gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic engineering of a thermophilic bacterium to produce ethanol at high yield (2008)

We report engineering Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium that ferments xylan and biomass-derived sugars, to produce ethanol at high yield. Knockout of genes involved in organic acid formation (acetate kinase, phosphate acetyltransferase, and L-lactate dehydrogenase) resulted in a strain able to produce ethanol as the only detectable organic product and substantial changes in electron flow relative to the wild type. Ethanol formation in the engineered strain (ALK2) utilizes pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase with electrons transferred from ferredoxin to NAD(P), a pathway different from that in previously described microbes with a homoethanol fermentation. The homoethanologenic phenotype was stable for >150 generations in continuous culture. The growth rate of strain ALK2 was similar to the wild-type strain, with a reduction in cell yield proportional to the decreased ATP availability resulting from acetate kinase inactivation. Glucose and xylose are co-utilized and utilization of mannose and arabinose commences before glucose and xylose are exhausted. Using strain ALK2 in simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation experiments at 50 degrees C allows a 2.5-fold reduction in cellulase loading compared with using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 37 degrees C. The maximum ethanol titer produced by strain ALK2, 37 g/liter, is the highest reported thus far for a thermophilic anaerobe, although further improvements are desired and likely possible. Our results extend the frontier of metabolic engineering in thermophilic hosts, have the potential to significantly lower the cost of cellulosic ethanol production, and support the feasibility of further cost reductions through engineering a diversity of host organisms.
High-efficiency GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells (1994)

GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells have achieved new record efficiencies, specifically 25.7% under air-mass 0 (AMO) illumination, 29.5% under AM 1.5 global (AM1.5G) illumination, and 30.2% at 140-180x concentration under AM 1.5 direct (AM1.5D) illumination. These values are the highest two-terminal efficiencies achieved by any solar cell under these illumination conditions. The monolithic, series-connected design of the tandem cells allows them to be substituted for silicon or gallium arsenide cells in photovoltaic panel systems with minimal design changes. The advantages of using GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells in space and terrestrial applications are discussed primarily in terms of the reduction in balance-of-system costs that accrues when using a higher efficiency cell. The new efficiency values represent a significant improvement over previous efficiencies for this materials system, and we identify grid design, back interface passivation, and top interface passivation as the three key factors leading to this improvement. In producing the high-efficiency cells, we have addressed nondestructive diagnostics and materials growth reproducibility as well as peak cell performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ReCip Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Treatability Study I. (2001)

ReCip Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Treatability Study I.Scientists at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have developed an innovative wastewater treatment system based on reciprocating subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. Reciprocation relates to patented improvements in the design and operation of paired subsurface-flow constructed wetlands in which contiguous wetland cells are...Author(s)L.L. BehrendsL. HoukeE. BaileyP. JansenD. BrownSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 71 - Small and Natural Systems and Water Reuse: Natural Soil Based SystemsDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2001ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20010101)2001:9L.73;1-DOI10.2175/193864701790861361Volume / Issue2001 / 9Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)73 - 73Copyright2001Word count139
Fission Product Extraction (FPEX): Development of a Novel Solvent for the Simultaneous Separation of Strontium and Cesium from Acidic Solutions (2005)

Abstract A synergistic extraction solvent for the simultaneous removal of cesium and strontium from acidic solutions has been investigated. The extraction solvent consists of, 4,4′,(5′)‐di‐(t‐butyldicyclo‐hexano)‐18‐crown‐6 (DtBuCH18C6), calix[4]arene‐bis‐(tert‐octylbenzo‐crown‐6) (BOBCalixC6), and 1‐(2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropoxy)‐3‐(4‐sec‐butylphenoxy)‐2‐propanol (Cs‐7SB modifier) in a branched aliphatic kerosene (Isopar® L). Extraction synergy for strontium was observed when DtBuCH18C6 was combined with the BOBCalixC6 cesium extractant solvent and Cs‐7SB modifier or if the Cs‐7SB modifier was substituted into the SREX (Strontium Extraction) solvent in place of TBP. The novel process extracted both cesium and strontium simultaneously from 1 M nitric acid solutions with distribution ratios of 8.8 and 7.7 for strontium and cesium, respectively, at ambient temperature. Distribution coefficients for cesium and strontium as a function of nitric acid concentration and temperature were also obtained with 0.5 M<[HNO3]<2.5 M giving favorable distribution ratios. This new process utilizing the combined solvent has been named the Fission Product Extraction Process (FPEX).
Chemicals from Biomass: Combining Ring‐Opening Tautomerization and Hydrogenation Reactions to Produce 1,5‐Pentanediol from Furfural (2017)

A process for the synthesis of 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PD) with 84 % yield from furfural is developed, utilizing dehydration/hydration, ring-opening tautomerization, and hydrogenation reactions. Although this process has more reaction steps than the traditional direct hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), techno-economic analyses demonstrate that this process is the economically preferred route for the synthesis of biorenewable 1,5-PD. 2-Hydroxytetrahydropyran (2-HY-THP) is the key reaction pathway intermediate that allows for a decrease in the minimum selling price of 1,5-PD. The reactivity of 2-HY-THP is 80 times greater than that of THFA over a bimetallic hydrogenolysis catalyst. This enhanced reactivity is a result of the ring-opening tautomerization to 5-hydoxyvaleraldehyde and subsequent hydrogenation to 1,5-PD.
Pharmaceutical screen identifies novel target processes for activation of autophagy with a broad translational potential (2015)

Autophagy is a conserved homeostatic process active in all human cells and affecting a spectrum of diseases. Here we use a pharmaceutical screen to discover new mechanisms for activation of autophagy. We identify a subset of pharmaceuticals inducing autophagic flux with effects in diverse cellular systems modelling specific stages of several human diseases such as HIV transmission and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. One drug, flubendazole, is a potent inducer of autophagy initiation and flux by affecting acetylated and dynamic microtubules in a reciprocal way. Disruption of dynamic microtubules by flubendazole results in mTOR deactivation and dissociation from lysosomes leading to TFEB (transcription factor EB) nuclear translocation and activation of autophagy. By inducing microtubule acetylation, flubendazole activates JNK1 leading to Bcl-2 phosphorylation, causing release of Beclin1 from Bcl-2-Beclin1 complexes for autophagy induction, thus uncovering a new approach to inducing autophagic flux that may be applicable in disease treatment.
Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Array with Integrated Beam Expandem Coupled to Flat Fibers (1997)

A semiconductor optical 9mplifier array with 4 channels is presented. This SOA array was coupled to uncoated, flat end, single mode fibers using integrated adiabatic beam expanders, optical index matching gel, and specifically tailored TiO2 anti-reflection coatings. The TiO2 AR coating overcomes the indices misinatching of fiber glass and InP based device, and reduce optical reflection to 0.002% at 1.55 μm. The average coupling loss is 4.3 dB per facet for the devices measured. Fiber coupled small signal gain for the amplifiers is typically 11.6 dB and a saturation output power of 3.0 dBm. The method of characterization and optimization of the TiO2 coating is discussed.
Effect of Diamic Acid Additives on Dielectric Constants of Polyimides (1989)

The dielectric constants of commercially available polyimides used by the electronics industry range from approximately 3.2 - 4.0. Studies at NASA-Langley have established structure- property relationships in polyimides that provide a means of lowering dielectric constants by chemically altering the composition of polymer backbones to reduce chain-chain electronic interactions. That work has been extended to provide even further reductions in the dielectric constants of aromatic condensation polyimides by physically incorporating selected diamic acid additives into low dielectric constant polyimide systems. Polyamic acid resins containing 3 - 15 wt % of low molecular weight amic acid additives have been imidized and characterized. The dielectric constants of the resulting films ranged from 2.4 - 2.9, with minimal effect on the glass transition temperature and thermooxidative stability of the polymers.
EXTRACTION OF GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE-DRUG RELATIONSHIPS FROM TEXT: (2009)

Advances in concept recognition and natural language parsing have led to the development of various tools that enable the identification of biomedical entities and relationships between them in text. The aim of the Genotype-Phenotype-Drug Relationship Extraction from Text workshop (or GPD-Rx workshop) is to examine the current state of art and discuss the next steps for making the extraction of relationships between biomedical entities integral to the curation and knowledge management workflow in Pharmacogenomics. The workshop will focus particularly on the extraction of Genotype-Phenotype, Genotype-Drug, and Phenotype-Drug relationships that are of interest to Pharmacogenomics. Extracting and structuring such text-mined relationships is a key to support the evaluation and the validation of multiple hypotheses that emerge from high throughput translational studies spanning multiple measurement modalities. In order to advance this agenda, it is essential that existing relationship extraction methods be compared to one another and that a community wide benchmark corpus emerges; against which future methods can be compared. The workshop aims to bring together researchers working on the automatic or semi-automatic extraction of relationships between biomedical entities from research literature in order to identify the key groups interested in creating such a benchmark.
Large magnetoresistance in polycrystalline La–Y–Ca–Mn–O (1995)

A large magnetoresistance ratio in excess of 10 000% (at 140 K, H=6 T) has been obtained in a sintered perovskitelike material with a composition of La0.60Y0.07Ca0.33MnOx. The doping of La–Ca–Mn–O with Y resulted in a decrease in the lattice parameter by ∼0.2%, and improved the magnetoresistance by an order of magnitude. The fact that such a large magnetoresistance can be obtained in a polycrystalline material implies that an epitaxial film growth may not be necessary for device applications, with fewer restrictions in substrate selection and processing parameters. Low field measurements at 77 K gave a magnetoresistance ratio of ∼6.5% at H=500 Oe in the La–Y–Ca–Mn–O sample.
Inhibiting Surface Crystallization of Amorphous Indomethacin by Nanocoating (2007)

An amorphous solid (glass) may crystallize faster at the surface than through the bulk, making surface crystallization a mechanism of failure for amorphous pharmaceuticals and other materials. An ultrathin coating of gold or polyelectrolytes inhibited the surface crystallization of amorphous indomethacin (IMC), an anti-inflammatory drug and model organic glass. The gold coating (10 nm) was deposited by sputtering, and the polyelectrolyte coating (3-20 nm) was deposited by an electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly of cationic poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) and anionic sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) in aqueous solution. The coating also inhibited the growth of existing crystals. The inhibition was strong even with one layer of PDDA. The polyelectrolyte coating still permitted fast dissolution of amorphous IMC and improved its wetting and flow. The finding supports the view that the surface crystallization of amorphous IMC is enabled by the mobility of a thin layer of surface molecules, and this mobility can be suppressed by a coating of only a few nanometers. This technique may be used to stabilize amorphous drugs prone to surface crystallization, with the aqueous coating process especially suitable for drugs of low aqueous solubility.
Human dengue virus serotype 2 neutralizing antibodies target two distinct quaternary epitopes (2018)

Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. It is estimated that a third of the world's population is at risk for infection, with an estimated 390 million infections annually. Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) causes severe epidemics, and the leading tetravalent dengue vaccine has lower efficacy against DENV2 compared to the other 3 serotypes. In natural DENV2 infections, strongly neutralizing type-specific antibodies provide protection against subsequent DENV2 infection. While the epitopes of some human DENV2 type-specific antibodies have been mapped, it is not known if these are representative of the polyclonal antibody response. Using structure-guided immunogen design and reverse genetics, we generated a panel of recombinant viruses containing amino acid alterations and epitope transplants between different serotypes. Using this panel of recombinant viruses in binding, competition, and neutralization assays, we have finely mapped the epitopes of three human DENV2 type-specific monoclonal antibodies, finding shared and distinct epitope regions. Additionally, we used these recombinant viruses and polyclonal sera to dissect the epitope-specific responses following primary DENV2 natural infection and monovalent vaccination. Our results demonstrate that antibodies raised following DENV2 infection or vaccination circulate as separate populations that neutralize by occupying domain III and domain I quaternary epitopes. The fraction of neutralizing antibodies directed to different epitopes differs between individuals. The identification of these epitopes could potentially be harnessed to evaluate epitope-specific antibody responses as correlates of protective immunity, potentially improving vaccine design.
Efficacy of Live-Attenuated H9N2 Influenza Vaccine Candidates Containing NS1 Truncations against H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses (2017)

H9N2 avian influenza virus is a zoonotic agent with a broad host range that can contribute genetic information to H5 or H7N9 subtype viruses, which are significant threats to both humans and birds. Thus, there is a great need for a vaccine to control H9N2 avian influenza. Three mutant viruses of an H9N2 virus A/chicken/Taixing/10/2010 (rTX-NS1-73, rTX-NS1-100, and rTX-NS1-128) were constructed with different NS1 gene truncations and confirmed by western blot analysis. The genetic stability, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and host immune responses toward these mutants were evaluated. The mutant virus rTX-NS1-128 exhibited the most attenuated phenotype and lost transmissibility. The expression levels of interleukin 12 in the nasal and tracheal tissues from chickens immunized with rTX-NS1-128 were significantly upregulated on day 3 post-immunization and the IgA and IgG antibody levels were significantly increased on days 7, 14, and 21 post-immunization when compared to chickens that received an inactivated vaccine. rTX-NS1-128 also protected chickens from challenge by homologous and heterologous H9N2 avian influenza viruses. The results indicate that rTX-NS1-128 can be used as a potential live-attenuated vaccine against H9N2 avian influenza.
Multi-Dialect Speech Recognition With A Single Sequence-To-Sequence Model (2017)

Sequence-to-sequence models provide a simple and elegant solution for building speech recognition systems by folding separate components of a typical system, namely acoustic (AM), pronunciation (PM) and language (LM) models into a single neural network. In this work, we look at one such sequence-to-sequence model, namely listen, attend and spell (LAS), and explore the possibility of training a single model to serve different English dialects, which simplifies the process of training multi-dialect systems without the need for separate AM, PM and LMs for each dialect. We show that simply pooling the data from all dialects into one LAS model falls behind the performance of a model fine-tuned on each dialect. We then look at incorporating dialect-specific information into the model, both by modifying the training targets by inserting the dialect symbol at the end of the original grapheme sequence and also feeding a 1-hot representation of the dialect information into all layers of the model. Experimental results on seven English dialects show that our proposed system is effective in modeling dialect variations within a single LAS model, outperforming a LAS model trained individually on each of the seven dialects by 3.1 ~ 16.5% relative.
Brief review of cadmium telluride-based photovoltaic technologies (2014)

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is the most commercially successful thin-film photovoltaic technology. Development of CdTe as a solar cell material dates back to the early 1980s when 10% efficient devices were demonstrated. Implementation of better quality glass, more transparent conductive oxides, introduction of a high-resistivity transparent film under the CdS junction-partner, higher deposition temperatures, and improved Cl-treatment, doping, and contacting approaches yielded >16% efficient cells in the early 2000s. Around the same time period, use of a photoresist plug monolithic integration process facilitated the demonstration of the first 11% efficient module. The most dramatic advancements in CdTe device efficiencies were made during the 2013 to 2014 time frame when small-area cell conversion efficiency was raised to 20% range and a champion module efficiency of 17% was reported. CdTe technology is attractive in terms of its limited life-cycle greenhouse gas and heavy metal emissions, small carbon footprint, and short energy payback times. Limited Te availability is a challenge for the growth of this technology unless Te utilization rates are greatly enhanced along with device efficiencies.
Continuous-wave frequency comb Fourier transform source based on a high-dispersion cavity (2006)

A dispersive grating compressor was included in a fiber ring laser to generate an unequally spaced frequency comb spanning approximately 1549-1552 nm. Beating of nearby modes in the comb naturally assigns unique amplitude modulation frequencies to each spectral component emitted. The source contains no moving parts. The single-mode fiber-coupled output is directed through hydrogen cyanide gas and detected by a photodiode. A Fourier transform of a 1 ms record yields a spectrum that agrees with results from a grating spectrometer at 0.06 nm resolution. By engineering stable, broadband combs, the technique could result in a universal and simple approach for spectroscopy at almost arbitrary measurement speeds and spectral resolutions limited only by Fourier principles.
Linear and nonlinear optical properties of the organic nonlinear optical crystal 2-adamantylamino-5-nitropyridine (1998)

2-adamantylamino-5-nitropyridine, an organic second-order nonlinear optical crystal with large d coefficient, has been characterized in terms of its absorption and refractive indices to clarify its wavelength-conversion properties. Phase-matching curves are estimated both theoretically and experimentally. The results show that Type II angle-tuned phase-matched wavelength conversion such as second-harmonic generation and optical parametric generation are possible in the wavelength region from 1.2 to 1.7 μm. In addition, 2-adamantylamino-5-nitropyridine shows higher wavelength-conversion efficiency than conventional inorganic crystal. These results indicate that it is possible for 2-adamantylamino-5-nitropyridine to provide Type II angle-tuned phase-matched wavelength conversion with high efficiency for optical communication systems.
Spatial–spectral characterization of focused spatially chirped broadband laser beams (2015)

Proper alignment is critical to obtain the desired performance from focused spatially chirped beams, for example in simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF). We present a simple technique for inspecting the beam paths and focusing conditions for the spectral components of a broadband beam. We spectrally resolve the light transmitted past a knife edge as it was scanned across the beam at several axial positions. The measurement yields information about spot size, M2, and the propagation paths of different frequency components. We also present calculations to illustrate the effects of defocus aberration on SSTF beams.
Integrated optical frequency combs (2017)

Optical frequency combs (OFCs) are a revolutionary light source for numerous applications due to their precisely spaced coherent optical wavelengths. his paper will focus on OFCs for employment in next generation dense/ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexed high-speed optical communication systems, which places stringent requirements on the OFC. These requirements include stability, linewidth, cost-efficiency, power consumption and form-factor. Monolithically integrated comb sources with simple and compact designs offer many of these features. In this work, the authors present a gain switched integrated optical frequency comb source encased in a high-speed temperature controlled butterfly package. Experimental results on characterisation and its application to various optical transmission systems will be presented.