gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-scale classification based lesion segmentation for dermoscopic images (2016)

This paper presents a robust segmentation method based on multi-scale classification to identify the lesion boundary in dermoscopic images. Our proposed method leverages a collection of classifiers which are trained at various resolutions to categorize each pixel as "lesion" or "surrounding skin". In detection phase, trained classifiers are applied on new images. The classifier outputs are fused at pixel level to build probability maps which represent lesion saliency maps. In the next step, Otsu thresholding is applied to convert the saliency maps to binary masks, which determine the border of the lesions. We compared our proposed method with existing lesion segmentation methods proposed in the literature using two dermoscopy data sets (International Skin Imaging Collaboration and Pedro Hispano Hospital) which demonstrates the superiority of our method with Dice Coefficient of 0.91 and accuracy of 94%.
TU‐B‐204B‐02: A Study of the Effect of Inline and Perpendicular Magnetic Fields on Beam Characteristics of Medical Linear Accelerator Electron Guns (2010)

Purpose : Integrated MRI‐linacs have the potential for real‐time volumetric imaging and targeting. Both inline (main MRI field parallel to linac beam) and perpendicular (main field orthogonal to linac beam) configurations are considered. The MRI fringe fields affect beam generation and transport, particularly the electron gun, where the electron energy is the lowest and thus magnetic fields have the largest effect. This work characterizes the electron gun behavior in external magnetic fields for inline and perpendicular configurations. Methods : Two electron guns were studied, the Litton L2087 and Varian VTC6364. Based on fringe field measurements of a 0.5T open bore MRI scanner (GE Signa SP), field strengths of 0–0.16T were computed with the finite elements method. Space charge beam simulations were performed for both inline and perpendicular configurations. Emitted current and beam deflection were determined. Results : For the inline configuration, the electron beam remains aligned with the gun axis. As the field strength increases, the emitted current has an initial plateau of constant value after which its value decreases to a minimum near 0.06T. The minimum of the emitted current is 26% and 21% from the zero field value for Litton and Varian guns respectively. Above 0.06T, the emitted current increases monotonically. For the perpendicular configuration, the electron beam is deflected from the gun axis even at small field strengths. The beam deflection increases with the magnetic field value, leading to a sharp decrease of the emitted current which completely vanishes at about 0.007T for Litton and 0.006T for Varian. Conclusion : For the inline configuration, there is always emitted current along the gun axis thus leading to the possibility to adapt the gun geometry for optimal beam generation compatible with the inline configuration. For the perpendicular configuration, magnetic shielding of the electron gun is required to avoid beam bending. Support : NIH T32‐CA09695
The spatial and temporal fidelity in real-time MRI in patients with sinus rhythm and arrhythmias (2014)

Accurate volume assessment at high spatiotemporal fidelity is possible in patients with irregular arrhythmias with real-time CMR and active contour segmentation. Our estimated values for optimal image exposure time
Novel Inhibitors of Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases:  Chemical Synthesis and Biochemical and Pharmacological Characterizations (2000)

To elucidate the physiological role played by nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase; EC 3.6.1.5), adenine nucleotide analogues, modified on the purine ring, have been synthesized and tested as potential inhibitors. Resistance of ATP analogues to hydrolysis and their potency as NTPDase inhibitors were evaluated. For this purpose, a particulate fraction isolated from bovine spleen was used as the enzyme source. Among the synthesized analogues, 8-thiobutyladenosine 5'-triphosphate (8-BuS-ATP) was found to be the most effective nonhydrolyzable competitive inhibitor, with an estimated K(i) of 10 microM. This nonhydrolyzable analogue did not exert any P2X-receptor-mediated effect on endothelium-denuded blood vessels, from the guinea pig mesenteric bed. In agreement with this observation, infusion of the analogue did not cause any significant blood pressure variations of the precontracted vessel. Because in previous studies on isolated turkey erythrocytes and rat astrocytes 8-BuS-ATP was not able to trigger any P2Y(1)-receptor-mediated effect, it therefore appears that this NTPDase inhibitor does not interfere with purinergic receptors.
A prostate cancer computer-aided diagnosis system using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging and targeted biopsy labels (2013)

We propose a new method for prostate cancer classification based on supervised statistical learning methods by integrating T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI images with targeted prostate biopsy results. In the first step of the method, all three imaging modalities are registered based on the image coordinates encoded in the DICOM images. In the second step, local statistical features are extracted in each imaging modality to capture intensity, shape, and texture information at every biopsy target. Finally, using support vector machines, supervised learning is conducted with the biopsy results to train a classification system that predicts the pathology of suspicious cancer lesions. The algorithm was tested with a dataset of 54 patients that underwent 164 targeted biopsies (58 positive, 106 negative). The proposed tri-modal MRI algorithm shows significant improvement over a similar approach that utilizes only T2-weighted MRI images (<i>p</i>= 0.048). The areas under the ROC curve for these methods were 0.82 (95% CI: [0.71, 0.93]) and 0.73 (95% CI: [0.55, 0.84]), respectively.
On the Mechanism of Dislocation and Stacking Fault Formation in a-plane GaN Films Grown by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (2007)

Non‐polar a‐plane GaN films grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy in order to elucidate defect formation mechanisms. The typical defects found were I1 basal plane stacking faults and Frank‐Shockley partials. Moreover, prismatic stacking faults could be identified, which were lying on the (01–10) and (11–23) planes forming closed domains and occasionally containing rectangular voids, which were found to be nanopipes originating at the interface with the substrate. The energetics of the partial dislocation formation mechanism is discussed.
Extracting dose and focus from critical dimension data: optimizing the inverse solution (2008)

We present a summary of various methods for inverting top and bottom critical dimension (CD) data to extract dose and focus information. We explain analytical, numerical, and library inversion techniques in detail, and explore their relative merits for the purposes of online and offline focus monitoring use models. We also detail the modeling requirements associated with each inversion technique, and -- for cases where the model form is flexible -- present a cross-validation methodology for optimizing the response model to fit experimental data. We present modeling and inversion results from seven exemplary photolithography processes, and study the results from each methodology in detail. While each method has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, we show that the library method represents the optimum choice to satisfy a variety of use models while minimizing cost.
Logical logging to extend recovery to new domains (1999)

Recovery can be extended to new domains at reduced logging cost by exploiting “logical” log operations. During recovery, a logical log operation may read data values from any recoverable object, not solely from values on the log or from the updated object. Hence, we needn't log these values, a substantial saving. In [8], we developed a redo recovery theory that deals with general log operations and proved that the stable database remains recoverable when it is explained in terms of an installation graph. This graph was used to derived a write graph that determines a flush order for cached objects that ensures that the database remains recoverable. In this paper, we introduce a refined write graph that permits more flexible cache management that flushes smaller sets of objects. Using this write graph, we show how: (i) the cache manager can inject its own operations to break up atomic flush sets; and (ii) the recovery process can avoid redoing operations whose effects aren't needed by exploiting generalized recovery LSNs. These advances permit more cost-effective recovery for, e.g., files and applications.
Liquid crystal lens with voltage and azimuth-dependent focus (2004)

Liquid crystal (LC) lens with voltage and azimuth dependent focus is realized by using divided electrode structure. By applying appropriate potentials on the divided electrode, the LC cell behaves like an optical lens having astigmatic properties; the phase retardation of an incident light beam takes an elliptical shape in the cross-section. The axes of the elliptical shape of the phase retardation are electrically controllable.
<title>Two-dimensional electrophoretic microlens alignment</title> (2001)

An adaptive alignment technique is presented that provides precise control and active positioning of sub-millimeter-sized spherical lenses in two-dimensions through the application of electrophoretic forces in a microfluidic well. The device is comprised of a lithographically patterned microfluidic well and electrodes that can be addressed to position or align the spherical microlens to the corresponding beam source. The motion of the microlens is controlled using CMOS compatible voltages (3V - 1 (mu) A) that are applied to opposite electrodes in the microfluidic well, creating an electrical field in the solution. By applying voltages to opposite electrode pairs, we have demonstrated the movement of spherical microlenses with sizes ranging from 0.87 micrometers to 40 micrometers in directions parallel to the electrode surface. Under a bias of 3 volts, the microspheres had an experimentally measured electrophoretic velocities ranging from 13 to 16 micrometers /s. Optical alignment of the spherical or ball microlens can be accomplished using feedback from a photodetector to position the lens for maximum efficiency. Using this device, it is possible to actively align microlenses to optical fibers, VCSELs, LEDs, photodetectors, etc.
End-to-end learning of parsing models for information retrieval (2013)

Parsers have been shown to be helpful in information retrieval tasks because they are able to model long-span word dependencies efficiently. While previous work focused on using traditional syntactic parse trees, this paper proposes a new approach where, unlike previous work, the parser parameters are discriminatively trained to directly optimize a non-convex and non-smooth IR measure. The relevance between a document and a query is then modeled by the weighted tree edit distance between their parses. We evaluate our method on a large scale web search task consisting of a real world query set. Results show that the new parser is more effective for document retrieval than using traditional syntactic parse trees. It gives significant improvement, especially for long queries where proper modeling of long-span dependencies is crucial.
Simple MAP decoding of first order Reed-Muller and Hamming codes (2004)

We present new MAP decoding algorithms for first order Reed-Muller and Hamming codes. The proposed algorithms have complexities proportional to n/spl times/log/sub 2/(n), where n is the code length.
Fast arithmetic for public-key algorithms in Galois fields with composite exponents (1999)

The article describes a novel class of arithmetic architectures for Galois fields GF(2/sup k/). The main applications of the architecture are public key systems which are based on the discrete logarithm problem for elliptic curves. The architectures use a representation of the field GF(2/sup k/) as GF((2/sup n/)/sup m/), where k=n/spl middot/m. The approach explores bit parallel arithmetic in the subfield GF(2/sup n/) and serial processing for the extension field arithmetic. This mixed parallel-serial (hybrid) approach can lead to fast implementations. As the core module, a hybrid multiplier is introduced and several optimizations are discussed. We provide two different approaches to squaring. We develop exact expressions for the complexity of parallel squarers in composite fields, which can have a surprisingly low complexity. The hybrid architectures are capable of exploring the time-space trade-off paradigm in a flexible manner. In particular, the number of clock cycles for one field multiplication, which is the atomic operation in most public key schemes, can be reduced by a factor of n compared to other known realizations. The acceleration is achieved at the cost of an increased computational complexity. We describe a proof-of-concept implementation of an ASIC for multiplication and squaring in GF((2/sup n/)/sup m/), m variable.
Identification of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor Inverse Agonists (2013)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone that regulates thyroid homeostasis upon interaction with the TSH receptor (TSHR). TSH binds to the TSH receptor, which couples preferentially to the G-alpha (s) (Gs) protein, resulting in activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate (cAMP). CID 2887926 is the first example of a small molecule TSHR inverse agonist. Preliminary structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of a selective TSHR inverse agonist, ML224, which could be a useful tool for studying TSHR functions; it could also be a potential lead for development of drugs to treat TSHR-mediated hyperthyroidism caused by constitutively activating mutations or stimulating auto-antibodies associated with Graves’ disease.
Rate-coverage analysis and optimization for joint audio-video multimedia retrieval (2017)

In this work, we consider the problem of automatic content retrieval (ACR) using joint audio-video fingerprints. We focus on how to balance the query accuracy and the size of fingerprint, and how to allocate the fingerprint bits to video and audio frames to maximize the query accuracy. By introducing a novel concept called coverage, which is highly correlated to the query accuracy, we are able to construct a rate-coverage model and formulate the joint audio-video fingerprint bit rate allocation into a dynamic programming optimization problem. Our experimental results demonstrate that, compared to existing approaches, our method improves the retrieval accuracy by up to 25% while using 60% of the original fingerprint bit rate.
High-Power, High-Efficiency Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers (2018)

Carrier-leakage suppression and fast carrier extraction allow quantum cascade lasers to reach internal efficiencies close to fundamental limits (~ 90 %). Then, CW wallplug efficiencies ≥ 40 % and powers ≥ 10 W become possible.
Interleukin 1 alpha and an interleukin 1 beta fragment are somnogenic (1990)

The somnogenic activity of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) has previously been established. Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) is a distinct gene product that possesses similar biological activities. We report here that IL-1 alpha, like IL-1 beta, has the capacity in rabbits to enhance non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, electroencephalographic slow-wave (0.5-3.5 Hz) voltages, and body temperatures and to inhibit rapid-eye-movement sleep. After IL-1 alpha, sleep remained episodic, and at the doses used no abnormal behavior was observed. Several synthetic IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta peptides were also tested in vivo for somnogenic and pyrogenic activity and in vitro for their ability to stimulate prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by fibroblasts and proliferation of T-cells. Only IL-1 beta-(208-240) enhanced non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and body temperature, although both IL-1 beta-(208-240) and IL-1 alpha-(223-250) stimulated PGE2 production; both of these peptides failed to stimulate T-cell production. In contrast, four other IL-1 peptides were nonpyrogenic and somnogenically inactive yet stimulated T-cell proliferation. We conclude that the components of IL-1 required for sleep and temperature activities are different from those required for T-cell proliferation.
Ambient-temperature passive magnetic bearings: Theory and design equations (1997)

Research has been underway at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to build a theoretical and experimental base for the design of ambient-temperature passive magnetic bearings for a variety of possible applications. in the approach taken the limitations imposed by Earnshaw`s theorem with respect to the stability of passive magnetic bearing systems employing axially symmetric permanent-magnet elements are overcome by employing special combinations of elements, as follows: Levitating and restoring forces are provided by combinations of permanent-magnet-excited elements chosen to provide positive stiffnesses (negative force derivatives) for selected displacements (i.e., those involving translations or angular displacement of the axis of rotation). As dictated by Eamshaw`s theorem, any bearing system thus constructed will be statically unstable for at least one of the remaining possible displacements. Stabilization against this displacement is accomplished by using periodic arrays (`Halbach arrays`) of permanent magnets to induce currents in close-packed inductively loaded circuits, thereby producing negative force derivatives stabilizing the system while in rotation. Disengaging mechanical elements stabilize the system when at rest and when below a low critical speed. The paper discusses theory and equations needed for the design of such systems.
Real-time digital holography of the retina by principal component\n analysis (2020)

We demonstrate the feasibility of high-quality digital holography of the\nhuman retina in real-time with a fast camera and commodity computer hardware.\nHigh throughput rendering of digital Fresnel holograms from optically-acquired\ninline interferograms is performed in conjunction with temporal demodulation by\nprojection of hologram sequences onto a data-derived basis in order to\ndiscriminate local narrowband coherent detection contrasts, mostly due to blood\nflow and optical absorption, from spurious interferometric contributions.\nDigital holograms are calculated from a sustained input stream of 16-bit,\n1024-by-1024-pixel interferograms recorded at up to 500 frames per second,\nprocessed by principal component analysis. This temporal signal demodulation\nscheme consists in the projection of stacks of 32 consecutive holograms onto a\nbasis calculated by eigendecomposition of the matrix of their time-lagged\ncovariance; it is performed up to 20 times per second with commodity computer\nhardware.\n
Unified sensor based classificaiton model across form factors (2017)

Sensor based algorithms need to extract features from raw sensor data. However, different devices have different sensor data distributions. This distribution differences lead to a problem that model trained on device A may be invalid when applied to device B. However, it is labor-consuming to collect data and label them on device B from scratch. To solve the problem, a solution is proposed to learn a feature mapping matrix from device B to device A, and transfer model trained on device A to the device B by adding a feature transformation layer. Result proved that our solution only needs 30∼40% size training data on new form factor, which dramatically reduced the data collection and model parameter tuning effort.
Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene catalyzed by copper carboxylate complexes (1998)

The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene has been studied using complexes of copper carboxylates. Compared with systems employing copper halides as the catalyst, the use of the copper carboxylates resulted in faster polymerization rates and higher polydispersities. A ligand (dNbpy) to Cu(I) carboxylate ratio of 1 was sufficient to achieve the maximum rate of polymerization. The addition of a small amount of either Cu(II) or Cu(I) halide to the copper carboxylate system yielded polymers with better controlled molecular weights and lower polydispersities yet the polymerization still remained relatively fast.
Constructing a maximum utility slate of on-line advertisements (2007)

We present an algorithm for constructing an optimal slate of sponsored search advertisements which respects the ordering that is the outcome of a generalized second price auction, but which must also accommodate complicating factors such as overall budget constraints. The algorithm is easily fast enough to use on the fly for typical problem sizes, or as a subroutine in an overall optimization.
Synthesis of graphene nanosheets with good control over the number of layers within the two-dimensional galleries of layered double hydroxides (2012)

Graphene nanosheets have been generated in the confined space of the two-dimensional galleries of a layered double hydroxide (LDH) and good control over the number of graphene layers can be achieved by adjusting the amounts of intercalated carbon source.
Pyrazole‐O‐glucosides as Novel Na<sup>+</sup>‐Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT) Inhibitors. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of the Materials for Sliding Parts of the Compressor for HFC’s (1998)

To improve the severe sliding conditions ,that is caused by the combination of HFC's and ester-oil, we conducted the following steps. First , We studied the wear-mechanism in ester-oil ,and got the following results 1. The wear has close relation with chemical reaction. 2. The temperature of the sliding part will affect greatly the reaction. Second ,to improve the durability of materials for the corrosive-wear ,We focused on the followings. 1. Maintaining the thickness of oil-film. 2. Improving the anti-corrosion property. Finally, We developed new materials with high wear resistant property, and achieved the great improvement of the reliability of the compressor for HFC's.
Time-resolved optical diffusion tomographic image reconstruction in highly scattering turbid media (1996)

The image of an object hidden in highly scattering media was reconstructed using a fast, noise-resistant algorithm newly applied to diffusion tomography. A pulsed light source producing scattered and transmitted light is examined at multiple times. Multiple source detector pairs around the medium are used to obtain data in many different directions. An inverse scattering algorithm with nonuniform regularization achieves rapid inversion convergence.