gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronidase ameliorates rejection-induced edema (1999)

Abstract Hyaluronan, a glucosaminoglycan with unique water-binding capacity, is accumulated in the interstitial edematous tissue in rejecting organs. We here investigated whether the increased tissue content of water and hyaluronan seen during allograft rejection can be prevented by treatment with the hyaluronan-degrading enzyme hyaluronidase. Heterotopic heart transplantations between PVG and Wistar/Kyoto rats were performed. Recipient rats were treated with hyaluronidase prophylactically or therapeutically, either alone or in combination with cyclosporine. Daily intravenous injections of hyaluronidase induced a significant reduction of the cardiac content of both hyaluronan and water, as evaluated on day six after transplantation. Morphological examination revealed grafts with better preserved morphology and fewer infiltrating mononuclear cells, compared to untreated controls. Hyaluronidase therapy, alone or combined with cyclosporine, resulted in prolonged graft survival times. Hyaluronidase infusion for two hours also reduced already established edema five days after transplantation. This study confirms the hypothesis that hyaluronan accumulation plays a critical role in edema formation, and that hyaluronidase therapy can be used to reduce edema after organ transplantation.
Laser grooved and polycrystalline silicon solar cell research (1989)

Research for the period August, 1987--October, 1988 directed at improving the performance of laser grooved, buried contact crystalline silicon solar cells and of polycrystalline silicon cells is described. Key results include the demonstration of 20.6% energy conversion efficiency for 12 cm/sup 2/ laser grooved crystalline cells and 19.6% for 47 cm/sup 2/ cells of the same type. Several of the larger cells were encapsulated into 28 cm square mini-modules which demonstrated efficiencies up to 17%, significantly higher than previously established figures for silicon modules. Polycrystalline cell efficiency up to 17.8% was demonstrated during the project, again appreciably higher than previous results. 17 refs.
<title>Multiple-surface phase-shifting interferometry</title> (2001)

I show how phase shifting interferometry can be extended to account for multiple interference effects using a Fourier based analysis technique combined with wavelength tuning and a particular four-surface interferometer geometry. The technique is demonstrated by simultaneously measuring both surface profiles, the optical thickness variation and index homogeneity of a parallel plate. In addition, unlike traditional phase shifting techniques, the linear component of the homogeneity can be measured with high precision. It is shown that a significant linear component exists in a commercially supplied flat.
Modulated interference effects: use of photoelastic modulators with lasers (1994)

When photoelastic modulators (PEMs) are used with lasers as light sources, modulated interference effects may occur. Interference which occurs due to the reflection of light at the surfaces of the PEM optical element is modulated because the surfaces of the optical element are in relative motion synchronized with the oscillations of the modulator. Since the modulated interference frequencies are exactly the same as the polarization modulation frequencies being studied, they can be very troublesome. This paper will describe these effects quantitatively, give a simple test for their existence in an optical system and describe some techniques for their suppression or elimination.
Tailoring Hydrogen Storage Materials Towards Application (2006)

Abstract A breakthrough in hydrogen storage technology was achieved by preparing nanocrystalline hydrides using high‐energy ball milling and the use of suitable catalysts/additives. These new materials show fast or in case of Mg‐based hydrides very fast absorption and desorption kinetics within minutes, thus qualifying lightweight Mg‐ or Al‐based hydrides for storage applications. This article summarizes our current understanding of the kinetics of Mg‐based light metal hydrides, describes an approach for a cost‐effective processing technology and highlights some promising new developments in lightweight metal hydride research.
Minimally invasive medical diagnosis through Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with machine learning (2022)

Untargeted spectroscopic methods allow interrogating biomedical samples without prior hypotheses about specific pathways, and therefore they are a powerful diagnostic tool for poorly understood or initially asymptomatic diseases. In this work, we analyzed micro- drops of biological fluids from patients and animal models with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and coupled the spectra with supervised classification algorithms to distinguish healthy and diseased individuals. LIBS is the optical emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasmas, and it can provide the elemental fingerprinting of a wide variety of samples [1]. In [2], we designed a voting algorithm based on the use of LIBS difference spectra, that we employed as a data-pretreatment and feature-selection method to couple with Quadratic Discriminant Analysis for Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosis in living patients.
Anomaly Detection of Adversarial Examples using Class-conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (2021)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been shown vulnerable to Test-Time Evasion attacks (TTEs, or adversarial examples), which, by making small changes to the input, alter the DNN's decision. We propose an unsupervised attack detector on DNN classifiers based on class-conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We model the distribution of clean data conditioned on the predicted class label by an Auxiliary Classifier GAN (AC-GAN). Given a test sample and its predicted class, three detection statistics are calculated based on the AC-GAN Generator and Discriminator. Experiments on image classification datasets under various TTE attacks show that our method outperforms previous detection methods. We also investigate the effectiveness of anomaly detection using different DNN layers (input features or internal-layer features) and demonstrate, as one might expect, that anomalies are harder to detect using features closer to the DNN's output layer.
Magnetostrictive Vibration Control Systems (1993)

Results are presented summarizing dynamic per formance capabilities for three different magnetostrictive actuators with demonstration of magnetostriction used for control of struc tural vibrations in a beam. Project goals were to design a magne tostrictive actuator for use as a broadband vibration source (using magnetostriction for generation of dynamic forces), to fabricate a working prototype system, and to demonstrate magnetostrictive ac tuator use for vibration control. The vibration control work is modeled after analog proportional gain control techniques. A magnetostrictive actuator is used to oppose structural vibrations that are sensed with an accelerometer. The magnetostrictive ele ment of the actuator is permeated by a magnetic field that fluc tuates in direction at a rate proportional to the inverted accel erometer output. The resultant actuator strain is proportional in amplitude and 180° out of phase with the structure's vibratory mo tion. Use of a magnetostrictive actuator to reduce beam vibrations at frequencies up to 4000 Hz is shown. Also, broadband actuator frequency responses are shown that demonstrate practical imple mentation of magnetostrictive material in vibration generation systems which should carry over to use in vibration control ap plications at frequencies up to 10,000 Hz and above.
Zero drift NDIR gas sensors (2011)

Purpose Output stability or drift overtime has long been a major performance deficiency for gas sensors irrespective of what technology or methodology is used for their conception. Software correction may alleviate the problem somewhat but it is not always applicable. It has long been the objective of many researchers in this field to overcome this problem fundamentally and for good. The purpose of this paper is to show that this objective has now finally been achieved. Design/methodology/approach Conventional non‐dispersive infrared (NDIR) dual beam methodology utilizes the ratio of signal channel output over reference channel output for signal processing. The signal filter overlaps the absorption band of the gas of interest while the reference filter does not. However, this ratio changes as the source ages. The current methodology uses an absorption bias between signal and reference channel outputs. This absorption bias is created by using a path length for the signal channel greater than that for the reference channel. Both the signal and reference detectors carry an identical spectral filter overlapping the absorption band of the gas to be measured. Findings Implementation of the currently patented NDIR gas‐sensing methodology has been carried out in different gas sensor configurations for over a year in the laboratory. Performance results for these sensors showing insignificant output drifts overtime have been repeatedly demonstrated via simulated aging for the source. Originality/value The paper puts forward the view that the recent breakthrough of the Near Zero Drift methodology for NDIR gas sensors will very quickly change the hierarchy of technology dominance and utility for gas sensors at large.
Model Based Drift Free Localization for Multirotors (2018)

This paper presents a novel method to eliminate drift for dynamics model based localization of multirotors. The dynamics equations require drag modelling, which is dependent on velocity, to generate vehicles's acceleration along the body axis. It is shown in this paper that the drag contribution, at velocity level, can be treated as a low frequency component. Incorrect or nonmodelling of this low frequency component leads to drift at velocity level. This drift can then be removed through a high pass filter. Experiments are performed on an AR.Drone quadrotor platform and results validated using motion capture camera system. The obtained results demonstrate that treating drag in the said manner leads to drift free velocity and hence to better localization. Further, it is shown that this approach could be exploited to extract scale information solely from a monocular camera.
Active Control of Transition and Turbulence (1987)

Two active means of manipulating boundary-layer flow developed, one controlling laminar-to-turbulent transition, other controlling amplitude of turbulent fluctuation. Purpose to control skin-friction drag over surfaces inside inlets and ducts. Resulting turbulence downstream has lower skin-friction drag than equivalent flow developing over same surfaces in absence of intervention. Heating strips trigger turbulence while transition amplitude and bandwidth controlled by acoustic signal.
MO‐E‐L100J‐07: Multiplexing Radiography for Ultra‐Fast Computed Tomography: A Feasibility Study (2007)

Purpose: Current CT scanners collect the projection images by a step‐and‐shoot process using a single x‐ray source. The inefficient serial data collection scheme severely limits the data collection speed. Multiplexing technique, which has been widely adopted in communication devices, holds the promise to significantly increase the data throughput. It however, has not been applied to x‐ray radiography, mainly due to limitations of the current x‐ray source technology. Method and Materials: We demonstrated the feasibility of multiplexing radiography technique based on the frequency division multiplexing (FDM) principle and the multi‐pixel x‐ray technology. The carbon nanotube based field emission multi‐pixel x‐ray source can generate spatially and temporally modulated x‐ray radiation. During the multiplexing imaging process, all the x‐ray pixels were turned on simultaneously with each beam modulated at a different frequency. The superimposed x‐ray signals were captured by an x‐ray detector and then demultiplexed to recover the original nine projection images from different view angles. Results: In general a factor of N/2 ( N = total number of images) increase in the speed can be achieved using the multiplexing scheme. This becomes significant when N is large, for example for clinical CT scanners which use ∼1000 views per gantry rotation. On the other hand, if the total imaging time and x‐ray dose are kept the same as used in the sequential process, then the x‐ray power, i.e. the tube current, can be reduced by a factor of N/2 by multiplexing because the exposure time per image is now longer. Conclusion: In summary, we show the feasibility of multiplexing radiography that enables simultaneous collection of multiple projection images. Overall the experiment has sufficiently demonstrated the efficiency of multiplexing for data collection compared to the current serial approach. It has the potential to significantly increase the imaging speed for CT scanning without compromising the imaging quality.
Coaxial Cable Bragg Grating Sensors for Large Strain Measurement (2011)

In this paper, a new coaxial cable Bragg grating (CCBG) is developed as a strain sensor and the sensor's capacity for large range strain measurement in structural health monitoring (SHM) is demonstrated for the first time. The sensor device is comprised of regularly spaced periodic discontinuities along a coaxial cable. The discontinuities are fabricated using a computer numerical controlled (CNC) machine to drill holes in the cable. Each discontinuity generates a weak reflection to the electromagnetic wave propagating inside the cable. Superposition of these weak reflections produces a strong reflection at discrete frequencies that can be explained by Bragg grating theory. By monitoring the resonant frequency shift of the sensor's reflection or transmission spectra, strain measurement sensitivity of 20μe and a dynamic range of 50000μe (5%) were demonstrated for axial strain measurements. The experimental results show that the CCBG sensors perform well for large strain measurement needed in structural health monitoring (SHM).
Visor: Privacy-Preserving Video Analytics as a Cloud Service (2020)

Video-analytics-as-a-service is becoming an important offering for cloud providers. A key concern in such services is privacy of the videos being analyzed. While trusted execution environments (TEEs) are promising options for preventing the direct leakage of private video content, they remain vulnerable to side-channel attacks. We present Visor, a system that provides confidentiality for the user's video stream as well as the ML models in the presence of a compromised cloud platform and untrusted co-tenants. Visor executes video pipelines in a hybrid TEE that spans both the CPU and GPU. It protects the pipeline against side-channel attacks induced by data-dependent access patterns of video modules, and also addresses leakage in the CPU-GPU communication channel. Visor is up to $1000\times$ faster than naïve oblivious solutions, and its overheads relative to a non-oblivious baseline are limited to $2\times$--$6\times$.
A Neural Network Approach to Context-Sensitive Generation of Conversational Responses (2015)

We present a novel response generation system that can be trained end to end on large quantities of unstructured Twitter conversations. A neural network architecture is used to address sparsity issues that arise when integrating contextual information into classic statistical models, allowing the system to take into account previous dialog utterances. Our dynamic-context generative models show consistent gains over both context-sensitive and non-context-sensitive Machine Translation and Information Retrieval baselines.
<title>A magneto-rheological fluid-elastomer vibration isolator</title> (2005)

A magneto-rheological (MR) fluid-elastomer vibration isolator is constructed by encapsulating a MR fluid inside an elastomer. The structural properties of this system are controllable by an applied magnetic field. Previous studies have shown that the damping capacity of this MR fluid-elastomer vibration isolator is a function of strain amplitude and field strength, and weakly dependent on the excitation frequency. The energy-dissipated mode, subjected to a magnetic field during oscillatory motion, is similar to a combined viscous and frictional damping. In this paper, a mechanical model is presented to account for the dynamic behavior of the MR fluid-elastomer vibration isolators under oscillatory compressive deformations. This model is a two-element analogy comprised of a variable friction damper and a nonlinear spring. The parameters of the model have been identified by a series of harmonic loading tests. The theoretical and experimental results are in excellent agreement.
Abstract 3508: Integrin Linked Kinase (ILK) is Cardioprotective Against Ischemia (2009)

Human vibrotactile frequency discrimination (with respect to a 25-Hz standard stimulus, 20 dB above unadapted detection threshold) was measured on the thenar eminence and index fingerpad, using two-interval forced-choice tracking. Measurements were made in the unadapted state and following exposure to 25-Hz adapting stimuli of various amplitudes. The standard and all comparison stimuli were equated for perceived intensity, on the basis of matching experiments that were carried out separately under each adapting condition. Frequency difference thresholds were lowest when the amplitude of the adapting stimulus was equal to the amplitude of the standard. This result complements the earlier finding [A. K. Goble and M. Hollins, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 418-424 (1993)] that adaptation sharpens amplitude discrimination of supraliminal stimuli that are similar to the adapting stimulus. Taken together, these discoveries suggest that somatosensory mechanisms that are engaged by extended stimulation serve to enhance detection of changes in the properties, both quantitative and qualitative, of that stimulation.
Development of conductive adhesive materials for via fill applications (2001)

As mobile computing and telecommunication electronics are spreading fast, a demand for microelectronics packaging schemes for high density, fine pitch, high performance and low cost becomes even more severe. Specifically, the conventional printed circuit board (PCB) with plated-through-hole (PTH) vias is difficult to justify its manufacturing cost as well as the packaging density requirement. To meet this challenge, several new manufacturing schemes of high density and high performance PCB have been recently introduced such as surface laminar circuit (SLC), any layer inner via hole (ALIVH) and others. This new PCB fabrication process is categorized as sequential build-up (SBU) or build-up multilayer (BUM) using laminate-based substrates, where via holes are filled with a conductive paste material to make reliable vertical or Z-interconnects. In this paper, a new electrically conducting paste material to be used for via filling is introduced. The new conducting material consists of a conducting filler powder coated with a low melting point metal or alloy, a mixture of several thermoset resins, and other minor organic additives. By varying the filler content and resin chemistry, several formulations have been produced to fill via holes with a high aspect ratio. Via fill experiments have been performed to demonstrate void-free microstructure with good electrical continuity. Various bulk properties such as thermal, electrical and mechanical have also been characterized to understand the material behavior during via filling as well as the field service.
Controlling Low Temperature Aqueous Synthesis of ZnO. 2. A Novel Continuous Circulation Reactor (2009)

A novel low temperature continuous circulation reactor for synthesizing ZnO from aqueous solutions has been developed. The reactor is based on the solubility behavior of ZnO predicted by the thermodynamic calculations presented in part 1 of this series. The chemistry used is simple and nontoxic, and because the reactor operates in a closed loop, no waste byproducts are produced. Experimental results confirm that the reactor is capable of synthesizing epitaxial ZnO at atmospheric pressure and temperatures well below the boiling point of water. It was possible to control the growth rate, yield, and morphology of the ZnO produced by adjusting variables, such as pH, ammonia concentration, temperature, heating rate, hold time, and recirculation rate. The experimental results obtained are shown to be in qualitative agreement with the calculations reported in part 1.
Progeny from Sperm Obtained after Ectopic Grafting of Neonatal Mouse Testes1 (2003)

Ectopic grafting of testicular tissue is a promising new approach that can be used to preserve testicular function. This technique has been used recently to differentiate the neonatal testes of different species, up to the level of complete spermatogenesis. This approach can be applied successfully to generate live progeny using sperm extracted from grafts originating from testes of newborn donors. The sperm are capable of supporting normal development and producing fertile male and female offspring after intracytoplasmic injection into mouse oocytes and embryo transfer into surrogate mothers. The grafted tissue was also capable of significantly normalizing reproductive hormone levels in the castrated recipients. This technique presents new avenues for experimentation. The recipient mouse can be regarded as a living incubator and a culture system of testicular tissue, allowing the experimental manipulation of several aspects of testis development and spermatogenesis. The successful generation of pups indicates that this technique can be used to study the testicular phenotype and to breed mutant or transgenic mouse strains with lethal postnatal phenotypes. The ability to generate sperm from the germ line ex vivo also paves the way for the development of new strategies for preserving fertility in boys undergoing cancer therapy.
Determination of air brake adjustment from air pressure data (2001)

Continuing research in brake condition monitoring for vehicles equipped with air brakes considers the feasibility of using air pressure data to determine brake stroke, a vital parameter in determining the effectiveness of the total braking system. Recent statistics show there is an alarming number of vehicles operating with brakes that are out of adjustment even with the introduction and requirement of automatic slack adjustment in 1994. The importance of brake stroke information is thus highlighted. To address this problem, a mathematical model of an air brake chamber is developed and used to investigate parameter sensitivity. A method capable of indirectly determining brake stroke by examining air pressure data is formulated and its effectiveness is proven through simulation and testing.
Cytolethal distending toxin B as a cell-killing component of tumor-targeted anthrax toxin fusion proteins (2014)

Cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is produced by Gram-negative bacteria of several species. It is composed of three subunits, CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC, with CdtB being the catalytic subunit. We fused CdtB from Haemophilus ducreyi to the N-terminal 255 amino acids of Bacillus anthracis toxin lethal factor (LFn) to design a novel, potentially potent antitumor drug. As a result of this fusion, CdtB was transported into the cytosol of targeted cells via the efficient delivery mechanism of anthrax toxin. The fusion protein efficiently killed various human tumor cell lines by first inducing a complete cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, followed by induction of apoptosis. The fusion protein showed very low toxicity in mouse experiments and impressive antitumor effects in a Lewis Lung carcinoma model, with a 90% cure rate. This study demonstrates that efficient drug delivery by a modified anthrax toxin system combined with the enzymatic activity of CdtB has great potential as anticancer treatment and should be considered for the development of novel anticancer drugs.