gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Human and Machine Scoring of Essays: Differences by Gender, Ethnicity, and Country (2012)

Essay scores generated by machine and by human raters are generally comparable; that is, they can produce scores with similar means and standard deviations, and machine scores generally correlate as highly with human scores as scores from one human correlate with scores from another human. Although human and machine essay scores are highly related on average, this does not eliminate the possibility that machine and human scores may differ significantly for certain gender, ethnic, or country groups. Such differences were explored with essay data from two large-scale high-stakes testing programs: the Test of English as a Foreign Language and the Graduate Record Examination. Human and machine scores were very similar across most subgroups, but there were some notable exceptions. Policies were developed so that any differences between humans and machines would have a minimal impact on final reported scores.
Roles of Erbb family receptor tyrosine kinases, and downstream signaling pathways, in the control of cell growth and survival (2002)

Within the last 20 years, multiple novel intracellular signal transduction pathways, downstream of plasma membrane receptors, have been discovered. These pathways have been linked to the regulation of diverse cellular events such as proliferation, senescence, differentiation and apoptosis. This review will focus upon the roles of signaling by the ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family (ErbB1-4) in the survival of cells in response to cytotoxic stresses. In addition, plasma membrane-to-nucleus signaling pathways downstream of these receptors, such as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), in the control of cell survival will be discussed. Recent evidence suggests that signaling by the MAPK and PI3K pathways can both enhance proliferation as well as protect cells from apoptosis. We describe potential mechanisms by which modulation of pathway activities following inhibition of ErbB receptor function may alter the sensitivity of cells to toxic insults, leading to increased apoptosis and loss of clonogenic survival.
Leveraging Gene Ontology Annotations to Improve a Memory-Based Language Understanding System (2010)

This work evaluates how detailed knowledge about proteins can be leveraged for language understanding and disambiguation by OpenDMAP. OpenDMAP is a memory-based language understanding system that uses patterns to identify concepts in text. These patterns match not only lexical elements, such as words, but also semantic elements, such as references to proteins. This work started with an existing pattern set used to extract biological activation events from a corpus of GeneRIFs (sentences or phrases that each describe one of many of the functions of a gene). This is a challenging task because many distinct activation concepts, in addition to being semantically similar, are described using very similar language. We augment the previous approach with additional semantic knowledge about proteins, in the form of associated Gene Ontology annotations, and a small corresponding modification to the ontology used by OpenDMAP. By incorporating additional background knowledge we demonstrate that performance can be significantly improved without modifying the pattern set being used. Specifically precision is improved by 20%, at a modest 6% cost to recall. The additional semantic knowledge allows for more specificity in the ontology used by OpenDMAP, which in turn automatically improves the specificity of the patterns being used to extract knowledge from text reducing false positives by 75%.
Polymers of carbonic acid. 3. Thermotropic polycarbonates derived from 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl and various diphenols (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymers of carbonic acid. 3. Thermotropic polycarbonates derived from 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl and various diphenolsHans R. Kricheldorf and Dirk LuebbersCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 10, 2656–2662Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00212a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00212a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views295Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Contaminant bioavailability in soils, sediments, and aquatic environments (1999)

The aqueous concentrations of heavy metals in soils, sediments, and aquatic environments frequently are controlled by the dissolution and precipitation of discrete mineral phases. Contaminant uptake by organisms as well as contaminant transport in natural systems typically occurs through the solution phase. Thus, the thermodynamic solubility of contaminant-containing minerals in these environments can directly influence the chemical reactivity, transport, and ecotoxicity of their constituent ions. In many cases, Pb-contaminated soils and sediments contain the minerals anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), and various lead oxides (e.g., litharge, PbO) as well as Pb2+ adsorbed to Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides. Whereas adsorbed Pb can be comparatively inert, the lead oxides, sulfates, and carbonates are all highly soluble in acidic to circumneutral environments, and soil Pb in these forms can pose a significant environmental risk. In contrast, the lead phosphates [e.g., pyromorphite, Pb5(PO4)3Cl] are much less soluble and geochemically stable over a wide pH range. Application of soluble or solid-phase phosphates (i.e., apatites) to contaminated soils and sediments induces the dissolution of the "native" Pb minerals, the desorption of Pb adsorbed by hydrous metal oxides, and the subsequent formation of pyromorphites in situ. This process results in decreases in the chemical lability and bioavailability of the Pb without its removal from the contaminated media. This and analogous approaches may be useful strategies for remediating contaminated soils and sediments.
Replacing induction motors with caged rotor permanent magnet motors: application considerations & cost analysis (2017)

Efficiency improvements attainable with permanent magnet motors have been well documented. Some permanent magnet motors have been equipped with an induction cage in the rotor to allow direct on line starting. Designs of this type have been referred to as line start permanent magnet motors. A topic that has not received much attention is the use of this type of motor with an adjustable speed drive. This paper introduces the terminology Caged Rotor Permanent Magnet motor to describe motors of this type that can be used either direct on line or with an adjustable speed drive. Details of several installations of Caged Rotor Permanent Magnet motors are discussed. Each case study is documented from application selection, motor specification, cost justification, installation, operation and measured performance.
Synthetic ultra-long chain fatty acyl based amphiphilic lipids as a dual function excipient for the production of surfactant-free solid lipid nanoparticles (SF-SLNs): a physico-chemical study (2016)

Behenoyl (22 : 0) based amphiphilic lipids are synthesized, some of which demonstrate excellent dual functionality as both solid excipients and emulsifiers in producing uniform solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs).
<i>ideR</i> , an Essential Gene in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> : Role of IdeR in Iron-Dependent Gene Expression, Iron Metabolism, and Oxidative Stress Response (2002)

The mycobacterial IdeR protein is a metal-dependent regulator of the DtxR (diphtheria toxin repressor) family. In the presence of iron, it binds to a specific DNA sequence in the promoter regions of the genes that it regulates, thus controlling their transcription. In this study, we provide evidence that ideR is an essential gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ideR cannot normally be disrupted in this mycobacterium in the absence of a second functional copy of the gene. However, a rare ideR mutant was obtained in which the lethal effects of ideR inactivation were alleviated by a second-site suppressor mutation and which exhibited restricted iron assimilation capacity. Studies of this strain and a derivative in which IdeR expression was restored allowed us to identify phenotypic effects resulting from ideR inactivation. Using DNA microarrays, the iron-dependent transcriptional profiles of the wild-type, ideR mutant, and ideR-complemented mutant strains were analyzed, and the genes regulated by iron and IdeR were identified. These genes encode a variety of proteins, including putative transporters, proteins involved in siderophore synthesis and iron storage, members of the PE/PPE family, a membrane protein involved in virulence, transcriptional regulators, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.
Gastrointestinal Inhibition of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3 Reduces Phosphorus Absorption and Protects against Vascular Calcification in CKD (2014)

In CKD, phosphate retention arising from diminished GFR is a key early step in a pathologic cascade leading to hyperthyroidism, metabolic bone disease, vascular calcification, and cardiovascular mortality. Tenapanor, a minimally systemically available inhibitor of the intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3, is being evaluated in clinical trials for its potential to (1) lower gastrointestinal sodium absorption, (2) improve fluid overload-related symptoms, such as hypertension and proteinuria, in patients with CKD, and (3) reduce interdialytic weight gain and intradialytic hypotension in ESRD. Here, we report the effects of tenapanor on dietary phosphorous absorption. Oral administration of tenapanor or other intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 inhibitors increased fecal phosphorus, decreased urine phosphorus excretion, and reduced [(33)P]orthophosphate uptake in rats. In a rat model of CKD and vascular calcification, tenapanor reduced sodium and phosphorus absorption and significantly decreased ectopic calcification, serum creatinine and serum phosphorus levels, circulating phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 levels, and heart mass. These results indicate that tenapanor is an effective inhibitor of dietary phosphorus absorption and suggest a new approach to phosphate management in renal disease and associated mineral disorders.
Highly flexible superconducting films with metal-decorated composite 2D materials (2019)

Graphene forms an ideal platform to realize macroscopic hybrid materials by direct physisorption of electronically-active adsorbates on top of the high-mobility bidimensional (2D) gas of charge carriers. Here, we demonstrate a novel composite multilayer based on a thin polymer film covered with a monolayer of CVD graphene on top of which a thin layer of tin is evaporated. The metal film shows dewetting and forms a self-organized network of metal nanodots electronically coupled to the graphene. The resulting macroscopic multilayered structure is a highly flexible, stable, and processable composite 2D material that exhibits tunable superconductivity at low temperature. The superconducting properties of the macroscopic composite extend over the full sample size (several square centimeters) and are comparable to the ones of a mesoscopic array of Josephson junctions prepared with similar materials. It provides an upscaling of the concept that is useful for flexible electronics.
Estimating transmission parameters of F4+ <i>E. coli</i> for F4-receptor-positive and -negative piglets: one-to-one transmission experiment (2004)

F4+ Escherichia coli is an important agent of post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. Piglets that express an adhesion site for F4+ E. coli in their small intestine (F4R+) shed higher numbers of F4+ E. coli than piglets lacking this site (F4R−). We hypothesized that F4R+ piglets are more infectious and more susceptible for F4+ E. coli . This implies that in populations with F4R+ and F4R− piglets, the transmission would be dependent on the frequency of both types of animals. To quantify the difference in infectiousness and susceptibility, a one-to-one transmission experiment was performed with 20 pairs consisting of one inoculated and one contact piglet. Based on the contact infections observed, transmission parameters were estimated with generalized linear models. F4R+ piglets were infectious for other piglets and the reproduction ratio ( R 0 ) for homogeneous F4R+ populations, that is the average number of secondary infections that one F4R+ pig will cause during its entire infectious period in a population of susceptible F4R+ individuals only, was estimated as 7·1. F4R+ piglets were more susceptible than F4R− piglets and reducing the fraction of F4R+ piglets of a population will reduce transmission. It was calculated that in order to prevent major outbreaks of F4+ E. coli ( R 0 <1), the fraction of F4R+ piglets must be lower than 0·14.
Decentralized Sum Rate Maximization With QoS Constraints for Interfering Broadcast Channel Via Successive Convex Approximation (2016)

Weighted sum rate maximization (WSRMax) with user specific quality-of-service (QoS) constraints and general convex transmit power constraints is considered in multi-cell multi-user multiple-input multiple-output system. The particular focus in the proposed joint transmitter-receiver design is on tractability in terms of implementation and moderately fast changing/time correlated channel conditions. The non-convex transmit precoder design problem is formulated as a difference of convex functions program, for which a locally optimal solution is achieved by successive convex approximation (SCA). To achieve practically realizable designs, two decentralized approaches with low signaling overhead are proposed. Primal decomposition based solution provides better compliance of the provided QoS constraints in slowly fading channel conditions. On the other hand, solution based on Lagrangian relaxation of the coupling rate constraints is proposed for relaxed feasibility conditions and improved convergence properties. As a special case, an iterative solution via the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the precoder design problem with per base station transmit power constraints is also proposed. Finally, we propose a heuristic extension of the SCA method, which is shown to significantly improve the rate of convergence while achieving comparable sum rate with recently published methods.
A DOSE FINDING STUDY OF ZOLPIDEM IN CHRONIC INSOMNIA PATIENTS IN MULTICENTER COOPERATION (1992)

Kudo, Y.1; Kawakita, Y.2; Saito, M.3; Nishimura, T.4; Nakajima, T.5; Ogawa, N.6 Author Information
Synthesis of <i>C</i>‐nor‐4,6‐secocamptothecin and related compounds (1993)

Abstract C ‐nor‐4,6‐Secocamptothecin 2 , 4‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐(2‐quinolinyl)‐1 H ‐pyrano[3,4‐ c ]pyridine‐3,8(4 H ,7 H )‐dione, lacking the C ‐ring of camptothecin 1 , and its related compounds 3 and 4 were prepared from ethyl quinoline‐2‐carboxylate 7 . By an analogous reaction sequences, synthesis of 6‐(2‐pyridinyl)‐1 H ‐pyrano[3,4‐ c ]‐pyridine‐3,8(4 H 7 H )‐dione derivatives 5 and 6 , which contain the B, D, and E ring of 1 , were achieved.
<i>Drosophila presenilin</i>Is Required for Neuronal Differentiation and Affects Notch Subcellular Localization and Signaling (1999)

Presenilins are a highly conserved family of proteins first identified as causative genes in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have suggested a role for presenilins in the Notch-signaling pathway, but their specific function within this pathway remains unclear. Here, we have characterized the Drosophila presenilin gene and protein and studied their interaction with Notch in both mutants and transgenics. We find that the Drosophila presenilin protein is proteolytically cleaved and broadly expressed during development with the highest levels in neurons within the larval CNS. We also show that mutations in Drosophila presenilin (Dps) genetically interact with Notch and result in an early pupal-lethal phenotype characterized by defects in eye and wing development and incomplete neuronal differentiation within the larval CNS. Moreover, we find that processing of Notch in the Golgi by the furin protease is unaffected in Dps mutants and that Notch is present and may even accumulate on the plasma membrane of neuroblasts in the larval CNS of Dps mutants. In contrast, overexpression of Dps in transgenics causes Notch to accumulate in the cytoplasm. Taken together, these results indicate that Drosophila presenilin is required for proper neuronal differentiation and may regulate the subcellular localization of Notch proteins within cells, necessary for their accumulation and subsequent signaling capabilities.
Neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia by neutralization of 3-aminopropanal (2002)

Cerebral ischemia stimulates increased activity of polyamine oxidase, a ubiquitous enzyme that catabolizes polyamines to produce 3-aminopropanal. 3-Aminopropanal is a reactive aldehyde that mediates progressive neuronal necrosis and glial apoptosis. Here we report that increased levels of 3-aminopropanal-modified protein levels in humans after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage correlate with the degree of cerebral injury as measured by admission Hunt/Hess grade. In vitro screening of clinically approved drugs reveals that N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (N-2-MPG), an agent clinically approved for prevention of renal stones in patients with cysteinuria, significantly inhibits the cytotoxicity of 3-aminopropanal. N-2-MPG reacts with 3-aminopropanal to yield a nontoxic thioacetal adduct, as confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Administration of N-2-MPG in clinically relevant doses to rats significantly reduces cerebral 3-aminopropanal-modified protein immunoreactivity and infarct volume in a standardized model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, even when the agent is administered after the onset of ischemia. These results implicate 3-aminopropanal as a therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia.
Honeypot-based defense system research and design (2009)

In this paper, on the basis of the research on Honeypot technology, in view of the many problems in current traditional security resource applications, the Honeypot technology is used in network security defense, and a Honeypot-based distributed intrusion prevention model is presented. The experimental results show that the program can successfully remedy the deficiencies of existing monitoring system and improve the performance of the safety defense systems.
Nitric oxide and AMPK cooperatively regulate PGC-1α in skeletal muscle cells (2010)

Nitric oxide (NO) induces mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle cells via upregulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). Further, we have shown that nitric oxide interacts with the metabolic sensor enzyme, AMPK. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide and AMPK act synergistically to upregulate PGC-1α mRNA expression and stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in culture. L6 myotubes treated with nitric oxide donors, S-nitroso-N-penicillamine (SNAP, 25 μM) or diethylenetriamine-NONO (DETA-NO, 50 μM), exhibited elevated AMPK phosphorylation, PGC-1α mRNA and protein, and basal and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration (P < 0.05). Pre-treatment of cultures with the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, prevented these effects. Knockdown of AMPKα1 in L6 myotubes using siRNA reduced AMPKα protein content and prevented upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA by DETA-NO. Meanwhile, siRNA knockdown of AMPKα2 had no effect on total AMPKα protein content or PGC-1α mRNA. These results suggest that NO effects on PGC-1α expression are mediated by AMPKα1. Paradoxically, we found that the AMPK-activating compound, AICAR, induced NO release from L6 myotubes, and that AICAR-induced upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA was prevented by inhibition of NOS with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1 mM). Additionally, incubation of isolated mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles with 2 mM AICAR for 20 min or electrical stimulation (10 Hz, 13 V) for 10 min induced phosphorylation of AMPKα (P < 0.05), which was completely prevented by pre-treatment with the NOS inhibitor, L-N(G)-monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA, 1 mM). These data identify the AMPKα1 isoform as the mediator of NO-induced effects in skeletal muscle cells. Further, this study supports a proposed model of synergistic interaction between AMPK and NOS that is critical for maintenance of metabolic function in skeletal muscle cells.
Guidelines for dosimetry and calibration in ultraviolet radiation therapy: a report of a British Photodermatology Group workshop (2002)

This report examines the dosimetry of ultraviolet (UV) radiation applied to dermatological treatments, and considers the definition of the radiation quantities and their measurement. Guidelines are offered for preferred measurement techniques and standard methods of dosimetry. The recommendations have been graded according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer classification of strength of recommendation and quality of evidence (summarized in Appendix 5).
Exposing native device APIs to web apps (2014)

A recent survey among developers revealed that half plan to use HTML5 for mobile apps in the future. An earlier survey showed that access to native device APIs is the biggest shortcoming of HTML5 compared to native apps. Several different approaches exist to overcome this limitation, among them cross-compilation and packaging the HTML5 as a native app. In this paper we propose a novel approach by using a device-local service that runs on the smartphone and that acts as a gateway to the native layer for HTML5-based apps running inside the standard browser. WebSockets are used for bi-directional communication between the web apps and the device-local service. The service approach is a generalization of the packaging solution. In this paper we describe our approach and compare it with other popular ways to grant web apps access to the native API layer of the operating system.