gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Passive millimeter-wave camera</title> (1997)

A passive millimeter-wave camera capable of generating real time displays of the imaged scene, similar to video cameras, has been under development at TRW over the past two years. The camera operates at 89 GHz, has a 15 degree(s) X 10 degree(s) field-of-view, an aperture of 18' diameter, and displays the acquired image at a frame rate of 17 Hz. A major enabling technology is the focal plane array of direct detection MMIC receivers which guarantees reliable and low cost manufacturing of this camera, in addition to providing it with unique operational features. This work reports on progress achieved to date in the development and manufacturing of this new sensor technology.
Performance analysis and power allocation for two-way multi-user mixed RF/FSO relay networks (2018)

This paper studies the performance of two-way multiuser mixed radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) relay networks with opportunistic user scheduling <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> and asymmetric fading channels. The considered system consists of multiple users communicating with a destination node through a decode-and forward (DF) relay in a two-way fashion. The links between the users and relay are assumed to be Rayleigh distributed RF channels, while the link between the relay and destination is Gamma-Gamma fading FSO channel. First, exact closed-form and asymptotic (high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) expressions are derived for the outage probability. Then, the asymptotic results are used to conduct a power optimization algorithm where exact expressions for the optimal transmission powers are provided. Additionally, performance comparisons between the considered two-way relaying (TWR) and one-way relaying (OWR) schemes under different network parameters are provided and discussed. The results show that the opportunistic user scheduling in TWR networks does not affect the network diversity order, but it enhances the system coding gain. Additionally, it is found that severe pointing error may result in a total service blockage. Additionally, the proposed power allocation scheme is found to enhance the network outage performance significantly compared to the scheme of equal power allocation.
Spatial modulation with Partial-CSI at the Receiver: Optimal detector and performance evaluation (2010)

Spatial Modulation (SM) is a novel and recently proposed transmission technology for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless communication systems, which has been shown to be a promising alternative to several popular MIMO schemes. So far, only optimal or heuristic transceivers with Full Channel State Information (F-CSI) at the receiver have been investigated, and their performance analyzed over fading channels. However, in several circumstances, channel fading might be sufficiently rapid to preclude the availability of the perfect knowledge of CSI at the receiver, and, in particular, the estimation of a stable phase reference. Motivated by this consideration, in this paper we develop the optimal detector for SM with unknown phase reference at the receiver (i.e., Partial-CSI, P-CSI, knowledge), which inevitably leads to a sub-optimal receiver design. An analytical framework will be developed for the accurate performance analysis of this novel detector over fading channels, and its performance will be compared to the optimal receiver design with F-CSI. Numerical results will point out that, unlike ordinary modulation schemes, there is a substantial performance loss when the receiver cannot exploit the phase information for optimal detection operations. This result highlights the importance of accurate and reliable channel estimation mechanisms for the efficient operation of SM over fading channels. Analytical frameworks and theoretical findings will also be substantiated via Monte Carlo simulations.
Development of Optical Fiber Based Measurement System for the Verification of Entrance Dose Map in Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Beam (2018)

This study describes the development of a beam monitoring system for the verification of entrance dose map in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy based on fiber optic radiation sensors (FORS) and the validation of this system through a feasibility study. The beam monitoring system consisted of 128 optical fibers optically coupled to photo-multiplier tubes. The performance of the beam monitoring system based on FORS was verified by comparing 2D dose maps of square-shaped fields of various sizes, which were obtained using conventional dosimeters such as MatriXX and EBT3 film, with those measured using FORS. The resulting full-width at half maximum and penumbra were compared for PBS proton beams, with a ≤2% difference between each value, indicating that measurements using the conventional dosimetric tool corresponded to measurements based on FORS. For irregularly-shaped fields, a comparison based on the gamma index between 2D dose maps obtained using MatriXX and EBT3 film and the 2D dose map measured by the FORS showed passing rates of 96.9 ± 1.3% and 96.2 ± 1.9%, respectively, confirming that FORS-based measurements for PBS proton therapy agreed well with those measured using the conventional dosimetric tools. These results demonstrate that the developed beam monitoring system based on FORS is good candidate for monitoring the entrance dose map in PBS proton therapy.
Optimum holographic elements recorded with nonspherical wave fronts (1983)

The problem of designing a flat, aspheric, holographic optical element that images a finite set of input wave fronts into a finite set of output wave fronts is rigorously analyzed. The optimum phase transfer function of the holographic optical element is analytically determined. The optimum phase transfer function is defined as the one for which the element has minimum mean-squared wave-front error averaged over the set of input wave fronts. It is also shown that in general it may not be possible to obtain a low value for this average mean-squared wave-front error by using a single holographic element. Furthermore, the performance trade-off of spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism versus geometric distortion is clearly indicated by example.
Adaptive Multi-levels Dictionaries and Singular Value Decomposition Techniques for Autonomic Problem Determination (2007)

An autonomic problem determination system can adapt to changing environments, react to existing or new error condition and predict possible problems. In this report, we propose such a system using dynamic and adaptive multi-levels dictionaries and "singular value decomposition techniques" (SVD). Compared to standard SVD, our system uses an iterative method that enables dynamic interaction between events and the current dictionaries with its entries being updated continuously to reflect relative importance of each event, thereby accelerating its convergence. The system captures knowledge in a hierarchical form for complex knowledge representation. It does not require a formal knowledge model or intensive training by examples. It is efficient with sufficient accuracy for autonomic problem determination.
IEEE 1149.1 based defect and fault tolerant scan chain for wafer scale integration (2004)

This paper presents an IEEE 1149.1 based defect and fault tolerant scan chain usable for testing and configuring large area and wafer scale integrated systems. It uses the triple modular redundancy (TMR) approach to tolerate defects on critical portions of IEEE 1149.1 circuitry. By a suitable distribution of sensitive circuits, failures on power, clock (TCK) and control signals (TMS and nTRST) can be tolerated. Some implementation issues, such as layout regularity and timing are discussed. The yield analysis shows that a basic IEEE 1149.1 scan chain can be a significant yield detractor, and its impact on yield is much larger than the small fraction of the total area it occupies. By contrast, the proposed fault tolerant scan chain maintains a high yield for realistic chain size.
Chemically specific imaging of cryptosporidium oocysts using coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy (2009)

We demonstrate the application of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy for the rapid, label-free chemical imaging of waterborne pathogens. Chemically selective images of cryptosporidium were acquired in just a few seconds using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy, demonstrating its capability for the rapid detection of cryptosporidium at the single oocyst level. We discuss the applicability of such a technique in a near-real time automated water testing system.
Increased Serum Levels of Heat Shock Protein 70 Are Associated With Low Risk of Coronary Artery Disease (2003)

These data provide the first evidence that high levels of human HSP70 are associated with the low CAD risk, probably through its multiple protective effects on a cell's response to stress.
Near‐Zero Power MOF‐Based Sensors for NO<sub>2</sub> Detection (2020)

Abstract Detection and capture of toxic nitrogen oxides (NO x ) is important for emissions control of exhaust gases and general public health. The ability to directly electrically detect trace (0.5–5 ppm) NO 2 by a metal–organic framework (MOF)‐74‐based sensor at relatively low temperatures (50 °C) is demonstrated via changes in electrical properties of M‐MOF‐74, M = Co, Mg, Ni. The magnitude of the change is ordered Ni > Co > Mg and explained by each variant's NO 2 adsorption capacity and specific chemical interaction. Ni‐MOF‐74 provides the highest sensitivity to NO 2 ; a 725× decrease in resistance at 5 ppm NO 2 and detection limit <0.5 ppm, levels relevant for industry and public health. Furthermore, the Ni‐MOF‐74‐based sensor is selective to NO 2 over N 2 , SO 2 , and air. Linking this fundamental research with future technologies, the high impedance of MOF‐74 enables applications requiring a near‐zero power sensor or dosimeter, with the active material drawing <15 pW for a macroscale device 35 mm 2 with 0.8 mg MOF‐74. This represents a 10 4 –10 6 × decrease in power consumption compared to other MOF sensors and demonstrates the potential for MOFs as active components for long‐lived, near‐zero power chemical sensors in smart industrial systems and the internet of things.
Optical scattering from graphene foam for oil imaging/sensing (2016)

This work studied a new way of sensing oil leaks using graphene foam through an optical imaging and light scattering method.
Investigation Texture in Ni-W Alloy Substrates for Coated Conductors (2007)

It is well know that Ni-5at.% W(Ni5W) and Ni-9.3at.% W(Ni9W) alloy substrates are two kinds of promising materials to be employed in coated conductors. The Ni5W substrate is very easy to produce cube texture, while the Ni9W alloy has a lower magnetic property and higher strength. However, the pure cube texture are not capable to be obtained in Ni9W alloy. In this work, the preparation and texture development in both Ni5W and Ni9W alloy substrates have been reported. Highly biaxial textured Ni5W substrate was fabricated by cold rolling, followed by three different annealing routes. The texture analysis indicated that a sharp cube texture was formed after annealing at a wide temperature range of 800-1100°C in as rolled Ni5W substrate. The high quality of cube orientation was obtained after a two step annealing (TSA) with farthing twin boundaries analyzed by EBSD. Furthermore, in order to obtain a pure cube texture in Ni9W alloy substrate, a typical rolling process was performed and the deformation texture was optimized in these substrates. The designed deformation texture components were obtained in Ni9W alloy when pre-heating the ingot at 250 °C before performing a cold rolling, which shows a possibility to form cube texture in Ni9W alloy substrate after annealing.
Ruthenium sensitizers based on heteroaromatic conjugated bypiridines for dye-sensitized solar cells (2008)

A new ruthenium sensitizer based on a heteroaromatic-4,4'-π-conjugated 2,2'-bipyridine, bearing conjugated π-excessive heteroaromatic rings as donors is presented. Dye-sensitized solar cells have been fabricated based on the novel ruthenium complex [Ru(II)LL'(NCS)<sub>2</sub>] (L = 4,4'-bis[(E)-2-(3,4-ethylenedioxythien-2-yl)vinyl]-2,2'-bipyridine, L' = 4,4'- (dicarboxylic acid)-2,2'-bipyridine) and their photoelectrochemical properties have been measured under various conditions. Using this sensitizer photovoltaic efficiencies up to 9.1 % under standard global AM 1.5 sunlight were obtained. DFT/TDDFT calculations have been performed for the sensitizer in solution. By calculating the excited states energy and character and comparing the results with the conduction band edge of a model TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle, we were able to highlight the factors affecting the measured photovoltaic efficiencies.
Digital phantom for time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy of tissue: concept and proof-of-principle experiments (2019)

In the clinically relevant field of tissue oximetry, there is an urgent need to develop phantom-based methods for validation. Physical phantom approaches based on solid or liquid turbid media containing hemoglobin with variable oxygenation have limited capabilities to represent real tissues regarding optical properties, structure and variability. Digital phantoms are an alternative with high flexibility. Rather than physically simulating the process of light propagation, they provide the detector with light signals mimicking the signals detected in vivo. We present a technique to produce digital phantoms for time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy that mimic arbitrary photon time-of-flight distributions (DTOFs) by creating a time-dependent attenuation. The setup contains a spatial light modulator (SLM) and a set of optical fibers of different lengths corresponding to a stepwise delay. The light pulse entering the arrangement is spatially dispersed and illuminates the SLM which controls the intensity at each pixel. The SLM array is imaged onto the entrance faces of the delay fibers. The amount of photons received by each individual fiber can be adjusted. Finally, the light transmitted through all fibers are combined and fed to the detector of the timedomain instrument under test. In this way, DTOFs of any desired shape can be obtained. For first proof-of-principle experiments to demonstrate the general feasibility of the concept we used a liquid-crystal SLM and a set of four graded-index fibers differing in length by about 100 mm. The tests were performed with a timedomain instrument based on time-correlated single photon counting, with picosecond diode and supercontinuum laser sources and a single-photon avalanche diode as well as a hybrid photomultiplier as detectors. This large separation in fiber lengths allowed the performance regarding amplitude and temporal shape to be assessed for each delay independently. The generation of arbitrary DTOFs was simulated by realizing various patterns of target amplitudes. Temporal position and width of the measured pulse profiles for all fibers were in agreement with the expectations. Amplitude linearity was reasonable while the contrast between highest and lowest amplitude values was not yet satisfactory. Steps of further development are discussed.
<title>Resonant electrode structures for band-operation-type optical modulators</title> (2002)

Resonant structures for band-operation optical modulators were investigated in this paper. Modulation efficiency was enhanced by the resonance of the modulating electrode. We can optimize the resonant structures by using equivalent circuit model and numerical electro-magnetic analysis such as the finite element method. The electric field distribution on the electrode was directly measured by the EO sampling technique.
Error-tolerance memory microarchitecture via dynamic multithreading redundancy (2006)

Presented in this paper is an error-tolerance multithreaded register file microarchitecture that employs dynamic multithreading redundancy for error control. The proposed technique is based on the observation that concurrent threads may not access a register entry simultaneously. The non-overlapped register access patterns create hardware redundancy dynamically that can be exploited for error control. This significantly improves access time during error recovery. Simulation results of a generic simultaneous multithreading processor on the SPEC CPU2000 benchmark programs demonstrate 13.8% to 50.7% reduction in register read access overheads subject to 2% hardware overheads. The proposed error-tolerance memory microarchitecture features good scalability for future microprocessor generations, where soft errors are expected to get worse with semiconductor process scaling.
Submegahertz spectral resolution in a free-running infrared free-electron laser oscillator (1994)

The Mark III FEL is a continuously tunable IR laser operating between 1.9 and 9.5 µm.1 The laser is harmonically mode locked by picosecond electron pulses from a 2.857 GHz pulsed rf linac and contains 39 circulating optical micropulses within the 2.05 m resonator. These micropulses have durations of several picoseconds and energies of several microjoules, and typically yield an output pulse train (or mecropulse) exhibiting a transform-limited optical spectrum and axial modes separated by the 73 MHz round trip frequency (since the 39 independent optical micropulses build up from noise with random phases). In spite of the intrinsically high axial mode resolution, this broad spectral width and narrow line spacing can pose a significant limitation for high resolution spectroscopy. However, by interferometrically coupling the adjacent optical pulses in the resonator, the axial mode spacing can be increased up to the rf frequency of the linac,2,3 and the modes can then be easily filtered in the laboratory. Typical values of the cavity Q or the duration of the macropulse yield an intrinsic axial mode linewidth of several hundred kilohertz.
SENTINEL: A multiple engine information retrieval and visualization system (1999)

We describe a prototype Information Retrieval system, SENTINEL, under development at Harris Corporation's Information Systems Division. SENTINEL is a fusion of multiple information retrieval technologies, integrating n-grams, a vector space model, and a neural network training rule. One of the primary advantages of SENTINEL is its three-dimenstional visualization capability that is based fully upon the mathematical representation of information within SENTINEL. This three-dimensional visualization capability provides users with an intuitive understanding, with relevance feedback/query refinement techniques that can be better utilized, resulting in higher retrieval accuracy (precision).
Efficient Ambiguity Resolution in Polarimetric Multi-View Stereo (2018)

Polarimetric multi-view stereo (PMS) reconstructs the dense 3D surface of a feature sparse object by combining the photometric information from polarization with the epipolar constraints from multiple views. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on the recent advances in graph signal processing (GSP) for efficient ambiguity resolution in PMS. A smooth graph which effectively captures the relational structure of the azimuth values is constructed using the estimated phase angle. By visualizing the actual azimuth available at the reliable depth points (corresponding to the feature-rich region) as sampled graph signal, the azimuth at the remaining feature-limited region is estimated. Unlike the existing ambiguity resolution scheme in PMS which resolves only the π/2-ambiguity, the proposed approach resolves both the π and π/2-ambiguity. Simulation results are presented, which shows that in addition to resolving both the ambiguities, the proposed GSP based method performs significantly better in resolving the π/2-ambiguity than the existing approach.
Controlled Aqueous Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Electrochemical Generation of the Active Catalyst (2011)

Besser im Griff: Bei der elektrochemisch vermittelten radikalischen Atomtransferpolymerisation (ATRP) lässt sich über die Variation eines angelegten Potentials, Eapp, die Gesamtgeschwindigkeit einfach modulieren und die Polymerisation steuern (siehe Bild). Diese Methode wurde in der ATRP von Oligoethylenglycol-methylethermethacrylat (OEOMA475) unter Cu/Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amin-Katalyse in wässrigem Medium eingesetzt.
Dual energy for material differentiation in coronary arteries using electron-beam CT (2005)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of electron-beam Computed Tomography (EBCT) dual energy scanning for improved differentiation of calcified coronary arteries from iodinated-contrasted blood, in fast moving cardiac vessels. The dual energy scanning technique can lead to an improved cardiac examination in a single breath hold with more robust calcium scoring and better vessel characterization. Dual energy can be used for material discrimination in CT imaging to differentiate materials with similar CT number, but different material attenuation properties. Mis-registration is the primary source of error in a dual energy application, since acquisitions have to be made at each energy, and motion between the acquisitions causes inconsistencies in the decomposition algorithm, which may lead to artifacts in the resultant images. Using EBCT to quickly switch x-ray source peak voltage potential (kVp), the mis-registration of patient anatomy is minimized since acquisitions at both energy spectra are completed in one study at the same cardiac phase. Two protocols for scanning the moving heart using EBCT were designed to minimize registration issues. Material basis function decomposition was used to differentiate regions containing calcium and iodine in the image. We find that this protocol is superior to CT imaging at one energy spectrum in discriminating calcium from contrast-enhanced lumen. Using dual energy EBCT scanning can enable accurate calcium scoring, and angiography applications to be performed in one exam.
Planetary crater detection and registration using marked point processes, graph cut algorithms, and wavelet transforms (2017)

This paper addresses the problem of semi-automatic image registration on planetary images. A joint feature-based and area-based approach is proposed. Firstly, the most relevant craters are extracted from the two images to register, and then, registration is performed in two steps. The first step matches the craters extracted from the images based on a generalized Hausdorff distance. In the second step, the mutual information between the two images is maximized to achieve high registration accuracy. Craters are detected by a stochastic-geometry approach based on a marked point process model and of a multiple-birth-and-cut energy minimization algorithm. The experimental validation is carried out with 13 images for the crater extraction stage, and with 20 semi-synthetic pairs of images with ground truth and several images extracted from actual multitemporal lunar scenes for the registration phase.