gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Highly Linear Multi-Level SC DAC in a Power-Efficient Gm-C Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulator (2019)

A highly linear multi-level switched-capacitor (SC) digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is proposed for continuous-time delta-sigma modulators (CTDSMs). A Gm-C CTDSM with a passive frontend low-pass filter (LPF) is further proposed to mitigate the problems of increased settling requirements and worsened anti-aliasing capability (consequences of an SC DAC) so as to realize an extremely power-efficient CTDSM. A 100-kHz bandwidth 40× oversampling 3rd-order CTDSM prototype employing the proposed DAC and modulator topology is fabricated in a low-leakage 65-nm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that the modulator achieves a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), dynamic range (DR) and signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) of 86.6 dB, 85.1 dB and 78.8 dB, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first silicon-proven CTDSM with a more-than-3-level DAC that leads to an excellent SFDR while not requiring dynamic element matching, component calibration, precise reference voltages, or an operating frequency higher than the modulator's sampling frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> . The prototype consumes 22.8 μW from a 1.2-V supply, amounting to a Walden's and Schreier's figure of merit (FoM) of 16 fJ/conv.step and 181.5 dB, respectively, which is the best among state-of-the-art CTDSMs. It further achieves high alias rejections of 52 dB and 58 dB at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> and 2f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> , respectively, and can tolerate a clock period jitter of 3 ns.
Transformations in the 2‐quinolone series (1981)

Abstract The treatment of 1‐substituted‐1,2‐dihydro‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxo‐3‐quinoline carboxylic acid esters and 4‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐3‐nitro‐2‐(1 H )quinolinone with phosphorus oxychloride resulted in the formation of the corresponding 4‐chloro‐2‐quinolones. Their reactions with a variety of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur nucleophiles is described.
GPS Carrier phase Ambiguity Resolution Using Satellite-Satellite Single Differences (1999)

GPS carrier phase ambiguities consist of an integer
number of cycles distance between a transmitter and
a receiver and a fractional bias due to hardware effects
at the transmitter and the receiver. In this paper, in-stead
of using double differences to remove the frac-tional
phase contributions, single differences remove
only the receiver effects. The satellite effects are esti-mated
from a globally distributed network of receivers
used for GPS precise orbit computations. Once satel-lite
pair biases are calibrated, this paper’s method al-lows
single site ambiguity resolution that takes advan-tage
of the bootstrapping of the network. Time series
of the widelane carrier phase calibrations show definite
trends. Because of the higher relative noise, it is more
difficult to see trends in the L1 bias calibration. The
ultimate goal of this technique is to have an ambiguity
resolution technique that can be applied during point positioning surveying.
The Effect of Menthol Vapor on Nasal Sensitivity to Chemical Irritation (2011)

The current experiments provide objective evidence that menthol vapor can modulate sensitivity to chemical irritation in the upper airways in humans. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals and particulates, and further work will be needed to determine exactly how menthol modulates smoking sensation. A better understanding could lead to treatments tailored to help menthol smokers quit by replacing the sensation of mentholated cigarettes.
Syntheses of Carbacepham and Carbacephem Ring System by Employing Radical Cyclization (1988)

Cyclisation par SnBu 3 H en presence d'AIBN d'α-allyl phenylthio- ou -phenylseleno-2- et d'α-[trimethylsilyl-3 propargyl] phenylthio-2 oxo-4 azetidineacetates-1 d'alkyle
ClC Channels and Transporters: Structure, Physiological Functions, and Implications in Human Chloride Channelopathies (2017)

The discovery of ClC proteins at the beginning of the 1990s was important for the development of the Cl<sup>-</sup> transport research field. ClCs form a large family of proteins that mediate voltage-dependent transport of Cl<sup>-</sup> ions across cell membranes. They are expressed in both plasma and intracellular membranes of cells from almost all living organisms. ClC proteins form transmembrane dimers, in which each monomer displays independent ion conductance. Eukaryotic members also possess a large cytoplasmic domain containing two CBS domains, which are involved in transport modulation. ClC proteins function as either Cl<sup>-</sup> channels or Cl<sup>-</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchangers, although all ClC proteins share the same basic architecture. ClC channels have two gating mechanisms: a relatively well-studied fast gating mechanism, and a slow gating mechanism, which is poorly defined. ClCs are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including regulation of resting membrane potential in skeletal muscle, facilitation of transepithelial Cl<sup>-</sup> reabsorption in kidneys, and control of pH and Cl<sup>-</sup> concentration in intracellular compartments through coupled Cl<sup>-</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchange mechanisms. Several inherited diseases result from C1C gene mutations, including myotonia congenita, Bartter's syndrome (types 3 and 4), Dent's disease, osteopetrosis, retinal degeneration, and lysosomal storage diseases. This review summarizes general features, known or suspected, of ClC structure, gating and physiological functions. We also discuss biophysical properties of mammalian ClCs that are directly involved in the pathophysiology of several human inherited disorders, or that induce interesting phenotypes in animal models.
Phytoalexin Production Potential of Grape Berries (1988)

Abstract The capacity to synthesize the stilbene resveratrol in response to UV irradiation is used as a measure of the phytoalexin production potential of grape berry skin. Greenhouse-grown berries after set, but before maturation, had high phytoalexin potential, whereas buds, flowers, and mature fruits had low potential. Stilbenes were not synthesized in the fleshly part of fruit and were found erratically in small amounts in noninduced berry skin. In field samples, ‘Concord’, ‘Cabernet Sauvigon’, and ‘Catawba’ had high resveratrol production potential whereas ‘White Riesling’, ‘Chancellor’, and ‘Cayuga White’ had low potential. The phytoalexin production potential decreased in all cultivars after late August, independent of their maturity.
Resolution of oblique-plane images in sectioning microscopy (2011)

Live biological specimens exhibit time-varying behavior on the microscale in all three dimensions. Although scanning confocal and two-photon microscopes are able to record three-dimensional image stacks through these specimens, they do so at relatively low speeds which limits the time resolution of the biological processes that can be observed. One way to improve the data acquisition rate is to image only the regions of a specimen that are of interest and so researchers have recently begun to acquire two-dimensional images of inclined planes or surfaces extending significantly into the z-direction. As the resolution is not uniform in x, y and z, the images possess non-isotropic resolution. We explore this theoretically and show that images of an oblique plane may contain spectral content that could not have been generated by specimen features lying wholly within the plane but must instead arise from a spatial variation in another direction. In some cases we find that the image contains frequencies three times higher than the resolution limit for in-plane features. We confirm this finding through numerical simulations and experiments on a novel, oblique-plane imaging system and suggest that care be taken in the interpretation of such images.
Impact of Drift Rates of Imazethapyr and Low Carrier Volume on Non-Clearfield Rice (2012)

Field studies were conducted near Crowley, LA, in 2005 through 2007 to evaluate the effects of simulated herbicide drift on ‘Cocodrie’ rice. Each application was made with the spray volume varying proportionally to herbicide dosage based on a constant spray volume of 234 L ha −1 and an imazethapyr rate of 70 g ai ha −1 . The 6.3%, 4.4 g ha −1 , herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 15 L ha −1 and the 12.5%, 8.7 g ha −1 , herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 29 L ha −1 . An application of imazethapyr at one-tiller, panicle differentiation (PD), and boot resulted in increased crop injury compared with the nontreated rice. The most injury observed occurred on rice treated at the one-tiller timing. Imazethapyr at one-tiller, PD, and boot reduced plant height at harvest and primary and total (primary plus ratoon) crop yield, with the greatest reduction in primary crop yield resulting from imazethapyr applied at boot. Imazethapyr did not affect rice treated at primary crop maturity.
Statistical observations of data transmission over land mobile satellite channels (1992)

It is shown how Rician fading limits the performance of the HDLC protocol. It is observed that for accurate reception, a packet must be transmitted entirely during an interfade interval. This means that packets ought to be sufficiently short so that most of them fall in the interfade time intervals. This leads to a high transmission efficiency. Consequently, the HDLC protocol is more efficient with shorter packets. However, a smaller packet size increases the overhead fraction of the packet and thereby reduces the effective throughput. In addition, the HDLC peak efficiency and optimum packet size increase with increasing fade margin and decrease with increasing vehicle velocity. Among other effects, the bit rate of the land-mobile satellite system channel is the most critical for optimum packet size and HDLC efficiency. Thus, a low bit rate implies long packet duration for a moderate packet size in bytes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quillaja saponin variants with central glycosidic linkage modifications exhibit distinct conformations and adjuvant activities (2016)

Immunological adjuvants such as the saponin natural product QS-21 help stimulate the immune response to co-administered antigens and have become increasingly important in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, clinical use of QS21 is encumbered by chemical instability, dose-limiting toxicity, and low-yielding purification from the natural source. Previous studies of structure-activity relationships in the four structural domains of QS-21 have led to simplified, chemically stable variants that retain potent adjuvant activity and low toxicity in mouse vaccination models. However, modification of the central glycosyl ester linkage has not yet been explored. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, immunologic evaluation, and molecular dynamics analysis of a series of novel QS-21 variants with different linker lengths, stereochemistry, and flexibility to investigate the role of this linkage in saponin adjuvant activity and conformation. Despite relatively conservative structural modifications, these variants exhibit striking differences in <i>in vivo</i> adjuvant activity that correlate with specific conformational preferences. These results highlight the junction of the triterpene and linear oligosaccharide domains as playing a critical role in the immunoadjuvant activity of the <i>Quillaja</i> saponins and also suggest a mechanism of action involving interaction with a discrete macromolecular target, in contrast to the non-specific mechanisms of emulsion-based adjuvants.
What Can the Automobile Industry Expect from Liquid Crystal Displays? (1979)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The present performance capabilities of liquid crystal displays relative to automotive requirements is reviewed.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Fundamental material limitations to LCD performance will be discussed.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Operating characteristics that may be anticipated in the next two to five years, in regards to such parameters as operating voltage, operating and storage temperatures, humidity resistance, response time, viewing characteristics, color and display styling will be treated.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In addition, examples of the use of LCDs for portrayal of analog and vectorgraphic information will be presented.</div>
A 100 MHz Current Conveyor in 0.35 &#x003BC;m CMOS Technology (2007)

In this paper a new 0.35 μm CMOS technology second generation current conveyor (CCII) is presented. It is a low power (60 μA @ ± 1.5 V power supply) circuit, featuring 88 × 100 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area, 100 MHz bandwidth and 10 GHz equivalent gain bandwidth (GBW) product. Its static and dynamic characteristics when used both as a voltage and current buffer are described. The chip has been fabricated and tested, and experimental results are discussed. Its use in an application as an instrumentation amplifier (IA) is also presented. The CCII based IA has weaker offset and better CMRR than its voltage mode equivalent. In order to cancel output offset voltage and reduce noise, the IA's input and output signals are chopped at high frequency.
Methods and Devices for the Management of Term and Preterm Labor (2001)

In this review, we outline studies showing that the uterus (myometrium) and cervix pass through a conditioning step in preparation for labor. This step is not easily identifiable with present methods designed to assess the uterus or cervix. In the uterus, this seemingly irreversible step consists of changes in the electrical properties that make muscle more excitable and responsive and produce forceful contractions. In the cervix, the step consists of softening of the connective tissue components. Progesterone and nitric oxide appear to have important roles in these processes. The progress of labor can be assessed noninvasively using electromyographic (EMG) signals from the uterus (the driving force for contractility) recorded from the abdominal surface. Uterine EMG bursts detected in this manner characterize uterine contractile events during human and animal pregnancy. A low uterine EMG activity, measured transabdominally throughout most of pregnancy, rises dramatically during labor. EMG activity also increases substantially during preterm labor in humans and rats and may be predictive of preterm labor. A quantitative method for assessing the cervix is also described. A collascope estimates cervical collagen content from a fluorescent signal generated when collagen crosslinks are illuminated with an excitation light of about 340 nm. The system has proved useful in rats and humans at various stages of pregnancy and indicates that cervical softening occurs progressively in the last one-third of pregnancy. In rats, collascope readings correlate with resistance measurements made in the isolated cervix, which may help to assess cervical function during pregnancy and indicate controls and treatments.
LPE Growth of Misfit Dislocation‐Free Thick In1 − x Ga x As Layers on InP (1980)

The conditions for equilibrium LPE growth of exactly and nearly lattice‐matched epitaxial layers on (100) substrates were determined at 650°C by lattice constant measurements. It was found that the half‐width of the diffraction peak of the ternary layer was much smaller than that of an layer, and that the composition of the ternary layer scarcely varied along the thickness. The threshold region for the formation of misfit dislocations into the ternary layers were experimentally determined by using an x‐ray topograph. This region can be displayed by both the lattice misfit and the thickness. It was found that the layers thicker than 10 μm without misfit dislocations could be grown starting from 650°C only when the lattice misfit at room temperature was between and . It is most important for the growth of misfit dislocation‐free thick layers that the layers should be lattice‐matched to the substrates at the growth temperature and that tensile stress should not be incurred at the growth temperature. The relationships between the photoluminescence peak wavelength or solid composition and the lattice misfit were determined experimentally.
Effects of temperature and aldehyde fixation on tissue water diffusion properties, studied in an erythrocyte ghost tissue model (2006)

Ex vivo biological sample imaging can complement in vivo MRI studies. Since ex vivo studies are typically performed at room temperature, and samples are frequently preserved by fixation, it is important to understand how environmental and chemical changes dictated by ex vivo studies alter the physical and MR properties of a sample. Diffusion and relaxation time measurements were used to assess the effects of temperature change and aldehyde fixation on the biophysical and MR properties of a model biological tissue comprised of erythrocyte ghosts suspended in buffer or agarose gel. Sample temperature was varied between 10 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Diffusion MRI data were analyzed with a biophysically appropriate two-compartment exchange model. Temperature change resulted in a complex alteration of water diffusion properties due to the compartmental nature of tissues and alteration in membrane permeability. Formaldehyde, Karnovsky's solution, and glutaraldehyde all caused statistically significant changes to the biophysical and MR properties of the samples. Fixation caused large decreases in water proton T2, which was restored to near prefixation values by washing free fixative from the samples. Water membrane permeability was also significantly altered by fixation. This study demonstrates that relating in vivo MR data to chemically fixed ex vivo data requires an understanding of the effects of sample preparation.
The Analysis of Rights (1997)

The author argues that the interest theory of rights is clearly preferable to the choice theory of rights and that this is due in large part to the work of Raz and MacCormick. Critical scrutiny of their views, however, reveals a flawed conception of the way that rights reflect interests. The author contends that a superior relation between rights and interests can be formulated, in which rights are identified with a constellation of norms within a normative system which reflect the interests which justify them, but wherein rights are not coextensive with interests conceived as reasons for the imposition of duties.
Nonlinear analysis of heart rate and respiratory dynamics (1997)

The authors' findings show that quantitative measures of complexity (correlation dimension, CD) and predictability (Lyapunov exponent, LE) provide significant information about autonomic nervous system (ANS) processes. There is well-organized nonlinear behavior of heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory movements (RESP), which can be interpreted with regard to terms such as nonlinear stochastic, regular deterministic, and chaotic. The clear identification of a physiological process only on the basis of a measured time series is difficult. Distinguishing between chaotic and nonlinear correlated stochastic processes, in particular, needs more information than that of a positive LE, noninteger CD, and nonlinearity. The additional considerations of model investigation and phase locking make chaotic underlying processes of HRV and RESP in S1 probable. The hypothesis that deviations from the normal function lead to a decreased complexity and increased predictability could be confirmed quantitatively by the estimation of CD and LE during S2 and S3. This information, which can not be found by a linear approach to time series analysis, is important for the understanding of normal and pathologically disturbed functions. The authors do not claim that their analysis replaces linear methods, but rather that a consideration of both linear and nonlinear properties may improve diagnostic classifications. The potential usefulness of dynamic nonlinear analysis presented herein is in the improved understanding of the complex processes of the ANS, and in the resulting medical concepts with regard to pathophysiological disturbances and their treatment.
Real-Time Chemical Imaging of Bacterial Activity in Biofilms Using Open-Channel Microfluidics and Synchrotron FTIR Spectromicroscopy (2009)

Real-time chemical imaging of bacterial activities can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of biofilm structures and functions. Synchrotron-radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy can yield high spatial resolution and label-free vibrational signatures of chemical bonds in biomolecules, but the abundance of water in biofilms has hindered SR-FTIR's sensitivity in investigating bacterial activity. We developed a simple open-channel microfluidic system that can circumvent the water-absorption barrier for chemical imaging of the developmental dynamics of bacterial biofilms with a spatial resolution of several micrometers. This system maintains a 10 microm thick laminar-flow-through biofilm system that minimizes both the imaging volume in liquid and the signal interference from geometry-induced fringing. Here we demonstrate the ability of the open-channel microfluidic platform to maintain the functionality of living cells while enabling high-quality SR-FTIR measurements. We include several applications that show how microbes in biofilms adapt to their immediate environments. The ability to directly monitor and map bacterial changes in biofilms can yield significant insight into a wide range of microbial systems, especially when coupled to more sophisticated microfluidic platforms.
Neuronal NOS‐mediated nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase in brain after experimental and human brain injury (2007)

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) provides the first line of defense against superoxide generated in mitochondria. SOD competes with nitric oxide for reaction with superoxide and prevents generation of peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant that can modify proteins to form 3-nitrotyrosine. Thus, sufficient amounts of catalytically competent MnSOD are required to prevent mitochondrial damage. Increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity has been reported after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the specific protein targets containing modified tyrosine residues and functional consequence of this modification have not been identified. In this study, we show that MnSOD is a target of tyrosine nitration that is associated with a decrease in its enzymatic activity after TBI in mice. Similar findings were obtained in temporal lobe cortical samples obtained from TBI cases versus control patients who died of causes not related to CNS trauma. Increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was detected at 2 h and 24 h versus 72 h after experimental TBI and co-localized with the neuronal marker NeuN. Inhibition and/or genetic deficiency of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) but not endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) attenuated MnSOD nitration after TBI. At 24 h after TBI, there was predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes accumulation in mouse brain whereas macrophages were the predominant inflammatory cell type at 72 h after injury. However, a selective inhibitor or genetic deficiency of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) failed to affect MnSOD nitration. Nitration of MnSOD is a likely consequence of peroxynitrite within the intracellular milieu of neurons after TBI. Nitration and inactivation of MnSOD could lead to self-amplification of oxidative stress in the brain progressively enhancing peroxynitrite production and secondary damage.