gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compiler-decided dynamic memory allocation for scratch-pad based embedded systems (2003)

This paper presents a highly predictable, low overhead and yet dynamic, memory allocation strategy for embedded systems with scratch-pad memory. A scratch-pad is a fast compiler-managed SRAM memory that replaces the hardware-managed cache. It is motivated by its better real-time guarantees vs cache and by its significantly lower overheads in energy consumption, area and overall runtime, even with a simple allocation scheme [4].Existing scratch-pad allocation methods are of two types. First, software-caching schemes emulate the workings of a hardware cache in software. Instructions are inserted before each load/store to check the software-maintained cache tags. Such methods incur large overheads in runtime, code size, energy consumption and SRAM space for tags and deliver poor real-time guarantees just like hardware caches. A second category of algorithms partitionsm variables at compile-time into the two banks. For example, our previous work in [3] derives a provably optimal static allocation for global and stack variables and achieves a speedup over all earlier methods. However, a drawback of such static allocation schemes is that they do not account for dynamic program behavior. It is easy to see why a data allocation that never changes at runtime cannot achieve the full locality benefits of a cache.In this paper we present a dynamic allocation method for global and stack data that for the first time, (i) accounts for changing program requirements at runtime (ii) has no software-caching tags (iii) requires no run-time checks (iv) has extremely low overheads, and (v) yields 100% predictable memory access times. In this method data that is about to be accessed frequently is copied into the SRAM using compiler-inserted code at fixed and infrequent points in the program. Earlier data is evicted if necessary. When compared to a provably optimal static allocation our results show runtime reductions ranging from 11% to 38%, averaging 31.2%, using no additional hardware support. With hardware support for pseudo-DMA and full DMA, which is already provided in some commercial systems, the runtime reductions increase to 33.4% and 34.2% respectively.
<title>Multi-image CAD employing features derived from ipsilateral mammographic views</title> (1999)

On mammograms, certain kinds of features related to masses (e.g., location, texture, degree of spiculation, and integrated density difference) tend to be relatively invariant, or at last predictable, with respect to breast compression. Thus, ipsilateral pairs of mammograms may contain information not available from analyzing single views separately. To demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating multi-view features into CAD algorithm, `single-image' CAD was applied to each individual image in a set of 60 ipsilateral studies, after which all possible pairs of suspicious regions, consisting of one from each view, were formed. For these 402 pairs we defined and evaluated `multi-view' features such as: (1) relative position of centers of regions; (2) ratio of lengths of region projections parallel to nipple axis lines; (3) ratio of integrated contrast difference; (4) ratio of the sizes of the suspicious regions; and (5) measure of relative complexity of region boundaries. Each pair was identified as either a `true positive/true positive' (T) pair (i.e., two regions which are projections of the same actual mass), or as a falsely associated pair (F). Distributions for each feature were calculated. A Bayesian network was trained and tested to classify pairs of suspicious regions based exclusively on the multi-view features described above. Distributions for all features were significantly difference for T versus F pairs as indicated by likelihood ratios. Performance of the Bayesian network, which was measured by ROC analysis, indicates a significant ability to distinguish between T pairs and F pairs (A<SUB>z</SUB> equals 0.82 +/- 0.03), using information that is attributed to the multi-view content. This study is the first demonstration that there is a significant amount of spatial information that can be derived from ipsilateral pairs of mammograms.
Study of alternate hardmasks for extreme ultraviolet patterning (2016)

Traditional patterning stacks for deep ultraviolet patterning have been based on a trilayer scheme with an organic planarizing layer, silicon antireflective coating or organic bottom antireflective coating, and photoresist. At an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength, there is no longer a need for reflectivity control. This offers an opportunity to look at different types of underlayers for patterning at sub-36 nm pitch length scales. An alternate hardmask can be used to develop a low aspect ratio patterning stack that can enable a larger process window at sub-36 nm pitch resolution. The hardmask layer under the resist has the potential for secondary electron generation at the resist/hardmask interface to improve resist sensitivity. This work explores EUV patterning on deposited hardmasks of various types such as silicon oxides and metal hardmasks. It also details the challenges of patterning directly on an alternate underlayer and approaches for improving patterning performance on such layers.
The Guiding Light: Holographic Manipulation of Mesoscopic Systems (2007)

Optical trapping offers exceptional control over matter ranging in scale from nanometers to millimeters. This talk describes new applications for extensive three-dimensional optical trapping arrays created with computer-generated holography.
SOFT-SWITCHING PWM CONVERTER TECHNOLOGIES (1995)

The switched-mode power conversion technologies have evolved from the basic PWM converters to resonant converters, quasi-resonant converters, multi-resonant converters, and most recently, to soft-switching PWM converters. In this paper, several typical resonant techniques and several soft-switching PWM techniques are reviewed, and their merits and limitations are assessed. The resonant techniques reviewed include the quasi-resonant converters, multi-resonant converters, Class-E converters, and resonant dc link converters; and the soft-switching PWM techniques reviewed include the zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) quasi-square-wave converters, ZVS-PWM converters, zero-current-switched PWM converters, zero-voltage- transition PWM converters, and zero-current-transition PWM converters.
Locating arbitrarily time-dependent sound sources in three dimensional space in real time (2010)

This paper presents a method for locating arbitrarily time-dependent acoustic sources in a free field in real time by using only four microphones. This method is capable of handling a wide variety of acoustic signals, including broadband, narrowband, impulsive, and continuous sound over the entire audible frequency range, produced by multiple sources in three dimensional (3D) space. Locations of acoustic sources are indicated by the Cartesian coordinates. The underlying principle of this method is a hybrid approach that consists of modeling of acoustic radiation from a point source in a free field, triangulation, and de-noising to enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Numerical simulations are conducted to study the impacts of SNR, microphone spacing, source distance and frequency on spatial resolution and accuracy of source localizations. Based on these results, a simple device that consists of four microphones mounted on three mutually orthogonal axes at an optimal distance, a four-channel signal conditioner, and a camera is fabricated. Experiments are conducted in different environments to assess its effectiveness in locating sources that produce arbitrarily time-dependent acoustic signals, regardless whether a sound source is stationary or moves in space, even toward behind measurement microphones. Practical limitations on this method are discussed.
OROGENIC MICROFABRICATION - LITHOGRAPHY-FREE PATTERNING OF THERMOPLASTIC MICROFLUIDICS (2011)

A new method for patterning thermoplastics termed orogenic microfabrication is reported. The technique involves the selective exposure of a thermoplastic substrate to solvent vapor, resulting in permanent swelling of the surface with controllable feature heights ranging from hundreds of nanometers to tens of microns. The process is demonstrated here using a variety of masking methods, including surface passivation by UV/ozone and non-contact ink-jet printing, enabling the facile fabrication of features including microwell arrays and microfluidic channels. The technique is particularly amenable to rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices, since the solvent-permeated surfaces are amenable to permanent solvent bonding for capping fabricated microchannels at the end of the orogenic growth process.
A Porous Zinc Electrode for Use at Very Low Temperatures (1977)

The structure of porous electrodes made from pressed dendritic zinc has been varied to improve the efficiencies of zinc utilization during low temperature discharges. The effects of varying the composition of the plating bath and the rate of deposition of dendritic zinc were investigated as was the use of different binders and current collectors.
Performance characterization of the micro-Cathode Arc Thruster and propulsion system for space applications (2010)

This paper describes a further development and characterization of vacuum arc thruster with external magnetic field. The velocity of ions moving from the micro-Cathode Arc Thrusters ( CAT) cathode spots was measured using a set of grid probes along the path of the plasma plume expansion. The goal was to get the ion drift velocity and determine how much, if any, change of ion drift velocity occurs in the expanded plasma propagation path. It was found the ion drift velocity was increased when magnetic field increased (from 0 up to 200mT). The average ion velocity (cathode material is Ti) increases by factor of 2-3 up to about (3-4) 10 m s 1 with magnetic field strength 200mT applied. Rotation of cathode spot as a result of an applied magnetic field is demonstrated by using Langmuir probes inserted inside the source channel azimuthally. Ion current distribution outside the thruster channel was measured using a set of special assemble of concentric circles plan probe alone the plasma propagation path. It is shown that plasma generated at the cathode spot is guided along the magnetic field line.
Two-Dimensional DOA Estimation Using Parallel Multi-Level Prime Arrays (2019)

A multi-level prime array (MLPA) is constructed using several uniform linear subarrays along one axis where the number of antennas within the subarrays are pairwise coprime integers. This paper proposes two-dimensional direction of arrival (2D-DOA) estimation using parallel MLPAs. In this approach, we use two MLPA configurations located on the x-y plane with half-wavelength spacing in between. The array has a closed form expression for antenna positions. The equivalent difference coarray has large number of consecutive lags and few holes. A hole-free difference coarray can be realized if compressed MLPAs (MLPAC) are used. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed array with examples for 2D-DOA estimation.
Farbkodierte Darstellung des Lungenparenchyms bei vermuteter Lungenembolie mittels Mehrschicht-Spiral-CT (2001)

Our initial experience indicates that lung densitometry with an optimized display of the density distribution within the lung parenchyma may provide additional information in patients with suspected or proven PE. However, a comparison with ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy and a larger number of patients are necessary for the full clinical evaluation of this new functional imaging methodology.
ExaPlan Archive: Data Placement and Provisioning for Large Storage Systems with Archival Tiers (2019)

Many important big data use cases do not require data to be instantly available. Examples are video recordings in TV and film industry, surveillance videos and data from scientific experiments. Archiving such data to high-latency media storage, such as tape and optical disk libraries, results in significant cost savings. In this context, data is accessed by first staging it to low-latency media. However, archiving and staging operations incur additional device and bandwidth costs for both the active and archiving tiers, and might impact user data access performance. For instance, in terms of cost and performance, it is often suboptimal to archive all the data. This paper presents ExaPlan Archive, a scheme to determine the data placement and number of devices required in each tier of a multitiered storage system comprised of archival and active tiers that minimize the latency of the active tiers under budget and staging-time constraints. The efficiency of the proposed optimized archiving scheme is compared with an existing scheme that optimizes multitier storage with only direct-access tiers. The two schemes are evaluated using a staging workload of LOFAR radio telescopes long-term archive for astronomical observation data.
Characterization of a human papillomavirus type 16 variant-dependent neutralizing epitope (1997)

We have determined that three type-specific and conformationally dependent monoclonal antibodies, H16.E70, H16.U4, and H16.V5, neutralize pseudotype human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) virions in vitro. H16.U4 and H16.V5 neutralized pseudotype virions derived from the German HPV16 variant 114K and the Zairian variant Z-1194 with equal efficiency. In contrast, neutralization of Z-1194 pseudotype virions by H16.E70 was two orders of magnitude weaker than neutralization of 114K pseudotype virions. This difference correlated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivity of H16.E70 to L1 virus-like particles of the two variants. A substitution at residue 282 of L1 was responsible for this differential reactivity, suggesting that this residue constitutes part of the H16.E70 epitope.
<title>Liquid crystalline optical fibers for pressure monitoring</title> (1996)

Initial results of experimental studies of light propagation by optical fibers with liquid crystalline cores under hydrostatic pressure conditions are reported. Specially drawn hollow-core fibers (capillary tubes of radii 15 microns) were filled with a liquid crystal mixture. The whole system composed of the fiber and the liquid crystal has been placed in a high pressure chamber designed to sustain pressures up to 100 MPa. The liquid crystalline-core optical fiber acts as an optically anisotropic medium characterized by an index ellipsoid, and can serve as a fiber with easily controlled birefringence. Since hydrostatic pressure generate stress effects occurring in the system, a new class of fiber-optic pressure sensors can be introduced. The paper presents preliminary characteristics of the pressure sensor utilizing liquid crystalline-core fibers. Envisaged areas of applications include pipe-lines, mining instrumentation, process control, and environmental protection.
Structural design and experimental characterization of torsional micromachined gyroscopes with non-resonant drive mode (2003)

This paper reports a novel gimbal-type torsional micromachined gyroscope with a non-resonant actuation scheme. The design concept is based on employing a 2 degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) drive-mode oscillator comprising a sensing plate suspended inside two gimbals. By utilizing dynamic amplification of torsional oscillations in the drive mode instead of resonance, large oscillation amplitudes of the sensing element are achieved with small actuation amplitudes, providing improved linearity and stability despite parallel-plate actuation. The device operates at resonance in the sense direction for improved sensitivity, while the drive direction amplitude is inherently constant within the same frequency band. Thus, the necessity to match drive and sense resonance modes is eliminated, leading to improved robustness against structural and thermal parameter fluctuations. In the paper, the structure, operation principle and a MEMS implementation of the design concept are presented. Detailed analysis of the mechanics and dynamics of the torsional system is covered, and the preliminary experimental results verifying the basic operational principles of the design concept are reported.
Aerosol diagnostics and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with demountable concentric nebulizers (2004)

A demountable concentric nebulizer (DCN) is evaluated for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). This nebulizer operates at conditions similar to a commercial pneumatic nebulizer used in ICP spectrometries, but is easily fabricated and is considerably less expensive. Key aerosol diagnostics data, and analytical figures of merit are presented for the DCN used in ICPMS. The DCN produces a better quality primary aerosol when using inner capillaries of smaller diameters. At a solution uptake rate of about 500 µL min−1 and a nebulizer gas flow rate of 1.0 L min−1, the Sauter mean diameter (D3,2) of the primary aerosol of the DCN is 7 µm and 14 µm for solution capillaries having an i.d. of 95 µm (DCN-1) and 190 µm (DCN-2), respectively. Based on the cumulative mass percent data, nearly 70% of the total mass of the droplets produced by DCN-1, under the above conditions, is composed of droplets having sizes less than 10 µm. The D3,2 of the tertiary aerosol of DCN-1, under the same operating conditions, is reduced to 5 and 3 µm when the nebulizer is coupled to a Scott-type and a cyclonic spray chamber, respectively. The tertiary aerosol of the DCNs studied does not show substantially different D3,2 values, particularly when the cyclonic spray chamber is used. Under optimum conditions, detection limits, sensitivities, and precision for the DCN compare favorably with a commercially available crossflow nebulizer. The accuracy and precision of the DCN in ICPMS measurements are demonstrated using two standard reference materials: SRM 1643c (Trace Elements in Water), and SRM 1570 (Trace Elements in Spinach).
Multidimensional declustering schemes using Golden Ratio and Kronecker Sequences (2003)

We propose a new declustering scheme for allocating uniform multidimensional data among parallel disks. The scheme, aimed at reducing disk access time for range queries, is based on Golden Ratio Sequences for two dimensions and Kronecker Sequences for higher dimensions. Using exhaustive simulation, we show that, in two dimensions, the worst-case (additive) deviation of the scheme from the optimal response time for any range query is one when the number of disks (M) is at most 22; its worst-case deviation is two when M /spl les/ 94; and its worst-case deviation is four when M /spl les/ 550. In two dimensions, we prove that whenever M is a Fibonacci number, the average performance of the scheme is within 14 percent of the (generally, unachievable) strictly optimal scheme and its worst-case response time is within a multiplicative factor three of the optimal response time for any query, and within a factor 1.5 of the optimal for large queries. We also present comprehensive simulation results, on two-dimensional as well as on higher-dimensional data, that compare and demonstrate the advantages of our scheme over some recently proposed schemes in the literature.
VD-BERT: A Unified Vision and Dialog Transformer with BERT (2020)

Visual dialog is a challenging vision-language task, where a dialog agent needs to answer a series of questions through reasoning on the image content and dialog history. Prior work has mostly focused on various attention mechanisms to model such intricate interactions. By contrast, in this work, we propose VD-BERT, a simple yet effective framework of unified vision-dialog Transformer that leverages the pretrained BERT language models for Visual Dialog tasks. The model is unified in that (1) it captures all the interactions between the image and the multi-turn dialog using a single-stream Transformer encoder, and (2) it supports both answer ranking and answer generation seamlessly through the same architecture. More crucially, we adapt BERT for the effective fusion of vision and dialog contents via visually grounded training. Without the need of pretraining on external vision-language data, our model yields new state of the art, achieving the top position in both single-model and ensemble settings (74.54 and 75.35 NDCG scores) on the visual dialog leaderboard. Our code and pretrained models are released at https: //github.com/salesforce/VD-BERT.
Thin film solar modules based on amorphous and microcrystalline silicon (2003)

We succeeded in preparing a-Si:H//spl mu/c-Si:H solar cells on 30/spl times/30 cm/sup 2/ substrate size using high rate 13.56 MHz PECVD processes. Stable cell efficiencies up to 11.2% were achieved on textured ZnO as front TCO. First solar modules were realised by applying an industrially established technology for patterning and back contact preparation. These modules showed initial aperture area efficiencies (689 cm/sup 2/) up to 9.7% using SnO/sub 2/ coated glass substrates. In parallel, a new process technology for the development of a-Si:H//spl mu/c-Si:H solar modules on glass started operation at the Institute of Photovoltaics. On 30/spl times/30 cm/sup 2/ substrate size initial aperture area module efficiencies of 10.1% were demonstrated by using texture-etched ZnO:Al coated glass substrates.
Active Control of Supersonic Impinging Jets (2001)

Experimental studies of supersonic impinging jet flows suggest that they are greatly influenced by the flow-acoustic interactions through a feedback mechanism. The self-sustained oscillations of the jet column observed in theses flows result in high velocities in the ambient medium induced by the large-scale coherent vortical structures in the jet shear layers. As a consequence, the suck down force on the surface from which the jet is issuing can reach as high as 60% of the primary jet thrust. In addition, the overall sound pressure level (OASPL), increase significantly relative to a free jet. To alleviate these undesirable flow and acoustic characteristics, a novel control technique using supersonic microjets is demonstrated. Sixteen supersonic microjets are placed around the circumference of the main jet at the nozzle exit to disrupt the feedback mechanism. As a result, significant lift loss recovery(-50%) and reduced near field OASPL (-7dB) are observed.
Zone Model Predictive Control with Glucose- and Velocity-Dependent Control Penalty Adaptation for an Artificial Pancreas (2018)

An adaptive zone model predictive control design problem is considered for enhanced blood glucose regulation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The key contribution of this work is the development of a zone MPC with a dynamic cost function that updates its control penalty parameters based on the predicted glucose and its rate of change. A parameter adaptation law is proposed by explicitly constructing maps from glucose state and velocity spaces to control penalty parameter spaces. The proposed controller is tested on the to-patient cohort of the US Food and Drug Administration accepted Universities of Virginia/Padova simulator and compared with the zone model predictive control without parameter adaptation. The obtained in-silico results indicate that for unannounced meals, the controller leads to statistically significant improvements in terms of mean glucose level (154.2 mg/dL vs. 160.7 mg/dL; and percentage time in the safe euglycemic range of [70, 180] mg/dL (72.7% vs. 67.5%; ) without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia (percentage time below 70 mg/dL, 0.0% vs. 0.0%; p=0.788). For announced meals, the obtained performance is similar (and slightly superior) to that of the zone model predictive control without adaptation in terms of mean glucose level (135.6 mg/dL vs. 136.5 mg/dL; ), percentage time in [70, 180] mg/dL (91.2% vs. 90.9%; p=0.04), and percentage time below 70 mg/dL (0.0% vs. 0.0%; p=0.346).