gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of plant chlorophyll content using Google Glass (2015)

Measuring plant chlorophyll concentration is a well-known and commonly used method in agriculture and environmental applications for monitoring plant health, which also correlates with many other plant parameters including, e.g., carotenoids, nitrogen, maximum green fluorescence, etc. Direct chlorophyll measurement using chemical extraction is destructive, complex and time-consuming, which has led to the development of mobile optical readers, providing non-destructive but at the same time relatively expensive tools for evaluation of plant chlorophyll levels. Here we demonstrate accurate measurement of chlorophyll concentration in plant leaves using Google Glass and a custom-developed software application together with a cost-effective leaf holder and multi-spectral illuminator device. Two images, taken using Google Glass, of a leaf placed in our portable illuminator device under red and white (i.e., broadband) light-emitting-diode (LED) illumination are uploaded to our servers for remote digital processing and chlorophyll quantification, with results returned to the user in less than 10 seconds. Intensity measurements extracted from the uploaded images are mapped against gold-standard colorimetric measurements made through a commercially available reader to generate calibration curves for plant leaf chlorophyll concentration. Using five plant species to calibrate our system, we demonstrate that our approach can accurately and rapidly estimate chlorophyll concentration of fifteen different plant species under both indoor and outdoor lighting conditions. This Google Glass based chlorophyll measurement platform can display the results in spatiotemporal and tabular forms and would be highly useful for monitoring of plant health in environmental and agriculture related applications, including e.g., urban plant monitoring, indirect measurements of the effects of climate change, and as an early indicator for water, soil, and air quality degradation.
Topical Result Caching in Web Search Engines (2020)

Caching search results is employed in information retrieval systems to expedite query processing and reduce back-end server workload. Motivated by the observation that queries belonging to different topics have different temporal-locality patterns, we investigate a novel caching model called STD (Static-Topic-Dynamic cache). It improves traditional SDC (Static-Dynamic Cache) that stores in a static cache the results of popular queries and manages the dynamic cache with a replacement policy for intercepting the temporal variations in the query stream. Our proposed caching scheme includes another layer for topic-based caching, where the entries are allocated to different topics (e.g., weather, education). The results of queries characterized by a topic are kept in the fraction of the cache dedicated to it. This permits to adapt the cache-space utilization to the temporal locality of the various topics and reduces cache misses due to those queries that are neither sufficiently popular to be in the static portion nor requested within short-time intervals to be in the dynamic portion. We simulate different configurations for STD using two real-world query streams. Experiments demonstrate that our approach outperforms SDC with an increase up to 3% in terms of hit rates, and up to 36% of gap reduction w.r.t. SDC from the theoretical optimal caching algorithm.
Alternative designs for dual-mode filters (2002)

Alternatives to conventional dual-mode filter designs are revealed by introducing an independent variable into a filter's coupling matrix through a sequence of plane rotation similarity transformations. A graphical means of evaluating the resulting alternatives is described. The procedure is demonstrated with the design of an improved six-resonance longitudinal dual-mode dielectric resonator filter without irises.
Biomass Conversion to Mixed Alcohol Fuels Using the MixAlco Process (1999)

The MixAlco process is a patented technology that converts any biodegradable material (e.g., sorted municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, industrial biosludge, manure, agricultural residues, energy crops) into mixed alcohol fuels containing predominantly 2-propanol, but also higher alcohols up to 7-tridecanol. The feedstock is treated with lime to increase its digestibility. Then, it is fed to a fermentor in which a mixed culture of acid-forming microorganisms produces carboxylic acids. Calcium carbonate is added to the fermentor to neutralize the acids to their corresponding carboxylate salt. The dilute (~3%) carboxylate salts are concentrated to 19% using an amine solvent that selectively extracts water. Drying is completed using multi-effect evaporators. Finally, the dry salts are thermally converted to ketones which subsequently are hydrogenated to alcohols. All the steps in the MixAlco process have been proven at the laboratory scale. A techno-economic model of the process indicates that with the tipping fees available in New York ($126/dry tonne), mixed alcohol fuels may be sold for $0.04JL ($0.16/gal) with a 60% return on investment (ROI). With the average tipping fee in the United States rates ($63/dry tonne), mixed alcohol fuels may be sold for $0.18JL ($0.69/gal) with a 15% ROI. In the case of sugarcane bagasse, which may be obtained for about $26/dry ton, mixed alcohol fuels may be sold for $0.29/L ($1.09/gal) with a 15% ROI.
Measurements of heart motion using accelerometers (2005)

We have used acceleration sensors to monitor the heart motion during surgery. A three-axis accelerometer was made from two commercially available two-axis sensors, and was used to measure the heart motion in anesthetized pigs. The heart moves due to both respiration and heart beating. The heart beating was isolated from respiration by high-pass filtering at 1.0 Hz, and heart wall velocity and position were calculated by numerically integrating the filtered acceleration traces. The resulting curves reproduced the heart motion in great detail, noise was hardly visible. Events that occurred during the measurements, e.g. arrhythmias and fibrillation, were recognized in the curves, and confirmed by comparison with synchronously recorded ECG data. We conclude that acceleration sensors are able to measure heart motion with good resolution, and that such measurements can reveal patterns that may be an indication of heart circulation failure.
A novel privacy protection scheme for participatory sensing with incentives (2012)

With the increasing popularity of smart phones, a new collaborative sensing application, named participatory sensing, gradually appeared. The key idea of participatory sensing is to employ so many users to collect and share sensed data using their mobile phones. Current relevant applications are mainly focused on how to collect sensed data. Few methods have been proposed for user privacy in participatory sensing applications. We proposed a novel privacy protection scheme for participatory sensing applications. In this scheme, we use the pseudonym, encryption function and hash function to protect the user's privacy and meanwhile to carry out incentives. Finally, we present an analysis of our protocol to show that our protocol meets the security requirements of participatory sensing application.
TGF-β inhibitors stimulate red blood cell production by enhancing self-renewal of BFU-E erythroid progenitors (2016)

Burst-forming unit erythroid progenitors (BFU-Es) are so named based on their ability to generate in methylcellulose culture large colonies of erythroid cells that consist of "bursts" of smaller erythroid colonies derived from the later colony-forming unit erythroid progenitor erythropoietin (Epo)-dependent progenitors. "Early" BFU-E cells forming large BFU-E colonies presumably have higher capacities for self-renewal than do "late" BFU-Es forming small colonies, but the mechanism underlying this heterogeneity remains unknown. We show that the type III transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor (TβRIII) is a marker that distinguishes early and late BFU-Es. Transient elevation of TβRIII expression promotes TGF-β signaling during the early BFU-E to late BFU-E transition. Blocking TGF-β signaling using a receptor kinase inhibitor increases early BFU-E cell self-renewal and total erythroblast production, suggesting the usefulness of this type of drug in treating Epo-unresponsive anemias.
<title>Coordinate transform method for closed fringe analysis</title> (2000)

A coordinate transform method is proposed which enables the Fourier transform method to analyze interferograms including closed fringe patterns. According to the principle of the proposed method, closed fringe patterns in an interferogram can be converted to open fringe patterns by transforming the Cartesian coordinate system to a polar coordinate system. Phases corresponding to the open fringe interferograms can be obtained by analyzing the open fringe interferograms using the conventional Fourier transform method. Subsequently, the original phases corresponding to the closed fringe interferograms can be acquired by inverse coordinate transform. Computer simulation and experiments show that spherical wave fronts are accurately recovered by using the proposed method.
Improved velocity‐selective‐inversion arterial spin labeling for cerebral blood flow mapping with 3D acquisition (2020)

FT-VSI with 3D-GRASE readout was successfully implemented and showed higher sensitivity to perfusion signal than PCASL for both young and middle-aged healthy volunteers.
Tensile stress dependence of magnetically induced ultrasonic shear wave velocity change in polycrystalline A-36 steel (1982)

Magnetically induced changes in the velocity of 4.5-MHz ultrasonic shear waves have been measured as a function of tensile stress in polycrystalline A-36 steel. The velocity changes are dependent on the relative orientations of the shear wave polarization, the magnetic field, and the external tensile stress. When the shear wave is polarized and propagated perpendicular to the tensile stress, the velocity changes induced by a magnetic field applied parallel to either stress or polarization were found to decrease with stress. This stress dependence of the magnetically induced velocity change shows potential for the nondestructive evaluation of stress in ferromagnetic materials.
Synthesis of Spherical Carbon Nitride Nanostructures (2001)

Carbon nitride spheres, with diameters ranging from 20 microns to as few as 30 nanometers were prepared by template-directed solid-state or solution reaction of cyanuric chloride or fluoride with lithium nitride. The electron microscopy data on the hollow spheres suggest their multiwalled nanostructure, built by disorderly stacked C3N4 curved layers assembled from triazine rings and nitrogen bridges of pyramidal structure. The closed spherical shape of this form of carbon nitride suggests its use in lubricants, catalyst supports, gas storage, and drug delivery.
Deterring Effect of Resins on the Aggregation of Asphaltenes in <i>n</i>-Heptane (2020)

Asphaltene precipitation can cause clogged pipelines, of which the alleviation costs the oil industry billions of dollars per year. Asphaltenes are a diverse set of macromolecules native to crude oil and are classified by their lack of solubility in light alkanes. Resins are another native component of crude oil that have been implicated in both deterring and promoting asphaltene aggregation. Here, we design a systematic set of model asphaltenes and resins to investigate the molecular features that affect the initial stages of asphaltene precipitation. We use extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to quantify aggregation behavior based on the isodesmic aggregation free energy of each system. These free energies are then fit to a linear model based on asphaltene and resin molecular features. We find that all model resins tested for this study either deter or do not affect asphaltene aggregation in a light crude oil environment. The inclusion of heteroatoms (0.22 kcal mol–1 atom–1) and aromatic carbon atoms (0.06 kcal mol–1 atom–1) in resins have the largest deterring effect on asphaltene precipitation. These findings and models represent a possible framework for using select resins to prevent asphaltene precipitation.
Characterization of a multi-element clinical HIFU system using acoustic holography and nonlinear modeling (2013)

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a treatment modality that relies on the delivery of acoustic energy to remote tissue sites to induce thermal and/or mechanical tissue ablation. To ensure the safety and efficacy of this medical technology, standard approaches are needed for accurately characterizing the acoustic pressures generated by clinical ultrasound sources under operating conditions. Characterization of HIFU fields is complicated by nonlinear wave propagation and the complexity of phased-array transducers. Previous work has described aspects of an approach that combines measurements and modeling, and here we demonstrate this approach for a clinical phased-array transducer. First, low amplitude hydrophone measurements were performed in water over a scan plane between the array and the focus. Second, these measurements were used to holographically reconstruct the surface vibrations of the transducer and to set a boundary condition for a 3-D acoustic propagation model. Finally, nonlinear simulations of the acoustic field were carried out over a range of source power levels. Simulation results were compared with pressure waveforms measured directly by hydrophone at both low and high power levels, demonstrating that details of the acoustic field, including shock formation, are quantitatively predicted.
Sensitivity Recalibration of MEMS Microphones to Compensate Drift and Environmental Influences (2016)

In this paper a new method for sensitivity recalibration of capacitive MEMS microphones is presented. Recalibration can be applied to compensate ageing or environmental influences. Recalibration can be done by measuring the sensitivity for only one bias voltage after a stress test. A microphone with a variable bias voltage can measure its pull-in voltage. Unfortunately, the drift of the pull-in voltage does not correlate with the sensitivity drift. So a true self-calibration without a defined acoustical test signal was impossible.
Balanced Reed-Solomon codes for all parameters (2016)

We construct balanced and sparsest generator matrices for cyclic Reed-Solomon codes with any length n and dimension k. By sparsest, we mean that each row has the least possible number of nonzeros, while balanced means that the number of nonzeros in any two columns differs by at most one. Codes allowing such encoding schemes are useful in distributed settings where computational load-balancing is critical. The problem was first studied by Dau et al. who showed, using probabilistic arguments, that there always exists an MDS code over a sufficiently large field such that its generator matrix is both sparsest and balanced. Motivated by the need for an explicit construction with efficient decoding, the authors of the current paper showed that the generator matrix of a cyclic Reed-Solomon code of length n and dimension k can always be transformed to one that is both sparsest and balanced, when n and k are such that k/n (n-k+1) is an integer. In this paper, we lift this condition and construct balanced and sparsest generator matrices for cyclic Reed-Solomon codes for any set of parameters.
Omnidirectional-view three-dimensional display system based on cylindrical selective-diffusing screen (2010)

We utilized a high-frame-rate projector, a rotating mirror, and a cylindrical selective-diffusing screen to present a novel three-dimensional (3D) omnidirectional-view display system without the need for any special viewing aids. The display principle and image size are analyzed, and the common display zone is proposed. The viewing zone for one observation place is also studied. The experimental results verify this method, and a vivid color 3D scene with occlusion and smooth parallax is also demonstrated with the system.
Spectroscopic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in vivo using laser-induced fluorescence spectra at multiple excitation wavlengths (1996)

Fluorescence spectra at multiple excitation wavelengths are essential for the detection and differential diagnosis of SILs at colposcopy.
Properties and Clinical Application of Three Types of Dental Glass-Ceramics and Ceramics for CAD-CAM Technologies (2010)

The main properties (mechanical, thermal and chemical) and clinical application for dental restoration are demonstrated for three types of glass-ceramics and sintered polycrystalline ceramic produced by Ivoclar Vivadent AG. Two types of glass-ceramics are derived from the leucite-type and the lithium disilicate-type. The third type of dental materials represents a ZrO2 ceramic. CAD/CAM technology is a procedure to manufacture dental ceramic restoration. Leucite-type glass-ceramics demonstrate high translucency, preferable optical/mechanical properties and an application as dental inlays, onlays and crowns. Based on an improvement of the mechanical parameters, specially the strength and toughness, the lithium disilicate glass-ceramics are used as crowns; applying a procedure to machine an intermediate product and producing the final glass-ceramic by an additional heat treatment. Small dental bridges of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic were fabricated using a molding technology. ZrO2 ceramics show high toughness and strength and were veneered with fluoroapatite glass-ceramic. Machining is possible with a porous intermediate product.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibody to Trichomonas vaginalis: use of whole cells and aqueous extract as antigen. (1984)

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibody to antigenic Trichomonas vaginalis macromolecules has been identified using whole cells or an aqueous protein extract as antigen. The test was developed under optimum conditions using serum samples from experimental animals. The sensitivity of the ELISA was equal to or greater than that obtained by radioimmunoprecipitation and electrophoresis-fluorography techniques. The ELISA was capable of assessing antibody responses during the development of lesions in animals inoculated subcutaneously and it reproducibly measured the individual classes immunoglobulins directed at T vaginalis. The colorimetric assay was also suitable for showing cross reactivity between trichomonal species as well as between different strains of T vaginalis. Conditions established for monitoring antibody to trichomanads in immunised rabbits or infected mice were equally effective for human materials, such as serum or vaginal washes. Serum from experimental animals or infected people showed high concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody to trichomonads. Only antibodies of the IgG and IgA class were detected in vaginal washes from women with acute trichomoniasis. No IgE antibody to trichomonads was found under a variety of conditions in serum samples from patients or experimental animals.
Cloning and Sequencing of 5' Terminal Sequences from Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genomic RNA (1986)

The subgenomic RNAs of the fowl coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) form a 3' co-terminal or 'nested' set. The presence of non-contiguous (leader) sequences fused to the 5' termini of murine hepatitis virus mRNAs has been demonstrated using RNase T1 oligonucleotide mapping and sequencing. The presence of a leader sequence on IBV mRNA A has been demonstrated previously. In this paper the presence of a leader identical to that present on the 5' terminus of IBV mRNA A is demonstrated to be present on the 5' terminus of IBV genomic RNA. This has been achieved by sequencing of primer extension products and cDNA clones containing the genomic leader. Analysis of these clones has revealed the presence of a sequence at the leader/genome-length RNA junction which is closely related to regions of homology identified previously within the genomic RNA sequence at the leader/body junctions of subgenomic RNAs. The implications of this finding for mechanisms of coronavirus RNA synthesis are discussed.
G-107 Pronounced antiviral activity of next-generation LTR-specific Tre-recombinase (2014)

HIV-1 integrates into the host chromosome and persists as a provirus flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs). To date, treatment regimens primarily target the virus enzymes, virus attachment or virus-cell fusion, but not the integrated provirus. Thus, current antiretroviral therapies (i.e. cART) cannot eradicate HIV-1, a fact that highlights the urgency of pursuing new strategies to find a cure for HIV/AIDS. Previously, we engineered an experimental LTR-specific recombinase (Tre-recombinase) that can effectively excise integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA from infected human cell cultures (Sarkar et al. 2007 Science. 316:1912). Subsequently, we demonstrated highly significant antiviral activity of this HIV-1 subtype A-specific Tre in humanized mice (Hauber et al. 2013 PLOS pathogens 9:e1003587). Broad clinical application, however, requires availability of a Tre-recombinase that recognizes a majority of clinical HIV-1 isolates. Here we report the engineering and functional analysis of a next-generation Tre-recombinase that recognizes >94% of all clinical HIV-1 isolates that have been sequenced to date. It is shown that the HIV-1 LTR harbours a conserved region that may serve as a universal Tre recognition site for provirus excision. Targeting this site by next-generation Tre-recombinase demonstrates pronounced antiviral activity in the absence of cellular toxicity. The presented data suggest that next-generation Tre technology may be a valuable component of future antiretroviral therapies to reverse infection and thereby provide a cure for HIV/AIDS.
Surface Treatment of Carbon Fibers by Continuous Gaseous System (2011)

The mechanical performance of carbon fiber-polymer composites strongly depends on interfacial adhesion, which is function of types of carbon fiber, surface chemistry, physical and chemical interactions, and mechanical interlocking. Untreated and unsized high strength carbon fibers were oxidized by continuous thermochemical and atmospheric plasma treatment. Surface properties were investigated before and after treatment (chemistry, topography), as well as their mechanical properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a significant increase of the oxygen atomic content from 3% to around 20% and the analysis of the carbon peak showed that carboxylic acid functionalities and hydroxyl groups were generated. An observation of the fiber surface by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy did not show any dramatic change of the fiber morphology and surface topography. A Raman spectroscopy analysis exhibited that the weak boundary layers and debris remaining at the surface of untreated fibers were removed. No significant damage of the mechanical properties (tensile strength) was noticed. The influence of the changes of the surface properties on interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber-epoxy and -vinyl ester matrix was evaluated using 90 flexural and short beam shear tests with unidirectional coupons. A significant increase of the 90 flexural and short beam shear strength showed thatmore » the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and epoxy resins was improved. The observation of the fracture profile by scanning electron microcopy confirmed those results, as the rupture of the coupons after surface treatment was more cohesive.« less