gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modelling and control strategy testing of biological and chemical phosphorus removal at Avedøre WWTP (2006)

The biological phosphorus removal process is often implemented at plants by the construction of an anaerobic bio-p tank in front of the traditional N removing plant configuration. However, biological phosphorus removal is also observed in plant configurations constructed only for nitrogen removal and simultaneous or post-precipitation. The operational experience with this “accidental” biological phosphorus removal is often mixed with quite a lot of frustration, as the process seems to come and go and hence behaves quite uncontrollably. The aim of this work is to develop ways of intentionally exploiting the biological phosphorus process by the use of instrumentation, control and automation to reduce the consumption of precipitants. Means to this end are first to calibrate a modified ASM2d model to a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), including both biological and chemical phosphorus removal and a model of the sedimentation process. Second, based on the calibrated model a benchmark model is developed and various control strategies for biological phosphorus removal are tested. Experiences and knowledge gained from the strategies presented and discussed in this paper are vital inputs for the full-scale implementation of a control strategy for biological phosphorus removal at Avedøre WWTP, which is described in another paper. The two papers hence show a way to bridge the gap from model to full implementation.
Ontological leveling and elicitation for complex industrial transactions (1998)

The authors present an agent-oriented mechanism that uses a central ontology as a means to conduct complex distributed transactions. This is done by instantiating a template object motivated solely by the ontology, then automatically and explicitly linking each temple element to an independently constructed interface component. Validation information is attached directly to the links so that the agent need not know a priori the semantics of data validity, merely how to execute a general validation process to satisfy the conditions given in the link. Ontological leveling is critical: all terms presented to informants must be semantically coherent within the central ontology. To illustrate this approach in an industrial setting, they discuss an existing implementation that conducted international commercial transactions on the World-Wide Web. Agents operating within a federated architecture construct, populate by Web-based elicitation, and manipulate a distributed composite transaction object to effect transport of goods over the US/Mexico border.
Effect of gyroscope's error on attitude-correlated frames approach for a star sensor (2016)

A star sensor is one of the most promising devices that determines attitude with the accuracy of sub-arcsecond. However, the attitude accuracy of the star sensor degrades rapidly under dynamic conditions. Therefore, the attitude-correlated frames (ACF) approach is presented to solve this problem. Gyro error is one of the main errors in ACF approach and is comprehensively discussed in this paper. Herein, the discussion about the influence of gyro error in ACF approach is divided into two parts: the impact of gyro noise and that of gyro bias. Through the simulations, the best number of correlated frames can be found to help improve the accuracy of ACF more efficient. After that, examples are given to verify the results of simulations.
Potent, orally active aldose reductase inhibitors related to zopolrestat: surrogates for benzothiazole side chain (1992)

A broad structure-activity program was undertaken in search of effective surrogates for the key benzothiazole side chain of the potent aldose reductase inhibitor, zopolrestat (1). A structure-driven approach was pursued, which spanned exploration of three areas: (1) 5/6 fused heterocycles such as benzoxazole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, and imidazopyridine; (2) 5-membered heterocycles, including oxadiazole, oxazole, thiazole, and thiadiazole, with pendant aryl groups, and (3) thioanilide as a formal equivalent of benzothiazole. Several benzoxazole- and 1,2,4-oxadiazole-derived analogues were found to be potent inhibitors of aldose reductase from human placenta and were orally active in preventing sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerve, in an acute test of diabetic complications. 3,4-Dihydro-4-oxo-3-[(5,7-difluoro-2-benzoxazolyl)methyl]-1- phthalazineacetic acid (124) was the best of the benzoxazole series (IC50 = 3.2 x 10(-9) M); it suppressed accumulation of sorbitol in rat sciatic nerve by 78% at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Compound 139, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5-yl]methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid, with IC50 less than 1.0 x 10(-8) M, caused a 69% reduction in sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerve at an oral dose of 25 mg/kg. The thioanilide side chain featured in 3-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]-2-thioxoethyl]-3,4-dihydro - 4-oxo-1-phthalazineacetic acid (195) proved to be an effective surrogate for benzothiazole. Compound 195 was highly potent in vitro (IC50 = 5.2 x 10(-8) M) but did not show oral activity when tested at 100 mg/kg. Additional structure-activity relationships encompassing a variety of heterocyclic side chains are discussed.
Phase Separation Micromolding: A New Generic Approach for Microstructuring Various Materials (2005)

Phase separation micromolding (PSmicroM) is a versatile microfabrication technique that can be used to structure a very broad range of polymers, including block copolymers and biodegradable and conductive polymers without the need for clean-room facilities. By incorporating a subsequent process step, carbon, ceramic, and metallic microstructures can also be fabricated from a polymeric or hybrid precursor. The replication process is straightforward and cost-effective. It relies on phase separation of a polymer solution while in contact with a structured mold. Intrinsic shrinkage during the phase separation facilitates the release of the replica from the mold, which increases the reliability of the process even at small feature sizes, thin polymer films, or high aspect ratios. Under suitable circumstances perforation of the polymer film can be obtained, resulting in completely open "through" microstructures. Furthermore, porosity can be introduced in a microstructure, which may result in unknown functionalities.
Network characterization using constraint-based definitions of capacity, utilization, and efficiency (2005)

Capacity planning in an operational network requires continuous monitoring of network resources so that corrective actions can be taken in response to changes in traffic patterns, performance requirements, and network technology. In this article we characterize network resources in terms of capacity, utilization, and efficiency, and define these metrics as functions of the sets of constraints under which the network is operating. These constraints may include service level agreement objectives, routing policy constraints, and failure survivability requirements. Constraint-based network characterization allows a network operator to quantify the inherent capacity of a network and determine the impact of changes in operating conditions on realizable capacity. It also helps assess how well a given network design matches the set of constraints under which it is operating, how much traffic growth the network can support, and what actions need to be taken to accommodate traffic growth.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a Rat Liver cDNA Encoding Acyl-peptide Hydrolase (1989)

Acyl-peptide hydrolase catalyzes the removal of an N alpha-acetylated amino acid residue from an N alpha-acetylated peptide. Two overlapping degenerate oligonucleotide probes based on the sequence of a CNBr tryptic peptide, derived from purified rat acyl-peptide hydrolase, were synthesized and used to screen a rat liver lambda gt11 cDNA library. A 2.5-kilobase cDNA was cloned and sequenced. This clone contained 2364 base pairs of rat acyl-peptide hydrolase sequence but lacked a translational initiation codon. Using a 220-base pair probe derived from near the 5'-end of this almost full-length cDNA to rescreen the library, full-length clones were isolated, which contained an in-frame ATG codon at nucleotides 6-8 and encoded the NH2-terminal sequence, Met-Glu-Arg-Gln.... The DNA sequence encoded a protein of 732 amino acid residues, 40% of which were confirmed by protein sequence data from 19 CNBr or CNBr tryptic peptides. The isolated enzyme is NH2-terminally blocked (Kobayashi, K., and Smith, J. A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 11435-11445), and based on the NH2-terminal protein sequence deduced from the DNA sequence and the sequence of the most NH2-terminal CNBr peptide, it is likely that the NH2-terminal residue is an acetylated methionine residue, since such residues are frequently juxtaposed to glutamyl residues (Persson, B., Flinta, C., von Heijne, G., and Jornvall, H. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 152, 523-527). The RNA blot analysis revealed a single message of 2.7 kilobases in various rat tissues examined. Although this enzyme is known to be inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and acetylalanine chloromethyl ketone (Kobayashi, K., and Smith, J. A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 11435-11445), no strong similarity in protein sequence has been found with other serine proteases. This result suggests that acyl-peptide hydrolase may be a unique serine protease.
Vibration monitoring as a predictive maintenance tool for reciprocating engines (2000)

The vibration signature of a four-stroke, four-cylinder carburetted spark ignition engine has been analysed. The significance and contribution of the signature components with respect to the overall information about the engine health have been explored. The engine block vibrations were recorded at four different locations, two in the vicinity of the rear crankshaft bearing and two at opposing sides of the engine block. The vibrations were measured along the three principal axes. It was found that the engine block side is the most sensitive location for collecting data and the direction transverse to the pistons’ movement plane is the most informative one. For the sake of simplicity in possible practical applications in the future the tests were conducted under idle conditions. The measured vibration waveform has been synchronized with the crankshaft position by using the primary coil signal and then transformed to the frequency domain by a fast Fourier transform procedure. Frequencies below 1 Hz and above 10 kHz were filtered out. A reliable data persistence was obtained by averaging eight spectra. Spectral analyses of several common faults, such as disconnected spark plug, early spark timing, late spark timing, worn spark plug, fouled spark plug and loose support, have been carried out. Reflections of these faults have been revealed in the vibration signature. General evaluation criteria for the engine's health have been proposed. For example, the appearance of vibration components with unusual frequencies can provide an early warning that the engine is operating at abnormal conditions. The appearance of peaks at one-half or three-halves of the fundamental frequency indicates that a severe malfunction has developed in the engine. The appearance of a peak at the fundamental frequency implies that a mechanical looseness enables the engine to vibrate at the crankshaft frequency. In general terms, dispersion of the energy at subharmonic frequencies, or at six to eight times the fundamental frequency, indicates a developing malfunction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the First Example of a C2‐C3/C2′‐C3′‐endo Unsaturated Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzodiazepine Dimer. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Calculation of Optimum Operating Parameters for a Gyrotron Travelling Wave Amplifier. (1977)

Optimum operating parameters are determined for a new type of high power, high efficiency generator of millimeter waves known as a gyrotron travelling wave amplifier. In the example considered, wave amplification results from the interaction of a TE(01) waveguide mode with the fundamental cyclotron harmonic of an electron beam. The parameter optimization involves the determination of the point of maximum device efficiency as a function of beam density, beam energy, beam positioning, and external magnetic field for the output power required. An analytical linear theory and a numerical simulation code form the basis of theoretical calculations. As a result of the extensive survey in parameter space, the peak efficiency in the beam frame has been found to exceed 70%. This result has been applied to the specific design of a 35 GHz amplifier with output power approximately 340 kW, a power gain of 2 db/cm, and a laboratory frame efficiency of 51%. (Author)
A New Mud Pulse Telemetry System for Enhanced MWD/LWD Applications (2008)

Abstract Mud Pulse Telemetry systems in drilling operations have enabled the industry to gather valuable directional and formation data while drilling the well, and to optimize the drilling process. This makes drilling operations more cost efficient and allows the drilling of complex wells. In recent years, new LWD technologies have dramatically increased the amount of information collected downhole. This increasing demand for realtime bandwidth is a major challenge for conventional Mud Pulse Telemetry, which has data rates that are normally below 3 bits per second. This paper describes a system for downhole-to-surface Mud Pulse Telemetry that uses baseband or carrier modulated pressure signals generated by a novel mud pulser design and a surface data acquisition unit with advanced signal processing capabilities. The new system is able of handling the complex and continuously varying properties of the transmission channel (the pipe bore filled with flowing drilling mud) by optimizing the transmission signal and the surface processing algorithms in realtime. Under a given scenario, higher data rates can be achieved that, from a log-quality standpoint, result in high log-densities for improved realtime decision making. Surface processing algorithms include active pump noise cancellation, dual pressure transducer processing, signal filtering and signal decoding. In addition, the system contains an automated calibration routine that after turning pumps-on measures the characteristics of the transmission channel. This novel feature assures that the latest knowledge about the transmission channel is available in the processing algorithms. The new system has been successfully run in field-trials in the United States, North Sea, South America and the Middle East. During these deployments, data rates could be substantially increased compared to previous offset runs. The focus in this paper will be on a description of the system and its impact on both MWD and LWD realtime services.
Prostate specific antigen--new applications in breast and other cancers. (1997)

Prostate specific antigen was, until recently, thought to be a highly specific biochemical marker of prostatic epithelial cells which is not produced by any female tissue. We have used immunological and molecular techniques to demonstrate the presence of PSA protein or mRNA in various non-prostatic tissues. We have recently found that PSA is present in 30-40% of breast tumors and at a lower percentage in other tumors including lung, colon, ovary, liver, kidney, adrenal and paroria tumors. Others have found PSA in skin and salivary gland tumors and in normal endometrium. We found PSA in the normal breast, the milk of lactating women, breast discharge fluid and in amniotic fluid. We developed a tissue culture system that reproduces the phenomenon of PSA production by breast tumors. Using this system, we showed that PSA regulation is under the control of steroid hormones and their receptors. PSA is produced by normal, hyperplastic and malignant breast tissue and is present in all breast secretions and some other tumors. The physiological role of PSA in these tissues, fluids and tumors is currently unknown. A substrate for PSA in these tissues has not as yet been identified.
Advanced phosphors for LED applications (2007)

In this paper we give a summary of technologies that are essential for phosphor developing: Characterization of the pure phosphor powders with methods like powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), etc. give strong hints for and how to improve the phosphor's performance. The final proof of the phosphor's quality is obtained by application testing in the LED. Latter is a very useful tool for materials researchers and developers to adopt the phosphor to the LED device. Last but not least we demonstrate advantages of a phosphor fabrication process by using wet chemical routes in comparison to the traditional and widely applied solid state diffusion methods ("mix & fire").
In Situ Spectrophotometric Measurement of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Seawater (2013)

Autonomous in situ sensors are needed to document the effects of today’s rapid ocean uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (e.g., ocean acidification). General environmental conditions (e.g., biofouling, turbidity) and carbon-specific conditions (e.g., wide diel variations) present significant challenges to acquiring long-term measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with satisfactory accuracy and resolution. SEAS-DIC is a new in situ instrument designed to provide calibrated, high-frequency, long-term measurements of DIC in marine and fresh waters. Sample water is first acidified to convert all DIC to carbon dioxide (CO2). The sample and a known reagent solution are then equilibrated across a gas-permeable membrane. Spectrophotometric measurement of reagent pH can thereby determine the sample DIC over a wide dynamic range, with inherent calibration provided by the pH indicator’s molecular characteristics. Field trials indicate that SEAS-DIC performs well in biofouling and turbid waters, with a DIC accuracy and precision of ∼2 μmol kg–1 and a measurement rate of approximately once per minute. The acidic reagent protects the sensor cell from biofouling, and the gas-permeable membrane excludes particulates from the optical path. This instrument, the first spectrophotometric system capable of automated in situ DIC measurements, positions DIC to become a key parameter for in situ CO2-system characterizations.
Indoor Simulation of Tire Wear: Some Case Studies (1996)

Abstract Methodology is described for the indoor simulation of tire wear. The motivation for developing indoor simulations was the need to establish consistent test results in reduced time and costs. Descriptions are given of two different indoor test facilities, a PC‐based laser scanning system for quantifying tire wear and an on‐vehicle tire force measurement system for replicating road histories in the laboratory. Case studies illustrate (1) the influence of tire load history on wear, in particular city cornering versus highway driving and drive torque versus free rolling, (2) the influence of a 3 m road wheel versus a fiat belt on wear, and (3) detailed comparisons between vehicle‐tested and indoor‐tested tires. Results indicate good correlation between indoor and fleet testing.
Identification of the minimum requirements for successful haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2021)

Historically, defining haematopoietic subsets, including self-renewal, differentiation and lineage restriction, has been elucidated by transplanting a small number of candidate cells with many supporting bone marrow (BM) cells. While this approach has been invaluable in characterising numerous distinct subsets in haematopoiesis, this approach is arguably flawed. The haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) has been proposed as the critical haematopoietic subset necessary for transplantation. However, due to the presence of supporting cells, the HSC has never demonstrated sufficiency. Utilising the homeobox B5 (Hoxb5)-reporter system, we found that neither long-term (LT) HSCs nor short-term (ST) HSCs alone were sufficient for long-term haematopoietic reconstitution. Critically, reconstitution can be rescued by transplanting combined LT- and ST-HSCs, without supporting cells; a fraction we term the 'Minimum Subset for Transplantation' (MST). The MST accounts for only 0·005% of nucleated cells within mouse BM, and this MST can be cultured, expanded and genetically modified while preserving its rapid haematopoietic engraftment potential. These results support the consideration of an MST approach for clinical translation, especially for gene therapy approaches that require HSC compartment modification.
Thresher: an efficient storage manager for copy-on-write snapshots (2006)

A new generation of storage systems exploit decreasing storage costs to allow applications to take snapshots of past states and retain them for long durations. Over time, current snapshot techniques can produce large volumes of snapshots. Indiscriminately keeping all snapshots accessible is impractical, even if raw disk storage is cheap, because administering such large-volume storage is expensive over a long duration. Moreover, not all snapshots are equally valuable. Thresher is a new snapshot storage management system, based on novel copyon-write snapshot techniques, that is the first to provide applications the ability to discriminate among snapshots efficiently. Valuable snapshots can remain accessible or stored with faster access while less valuable snapshots are discarded or moved off-line. Measurements of the Thresher prototype indicate that the new techniques are efficient and scalable, imposing minimal (4%) performance penalty on expected common workloads. 1
The Preparation of Poly(dicarbon monofluoride) <i>via</i> the Graphite Intercalation Compound (1983)

Abstract Poly(dicarbon monofluoride), (C2F)n is prepared with a higher reaction rate via the graphite interca lation compound formed through a reaction with F2 and AlF3 than from exfoliated graphite itself. The former process also has the advantage of including the formation of exfoliated graphite by the decomposition of an intercalation compound and its fluorination. The graphite fluoride thus prepared contained (C2F)n by 60–78%. The reaction time required for completing the reaction did not give a linear relationship, but a minimum point around 267×102 Pa against the fluorine pressure and there was almost no increase above 667×102 Pa of fluorine. However, the F/C ratios of graphite fluoride had, inversely, a maximum point against the fluorine pressure, indicating that the (C2F)n content in graphite fluoride was approximately proportional to the reaction time.
Rule-based motor fault detection (2005)

Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) provides a non-intrusive way of assessing health of a motor. In this paper, we propose a rule based motor health monitoring system that is capable of detecting faults at varying operating conditions. Motor current is non-stationary due varying load conditions. Wavelet packet decomposition is utilized in this study for processing of non-stationary motor current.
Image compression for memory constrained printers (2002)

We study memory efficient image compression techniques for color digital printers. Particular constraints imposed by printers are incorporated into the algorithms presented. We present a method for ordering the wavelet coefficient information in a compressed bit stream to allow a decoded image to be sequentially decompressed, from the top of an image to the bottom, as the paper exits the printer. In addition, we use a hybrid filtering scheme that uses different horizontal and vertical filters, each with different depths of wavelet decomposition.