gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Reduction of NOx and Particulate Emissions by Using Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Air (2001)

Abstract This paper discusses the results obtained from experiments conducted on a large-bore diesel engine when oxygen-enriched combustion air is used. An operating regime was identified in which particulates and NOx could be reduced simultaneously when the concentration of intake air oxygen, fueling rate, and injection timing were optimized. Additional benefits such as higher gross power, lower peak cylinder pressures, and lower brake-specific fuel consumption were also observed under these optimized operating parameters. With an optimal operating strategy (oxygen concentration, fueling rate, and timing), particulates were reduced by approximately 60% and NOx emissions were reduced by 15–20%. Gross power was increased by about 15–20% at base peak combustion pressure, and brake-specific fuel consumption was decreased by 2–10% with load. These results were obtained on a two-cylinder (EMD 567B) locomotive research diesel engine using oxygen from an external source. To utilize this technique in practice, an air separation membrane and associated auxiliary equipment could be connected to the engine’s intake air system (after the air filter) to supply the desired oxygen-enriched combustion air; this additional evaluation is beyond the scope of current study. Although operating the membrane causes a parasitic power drain, the increase in gross power could compensate for these losses, resulting in a potential net gain in power and lower emissions for diesel engines.
Loopus opens a new dimension in satellite communications (1984)

Abstract Without any doubt the geostationary orbit is for many applications the most suitable orbit because of the apparent standstill of its satellites. Unfortunately geostationary satellites cannot illuminate the polar regions and furthermore the number of orbit positions is limited. With satellites on certain, dependent on the system, circular or elliptical orbits inclined against the equatorial plane, it is possible to form, off the geostationary orbit, loop‐shaped quasi‐positions—referred to as Loopus positions—which are served by satellites of alternate identity. The basic idea is to employ in shift several satellites along the same apparent track which, in the alternate play with the earth's rotation, form small loops at the celestial sphere. Change‐over takes place at the loop intersection point where a collision of the two satellites is just avoided. Thus a system with for example three satellites, which serve two Loopus positions, allows uninterrupted (quasi‐)stationary communication via earth‐stations in two coverage zones.
Variable refractive index polymeric nanolayered films (2003)

A new class of polymer films comprised of alternating elastomeric and glassy polymer nanolayers is described. Applying pressure to the composite can reversibly vary the refractive index. The mechanism for the index change was investigated by reflectance measurements, which were also used to assess the modulus of the elastomeric nanolayer.
A MAC protocol for wireless personal area networks (2013)

This paper proposes several extensions to IEEE Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) MAC protocol in order to enable a more robust and flexible solution to WPANs and sensor networks. Specifically, four extensions are proposed: a priority access period is added to handle emergency data transmission needed in some use cases, a scheduling protocol to resolve beacon transmission conflict between multiple WPANs operating in the same vicinity, a resource reservation protocol for interference- free data communication in a tree-topology WPAN, and a network alignment method to coordinate multiple coexisting unsynchronized WPANs.
Modulation of Immune Response to Group C Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine Given Intranasally to Mice Together with the LTK63 Mucosal Adjuvant and the Trimethyl Chitosan Delivery System (2004)

Previous work had shown that the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccine against group C meningococci (CRM-MenC) is enhanced when it is delivered intranasally (inl) with mucosal adjuvants, such as mutants of the Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT), and with delivery systems such as chitosan derivatives. We show, in mice, that the concomitant use of limiting doses of the fully nontoxic LTK63 mutant as a mucosal adjuvant and of the trimethyl derivative of chitosan as a delivery system allows the reduction of each of the components for the induction of antibody and bactericidal responses to CRM-MenC conjugate vaccine delivered inl at titers similar to or higher than those induced by parenteral immunization. These data could affect the design of efficacious mucosal vaccines and their safety.
Optimal Field Development Planning of Well Locations With Reservoir Uncertainty (2005)

Abstract The paper presents a process for determining optimal subsurface locations for producing and injecting wells in a field to improve reservoir performance and value. The process is illustrated by optimizing well locations in an initial development planning context. The process involves planning a set of wells on a static reservoir model using an automated well planner. These locations are then optimized with dynamic flow simulation to achieve higher recovery or economic benefit. In this work, we present the framework for optimizing many well locations simultaneously, with reservoir simulation and economic analysis. This method is demonstrated byapplying it to a field-scale simulation model with water injection.
Calibration-free measurement of the oxygen saturation in human retinal vessels (1995)

The detection of alterations in the microcirculation requires both the measurement of the blood-flow and the measurement of the oxygen saturation in whole blood. The basis for the non-invasive estimation of the oxygen saturation is the difference between extinction-spectra of hemoglobin and of oxyhemoglobin. Further in whole blood the scattering at the erythrocytes has to be taken into account. In principle spectral measurements at three neighboring wavelengths are sufficient for the calculation of the oxygen saturation, the concentration- thickness-geometry product and the scattering intensity. Caused by the maximal permissible exposure, the signal/noise ratio is very low in fundus reflectometry. But if the wavelength- range from 520 nm to 620 nm is evaluated, the requirement at the signal/noise ratio is reduced. This reduction corresponds to the square root of the number of discrete wavelengths at which the ocular fundus reflectance is measured. So the oxygen saturation can be calculated with an error lower than +/- 4%. For this purpose the extinction spectrum of whole blood is approximated by a model, including besides the above mentioned unknowns the spectral dependency of the scattering. The experimental arrangement for the measurement of the oxygen saturation is an imaging ophthalmo-spectrometer which allows reflectance measurements with a good spectral (< 3 nm) and local (> 3 micrometers ) resolution simultaneously at a vessel and in its neighborhood. The extinction of blood is calculated as the logarithm of the ratio of the reflectance of the neighborhood and of the vessel. In this calculation the influences of the ocular media, of the background and of eye movements are eliminated. The sensitivity of the detector system has to be very high in order to detect the light which is reflected at a dark background and travels through the blood. The new method was tested by a comparison the oxygen saturation of the blood in an arteriole and a venule in the brain of a piglet measured by reflectometry with the oxygen saturation of the left ventricular and the venous blood measured by a laboratory hemoximeter. First results of the measurement of the oxygen saturation in human retinal vessels are demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: The Essentials for the Control of Charge‐Orbital Ordering in Thin Films of Perovskite Manganites (2010)

Abstract Review: 44 refs.
Transparent garnet ceramic scintillators for gamma-ray detection (2012)

Lanthanide gallium/aluminum-based garnets have a great potential as host structures for scintillation materials for medical imaging. Particularly attractive features are their high density, chemical radiation stability and more importantly, their cubic structure and isotropic optical properties, which allow them to be fabricated into fully transparent, highperformance polycrystalline optical ceramics. Lutetium/gadolinium aluminum/gallium garnets (described by formulas ((Gd,Lu)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce, Gd3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce and Lu3Al5O12:Pr)) feature high effective atomic number and good scintillation properties, which make them particularly attractive for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and other γ- ray detection applications. The ceramic processing route offers an attractive alternative to single crystal growth for obtaining scintillator materials at relatively low temperatures and at a reasonable cost, with flexibility in dimension control as well as activator concentration adjustment. In this study, optically transparent polycrystalline ceramics mentioned above were prepared by the sintering-HIP approach, employing nano-sized starting powders. The properties and microstructures of the ceramics were controlled by varying the processing parameters during consolidation. Single-phase, high-density, transparent specimens were obtained after sintering followed by a pressure-assisted densification process, i.e. hot-isostatic-pressing. The transparent ceramics displayed high contact and distance transparency as well as high light yield as high as 60,000-65,000 ph/MeV under gamma-ray excitation, which is about 2 times that of a LSO:Ce single crystal. The excellent scintillation and optical properties make these materials promising candidates for medical imaging and γ-ray detection applications.
The Linker for Activation of T Cells (LAT) Signaling Hub: From Signaling Complexes to Microclusters (2015)

Since the cloning of the critical adapter, LAT (linker for activation of T cells), more than 15 years ago, a combination of multiple scientific approaches and techniques continues to provide valuable insights into the formation, composition, regulation, dynamics, and function of LAT-based signaling complexes. In this review, we will summarize current views on the assembly of signaling complexes nucleated by LAT. LAT forms numerous interactions with other signaling molecules, leading to cooperativity in the system. Furthermore, oligomerization of LAT by adapter complexes enhances intracellular signaling and is physiologically relevant. These results will be related to data from super-resolution microscopy studies that have revealed the smallest LAT-based signaling units and nanostructure.
Towards instantaneous spectrally controlled interferometry (2018)

Spectrally controlled interferometry (SCI) is a method which presents a host of advantages over traditional coherent and white light interferometry. As its name suggests, the source spectrum is precisely controlled to produce localized fringes whose location and phase are tunable. The approach has been demonstrated to produce accurate interferometric measurements of planar and spherical optics in the presence of detrimental back reflections over a large range of cavity sizes. Phase shifted measurements of single surfaces can be done without any means of mechanical phase shifting. Additionally, existing systems can be converted to be SCI compatible as the method is implemented entirely at the source level of the instrument. Previous demonstrations of this method have applied temporal phase shifting, but use of the SCI method does not preclude the use of alternative measurement techniques. While traditionally, SCI measurements are acquired by shifting the phase of the spectrum modulation function, here we present an alternative method for phase shifting via mean wavelength shift. It is a convenient extension of SCI because typically source parameters are already controlled electronically and shifting mean wavelength of the source adds no additional complication or modification to the existing hardware. By utilizing wavelength shifting novel architectures for instantaneous measurements become possible. In this paper we present two methods of instantaneous surface measurements: using carrier fringe approach and simultaneous PSI by mean wavelength shift. Various phase measurements of multiple surface cavities via both methods are presented to demonstrate the capability. Comparisons are made to traditional SCI and standard coherent phase shifting measurements. Limitations and sources of noise are addressed as well.
BiB_3O_6 femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (2006)

We report a femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on the nonlinear material BiB3O6. The OPO is synchronously pumped in the blue by the second harmonic of a Kerr-lens-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. It can provide wide and continuous tuning across the entire green-yellow-orange-red spectral range with a single crystal and a single set of mirrors. Using a 500 microm BiB3O6 crystal and collinear type I (e+e->o) phase matching in the optical yz plane, a signal wavelength range of 480-710 nm is demonstrated with angle tuning at room temperature at average output powers of 270 mW. With 220 fs blue pump pulses, near-transform-limited signal pulses of 120 fs duration have been obtained at 76 MHz repetition rate.
A new method to improve the efficiency and accuracy of incremental singular value decomposition (2023)

Singular value decomposition (SVD) has been widely used in machine learning. It lies at the root of data analysis, and it provides the mathematical basis for many data mining techniques. Recently, interest in incremental SVD has been on the rise because it is well suited to streaming data. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm of incremental SVD that is designed to improve both efficiency and accuracy during computation. More specifically, our proposed algorithm takes advantage of the special structures of arrowhead and diagonal-plus-rank-one matrices involved in updating SVD models to expedite the updating process. Moreover, because the singular values are computed independently, the proposed method can be easily parallelized. In addition, as this paper shows, increasing rank can lead to more accurate singular values in the updating process. Experimental results from synthetic and real data sets demonstrate gains in efficiency and accuracy in the updating process.
CO/CO<sub>2</sub> Study of High Performance La<sub>0.3</sub>Sr<sub>0.7</sub>Fe<sub>0.7</sub>Cr<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>3–</sub><i><sub>δ</sub></i> Reversible SOFC Electrodes (2015)

Abstract In this study, we demonstrate that the La 0.3 Sr 0.7 Fe 0.7 Cr 0.3 O 3– δ (LSFCr) perovskite, examined here as a CO/CO 2 fuel electrode material intended for symmetrical, reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC) applications, is both high performing and stable towards CO 2 electrolysis (SOEC mode) and the oxidation of CO (SOFC mode). To demonstrate this, symmetrical LSFCr/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LSFCr cells were evaluated electrochemically by using both DC (cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic) and AC (impedance) techniques. The cells were tested at 800 °C using either 90% CO 2 :10% CO or 70% CO 2 :30% CO at the fuel electrode and air flowing to the O 2 electrode. From the open circuit impedance data, the polarization resistance, measured at 800 °C in a 90% CO 2 :10% CO and 70% CO 2 :30% CO gas composition, was 1.3 Ω cm 2 and 0.9 Ω cm 2 , respectively. Both the CV and polarized impedance data showed that the cell performance is higher during the electrolysis of CO 2 than for the oxidation of CO. Furthermore, the cell showed a very stable activity during CO 2 electrolysis, with a degradation rate of only 0.057 mV h −1 after ca. 135 h of galvanostatic testing at –100 mA cm −2 in 90% CO 2 :10% CO at 800 °C.
Detection and Quantification of Early-Stage Malaria Parasites in Laboratory Infected Erythrocytes by Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis (2014)

New diagnostic modalities for malaria must have high sensitivity and be affordable to the developing world. We report on a method to rapidly detect and quantify different stages of malaria parasites, including ring and gametocyte forms, using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) and partial least-squares regression (PLS). The absolute detection limit was found to be 0.00001% parasitemia (<1 parasite/μL of blood; p < 0.008) for cultured early ring stage parasites in a suspension of normal erythrocytes. Future development of universal and robust calibration models can significantly improve malaria diagnoses, leading to earlier detection and treatment of this devastating disease.
A Multitask Learning Framework for Broadband Source-Location Mapping Using Passive Sonar (2015)

Underwater source localization via passive sonar is a challenging task due to the dynamic and complex nature of the acoustic environment. Different from approaches based on matched-field processing, this work explores broadband underwater source localization within a multitask learning (MTL) framework. Here, each task refers to a robust signal approximation problem over a single frequency. MTL provides a natural framework for exchanging information across the narrowband signal-approximation problems and constructing an aggregate (across frequencies) source-localization map. Efficient algorithms based on block coordinate descent (BCD) are developed for solving the source-localization problem. Complex-valued predictor screening rules for reducing the computational complexity of the algorithm are also developed. These rules discard map locations from the set of possible source locations prior to using BCD. They reduce the computational complexity of the localization algorithm without compromising the localization results. Tests of these approaches on synthetic and real data for the SWellEX-3 environment compare the performance of the proposed algorithm to that of alternative methods.
Effectiveness of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretagogues in Diagnosing and Treating GH Secretory Deficiency in Aging Men (1998)

This study was conducted primarily to determine the utility of recombinant growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and xenobiotic GH-releasing peptide (GHRP) administered sequentially or in combination, as diagnostic agents for pituitary-based, GH secretory dysfunction in aging men. The secondary purpose was to test the hypothesis that loss of sensitivity to stimulation with GHRH during aging results, at least in part, from reduced exposure of the pituitary gland to the yet unknown, endogenous compound whose activity is stimulated by GHRP. Increases in serum GH following GHRH administration were significantly lower in older men than they were in adolescent and young adult men. In contrast, changes in serum GH following GHRP were comparable in the younger and older men. Because robust GH secretion in response to administration of exogenous GHRH or GHRP is interpreted as representing adequate concentrations of complementary endogenous GHRP and GHRH, respectively, the data suggested that older subjects were deficient in endogenous GHRP. Accordingly, it was of interest to determine whether priming with GHRP would restore the response to GHRH in these men. Ten consecutive days of priming with GHRP caused the responses to GHRH challenge to be significantly improved compared with responses observed before priming. GH secretion following co-administration of GHRH and GHRP were comparable in both age groups. The results of this study suggest that functional elements of pituitary somatotrophs directly related to expression of GHRH activity are intact during aging, but lose their effectiveness in part because of complementary secretagogue (endogenous GHRP analogy) deficiencies. Whereas priming with GHRP demonstrates the plasticity of GHRH signal transduction mechanisms in aging men, the data do not allow determination of whether GHRH or GHRP receptors or second messengers for either or both of these secretagogues become down-regulated. Future studies are designed to make these determinations and to further investigate and confirm the validaity of using GH scretagogues to reactivate the GH axis in the elderly.
Entropy-constrained predictive trellis coded quantization and compression of hyperspectral imagery. (1994)

A training-sequence-based entropy-constrained predictive trellis coded quantization (ECPTCQ) scheme is presented for encoding autoregressive sources. For encoding a first-order Gauss-Markov source, the MSE performance of an 8-state ECPTCQ system exceeds that of entropy-constrained DPCM by up to 1.0 dB. In addition, three systems--an ECPTCQ system, a 3-D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) system and a hybrid system--are presented for compression of hyperspectral imagery which utilize trellis coded quantization (TCQ). Specifically, the first system utilizes a 2-D DCT and ECPTCQ. The 2-D DCT is used to transform all nonoverlapping 8 x 8 blocks of each band. Thereafter, ECPTCQ is used to encode the transform coefficients in the spectral dimension. The 3-D DCT system uses TCQ to encode transform coefficients resulting from the application of an 8 x 8 x 8 DCT. The hybrid system uses DPCM to spectrally decorrelate the data, while a 2-D DCT coding scheme is used for spatial decorrelation. Side information and rate allocation strategies for all systems are discussed. Entropy-constrained codebooks are optimized for various generalized Gaussian distributions using a modified version of the generalized Lloyd algorithm. The first system can compress a hyperspectral image sequence at 0.125 bits/pixel/band while retaining an average peak signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 43 dB over the spectral bands. The 3-D DCT and hybrid systems achieve compression ratios of 77:1 and 69:1 while maintaining average peak signal-to-noise ratios of 40.75 dB and 40.29 dB, respectively, over the coded bands.
Synergistic Mixture of Electrolyte Additives: A Route to a High-Efficiency Mg–Air Battery (2020)

Magnesium primary cells are currently experiencing a renaissance following the suggestion of new strategies to boost their performance. The strategies suggested will maintain utilization efficiencies of 30-70%, which is considered to be relatively modest. In this work, the highest ever reported level of utilization efficiency of 82% is achieved for a Mg-based primary cell using a synergistic combination of electrolyte additives. It is demonstrated that the joint use of sodium nitrate and salicylate as electrolyte additives allows us to reach the aforementioned utilization efficiency of 5 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> via offering an effective suppression of anode self-corrosion and uniform Mg dissolution under discharge conditions.