gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effector membrane translocation biosensors reveal G protein and βarrestin coupling profiles of 100 therapeutically relevant GPCRs (2020)

Abstract The recognition that individual GPCRs can activate multiple signaling pathways has raised the possibility of developing drugs selectively targeting therapeutically relevant ones. This requires tools to determine which G proteins and βarrestins are activated by a given receptor. Here, we present a set of BRET sensors monitoring the activation of the 12 G protein subtypes based on the translocation of their effectors to the plasma membrane (EMTA). Unlike most of the existing detection systems, EMTA does not require modification of receptors or G proteins (except for G s ). EMTA was found to be suitable for the detection of constitutive activity, inverse agonism, biased signaling and polypharmacology. Profiling of 100 therapeutically relevant human GPCRs resulted in 1,500 pathway-specific concentration-response curves and revealed a great diversity of coupling profiles ranging from exquisite selectivity to broad promiscuity. Overall, this work describes unique resources for studying the complexities underlying GPCR signaling and pharmacology.
Ultrasonic Guided Wave Monitoring of Railroad Tracks (2012)

Among structural concerns for the safety of rail transportation are internal flaws and thermal stresses, both of which can cause disruption of service and even derailments. Ultrasonic guided waves lend themselves to addressing both of these problems. This paper reports on two inspection systems for rails being developed at UCSD under the auspices of the US Federal Railroad Administration. Both systems utilize ultrasonic guided waves as the main probing mechanism, for the two different applications of flaw detection and thermal stress detection.
Confocal fiber-optic laser approach for exact dioptric power measurement of intraocular lens (2008)

We have developed a simple, accurate, objective and quick confocal fiber-optic laser method for exact dioptric power measurement of both positive and negative intraocular lenses providing spatial resolution better than 1 mum under simulated in-situ conditions.
Functional Polymers. XXII. Ultraviolet Absorbers with 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole and 2-Hydroxybenzophenone (or Acetophenone) Chromophors in the Same Molecule (1983)

Abstract Benzotriazolization of 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone has given dibenzotriazolized products: 3,5- [di (2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)]2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone, and 3,5-[di (2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)] 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. These compounds are expected to be effective and useful UV absorbers as they both have the 2 (2-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole unit and the 2-hydroxybenzophenone (or acetophenone) unit in the molecule. The compounds were characterized by their spectral behavior and particularly by careful study of their UV spectrum.
Sunlight viewable electroluminescent displays for military application (1995)

A new advanced type of high ambient viewing AC electroluminescent display has been developed incorporating a combination of high contrast and high brightness techniques. The improvement in the contrast is achieved by a black absorption layer within the thin film structure. Improvement in the brightness is attributed to increasing the refresh rate by an order of magnitude. This can only be accomplished by an order of magnitude decrease in front electrode impedance with the use of a new metalized structure to reinforce the ITO electrodes and lower their resistance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adaptive N-best-list handwritten word recognition (2002)

We investigate a novel method for adaptively improving the machine recognition of handwritten words by applying a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier to the N-best word-hypothesis lists generated by a writer-independent hidden Markov model (HMM). Each new N-best list from the HMM is compared to the N-best lists in the k-NN classifier. A decision module is used to select between the output of the HMM and the matches found by the k-NN classifier. The N-best list chosen by the decision module can be automatically added to the k-NN classifier if it is not already in the k-NN classifier. This dynamic update of the k-NN classifier enables the system to adapt to new data without retraining. On a writer-independent set of 1158 handwritten words, this method reduces the error rate by approximately 30%. This method is fast and memory-efficient, and lends itself to many interesting generalizations.
Dynamic Underground Stripping: In situ steam sweeping and electrical heating to remediate a deep hydrocarbon spill (1994)

Dynamic Underground Stripping is a combination of in situ steam injection, electrical resistance heating, and fluid extraction for rapid removal and recovery of subsurface contaminants such as solvents or fuels. Underground imaging and other measurement techniques monitor the system in situ for process control. Field tests at a deep gasoline spill at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory recovered over 7000 gallons of gasoline during several months of field operations. Preliminary analysis of system cost and performance indicate that Dynamic Underground Stripping compares favorably with conventional pump-and-treat and vacuum extraction schemes for removing non-aqueous phase liquids such as gasoline from deep subsurface plumes.
Controlled Inversion Devices (1975)

Abstract : Three terminal controlled inversion devices were fabricated and the properties studied. Base current drive as low as 2 microamps were sufficient to lower collector threshold voltages 0.6 V. Reliable switching of 100 mA currents was possible. Properties of devices fabricated of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride and amorphous silicon as the thin insulator material were investigated. The reproducibility, lack of interaction between adjacent collector electrodes, and base current sensitivity of devices fabricated with polysilicon and amorphour suggest that further work on this material be emphasized.
A novel low-profile ventriculoamniotic shunt for foetal aqueductal stenosis (2016)

This study proposed a novel ventriculoamniotic shunt device for foetal aqueductal stenosis treatment fabricated with 3Fr or 4Fr size catheters that have a longitudinal bending stiffness with kink resistance, sufficient luminal area for cerebrospinal fluid drainage and capacity for valve integration. Computational flow dynamics studies were carried out to optimise the device design, including size of the lumen and length of the device. An in vitro pressure and flow rate measurement test circuit was constructed to assess the high pressure relieving functionality of draining cerebrospinal fluid from foetal brain. Additionally, a resistance force measurement test platform was built to quantitatively evaluate the anchor performance of various geometric designs. The valve functionality was qualitatively evaluated through the visualisation of the flow patterns in the amniotic sac with injected red coloured fluid under stereomicroscopy. These in vitro results demonstrate the feasibility of the ventriculoamniotic shunt device designed for placement in the foetal brain.
Polarization-Independent Linear Waveguides in 3D Photonic Crystals (2003)

Using a symmetry-based approach, we have designed polarization-independent waveguides in a 3D photonic crystal. A comprehensive series of numerical experiments, involving the propagation of pulsed signals through long straight waveguide sections and sharp bends, quantitatively evaluates the bend-transmission coefficient over the entire bandwidth of the corresponding guided modes. High (approximately 95%) polarization-independent bend transmission is achieved within a certain frequency range.
A proposed nomenclature for infectious bursal disease virus isolates (2018)

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was initially identified in the USA. For decades, these viruses were not categorized using a typing system because they were considered to be antigenically and pathogenically similar. In the 1980s, a second major serotype, serotype 2, was found in turkeys. Classification of IBDV became more complex with the discovery of antigenic variant strains called "variants" in the United States and a highly virulent strain known as "very virulent" or vvIBDV identified in Europe. To distinguish the IBDV strains identified prior to this time from the antigenic variant viruses, the term "classic viruses" was adopted. Studies over the next three decades produced a wealth of information on the antigenicity, pathogenicity and molecular structure of IBDV isolates. These data made it clear that the descriptive nomenclature used for IBDV was inadequate. For example, not all viruses identified as vvIBDV by genotyping are highly pathogenic; some have reassorted genome segments that result in lower virulence. Furthermore, variant viruses are not an antigenically homogeneous group and the term "classic virus" has been used interchangeably to describe antigenic and pathogenic types of IBDV. These and other issues make the current naming system for strains of IBDV archaic. The lack of uniform testing and standards for antigenicity and pathogenicity makes it difficult to categorize IBDV strains on a global basis. A new nomenclature that includes a genotyping system that can easily be applied worldwide is proposed and serves as a platform to begin discussions on its value to the scientific community.
Survivability models for the assessment of smart grid distribution automation network designs (2013)

Smart grids are fostering a paradigm shift in the realm of power distribution systems. Whereas traditionally different components of the power distribution system have been provided and analyzed by different teams through different lenses, smart grids require a unified and holistic approach that takes into consideration the interplay of communication reliability, energy backup, distribution automation topology, energy storage and intelligent features such as automated failure detection, isolation and restoration (FDIR) and demand response.
Intracellular mechanisms of ovarian cell apoptosis (1998)

Apoptosis is an active cell 'suicide' essential for the elimination of superfluous cells during diverse physiological processes in essentially all animal species. Although regulation of apoptosis by extracellular mediators is cell type-specific, new insights based on characterization of conserved intracellular effectors have suggested that intracellular pathways leading to apoptosis in diverse organisms is regulated by a group of evolutionarily conserved genes including ced-9/Bcl-2, ced-4/Apaf-1 and ced3/caspases gene families. To study whether the Bcl-2 family proteins are important in the regulation of ovarian cell apoptosis, we have used transgenic mice and yeast 2-hybrid protein protein interaction assay to characterize the roles of Bcl-2 family proteins in ovarian atresia. The use of 2-hybrid analysis resulted in the isolation of a novel pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (Bok) and the identification of upstream mediators for ovarian cell apoptosis.
Online Aerosol Mass Spectrometry of Single Micrometer-Sized Particles Containing Poly(ethylene glycol) (2006)

Analysis of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-containing particles by online single particle aerosol mass spectrometers equipped with laser desorption ionization (LDI) is reported. We demonstrate that PEG-containing particles are useful in the development of aerosol mass spectrometers because of their ease of preparation, low cost, and inherently recognizable mass spectra. Solutions containing millimolar quantities of PEGs were nebulized and, after drying, the resultant micrometer-sized PEG containing particles were sampled. LDI (266 nm) of particles containing NaCl and PEG molecules of average molecular weight <500 generated mass spectra reminiscent of mass spectra of PEG collected by other MS schemes including the characteristic distribution of positive ions (Na{sup +} adducts) separated by the 44 Da of the ethylene oxide units separating each degree of polymerization. PEGs of average molecular weight >500 were detected from particles that also contained t the tripeptide tyrosine-tyrosine-tyrosine or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, which were added to nebulized solutions to act as matrices to assist LDI using pulsed 266 nm and 355 nm lasers, respectively. Experiments were performed on two aerosol mass spectrometers, one reflectron and one linear, that each utilize two time-of-flight mass analyzers to detect positive and negative ions created from a single particle. PEG-containing particles are currently being employed in the optimization of our bioaerosol mass spectrometers for the application of measurements of complex biological samples, including human effluents, and we recommend that the same strategies will be of great utility to the development of any online aerosol LDI mass spectrometer platform.
Multifunctional Cement Composites Enhanced With Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Interfaces (2016)

Concrete and other cementitious composites used in civil infrastructure are prone to many forms of damage. For example, cracks could occur and propagate to cause catastrophic component or system-level failure. Therefore, the objective of this study was to nano-engineer a self-sensing cementitious composite that could detect and locate damage. Integration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in the mortar mix design and during casting enhanced the electromechanical or sensing properties of the cementitious composites. Instead of directly dispersing MWNTs in the cement matrix, the cement-particle interface was modified using spray-coated MWNT-latex thin films deposited directly onto dry sand particles prior to mortar casting. This procedure preserved MWNT dispersions within the thin film architecture, used minimal amounts of MWNTs, was scalable, and provided dramatic sensing performance enhancements. The mechanical and electromechanical properties of mortar specimens were characterized using compressive cyclic load tests. Furthermore, an electrical resistance tomography (ERT) algorithm was used for mapping mortar specimens' spatial resistance distributions. Since their resistance was precalibrated to strain, localized changes in calculated resistance indicated damage. Spatial damage detection was validated by drilling holes in various locations in cementitious composite plates and then by mapping resistance distributions using ERT.
A Hierarchical Split-Based Approach for Parametric Thresholding of SAR Images: Flood Inundation as a Test Case (2017)

Parametric thresholding algorithms applied to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery typically require the estimation of two distribution functions, i.e., one representing the target class and one its background. They are eventually used for selecting the threshold that allows binarizing the image in an optimal way. In this context, one of the main difficulties in parameterizing these functions originates from the fact that the target class often represents only a small fraction of the image. Under such circumstances, the histogram of the image values is often not obviously bimodal and it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to accurately parameterize distribution functions. Here we introduce a hierarchical split-based approach that searches for tiles of variable size allowing the parameterization of the distributions of two classes. The method is integrated into a flood-mapping algorithm in order to evaluate its capacity for parameterizing distribution functions attributed to floodwater and changes caused by floods. We analyzed a data set acquired during a flood event along the Severn River (U.K.) in 2007. It is composed of moderate (ENVISAT-WS) and high (TerraSAR-X)-resolution SAR images. The obtained classification accuracies as well as the similarity of performance levels to a benchmark obtained with an established method based on the manual selection of tiles indicate the validity of the new method.
<i>In planta</i> production of the highly potent resveratrol analogue pterostilbene via stilbene synthase and <i>O</i>‐methyltransferase co‐expression (2011)

Resveratrol and related stilbenes are thought to play important roles in defence responses in several plant species and have also generated considerable interest as nutraceuticals owing to their diverse health-promoting properties. Pterostilbene, a 3,5-dimethylether derivative of resveratrol, possesses properties similar to its parent compound and, additionally, exhibits significantly higher fungicidal activity in vitro and superior pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. Recombinant enzyme studies carried out using a previously characterized O-methyltransferase sequence from Sorghum bicolor (SbOMT3) demonstrated its ability to catalyse the A ring-specific 3,5-bis-O-methylation of resveratrol, yielding pterostilbene. A binary vector was constructed for the constitutive co-expression of SbOMT3 with a stilbene synthase sequence from peanut (AhSTS3) and used for the generation of stably transformed tobacco and Arabidopsis plants, resulting in the accumulation of pterostilbene in both species. A reduced floral pigmentation phenotype observed in multiple tobacco transformants was further investigated by reversed-phase HPLC analysis, revealing substantial decreases in both dihydroquercetin-derived flavonoids and phenylpropanoid-conjugated polyamines in pterostilbene-producing SbOMT3/AhSTS3 events. These results demonstrate the potential utility of this strategy for the generation of pterostilbene-producing crops and also underscore the need for the development of additional approaches for minimizing concomitant reductions in key phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites.
Nanoarrays of Single Virus Particles (2005)

Ein Mosaikmuster: Nanoskalige Anordnungen aus einzelnen Viruspartikeln lassen sich durch das Positionieren und Orientieren von Viruspartikeln auf Templatoberflächen erzeugen, die durch Dip-Pen-Nanolithographie hergestellt wurden. Die Immobilisierung wurde durch Antikörper-Virus-Erkennung und IR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen (ein Beispiel ist im AFM-Bild zu sehen).
1,3,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrazoles as Potent Negative Allosteric Modulators of the mGlu<sub>2/3</sub> Receptors (2017)

The metabotropic glutamate subtype 2 (mGlu<sub>2</sub> ) receptor is a presynaptic membrane receptor distributed widely in brain that provides feedback inhibitory control of glutamate release. Inhibition of the mGlu<sub>2</sub> receptor function with a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) enhances activity-dependent glutamate release, which may be of therapeutic benefit for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. An attractive pyrazole hit was identified after a high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign. The evolution of this hit is described by structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on specific parts of the molecule. From near micromolar potency we could obtain compounds with single-digit nanomolar activity in the mGlu<sub>2</sub> NAM GTPγS assay. In addition to SAR on in vitro potency, a more detailed overview is given with a specific set of compounds on the excellent agreement between in vitro potency, free brain concentration, and ex vivo mGlu<sub>2</sub> receptor occupancy. Finally, to obtain improved drug-like compounds, plans for future research are suggested toward increasing free brain concentration while maintaining high in vitro potency.
Ceramic Thermal Barrier Coatings for Turbine Engine Components (1982)

The durability of plasma sprayed ceramic thermal barrier coatings subjected to cyclic thermal environments has been improved substantially by improving the strain tolerance of the ceramic structure and also by controlling the substrate temperature during the application of the coating. Improved strain tolerance was achieved by using ceramic structures with increased porosity, microcracking or segmentation. Plasma spraying on a controlled-temperature substrate also has been shown to improve durability by reducing harmful residual stresses. The most promising of the strain tolerant ceramic coatings have survived up to 6000 cycles of engine endurance testing with no coating or vane platform damage. In side-by-side engine tests, thermal barrier coatings have shown that they greatly reduce platform distress compared to conventionally coated vanes in addition to permitting reductions in cooling air and attendant increases in engine efficiency.
Overview of transparent optical ceramics for high-energy lasers at NRL (2015)

In this review, we present our recent research progress at the Naval Research Laboratory in the development of highly transparent and rugged ceramic window materials such as MgAl2O4 spinel and β-SiC; high-power solid-state laser gain materials based on sesquioxide such as Yb(3+):Y2O3, Yb(3+):Lu2O3, and Ho(3+):Lu2O3; and composite ceramics in the application for high-energy lasers. Various powder synthesis/purification methods and powder post-process techniques necessary to create high-purity powders are described. Ceramic fabrication processes and chemical, morphological, and optical properties of the ceramics developed at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) are highlighted. We also report high-efficiency lasing from a hot-pressed rare-earth sesquioxide single layer and composite ceramics made from coprecipitated powder.
Insulin Antagonism: A Novel Role for Human Serum Transferrin (1998)

We have purified alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-GP), an insulin antagonist from human plasma which is induced by growth hormone (GH), and shown that pure alpha2-GP is a potent antagonist of severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia, producing acute hyperglycemia in intact rats and ketonuria in diabetic rats. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of alpha2-GP and the reactivity of alpha2-GP with an antitransferrin monoclonal antibody show that alpha2-GP is identical to human serum transferrin. Furthermore, pure human serum transferrin and non-glycosylated recombinant human transferrin reproduce the insulin antagonist effects of alpha2-GP in rats, whereas ovotransferrin shows no such effect. The neutralization of the insulin antagonism of human serum transferrin by an anti-transferrin monoclonal antibody shows that transferrin has a new function as a potent insulin antagonist. This novel role for human serum transferrin in the regulation of glucose metabolism provides a reasonable mechanism for the diabetogenic effect of GH, and has important implications for the etiology and progression of diabetes.