gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Visual Interaction Framework for Dimensionality Reduction Based Data Exploration (2018)

Dimensionality reduction is a common method for analyzing and visualizing high-dimensional data. However, reasoning dynamically about the results of a dimensionality reduction is difficult. Dimensionality-reduction algorithms use complex optimizations to reduce the number of dimensions of a dataset, but these new dimensions often lack a clear relation to the initial data dimensions, thus making them difficult to interpret. Here we propose a visual interaction framework to improve dimensionality-reduction based exploratory data analysis. We introduce two interaction techniques, forward projection and backward projection, for dynamically reasoning about dimensionally reduced data. We also contribute two visualization techniques, prolines and feasibility maps, to facilitate the effective use of the proposed interactions. We apply our framework to PCA and autoencoder-based dimensionality reductions. Through data-exploration examples, we demonstrate how our visual interactions can improve the use of dimensionality reduction in exploratory data analysis.
Tip-Enhanced Laser Ablation Sample Transfer for Biomolecule Mass Spectrometry (2014)

Atomic force microscope (AFM) tip-enhanced laser ablation was used to transfer molecules from thin films to a suspended silver wire for off-line mass spectrometry using laser desorption ionization (LDI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). An AFM with a 30 nm radius gold-coated silicon tip was used to image the sample and to hold the tip 15 nm from the surface for material removal using a 355 nm Nd:YAG laser. The ablated material was captured on a silver wire that was held 300 μm vertically and 100 μm horizontally from the tip. For the small molecules anthracene and rhodamine 6G, the wire was cut and affixed to a metal target using double-sided conductive tape and analyzed by LDI using a commercial laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Approximately 100 fg of material was ablated from each of the 1 μm ablation spots and transferred with approximately 3% efficiency. For larger polypeptide molecules angiotensin II and bovine insulin, the captured material was dissolved in saturated matrix solution and deposited on a target for MALDI analysis.
Secure Sharing of Item-Level Data in the Cloud (2011)

Companies can optimize their supply chain if they exchange item-level data, i.e. specific data about each item gathered with the help of Radio Frequency Identification or 2D bar codes. However, business critical information might be inferred from this data, e.g. strategic relations or best practices. Therefore, companies are reluctant to share item-level data. In this paper we discuss requirements for an encryption scheme for exchanging item-level data by storing it in a cloud-based data repository. We envision a system that allows the data owner to enforce access control on an item-level. And data should remain confidential even against the cloud service provider.
Aerobic Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery for Offshore Use (1992)

ABSTRACT Aerobic microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), based on the ability of oil degrading bacteria to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water, is reviewed. This process implies pumping water containing oxygen and mineral nutrients into the oil reservoir to stimulate growth of aerobic oil degrading bacteria. Based on core flood experiments, the amount of bacterial biomass responsible for dislodging the oil is calculated. The results show that the process is limited by the amount of oxygen available for bacterial oil degrading and that on a weight/weight basis the bacterial biomass was more efficient than synthetic surfactants in dislodging the oil. Calculations show that it is feasible, on most offshore platforms, to instal equipment to handle the process. Further, calculations have been performed on the economics of the process, and the results indicate a cost of 0.84 to 4.6 US$ per incremental m3 oil produced.
3D Printing of Transparent Silicone Elastomers (2021)

Abstract In this paper, inks for transparent elastomers that are formulated by matching the refractive index of silica and polysiloxanes are described. The transparent inks transmit up to ≈90% of 700 nm light through 1 cm and remain transparent when solidified. The inks and solidified materials exhibit a thermochromic effect. This thermochromic effect can be controlled by the refractive index mismatch. Transparency may increase or decrease as temperature increases, depending on the refractive index mismatch of the base polysiloxane and silica. It is found that the rheological properties of the ink depend on the distribution of silica particles, which is dictated by silica functionality, weight content, and processing. Siloxane precursors that vary in chemical functionality are introduced to tailor the mechanical properties of the printed elastomers, which obtain stretchability > 65% along with a tensile modulus of 1.9 MPa. After optimizing siloxane chemistry and ink processing, the authors are able to print transparent elastomers. Potential applications are demonstrated for printed structures by printing encapsulation structures for light‐emitting diodes, semitransparent dye‐filled structures, a microfluidic mixing device, and a multimaterial structure that exhibits temperature‐dependent camouflage.
Replication-Competent Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Lacking the V3 Loop Exhibit Resistance to Chemokine Receptor Antagonists (2007)

Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 requires interactions between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) on the virus and CD4 and a chemokine receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, on the cell surface. The V3 loop of the HIV gp120 glycoprotein plays a critical role in this process, determining tropism for CCR5- or CXCR4-expressing cells, but details of how V3 interacts with these receptors have not been defined. Using an iterative process of deletion mutagenesis and in vitro adaptation of infectious viruses, variants of HIV-2 were derived that could replicate without V3, either with or without a deletion of the V1/V2 variable loops. The generation of these functional but markedly minimized Envs required adaptive changes on the gp120 core and gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein. V3-deleted Envs exhibited tropism for both CCR5- and CXCR4-expressing cells, suggesting that domains on the gp120 core were mediating interactions with determinants shared by both coreceptors. Remarkably, HIV-2 Envs with V3 deletions became resistant to small-molecule inhibitors of CCR5 and CXCR4, suggesting that these drugs inhibit wild-type viruses by disrupting a specific V3 interaction with the coreceptor. This study represents a proof of concept that HIV Envs lacking V3 alone or in combination with V1/V2 that retain functional domains required for viral entry can be derived. Such minimized Envs may be useful in understanding Env function, screening for new inhibitors of gp120 core interactions with chemokine receptors, and designing novel immunogens for vaccines.
Metabolic differentiation of early Lyme disease from southern tick–associated rash illness (STARI) (2017)

Lyme disease, the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States, results from infection with <i>Borrelia burgdorferi.</i> Early clinical diagnosis of this disease is largely based on the presence of an erythematous skin lesion for individuals in high-risk regions. This, however, can be confused with other illnesses including southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI), an illness that lacks a defined etiological agent or laboratory diagnostic test, and is coprevalent with Lyme disease in portions of the eastern United States. By applying an unbiased metabolomics approach with sera retrospectively obtained from well-characterized patients, we defined biochemical and diagnostic differences between early Lyme disease and STARI. Specifically, a metabolic biosignature consisting of 261 molecular features (MFs) revealed that altered <i>N</i>-acyl ethanolamine and primary fatty acid amide metabolism discriminated early Lyme disease from STARI. Development of classification models with the 261-MF biosignature and testing against validation samples differentiated early Lyme disease from STARI with an accuracy of 85 to 98%. These findings revealed metabolic dissimilarity between early Lyme disease and STARI, and provide a powerful and new approach to inform patient management by objectively distinguishing early Lyme disease from an illness with nearly identical symptoms.
Simple fiber-optic confocal microscopy with nanoscale depth resolution beyond the diffraction barrier (2007)

A novel fiber-optic confocal approach for ultrahigh depth-resolution (<or=2 nm) microscopy beyond the diffraction barrier in the subwavelength nanometric range below 200 nm is presented. The key idea is based on a simple fiber-optic confocal microscope approach that is compatible with a differential confocal microscope technique. To improve the dynamic range of the resolving laser power and to achieve a high resolution in the nanometric range, we have designed a simple apertureless reflection confocal microscope with a highly sensitive single-mode-fiber confocal output. The fiber-optic design is an effective alternative to conventional pinhole-based confocal systems and offers a number of advantages in terms of spatial resolution, flexibility, miniaturization, and scanning potential. Furthermore, the design is compatible with the differential confocal pinhole microscope based on the use of the sharp diffraction-free slope of the axial confocal response curve rather than the area around the maximum of that curve. Combining the advantages of ultrahigh-resolution fiber-optic confocal microscopy, we can work beyond the diffraction barrier in the subwavelength (below 200 nm) nanometric range exploiting confocal nanobioimaging of single cell and intracellular analytes.
Non-destructive real-time direct measurement of subsurface damage (2005)

Subsurface damage control and measurement is critical on a wide range of optical elements. The amount of subsurface damage present in an optic determines its yield strength, the amount of laser power that the optic can handle, and the flatness that can be maintained during the coating process. In these days of reduced tolerance for mission failure, it is critical to have accurate knowledge of the condition of an optic before sending it into space. Destructive tests provide very accurate measurements of subsurface damage, but such testing can be time consuming and an uncertainty always remains: Does the finished part have the same subsurface properties as the measured sample? Various laser scattering techniques currently provide non-destructive measurement of subsurface measurement, but these measurements are all indirect. The laser scattering techniques directly measure the amount of laser light scattered from a surface and below, which is then correlated to an approximate depth of subsurface damage that might produce the measured amount of scattering. In contrast, the technique presented here is both a non-destructive and direct measurement of the depth and extent of subsurface damage. Because it is a direct measurement, subsurface damage depth can be reported in real time, allowing for in-process corrections and optimizations. This paper presents the measurement setup and offers an example of the experimental output provided by this new method.
Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)(Zn<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>) (Fe<sub>2/3</sub>W<sub>1/3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Ceramics (1985)

Dielectric ceramics with the compositions of Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) O 3 –Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 –Pb(Fe 2/3 W 1/3 )O 3 pseudo-ternary system were studied. The ceramics were sintered at 900°C, had high dielectric constant (6500) and small change of dielectric constant with temperature (+3%∼-26% relative to 20°C between -25°C to 85°C). The powder processing of these compositions was studied. Pb 2 Nb 2 O 7 phase remained in the ceramics with low calcining temperatures. Multilayer chip capacitors with Ag–Pd internal electrodes were fabricated.
Pre-Echo Reduction In The Itu-T G.729.1 Embedded Coder (2008)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2008
Characterization of 2-chloro-N10-substituted phenoxazines for reversing multidrug resistance in cancer cells. (1998)

Twenty-one 2-chloro-N10-substituted phenoxazines have been synthesized and characterized as potential modulators of multidrug resistance (MDR). Many of the compounds, at a concentration of 100 microM, enhanced accumulation of vinblastine (VLB) in drug-resistant KB8-5 cells to a greater extent than the same concentration of verapamil (VRP). However, the effects on VLB accumulation were specific, because these derivatives had little activity in the parental drug-sensitive line KB3-1. The compounds slowed the efflux of VLB from KB8-5 cells, suggesting that the chlorophenoxazines, like VRP, can inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux of VLB from this cell line. Two of the chlorophenoxazine derivatives, and also VRP, were able to stimulate the vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity attributable to P-gp in membranes isolated from MDR1 baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. This result suggests that these modulators exert their effect by directly interacting with P-gp. Apart from the parent unsubstituted molecule, 2-chlorophenoxazine, there was a good correlation between log10P and the ability of the compounds to enhance VLB accumulation in KB8-5. This suggests that lipophilicity of a modulator is important, but is not the sole determinant of potency. Within this series of compounds, the optimal structural features for MDR modulation include a hydrophobic phenoxazine ring with a -Cl atom in the C-2 position and a tertiary amine group four carbons from the tricyclic ring. Many of the agents at the IC10 concentration completely reversed the 37-fold VLB resistance in KB8-5 cells. The most active agents in KB8-5 were able to partially reverse VLB resistance in an MDR colon carcinoma cell line GC3/c1 and completely reversed the 86-fold VLB resistance in the MDR1-overexpressing breast carcinoma cell line BC19/3. These same agents could only partially sensitize BC19/3 cells to taxol and doxorubicin, suggesting that the chlorophenoxazine derivatives show some specificity for modulating VLB resistance.
Bubble chamber spectroscopy for chemical analysis: A new concept (1995)

A new technique for the detection of trace concentrations of molecules in solution has been developed. This system utilizes the amplification characteristics of a bubble chamber in which energy deposition from laser absorption is monitored. In the experimental set-up, a trace quantity of solute is introduced into liquid propane that is contained in a small (10 ml) stainless steel cell at 120 psi. The propane is superheated by sudden reduction of the cell pressure. Before wall nucleated boiling occurs, target solute molecules are energized by a laser pulse. Absorption of pump laser energy results in the formation of nucleation centers which develop into bubbles and which in turn are detected by CCD camera. Preliminary experiments with crystal violet used as a test absorber have demonstrated detection sensitivity of 10 parts per trillion (ppt).
Leveraging Unpaired Text Data for Training End-to-End Speech-to-Intent Systems (2020)

Training an end-to-end (E2E) neural network speech-to-intent (S2I) system that directly extracts intents from speech requires large amounts of intent-labeled speech data, which is time consuming and expensive to collect. Initializing the S2I model with an ASR model trained on copious speech data can alleviate data sparsity. In this paper, we attempt to leverage NLU text resources. We implemented a CTC-based S2I system that matches the performance of a state-of-the-art, traditional cascaded SLU system. We performed controlled experiments with varying amounts of speech and text training data. When only a tenth of the original data is available, intent classification accuracy degrades by 7.6% absolute. Assuming we have additional text-to-intent data (without speech) available, we investigated two techniques to improve the S2I system: (1) transfer learning, in which acoustic embeddings for intent classification are tied to fine-tuned BERT text embeddings; and (2) data augmentation, in which the text-to-intent data is converted into speech-to-intent data using a multi-speaker text-to-speech system. The proposed approaches recover 80% of performance lost due to using limited intent-labeled speech.
Acoustic microscopy at optical wavelengths (1978)

Recent advances in the field of acoustic microscopy have allowed the instrument to be operated at wavelengths that correspond to the center of the optical band. Experimental results in the form of acoustic micrographs are presented and compared to their optical counterparts. It is apparent that the resolving power of the instrument is similar to that of the optical microscope. Also it is seen that the acoustic micrographs yield information on the subsurface region. This information is not available in the optical images.
Efficient Sampling of Sparse Wideband Analog Signals (2009)

Periodic nonuniform sampling is a known method to sample spectrally sparse signals below the Nyquist rate. This strategy relies on the implicit assumption that the individual samplers are exposed to the entire frequency range. This assumption becomes impractical for wideband sparse signals. The current paper proposes an alternative sampling stage that does not require a full-band front end. Instead, signals are captured with an analog front end that consists of a bank of multipliers and lowpass filters whose cutoff is much lower than the Nyquist rate. The problem of recovering the original signal from the low-rate samples can be studied within the framework of compressive sampling. An appropriate parameter selection ensures that the samples uniquely determine the analog input. Moreover, the analog input can be stably reconstructed with digital algorithms. Numerical experiments support the theoretical analysis.
Brightness as a function of current amplitude in human retinal electrical stimulation (2010)

Six human subjects with late stage retinitis pigmentosa were implanted with a prototype epiretinal prosthesis consisting of a 4×4 array of sixteen stimulating electrodes with the goal of eventually restoring functional vision. As described previously, this device reliably elicits visual percepts by electrically stimulating intact cells of the neural retina. An important problem for restoring function is to calibrate each electrode to account for differences in the brightness of percepts as a function of stimulation amplitude. We measured apparent brightness as a function of electrical current amplitude, using both subjective magnitude rating and brightness matching procedures in two chronically implanted subjects. We found that both magnitude rating and brightness matching data can be described using a simple model where apparent brightness increases as a power function of stimulation intensity (B=aCg). For both experiments, good fits for both subjects could be obtained using a fixed value of the exponent g, and only allowing the scaling factor, a, to vary across electrodes. These results suggest that it should be possible calibrate brightness across an entire array of electrodes by measuring a single parameter for each electrode. For example, single brightness matching measurements made at a relatively high amplitude on each electrode would be sufficient to describe relative perceived brightness across electrodes, and thereby provide a simple method of creating the appearance of equally bright phosphenes across an entire array and across a wide range of brightness levels.
The Interfacial Shear Strength of Carbon Nanotube Sheet Modified Carbon Fiber Composites (2021)

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites have low density and high tensile strengths. However, their compressive strengths are much lower than their corresponding tensile strengths due to fiber micro-buckling and interface failure between fiber and matrix. To address this issue, we report a method for fabricating carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet scrolled carbon fibers or fiber tows to improve the interfacial shear strengths. A CNT sheet is drawn from a drawable carbon nanotube forest grown on a silicon substrate, it is used to wrap around individual carbon fibers. The CNT wrapped carbon fiber is subsequently impregnated into a polymer to form a composite. Scanning electron micrograph shows that the wettability of CNT wrapped carbon fiber composite increases drastically in comparison with the composite without CNT, indicating significantly increased bonding between carbon fiber and polymer due to the addition of aligned CNT at the interphase. Fiber push-out and push-in nanoindentation characterization indicates increased interfacial shear strengths, consistently at over 80% with the use of wrapped aligned CNT sheet. The results from scrolling CNT sheet around individual carbon fibers to enhance compressive strengths indicate the potential performance enhancement of composites when this approach is scaled up.
Hall‐Current Ion Sources (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Closed Drift Ion Sources End-Hall Ion Sources Electric Discharge and Ion Beam Volt–Ampere Characteristics Operating Parameters Characterizing Ion Source References
Solid‐state polymerization of a cyclic diacetylene (1974)

Abstract Large polymeric single crystals of a unique ring‐bridged polymer have been produced by the solid‐state polymerization of a cyclic diacetylene ( o , o ′‐diacetylenyldiphenyl glutarate). These crystals are of high thermal stability, metallic in appearance with an asbestos‐like texture, infusible, and insoluble. Single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction investigation indicates that the polymer is monoclinic (probable space group C 2/ c or Cc ) with a unit cell containing four monomer units of dimensions α = 20.8 Å, b = 8.0 Å, c = 9.7 Å, and β = 106°. Infrared spectra eliminate the previously suggested possibility that the solid‐state reactivity of the above monomer corresponds to either reaction of the carbonyl function with the acetylenic bond or the cleavage of the ester linkage. Diffraction, dichroism, and Raman spectral studies indicate instead that the reaction proceeds by 1,4‐addition polymerization at the diacetylene group to produce a trans–trans polymer of structure magnified image where the curved lines represent the di‐( o ‐phenyl)‐glutarate linkages which are on opposite sides of the chain for adjacent monomer units.
Adolescents in the United States can identify familiar foods at the time of consumption and when prompted with an image 14 h postprandial, but poorly estimate portions (2011)

The results provide evidence that adolescents can correctly identify familiar foods and they can look at an image of their meal and identify the foods in the image up to 14·5 h postprandial. The results of the present study not only inform the development of the mpFR but also provide strong evidence of the use of digital images of eating occasions in research and clinical settings.