gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New applications for the twincer disposable high dose dry powder inhaler (2011)

Purpose: The Twincer disposable dry powder inhaler was developed for the administration of high drug doses in cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis therapy. Its excellent performance on several antibiotics has challenged testing of other high dose drugs for pulmonary administration with the Twincer. The example of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) is given in this abstract. Methods: CsA (Chemos GmbH) was micronised using an 50 AS fluid energy mill (Alpine Hosokawa) into a powder with volume median diameter of 1.64 /m from 0.5 bar RODOS dispersion (Sympatec). Doses of 2.5 to 15 mg of pure drug were tested at 4 kPa and for the 5 mg dose, the pressure drop was varied between 2 and 6 kPa. Size distributions in the aerosol were measured with laser diffraction technique. Results: Volume median diameters (VMD's) and fine particle fractions <5 /m (FPF's) in the delivered aerosols from the Twincer varied from 2.42 /m and 93.4% (2.5 mg dose) to 3.12/m and 70.2% (15mg dose) at 4kPa. For the 5mg dose, VMD and FPF varied from 3.09/mand76.7%(2kPa)to 2.21 /m and 90.0% (6kPa). Inhaler retention (all doses; all pressure drops) was <10%. FPF's are given as percent of the real dose. Conclusion: The data show that the Twincer is highly efficient for the administration of various high dose drugs. This opens new perspectives for therapies with drugs given orally or intravenously so far, which have the disadvantage of severe systemic side effects.
A Multipulsed Dynamic Diffraction Moire Interferometer (1990)

A system capable of generating several tens of diffraction moire interferograms at rates on the order of 1 MHz is described. The interferometer consists of a specially modified, segmented ruby rod laser capable of producing a long train of 40-mJ pulses each with a width on the order of 20 to 50 ns. The interferograms are recorded on film using a high speed turbine camera capable of 2,000,000 frames per second for a total record of 80 frames. The interferometer is used in conjunction with any of several devices for impulsively loading a variety of materials so as to study dynamic material deformation, fracture, delamination, or other response to dynamic stress. This apparatus is the latest in a series of dynamic diffraction moire systems built at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.
Coexistence management for heterogeneous networks in white spaces (2014)

Certain spectrum bands originally occupied by legacy systems such as TV transmission have been opened up for free and unlicensed access in many countries provided no interference to the incumbents. It is envisioned that heterogeneous networks will coexist in these white space bands sharing the available unlicensed spectra. Therefore, an efficient coexistence management scheme is needed to coordinate access from different networks such that spectrum utilization is maximized while harmful interference is avoided. In this paper, we develop a two-stage coexistence management algorithm that efficiently coordinates spectrum sharing among heterogeneous networks operating over spectrum white spaces. The first stage allocates bandwidth to the networks such that fairness is achieved while maximizing spectrum reuse. Then, in the second stage, the available bandwidth is divided into channel slots and assigned to different networks according to the allocation from the first stage. The proposed scheme can be implemented at the white space database manager where the regulations require networks to contact in order to get the list of available spectrum for their location. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme provides significant performance gains owing to orthogonal channel assignment with coordinated spectrum re-use.
Activity of some Mannich bases of conjugated styryl ketones against Candida albicans. (1994)

A number of Mannich bases of conjugated styryl ketones displayed activity against Candida albicans strains 3153A and B311. Antifungal potency was influenced by the relative hydrophobicities of the molecules and on occasions by the electronic nature of the aryl substituents. The compounds inhibited one or more of the following enzymes in the glutathione metabolic pathway namely glutathione S-transferases, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione peroxidase. Nearly half of the compounds examined on the yeast-to-mycelium transition in C. albicans 3153A prevented this conversion from occurring.
A New Multiband Generation of NMR Logging Tools (2001)

Summary This paper describes the hardware and operation of a new generation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging tools. In the past, NMR required the logging engineer to consider the T1 relaxation times of the reservoir fluids likely to be encountered. Actual, or simply assumed, long T1's translated into slow logging speeds. The new tool generation overcomes this limitation. The key feature is that nine sensitive volumes are polarized in parallel and are read out in rapid sequence. A new sonde design speeds up the polarization process by a factor of 2. Each volume contributes equally to the result and can support identical measurements for rapid stacking and fast logging, and each can be used for individual, simultaneous measurements. Laboratory data and field-test results are presented to demonstrate both the relative simplicity of operation and the improvement in data quality. Logging speeds typically can be upgraded by a factor of 4, while data for total porosity determination and fluid typing are acquired in a single logging pass.
Adaptive DC-Link Voltage-Controlled Hybrid Active Power Filters for Reactive Power Compensation (2011)

This paper presents a novel adaptive dc-link voltage-controlled LC coupling hybrid active power filter (LC-HAPF) for reducing switching loss and switching noise under reactive power compensation. First, the mathematical relationship between LC-HAPF dc-link voltage and reactive power compensation range is deduced and presented. Based on the compensation range analysis, the required minimum dc-link voltage with respect to different loading reactive power is deduced. Then, an adaptive dc-link voltage controller for the three-phase four-wire LC-HAPF is proposed, in which the dc-link voltage as well as the reactive power compensation range can be adaptively changed according to different inductive loading situations. Therefore, the compensation range, switching loss, and switching noise of the LC-HAPF can be determined and reduced correspondingly. In this paper, the reference dc-link voltage is classified into certain levels for selection in order to alleviate the problem of dc voltage fluctuation caused by its reference frequent variation, and hence reducing the fluctuation impact on the compensation performances. Finally, representative simulation and experimental results of a three-phase four-wire center-split LC -HAPF are presented to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed adaptive dc-link voltage-controlled LC-HAPF in dynamic reactive power compensation.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropane (2002)

An efficient procedure for the preparation of methylenecyclopropane (3), a valuable starting material in organic synthesis, has been developed from methallyl chloride (1) and alkali metal [bis(trimethylsilyl)]amide [M(BTMSA) (M = Na, K), 2b,c]. The advantages of this new method are the higher yield of methylenecyclopropane up to 79% and a homogenous reaction mixture, i.e. both substrates are soluble in organic solvents such as toluene and dibutyl ether.
Transcription of the <i>Arabidopsis CPD</i> gene, encoding a steroidogenic cytochrome P450, is negatively controlled by brassinosteroids (1998)

The Arabidopsis CPD gene encodes a cytochrome P450 steroid side-chain hydroxylase (CYP90) that plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone brassinolide. Expression of the CPD gene is confined to cotyledons and leaf primordia in etiolated seedlings and detectable in the adaxial parenchyma of expanding leaves in light-grown plants. Transcription of the CPD gene is not affected by the plant growth factors auxin, ethylene, gibberellin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, but is specifically down-regulated by brassinolide in both dark and light. Steady-state mRNA levels of a CPD promoter-driven uidA reporter gene correlate with the expression of resident CPD gene in transgenic plants. Intermediates of the early and late C-6 oxidation pathways of brassinolide, carrying C-22 and C-23 side-chain hydroxyls, efficiently inhibit the activity of the CPD promoter. Repression of CPD transcription by brassinosteroids is sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, indicating a requirement for de novo synthesis of a regulatory factor.
Über die erste rekombinante Hydroxynitril‐Lyase und ihre Anwendung in der Synthese von (<i>S</i>)‐Cyanhydrinen (1996)

Aus Maniok, Manihot esculenta , konnte erstmals eine rekombinante Hydroxynitril‐Lyase (MeHNL) durch Überexpression in E. coli einfach zugänglich gemacht werden. Diese MeHNL katalysiert, wie unten gezeigt, die enantioselektive Addition von HCN sowohl an aliphatische, aromatische und heteroaromatische Aldehyde als auch an Ketone, wobei in allen Fällen ( S )‐Cyanhydrine in hohen optischen Ausbeuten gebildet werden. R = Alkyl, Aryl, Heteroaryl; R 1 = H, CH 3 . magnified image
Novel Regenerable Sodium-Based Sorbents for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture at Warm Gas Temperatures (2007)

A novel sorbent consisting of NaOH/CaO was developed for CO2 capture at 315 °C suitable for high-temperature CO2-capture applications, such as coal gasification systems. The sorbent is regenerable at 700 °C, and steam does not affect the sorbent performance. A multicycle test conducted in the atmospheric reactor at 315 °C indicated that the sorbent improved the performance with an increased number of cycles. The sorbent can also capture CO2 at a wide range of temperatures from ambient to 500 °C. However, the mechanism of CO2 capture is different at ambient temperature. The sorbent is unique because it has a high CO2-capture capacity of more than 3 mol/kg at 315 °C and is regenerable at 700 °C.
Developing acoustic technologies for improving fish passage and protection in the Columbia River Basin : program rationale (1995)

improve passage and protection of fishes in the Columbia River Basin.
A neuroglobin-based high-affinity ligand trap reverses carbon monoxide–induced mitochondrial poisoning (2020)

Carbon monoxide (CO) remains the most common cause of human poisoning. The consequences of CO poisoning include cardiac dysfunction, brain injury, and death. CO causes toxicity by binding to hemoglobin and by inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase (CcO), thereby decreasing oxygen delivery and inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. We have recently developed a CO antidote based on human neuroglobin (Ngb-H64Q-CCC). This molecule enhances clearance of CO from red blood cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> Herein, we tested whether Ngb-H64Q-CCC can also scavenge CO from CcO and attenuate CO-induced inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Heart tissue from mice exposed to 3% CO exhibited a 42 ± 19% reduction in tissue respiration rate and a 33 ± 38% reduction in CcO activity compared with unexposed mice. Intravenous infusion of Ngb-H64Q-CCC restored respiration rates to that of control mice correlating with higher electron transport chain CcO activity in Ngb-H64Q-CCC-treated compared with PBS-treated, CO-poisoned mice. Further, using a Clark-type oxygen electrode, we measured isolated rat liver mitochondrial respiration in the presence and absence of saturating solutions of CO (160 μm) and nitric oxide (100 μm). Both CO and NO inhibited respiration, and treatment with Ngb-H64Q-CCC (100 and 50 μm, respectively) significantly reversed this inhibition. These results suggest that Ngb-H64Q-CCC mitigates CO toxicity by scavenging CO from carboxyhemoglobin, improving systemic oxygen delivery and reversing the inhibitory effects of CO on mitochondria. We conclude that Ngb-H64Q-CCC or other CO scavengers demonstrate potential as antidotes that reverse the clinical and molecular effects of CO poisoning.
Adaptive reduced-rank interference suppression with adaptive rank selection (2002)

An adaptive reduced-rank filter for interference suppression in direct-sequence (DS)-code-division multiple access (CDMA) is presented. The projection subspace is constructed by successively multiplying an initial basis vector (estimated steering vector or matched filter) by the sample covariance matrix. It is shown that this technique is equivalent to adaptive reduced-rank filtering based on the multi-stage Wiener filter of Goldstein and Reed (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.44, no.7, 1998). This method has the important property that the rank needed to achieve a target performance does not scale with the system size (number of users and processing gain). Methods for rank selection are presented along with numerical examples illustrating performance.
Image reconstruction from the Compton scattering of X-ray fan beams in thick/dense objects (2006)

Image reconstruction from Compton scattering measurements results in a nonlinear inverse problem that can produce multiple solutions, particularly in deep/dense objects. In this work, the nonlinearity of the problem is mitigated by a transformation which minimizes the difference of the ratios of measurements with overlapping fields of view. Overlapping eliminates one of the competing factors in the nonlinear problem, and allows solving the inverse problem of image reconstruction beyond the one-mean-free path equivalent depth previously needed to reach a solution in scatter-only imaging. The method also enables the use of wide X-ray fan beam sources, and is numerically applied to exploit the ability of scatter imaging to acquire single-side two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) images of relatively dense objects. Examples are presented to demonstrate the method's ability to deal with noisy measurements, at various degrees of overdetermination.
High‐Throughput Block Optical DNA Sequence Identification (2017)

Optical techniques for molecular diagnostics or DNA sequencing generally rely on small molecule fluorescent labels, which utilize light with a wavelength of several hundred nanometers for detection. Developing a label-free optical DNA sequencing technique will require nanoscale focusing of light, a high-throughput and multiplexed identification method, and a data compression technique to rapidly identify sequences and analyze genomic heterogeneity for big datasets. Such a method should identify characteristic molecular vibrations using optical spectroscopy, especially in the "fingerprinting region" from ≈400-1400 cm<sup>-1</sup> . Here, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is used to demonstrate label-free identification of DNA nucleobases with multiplexed 3D plasmonic nanofocusing. While nanometer-scale mode volumes prevent identification of single nucleobases within a DNA sequence, the block optical technique can identify A, T, G, and C content in DNA k-mers. The content of each nucleotide in a DNA block can be a unique and high-throughput method for identifying sequences, genes, and other biomarkers as an alternative to single-letter sequencing. Additionally, coupling two complementary vibrational spectroscopy techniques (infrared and Raman) can improve block characterization. These results pave the way for developing a novel, high-throughput block optical sequencing method with lossy genomic data compression using k-mer identification from multiplexed optical data acquisition.
Properties and solar cell applications of Pb-free perovskite films formed by vapor deposition (2015)

Planar CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>SnBr<sub>3</sub> perovskite solar cells were fabricated <italic>via</italic> vapor deposition with a protection against air exposure achieved by a thick MABr overlayer.
Complete Genome Sequence of Streptococcus salivarius PS4, a Strain Isolated from Human Milk (2012)

Streptococcus salivarius is a commensal species commonly found in the human oropharyngeal tract. Some strains of this species have been developed for use as oral probiotics, while others have been associated with a variety of opportunistic human infections. Here, we report the complete sequence of strain PS4, which was isolated from breast milk of a healthy woman.
A modified lattice structure with pleasant scaling properties (1999)

This correspondence presents a modified lattice structure for IIR filters, which exhibits pleasant scaling properties at no additional computational or memory cost when the reflection coefficients are close to 1. With this structure, the gain at the resonance of a second-order purely recursive section is nearly independent of the bandwidth.
Metamaterial sensor platforms for Terahertz DNA sensing (2013)

Three high-sensitivity metamaterial Terahertz DNA sensors based on resonance are proposed to distinguish DNA molecule with different refractive indices. Both numerical electromagnetic method and physical circuit model interpretation are employed to analyze proposed sensor structures. Design guideline based on intuitive physical circuit model is provided and verified through full-wave simulation.
Modal acoustic transducer array (2006)

An acoustic system composed of an array of transducers, which generates multiple acoustic radiation modes, is presented and shown to yield directional steered beam patterns when the modes are appropriately combined together. A single ring array which uses eight piston transducers with a common tail mass and a cylindrical array of five of these rings are used to illustrate the performance of such a modal acoustic array. A discussion of the operation of the transducer array with a common tail mass as well as the means for combining the modes is presented. Monopole, dipole, and quadrupole array modes are illustrated with finite-element models. These modes are then combined together to generate a true cardioid, a new very wide cardioid type, and a low sidelobe narrow caridioid-type beam pattern. Calculated and FEA results are compared with measurements. [Work supported by ONR.]
Dynamic piezoelectric response of relaxor single crystal under electrically driven inter-ferroelectric phase transformations (2020)

In this work, we demonstrate that xPb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-(1-x-y)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-yPbTiO3 [110]-poled domain-engineered relaxor single crystals can be dynamically and reversibly driven through a ferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transition exhibiting a highly enhanced piezoelectric response in a wide range of frequencies. Realization of this phase switching requires an applied compressive stress close to the critical values for the inter-ferroelectric phase transition, which can then be induced by a relatively small electric field (≤0.2 kV/mm). The required critical stress was established by in situ stress and x-ray diffraction measurements. The effective d32 coefficient measured dynamically up to 70 Hz was shown to be consistently twice that of the linear piezoelectric mode measured below the phase transformation region. The crystal was installed into a prototype transducer based on a Tonpilz configuration. The performance of the transducer was tested in water and showed up to 15 dBSPL higher acoustic power radiated when the crystal was driven through the phase transition than when operating in the linear piezoelectric regime.
No-reference sharpness metric based on local edge kurtosis (2003)

Sharpness metrics that use the frequency spectrum of the image cannot separate the sharpness information from scene content. Sharpness metrics that use spatial gradients of the edges of objects work only for comparisons among versions of the same image. We have developed a content independent, no-reference metric. In this approach, we create an edge profile by detecting edge pixels and enclosing them with 8/spl times/8 pixel blocks. For each block we compute sharpness using kurtosis of the DCT. The final metric is the average sharpness of the blocks in the edge profile. The advantages of this method include robust combination of spatial and frequency domain information, flexibility in the edge detection component, and a normalized sharpness scale. The results show high correlation with subjective quality for sharpness-enhanced video.
Toughening Behavior Involving Multiple Mechanisms: Whisker Reinforcement and Zirconia Toughening (1987)

Since the contribution of transformation toughening increases with the loca crack resistance (which is proportional to the toughness of the matrix), ZrO 2 particles were added to a toughened, whisker‐reinforced ceramic matrix. Analysis revealed that the combination of these multiple toughening agents should result in ceramic composites tougher than (1) that achieved by either mechanism by itself or (2) the sum of the two processes. The toughness of mullite could be increased 1.8‐and 2.4‐fold with a 20 vol% addition of ZrO 2 particles or SiC whiskers, respectively. However, when 20 vol% of both ZrO 2 particles and SiC whiskers were added, the toughness was increased at least 3‐fold with monoclinic m ‐ZrO 2 and by >5‐fold with tetragonal t ‐ZrO 2 . The differences in the toughening achieved when t ‐ZrO 2 vs m ‐ZrO 2 is present in the SiC‐whisker‐reinforced mullite are attributed to differences in their interdependencies upon the whisker reinforcement.
Rotavirus vaccines: an overview (1996)

Rotavirus vaccine development has focused on the delivery of live attenuated rotavirus strains by the oral route. The initial "Jennerian" approach involving bovine (RIT4237, WC3) or rhesus (RRV) rotavirus vaccine candidates showed that these vaccines were safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic but induced highly variable rates of protection against rotavirus diarrhea. The goal of a rotavirus vaccine is to prevent severe illness that can lead to dehydration in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. These studies led to the concept that a multivalent vaccine that represented each of the four epidemiologically important VP7 serotypes might be necessary to induce protection in young infants, the target population for vaccination. Human-animal rotavirus reassortants whose gene encoding VP7 was derived from their human rotavirus parent but whose remaining genes were derived from the animal rotavirus parent were developed as vaccine candidates. The greatest experience with a multivalent vaccine to date has been gained with the quadrivalent preparation containing RRV (VP7 serotype 3) and human-RRV reassortants of VP7 serotype 1, 2, and 4 specificity. Preliminary efficacy trial results in the United States have been promising, whereas a study in Peru has shown only limited protection. Human-bovine reassortant vaccines, including a candidate that contains the VP4 gene of a human rotavirus (VP4 serotype 1A), are also being studied.