gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Glycosylation of <i>erythro</i>-β-Hydroxy-<scp>l</scp>-histidine. A Key Step of Bleomycin Total Synthesis (1986)

Abstract To improve the synthetic yield of bleomycin and its analogues, it is necessary to find the high yield procedure for condensation of sugar portion with the hydroxyl group of erythro-β-hydroxy-l-histidine moiety, preventing the N-glycosylation to imidazole. The present studies include the condensations of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-methyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl bromide (10) or 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-carbamoyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-l-gulopyranosyl bromide (3) and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-[2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-(N-acetylcarbamoyl)-α-d-mannopyranosyl]-α-l-gulopyranosyl bromide (28) with a variety of protected derivatives of erythro-β-hydroxy-l-histidine. The results revealed that a) Nim-tosyl group is most effective to prevent the Nim-glycosylation, b) use of silver carbonate and silver perchlorate at low temperature (−55 °C) gave the desired α-glycosides in satisfactory yields, and c) among the esters (methyl and p-nitrobenzyl) and the N-protecting groups (Z, Boc, and pMZ) of erythro-β-hydroxy-l-histidine, methyl and Z were the best groups, respectively. Using the method thus improved, the desired O-α-l-guloside, that is, erythro-β-O-[3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-carbamoyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-l-gulopyranosyl]-Nα-benzyloxycarbonyl-Nim(τ)-tosyl-l-histidine p-nitrobenzyl ester (31) was successfully prepared.
DAMPING OF FLEXURAL VIBRATIONS IN TAPERED RODS OF POWER-LAW PROFILE EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES (2023)

The present paper discusses the results of the experimental investigation of a damping system comprising a steel rod of a quadratic profile covered by a strip of absorbing layer located at its sharp tip, as shown in Figure 1. The combined effect of such a geometry and of an additional absorbing layer ensures that such a system represents an efficient way to reduce edge reflections of flexural waves in finite rods. The principle materialised by the above-mentioned combined action is known as the ‘acoustic black hole effect’. This effect has been recently demonstrated experimentally for wedge-like structures of power-law profile, following its theoretical description. As was described in Reference 5, this effect can take place also in rods of power-law profile, with possible applications to damping of impact-generated flexural vibrations in tennis racquets and golf clubs.
The SoftGait: A simple and powerful weight-support device for walking and squatting (2015)

When designing a lower-limb assisting robot with body-weight support (BWS), it is important to achieve high force fidelity to support body weight at standing phase. Low impedance operation at swing phase is also required not to disturb leg motions for users. The SoftGait is designed to achieve both performances with a simple mechanical structure based on a pneumatic actuator and low cost sensor development. The SoftGait generates large force for body-weight-supporting in squatting mode corresponding to user's body weight. In fact, in walking mode, it enables a user to experience more comfortable walking with support from intrinsic compliance.
Sipuleucel-T for therapy of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, castrate-refractory prostate cancer: an update and perspective among other treatments (2011)

Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cell immunotherapy for castrate-refractory prostate cancer, with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic prostate cancer. In this review we address the background of prostate cancer incidence and other available therapy onto which sipuleucel-T treatment has been added, with discussion of hormone-therapy, chemotherapy, and other investigational immunotherapies. The sipuleucel-T manufacturing process, toxicity and clinical benefit are reviewed, along with an examination of the issue of clinical benefit to survival, independent of apparent changes of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Sipuleucel-T therapy is appraised from clinician, patient and immunotherapeutic perspectives, with reference to the clinical data from the pivotal trial, the mechanism of action, and the treatment process.
Design of superstructure fiber Bragg gratings with a Fourier analysis technique and its applications to multiple ultranarrow transmission gratings (2008)

Superstructure fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been comprehensively analyzed with Fourier theory and experimentally demonstrated. By using Fourier transforms, it has been proven that (1) the traditional uniform FBG produces only a single response in the spectrum, (2) multiple phase-sampled gratings can be regarded as independent interleaved FBGs with different phases, and (3) the multiple phase sampling technique has the capacity to densify the spectral channels. Based on Fourier theory, for the first time to the author's knowledge, a kind of superstructure FBGs with multiple ultranarrow transmission windows, obtained by introducing a phase shift into the center of grating, is proposed and has been confirmed experimentally.
Precise and unbiased estimation of astigmatism and defocus in transmission electron microscopy (2012)

Defocus and twofold astigmatism are the key parameters governing the contrast transfer function (CTF) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of weak phase objects. We present a new algorithm to estimate these aberrations and the associated uncertainties. Tests show very good agreement between simulated and estimated defocus and astigmatism. We evaluate the reproducibility of the algorithm on experimental data by repeating measurements of an amorphous sample under identical imaging conditions and by analyzing the linearity of the stigmator response. By using a new Thon ring averaging method, the modulation depth of the rings in a 1D averaged power spectrum density (PSD) can be enhanced compared to elliptical averaging. This facilitates a better contrast transfer assessment in the presence of spherical aberration. Our algorithm for defocus and astigmatism estimation inverts the contrast of the Thon rings and suppresses the background in the PSD using an adaptive filtering strategy. Template matching with kernels of various ellipticities is applied to the filtered PSD after transformation into polar coordinates. Maxima in the resulting 3D parameter space provide multiple estimates of the long axis orientation, frequencies and apparent ellipticities of the rings. The frequencies of the detected rings, together with outlier rejection and assignment of an order to the CTF zeros, are used to estimate the defocus and its uncertainty. From estimations of defocus and ellipticity, we derive astigmatism and its uncertainty. A two-pass approach refines the astigmatism and defocus estimate by taking into account the influence of the known spherical aberration on the shape and frequencies of the rings. The implementation of the presented algorithm is freely available for non-commercial use.
Nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) silences the accumulation of aberrant trypsin proteinase inhibitor mRNA in <i>Nicotiana attenuata</i> (2007)

In eukaryotes, genes carrying premature termination codons (PTCs) are often associated with decreased mRNA levels compared with their counterparts without PTCs. PTC-harboring mRNA is rapidly degraded through the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway to prevent the accumulation of potentially detrimental truncated proteins. In a native ecotype of Nicotiana attenuata collected from Arizona (AZ), the mRNA levels of a trypsin proteinase inhibitor (TPI) gene are substantially lower than in plants collected from Utah (UT). Cloning the AZ TPI gene revealed a 6 bp deletion mutation in exon 2 resulting in a PTC and decreased mRNA levels through NMD. Silencing UPF1, 2 and 3 in N. attenuata AZ plants by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) enhanced the levels of PTC-harboring TPI mRNA, demonstrating a conserved role for UPF genes in plants. Furthermore, using cell suspension cultures that express variants of the TPI construct, we demonstrate that both intron-containing and intronless genes are subject to NMD in plants; unlike PTCs in mammals, PTCs downstream of introns activate NMD in plants. However, when a PTC is only 4 bp upstream of an intron, the NMD surveillance mechanism is abrogated. We also demonstrate that, in an intronless TPI gene, a PTC located at the beginning or the end of the coding sequence triggers NMD less efficiently than do PTCs located at the middle of the coding sequence. Taken together, these results highlight the complexity of the NMD activation mechanisms in plants.
Cmos-based electronically tunable current conveyor (1992)

A CMOS-based small signal current amplifier, which is constructed from two current-squaring circuits with improved dynamic range, is introduced. A circuit technique for realising an integrable electronically tunable current conveyor that is designed around the current amplifier is proposed.
Circular Polarization Conversion Reflectarray Suppressing Beam Shift (2019)

This paper proposes arbitrary shaped elements for a linear-to-circular polarization reflectarray suppressing beam shift depending on frequencies. To make aperture phase distribution uniform even at different frequencies, each element achieves specified different frequency properties. So we optimize the elements with orthogonal two axial symmetries by the genetic algorithm (GA). Furthermore, linearly polarized orthogonal waves will be transformed into a circularly polarized one by making reflection-phase difference between TE/TM incidences 90 degrees.
ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM IN A 92-YEAR-OLD MAN (2000)

A 92-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of an incidentally diagnosed abdominal aortic aneurysm more than 8cm in size by abdominal CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging during the invertigation of cholecystolithiasis. Following the question of his condition, a myocardial scintigram was performed, which showed an ischemic chnge in the anterior cardiac wall. After coronary angiography, he underwent percutaseous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent insertion in the left anterior desending coronary artery. Thereafter abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and cholecystecotmy were performed. The postoperative course was uneventful. Presently in Japan, we have an increasing older population in whom abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is needed. This case report indicates that even a 92-year-old man, who was the oldest case in previously reported Japanese, can be operated on successfully after the treatment of risk factors, and in consideration of the mean life expectancy, patient's activities daily and informed consent of his family.
GLI1 Is a Direct Transcriptional Target of EWS-FLI1 Oncoprotein (2009)

Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) is an undifferentiated neoplasm of the bone and soft tissue. ESFT is characterized by a specific chromosomal translocation occurring between chromosome 22 and (in most cases) chromosome 11, which generates an aberrant transcription factor, EWS-FLI1. The function of EWS-FLI1 is essential for the maintenance of ESFT cell survival and tumorigenesis. The Hedgehog pathway is activated in several cancers. Oncogenic potential of the Hedgehog pathway is mediated by increasing the activity of the GLI family of transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that EWS-FLI1 increases expression of GLI1 by an unknown mechanism. Our data from chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter reporter studies indicated GLI1 as a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1. Expression of EWS-FLI1 in non-ESFT cells increased GLI1 expression and GLI-dependent transcription. We also detected high levels of GLI1 protein in ESFT cell lines. Pharmacological inhibition of GLI1 protein function decreased proliferation and soft agar colony formation of ESFT cells. Our results establish GLI1 as a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1 and suggest a potential role for GLI1 in ESFT tumorigenesis.
An extremely simple method for extraction of lysophospholipids and phospholipids from blood samples (2009)

Lipids, lysophospholipids and phospholipids in particular, have been shown to be biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for human diseases. While many extraction and analytical methods have been developed for quantitative analyses of these molecules, most of them are laborious and time-consuming, with associated issues of poor reproducibility. This becomes one of the critical bottle-necks to move lipid markers to clinics. In the current work, we have developed an extremely simple method for lysophospholipids and phospholipids extraction from human plasma or serum samples, which only utilizes a single methanol (MeOH) solvent and involves a single step of centrifugation. This method has been subjected to strict validation by comparing it with classical lipid extraction methods. This simple method will be extremely useful for the lipidomic, diseases marker, and lipid biochemistry fields not only for its potential wide applications associated with its simplicity and reproducibility, but also for its impact in moving lipid markers into clinics through high-throughput processing.
A multimedia broker for ubiquitous and accessible rich media content transcoding (2005)

Entertainment multimedia applications based on synchronized continuous media are largely used on standard platforms and are becoming ubiquitous. To integrate rich and interactive multimedia in context aware applications, contents have to be produced and integrated by using mechanisms that choose and provide the richest version that meets user and device capabilities. In this context, we discuss on the design and implementation of an Internet application designed to support the development of multimedia applications for non standard devices by providing a media-brokering service. The media broker uses a SMIL-based description of the rich media and a CC/PP profile to adaptively compute the best version of the media content that can be delivered to a specific user and device.
Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of <i>exo</i>- and <i>endo</i>-7-Methyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (1999)

[formula: see text] The syntheses of both exo and endo stereoisomers of 7-methyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol were achieved in straightforward fashion. Alternatively, the intramolecular cyclization of syn-4-N-methylaminocyclohexane 1,2-epoxide was found to give exo-7-methyl-7-azabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol as the sole product. The stereochemistry of the exo isomer was unequivocally confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Purification and characterization of a paired basic residue-specific pro-opiomelanocortin converting enzyme from bovine pituitary intermediate lobe secretory vesicles. (1985)

Pro-opiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/endorphin prohormone) is processed to yield active hormones by cleavages at paired basic amino acid residues. In this study, an enzyme that specifically cleaves at the paired basic residues of this prohormone has been purified from bovine pituitary intermediate lobe secretory vesicles, the intracellular processing site of proopiomelanocortin. This enzyme, named pro-opiomelanocortin converting enzyme, has been characterized as a glycoprotein of Mr approximately 70,000. It has an apparent isoelectric point between 3.5 and 4.0. The pH optimum of the pro-opiomelanocortin converting enzyme is between 4 and 5, but the enzyme is highly active at the intravesicular pH of 5.1-5.6. The enzyme specifically cleaved the Lys-Arg pairs of pro-opiomelanocortin to yield Mr = to 21,000-23,000 ACTH, beta-lipotropin, Mr 13,000 and 4,500 ACTH, beta-endorphin, and a Mr = 16,000 NH2-terminal glycopeptide, the products synthesized by the pituitary intermediate lobe in situ. NH2- and COOH-terminal analysis of the products indicated that the pro-opiomelanocortin converting enzyme cleaves the peptide bond either between the Lys and Arg or on the carboxyl side of the Arg at Lys-Arg pairs of pro-opiomelanocortin. The intracellular localization, pH optimum, and cleavage specificity of the enzyme suggest that it may function as a pro-opiomelanocortin processing enzyme in the pituitary intermediate lobe in vivo.
Precise Aircraft-to-Aircraft Positioning Using a Multiple Receiver Configuration (1994)

A configuration of four IO-channel single frequency C/A code narrow correlator spacing receivers is used to position two aircraft with respect to each other. The platforms used are U.S. Navy P-3 Orion aircraft cruising at speeds of 300 knots. Two receivers are mounted on each aircraft, with one antenna mounted on the fuselage and the other some 20 m aft on the tail boom. On each aircraft, the double difference carrier phase ambiguities between the two receivers can be resolved in minutes using the length constraint between the two antennas. The fixed ambiguity solution accuracy is sufficient to detect length variations at the level of 1-2 cm between the two antennas due to fuselage deformation caused by temperature variations. The carrier phase ambiguities between the two aircraft navigating within a few km from each other are successfully resolved using ambiguity constraint equations provided by the quadruple receiver configuration. This yields a relative position vector accurate to the cm-level. This highly accurate solution is then used to assess the accuracy achievable with a carrier phase smoothing of the code technique operating on all four receivers. A sub-meter three-dimensional SEP accuracy is demonstrated. The effect of code multipath caused by surrounding reflecting surfaces is analysed.
Rabbit models of ischemic stroke in biomedical research (2019)

The development of experimental models of ischemic stroke allowing for effective translation of results from animal studies to humans is an important task of modern neuropharmacology. Due to the fact that new drugs with neuroprotective properties that have shown activity in rodents most often turn out to be not effective enough in humans, the use of larger laboratory animals may become a viable solution. Among the latter, rabbits are the most accessible species for laboratories. Since they have gyrencephalic brains and a significant amount of white matter, they can be considered to be highly similar to humans. In the present review, we discussed the main methods of ischemic stroke modelling in rabbits. The breed, age and sex of the animals, anesthesia methods as well as criteria for functional state assessment after cerebral ischemia are the issues that should be addressed before the start of the study.
Modern compact accelerators of cyclotron type for medical applications (2016)

Ion beam therapy and hadron therapy are types of external beam radiotherapy. Recently, the vast majority of patients have been treated with protons and carbon ions. Typically, the types of accelerators used for therapy were cyclotrons and synchrocyclotrons. It is intuitively clear that a compact facility fits best to a hospital environment intended for particle therapy and medical diagnostics. Another criterion for selection of accelerators to be mentioned in this article is application of superconducting technology to the magnetic system design of the facility. Compact isochronous cyclotrons, which accelerate protons in the energy range 9–30 MeV, have been widely used for production of radionuclides. Energy of 230 MeV has become canonical for all proton therapy accelerators. Similar application of a carbon beam requires ion energy of 430 MeV/u. Due to application of superconducting coils the magnetic field in these machines can reach 4–5 T and even 9 T in some cases. Medical cyclotrons with an ironless or nearly ironless magnetic system that have a number of advantages over the classical accelerators are in the development stage. In this work an attempt is made to describe some conceptual and technical features of modern accelerators under consideration. The emphasis is placed on the magnetic and acceleration systems along with the beam extraction unit, which are very important from the point of view of the facility compactness and compliance with the strict medical requirements.
Phosphorylation of Microtubule Proteins in Rat Brain at Different Developmental Stages: Comparison with That Found in Neuronal Cultures (1990)

The phosphorylation of rat brain microtubule protein on intracranial injection of labeled phosphate has been analyzed. The major microtubule protein components phosphorylated in vivo in rat brain are the high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) MAP-1A, MAP-1B, and MAP-2. A slight phospholabeling of beta-tubulin, which corresponds to the phosphorylation of a minor neuronal beta-tubulin isotype, is also observed. Whereas MAP-1B, MAP-2, and beta-tubulin are phosphorylated in the brain of 5-day-old rat pups, when most neurons of the CNS are extending processes, MAP-1A phosphorylation is observed only after neuronal maturation takes place. The phosphorylation of MAP-1A, MAP-1B, and beta-tubulin may be due mainly to casein kinase II or a related enzyme, whereas MAP-2 appears to be modified by other enzymes such as the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) and the calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Microtubule protein phosphorylation has also been studied in neuronal cultures. In differentiated neuroblastoma cells, only MAP-1B and beta-tubulin are phosphorylated in a manner coupled to neurite outgrowth. In primary cultures of fetal rat brain neurons, the pattern of microtubule protein phosphorylation resembles that found in vivo in rat pup brain. As phosphorylated MAP-1A and MAP-1B are present mainly on assembled microtubules, whereas the phosphorylation of MAP-2 decreases its interaction with microtubules, a role can be suggested for the phosphorylation of these proteins in the regulation of microtubule assembly and disassembly during neuronal development.
32 Behandeling van (diepe) cariës in melkelementen (2013)

Voor de meeste kinderen is cariës de belangrijkste oorzaak voor mondproblemen. Ook al is er in het algemeen een matige correlatie tussen de aanwezige hoeveelheid plaque en cariësactiviteit, is het toch van belang regelmatig een plaquescore te doen om een indruk te krijgen van de mate waarin het individuele kind (en zijn ouders/verzorgers) in staat zijn een goede mondhygiëne te handhaven. Een regelmatige controle van de gebitssituatie is van belang voor een juiste en adequate diagnostiek van de cariësactiviteit en voor het vervolgen van carieuze aantastingen van gebitselementen in de tijd (monitoring).
“All I Do Is Think of You” (2023)

This dossier, a gathering of five essays, is devoted to distinct concentrations on the affective registers of songs. Each paper enacts a generative sense of the politics and pleasures of music, demonstrating the work of listening to and thinking with/through this music. These essays evince critical adjacencies and crucial consequences of music by considering the resonances and textures of the sonic. What began as a panel for the 2022 Pop Conference has expanded to consider a range of inquiries that center music’s meaning-making capacities. In total, this work explores issues of historiography, gender, melancholy, culture, performativity, mnemonic relations, memorialization, and becoming. Together, Miriam Petty and Joshua Chambers-Letson share their mutual and respective identification with “Everything’s Alright” from Jesus Christ Superstar. Brittnay L. Proctor examines the black womanist abundance of Minnie Riperton’s vocal performance on Come to My Garden (1970). Julie Beth Napolin focuses on the poignancy of Barbara Lewis’s “Hello Stranger” (1963) in Barry Jenkins’s Moonlight (2016). My piece details the irreconcilable slippages generated by black music’s staging in the service of 9/11 memorialization. Meditating on his late father’s writing and Congolese rumba record collection, Walton Muyumba offers an analytic of responsibility. Much love to everyone for their work and thanks to Sara Marcus at JPMS for the invitation.