gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of an Air‐Powder Abrasive System on <i>in Vitro</i> Root Surfaces (1984)

An air-powder abrasive system, the Prophy-Jet model C-100, is now available for use by the dental community. However, its use has been restricted to cleaning enamel surfaces of stain and dental plaque. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the effects of this air-powder abrasive system on root surfaces of extracted human teeth. Thus, root surfaces of 20 teeth were covered with a template consisting of a metal band with a centrally located 2-mm diameter hole. The banded root surfaces, under controlled conditions, were exposed to the air-powder abrasive for 30 seconds. The resulting defects were measured by using a light microscope equipped with a graduated focus knob. Three teeth were randomly selected for examination by scanning electron microscopy and one was selected for histologic evaluation by light microscopy. Untreated extracted teeth were used as controls. In addition, one untreated tooth root was exposed to the air-powder abrasive without use of the template. In this instance, a brush stroke was used for approximately 1 minute, as might be done in a clinical situation. This tooth root was also examined by scanning electron microscopy. The Prophy-Jet air-powder abrasive system removed an average of 636.6 micrometers of root structure in 30 seconds of exposure time. The resulting surface was smooth, free of connective tissue fibers and debris, and all cementum was removed. Few open dentin tubules were observed since most appeared to have been obliterated. The powder crystals, as viewed by scanning electron microscopy, were sharp-pointed, somewhat elongated and of varying lengths. The Prophy-Jet air-powder abrasive system appears to have considerable potential for treatment of periodontally diseased root surfaces. However, its use should be tempered by the results of this and future research and sound clinical judgment.
Slow Release of Nitric Oxide from Charged Catheters and Its Effect on Biofilm Formation by <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2009)

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is the most prevalent cause of nosocomial infections. Bacteria associated with biofilm formation play a key role in the morbidity and pathogenesis of these infections. Nitric oxide (NO) is a naturally produced free radical with proven bactericidal effect. In this study, Foley urinary catheters were impregnated with gaseous NO. The catheters demonstrated slow release of nitric oxide over a 14-day period. The charged catheters were rendered antiseptic, and as such, were able to prevent bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on their luminal and exterior surfaces. In addition, we observed that NO-impregnated catheters were able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli within the surrounding media, demonstrating the ability to eradicate a bacterial concentration of up to 10(4) CFU/ml.
Fluoroquinolones: Structure and Target Sites (2003)

The quinolones are a potent group of drugs that target the essential bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase is the primary target of Gram negative organisms however, it is topoisomerase IV that is the primary target of Gram positive organisms. Within these enzymes is a highly conserved region centered round the active site where resistance mutations occur. These mutations are almost always identical, irrespective of organism. In spite of the homology of this region, amino acid sequence analysis shows that there are defined differences between the Gram groups, particularly in topoisomerase IV, and it is speculated that herein lies the origin of target preference. Since the first quinolone nalidixic acid was developed, the quinolones have undergone structural modifications, in particular the addition of a fluorine at position 6, to produce the fluoroquinolones. This has seen their potency and pharmakokinetic profile greatly increase. In vitro selection of resistance mutations has allowed the observation of how resistance is acquired and some of the modifications in newer fluoroquinolones have resulted in the shift of primary target from topoisomerase IV to gyrase with Gram positives. Curiously, purified topoisomerase IV is still more sensitive even if gyrase is the primary target. Gyrase remains the primary target for Gram negatives.
Dynamic Task Allocation In Mobile Robot Systems Using Utility Funtions (2008)

We define a novel algorithm based on utility functions for dynamically allocating tasks to mobile robots in a multi-robot system. The algorithm attempts to maximize the performance of the mobile robot while minimizing inter-robot communications. The algorithm takes into consideration the proximity of the mobile robot to the task, the priority of the task, the capability required by the task, the capabilities of the mobile robot, and the rarity of the capability within the population of mobile robots. We evaluate the proposed algorithm in a simulation study and compare it to alternative approaches, including the contract net protocol, an approach based on the knapsack problem, and random task selection. We find that our algorithm outperforms the alternatives in most metrics measured including percent of tasks complete, distance traveled per completed task, fairness of execution, number of communications, and utility achieved.
The Analysis and Simulation of Voltage Distribution over String Insulators Using Matlab/Simulink (2008)

Abstract String insulators are generally used to insulate and carry the line conductor in the overhead power transmission lines. The number of insulator units depends on the operation voltage and other factors such as contamination, mechanical strength, lightning, and altitude. When AC voltage is applied to the string, the voltage distribution is non-uniform across a string insulator. To evaluate these voltages, string efficiency term is used. In conventional calculations of the voltage distribution over a string insulator and string efficiency, it is assumed that the insulator surface is clean, dry, and also there is no wind. In this study, the voltage distribution over an insulator string of suspension insulators and the string efficiency have been investigated with respect to the atmospheric conditions such as wind velocity, wind direction and contamination of insulator surface. All analysis and calculations have been carried out for an overhead power line between Karaman-Karasinir in Turkey having 66-kV voltage rating and 46 km long. Matlab/Simulink software is used for analysis.
Entrevista com o Professor Eddy Stols (2010)

Quando fizemos o convite para entrevistar o Professor Eddy Stols, nossa proposta era debater acerca do saber historiográfico e da profissão de historiador. Fomos recebidos por ele, num Flat em Belo Horizonte. Com excelente humor, o belga gentilmente recebeu-nos, nas seguintes palavras: “será um prazer conversar sobre a profissão de historiador tal como eu a experimentei”. Para nós da revista Temporalidades esta colocação demonstrou extrema sensibilidade em relação ao nosso ofício, uma vez que a história é uma área formada por diversas noções, enfoques, posturas e experiências, todas, contudo, voltadas para a busca da objetividade em meio a saberes subjetivos. O professor Eddy Stols é doutor em História pela Universidade Católica de Leuven, na Bélgica. Por aqui esteve durante três temporadas lecionando na UNESP (Marília em 1963 e 1968), na USP (São Paulo em 1987) e na UFMG (Belo Horizonte em 2005 e 2006), além de promover o intercâmbio de diversas outras atividades acadêmicas. Neste clima de interesse pela História, pela alimentação, pelo ambientalismo e pelo cotidiano das relações dos Paises Baixos com o Brasil contemplamos os nossos leitores com a entrevista que se segue
CpprofJ: aspect-capable call path profiling of multi-threaded Java applications (2002)

A primary goal of program performance understanding tools is to focus the user's attention directly on optimization opportunities where significant cost savings may be found. Optimization opportunities fall into (at least) three broad categories: the call context of a general component may obviate the need for some of its generality; cross-cutting program aspects may be implemented suboptimally for the particular context of use; and thread dependencies may cause unintended delays. This paper enhances prior work in call path profiling in several ways. First, it provides two different call path oriented views on program performance, a server view and a thread view. The former helps one optimize for throughput, while the latter is useful for optimizing thread latency. The views incorporate a typed time notation for representing different program activities, such as monitor wait and thread preemption times. Second, the new framework allows aspect-oriented program profiling, even when the original program was not designed in an aspect oriented fashion. Finally, the approach is implemented in a tool, CPPROFJ, an aspect-capable call path profiler for Java. It exploits recent developments in the Java APIs to achieve accurate and portable sampling-based profiling. Three case studies illustrate its use.
Joint Genetic Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroiditis: from Epidemiology to Mechanisms (2008)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) frequently occur together within families and in the same individual. The co-occurrence of T1D and AITD in the same patient is one of the variants of the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 [APS3 variant (APS3v)]. Epidemiological data point to a strong genetic influence on the shared susceptibility to T1D and AITD. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic association between T1D and AITD. At least three genes have been confirmed as major joint susceptibility genes for T1D and AITD: human leukocyte antigen class II, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22. Moreover, the first whole genome linkage study has been recently completed, and additional genes will soon be identified. Not unexpectedly, all the joint genes for T1D and AITD identified so far are involved in immune regulation, specifically in the presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells. One of the lessons learned from the analysis of the joint susceptibility genes for T1D and AITD is that subset analysis is a key to dissecting the etiology of complex diseases. One of the best demonstrations of the power of subset analysis is the CTLA-4 gene in T1D. Although CTLA-4 showed very weak association with T1D, when analyzed in the subset of patients with both T1D and AITD, the genetic effect of CTLA-4 was significantly stronger. Gene-gene and genetic-epigenetic interactions most likely play a role in the shared genetic susceptibility to T1D and AITD. Dissecting these mechanisms will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of T1D and AITD, as well as autoimmunity in general.
Saliency-based video segmentation with graph cuts and sequentially updated priors (2009)

This paper proposes a new method for achieving precise video segmentation without any supervision or interaction. The main contributions of this report include 1) the introduction of fully automatic segmentation based on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of the Markov random field (MRF) with graph cuts and saliency-driven priors and 2) the updating of priors and feature likelihoods by integrating the previous segmentation results and the currently estimated saliency-based visual attention. Test results indicate that our new method precisely extracts probable regions from videos without any supervised interactions.
Nonstationary macroparticle charging in an arc plasma jet (1995)

The charging of liquid metal macroparticles in the rarified part of a vacuum arc plasma jet is studied. The sheath in the vicinity of the macroparticle is collisionless and the problem with different Debye length to macroparticle radius ratios is analyzed. Maxwellian velocity distribution functions with different temperatures for the electrons and ions in an arbitrary ratio are allowed in the model. By solving the equation for the electric field together with the equation for ion and electron flux, the charging time and the near electric field of the macroparticles were calculated. The kinetics of the macroparticle charging are controlled by the ion and electron flux to the macroparticle, which depend on the potential distribution in the sheath. The potential falls off slower than 1/r/sup 2/ in the case of the large Debye length to macroparticle radius ratio, and falls off more rapidly than 1/r/sup 2/ in the other case. The charge which accumulates on a macroparticle at distances of about 10 cm from a 100-/spl Aring/ cathode is about 10/sup -16/ C and the charging time is about 10/sup -5/ s. The influence of the plasma drift velocity on the macroparticle charging is small. The model presented here agrees well with an experimental study of macroparticle repulsion from biased substrates.
Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia (2020)

Renal abnormalities occurred in the majority of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Although proteinuria, hematuria, and AKI often resolved in such patients within 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms, renal complications in COVID-19 were associated with higher mortality.
Case 7.6 (2014)

62-year-old woman with ADPKD and new onset anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, and fever Coronal SSFP (Figure 7.6.1) and axial fat-suppressed SSFP (Figure 7.6.2) images reveal enlarged, polycystic kidneys. There is a relatively hypointense mass in the lower pole of the left kidney. Axial diffusion-weighted image (b=800 s/mm...
Overview of Image Matching Based on ORB Algorithm (2019)

Abstract ORB image matching is of great significance in the field of image processing, which is mainly used in navigation, target recognition and classification, image stitching and remote sensing registration. Based on the existing literature on ORB algorithm research, this paper first introduces the classic ORB algorithm. Then, the various improved algorithms of ORB are expounded, and the performance index of image matching algorithm based on feature points is introduced. Finally, the shortcomings of the ORB algorithm are pointed out and the development direction of the algorithm is prospected.
Evidence for an adenoma-carcinoma sequence in dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasms of rat intestinal epithelium. (1983)

Carcinogen-induced primary intestinal adenocarcinomas serve as a useful animal model for human colonic adenocarcinomas. Although striking similarities between this model and the human disease state exist, there are also troublesome discrepancies-a major one being the reported lack of an adenoma-carcinoma sequence in the experimental model. However, the original morphologic descriptions of these experimental neoplasms predated the development of presently accepted morphologic criteria that have been used to describe the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in humans. Therefore, the authors reevaluated the structural evolution of dimethylhydrazine-induced rat intestinal neoplasms, using the same criteria that were recently applied to evaluate human colonic adenocarcinomas. Such an approach shows that many dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal adenocarcinomas have peripheral foci of adenomatous epithelium associated with them. In addition, the frequency of this association correlates inversely (P less than .001) with the depth of invasion. These findings are comparable to those which, in humans, have been used as evidence supporting the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Thus, when assessed with equivalent criteria, dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal adenocarcinomas appear to be similar, not dissimilar, to human colonic adenocarcinomas in their structural evolution. These data suggest that, at least in part, dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal adenocarcinomas arise in foci of preexisting adenomatous epithelium.
Nitric Oxide Blocks Fast, Slow, and Persistent Na<sup>+</sup>Channels in C-Type DRG Neurons by S-Nitrosylation (2002)

C-type dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express three types of Na+ currents: fast TTX-sensitive, slow TTX-resistant, and persistent TTX-resistant Na+ currents. The nitric oxide (NO) donors papa-NONOate and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine inhibit all three types of Na+ currents. The NO scavenger hemoglobin abolished the effects of papa-NONOate on Na+ currents, indicating that NO or NO-related species inhibit these Na+ currents. NO donor inhibition of all three types of Na+ currents was reversed by washout. Incubation of neurons with 8-bromo cGMP, a membrane-permeable analogue of cGMP, and cG-PKI, an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, had no effect on papa-NONOate-mediated Na+ current block, demonstrating that Na+ current inhibition is independent of cGMP. Alkylation of free thiols with N-ethylmaleimide prevented the actions of papa-NONOate, suggesting that NO, or a related reactive nitrogen species, modifies sulfhydryl groups on Na+ channels or a closely associated protein. Papa-NONOate-mediated block of Na+ currents is not due to a hyperpolarizing shift in steady state voltage-dependent inactivation. The absence of NO-mediated enhancement of slow inactivation in fast and slow Na+ channels indicates that NO does not inhibit fast and slow Na+ channels by facilitating the transition to a slow inactivated state. These results demonstrate that inhibition of Na+ currents is not due to the modulation of fast and slow sodium channel inactivation. Taken together, these results show that NO or NO-related products modify the sulfhydryl groups on Na+ channels and inhibit Na+ currents by blocking the channel conductance.
Genetic Architecture of Skewed X Inactivation in the Laboratory Mouse (2013)

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the mammalian mechanism of dosage compensation that balances X-linked gene expression between the sexes. Early during female development, each cell of the embryo proper independently inactivates one of its two parental X-chromosomes. In mice, the choice of which X chromosome is inactivated is affected by the genotype of a cis-acting locus, the X-chromosome controlling element (Xce). Xce has been localized to a 1.9 Mb interval within the X-inactivation center (Xic), yet its molecular identity and mechanism of action remain unknown. We combined genotype and sequence data for mouse stocks with detailed phenotyping of ten inbred strains and with the development of a statistical model that incorporates phenotyping data from multiple sources to disentangle sources of XCI phenotypic variance in natural female populations on X inactivation. We have reduced the Xce candidate 10-fold to a 176 kb region located approximately 500 kb proximal to Xist. We propose that structural variation in this interval explains the presence of multiple functional Xce alleles in the genus Mus. We have identified a new allele, Xce(e) present in Mus musculus and a possible sixth functional allele in Mus spicilegus. We have also confirmed a parent-of-origin effect on X inactivation choice and provide evidence that maternal inheritance magnifies the skewing associated with strong Xce alleles. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 155 laboratory strains and wild mice we conclude that Xce(a) is either a derived allele that arose concurrently with the domestication of fancy mice but prior the derivation of most classical inbred strains or a rare allele in the wild. Furthermore, we have found that despite the presence of multiple haplotypes in the wild Mus musculus domesticus has only one functional Xce allele, Xce(b). Lastly, we conclude that each mouse taxa examined has a different functional Xce allele.
Taming VAEs. (2018)

In spite of remarkable progress in deep latent variable generative modeling, training still remains a challenge due to a combination of optimization and generalization issues. In practice, a combination of heuristic algorithms (such as hand-crafted annealing of KL-terms) is often used in order to achieve the desired results, but such solutions are not robust to changes in model architecture or dataset. The best settings can often vary dramatically from one problem to another, which requires doing expensive parameter sweeps for each new case. Here we develop on the idea of training VAEs with additional constraints as a way to control their behaviour. We first present a detailed theoretical analysis of constrained VAEs, expanding our understanding of how these models work. We then introduce and analyze a practical algorithm termed Generalized ELBO with Constrained Optimization, GECO. The main advantage of GECO for the machine learning practitioner is a more intuitive, yet principled, process of tuning the loss. This involves defining of a set of constraints, which typically have an explicit relation to the desired model performance, in contrast to tweaking abstract hyper-parameters which implicitly affect the model behavior. Encouraging experimental results in several standard datasets indicate that GECO is a very robust and effective tool to balance reconstruction and compression constraints.
Memory-enhanced Decoder for Neural Machine Translation (2016)

We propose to enhance the RNN decoder in a neural machine translator (NMT) with external memory, as a natural but powerful extension to the state in the decoding RNN. This memory-enhanced RNN decoder is called \textsc{MemDec}. At each time during decoding, \textsc{MemDec} will read from this memory and write to this memory once, both with content-based addressing. Unlike the unbounded memory in previous work\cite{RNNsearch} to store the representation of source sentence, the memory in \textsc{MemDec} is a matrix with pre-determined size designed to better capture the information important for the decoding process at each time step. Our empirical study on Chinese-English translation shows that it can improve by $4.8$ BLEU upon Groundhog and $5.3$ BLEU upon on Moses, yielding the best performance achieved with the same training set.
Effects of the CYP2D6*10 alleles and co‐medication with CYP2D6‐dependent drugs on risperidone metabolism in patients with schizophrenia (2009)

The CYP2D6*10 polymorphism and the presence of co-medication exerted significant influences on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone.
Ion species dependence of focused-ion-beam lithography (1987)

The dependence of the ion-beam lithographic characteristics of both poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) positive resist and chloromethylated polystyrene (CMS) negative resist for different ions has been studied using a Au–Si–Be source. Demonstrated have been 50 nm lines in 300-nm-thick CMS using 200-keV-Be++ions. The resist sensitivity increases with decreasing ion range, i.e., Au+&gt;Au++&gt;Si+&gt;Si++&gt;Be+&gt;Be++, and focused-ion-beam (FIB) resist sensitivity is 10–100 times larger than that for 20-kV-electron beam. Moreover, lines written in both resists become discontinuous at low dose for both Si and Be ions, which may be caused by shot noise or by a jet-like protrusion on the end of the Taylor cone shape of the ion source.
Antennas and Propagation in UHF RFID Systems (2008)

In this paper, we discuss antennas and propagation aspects in current passive UHF RFID systems. We consider a "reader-tag-reader" link and concentrate on each part of it: reader antennas, propagation channel, and tags. We include channel modeling equations and support our discussion with experimental measurements of tag performance in various conditions. We also provide a comprehensive literature review.