gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Genetic Factors in Conduct Disorder Based on Studies of Tourette Syndrome and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Probands and Their Relatives (1995)

To examine the role of genetic factors in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), 38 variables relating to the relevant DSM-III-R criteria, as well as other angry and aggressive behaviors, were examined in 1177 Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) probands, their first-degree relatives, and controls. Two techniques were used: (1) a genetic loading technique comparing the frequency of symptoms in groups with progressively less genetic loading for Gts and ADHD genes, and (2) comparison of the frequency of symptoms in relatives with, versus relatives without, TS or ADHD. When significant, the latter rules out ascertainment bias and inappropriate controls. For TS, the results were significant with most p values less than 10(-8). The same trends were seen in the smaller number of ADHD families. A polygenic model is proposed in which TS and ADHD alone represent lesser degrees of genetic loading and expression, and TS + CD not equal to ADHD represents a higher degree of genetic loading and expression of genes common to all three disorders. These studies emphasize the important role of genetic factors in ODD and CD. The therapeutic implications are discussed.
Immunocytochemical diagnosis of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix. (1993)

Ethanol-fixed and Papanicolaou-stained smears of 5 cases of cervical small cell undifferentiated carcinoma and 10 control cases of non-small cell cervical cancer were immunocytochemically examined with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against cluster 1 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) antigen, which were found to react with neural cell adhesion molecules (N-CAM). MAbs against cluster 1 SCLC antigen used in this study were NCC-LU-243, NCC-LU-246 and anti-Leu-19. The expression of cluster 1 SCLC antigen was recognized by MAb NCC-LU-243 and NCC-LU-246 in all five cases and by anti-Leu-19 MAb in three. The cluster 1 SCLC antigen was not detected in any of the 10 non-small cell cervical cancers. These results suggest that cluster 1 SCLC antigen is stable and immunocytochemically detectable in Papanicolaou-stained smears and is helpful in the cytologic diagnosis of cervical small cell undifferentiated carcinoma.
AN ARRAY OF BROADBAND DUAL POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETICALLY COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS (2013)

In this paper, design of broadband dual polarized electromagnetically coupled antenna array is proposed to achieve high isolation between two orthogonal ports. A dual polarized electromagnetically coupled microstrip antenna is designed with a suspended radiating element placed in inverted microstrip configuration and excited by two orthogonal microstrip line feeds to achieve broad bandwidth and high isolation. The antenna is designed for 5.8 GHz frequency band. The antenna design is extended to 2× 2 antenna array, with top layer radiating elements electromagnetically coupled to the open microstrip feed line network. The 6 × 6 antenna array is designed using 2 × 2 sub arrays with power divider network. The power divider network is integrated on the back side of the feed network to feed 2× 2 antenna sub arrays. The 6×6 antenna array achieves VSWR 30 dB.
Availability Knob (2016)

Failure is inevitable in cloud environments. Finding the root cause of a failure can be very complex or at times nearly impossible. Different cloud customers have varying availability demands as well as a diverse willingness to pay for availability. In contrast to existing solutions that try to provide higher and higher availability in the cloud, we propose the Availability Knob (AK). AK provides flexible, user-defined, availability in IaaS clouds, allowing the IaaS cloud customer to express their desire for availability to the cloud provider. Complementary to existing high-reliability solutions and not requiring hardware changes, AK enables more efficient markets. This leads to reduced provider costs, increased provider profit, and improved user satisfaction when compared to an IaaS cloud with no ability to convey availability needs. We leverage game theory to derive incentive compatible pricing, which not only enables AK to function with no knowledge of the root cause of failure but also function under adversarial situations where users deliberately cause downtime. We develop a high-level stochastic simulator to test AK in large-scale IaaS clouds over long time periods. We also prototype AK in OpenStack to explore availability-API tradeoffs and to provide a grounded, real-world, implementation. Our results show that deploying AK leads to more than 10% cost reduction for providers and improves user satisfaction. It also enables providers to set variable profit margins based on the risk of not meeting availability guarantees and the disparity in availability supply/demand. Variable profit margins enable cloud providers to improve their profit by as much as 20%.
Cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity in bone marrow transplantation: a prospective evaluation of new dosing regimens. (1991)

Cyclophosphamide (CY) cardiotoxicity may be a lethal complication of bone marrow transplantation. Previous echocardiographic studies have reported that left ventricular dysfunction due to CY occurs in over 50% of patients undergoing transplantation. To evaluate the cardiotoxicity of new dosing protocols that included twice-daily rather than once-daily CY, 44 bone marrow transplantation patients were prospectively evaluated with serial ECGs and echocardiograms. Twenty-six patients received a once-daily lower-dose protocol (mean total 87 +/- 11 mg/kg), and 18 patients received a twice-daily higher-dose (mean total 174 +/- 34 mg/kg) CY regimen. In the higher-dose CY group, significant reductions in summed ECG voltage (-20%) (P less than .01) and increases in left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (+10%) (P less than .05) were detected in the first week following therapy. These changes resolved by the third week following CY and were significantly greater than the changes noted in the lower-dose group. However, left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) did not change significantly in either group. Five patients developed clinical cardiotoxicity (four, pericarditis; one, congestive heart failure); four of the five patients were in the higher-dose group (P = .14). Only a prior history of congestive heart failure or a baseline EF less than 50% was an independent correlate of clinical cardiotoxicity (P less than .05). Thus, dose-dependent cardiotoxicity following the use of CY for bone marrow transplantation is evident as reversible decreases in ECG voltage and increases in left ventricular mass, possibly reflecting myocardial edema or hemorrhage. However, systolic dysfunction is much less common with these new twice-daily dosing regimens when compared with earlier studies of high-dose once-daily CY.
Synthetic Silvestrol Analogues as Potent and Selective Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (2012)

Misregulation of protein translation plays a critical role in human cancer pathogenesis at many levels. Silvestrol, a cyclopenta[b]benzofuran natural product, blocks translation at the initiation step by interfering with assembly of the eIF4F translation complex. Silvestrol has a complex chemical structure whose functional group requirements have not been systematically investigated. Moreover, silvestrol has limited development potential due to poor druglike properties. Herein, we sought to develop a practical synthesis of key intermediates of silvestrol and explore structure-activity relationships around the C6 position. The ability of silvestrol and analogues to selectively inhibit the translation of proteins with high requirement on the translation-initiation machinery (i.e., complex 5'-untranslated region UTR) relative to simple 5'UTR was determined by a cellular reporter assay. Simplified analogues of silvestrol such as compounds 74 and 76 were shown to have similar cytotoxic potency and better ADME characteristics relative to those of silvestrol.
Improvement of the critical temperature of superconducting NbTiN and NbN thin films using the AlN buffer layer (2010)

Improvement of the critical temperature of superconducting NbTiN and NbN thin films using the AlN buffer layer, Shiino, Tatsuya, Shiba, Shoichi, Sakai, Nami, Yamakura, Tetsuya, Jiang, Ling, Uzawa, Yoshinori, Maezawa, Hiroyuki, Yamamoto, Satoshi
Lane-Level Road Information Mining from Vehicle GPS Trajectories Based on Naïve Bayesian Classification (2015)

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for mining lane-level road network information from low-precision vehicle GPS trajectories (MLIT), which includes the number and turn rules of traffic lanes based on naïve Bayesian classification. First, the proposed method (MLIT) uses an adaptive density optimization method to remove outliers from the raw GPS trajectories based on their space-time distribution and density clustering. Second, MLIT acquires the number of lanes in two steps. The first step establishes a naïve Bayesian classifier according to the trace features of the road plane and road profiles and the real number of lanes, as found in the training samples. The second step confirms the number of lanes using test samples in reference to the naïve Bayesian classifier using the known trace features of test sample. Third, MLIT infers the turn rules of each lane through tracking GPS trajectories. Experiments were conducted using the GPS trajectories of taxis in Wuhan, China. Compared with human-interpreted results, the automatically generated lane-level road network information was demonstrated to be of higher quality in terms of displaying detailed road networks with the number of lanes and turn rules of each lane.
Implementation of VSS control to robotic manipulators-smoothing modification (1989)

The authors focus on the implementation of a variable structure systems (VSS) controller with smoothing laws in the design of effective tracking control for multi-input, multi-output robotic arms. The controller is realized by selecting powerful smoothing methods, such as balance conditions or their simplification, to reduce or remove undesirable chattering while keeping the robust characteristic that rejects system uncertainties. Giving careful consideration to actual system constraints, a design principle for selecting different smoothing methods is obtained and confirmed by experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Advantages of versatile neural-network decoding for topological codes (2019)

Finding optimal correction of errors in generic stabilizer codes is a computationally hard problem, even for simple noise models. While this task can be simplified for codes with some structure, such as topological stabilizer codes, developing good and efficient decoders still remains a challenge. In our paper, we systematically study a very versatile class of decoders based on feedforward neural networks. To demonstrate adaptability, we apply neural decoders to the triangular color and toric codes under various noise models with realistic features, such as spatially correlated errors. We report that neural decoders provide a significant improvement over leading efficient decoders in terms of the error-correction threshold. In particular, the neural decoder threshold for the two-dimensional color code is very close to the toric code threshold. Using neural networks simplifies the design of decoders and does not require prior knowledge of the underlying noise.
JAK inhibition using tofacitinib for inflammatory bowel disease treatment: a hub for multiple inflammatory cytokines (2015)

The inflammatory diseases ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease constitute the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They are characterized by chronic, relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, significantly impacting on patient quality of life and often requiring prolonged treatment. Existing therapies for IBD are not effective for all patients, and an unmet need exists for additional therapies to induce and maintain remission. Here we describe the mechanism of action of the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, tofacitinib, for the treatment of IBD and the effect of JAK inhibition on the chronic cycle of inflammation that is characteristic of the disease. The pathogenesis of IBD involves a dysfunctional response from the innate and adaptive immune system, resulting in overexpression of multiple inflammatory cytokines, many of which signal through JAKs. Thus JAK inhibition allows multiple cytokine signaling pathways to be targeted and is expected to modulate the innate and adaptive immune response in IBD, thereby interrupting the cycle of inflammation. Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule JAK inhibitor that is being investigated as a targeted immunomodulator for IBD. Clinical development of tofacitinib and other JAK inhibitors is ongoing, with the aspiration of providing new treatment options for IBD that have the potential to deliver prolonged efficacy and clinically meaningful patient benefits.
Process Optimal Design in Forging by Genetic Algorithm (2002)

A genetic algorithm based approach is presented for process optimal design in forging. In this approach, the optimal design problem is formulated on the basis of the integrated thermo-mechanical finite element process model so as to cover diverse design variables and objective functions, and a genetic algorithm is adopted for conducting design iteration for optimization. The process model, the formulation for process optimal design, and the genetic algorithm are described in detail. The approach is applied to several selected process design problems in cold and hot forging.
Higher HIV-1 RNA cutoff level required in cerebrospinal fluid than in blood to predict positive HIV-1 isolation (2000)

HIV-1 can be isolated from the vast majority of blood samples taken from HIV-1-seropositive patients not treated with antiretroviral drugs. Isolation rates from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples are considerably lower, ranging between 20-70%. The objective of this study was to determine the cutoff levels for HIV-1 RNA that would yield a positive predictive value > or =90% for positive virus isolation from CSF and blood. Quantitative HIV-1 RNA PCR (Amplicor HIV monitor, version 1.0, Roche Diagnostic Systems) and virus isolation were used to examine 303 CSF samples and 278 paired blood samples from 157 HIV-1-seropositive patients. Patients on antiretroviral treatment provided 140 of the CSF samples and 131 of the blood samples. CSF samples that were positive by culture numbered 137 of 303 (45%), as compared with 216 of 278 (78%) blood samples. In the case of samples taken from patients with antiretroviral treatment, 28% were positive by culture from CSF and 63% from blood. As expected, mean HIV-1 RNA levels were higher in CSF and blood samples positive by culture than in samples negative by culture. A cutoff level of >5,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml was required to yield a positive predictive value for positive virus isolation from CSF samples of > or =90%, whereas the cutoff level for blood samples was just above the detection limit of the assay (>200 HIV-1 copies/ml).
Point mutations in the murine fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene: Animal models for the human genetic disorder hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (2001)

Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a severe autosomal recessive metabolic disease associated with point mutations in the human fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase ( FAH ) gene that disrupt tyrosine catabolism. An acute form of HT1 results in death during the first months of life because of hepatic failure, whereas a chronic form leads to gradual development of liver disease often accompanied by renal dysfunction, childhood rickets, neurological crisis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mice homozygous for certain chromosome 7 deletions of the albino Tyr ; c locus that also include Fah die perinatally as a result of liver dysfunction and exhibit a complex syndrome characterized by structural abnormalities and alterations in gene expression in the liver and kidney. Here we report that two independent, postnatally lethal mutations induced by N -ethyl- N -nitrosourea and mapped near Tyr are alleles of Fah . The Fah 6287SB allele is a missense mutation in exon 6, and Fah 5961SB is a splice mutation causing loss of exon 7, a subsequent frameshift in the resulting mRNA, and a severe reduction of Fah mRNA levels. Increased levels of the diagnostic metabolite succinylacetone in the urine of the Fah 6287SB and Fah 5961SB mutants indicate that these mutations cause a decrease in Fah enzymatic activity. Thus, the neonatal phenotype present in both mutants is due to a deficiency in Fah caused by a point mutation, and we propose Fah 5961SB and Fah 6287SB as mouse models for acute and chronic forms of human HT1, respectively.
Recognition of chronic hypoxia and pre-existing foetal injury on the cardiotocograph (CTG): Urgent need to think beyond the guidelines (2017)

Chronic utero-placental insufficiency may result in progressive hypoxia culminating in fetal decompensation and acidosis and this is termed 'chronic' or 'long-standing' hypoxia. It is essential to recognise the features of chronic hypoxia on the CTG trace so as to institute timely and appropriate action. The current guidelines may not capture a fetus who starts labour already compromised or limited in its ability to compensate for hypoxic or mechanical stresses during labour. The aim of this short review is to explore the CTG features that allow the clinician to recognise a fetus who may present with an antenatal insult such as chronic hypoxia, anaemia, infection, fetal arrhythmias and preexisting non-hypoxic brain injury.
Improving the Synthetic Data Generation Process in Spatial Microsimulation Models (2009)

Simulation models are increasingly used in applied research to create synthetic micro-populations and predict possible individual-level outcomes of policy intervention. Previous research highlights the relevance of simulation techniques in estimating the potential outcomes of changes in areas such as taxation and child benefit policy, crime, education, or health inequalities. To date, however, there is very little published research on the creation, calibration, and testing of such micro-populations and models, and little on the issue of how well synthetic data can fit locally as opposed to globally in such models. This paper discusses the process of improving the process of synthetic micropopulation generation with the aim of improving and extending existing spatial microsimulation models. Experiments using different variable configurations to constrain the models are undertaken with the emphasis on producing a suite of models to match the different sociodemographic conditions found within a typical city. The results show that creating processes to generate area-specific synthetic populations, which reflect the diverse populations within the study area, provides more accurate population estimates for future policy work than the traditional global model configurations.
Formation of highly organized skeletal muscle fibers <i>in vitro</i> Comparison with muscle development <i>in vivo</i> (1992)

Two methods were developed in which long-term cultures of quail skeletal muscle were established so that all of the muscle fibers develop in a highly oriented manner. The muscle fibers became spontaneously and vigorously contractile and established strong connections with the extracellular matrix at their ends that closely duplicate the structure of the myotendinous junction. A continuous basal lamina was formed around each muscle fiber that contained type IV collagen, laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. With one of the methods, an extensive extracellular matrix developed around each muscle fiber that was highly organized with the formation of a distinctive epimysium, perimysium and endomysium. Analysis of the cultures by both methods for different isoforms of myosin showed expression of an adult form of myosin by some of the muscle cells. The results therefore demonstrate that muscle development in the present culture systems proceeds extensively for several weeks. It will now be possible to investigate directly the structure of the connections between muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix.
Antifibrotic effects of interleukin-10 on experimental hepatic fibrosis. (2008)

The expression of TGF-beta1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 increased in liver or in HSC of hepatic fibrosis rats and decreased after treatment with IL-10. The IL-10 could inhibit the activation of HSCs and make an antifibrogenic process come into effect in this way.
Digital stethoscope: technology update (2018)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as the leading cause of mortality throughout the world. About one-third of global mortality is attributable to CVD. In addition to clinical presentation, specific clinical exam findings can assist in treating and preventing CVD. CVD may initially manifest as pulmonary pathology, and thus, accurate cardiopulmonary auscultation is paramount to establishing accurate diagnosis. One of the most powerful tools available to physicians is the stethoscope. The stethoscope first emerged in the year 1818, invented by a French physician, René Laennec. Since then, the initial modest monaural wooden tube has evolved into a sophisticated digital device. This paper provides an analysis of the evolution of the stethoscope as well as highlights the advancement made by the modern digital stethoscope including the application of this tool in advancing care for patients suffering from CVD.
Firmware updating systems for nanosatellites (2016)

During the course of a space mission unexpected events can occur regardless of rigorous testing. In order to ensure the ability of a spacecraft to recover and adapt to new situations, it may be necessary to update the firmware for resolving the software issues, work around hardware problems, or introduce new features. The importance of remote firmware updates as well as a method to calculate an indicative value of flexibility in space missions is summarized by R. Nilchiani [1].
Microchannels with Substantial Friction Reduction at Large Pressure and Large Flow (2009)

This paper introduces and experimentally verifies a self-regulating method for reducing the friction losses in large microchannels at high liquid pressures and large liquid flows, overcoming limitations with regard to sustainable liquid pressure on a superhydrophobic surface. Our design of the superhydrophobic channel creates an automatic adjustment of the gas pressure in the lubricating air layer to the local liquid pressure in the channel. This is achieved by pneumatically connecting the liquid in the microchannel to the air pockets trapped at channel wall trough a pressure feedback channel. When liquid enters the feedback channel it compresses the air and increases the pressure in the air pocket. This reduces the pressure drop over the air-liquid interface and increases the maximum sustainable liquid pressure. We define a dimensionless fluidic number, W <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> = P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> thetas <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> , which expresses the fluidic energy carrying capacity of a superhydrophobic microchannel. We experimentally verified that our geometry can sustain several times higher liquid pressure before collapsing, and we measured better friction reducing properties at higher W <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> values than in previous works. This method could be applicable for reducing near-wall laminar friction in both micro- and macroscale flows.