gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MTF optimization by automatic adjustment of aberration merit function (2002)

The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is widely used for the evaluation of optical systems. The design goal of optical systems is usually specified by values of the MTF. On the other hand, the merit function for the optimization is usually constructed with aberration target functions. It may be expected that a good solution is directly achieved, if the merit function is constructed with MTF target functions[1]. But the efficient optimization of the MTF merit function is difficult because the MTF has much more non-linearity than ordinary aberrations. Moreover the calculation of the MTF is much more time-consuming than the calculation of aberrations. In the actual design process, designers generally adjust the target values and weights of aberration target functions to get better MTF values. In this situation the high speed of a computer cannot be fully utilized because the intervention of a designer is frequently necessary.
From Azo-Linked Polymers to Microporous Heteroatom-Doped Carbons: Tailored Chemical and Textural Properties for Gas Separation (2016)

Heteroatom-doped porous carbons with ultrahigh microporosity were prepared from a nitrogen-rich azo-linked polymer (ALP-6) as a precursor for gas separation applications. Direct carbonization and chemical activation of ALP-6 with ZnCl2 and KOH were successfully applied to obtain three different classes of porous carbons (ALPDCs). Synthetic processes were conducted at relatively mild temperatures (500-800 °C),which resulted in retention of appreciable levels of nitrogen content (4.7-14.3 wt %). Additionally, oxygen functionalities were found to be present in chemically activated samples. The resultant porous carbons feature a diverse range of textural properties with a predominant microporous nature in common. The highest CO2 uptake value of 5.2 mmol g(-1) at 1 bar and 298 K in ALPDCK600 was originated from well-developed porosity and basic heteroatoms (N and O) on the pore walls. The highest heteroatom doping level (12 wt % nitrogen and 20 wt % oxygen) coupled with the high level of microporosity (84%) for ALPDCK500 led to notable CO2/N2 (62) and CO2/CH4 (11) selectivity values and a high CO2 uptake capacity (1.5 mmol g(-1), at 0.15 bar) at 298 K. This study illustrates the effective use of a single-source precursor with robust nitrogen bonds in combination with diverse carbonization methods to tailor the chemical and textural properties of heteroatom-doped porous carbons for CO2 capture and separation applications.
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting with Er- and W-Codoped Bismuth Vanadate with WO<sub>3</sub> Heterojunction-Based Two-Dimensional Photoelectrode (2019)

A novel two-dimensional (2D) heterojunction photoelectrode composed of WO<sub>3</sub> and (Er,W):BiVO<sub>4</sub> is proposed for water oxidation with efficient photoinduced charge carrier separation and transfer. Er stoichiometric along with W nonstoichiometric codoping was introduced to simultaneously manage vacancy creation during substitutional doping, enhance light absorption, and reduce overall impedance. It was found that Er<sup>3+</sup> is substituted at the Bi<sup>3+</sup> sites in the BiVO<sub>4</sub> lattice to provide expanded light absorption from 400 to 680 nm. The fabricated WO<sub>3</sub>/(Er,W):BiVO<sub>4</sub> electrode shows photocurrent densities of 4.1 and 7.2 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> at 1.23 and 2.3 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), respectively, under a 1 sun illumination in K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte. This electrode has shown remarkably high charge separation efficiency of 93% at 1.23 V (vs RHE). With the addition of a standard surface catalyst (i.e., Co-Pi), the WO<sub>3</sub>/(Er,W):BiVO<sub>4</sub>/Co-Pi electrode exhibits the highest photocurrent of 5.6 ± 0.3 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> at 1.23 V (vs RHE), nearing the theoretical limit (i.e., 7.5 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>) while retaining 98% of the photoelectrochemical cell performance after 3 h. By concomitantly doping the Bi<sup>3+</sup> and V<sup>5+</sup> sites to enhance absorption, this study demonstrates for the first time a planar WO<sub>3</sub>/BiVO<sub>4</sub> heterojunction that reaches 88% of the record-high performance of its nanostructured counterpart. Through a detailed characterization of the electrodes, it is concluded that the stoichiometric Er and nonstoichiometric W codoping extend light absorption region and improve charge separation efficiency by reducing bulk resistance. The photoactive materials with 2D morphology were synthesized using a facile ultrasonic spray-coating technique without any complex process steps and thus it can be scaled for commercial development.
Hairy-root organ cultures for the production of human acetylcholinesterase (2008)

Our results support the feasibility of using plant organ cultures as a successful alternative to traditional transgenic plant and mammalian cell culture technologies.
High-Resolution Light-Field Microscopy (2013)

By combining a high-resolution image from a standard camera with a low-resolution wavefront measurement from a Shack-Hartmann sensor, we numerically reconstruct a high-resolution light field. We experimentally demonstrate the method with a commercially available microscope.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with a Rigid Biradical (2009)

A new polarizing agent with superior performance in dynamic nuclear polarization experiments is introduced, and utilizes two TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) moieties connected through a rigid spiro tether (see structure). The observed NMR signal intensities were enhanced by a factor of 1.4 compared to those of TOTAPOL, a previously described TEMPO-based biradical with a flexible tether.
Design and experimental results for the S814 airfoil (1997)

A 24-percent-thick airfoil, the S814, for the root region of a horizontal-axis wind-turbine blade has been designed and analyzed theoretically and verified experimentally in the low-turbulence wind tunnel of the Delft University of Technology Low Speed Laboratory, The Netherlands. The two primary objectives of high maximum lift, insensitive to roughness, and low profile drag have been achieved. The constraints on the pitching moment and the airfoil thickness have been satisfied. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental results show good agreement with the exception of maximum lift which is overpredicted. Comparisons with other airfoils illustrate the higher maximum lift and the lower profile drag of the S814 airfoil, thus confirming the achievement of the objectives.
Scavenging dissolved oxygen via acoustic droplet vaporization (2016)

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) of perfluorocarbon emulsions has been explored for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Previous studies have demonstrated that vaporization of a liquid droplet results in a gas microbubble with a diameter 5-6 times larger than the initial droplet diameter. The expansion factor can increase to a factor of 10 in gassy fluids as a result of air diffusing from the surrounding fluid into the microbubble. This study investigates the potential of this process to serve as an ultrasound-mediated gas scavenging technology. Perfluoropentane droplets diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were insonified by a 2 MHz transducer at peak rarefactional pressures lower than and greater than the ADV pressure amplitude threshold in an in vitro flow phantom. The change in dissolved oxygen (DO) of the PBS before and after ADV was measured. A numerical model of gas scavenging, based on conservation of mass and equal partial pressures of gases at equilibrium, was developed. At insonation pressures exceeding the ADV threshold, the DO of air-saturated PBS decreased with increasing insonation pressures, dropping as low as 25% of air saturation within 20s. The decrease in DO of the PBS during ADV was dependent on the volumetric size distribution of the droplets and the fraction of droplets transitioned during ultrasound exposure. Numerically predicted changes in DO from the model agreed with the experimentally measured DO, indicating that concentration gradients can explain this phenomenon. Using computationally modified droplet size distributions that would be suitable for in vivo applications, the DO of the PBS was found to decrease with increasing concentrations. This study demonstrates that ADV can significantly decrease the DO in an aqueous fluid, which may have direct therapeutic applications and should be considered for ADV-based diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
QUADRUPOLAR NUCLEI NMR USING RESIDUAL DIPOLAR COUPLINGS (2005)

Method for obtaining two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of quadrupolar nuclei of nitrogen-14, involves recording signal of neighboring nucleus with specific spin after specific duration
Maintenance Rituximab is associated with improved clinical outcome in rituximab naïve patients with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia who respond to a rituximab‐containing regimen (2011)

This study examined the outcome of 248 Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM) rituximab-naïve patients who responded to a rituximab-containing regimen. Eighty-six patients (35%) subsequently received maintenance rituximab (M-Rituximab). No differences in baseline characteristics, and post-induction categorical responses between cohorts were observed. The median rituximab infusions during induction was 6 for both cohorts; and 8 over a 2-year period for patients receiving M-Rituximab. Categorical responses improved in 16/162 (10%) of observed, and 36/86 (41·8%) of M-Rituximab patients respectively, following induction therapy (P < 0·0001). Both progression-free (56·3 vs. 28·6 months; P = 0·0001) and overall survival (Not reached versus 116 months; P = 0·0095) were longer in patients who received M-Rituximab. Improved progression-free survival was evident despite previous treatment status, induction with rituximab alone or in combination therapy (P ≤ 0·0001). Best serum IgM response was lower (P < 0·0001), and haematocrit higher (P = 0·001) for patients receiving M-Rituximab. Among patients receiving M-Rituximab, an increased number of infectious events were observed, but were mainly ≤ grade 2 (P = 0·008). The findings of this observational study suggest improved clinical outcomes following M-Rituximab in WM patients who respond to induction with a rituximab-containing regimen. Prospective studies aimed at clarifying the role of M-Rituximab therapy in WM patients are needed to confirm these findings.
Cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists (1998)

Following the discovery of two distinct cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in the early 1990s, the medicinal chemistry of cannabinoids has seen renewed interest. In the last decade, at least three entirely new chemical series were shown to bind to cannabinoid receptors: the aminoalkylindoles developed by Sterling (WIN 55212-2 analogues), the fatty acid derivatives derived from the endogenous ligand anandamide, and Sanofi’s diaryl pyrazoles. Moreover, other compounds, such as benzofurans (Lilly) or substituted aromatic amide derivatives (Japan Tobacco) that also bind to cannabinoid receptor have recently been disclosed in the patent literature. In terms of pharmacological profile, the major advances of the last five years are the emergence of selective CB2 agonists (Merck, Sanofi) with potential applications as immunomodulants and the development of the first selective CB1 antagonist SR 141716, followed recently by the first CB2 antagonist SR 144528. Turning these newly discovered pharmacological tools into useful drugs remains the challenge for research in coming years.
Learning Differentially Private Language Models Without Losing Accuracy (2017)

We demonstrate that it is possible to train recurrent language models
with user-level differential privacy guarantees without sacrificing predictive
accuracy. Our work builds on recent advances in the training of deep networks
on user-partitioned data and privacy accounting for stochastic gradient
descent. In particular, we add user-level privacy protection to the federated
averaging algorithm, which makes large step updates from user-level data. Our
work demonstrates that given a dataset with a sufficiently number of
users (a requirement easily met by even small internet-scale datasets),
achieving differential privacy comes at the cost of increased computation,
rather than in decreased utility as in most prior work. We find that private
LSTM language models are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to un-noised
models when trained on a dataset.
Novel 5-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidines as Dual Inhibitors of Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase and 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase and as Potential Antitumor Agents (2015)

A new series of 5-substituted thiopheneyl pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 6-11 with varying chain lengths (n = 1-6) were designed and synthesized as hybrids of the clinically used anticancer drug pemetrexed (PMX) and our 6-substituted thiopheneyl pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 2c and 2d with folate receptor (FR) α and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) uptake specificity over the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis at glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). Compounds 6-11 inhibited KB human tumor cells in the order 9 = 10 > 8 > 7 > 6 = 11. Compounds 8-10 were variously transported by FRα, PCFT, and RFC and, unlike PMX, inhibited de novo purine nucleotide rather than thymidylate biosynthesis. The antiproliferative effects of 8 and 9 appeared to be due to their dual inhibitions of both GARFTase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. Our studies identify a unique structure-activity relationship for transport and dual target inhibition.
Simultaneous Insertion of Two Expression Cassettes into Adenovirus Vectors (2001)

We have designed AdenoQuick, a fast and versatile method to construct first-generation adenoviral vectors that contain one or two transgenes in the E1 and/or the E3 region. The method is based on the reconstitution of the entire genome of the desired recombinant virus in E. coli and the subsequent transfection of the DNA in a helper cell line. Since the construction of large adenoviral plasmids is generally difficult and therefore rebuffing for inexperienced researchers, we have optimized the cloning strategy by using bacterial positive-selection markers and a set of specific restriction enzymes that allow for directional cloning. The system is 99% efficient and allows one to insert simultaneously two expression cassettes into the E1 and E3 regions of the adenovirus genome.
An Internal Learning Approach to Video Inpainting (2019)

We propose a novel video inpainting algorithm that simultaneously hallucinates missing appearance and motion (optical flow) information, building upon the recent 'Deep Image Prior' (DIP) that exploits convolutional network architectures to enforce plausible texture in static images. In extending DIP to video we make two important contributions. First, we show that coherent video inpainting is possible without a priori training. We take a generative approach to inpainting based on internal (within-video) learning without reliance upon an external corpus of visual data to train a one-size-fits-all model for the large space of general videos. Second, we show that such a framework can jointly generate both appearance and flow, whilst exploiting these complementary modalities to ensure mutual consistency. We show that leveraging appearance statistics specific to each video achieves visually plausible results whilst handling the challenging problem of long-term consistency.
Analytical applications of electrochemiluminescence (2001)

Electro chemiluminescence is a form of chemiluminescence in which the light emitting reaction is preceded by an electrochemical reaction. The ECL reaction of an acridan ester is described as an example. With this kind of reaction of the advantages of CL are retained, but the electrochemical step allows the time and position of the light emitting reaction to be controlled. By controlling the time of the reaction light emission can be delayed until levels such as immune or enzyme catalyzed reactions have taken place, and by controlling the position light emission can be confirmed to a region that is precisely located with respect to the detector, improving sensitivity by increasing the ratio of signal to noise. The advantages will be highlighted by describing an enzyme ECL immunoassay for small molecules such as dinitrophenol, in which superparamagnetic bead technology is used to concentrate enzyme labeled antibodies on the surface of an electrode, in close proximity to the detector. Finally the future of research in this are will be examined by describing how bipolar electrodes can be used to free ECL from the constraints imposed on it by conventional 2D electrodes.
Demonstration of Juvenile-Specific Antigens of Fasciola hepatica (1982)

A hyperimmune serum was raised in rabbits against soluble antigens of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. This was subsequently absorbed with antigens from adult flukes and examined by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). When the absorbed antiserum was tested with F. hepatica metacercarial homogenate and adult homogenates by IEP, three distinct arcs appeared against the metacercarial homogenate and none against the adult homogenate. When tested by IFAT against a developmental series of flukes obtained from mice, the absorbed antiserum was positive on surfaces of whole flukes up to 4 days postinfection (PI) and on the tegument of sectioned flukes up to 7 days PI. Thus juvenile-specific antigens were demonstrated in the tegument of young (up to 7 days in mice) F. hepatica.
Soft robotic fabric design, fabrication, and thermoregulation evaluation (2021)

Usually, traditional insulation materials have a constant thermal resistance value that cannot change within the ambient temperature and will decrease as ambient humidity or external stress increases. Humans heavily rely on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to meet the thermal comfort requirements of their bodies, giving rise to energy waste and global warming. As an infinitely available natural resource, air is one of the most efficient thermal retaining substances known to science. Inspired by soft pneumatic robotics, we propose an architecture for air-driven thermoregulation fabrics called soft robotic fabrics (SRF). By changing the thickness of trapped air layer in fabric system through SRF, wearers could modify garments’ thermal insulation performance. A fabrication method is introduced to rapidly manufacture low-cost pneumatic structures using various types of construction and dimensions. With excellent ductility, elasticity, and compression resistance, the thickness of SRF increases by 12 times or more after inflation, and the fabric even can lift an object 270 times heavier than its weight. The excellent deformability can effectively increase stable air layer between clothing and skin. Based on the Predicted Mean Vote–Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied model, the thermoregulation capability of SRF helps HVAC expand the temperature setpoint range by 3–8 times when compared with traditional fabrics, and has far-reaching significance in saving energy.
A Novel Serotype-Specific Gene Cassette ( <i>gltA-gltB</i> ) Is Required for Expression of Teichoic Acid-Associated Surface Antigens in <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> of Serotype 4b (2001)

Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b strains account for about 40% of sporadic cases and many epidemics of listeriosis. Mutations in a chromosomal locus resulted in loss of reactivity with all three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which were specific to serotype 4b and the closely related serotypes 4d and 4e. Here we show that this locus contains a serotype 4b-4d-4e-specific gene cassette (3,071 bp) which consists of two genes, gltA and gltB, and is flanked by palindromic sequences (51 and 44 nucleotides). Complete loss of reactivity with the three serotype-specific MAbs resulted from insertional inactivation of either gltA or gltB. The gltA and gltB mutants were characterized by loss and severe reduction, respectively, of glucose in the teichoic acid, whereas galactose, the other serotype-specific sugar substituent in the teichoic acid, was not affected. Within L. monocytogenes, only strains of serotypes 4b, 4d, and 4e harbored the gltA-gltB cassette, whereas coding sequences on either side of the cassette were conserved among all serotypes. Comparative genomic analysis of a serotype 1/2b strain showed that the 3,071-bp gltA-gltB cassette was replaced by a much shorter (528-bp) and unrelated region, flanked by inverted repeats similar to their counterparts in serotype 4b. These findings indicate that in the evolution of different serotypes of L. monocytogenes, this site in the genome has become occupied by serotype-specific sequences which, in the case of serotype 4b, are essential for expression of serotype-specific surface antigens and presence of glucose substituents in the teichoic acids in the cell wall.
Adult onset idiopathic torsion dystonia is excluded from the DYT 1 region (9q34) in a Swedish family. (1995)

A gene (DYT1) for early onset idiopathic torsion dystonia was mapped to chromosome 9q34 in non-Jewish and Jewish families. The DYT1 gene region has been excluded in other families with adult onset and cervical or cranial onset idiopathic torsion dystonia from the United States, Great Britain, and France. The role of DYT1 in a Swedish family with adult onset idiopathic torsion dystonia in four generations was examined. The disease seems to be inherited in an autosomal dominant mode with reduced penetrance in this family. There were 10 affected family members, with a mean age of onset of 27 (range 18 to 50) years. The disease showed variable expression, with focal, multifocal, and generalised forms of dystonia in different family members. Genetic analysis excluded the chromosomal region containing the DYT1 locus as being responsible for dystonia in this family.
A NOVEL ANTERIOR CRUCIATE-SUBSTITUTING IMPLANT CAN ADDRESS THE ABNORMAL FEMORAL SLIDING IN CONTEMPORARY CRUCIATE-RETAINING TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY (2018)

IntroductionIn Cruciate Retaining (CR) Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) is preserved but the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is sacrificed. In contemporary CR implants, failure to substitute for ACL function causes abnormal knee motion, with the femur being located excessively posterior on the tibia in full extension (Fig. 1), and sliding forward during early flexion. To address this kinematic abnormality, we developed an ACL Substituting Cruciate Retaining (ASCR) TKA implant that substitutes for the absent ACL, while preserving the native PCL. The ASCR tibia includes an ACL substituting post that engages the intercondylar notch of the femoral component in low flexion to act for the missing ACL (Fig. 1). With continued flexion, the post disengages from the femoral component and the native PCL guides further motion of the femur (femoral rollback). Thus the ACL substituting post mimics the native ACL function. The hypothesis of this study was that the ASCR implant can ad...
Giant Frequency-Pulling in Sub-Wavelength Plasmon Lasers (2009)

We report the observation of strong gain-induced dispersion manifested as a giant frequency-pulling in sub-wavelength plasmon lasers operating below the diffraction limit. We observe gain clamping for these nanolasers at about 9000 cm−1.