gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High effective atomic number polymer scintillators for gamma ray spectroscopy (2023)

A scintillator material according to one embodiment includes a bismuth-loaded aromatic polymer having an energy resolution at 662 keV of less than about 10%. A scintillator material according to another embodiment includes a bismuth-loaded aromatic polymer having a fluor incorporated therewith and an energy resolution at 662 keV of less than about 10%. Additional systems and methods are also presented.
Characterization of osimertinib (AZD9291)-resistant non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H1975/OSIR cell line (2016)

Osimertinib (OSI, also known as AZD9291) is the newest FDA-approved epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR T790M mutation. However, resistance to OSI is likely to progress and the study of potential OSI-resistant mechanisms in advanced is necessary. Here, the OSI-resistant NCI-H1975/OSIR cells were established. After cells developed resistance to OSI, cell proliferation was decreased while cell migration and invasion were increased. The NCI-H1975/OSIR cells exhibited more resistance to gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, rociletinib, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil, meanwhile showing higher sensitivity to paclitaxel, when compared with NCI-H1975 cells. In addition, the NCI-H1975/OSIR cells did not display multidrug resistance phenotype. The activation and expression of EGFR were decreased after cells exhibited resistance. Compared with NCI-H1975 cells, the activation of ERK and AKT in NCI-H1975/OSIR cells could not be significantly inhibited by OSI treatment. Navitoclax (ABT-263)-induced cell viability inhibition and apoptosis were more significant in NCI-H1975/OSIR cells than that in NCI-H1975 cells. Moreover, these effects of navitoclax in NCI-H1975/OSIR cells could be reversed by pretreatment of Z-VAD-FMK. Collectively, loss of EGFR could pose as one of the OSI-resistant mechanisms and navitoclax might be the candidate drug for OSI-resistant NSCLC patients.
A Novel Trimerization of 1-Phenylsulfanyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl Isocyanide Giving a Dihydropyrimidine Derivative (1996)

Abstract 1-Phenylsulfanyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl isocyanide (2a) readily and selectively trimerized to 4,6-bis(phenylsulfanyl)-1-(1-phenylsulfanyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylideneamino)-2-trifluoromethyl-1,2-dihydropyrimidine (5) at room temperature, while other α-phenylsulfanyl isocyanides such as phenyl(phenylsulfanyl)methyl isocyanide (2b) are stable. Heating of 2b resulted in formation of the corresponding nitrile as well as diphenyl disulfide and [bis(phenylsulfanyl)methyl]benzene.
Hypoxia triggers a proangiogenic pathway involving cancer cell microvesicles and PAR-2–mediated heparin-binding EGF signaling in endothelial cells (2011)

Highly malignant tumors, such as glioblastomas, are characterized by hypoxia, endothelial cell (EC) hyperplasia, and hypercoagulation. However, how these phenomena of the tumor microenvironment may be linked at the molecular level during tumor development remains ill-defined. Here, we provide evidence that hypoxia up-regulates protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), i.e., a G-protein-coupled receptor of coagulation-dependent signaling, in ECs. Hypoxic induction of PAR-2 was found to elicit an angiogenic EC phenotype and to specifically up-regulate heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Inhibition of HB-EGF by antibody neutralization or heparin treatment efficiently counteracted PAR-2-mediated activation of hypoxic ECs. We show that PAR-2-dependent HB-EGF induction was associated with increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation attenuated PAR-2-dependent HB-EGF induction as well as EC activation. Tissue factor (TF), i.e., the major initiator of coagulation-dependent PAR signaling, was substantially induced by hypoxia in several types of cancer cells, including glioblastoma; however, TF was undetectable in ECs even at prolonged hypoxia, which precludes cell-autonomous PAR-2 activation through TF. Interestingly, hypoxic cancer cells were shown to release substantial amounts of TF that was mainly associated with secreted microvesicles with exosome-like characteristics. Vesicles derived from glioblastoma cells were found to trigger TF/VIIa-dependent activation of hypoxic ECs in a paracrine manner. We provide evidence of a hypoxia-induced signaling axis that links coagulation activation in cancer cells to PAR-2-mediated activation of ECs. The identified pathway may constitute an interesting target for the development of additional strategies to treat aggressive brain tumors.
Model-based tracking of self-occluding articulated objects (2002)

Computer sensing of hand and limb motion is an important problem for applications in human computer interaction and computer graphics. We describe a framework for local trading of self occluding motion, in which one part of an object obstructs the visibility of another. Our approach uses a kinematic model to predict occlusions and windowed templates to track partially occluded objects. We present offline 3D tracking results for hand motion with significant self occlusion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tensile network microstructures exhibiting negative Poisson's ratios (1989)

A group of tensile microstructures are modelled that exhibit negative Poisson's ratios. These microstructures are a combination of anisotropic or isotropic particles, tensile springs and topologically constraining rods or strings. A range of structures are modelled, one of which contains an internal rotational degree of freedom. In all cases topological interactions occur between first- and second-nearest neighbour particles to produce cooperative transverse expansions under longitudinal loading.
Near-infrared-to-blue energy upconversion in LaF_3:Ho^3+ (1994)

When the 5F5 levels of Ho3+ in LaF3 were resonantly excited with a red dye laser beam of 640 nm, blue and green emissions were detected from the 5G5, the 5F3, and the 5S2(5F4) levels at 416, 485, and 546 nm, respectively. We found that excited ions in the 5F5 state undergo nonradiative relaxation to the 5I6 state and are then upconverted to the 5G5 state by the absorption of a second photon, as well as by energy-transfer interaction. The upconversion efficiency into the 5F3 state was estimated as ~1.1 × 10−4. We also observed energy-upconverted emissions from the 5F3 and the 5S2 levels when the material was excited with an 800-nm near-infrared laser. The absorption of a second laser photon from the 5I6 state was found to be responsible for the upconverted green emission.
SMN mutants of spinal muscular atrophy patients are defective in binding to snRNP proteins (1999)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common motor neuron degenerative disease and the leading genetic cause of death of young children. The survival of motor neurons (SMN) gene, the SMA disease gene, is homozygously deleted or mutated in more than 98% of SMA patients. The SMN protein interacts with itself, with SMN-interacting protein 1, and with several spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) Sm proteins. A complex containing SMN plays a critical role in spliceosomal snRNP assembly and in pre-mRNA splicing. SMN mutants found in SMA patients show reduced self-association and lack the capacity to regenerate the splicing machinery. Here we demonstrate that SMN mutants found in SMA patients are defective in binding to Sm proteins. Moreover, we show that SMN, but not mutants found in SMA patients, can form large oligomers and that SMN oligomerization is required for high-affinity binding to spliceosomal snRNP Sm proteins. These findings directly link the impaired interaction between SMN and Sm proteins to a defect in snRNP metabolism and to SMA.
<title>Robust video object recognition and pose determination using passive target labels</title> (1992)

Many robotic applications in space will require vision systems to identify objects and determine their distance and orientation. Current vision systems that identify objects by analyzing shape, texture, or motion require the power of special-purpose hardware and are subject to many difficulties as the object parameters change with distance and orientation. In this paper, these difficulties are addressed through the development of a special target label whose characteristics supply all the information needed to determine the identity, range, orientation, and geometrical characteristics of the object. The scene segmentation algorithms used in the system are tuned to recognize target labels as distinct objects. Given that the geometry of the labels is known a priori and is constant, an inverse perspective transform can then be applied to determine the range and orientation of the target label from the camera. A bar code within the label provides an index into a database describing the object to which the label is attached. The database can provide a complete description of the object, including approach and grasp locations, along with a complete CAD description of the object. The system runs on an inexpensive desk-top computer and promises to make many robot vision tasks both practical and affordable.
LED backlight for large area LCD TV's (2003)

A >30” direct backlight has been developed using Luxeon side-emitters from Lumileds. An excellent front of screen (FOS) performance was achieved, by using a mixing chamber within the thin backlight. The light source in the backlight was made up of red, blue and green high power side-emitters on a metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB). This paper describes the key attributes of the backlight that makes it possible to achieve excellent front of screen performance from a “Luxeon Direct” light source. INTRODUCTION LEDs provide many benefits as a light source for backlights as outlined in papers [1,2]. The results presented in these papers discuss edge-lighting solutions. These solutions have some disadvantages, especially for the LCD-TV market. For large displays the light-guide is very heavy, can be expensive due to optical quality, and can be inefficient as acrylic has an absorption of approximately 1% per inch for the mean free path. The direct backlight design addresses many of the concerns mentioned above. In greater detail the merits of “Luxeon direct” can be reviewed in a paper based on a 22” direct backlight [3]. The key factors for improvement were LED efficacy and color mixing. These two factors can in turn, positively impact many other attributes such as improved color uniformity, reduced power, reduced thickness, lower operating temperature, higher brightness, and reduced LED content. Since then many advances have taken place that allow the benefits mentioned above. Lm/W for high power LEDs is continuing to make significant advances in the InGaN technology and modest improvements in the AlInGaP. This has allowed an improvement in the white Lm/W at 25oC from 33 to 37, with select LEDs. Also an integrated thermal design minimizes the backlight operating temperature, maximizes the Lm/W of the LEDs at elevated temperatures, and reduces the likelihood of brightness enhancement films wrinkling under cyclic heating. Color mixing has significantly improved with an increased understanding of the design and function of the direct backlight concept. Most of these changes have come in the form of improved control over the optical surfaces, and a better understanding of the distribution of flux and color over the “Luxeon Direct” source. This paper discusses direct backlights that are greater than 30” and have a depth of about 50mm. DESIGN The high power LuxeonTM side-emitter shown below was integrated into the design. The planar radiation pattern of the device improves color mixing between the discrete LEDs by providing a large luminance distribution on the screen when coupled to a shallow reflective cavity.
Molecular design by cycloaddition reactions. VI. Enone-.pi.-methane moiety in photochemical [1.3] and [3.3] sigmatropic rearrangements (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular design by cycloaddition reactions. VI. Enone-.pi.-methane moiety in photochemical [1.3] and [3.3] sigmatropic rearrangementsTadashi Sasaki, Ken Kanematsu, Kenji Hayakawa, and Akihiro KondoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 24, 4100–4106Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00963a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00963a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views91Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Antiplatelet drugs for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its consequences: systematic review (2001)

Antiplatelet drugs, largely low dose aspirin, have small to moderate benefits when used for prevention of pre-eclampsia.
Biochemical studies of carbohydrate blood group antigens - Carbohydrate phenotype in relation to cellular glycosyltranferases. (2009)

The possibility to alter the cell surface carbohydrate expression by insertion or deletion of glycosyltransferase genes is a powerful technique to study the biological function of selected carbohydrate antigens. However, shifting the equilibrium between competing glycosyltransferases might lead to unexpected phenotypic effects, such as accumulation of other carbohydrate antigens and exposure of antigen structures that normally are cryptic or present in minute amounts on the cell surface. \n\nThe present work explores the relationship of glycosyltransferase repertoire (genotype) and the resulting cell membrane glycolandscape (phenotype) from a glycosphingolipid perspective using two model systems where glycosyltransferase genes have been deleted or introduced. In addition to contributing to basal glycobiology, the experimental models have the potential to serve clinical purposes in the xenotransplantation and microbial adhesion fields. Glycosylation is not template driven, explaining why the cell membrane carbohydrate expression cannot be predicted from genotyping, but rather requires phenotyping. For phenotyping in this sense, antibody/lectin recognition of cell membrane antigens is insufficient necessitating structural determination. \n\nNeutral and acidic glycolipids from tissues and cells were isolated by means of organic solvent extraction and repeated chromatography steps. Individual glycolipid components were purified by high performance liquid chromatography. The antigenic properties of the glycolipids were examined for reactivity with mono- and polyclonal antibodies, lectins and sera on thin layer chromatography plates. Structural elucidation was conducted by the combined use of mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.\n\nOur studies report an indisputable correlation between glycosyltransferase gene setup and the resulting glycolandscape phenotype. The study is also indicative of the renowned complexity of glycosylation, e.g. the glycosyltransferase dependence on the underlying protein/lipid backbone and the species-, individual- and organ-specific glycosyltransferase activity. In addition, we have identified several novel glycosphingolipids in pig tissues for which function and importance remain to be elucidated.
Voice/unvoiced/mixed excitation classification of speech using the autocorrelation of the output of an ADPCM system (1989)

A technique is proposed to distinguish between voiced, unvoiced, and mixed excitation (V/UV/M) speech frames. The technique uses the sampled autocorrelation on the bit stream of the CCITT adaptive differential pulse code modulation which is computed for input speech. The location of the first side lobe peak of the autocorrelation function can successfully discriminate between the V/UV/M speech frames. When the energy is used together with the autocorrelation, the correct identification is improved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LA ESCUELA UNA ORGANIZACIÓN SISTÉMICA (2009)

La organización, entendida como el espacio de interacción entre individuos, busca mejorar permanentemente sus dinámicas. Desde allí han surgido diversas teorías que de alguna forma le han aportado en la construcción de un espacio ordenado y planificado. Esto es válido desde la mirada empresarial, pero lo seguirá siendo desde la escuela. Esta es la pregunta que orienta el presente artículo, que a partir de un recorrido sobre las teorías de la eficiencia escolar irá develando su incidencia e impacto en la escuela como organización. En ese sentido se presenta la teoría sistémica de Luhmann, que constituye una nueva mirada, más humanista y posibilitadora de encuentros y desencuentros que permitirán a la escuela introyectarse para de esta manera establecer un espacio real dentro de su comunidad como eje articulador del entorno en el que se encuentra inmersa. El artículo no pretende desvirtuar ningún modelo, ya que se encuentran organizaciones educativas que llevan años implementando con éxito modelos centrados en la Calidad Total, pero si se busca entenderlos desde sus teorías y dar otra mirada centrada en el ser como eje de la educación y no sólo como objeto de esta.
Performance evaluation of two concurrency control protocols for distributed databases with multiversioned entities (2003)

The authors evaluate and compare the performance of two concurrency control protocols for distributed databases with multiversioned entities, assuming that each transaction incrementally declares its access set from the successive parts of the preordered entities. The first protocol is called protocol proposed (PP). The second is a variant of the protocol proposed by D.P. Reed (1978), here called RP1. Performance results for these protocols are collected using simulations. Key performance issues of PP are studied and relative performance of PP and RP1 is compared. Extra memory requirement is the most important cost for PP, while the cost associated with abortion of transactions are most important for RP1. For slow communication networks, at all workloads except some range of low workloads, PP performs better than RP1. For fast networks, between low to very high workloads RP1 performs better for a range of parameters. At extremely high workloads, both perform poorly, but the higher memory requirement of PP is more tolerable than the high abortion rate of RP1. A protocol similar to PP is proposed that permits universioned entities and so does not have extra memory cost and has the advantages of PP.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pharmacology of tamoxifen in laboratory animals. (1981)

This paper reviews the recent laboratory findings about the nonsteroidal antiestrogen, tamoxifen, and its more potent major metabolite, monohydroxytamoxifen. Both compounds stimulate progesterone receptor synthesis in the rat uterus, and there is an inhibition of cell division in the uterine luminal epithelial cells. The effects of tamoxifen in vivo may be a result of the net effects of the parent compound and monohydroxytamoxifen. In rats with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinomata, young tumors that are estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-rich respond more favorably to tamoxifen that do older estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-poor tumors. However, the antitumor effect of tamoxifen in the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma model is probably a result of the blockade of tumor estrogen receptors, a reduction in circulating gonadotropins, lower circulating estrogen levels, and lower circulating prolactin levels. The 30-days treatment of rats with tamoxifen 30 days after DMBA resulted in a dose-related decrease in the appearance and numbers of mammary tumors; however, only continuous therapy maintained animals in a tumor-free state. Monohydroxytamoxifen was a less-potent antitumor agent, probably because it is cleared from the rat more rapidly than tamoxifen. The present laboratory findings support the clinical use of tamoxifen as a treatment of endometrial carcinoma and the resultant metastases and as an adjuvant therapy after surgery for breast cancer.
Saturated‐efferocytosis generates pro‐resolving CD11b <sup>low</sup> macrophages: Modulation by resolvins and glucocorticoids (2010)

During the resolution phase of inflammation, apoptotic leukocytes are efferocytosed by macrophages in a nonphlogistic fashion that results in diminished responses to bacterial moieties and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Complement receptor 3 and pro-resolving lipid mediators promote the engulfment of apoptotic leukocytes by macrophages. Here, we present evidence for the emergence of pro-resolving, CD11b(low) macrophages in vivo during the resolution of murine peritonitis. These macrophages are distinct from the majority of peritoneal macrophages in terms of their functional protein expression profile, as well as pro-resolving properties, such as apoptotic leukocyte engulfment, indifference to TLR ligands, and emigration to lymphoid organs. Notably, we also found macrophages convert from the CD11b(high) to the CD11b(low) phenotype upon interaction with apoptotic cells ex vivo. In addition, we found that the pro-resolving lipid mediators resolvin E1 and D1, and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone regulated pro-resolving macrophage functions in vivo. This regulation culminated in a novel pro-resolving function, namely reducing the apoptotic leukocyte ingestion requirement for CD11b(low) macrophage generation. These new phenotype and molecular pathway markers define the new satiated macrophage. Thus, we suggest that satisfying efferocytosis generates CD11b(low) macrophages that are essential for complete nonphlogistic containment of inflammatory agents and the termination of acute inflammation.
Interleukin-6 Mediates the Increase in NADPH-Oxidase in the Ketamine Model of Schizophrenia (2008)

Adult exposure to NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, produces psychosis in humans, and exacerbates symptoms in schizophrenic patients. We recently showed that ketamine activates the innate immune enzyme NADPH-oxidase in brain, and that the superoxide produced leads to dysfunction of a subset of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). Here we show that neuronal production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) is necessary and sufficient for ketamine-mediated activation of NADPH-oxidase in brain. Removal of IL-6 in neuronal cultures by anti-IL-6 blocking antibodies, or in vivo by use of IL-6-deficient mice, prevented the increase in superoxide by ketamine and rescued the interneurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that schizophrenia patients suffer from diminished antioxidant defenses, and a recent clinical trial showed that enhancing these defenses may ameliorate symptoms of the disease. Our results showing that ketamine-induced IL-6 is responsible for the activation of NADPH-oxidase in brain suggest that reducing brain levels of this cytokine may protect the GABAergic phenotype of fast-spiking PV-interneurons and thus attenuate the propsychotic effects of ketamine.