gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation and characteristics of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 field-effect transistor with a SiO2 buffer layer (1997)

Ferroelectric heterostructures of Au/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/SiO2/Si and Au/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/Si have been fabricated by using laser ablation technique. Electrical properties of these ferroelectric field-effect transistors have been characterized through both the current vs voltage and capacitance vs voltage (C–V) measurements. The C–V characteristics of Au/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/SiO2/Si heterostructures demonstrate a polarization switching behavior, showing a memory window as much as 1 V at 1 kHz. In addition, the experimental results reveal that a SiO2 buffer layer is essential for memory properties in the Au/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/SiO2/Si gate structure.
Spectrum‐specific Damage and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Avoidance in the Two‐spotted Spider Mite (2010)

The spatial distribution of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is biased toward the lower surfaces of leaves as compared with the upper leaf surfaces on their host plants. Because of the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, we hypothesized T. urticae remains on lower leaf surfaces as an adaptation to avoid solar UV radiation (UVR). We examined the effects of solar UVR components on females and tested whether spatial distribution was associated with solar UVR avoidance. Attenuation of solar UVR using UV opaque film increased fecundity and reduced the movement of females from the upper to the lower leaf surfaces. In contrast, diverting solar UVR to the lower leaf surface using a light reflection sheet caused the mites to move from the lower to the upper leaf surfaces; however, attenuated UV reflection did not, suggesting that they occupy the lower leaf surface to avoid solar UVR. In monochromatic UVR tests, no eggs hatched when placed under 280-300 nm radiation, whereas almost all eggs hatched at 320-360 nm. Adult females, however, did not avoid wavelengths of 280 and 300 nm, but avoided 320-340 nm. We conclude that T. urticae exploit UVA information to avoid ambient UVB radiation.
The Role of Adhesion in Electrophotographic Digital Printing (2010)

Abstract Various aspects of adhesion play significant roles in digital printing, especially when electrophotographic technology is employed. This paper will concentrate on the adhesion and removal of toner particles, the marking particles used in the electrophotographic process. Two forces govern the adhesion and cohesion of toner particles — electrostatics and van der Waals. These forces must be carefully controlled in order to consistently and robustly achieve the desired image quality on the surface of the print. After transferring the toner particles to paper, the image must be fixed by subjecting the toner to heat and pressure, thereby transforming polymeric toner particles into a hot-melt adhesive. This paper discusses the physics and chemistry used to control toner adhesion, the constraints of toner adhesion on the design and performance of subsystems, and the impact on image quality and the marking engine if toner adhesion and cohesion are not properly controlled. Keywords: ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHYTONERADHESIONCLEANINGTRANSFERFUSING
Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure and tidal volume on lung injury induced by alveolar instability (2007)

A ventilatory strategy employing high Vt and low PEEP causes alveolar instability, and to our knowledge this is the first study to confirm this finding by direct visualization. These studies demonstrate that low Vt and high PEEP work synergistically to stabilize alveoli, although increased PEEP is more effective at stabilizing alveoli than reduced Vt. In this animal model of ARDS, alveolar instability results in lung injury (VILI) with minimal changes in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines and proteases. This suggests that the mechanism of lung injury in the high Vt/low PEEP group was mechanical, not inflammatory in nature.
Rice Stripe Virus Infection Alters mRNA Levels of Sphingolipid-Metabolizing Enzymes and Sphingolipids Content in<i>Laodelphax striatellus</i> (2016)

Sphingolipids and their metabolites have been implicated in viral infection and replication in mammal cells but how their metabolizing enzymes in the host are regulated by viruses remains largely unknown. Here we report the identification of 12 sphingolipid genes and their regulation by Rice stripe virus in the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén), a serious pest of rice throughout eastern Asia. According to protein sequence similarity, we identified 12 sphingolipid enzyme genes in L. striatellus. By comparing their mRNA levels in viruliferous versus nonviruliferous L. striatellus at different life stages by qPCR, we found that RSV infection upregulated six genes (LsCGT1, LsNAGA1, LsSGPP, LsSMPD4, LsSMS, and LsSPT) in most stages of L. striatellus Especially, four genes (LsCGT1, LsSMPD2, LsNAGA1, and LsSMS) and another three genes (LsNAGA1, LsSGPP, and LsSMS) were significantly upregulated in viruliferous third-instar and fourth-instar nymphs, respectively. HPLC-MS/MS results showed that RSV infection increased the levels of various ceramides, such as Cer18:0, Cer20:0, and Cer22:0 species, in third and fourth instar L. striatellus nymphs. Together, these results demonstrate that RSV infection alters the transcript levels of various sphingolipid enzymes and the contents of sphingolipids in L. striatellus, indicating that sphingolipids may be important for RSV infection or replication in L. striatellus.
Cellular regulation of hemoglobin switching: evidence for inverse relationship between fetal hemoglobin synthesis and degree of maturity of human erythroid cells. (1979)

To investigate whether the level of maturity of human erythroid cells influences the expression of the fetal hemoglobin program, we studied the relative production of fetal (Hb F) and adult (Hb A) hemoglobins during the maturation of erythroid clones produced in vitro by adult or neonatal erythroid stem cells. In both the adult and the neonatal cell cultures, clones composed of immature erythroblasts showed a significantly higher Hb F/Hb A ratio compared to the mature clones. Culture conditions enhancing erythroid cell maturity (such as an increase in the level of erythropoietin or culture time) decreased the relative synthesis of Hb F in the maturing erythroid cells. Direct immunofluorescence studies demonstrated earlier production of Hb F compared with Hb A during maturation of adult-origin HbF-synthesizing clones. The findings show that the final expression of Hb F is influenced by the degree of maturity of the terminally differentiated cells and suggest that, in addition to regulation at the level of erythroid stem cells, there is control of Hb F expression during erythroblast maturation. The inverse relationship between Hb F expression and level of cell maturity suggests that a regulatory mechanism operating throughout the process of erythroid stem cell differentiation/erythroblast maturation decreases the potential of Hb F expression as the development of the erythroid cell advances.
Richard Lee's contributions to anthropological understanding of the really ‘Real’ western Subarctic <i>Dineh</i> culture in the 20th century (2007)

This paper presents a personal appreciation of the contribution that Richard Lee has made to my understanding of western Subarctic Dineh societies. It will range from understanding the introduction of locks to village communities and the real existence of a ‘real world’ regardless of the post-modern unreal sensibility of consumer capitalism, to the importance of community engagement and the moral positioning of the anthropologist. It will also consider the continuing existence of hunting-gathering lives in the western Subarctic, regardless of the ‘other's’ opinion of what they might think they are because young people dance to hip-hop music, on which it will also comment.
Efficient Cloud Provisioning for Video Transcoding: Review, Open Challenges and Future Opportunities (2018)

Video transcoding is the process of encoding an initial video sequence into multiple sequences of different bitrates, resolutions, and video standards, so that it can be viewed on devices of various capabilities and with various network access characteristics. Because video coding is a computationally expensive process and the amount of video in social-media networks drastically increases every year, large media providers demand for transcoding cloud services will continue rising. This article surveys the state of the art of related cloud services. It also summarizes research on video transcoding and provides indicative results for a transcoding scenario of interest related to Facebook. Finally, it illustrates open challenges in the field and outlines paths for future research.
Computerized writing aids: do they really help? (1994)

At present, more and more software is being launched which is intended to assist authors in solving all kinds of writing problems. However, most studies into Ihe effects of using these new writing aids show disappointing results, especially when grammar and style checkers are concemed. The main problem with these programs is that they lack the knowledge needed to analyse sentence and text struclures in an appropriate way.
Aggregate and mixed-order Markov models for statistical language processing (1997)

We consider the use of language models whose size and accuracy are intermediate between different order n-gram models. Two types of models are studied in particular. Aggregate Markov models are class-based bigram models in which the mapping from words to classes is probabilistic. Mixed-order Markov models combine bigram models whose predictions are conditioned on different words. Both types of models are trained by Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation. We examine smoothing procedures in which these models are interposed between different order n-grams. This is found to significantly reduce the perplexity of unseen word combinations.
Ancient class of translocated oomycete effectors targets the host nucleus (2010)

Pathogens use specialized secretion systems and targeting signals to translocate effector proteins inside host cells, a process that is essential for promoting disease and parasitism. However, the amino acid sequences that determine host delivery of eukaryotic pathogen effectors remain mostly unknown. The Crinkler (CRN) proteins of oomycete plant pathogens, such as the Irish potato famine organism Phytophthora infestans, are modular proteins with predicted secretion signals and conserved N-terminal sequence motifs. Here, we provide direct evidence that CRN N termini mediate protein transport into plant cells. CRN host translocation requires a conserved motif that is present in all examined plant pathogenic oomycetes, including the phylogenetically divergent species Aphanomyces euteiches that does not form haustoria, specialized infection structures that have been implicated previously in delivery of effectors. Several distinct CRN C termini localized to plant nuclei and, in the case of CRN8, required nuclear accumulation to induce plant cell death. These results reveal a large family of ubiquitous oomycete effector proteins that target the host nucleus. Oomycetes appear to have acquired the ability to translocate effector proteins inside plant cells relatively early in their evolution and before the emergence of haustoria. Finally, this work further implicates the host nucleus as an important cellular compartment where the fate of plant-microbe interactions is determined.
IEEE 1588 standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems (2002)

This paper discusses the major features and design objectives of the IEEE-1588 standard. Recent performance results of prototype implementations of this standard in an Ethernet environment are presented. Potential areas of application of this standard are outlined.
Synthesis and characterization of bromine substituted polyacetylene, [CH<sub>1-y</sub>Br<sub>y</sub>]<sub>x</sub> (1982)

Abstract When ca. 85% cis films of the semiconducting polymer, polyacetylene, (CH)x, are first doped with bromine and then partly dehydrobrominated at 150°C, substitution of II by Br occurs to yield new semiconducting polymers of general composition [CH1-uBry]x, where y=0.003-0.23. These films have been studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), and Raman spectroscopic techniques. EPR results indicate that with an increase in bromine substitution, the linewidth (ΔHpp), g-value, and homogeneity of the samples increase. This is consistent with DNP results which suggest a decrease in the diffusion coefficient of unpaired spins as the bromine substitution level increases. Raman results are consistent with bromine substitution and indicate that essentially no change in conjugation length occurs when H is substituted by Br.
Advances in Understanding Wettability of Gas Shales (2014)

Recent experiments show the strong water uptake of gas shales which are strongly oil-wet based on contact angle measurements.1,2 Clay hydration, microfracture induction, lamination, and osmotic effect are collectively responsible for the excess water uptake. However, the previous measurements are not sufficient to isolate the above factors nor to explain why the bulk of shale samples can hardly imbibe the oil which completely spreads on their surface. To answer the remaining questions, we measure and compare spontaneous imbibition of oil and water into the crushed packs of the similar shales. In contrast to the intact samples, the crushed samples consistently imbibe more oil than water. The comparative study suggests that the connected pore network of the intact samples is water wet while the majority of rock including poorly connected pores is oil-wet. This argument is backed by complete spreading of oil on fresh surfaces of the rock. In contrast to the artificial pores of crushed rock, the existing pores of intact rock are already wetted by a film of water and/or covered by precipitated salt, which gives the pores a preference for water over oil. Furthermore, the presence of salt in the pore space provides an additional force for water uptake through an osmotic effect. This argument is backed by the observed reduction in shale alteration and water imbibition through increasing the salt concentration.
Common ground can be efficiently achieved by capturing a screenshot in handheld-based learning activity (2008)

Constructing common ground and the associated convergent conceptual change is critical to collaborative learning. Convergent conceptual change is achieved as participants in a conversation update common ground through presentations, repairs, and acceptances of utterances. Many previous studies in human-computer interaction show that face-to-face communication is more effective than other forms of technology-mediated collaboration, such as video conferencing or telephoning, primarily because such forms of communication cannot fully replicate the context so vital to common understanding. To meet these concerns while enabling the use of handhelds, we devise and test empirically the value of shared visual context in creating common ground by examining communication efficiency.
Energy efficiency optimization for cell-free massive MIMO (2017)

This paper considers a time-division duplex cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output downlink with imperfect channel station information and conjugate beamforming scheme. The total energy efficiency is investigated taking into account the hardware power consumption and the backhaul power consumption. We propose an optimal power allocation algorithm which aims to maximize the total energy efficiency, under a per-access point power constraint and a per-user spectral efficiency constraint. This optimization problem can be approximately solved via a sequence of second-order cone programs. Compared with the case of without power control, our proposed power allocation scheme can double the total energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show that, when the number of access points is large, the backhaul power consumption affects significantly the total energy efficiency.
The Variable Hysteresis Band in Delta-Sigma Modulation (2004)

SUMMARY This paper presents a technique for the variation of hys-teresis band in delta-sigma modulation. A sinusoidal, and a random hys-tersis band are combined to achieve an optimal performance in terms ofconstant switching frequency and the harmonic spikes. The sinusoidal hys-teresis band technique produces a constant switching frequency while therandom hysteresis band suppresses the harmonic spikes. The eﬀects of var-ious variations of hysteresis band on the harmonic spectrum characteristicwere described. The technique is experimented in a single-phase inverterand the harmonic peaks and the distortion of output voltage were used tomeasure the performance of the proposed technique. key words: delta-sigma modulation, sinusoidal hysteresis band, randomhysteresis band 1. Introduction Pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques have beenwidely used in power electronic systems. Many researcheshave improvedperformance of PWM techniques. In the hys-teresis current control PWM, its switching frequency variesover the fundamental period of the modulating signal anddepends on the system parameters; therefore its harmonicspectrum is distributed in a wide range. This leads to diﬃ-culty in converter output ﬁlter design. So an adaptive hys-teresis band technique was used to ﬁx switching frequency[1]. On the other hand, the sinusoidal and space vectorPWM techniques operate normally with a ﬁxed switchingfrequency, which causes power spectrum to be concentratedat multiples of the switching frequency. This gives rise tothe harmonic spikes that can produce unwanted eﬀects inthe power converter such as acoustic noise, torque ripple,and electromagnetic interference (EMI). If these eﬀects arethe concerned problems, the random PWM techniques wereused for distributing harmonic powers over the spectrum re-sulting that the harmonic spikes were reduced [2]–[4].The Delta-Sigma Modulation (DSM) has been used inthe communication systems and applied to generate PWMsignal for the switching power converters. With its spreadspectrum characteristics, the DSM has the advantage inkeeping the regulation of noise’s peak levels. There are twotypes of the DSM: the asynchronous and synchronous DSM.The asynchronous delta sigma modulation (ADSM) is used
Intramolecular nitrene carbon-hydrogen insertions mediated by transition-metal complexes as nitrogen analogs of cytochrome P-450 reactions (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular nitrene carbon-hydrogen insertions mediated by transition-metal complexes as nitrogen analogs of cytochrome P-450 reactionsRonald Breslow and Samuel H. GellmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 22, 6728–6729Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00360a039RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views4149Altmetric-Citations303LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (287 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new MOS imager using photodiode as current source (1991)

The author presents a MOS linear image sensor having a high-voltage gain amplifier in photodiode pixels. The only difference between the amplified MOS image (AMI) and this new device is the transfer gate added between the photodiode pixel and the source follower. In this structure, the photoinduced charge loss in video-line parasitic capacitance is compensated to improve the sensitivity. A high-voltage-gain amplifier is used to control the input voltage of the transfer gate so as to maintain an unchanged bias voltage of the photodiode and by operating the photodiode cell as a current source. In this device, the photoinduced charge is not divided by the photodiode capacitance C/sub d/ or the capacitive load C/sub t/. Therefore, it is possible to enlarge the photodiode size, and the sensor has a large saturation exposure as well as a large photocurrent/dark-current ratio of about 30:1. The device operates on a single 5 V power supply. These features make the device suitable for applications in low light levels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Relationship of Yolk and Plasma Cholesterol Levels to Position of Egg in Clutch (1977)

The changes in yolk cholesterol of eggs from different positions in the clutch cycle and the relationship of blood cholesterol levels for different days of the clutch cycle to egg cholesterol levels were studied. The mean values for yolk cholesterol decreased as the clutch length and intensity of egg production increased. There were no significant differences in yolk cholesterol values for the eggs laid on the first, median or last days of the clutch. The plasma cholesterol the day no egg was laid was similar to that for the plasma cholesterol obtained the day of the first egg of the clutch. The plasma cholesterol values were significantly increased on the day of the last egg of the clutch when there was no ovulation.
Stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development (1999)

The essential role of vitamin A and its metabolites, retinoids, in kidney development has been demonstrated in vitamin A deficiency and gene targeting studies. Retinoids signal via nuclear transcription factors belonging to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) families. Inactivation of RARaplpha and RARbeta2 receptors together, but not singly, resulted in renal malformations, suggesting that within a given renal cell type, their concerted function is required for renal morphogenesis. At birth, RARalpha beta2(-) mutants displayed small kidneys, containing few ureteric bud branches, reduced numbers of nephrons and lacking the nephrogenic zone where new nephrons are continuously added. These observations have prompted us to investigate the role of RARalpha and RARbeta2 in renal development in detail. We have found that within the embryonic kidney, RARalpha and RARbeta2 are colocalized in stromal cells, but not in other renal cell types, suggesting that stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. Analysis of RARalpha beta2(-) mutant kidneys at embryonic stages revealed that nephrons were formed and revealed no changes in the intensity or distribution of molecular markers specific for different metanephric mesenchymal cell types. In contrast the development of the collecting duct system was greatly impaired in RARalpha beta2(-) mutant kidneys. Fewer ureteric bud branches were present, and ureteric bud ends were positioned abnormally, at a distance from the renal capsule. Analysis of genes important for ureteric bud morphogenesis revealed that the proto-oncogene c-ret was downregulated. Our results suggest that RARalpha and RARbeta2 are required for generating stromal cell signals that maintain c-ret expression in the embryonic kidney. Since c-ret signaling is required for ureteric bud morphogenesis, loss of c-ret expression is a likely cause of impaired ureteric bud branching in RARalpha beta2(-) mutants.