertising throughout the network.
Dendritic cells dictate responses to PD-L1 blockade cancer immunotherapy (2020)

PD-L1/PD-1 blocking antibodies have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy across a range of human cancers. Extending this benefit to a greater number of patients, however, will require a better understanding of how these therapies instigate anticancer immunity. Although the PD-L1/PD-1 axis is typically associated with T cell function, we demonstrate here that dendritic cells (DCs) are an important target of PD-L1 blocking antibody. PD-L1 binds two receptors, PD-1 and B7.1 (CD80). PD-L1 is expressed much more abundantly than B7.1 on peripheral and tumor-associated DCs in patients with cancer. Blocking PD-L1 on DCs relieves B7.1 sequestration in cis by PD-L1, which allows the B7.1/CD28 interaction to enhance T cell priming. In line with this, in patients with renal cell carcinoma or non-small cell lung cancer treated with atezolizumab (PD-L1 blockade), a DC gene signature is strongly associated with improved overall survival. These data suggest that PD-L1 blockade reinvigorates DC function to generate potent anticancer T cell immunity.
Multiple sclerosis shrinks intralesional, and enlarges extralesional, brain parenchymal veins (2012)

The small apparent size of intralesional MS veins may reflect compression by the perivascular inflammatory cuff within active lesions or hardening of the vascular wall in chronic lesions. The finding that extralesional veins are larger than similar veins in non-MS lesions may result from diffuse disease-related processes.
Deoxynybomycins inhibit mutant DNA gyrase and rescue mice infected with fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria (2015)

Fluoroquinolones are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics, but fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR) is widespread and increasing. Deoxynybomycin (DNM) is a natural-product antibiotic with an unusual mechanism of action, inhibiting the mutant DNA gyrase that confers FQR. Unfortunately, isolation of DNM is difficult and DNM is insoluble in aqueous solutions, making it a poor candidate for development. Here we describe a facile chemical route to produce DNM and its derivatives. These compounds possess excellent activity against FQR methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci clinical isolates and inhibit mutant DNA gyrase in-vitro. Bacteria that develop resistance to DNM are re-sensitized to fluoroquinolones, suggesting that resistance that emerges to DNM would be treatable. Using a DNM derivative, the first in-vivo efficacy of the nybomycin class is demonstrated in a mouse infection model. Overall, the data presented suggest the promise of DNM derivatives for the treatment of FQR infections.
Application of the Long-Range Alpha Detector (LRAD) to the detection of Natural-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) (1994)

Standard fieldable alpha detectors are severely limited when monitoring alpha contamination on equipment, large surfaces, or the inside surfaces of pipes. New regulations are driving a need for new technologies to address these problem areas. The Long-Range Alpha Detector (LRAD) technology addresses these problems by detecting ion pairs created by an alpha particle in ambient air, rather than the alpha particle directly. These ion pairs, whose lifetime is several seconds, are transported to a collection grid by using either an airflow or an electric field. When collected, these ion pairs create a small electric current (typically 10{sup {minus}13} to 10{sup {minus}14} A) that is read by an electrometer and displayed on a data acquisition system. This method of detection is also being used to create monitoring systems for health physics, environmental site characterization decontamination characterization, and it is adaptable to cover the new needs of the power industry.
Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy (2007)

We demonstrate a compact, single-mode quantum cascade laser source continuously tunable between 8.7 and 9.4μm. The source consists of an array of single-mode distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers with closely spaced emission wavelengths fabricated monolithically on a single chip and driven by a microelectronic controller. Our source is suitable for a variety of chemical sensing applications. Here, we use it to perform absorption spectroscopy of fluids.
VMPatrol: dynamic and automated QoS for virtual machine migrations (2012)

As more and more data centers embrace end host virtualization and virtual machine (VM) mobility becomes commonplace, we explore its implications on data center networks. Live VM migrations are considered expensive operations because of the additional network traffic they generate, which can impact the network performance of other applications in the network, and because of the downtime that applications running on a migrating VM may experience. Most virtualization vendors currently recommend a separate network for VM mobility. However, setting up an alternate network just for VM migrations can be extremely costly and thus presents a barrier to seamless VM mobility. Therefore, it is apparent that VM migrations should be orchestrated in a network-aware manner with appropriate QoS controls such that they do not degrade network performance of other flows in the network while still being allocated the bandwidth they require for successful completion within the specified time lines. In this context, we present VMPatrol - a QoS framework for VM migrations. VMPatrol uses a cost of migration model to allocate a minimal bandwidth for a migration flow such that it completes within the specified time limit while causing minimal interference to other flows in the network. Our implementation and experimental evaluation of VMPatrol on real and virtual software testbeds demonstrates that automated bandwidth reservation can reduce the impact of migrations on other flows in the network to a negligible level.
Power laws for image quality measures in PET penalized-likelihood image reconstruction (2013)

Most image reconstruction methods have parameters for users to determine: for example, an iteration number and post-reconstruction filter parameters in OSEM, or a regularization parameter in penalized-likelihood (PL). To optimize such reconstruction parameters, one needs to quantitatively understand the relationship among those parameters and image quality. However, image quality is a function of not only the reconstruction parameters but also patient, scanner and imaging protocol. A major advantage of PL over OSEM is the availability of a computationally efficient algebraic procedure to predict resolution and noise properties as a function of the regularization parameter for a given sinogram data set while taking into account the dependence on patient, scanner and protocol. But the procedure, which is based on discrete-space matrix and vector operations, despite its usefulness, lacks intuitive insights such as can be obtained from studying continuous-space Radon transforms. Here, by continuous-space analysis of PL with quadratic (or Gaussian) penalties, we derive approximate yet insightful closed-form expressions for functional relationships, which turn out to be power laws, among the regularization parameter and such image quality measures as resolution, variance and spatial correlation. The expressions we derive provide intuitive insights into how a regularization parameter affects the image quality measures. As a by-product, we develop an understanding of why the ensemble voxel variance in PL is a function of the regularization parameter only and is, somewhat surprisingly, independent of other factors including patient size, scan time and dose.
Novel single quantum well optoelectronic devices based on exciton bleaching (1987)

Novel planar high-speed optoelectronic devices offering advantages for optoelectronic integration are proposed. Exciton-resonant light propagates along a single-mode rib waveguide containing a single quantum well (SQW), the only absorbing medium in the waveguide. The two-dimensional (2D) excitonic optical absorption is controlled by the bleaching effect induced by free carriers, whose electrical conduction simultaneously makes possible optical detection and high-speed transistor action. Three such optical modulating devices are: 1) a gate-controlled single quantum well field-effect transistor (FET) optical modulator (FETOM), 2) an optically-readable memory element, and 3) an optically-switched charge storage device. The FETOM, in which the free-carrier density in the SQW is controlled by the gate voltage, offers high speed (22 ps), small size (125 μm), and unique potential for optoelectronic integration.
High-refractive-index polymer coatings for optoelectronics applications (2004)

The performance of many solid-state devices including emissive displays, optical sensors, integrated optical circuits, and light-emitting diodes can be improved by applying a transparent high refractive index coating (≥ 1.65) onto the light-emitting or light-sensing portion of the device. Ideally, the coating should combine the excellent durability and easy deposition of a spin-applied polymer coating with the high refractive index and optical clarity of a vacuum deposited metal oxide coating such as titanium dioxide or zirconium oxide. While some success has been achieved in combining these very dissimilar materials to form transparent hybrid coating systems, for example, using sol-gel or nanoparticle dispersion techniques, the resulting coating systems often require complicated manufacturing schemes and have limited storage stability and reliability. We have demonstrated two new approaches to development of high refractive index polymer coatings. In the first approach, an organometallic polymer and a conventional organic polymer are combined to form a compatible coating. When cured at elevated temperatures, the organometallic polymer decomposes to form a highly dispersed metal oxide phase that imparts high index properties to the final hybrid coating. The new coatings are transparent and have refractive indices ranging from 1.6 to as high as 1.9 depending on the metal oxide content. The second approach utilizes our discovery that polyimide materials possess naturally high refractive indices in comparison to most polymer materials. Through careful molecular design, we have developed a new class of polyimide materials having refractive indices ranging from 1.60 to 1.78 at visible wavelengths and exhibiting excellent optical clarity. The new polyimides can be spin-applied to a layer thickness of more than 10 microns in a single coating step and form thermally stable films with good mechanical strength and adhesion to device substrates.
Comparison of Slotted Aloha-NOMA and CSMA/CA for M2M Communications in IoT Networks (2018)

The Internet of things (IoT), which is the network of physical devices embedded with sensors, actuators, and connectivity, is being accelerated into the mainstream by the emergence of 5G wireless networking and the support of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. Due to the simplicity of IoT devices and their sporadic traffic in such application, a simple medium access control (MAC) protocol is needed to connect M2M devices to the Internet through a hub (IoT gateway). This paper compares two MAC protocols namely: the newly introduced slotted Aloha-NOMA protocol and the well-known carrier sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. The comparison is based on two metrics, the throughput and the average delay. Simulation results show that the throughput of slotted Aloha-NOMA is higher than CSMA/CA at low probability of transmission at the cost of increased average delay caused by novel power level selection mechanism.
In-situ catalyzation approach for enhancing the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation kinetics of MgH2 powders with Ni particles (2016)

One practical solution for utilizing hydrogen in vehicles with proton-exchange fuel cells membranes is storing hydrogen in metal hydrides nanocrystalline powders. According to its high hydrogen capacity and low cost of production, magnesium hydride (MgH<sub>2</sub>) is a desired hydrogen storage system. Its slow hydrogenation/dehydrogenation kinetics and high thermal stability are the major barriers restricting its usage in real applications. Amongst the several methods used for enhancing the kinetics behaviors of MgH<sub>2</sub> powders, mechanically milling the powders with one or more catalyst species has shown obvious advantages. Here we are proposing a new approach for gradual doping MgH<sub>2</sub> powders with Ni particles upon ball milling the powders with Ni-balls milling media. This proposed is-situ method showed mutually beneficial for overcoming the agglomeration of catalysts and the formation of undesired Mg<sub>2</sub>NiH<sub>4</sub> phase. Moreover, the decomposition temperature and the corresponding activation energy showed low values of 218 °C and 75 kJ/mol, respectively. The hydrogenation/dehydrogenation kinetics examined at 275 °C of the powders milled for 25 h took place within 2.5 min and 8 min, respectively. These powders containing 5.5 wt.% Ni performed 100-continuous cycle-life time of hydrogen charging/discharging at 275 °C within 56 h without failure or degradation.
Role of ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channels in electrophysiological alterations during myocardial ischemia: a study using Kir6.2-null mice (2004)

The role of cardiac ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels in ischemia-induced electrophysiological alterations has not been thoroughly established. Using mice with homozygous knockout (KO) of Kir6.2 (a pore-forming subunit of cardiac K(ATP) channel) gene, we investigated the potential contribution of K(ATP) channels to electrophysiological alterations and extracellular K(+) accumulation during myocardial ischemia. Coronary-perfused mouse left ventricular muscles were stimulated at 5 Hz and subjected to no-flow ischemia. Transmembrane potential and extracellular K(+) concentration ([K(+)](o)) were measured by using conventional and K(+)-selective microelectrodes, respectively. In wild-type (WT) hearts, action potential duration (APD) at 90% repolarization (APD(90)) was significantly decreased by 70.1 +/- 5.2% after 10 min of ischemia (n = 6, P < 0.05). Such ischemia-induced shortening of APD(90) did not occur in Kir6.2-deficient (Kir6.2 KO) hearts. Resting membrane potential in WT and Kir6.2 KO hearts similarly decreased by 16.8 +/- 5.6 (n = 7, P < 0.05) and 15.0 +/- 1.7 (n = 6, P < 0.05) mV, respectively. The [K(+)](o) in WT hearts increased within the first 5 min of ischemia by 6.9 +/- 2.5 mM (n = 6, P < 0.05) and then reached a plateau. However, the extracellular K(+) accumulation similarly occurred in Kir6.2 KO hearts and the degree of [K(+)](o) increase was comparable to that in WT hearts (by 7.0 +/- 1.7 mM, n = 6, P < 0.05). In Kir6.2 KO hearts, time-dependent slowing of conduction was more pronounced compared with WT hearts. In conclusion, the present study using Kir6.2 KO hearts provides evidence that the activation of K(ATP) channels contributes to the shortening of APD, whereas it is not the primary cause of extracellular K(+) accumulation during early myocardial ischemia.
DNA immobilization and SAW response in ZnO nanotips grown on LiNbO/sub 3/ substrates (2006)

DNA immobilization enhancement is demonstrated in a structure consisting of ZnO nanotips on 128 degrees Y-cut LiNbO3. The ZnO nanotips are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on the top of a SiO2 layer that is deposited and patterned on the LiNbO3 SAW delay path. The effects of ZnO nanotips on the SAW response are investigated. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to analyze the ZnO nanotips, which are of single crystalline quality, and they are uniformly aligned with their c-axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the ZnO nanotips shows strong near bandedge transition with insignificant deep level emission, confirming their good optical property. DNA immobilization enhancement is experimentally validated by radioactive labeling tests and SAW response changes. The ZnO nanotips enhance the DNA immobilization by a factor of 200 compared to ZnO film with flat surface. DNA hybridization with complementary and noncomplementary second strand DNA oligonucleotides is used to study the selective binding of the structure. This device structure possesses the advantages of both traditional SAW sensors and ZnO nanostructures.