gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Band gap engineering and spatial confinement of optical phonon in ZnO quantum dots (2006)

Both band gap engineering and spatial confinement of optical phonon were observed depending upon the size of ZnO quantum dots at room temperature. Size-dependent blueshifts of photoluminescence and absorption spectra reveal the quantum confinement effect. The measured Raman spectral shift and asymmetry for the E2(high) mode caused by localization of optical phonons agree well with that calculated by using the modified spatial correlation model.
High infrared emissivity coating for energy conservation and protection of inner surfaces in furnaces (2002)

The appearance of some new furnace construction materials, e.g. ceramic fibre insulations and high emissivity coatings (such as "ENECOAT") [1,2] requires the revision of the traditional wall structures. Research was done regarding a silicon carbide based furnace coating. Its emissivity is considerably greater than that of the material onto which it was applied. The basic phenomena resulting from the application of "ENECOAT" and its thermal effects were examined in the case of several continuous furnaces of brick factories. The increase of heat radiation due to "ENECOAT" coating of refractories decreases heat losses and results in better cooling of brick piles and some decrease in environmental pollution. The energy savings amounted to 4.8-6.2% and 3.8-4.4% in the case of natural gas fired and oil fired furnaces, respectively.
Properties of embedding methods for similarity searching in metric spaces (2003)

Complex data types-such as images, documents, DNA sequences, etc.-are becoming increasingly important in modern database applications. A typical query in many of these applications seeks to find objects that are similar to some target object, where (dis)similarity is defined by some distance function. Often, the cost of evaluating the distance between two objects is very high. Thus, the number of distance evaluations should be kept at a minimum, while (ideally) maintaining the quality of the result. One way to approach this goal is to embed the data objects in a vector space so that the distances of the embedded objects approximates the actual distances. Thus, queries can be performed (for the most part) on the embedded objects. We are especially interested in examining the issue of whether or not the embedding methods will ensure that no relevant objects are left out. Particular attention is paid to the SparseMap, FastMap, and MetricMap embedding methods. SparseMap is a variant of Lipschitz embeddings, while FastMap and MetricMap are inspired by dimension reduction methods for Euclidean spaces. We show that, in general, none of these embedding methods guarantee that queries on the embedded objects have no false dismissals, while also demonstrating the limited cases in which the guarantee does hold. Moreover, we describe a variant of SparseMap that allows queries with no false dismissals. In addition, we show that with FastMap and MetricMap, the distances of the embedded objects can be much greater than the actual distances. This makes it impossible (or at least impractical) to modify FastMap and MetricMap to guarantee no false dismissals.
STAT1 as a New Molecular Target of Anti-Inflammatory Treatment (2005)

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is widely considered as the molecular target of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, due to the harmful side effect frequently observed following chronic use, the development of new anti-inflammatory agents is the matter of many studies. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) are a family of nuclear proteins mediating the action of a number of cytokines. Among them, STAT1 plays a critical role in the signal transduction pathway of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and growth hormone. STAT1 cascade is one major signalling pathway converting the IFN-gamma signal into gene expression, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX, vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM) and intercellular cell adhesion molecules (ICAM), critically involved in different pathologies correlated to the inflammatory process. This review focuses the attention on an alternative approach to the development of novel drugs based on inhibition of STAT1 pathway. In this context, a growing interest has been focused on natural compounds. We have recently reported a several data indicating that green tea extract (GTE), St. John's Wort extract and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exhibit a specific and strong anti-STAT1 activity which is independent of their acclaimed strong anti-oxidant activity. More recently, GTE has been shown to protect heart damage from ischaemia/reperfusion in rats, suggesting that the protective effect of green tea might be correlated to its anti-STAT1 activity. The present review is aimed at providing data that STAT1 may potentially be claimed as a new molecular target of an anti-inflammatory treatment and that among natural compounds there are a number of anti-STAT1 substances.
CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genotypes, haplotypes, and risk of prostate cancer. (2003)

Previous case-only studies have shown that men with the CYP3A4*1B promoter variant are at an increased risk of developing more aggressive forms of prostate cancer. However, no changes in CYP3A4 activity have been found in CYP3A4*1B carriers, suggesting that its association with disease may simply reflect linkage disequilibrium with another functional variant. CYP3A5 is located within 200 kb of CYP3A4, and a variant in CYP3A5 (*1/*3) correlates with function of the CYP3A5 enzyme. In this study, the potential effect of CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*1 on prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness were evaluated in a family-based case-control population. The CYP3A4*1B variant was positively associated with prostate cancer among Caucasians with more aggressive disease [odds ratio (OR), 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-3.57; P=0.04], and inversely associated with risk among Caucasians with less aggressive disease (OR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01-0.49; P=0.006) and men with an age of diagnosis <63 (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.26-1.00; P=0.05). The CYP3A5*1 variant was inversely associated with prostate cancer, especially among Caucasians with less aggressive disease (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22-0.78; P=0.006). As expected based on these genotype-level results, the CYP3A4*1B/CYP3A5*3 haplotype was positively associated with disease (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.36-6.23; P=0.006), and the CYP3A4*1B/CYP3A5*1 haplotype was inversely associated with risk among Caucasians with less aggressive disease (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.51; P=0.009). These findings suggest that the CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants, or other alleles on the haplotypes they help distinguish, are associated with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness.
Calculation of resonances of microwave resonator loaded with inhomogeneous dielectric layer (1991)

A procedure for calculating resonance frequencies of a rectangular cavity loaded with an inhomogeneous layer is given. Calculations are based on a previous modification of the theoretical approach which, to the authors' knowledge, has not been verified numerically or experimentally. The numerical results presented illustrate both the effect of the dielectric inhomogeneity on the resonance frequencies, and the errors that are made if the correction to the original theory is not made.
The ischemic stroke patient who worsens: new assessment and management approaches. (2007)

The stroke patient who deteriorates presents a common and rewarding diagnostic challenge. Up to one third of ischemic stroke patients worsen after admission, though the frequency of deterioration is declining with modern supportive care. The causes of clinical worsening are diverse; common etiologies include collateral failure, brain edema, seizures, reocclusion after successful initial therapeutic recanalization, and systemic medical complications. Clot propagation and recurrent embolization are only infrequent mechanisms of worsening. The advent of multimodal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has transformed the evaluation of the deteriorating stroke patient. History, physical examination, screening blood work, and emergent reassessment of the cervical and cerebral vasculatures, regional hypoperfusion, and infarct core will yield a firm diagnosis of the cause of clinical worsening in the majority of patients. The therapeutic armamentarium for the worsening stroke patient has expanded greatly. Treatment options now include rescue late endovascular recanalization therapy, pressor collateral enhancement therapy, hemicraniectomy, and additional novel interventions in addition to enhanced supportive care. Because most causes of worsening can be treated effectively, the deteriorating stroke patient merits a swift and incisive diagnostic and therapeutic response.
DIE H-BAHN ALS AUTOMATISCHES NAHVERKEHRSSYSTEM FUER DEN LINIENVERKEHR (1977)

DIE H-BAHN WIRD VON DEN FIRMEN SIEMENS AG UND WAGGONFABRIK UERDINGEN AG ENTWICKELT, MIT DEN ZIELSETZUNGEN: 1. ATTRAKTIVITAET DURCH DICHTES VERKEHRSANGEBOT UND KURZE REISEZEITEN, 2. NIEDRIGE PERSONALKOSTEN DURCH AUTOMATISCHEN BETRIEB, 3. NIEDRIGE INVESTITIONEN UND KURZE BAUZEIT, 4. ANPASSUNGSFAEHIGKEIT DER BEFOERDERUNGSLEISTUNG. SYSTEMMERKMALE DER H-BAHN SIND DIE EIGENE, VORWIEGEND HOCHLIEGENDE FAHRBAHN, HAENGENDE ANORDNUNG DER FUEHRERLOSEN KABINEN, EIGNUNG DES KABINENSYSTEMS FUER EINZEL- UND ZUGBETRIEB, AUTOMATISCHE BETRIEBSABWICKLUNG DER VERKEHRSABLAEUFE. SEIT 1976 LAEUFT DER BETRIEB EINER VERSUCHSANLAGE. BESCHRIEBEN WERDEN DIE BETRIEBLICHEN UEBERLEGUNGEN FUER BEDARFSVERKEHR UND LINIENVERKEHR, DIE KONSTRUKTIONEN DER FAHRBAHN UND DER FAHRWERKE, DAS KABINENSYSTEM, DIE HALTEPUNKTE, DAS BETRIEBSLEITSYSTEM, WARTUNG UND REPARATUR. ES WERDEN KLEINKABINEN (8 SITZ- UND 9 STEHPLAETZE), MITTEL- UND GROSSKABINEN (24 SITZ- UND 45 STEHPLAETZE) ANGEBOTEN. DIE ENTWICKLUNG DES SYSTEMS WIRD VOM BUNDESMINISTERIUM FUER FORSCHUNG UND TECHNOLOGIE GEFOERDERT.
Effect of calpain inhibitor I, an inhibitor of the proteolysis of IκB, on the circulatory failure and multiple organ dysfunction caused by endotoxin in the rat (1997)

1. We compared the effects of calpain inhibitor I (inhibitor of the proteolysis of I kappa B and, hence, of the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) and dexamethasone on (i) the circulatory failure, (ii) multiple organ dysfunction and (iii) induction of the inducible isoforms of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) in anaesthetized rats with endotoxic shock. 2. Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, E. coli, 10 mg kg-1, i.v.) resulted in hypotension and a reduction of the pressor responses elicited by noradrenaline. This circulatory dysfunction was attenuated by pretreatment of LPS-rats with calpain inhibitor I (10 mg kg-1, i.v., 2 h before LPS) or dexamethasone (1 mg kg-1, i.v.). 3. Endotoxaemia also caused rises in the serum levels of (i) urea and creatinine (renal dysfunction), (ii) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (hepatocellular injury), bilirubin and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) (liver dysfunction), (iii) lipase (pancreatic injury) and (iv) lactate. Calpain inhibitor I and dexamethasone attenuated the liver injury, the pancreatic injury, the lactic acidosis as well as the hypoglycaemia caused by LPS. Dexamethasone, but not calpain inhibitor I, reduced the renal dysfunction caused by LPS. 4. Endotoxaemia for 6 h resulted in a substantial increase in iNOS and COX-2 protein and activity in lung and liver, which was attenuated in LPS-rats pretreated with calpain inhibitor I or dexamethasone. 5. Thus, calpain inhibitor I and dexamethasone attenuate (i) the circulatory failure, (ii) the multiple organ dysfunction (liver and pancreatic dysfunction/injury, lactic acidosis, hypoglycaemia), as well as (iii) the induction of iNOS and COX-2 protein and activity in rats with endotoxic shock. We propose that prevention of the activation of NF-kappa B in vivo may be useful in the therapy of circulatory shock or of disorders associated with local or systemic inflammation.
Prescribing opioid analgesics for chronic non-malignant pain in general practice – a survey of attitudes and practice (2015)

Given the national trend for increased opioid prescriptions, it is unsurprising that more frequent self-reported prescribing is reported here; however, increased frequency does not translate into less reluctance about prescribing. The effectiveness of strong opioids for chronic pain is recognised, but concerns about addiction, dependence and misuse inform a reluctance to use strong opioids. These juxtapositions highlight a continued need for clearer understanding of GPs' perceptions of strong opioids and point to the potential benefit of dedicated guidelines or specialist education and training to address their uncertainties.
Bulldozing Famous Backyards (2011)

No doubt it seemed like a good idea at the time. Sometime in 2007-8 Michael Younes was looking for a development opportunity and felt he had found one at 5 Sutherland Road North Parramatta. For $689,000 Younes took over the property from previous owners David Borger and Paul Barber and applied for a demolition order that would allow him to replace the venerable suburban, bungalow-style house with what was variously described as 'a two-storey duplex', 'town houses' or 'a dual occupancy residence'.
The APOE ∍4 allele Is Associated with Decline on Delayed Recall Performance in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults (1998)

These findings are consistent with previous studies, which suggest that the APOE epsilon4 allele predicts decline on measures of delayed recall.
Specificity of early motoneuron growth cone outgrowth in the chick embryo (1985)

During development, chick lumbosacral motoneurons have been reported to form precise topographic projections within the limb from the time of initial outgrowth. This observation implies, first, that motoneurons select the appropriate muscle nerve pathway and, second, that they restrict their ramification within the primary uncleaved muscle masses to appropriate regions. Several reports based on electrophysiology and orthograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling have shown muscle nerve pathway selection to be fairly precise. However, studies based on retrograde labeling with HRP have produced conflicting reports on the extent to which vertebrate motoneurons make projection errors. Since it is difficult to distinguish between true projection errors and HRP leakage when using retrograde labeling, we decided to assess the distribution of labeled growth cones in 25-micron serial plastic sections, following orthograde labeling of identifiable subpopulations of motoneurons during the period of initial axon outgrowth. Examination of a large number of muscle nerves revealed no segmentally inappropriate axons, confirming earlier reports that muscle nerve pathway selection is very accurate. In addition, we observed that growth cones take widely divergent trajectories into the same muscle nerve, suggesting that growth cones are responding independently to some specific environmental cue rather than being passively channeled at this point. The distribution of labeled growth cones within the muscle masses provided direct evidence that motoneurons did not at any time project to obviously inappropriate muscle regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Automatic construction of acoustic markov models for words (1987)

The Speech Recognition Group at IBM Research has developed a real-time, isolated-word speech recognizer based on the IBM Personal Computer AT and IBM Signal Processors. The system, called Tangora, accepts natural English sentences drawn from a vocabulary of 20,000 words. Despite its large vocabulary, the Tangora recognizer requires only about 20 minutes of speech from each new user for training purposes. The accuracy of the system and its ease of training are largely attributable to the use of hidden Markov models in its acoustic match component. This paper describes an automatic technique for constructing Markov word models from sub-word units called fenones. Fenones which are, themselves, represented by miniature Markov models, are very short speech events and may be obtained automatically via vector quantization. Since fenonic word models are constructed from a small inventory of fenones, training can be accomplished with any small script which includes several examples of each fenone. Results of experiments with speaker-dependent and speaker-independent models on several isolated-word recognition tasks are reported. These experiments show that fenonic Markov models are superior to phonetics-based word models.
Pedestrian Guiding Signs Optimization for Airport Terminal (2014)

The pedestrian guiding sign (PGS) is used to lead people within the transportation terminal to their directions efficiently and without boundaries. In this paper, we aim to optimize the guiding signs for people in the comprehensive transportation terminal with a mathematical model, which describes the pedestrian's reaction, judgment, and perception of the outline about the guiding signs, as well as pedestrian's moving status through self-organized characteristic behavior. Furthermore, the model also reflects the information intensity of the guiding signs within the pedestrian's visual field which is taken as the influence level score of PGS. In order to solve the model, cellular automation (CA) is employed to simulate the characteristics of the pedestrians such as crowd moving and sign selection.
Side-Scan Sonar : A Practical Guide (1976)

The apparent lack in up-to-date literature of practical advice on operational aspects of side-scan sonar and the isometric reproduction of records calls for a more specific approach. The author discusses step by step every major feature that directly affects the composition of the resulting sonograph. Special emphasis is given to distorting factors, which have to be eliminated when draughting isometric maps from sonograph mosaics. A number of practical aids are presented in the form of distortion ellipses and true distance nomograms, which simplify the manual draughting process to a point beyond which only computerization would provide substantial improvement. Since computerization of the draughting process will not be available for many users in the foreseeable future, these aids are considered vital. Finally, the various features discussed, as well as geological interpretations of selected examples from the South African continental margin, are represented. The discussion is based on the EG&G Mark IB side-scan sonar system.
An automatic method for detecting objects of interest in videos using surprise theory (2012)

Automatically detecting objects of interest in videos is a challenging issue since there is no prior knowledge about which objects should be detected and what these objects look like. The objects of interest can be defined as salient ones and the saliency can be measured by surprise theory. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method for automatic object detection. It involves two modules: surprise estimation and object localization. The surprise estimation module first uses the surprise theory to obtain a saliency map which indicates the novelty of each pixel compared with its previous states. The object localization module then determines where the salient objects locate based on the branch-and-bound search algorithm. Experimental results have shown that the objects of interest in videos can be successfully localized by using the proposed automatic detection method.
Convection-based realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) utilizing transparent graphene heaters (2014)

We present a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chip incorporating graphene heaters and thermal convection. We adopted graphene heaters in order to replace the bulky metal heating blocks or opaque metal line heaters utilized in the previous PCR chips. Transparency of the CVD based graphene heaters allowed the realtime fluorescence detection of PCR product using a light-path passing through a reaction chamber. Thermal convection enabled rapid and automated PCR thermocycling.
Stimulation of osteoblast activity by homocysteine (2008)

Homocysteine (HCY) has recently been linked to fragility fractures. Moreover, HCY activates osteoclasts. Little is known about the effect of HCY on activity of human osteoblasts (OBs). We hypothesized that HCY decreases the activity of OBs. Osteoblasts obtained from trabecular human bone specimens of eight donors were cultured with conditioned medium. Culture medium was adjusted to 0, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 microM HCY. After 14 days alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, pro-collagen type I N-terminal peptide (PINP) and osteocalcin (OC) secretion in the supernatant were measured. After 20 days the formation of mineralized matrix was analyzed. HCY-stimulated AP activity gradually (100 microM HCY: 118%, P=0.006; 500 microM HCY: 125%, P<0.001). At 1000 and 2000 microM HCY the increase of AP activity was reversible (1000 microM HCY: 106%, P=0.317; 2000 microM HCY: 102%, P<0.737). The PINP secretion was also stimulated by HCY reaching a maximum of 260+/-154 microg/l at 500 micromol/l versus 205+/-94 microg/l in controls. After 20 days of culture the formation of bone matrix was increased at 100 and 500 microM HCY. OC secretion was not significantly changed. The results of the present study consistently demonstrate a moderate stimulation of primary human OB activity by increasing concentrations of HCY. However, the magnitude of this effect seems to be less pronounced than recent observations on primary human osteoclasts, suggesting a dysbalance between OBs and osteoclasts in favour of osteoclasts.
Fluvastatin does not elevate periosteal osteogenesis induce by Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) in mice. (2006)

Several studies have demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of statins. Since Wang and associates reported that in rabbits lovastatin reduced steroid-induced bone loss, numerous authors have confirmed these data, however, others have reported conflicting results. In this study, the effects of fluvastatin on bone formation were investigated in early and late phase of osteogenesis. In the first set of experiments (early phase of osteogenesis) CFW/Ll mice were randomly divided into three groups. Two groups were injected with Moloney-murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV) into right thighs to induce orthotopic bone formation. Mice in the experimental group received fluvastatin for 11 consecutive days. Thirty days after Mo-MSV inoculation, total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (AP) were measured and bone mineral increase was calculated. In the second set of experiments (late phase of osteogenesis), fluvastatin was administered from day 11 after Mo-MSV inoculation for 20 consecutive days. Fluvastatin administration in the early phase of osteogenesis made no significant difference in average bone increase compared with mice receiving placebo. Lipid profile and AP were not significantly affected. During late phase of osteogenesis, the average increase in femural dry mass was significantly lower in the group of mice receiving fluvastatin than in the control group. Also, Mo-MSV-initiated tumors disappeared earlier in mice treated with fluvastatin. This may be attributed to the antioncogenic potential of fluvastatin. These results also point out that orthotopic bone formation at the sites of Mo-MSV inoculation in mice seems to be a useful model to examine the pleiotropic effects of statins.