gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive assessment of human cone photoreceptor function (2017)

Vision begins when light isomerizes the photopigments within photoreceptors. Noninvasive cellular-scale observation of the structure of the human photoreceptor mosaic is made possible through the use of adaptive optics (AO) enhanced ophthalmoscopes, but establishing noninvasive objective measures of photoreceptor function on a similar scale has been more difficult. AO ophthalmoscope images acquired with near-infrared light show that individual cone photoreceptor reflectance can change in response to a visible stimulus. Here we show that the intrinsic response depends on stimulus wavelength and intensity, and that its action spectrum is well-matched to the spectral sensitivity of cone-mediated vision. Our results demonstrate that the cone reflectance response is mediated by photoisomerization, thus making it a direct measure of photoreceptor function.
Survey of Stochastic Computation on Factor Graphs (2007)

Stochastic computation is a new alternative approach for iterative computation on factor graphs. In this approach, the information is represented by the statistics of the bit stream which results in simple high-speed hardware implementation of graph-based algorithms. Despite the first purpose of its invention (i.e., low-precision digital circuits), the stochastic representation has recently been shown to be able to provide near-optimal decoding performance for practical Low-Density Parity- Check (LDPC) codes, with respect to Sum-Product Algorithm (SPA). This paper provides a survey of stochastic methods for graph-based iterative decoding, the state-of-the-art and, their possible new applications.
Semi-Decoupled Partitioning for Video Coding Beyond AV1 (2021)

Recently, the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) has initiated activities on exploring new coding tools with capabilities beyond AOMedia Video 1 (AV1). Among various coding modules within the conventional hybrid video coding structure, the block partitioning scheme builds the foundation of the codec and the related design needs to be sought out from the beginning. In this paper, a Semi-Decoupled Partitioning (SDP) method is proposed for coding block partitioning. With SDP, luma and chroma share the same coding block partitioning toward a specified partitioning depth. After this specified depth, the partitioning patterns of luma and chroma components can be optimized and signaled independently. The benefit of SDP is the additional flexibility of switching between dependent and independent partitioning patterns for luma and chroma since the characteristics of these color components can largely differ. The proposed method has been integrated on top of libaom research branch, and experimental results show that, significant coding gain can be achieved comparing to the libaom research anchor.
A discriminative model based entity dictionary weighting approach for spoken language understanding (2014)

Spoken language understanding (SLU) systems use various features to detect the domain, intent and semantic slots of a query. In addition to n-grams, features generated from entity dictionaries are often used in model training. Clean or properly weighted dictionaries are critical to improve model's coverage and accuracy for unseen entities during test time. However, clean dictionaries are hard to obtain for some applications since they are automatically generated and can potentially contain millions of entries (e.g. movie names, person names) with significant noise in them. This paper proposes a discriminative model based approach to weight entities in noisy dictionaries using multiple knowledge resources. The model makes use of features extracted from query click logs, knowledge graph and live search results for accurate entity weighting. Experiments for both intent detection and slots tagging tasks in entertainment search covering five domains show significant gains over the baselines.
Holographic fabrication of graded photonic super-crystals using spatial light modulator (2019)

Using the pixel-by-pixel phase engineering in a spatial light modulator together with reflective optical element, we have studied holographic fabrication of graded photonic super-crystals with a square lattice in square and hexagonal symmetries.
Using architectural “families” to increase FPGA speed and density (1995)

In order to narrow the speed and density gap between FPGAs and MPGAs we propose the development of “families” of FPGAs. Each FPGA family is targeted at a single maximum logic capacity, and consists of several “siblings”, or FPGAs of different yet complementary architectures. Any given application circuit is implemented in the sibling with the most appropriate architecture. With properly chosen siblings, one can develop a family of FPGAs which will have better speed and density than any single FPGA. We apply this concept to create two different FPGA families, one composed of architectures with different types of hard-wired logic blocks and the other created from architectures with different types of heterogeneous logic blocks. We found that a family composed of eight chips with different hard-wired logic block architectures simultaneously improves density by 12 to 14% and speed by 18 to 20% over the best single hard-wired FPGA.
Proteus (2006)

Despite huge efforts by software providers, software protection mechanisms are still broken on a regular basis. Due to the current distribution model, an attack against one copy of the software can be reused against any copy of the software. Diversity is an important tool to overcome this problem. It allows for renewable defenses in space, by giving every user a different copy, and renewable defenses in time when combined with tailored updates. This paper studies the possibilities and limitations of using virtualization to open a new set of opportunities to make diverse copies of a piece of software and to make individual copies more tamper-resistant. The performance impact is considerable and indicates that these techniques are best avoided in performance-critical parts of the code.
SERS as a Foundation for Nanoscale, Optically Detected Biological Labels (2007)

Abstract Au and Ag nanoparticles have optical properties that have made them useful as tags in a wide variety of measurement schemes. This Progress Report discusses several different schemes in which Au and Ag nanoparticles have been used as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags for the measurement of biomolecules. As an example application, results using glass‐coated nanotags (Nanoplex Biotags) in a lateral flow immunoassay kit are presented.
High quality ultrasonic multi-line transmission through deep learning (2018)

Frame rate is a crucial consideration in cardiac ultrasound imaging and 3D sonography. Several methods have been proposed in the medical ultrasound literature aiming at accelerating the image acquisition. In this paper, we consider one such method called \textit{multi-line transmission} (MLT), in which several evenly separated focused beams are transmitted simultaneously. While MLT reduces the acquisition time, it comes at the expense of a heavy loss of contrast due to the interactions between the beams (cross-talk artifact). In this paper, we introduce a data-driven method to reduce the artifacts arising in MLT. To this end, we propose to train an end-to-end convolutional neural network consisting of correction layers followed by a constant apodization layer. The network is trained on pairs of raw data obtained through MLT and the corresponding \textit{single-line transmission} (SLT) data. Experimental evaluation demonstrates significant improvement both in the visual image quality and in objective measures such as contrast ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio, while preserving resolution unlike traditional apodization-based methods. We show that the proposed method is able to generalize well across different patients and anatomies on real and phantom data.
Transition of the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis network - a technology transfer from NOAA research to NOAA operations (2003)

The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) network was established for the early detection and real time reporting of tsunamis in support of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP). Each DART station is occupied by a surface buoy and a bottom pressure recorder (BPR) anchored on the seafloor that monitors and reports water column height. An acoustic modem transfers BPR measured heights to the surface buoy which in turn relays the data to ground receivers via a NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Data are then disseminated to NDBC for processing, quality control, and data display, to PMEL for diagnostic and research applications, and to the National Weather Services (NWS), two Tsunami Warning Centers in Alaska and Hawaii for providing warning guidance to coastal communities. Data are displayed and made available for download from the NDBC Web site URL: www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart.shtml. Operational responsibility for the DART system is being transferred from a research lab (PMEL) to the appropriate operational center (NDBC). This paper gives a brief overview of the DART system followed by details of the transition process.
Determining Tournament Payout Structures for Daily Fantasy Sports (2017)

With an exploding global market and the recent introduction of online cash prize tournaments, fantasy sports contests are quickly becoming a central part of the social gaming and sports industries. For sports fans and online media companies, fantasy sports contests are an opportunity for large financial gains. However, they present a host of technical challenges that arise from the complexities involved in running a web-scale, prize driven fantasy sports platform. We initiate the study of these challenges by examining one concrete problem in particular: how to algorithmically generate contest payout structures that are 1) economically motivating and appealing to contestants and 2) reasonably structured and succinctly representable. We formalize this problem and present a general two-staged approach for producing satisfying payout structures given constraints on contest size, entry fee, prize bucketing, etc. We then propose and evaluate several potential algorithms for solving the payout problem efficiently, including methods based on dynamic programming, integer programming, and heuristic techniques. Experimental results show that a carefully designed heuristic scales very well, even to contests with over 100,000 prize winners. Our approach extends beyond fantasy sports – it is suitable for generating engaging payout structures for any contest with a large number of entrants and a large number of prize winners, including other massive online games, poker tournaments, and real-life sports tournaments.
The Emerging Pathogen <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> Interacts with Complement Inhibitor C4b Binding Protein through Ubiquitous Surface Proteins A1 and A2 (2004)

Moraxella catarrhalis ubiquitous surface protein A2 (UspA2) mediates resistance to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. In this study, an interaction between the complement fluid phase regulator of the classical pathway, C4b binding protein (C4BP), and M. catarrhalis mutants lacking UspA1 and/or UspA2 was analyzed by flow cytometry and a RIA. Two clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis expressed UspA2 at a higher density than UspA1. The UspA1 mutants showed a decreased C4BP binding (37.6% reduction), whereas the UspA2-deficient Moraxella mutants displayed a strongly reduced (94.6%) C4BP binding compared with the wild type. In addition, experiments with recombinantly expressed UspA1(50-770) and UspA2(30-539) showed that C4BP (range, 1-1000 nM) bound to the two proteins in a dose-dependent manner. The equilibrium constants (K(D)) for the UspA1(50-770) and UspA2(30-539) interactions with a single subunit of C4BP were 13 microM and 1.1 microM, respectively. The main isoform of C4BP contains seven identical alpha-chains and one beta-chain linked together with disulfide bridges, and the alpha-chains contain eight complement control protein (CCP) modules. The UspA1 and A2 bound to the alpha-chain of C4BP, and experiments with C4BP lacking CCP2, CCP5, or CCP7 showed that these three CCPs were important for the Usp binding. Importantly, C4BP bound to the surface of M. catarrhalis retained its cofactor activity as determined by analysis of C4b degradation. Taken together, M. catarrhalis interferes with the classical complement activation pathway by binding C4BP to UspA1 and UspA2.
Fast and Accurate Cooperative Tracking in Wireless Networks (2012)

The utility of wireless networks for many applications is increased if the locations of the nodes in the network can be tracked based on the measurements between communicating nodes. Many applications, such as tracking fire fighters in large buildings, require the deployment of mobile ad hoc networks. Real-time tracking in such environments is a challenging task, particularly combined with restrictions on computational and communication resources in mobile devices. In this paper, we present a new algorithm using the Bayesian framework for cooperative tracking of nodes, which allows accurate tracking over large areas using only a small number of anchor nodes. The proposed algorithm requires lower computational and communication resources than existing algorithms. Simulation results show that the algorithm performs well with the tracking error being close to the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound that we derive for cooperative tracking. Experimental results for a network deployed in an indoor office environment with external global position system-referenced anchor nodes are presented. A computationally simple indoor range error model for measurements at the 5.8-GHz ISM band that yields positioning accuracy close to that obtained when using the actual range error distribution is also presented.
[Anti-K99 vaccination and colostric protection of calves infected experimentally with Escherichia coli K99]. (1985)

Colostral antibodies of cows vaccinated with E. coli B41 (O101: K99, F41) protect completely B41 experimentally infected calves. In order to know more precisely the role of K99, F41 antibodies in protection, calves receiving the colostrum of B41 vaccinated cows are infected with E. coli B44 (O9: K30: H-K99, F41). Vaccination multiplies K99 antibodies in colostrum by seven. In B44 infected calves, specific K99, F41 antibodies protect only 3 out of 6 calves completely. Additive effect of antibodies against K99 and other surface antigens of enterotoxigenic E. coli seems desirable for a more complete protection.
Classification of Automated Web Traffic (2009)

As web search providers seek to improve both relevance and response times, they are challenged by the ever-increasing tax of automated search query traffic. Third party systems interact with search engines for a variety of reasons, such as monitoring a web site’s rank, augmenting online games, or possibly to maliciously alter click-through rates. In this paper, we investigate automated traffic (sometimes referred to as bot traffic) in the query stream of a large search engine provider. We define automated traffic as any search query not generated by a human in real time. We first provide examples of different categories of query logs generated by automated means. We then develop many different features that distinguish between queries generated by people searching for information, and those generated by automated processes. We categorize these features into two classes, either an interpretation of the physical model of human interactions, or as behavioral patterns of automated interactions. Using the these detection features, we next classify the query stream using multiple binary classifiers. In addition, a multiclass classifier is then developed to identify subclasses of both normal and automated traffic. An active learning algorithm is used to suggest which user sessions to label to improve the accuracy of the multiclass classifier, while also seeking to discover new classes of automated traffic. Performance analysis are then provided. Finally, the multiclass classifier is used to predict the subclass distribution for the search query stream.
<title>Passive millimeter-wave video camera</title> (1998)

A passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) camera capable of generating a real time display of the imaged scene, similar to video cameras, has been developed at TRW and is undergoing field testing. The camera operates at 89 GHz, acquiring images at a frame rate of 17 Hz. This work reports on the video imaging generated by the camera. This research is carried out under the Passive Millimeter-Wave Camera Consortium, a cost-shared program between the Defense Advanced Research Programs Agency and an industrial consortium that includes Honeywell, McDonnell Douglas and TRW. It is managed for the Department of Defense by NASA-LaRC.
Evidence that neuronal G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels are activated by G beta gamma subunits and function as heteromultimers. (1995)

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) activate K+ conductances in cardiac atrial cells to slow heart rate and in neurons to decrease excitability. cDNAs encoding three isoforms of a G-protein-coupled, inwardly rectifying K+ channel (GIRK) have recently been cloned from cardiac (GIRK1/Kir 3.1) and brain cDNA libraries (GIRK2/Kir 3.2 and GIRK3/Kir 3.3). Here we report that GIRK2 but not GIRK3 can be activated by G protein subunits G beta 1 and G gamma 2 in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, when either GIRK3 or GIRK2 was coexpressed with GIRK1 and activated either by muscarinic receptors or by G beta gamma subunits, G-protein-mediated inward currents were increased by 5- to 40-fold. The single-channel conductance for GIRK1 plus GIRK2 coexpression was intermediate between those for GIRK1 alone and for GIRK2 alone, and voltage-jump kinetics for the coexpressed channels displayed new kinetic properties. On the other hand, coexpression of GIRK3 with GIRK2 suppressed the GIRK2 alone response. These studies suggest that formation of heteromultimers involving the several GIRKs is an important mechanism for generating diversity in expression level and function of neurotransmitter-coupled, inward rectifier K+ channels.
A high temperature apparatus for measurement of the Seebeck coefficient (2011)

A high temperature Seebeck coefficient measurement apparatus with various features to minimize typical sources of error is designed and built. Common sources of temperature and voltage measurement error are described and principles to overcome these are proposed. With these guiding principles, a high temperature Seebeck measurement apparatus with a uniaxial 4-point contact geometry is designed to operate from room temperature to over 1200 K. This instrument design is simple to operate, and suitable for bulk samples with a broad range of physical types and shapes.
Superconducting Oxides by the Sol-Gel Method Using Alkoxides (1988)

The superconducting oxide Y-Ba-Cu-O has successfully been fabricated by the sol-gel method using Y, Ba, and Cu alkoxides as starting materials. Powders with specific surface area of 15 m2/g are prepared by this method. An X-ray diffraction pattern attributed to a 1-2-3 structure appears at 750°C and a bulk sample with Tc of 90 K is made by 900°C sintering in an oxygen atmosphere. A film of Tc=80 K with c-axis orientation is also fabricated using the sol-gel paste on an yttrium-stabilized ZrO2 substrate.
Substrate/Buffer Layer Compounds in the Calcium Antimonate System for Growth of Epitaxial YBCO Films. (1997)

Abstract : Using pulsed laser deposition (PLD), epitaxial thin films of Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide (YBCO) have been grown on films of compounds in the calcium antimonate system, Ca2MeSbO6, where Me=Al, Ga, Sc, In, Y and La. Bulk targets of compounds were prepared from precursor oxides and carbonates using solid state reaction at temperatures between 1400 and 1500 deg C. Epitaxial relationships were determined from x-ray diffraction data. All antimonates investigated demonstrated (001) epitaxy and should support (001) growth of YBCO. Dielectric constants and losses of bulk samples were measured using cavity perturbation techniques at x band. As reported, all antimonates exhibit low dielectric constants and low losses.
Methods for converting cysteine to dehydroalanine on peptides and proteins (2011)

Dehydroalanine is a synthetic precursor to a wide array of protein modifications. We describe multiple methods for the chemical conversion of cysteine to dehydroalanine on peptides and proteins. The scope and limitations of these methods were investigated with attention paid to side reactions, scale, and aqueous- and bio-compatibility. The most general method investigated—a bis-alkylation–elimination of cysteine to dehydroalanine—was applied successfully to multiple proteins and enabled the site-selective synthesis of a glycosylated antibody.
Two-stage State Estimation Approach for Combined Heat and Electric Networks Considering the Dynamic Property of Pipelines (2017)

State estimation (SE) usually serves as the basic function of the energy management system (EMS). In this paper, we propose an SE approach for EMS of combined heat and electric network (CHEN) that consists of 'active' heating networks. The proposed two-stage estimator deals with the time delay of heat power transmission in the pipeline. Test results show that the proposed estimator can track the temperature variation in the heating network well, and has good convergence in both steady and dynamic processes.
Magnetoelectric thin film composites with interdigital electrodes (2013)

Magnetoelectric (ME) thin film composites on silicon cantilevers are fabricated using Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.45)O3 (PZT) films with interdigital transducer electrodes on the top side and FeCoSiB amorphous magnetostrictive thin films on the backside. These composites without any direct interface between the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phase are superior to conventional plate capacitor-type thin film ME composites. A limit of detection of 2.6 pT/Hz1/2 at the mechanical resonance is determined which corresponds to an improvement of a factor of approximately 2.8 compared to the best plate type sensor using AlN as the piezoelectric phase and even a factor of approximately 4 for a PZT plate capacitor.
Cofactor-Free Detection of Phosphatidylserine with Cyclic Peptides Mimicking Lactadherin (2011)

Cyclic peptides (cLacs) are designed to mimic the natural phosphatidylserine (PS) binding protein lactadherin. Unlike annexin V or its small molecule mimics, the cLac peptides selectively target PS-presenting membranes with no need for metal cofactors. We further show that a fluorophore-labeled cLac effectively stains early apoptotic cells. The small size and facile conjugation with a variety of imaging tracers make the cLac design promising for imaging cell death in vitro as well as in living organisms.
Wavelength‐Programmable Organic Distributed‐Feedback Laser Based on a Photoassisted Polymer‐Migration System (2005)

A novel organic distributed-feedback laser with programmable lasing wavelengths is described. The laser is based on a double-layered structure composed of an azopolymer layer that forms a surface relief grating (SRG) and a dye-doped polymer layer that provides optical gain. The lasing wavelength is programmed by erasing and rewriting the azopolymer SRG with an interference pattern of a different period (see Figure).