gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal localization of the gene for AA-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRA) in humans and mice (1991)

The full-length cDNA of the receptor for human AA-type platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was used to assign the PDGFRA gene to region q11----q21 of human chromosome 4 and to mouse Chromosome 5 by somatic cell hybrid analysis. Since the same region also contains the c-kit oncogene homolog KIT, we carried out pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to determine the physical distance between the two genes in human DNA. The two probes, when successively applied to the same filters, hybridized to a 450-kb EagI-fragment but not to other common restriction fragments. The genes are separated by at least one NotI, one XhoI, and one SalI site.
Attitude control system for directional drilling bottom hole assemblies (2012)

A general approach for the attitude control of directional drilling tools for the oil and gas industry is proposed. The attitude is represented by a unit vector, thus the non-linearities introduced by Euler angle representations are avoided. Three control laws are proposed, and their stability is proven. Their behaviour is tested by numerical simulation. The merits of the laws from an engineering perspective are highlighted, and some details for the implementation of the laws on directional drilling tools are provided.
Abstract 3156: MicroRNA profiling for the detection of melanoma (2012)

Abstract Background: Numerous reports have suggested a link between aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and various forms of cancer, including melanoma. We examined miRNA expression patterns in melanoma and nevi to identify candidate biomarkers for differentiating between these melanocytic lesions. Method: The study used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from 78 patients with melanoma and 98 with nevi (18 compound nevi, 20 intradermal nevi, 20 junctional nevi, 20 blue nevi, and 20 spitz nevi). All lesions were confirmed by at least 2 pathologists. Total RNA was extracted from the FFPE tissue and hybridized onto the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA), which measure 850 human microRNAs. After determining an optimal set of miRNAs for differentiation using random forest algorithm, we retested specimens for this set using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on a TaqMan miRNA system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Results: Expression levels of 257 miRNAs differed significantly between melanomas and nevi (p values &lt; 0.001); 129 miRNAs were downregulated and 128 were upregulated in melanomas relative to nevi. 80 of these miRNAs exhibited area under the ROC curves (AUROCs) of &gt;0.75 for distinguishing melanomas from nevi, and 74 exhibited more than a two-fold difference. An optimized set of 7 miRNAs provided good differentiation of melanomas from nevi, with an AUORC of 0.94 and 87.7% concordance with pathology-determined tissue type. miRNA array data were further validated by qPCR: for 5 of the 7 miRNAs identified above, qPCR results showed significant correlation with the miRNA array results (average Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.95). Conclusions: These data suggest that the miRNA expression pattern from FFPE tissue holds promise for distinguishing melanomas from nevi. Use of this miRNA set as a diagnostic marker requires further validation and exploration in a large-scale study. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3156. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3156
Nanofabricated quantum dot array formation through annealing of nano-patterned planar InAs (2012)

Quantum dots (QDs) are typically formed using a self-assembly process that results in random placement and size distributions, thus limiting their applicability for many devices. In this work, we report a process which uses nano-patterned planar InAs and subsequent annealing under As stabilized conditions to produce QDs with uniform placement and size distribution. The authors demonstrate the ability to form ordered QD arrays with a density of 3 × 1010 dots/cm2 and QD base widths of &lt;30 nm. The authors achieved photoluminescence from the patterned area at a temperature below 100 K.
Switchable holographic gratings formed in polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal cells by use of a He–Ne laser (2005)

We report on the formation of switchable holographic transmission gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal cells by use of the 633-nm wavelength of a He-Ne laser. We present results for the structure, diffraction efficiency, and switching characteristics of the gratings.
Postfabrication Electrical Trimming of Silicon Micromechanical Resonators via Joule Heating (2011)

This paper presents a method to electrically trim the resonance frequency of a silicon bulk acoustic resonator (SiBAR) after its fabrication is completed. The small volume of the microresonator can be Joule heated to a sufficiently high temperature to allow for diffusion of deposited metals from its surface onto its bulk. Such high temperatures also facilitate the formation of silicon-metal bonds which, depending on the metal, are either stronger or weaker compared to the existing silicon-silicon bonds. The former leads to an overall increased stiffness of the resonating element thereby trimming up its resonance frequency, while the latter does the opposite. Both trimming-up and trimming-down by ~400 kHz have been demonstrated at a resonance frequency of 100 MHz (i.e., trimming range of 4000 ppm) using gold and aluminum, respectively. The possibility of increasing the trimming range to ~4 MHz (i.e., 40 000 ppm) by engineering the resonator geometry is also discussed and demonstrated.
High-power Femtosecond Optical Parametric Amplification at 1 kHz in BiB_3O_6 pumped at 800 nm (2007)

Substantial power scaling of a travelling-wave femtosecond optical parametric amplifier, pumped near 800 nm by a 1 kHz Ti:sapphire laser amplifier, is demonstrated using monoclinic BiB(3)O(6) in a two stage scheme with continuum seeding. Total energy output (signal plus idler) exceeding 1 mJ is achieved, corresponding to an intrinsic conversion efficiency of approximately 32% for the second stage. The tunability extends from 1.1 to 2.9 microm. The high parametric gain and broad amplification bandwidth of this crystal allowed the maintenance of the pump pulse duration, leading to pulse lengths less than 140 fs, both for the signal and idler pulses, even at such high output levels.
Method and apparatus for synthesizing anhydrous HNO/sub 3/. [Patent application] (1982)

A method and apparatus for electrochemically synthesizing anhydrous HNO/sub 3/ from an aqueous solution of HNO/sub 3/- includes oxidizing a solution of N/sub 2/O/sub 4//aqueous HNO/sub 3/ at an anode, while maintaining a controlled potential between the N/sub 2/O/sub 4//aqueous HNO/sub 3/ solution and the anode. A potential of about 1.80V vs. SCE is preferred. Anhydrous or aqueous HNO/sub 3/ may be disposed at the cathode within the electrochemical cell. Aqueous HNO/sub 3/ having a water content of up to about 12% by weight is utilized to synthesize anhydrous HNO/sub 3/.
Ternary III-V solar cells for multicolor applications (1982)

High efficiency, shallow-junction GaAs (1-x)P(x) and GaAs(1-y)Sb(y) ternary III-V solar cells are reported for the first time. Specifically, the authors report on a GaAs (0.82)P(0.18) cell with a band gap of 1.65 eV and an energy conversion efficiency of 14.8% at 7.4 suns and a GaAs(0.88)Sb(0.12) cell with a band gap of 1.2 eV and a conversion efficiency of 15.6% at 18 suns. Both cells were fabricated on GaAs substrates. These cells were then used as the building blocks for multicolor solar cells. Both two-terminal and threeterminal, two-color cells were fabricated. The two-terminal devices used a p+/n+ GaAs-shorting junction to series connect a GaAs(1-x)P(x) n+/p visible light-sensing junction to a GaAs(1-y)Sb(y) n+/p infrared-sensing junction. The expected voltage addition was demonstrated. The three-terminal devices were transistor-like devices in which an n+/p GaAs(1-x)P(x) cell was grown on a p+/n GaAs(1-y)Sb(y) cell. The third terminal was attached via etched-in grooves to the GaAs(1-x)P(x) p-layer. The three-terminal device allows independent testing of both active junctions in a monolithic two-color stack. Both junctions in these three terminal devices performed qualitatively as expected.
Face detection speed improvement using bitmap-based Histogram of Oriented gradien (2017)

Since the Viola-Jones seminal work, the boosted cascade with simple features has become the most popular and effective approach for practical face detection. More improved face detectors that can handle uncontrolled face detection scenarios have achieved by applying more advanced features such as Histogram of oriented Gradients (HoG). The great improvement in accuracy delivered by these methods has been accompanied by a large increase in the computational burden, which limited adoption in embedded solutions particularly. The improved bitmap-based HoG approaches resolved this problem by limitation of HoG window to non-rectangular irregular pattern of the object and its boundary avoid processing of extra background and (partially) foreground pixels respectively. In this paper, bHoG and bbHoG along with three different bitmap patterns are applied to the face detection problem to not only benefits from the robustness of HoG, but also to amend its high computational cost significantly. Experimental results show an decrease of 92.5% in the workload associated with HoG/SVM classifiers compared to the state-of-the-art, along with approximately the same performance as standard HoG and an average decrease about 5% in recall and precision in comparison for the smaller cell sizes.
On Effective Slack Reclamation in Task Scheduling for Energy Reduction (2009)

Power consumed by modern computer systems, particularly servers in data centers has almost reached an unacceptable level. However, their energy consumption is often not justifiable when their utilization is considered; that is, they tend to consume more energy than needed for their computing related jobs. Task scheduling in distributed computing systems (DCSs) can play a crucial role in increasing utilization; this will lead to the reduction in energy consumption. In this paper, we address the problem of scheduling precedence-constrained parallel applications in DCSs, and present two energy- conscious scheduling algorithms. Our scheduling algorithms adopt dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to minimize energy consumption. DVFS, as an efficient power management technology, has been increasingly integrated into many recent commodity processors. DVFS enables these processors to operate with different voltage supply levels at the expense of sacrificing clock frequencies. In the context of scheduling, this multiple voltage facility implies that there is a trade-off between the quality of schedules and energy consumption. Our algorithms effectively balance these two performance goals using a novel objective function and its variant, which take into account both goals; this claim is verified by the results obtained from our extensive comparative evaluation study.
Ligation of anti-cancer drugs to self-assembling ultrashort peptides by click chemistry for localized therapy (2013)

Self-assembling ultrashort peptides from aliphatic amino acids were functionalized with platinum anti-cancer drugs by click chemistry. Oxaliplatin-derived hybrid peptide hydrogels with up to 40% drug loading were tested for localized breast cancer therapy. Stably injected gels showed significant tumor growth inhibition in mice and a better tolerance compared to the free platinum drug.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A NEW VERSATILE OIL SPILL DISPERSANT (1983)

ABSTRACT Several oil spill dispersants available since 1975 have successfully dispersed spills of light to medium oils. However, they generally have performed poorly on heavily weathered oil, low gravity viscous oils, waxy crudes, “chocolate mousse” emulsions, and any oil spilled in cold environments. Some also were not formulated for use on waters of low salinity. In many cases involving spills of low viscosity oils, the decision to use chemical treatment has been delayed until the oil is in a weathered state. Chemical treatment under any of these conditions requires that the active surfactants reach the oil/water interface with the aid of a penetrating hydrocarbon solvent. Such formulations lose effectiveness when diluted with water (as in boat spraying) and usually must be used undiluted at a high dosage. They also often are too low in viscosity and density to be sprayed efficiently by aircraft. This paper discusses the properties and performance of formulations which avoid the above oil viscosity and water salinity problems and offer, for the first time, opportunity for widespread chemical treatment of such spills by aerial spray from large aircraft.
Somatostatin Receptor 1 Selective Analogues:  3. Dicyclic Peptides (2004)

The binding affinity of short chain somatostatin (SRIF) analogues at the five human SRIF receptors (sst) was determined to identify sterically constrained somatostatin receptor subtype 1 (sst(1)) selective scaffolds. Des-AA(1,2,4,13)-[d-Trp(8)]SRIF (2) retained high binding affinity at all receptors but sst(1), Des-AA(1,2,4,5)-[d-Trp(8)]SRIF (3) at sst(4) and sst(5), and Des-AA(1,2,4,5,13)-[d-Trp(8)]SRIF (4) at sst(2) and sst(4) (AA = amino acid). Des-AA(1,2,4,12,13)-[d-Trp(8)]SRIF (6) was potent and sst(4)-selective (>25-fold); Des-AA(1,2,5,12,13)-[d-Trp(8)]SRIF (7) and Des-AA(1,2,4,5,12,13)-[d-Trp(8)]-SRIF (9, ODT-8) were most potent at sst(4) and moderately potent at all other receptors. Dicyclic SRIF agonists of the sst(1)-selective Des-AA(1,5)-[Tyr(2),d-Trp(8),IAmp(9)]SRIF, (14, sst(1) IC(50) = 14 nM) were prepared in which a lactam bridge introduced additional conformational constraint (IAmp = 4-(N-isopropyl)-aminomethylphenylalanine). Cyclo(7-12)Des-AA(1,5)-[Tyr(2),Glu(7),d-Trp(8),IAmp(9),hhLys(12)]SRIF (31) (sst(1) IC(50) = 16 nM) and cyclo(7-12) Des-AA(1,2,5)-[Glu(7),d-Trp(8),IAmp(9),m-I-Tyr(11),hhLys(12)]SRIF (45) (sst(1) IC(50) = 6.1 nM) had equal or improved affinities over that of the parent 14. Binding affinity was decreased in all other cases with alternate bridging constraints such as cyclo (6-11), cyclo (6-12), and cyclo (7-11). Compound 45 is an agonist (EC(50) = 8.8 nM) in the adenylate cyclase assay.
<title>Optical and mechanical properties of IR-transmitting chalcogenide glass fibers</title> (1996)

Sulphide and telluride fibers have been fabricated using the rod-in-tube (RIT) process. The minimum optical losses of the polymer clad and unclad fibers are 0.047 and 0.11 dB/m, respectively. However, the glass clad fibers possess minimum optical losses of 0.6 and 0.7 dB/m, respectively. The difference is attributed to interfacial scattering. The bending strengths have been measured in water, air and liquid nitrogen. While the strength in liquid nitrogen approaches 200 ksi, the results indicate that water has a detrimental effect on the strength, presumably due to a stress corrosion mechanism.
A simplification design of the fiber cavity ring-down technique (2017)

This paper presents a simplification design for the fiber cavity ring-down technique. The new configuration is no longer in ring cavity and is converted to a linear cavity. The proposed linear cavity is created with a single fibre coupler of 99:1 and two thin-film mirrors located at the end of the fibre arms. This configuration can be interrogated in reflection or in transmission (whether if two fibre couplers are used in conventional configuration), however the reflection interrogation presents better resolution when compared signal-to-noise ratio in the decay time measurement. The mirrors can be also replaced by fibre Bragg gratings and fibre loop mirrors. One of the main advantages of this simplification is its use for remote sensing. However, it is necessary to include amplification in the cavity to eliminate fiber length losses. This configuration allows using any intensity-based optical fibre sensor in the literature with twice improvement in the sensitivity and can be easily adapted to a commercial system. A proof-of-concept for strain sensing is demonstrated. This simplification opens new paths in physical, chemical or biological parameters using this simple fibre configuration.
Multiple repetition time balanced steady‐state free precession imaging (2009)

Although balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging yields high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency, the bright lipid signal is often undesirable. The bSSFP spectrum can be shaped to suppress the fat signal with scan-efficient alternating repetition time (ATR) bSSFP. However, the level of suppression is limited, and the pass-band is narrow due to its nonuniform shape. A multiple repetition time (TR) bSSFP scheme is proposed that creates a broad stop-band with a scan efficiency comparable with ATR-SSFP. Furthermore, the pass-band signal uniformity is improved, resulting in fewer shading/banding artifacts. When data acquisition occurs in more than a single TR within the multiple-TR period, the echoes can be combined to significantly improve the level of suppression. The signal characteristics of the proposed technique were compared with bSSFP and ATR-SSFP. The multiple-TR method generates identical contrast to bSSFP, and achieves up to an order of magnitude higher stop-band suppression than ATR-SSFP. In vivo studies at 1.5 T and 3 T demonstrate the superior fat-suppression performance of multiple-TR bSSFP.
Homo-Epitaxial Growth on 2° Off-Cut 4<i>H</i>-SiC(0001) Si-Face Substrates Using H<sub>2</sub>-SiH<sub>4</sub>-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> CVD System (2014)

We have grown epitaxial layers on 2° off-cut 4 H -SiC(0001) Si-face substrates. The epitaxial layer surfaces on 2° off-cut substrates are more prone to generate step-bunching than on 4° off-cut substrates, which are observed by confocal microscopy with differential interference contrast. We have speculated that the step-bunching is generated at the beginning of an epitaxial growth. Triangular defect density of epitaxial layers on 2° off-cut substrates is as low as 0.7 cm –2 for the size corresponding to 150 mm. We have firstly reported distribution of 2° off-cut epitaxial layers for the 150-mm size using two 76.2-mm wafers: σ/mean = 3.3% for thickness, σ/mean = 7.3% for carrier concentration.
Photopatterned free-standing polyacrylamide gels for microfluidic protein electrophoresis (2013)

Designed for compatibility with slab-gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) reagents and instruments, we detail development of free-standing polyacrylamide gel (fsPAG) microstructures supporting electrophoretic performance rivalling that of microfluidic platforms. For the protein electrophoresis study described here, fsPAGE lanes are comprised of a sample reservoir and contiguous separation gel. No enclosed microfluidic channels are employed. The fsPAG devices (120 μm tall) are directly photopatterned atop of and covalently attached to planar polymer or glass surfaces. Leveraging the fast <1 h design-prototype-test cycle - significantly faster than mold based fabrication techniques - we optimize the fsPAG architecture to minimize injection dispersion for rapid (<1 min) and short (1 mm) protein separations. The facile fabrication and prototyping of the fsPAGE provides researchers a powerful tool for developing custom analytical assays. We highlight the utility of assay customization by fabricating a polyacrylamide gel with a spatial pore-size distribution and demonstrate the resulting enhancement in separation performance over a uniform gel. Further, we up-scale from a unit separation to an array of 96 concurrent fsPAGE assays in 10 min run time driven by one electrode pair. The fsPAG array layout matches that of a 96-well plate to facilitate integration of the planar free standing gel array with multi-channel pipettes while remaining compatible with conventional slab-gel PAGE reagents, such as staining for label-free protein detection. Notably, the entire fsPAGE workflow from fabrication, to operation, and readout uses readily available materials and instruments - making this technique highly accessible.
Wedge‐shaped slice‐selective adiabatic inversion pulse for controlling temporal width of bolus in pulsed arterial spin labeling (2015)

The WS inversion pulse can be used to control the temporal widths of labeled boluses in PASL experiments. This should benefit PASL experiments by maximizing labeling duty cycle and improving temporal resolution and SNR efficiency. Magn Reson Med 76:838-847, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognosis of intervertebral disc loss from diagnosis of degenerative disc disease (2015)

Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) is one of the most common causes of low back pain, and is a major factor in limiting the quality of life of an individual usually as they enter older stages of life, the disc degeneration reduces the shock absorption available which in turn causes pain. Disc loss is one of the central processes in the pathogenesis of DDD. In this study, we investigated whether the image texture features quantified from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be appropriate markers for diagnosis of DDD and prognosis of inter-vertebral disc loss. The main objective is to use simple image based biomarkers to perform prognosis of spinal diseases using non-invasive procedures. Our results from 65 subjects proved the higher success rates of the combination marker compared to the individual markers and in the future, we will extend the study to other spine regions to allow prognosis and diagnosis of DDD for a wider region.
Co-operative Alien Noise Cancellation in Upstream VDSL: A New Decision Directed Approach (2013)

Alien noise in the vectored very-high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL) system is part of the additive noise at the receiver and exhibits strong correlation among users. We present a per-tone co-operative alien noise cancellation (CoMAC) algorithm for the upstream (US) VDSL that can be applied subsequent to any self far-end-crosstalk (FEXT) mitigation strategy. CoMAC operates by predicting the noise seen by a given user based on the error samples from the remaining users. These errors are conveniently obtained after slicing the self-FEXT canceled signal of all the vectored users. We show that if the estimation of these errors is accurate, the proposed alien canceler achieves the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). In practice, the seamless rate adaptation (SRA) operation, which enables increased bit rate by increasing the bit-loading per-tone, can cause decision errors in any decision directed strategy. We also analyze the impact of these decision errors - an issue not addressed in the literature. We propose a strategy for bit-loading during the SRA operation by formulating a max-min optimization problem and demonstrate a possibility of a guaranteed (minimum) improvement in the per-user rate. Simulations indicate that performance of the algorithm can exceed the minimum value significantly in practical situations.
CCNx 1.0 Bidirectional Streams (2017)

In Content Centric Networks, where one retrieves data based on a given name, not a conventional connection to a server or other device, there is a need for a standard mechanism to establish bi-directional streams. We describe a method to open and maintain such conversations using the techniques of a named data network.