gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fixation of radioactive ions in porous media with ion exchange gels. [DOE patent] (1979)

A method is provided for fixing radioactive ions in porous media by injecting into the porous media water-soluble organic monomers which are polymerizable to gel structures with ion exchange sites and polymerizing the monomers to form ion exchange gels. The ions and the particles of the porous media are thereby physically fixed in place by the gel structure and, in addition, the ions are chemically fixed by the ion exchange properties of the resulting gel.
Automatic vessel extraction and abdominal aortic stent planning in multislice CT (2002)

The abdominal aorta is the most common site for an aneurysm, which may lead to hemorrhage and death, to develop. The aim of this study was to develop a semi-automated method to de-lineate the vessels and detect the center-line of these vessels to make measurements necessary for stent design from multi-detector computed tomograms. We developed a robust method of tracking the aortic vessel tree with branches from a user selected seed point along the vessel path using scale space approaches, central transformation measures, vessel direction findings, iterative corrections and a priori information in determining the vessel branches. Fifteen patients were scanned with contrast on Mx8000 CT scanner (Philips Medical Systems), with a 3.2 mm thickness, 1.5 mm slice spacing, and a stack of 512x512x320 volume data sets were reconstructed. The algorithm required an initial user input to locate the vessel seen in axial CT slice. Next, the automated image processing took approximately two minutes to compute the centerline and borders of the aortic vessel tree. The results between the manually and automatically generated vessel diameters were compared and statistics were computed. We observed our algorithm was consistent (less than 0.01 S.D) and similar (less than 0.1 S.D) to manual results.
Characterizing the metabolic effects of exogenous ketone supplementation – an alternative or adjuvant to the ketogenic diet (2017)

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high fat, adequate protein, low carbohydrate diet that has been used clinically to treat refractory pediatric epilepsy for nearly a century. Emerging evidence suggests that the KD is broadly neuroprotective and health‐promoting; therefore, it is now being investigated as a preventative strategy and/or treatment for a wide variety of disorders, including many neurological diseases, cancer, obesity, and diabetes, as well as for enhancing athletic performance and human resilience capabilities. Recently, studies have revealed that many of the beneficial effects associated with the KD are mechanistically attributable to the ketone bodies, leading our lab and others to develop and test exogenous ketone supplements (KS) which elevate blood ketones without the need for severe carbohydrate restriction. In order to further our understanding of this new technology, we sought to characterize the metabolic and physiologic effects, safety, and toxicity of KS in healthy rats. The KS tested included the R,S‐1,3‐butanediol acetoacetate diester, 1,3‐butanediol, medium chain triglyceride oil, caprylic acid, and beta‐hydroxybutyrate mineral salts, alone and in various combinations. Healthy rats were administered KS by oral gavage or in their food in an acute (once), sub‐chronic (1 month), or chronic (4 months) fashion, and were analyzed for a variety of metabolic and physiologic biomarkers. Acute and chronic KS rapidly elevated blood ketones to therapeutic levels (2–5mM) and simultaneously decreased blood glucose. Sub‐chronic KS treatment significantly altered the global metabolome. Medium chain fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids were elevated with KS treatment. Carnitine and deoxycarnitine was decreased with KS, while acetyl coA and acetylcarnitine were elevated, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial LCFA oxidation. Kreb's cycle intermediates, including citrate, succinate, and fumarate, were elevated with KS. The neurotransmitter adenosine was elevated with KS, while some purine nucleotide breakdown products were also elevated. Markers of both oxidative stress (oxidized glutathione) and antioxidant capacity (carnosine and anserine) were elevated by KS. Metabolites associated with the gut microbiome or nutrient absorption, such as indoleproprionate, 2‐hydroxyisobutyrate, and coprostanol, were altered. Inflammatory profiling following chronic KS administration revealed decreases in many pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐1β, IL‐6, IFN‐γ, MCP‐1, and RANTES. KS appears safe as there were no signs of toxicity or adverse changes in total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, or markers of liver/kidney function over the chronic treatment protocol. KS may be a useful alternative or adjuvant to the KD for disorders where nutritional ketosis is therapeutic. Support or Funding Information This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research grant N000140610105 and a charitable donation by Scivation, Inc.
136-09: Improving safety of esophageal thermal probes (2016)

Purpose: Monitoring luminal esophageal temperature (LET) during RF or cryo-ablation procedures for pulmonary veins isolation is highly desirable to prevent the onset of esophageal thermal lesions (ETLs). Nevertheless it is not universally accepted that the use of esophageal thermal probes is completely safe. In some cases occurrence of ETLs during RF ablation has been (a bit hastily) attributed to the presence of the probe metallic sensors, as if they were able to capture power from the electromagnetic field (the so-called antenna effect). Here we point out the main features for a correct and safe LET measurement. Method: LET measurement is safely achieved under the following conditions: fast thermal response (order 1 sec), precision (<0.5°C), limiting mechanical action to esophageal tissue, avoiding the antenna effect, staying far from dangerous temperatures (too high, or too low), inspecting the full portion of the esophagus next to the left atrium, and possibly predicting unfavorable thermal evolution at an early stage of the procedure. We refer about a new system accomplishing these goals. Summary of results: Our experimental and theoretical studies have allowed to design a new esophageal temperature acquisition system meeting all these requirements. In our opinion it is advisable not to use deflectable probes, since the esophagus is very sensitive to mechanical actions. Notwithstanding the several evidences that the RF field is so weak in the sensors region that the deposited power is absolutely negligible, some clinician is irreducibly refractory to the idea of using metallic sensors. For those physicians we has designed a probe with electrically insulated sensors. A full covering of the interested zone (at least 4cm) is obtained by increasing the number of electrodes. It is very important that the probe is deployed correctly and for this reason we have developed a system which automatically detects if the probe position is not ideal, missing the maximal (minimal) temperature. Moreover, it is possible to understand the presence of a real ETL risk examining the temperature rate of change soon after RF or cryo application. The new system is able to compute that slope and provide an early alarm. Conclusion: The new system to detect LET and elaborate the data meets all requirements to make the measurement safe and effective, signaling the attainment of threshold temperatures, the probe displacement from the ideal position, and excessive values of the temperature rate of change, thus predicting unfavorable conditions for the procedure. Concerning the antenna effect, one of the arguments against it is the following: the sensors react to RF delivery with some delay (the heat transfer time), while they should be immediately "lighted up" if they were somehow coupled to the field. Similarly, LET keeps increasing for a while after RF switching off.
Linear Precoding for MIMO Wireless Correlated Channels with Non-zero Means: K factor Analysis, Extension to Non-orthogonal STBC (2006)

A linear precoder for MIMO channels exploiting both the channel mean and transmit correlation has been shown to improve performance of an orthogonal space-time coded system (Vu, M. and Paulraj, A., Proc. IEEE Vehicular Tech. Conf., 2004). We extend the precoder design to systems with non-orthogonal space-time code, and provide asymptotic analysis at high K factor. The precoder is designed by minimizing the Chernoff bound on the pairwise error probability. While a linear precoder can be viewed as a multi-mode beamformer, it converges to a single beam as the K factor increases. A design criterion based on the minimum codeword distance and a new criterion based on the average codeword distance are considered. Numerical simulations using quasi-orthogonal STBC give examples of the performance gain that can be achieved with these designs.
A Novel Periodogram-Based Frequency Offset Estimation Method for OFDM Systems (2008)

The frequency offset estimation is one of the most important tasks in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. To estimate frequency offset, a periodogram-based estimator has been proposed by Ren [6]. The method consists of three estimation steps and gives an accurate results. However, in the second and third estimation steps, the maximum frequency offset that can be estimated is limited by subcarrier spacing. This range is insufficient compared with the overall signal bandwidth, and causes high complexity in the first estimation step. In this paper, we propose a novel frequency offset estimation method with wide estimation range. The proposed method can efficiently extend the estimation ranges without loss of accuracy.
<title>Estimation of skew angle in text image analysis by sensor array processing techniques</title> (1993)

A new signal processing method is developed for estimating the skew angle in text document images. Based on a recently introduced multi-line fitting algorithm, the proposed method reformulates the skew detection problem into a special parameter estimation framework such that a signal structure similar to the one in the field of sensor array processing is obtained. Then the well-studied techniques in that formalism (e.g., the ESPRIT algorithm) are exploited to produce a closed-form and high resolution estimate for the skew angle. A simple preprocessing stage transforms each line of text characters into a straight line of a single-pixel width. Then, a virtual planar wave propagation environment reformulates the line fitting problem into the sensor array processing framework, and high resolution signal subspace techniques are used to obtain an estimate of the skew angle. The proposed algorithm possess extensive computational speed superiority over existing single and multiple line fitting algorithms such as the Hough transform method. Details of the proposed skew detection algorithm and experimental results are presented.
Adaptive windowing of insufficient CP for joint minimization of ISI and ACI beyond 5G (2017)

Using minimum, even insufficient guards are proposed to achieve the spectral efficiency and latency requirements of cellular communication systems beyond 5G. This leads to interference in both time and frequency domains. In this paper, a partial-non-orthogonal multiple accessing scenario in which the desired user is experiencing both intersymbol interference (ISI) due to insufficient cyclic prefix (CP) and adjacent channel interference (ACI) caused by asynchronous transmitters using non-orthogonal numerologies in adjacent bands is investigated. ISI and ACI depend on the power offset between desired and interfering users, the instantaneous channel impulse responses of interfering users and transmitter and receiver window functions. Therefore, joint and adaptive utilization of CP requires real-time calculation of ISI and ACI. Analytical expressions for expected ISI and ACI at each subcarrier of the desired user are derived to minimize their combination. Accordingly, an adaptive algorithm consisting of windowing each subcarrier at the receiver with window length that minimizes the combined interference at that subcarrier by optimally exchanging ISI and ACI is proposed. Interference reduction performances of current, outdated and average optimal window length raised cosine receiver windows are assessed and compared to fixed and no receiver windowing. Windowing reduces interference even when CP is shorter than the channel if window length is determined using the proposed design guidelines.
Exponential coefficient plots for identifying cement channels from temperature logs (1984)

In a production well, a channel in the cement behind the casing may fail to isolate a perforated interval from other zones, sometimes resulting in unwanted production. Water may flow from a water sand through a cement channel to a perforated interval, pass through the perforations, and enter the production flow. One technique for identifying a cement channel in such a well is to inject cold water or diesel fuel, followed by recording shut-in temperature profiles after the injection ceases. Alternatively, by processing the temperature logs mathematically, an exponential coefficient may be calculated and plotted against depth. This study discusses use of such a mathematic relationship in a predictive fashion for identifying injection zones. Methods are given for deriving and plotting the exponential coefficients from temperature logs of a well placed on cold fluid injection. Three examples are presented on the application of exponential coefficient plots to actual field logs for confirmation of suspected channels and for assessment of the uniformity of cement bonding.
Assured deep learning (2018)

Deep Learning (DL) models have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. In light of the adversarial attacks, it is critical to reliably quantify the confidence of the prediction in a neural network to enable safe adoption of DL models in autonomous sensitive tasks (e.g., unmanned vehicles and drones). This article discusses recent research advances for unsupervised model assurance against the strongest adversarial attacks known to date and quantitatively compare their performance. Given the widespread usage of DL models, it is imperative to provide model assurance by carefully looking into the feature maps automatically learned within D1 models instead of looking back with regret when deep learning systems are compromised by adversaries.
Fast method for measuring power density distribution of non-circular and irregular electron beams (1998)

A fast method for measuring the power density distribution of electron beams has been developed. The method employs a refractory metal disc containing regularly spaced radial slits and a Faraday cup to measure electron beam profiles as the beam is oscillated in a circular pattern over the disc. This beam profiling method can be used for real time focusing along a given beam sweep orientation by monitoring one of the beam profiles. When the focus setting is satisfactory, all of the beam profiles can then be stored for computed tomography (CT) reconstruction. The CT reconstruction renders an image of the powder density distribution and provides beam statistics as a permanent file for process control records. The process (taking ∼1 min to perform in its entirety using a conventional PC) was used to investigate the influence of focus setting on the power density distribution of 5 mA electron beams operating at accelerating voltages of 80 and 140 kv. Results of these tests show the effects of beam astigmatism on the power density distribution and the optimum focus conditions for these non-circular beams. In addition, these results show the ability of the 140 kV beam to focus more precisely and thus produce higher power densities than the 80 kV beam.
Silicon photonic transceiver circuit for high-speed polarization-based discrete variable quantum key distribution (2017)

We demonstrate a silicon photonic transceiver circuit for high-speed discrete variable quantum key distribution that employs a common structure for transmit and receive functions. The device is intended for use in polarization-based quantum cryptographic protocols, such as BB84. Our characterization indicates that the circuit can generate the four BB84 states (TE/TM/45°/135° linear polarizations) with >30 dB polarization extinction ratios and gigabit per second modulation speed, and is capable of decoding any polarization bases differing by 90° with high extinction ratios.
Ridge-type InGaAs quantum wire field effect transistor with negative differential resistance (2003)

In this paper, we firstly report the negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristics in ridge-type InGaAs/InAlAs quantum wire field-effect transistor (QWIR-FET) with the /spl delta/-doped layer grown on InP [100] patterned substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The drain voltage for the onset of NDR and peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) are significantly improved by employing QWIR and by decreasing the distance between a source and drain.
HI Robot: Human intention-aware robot planning for safe and efficient navigation in crowds (2016)

We present an algorithmic framework for the early classification of human intentions, and use it to accurately predict future human motions when planning the path of a robot in an environment that is shared with humans. During an off-line learning phase, a classifier that can recognize when a human intends to interact with the robot is trained. At runtime, this trained classifier allows us to recognize humans who intend to interact with, or obstruct, the robot in some way. We validate our approach using both recorded and simulated data in an environment in which some humans intentionally obstruct the robot. Our classifier identifies these potential blockers, thus allowing the robot to safely and efficiently navigate the environment by minimizing the chances of being blocked.
Liquid crystal pretilt angle control using nanotextured surfaces (2006)

A scalable and economical method to control the pretilt alignment of nematic liquid crystal (LC) to ∼45° has long been sought as it constitutes the foundation of some key technologies of LC displays. We demonstrate that nanotextured surfaces fabricated by mixing horizontal and vertical polyimides allow complete LC pretilt control from ∼0° to 90°. Devices made with these surfaces show response times four times superior to the state-of-the-art panel.
Quantum operations on entangled photons using Lyot filters (2016)

Lyot filters have been designed for multi-access high capacity wavelength division multiplexing between a communications hub and spatially separated spokes. Reported here are modifications to a basic classical communications Lyot filter stage [1], but using a hyper-entangled bipartite input state possessing non-degenerate frequencies for advanced quantum communications. Lyot filters and pre-shared linking knowledge can be used to better ensure efficiency and efficacy in manifesting entanglement correlations between polarization degrees of freedom in non-rotationally invariant measurement bases. Lyot filters also allow entangled photon routing, a function of entanglement between incident frequencies and polarization.
Cilia device for microfluid manipulation (2008)

This paper presents bio-mimetic cilia resonated in a microfluidic device for fluid transport and bio-compatible mixing. High aspect ratio silicone cilia structures were successfully fabricated and assembled in a fluidic device by the recently developed under-water fabrication method. The cilia in a fluid were resonated by piezoinduced actuation. As an application of the cilia, a fluorophoric avidin-biotin binding assay was performed in a microfluidic well, resulting in 1000-fold enhancement of the sensitivity.
Revisiting Escherichia coli as microbial factory for enhanced production of human serum albumin (2017)

In the present case, we have filled in the gap in the literature by exploiting the E. coli host system, which is fast-growing and scalable at the low cost of fermentation, as a microbial factory for the enhancement of functional production of rHSA, a crucial protein for therapeutic and biotechnological applications.
Cloud-Based Video Streaming Services: A Survey (2020)

Video streaming, in various forms of video on demand (VOD), live, and 360 degree streaming, has grown dramatically during the past few years. In comparison to traditional cable broadcasters whose contents can only be watched on TVs, video streaming is ubiquitous and viewers can flexibly watch the video contents on various devices, ranging from smart-phones to laptops and large TV screens. Such ubiquity and flexibility are enabled by interweaving multiple technologies, such as video compression, cloud computing, content delivery networks, and several other technologies. As video streaming gains more popularity and dominates the Internet traffic, it is essential to understand the way it operates and the interplay of different technologies involved in it. Accordingly, the first goal of this paper is to unveil sophisticated processes to deliver a raw captured video to viewers' devices. In particular, we elaborate on the video encoding, transcoding, packaging, encryption, and delivery processes. We survey recent efforts in academia and industry to enhance these processes. As video streaming industry is increasingly becoming reliant on cloud computing, the second goal of this survey is to explore and survey the ways cloud services are utilized to enable video streaming services. The third goal of the study is to position the undertaken research works in cloud-based video streaming and identify challenges that need to be obviated in future to advance cloud-based video streaming industry to a more flexible and user-centric service.
Nuclear magnetic resonance detection and spectroscopy of single proteins using quantum logic (2016)

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the structural analysis of organic compounds and biomolecules but typically requires macroscopic sample quantities. We use a sensor, which consists of two quantum bits corresponding to an electronic spin and an ancillary nuclear spin, to demonstrate room temperature magnetic resonance detection and spectroscopy of multiple nuclear species within individual ubiquitin proteins attached to the diamond surface. Using quantum logic to improve readout fidelity and a surface-treatment technique to extend the spin coherence time of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers, we demonstrate magnetic field sensitivity sufficient to detect individual proton spins within 1 second of integration. This gain in sensitivity enables high-confidence detection of individual proteins and allows us to observe spectral features that reveal information about their chemical composition.
MPLS Fault Management OAM (2009)

This draft specifies a fault management indications for MPLS Transport
Profile (MPLS-TP) Label Switched Paths (LSPs). The notification
mechanism employs a generic method for a fault to be communicated to a
Maintenance End Point (MEP) to indicate a fault condition on an MPLS
LSP. A MPLS Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) channel
is defined along with messages to communicate various types of fault
conditions.