gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polar Embedding (2021)

An efficient representation of a hierarchical structure is essential for developing intelligent systems because most real-world objects are arranged in hierarchies. A distributional representation has brought great success in numerous natural language processing tasks, and a hierarchy is also successfully represented with embeddings. Particularly, the latest approaches such as hyperbolic embeddings showed significant performance by representing essential meanings in a hierarchy (generality and similarity of objects) with spatial properties (distance from the origin and difference of angles). To achieve such an effective connection in commonly used Euclidean space, we propose Polar Embedding that learns representations with the polar coordinate system. In polar coordinates, an object is expressed with two independent variables: radius and angles, which allows us to separately optimize their values on the explicit correspondence of generality and similarity of objects in a hierarchy. Also, we introduce an optimization method combining a loss function controlling gradient and iterative uniformization of distributions. We overcome the issue resulting from the characteristics that the conventional squared loss function makes distance apart as much as possible for irrelevant pairs in spite of the fact the angle ranges are limited. Our results on a standard link-prediction task indicate that polar embedding outperforms other embeddings in low-dimensional Euclidean space and competitively performs even with hyperbolic embeddings, which possess a geometric advantage.
Self-healing flexible photonic composites for light sources (2003)

Besides display application, organic light emitting diodes (OLED) have great potential for the application of thin film light sources. The new device is designed to have a self-healing mechanism against electrical shorts. The entire device can be prepared in a vacuum chamber equipped with plasma treater, monomer evaporators, radiation curing units and inorganic deposition stations. A blend of small electron-donor organic molecules and radiation polymerizable monomers is flash evaporated to provide a molecular-level vapor-phase mixture, which is then condensed and cured on a flexible ITO coated substrate. The procedure is repeated with an electron-acceptor organic substance, which is deposited over the electron-donor layer. A metallic cathode is then deposited over the electron-acceptor layer and the composite OLED product is packaged. The flash evaporation vacuum deposition technique with in-line radiation cross-linking allows the mixing of small OLED molecules with monomers or oligomers at any ratio. Using this technique, a heterogeneous blend can be flash evaporated and molecularly mixed in the vapor phase, re-condensed as a homogeneous film, and then quickly cross-linked before any phase separation occurs. This creates a unique polymer chemistry that is not possible by conventional coating techniques. The electrical characteristics and the thickness of the metallic cathode and the composition of the polymer layers are selected to produce a self-healing mechanism via gasification of elemental carbon generated by dielectric breakdowns and the oxidation of any exposed cathodic surface, thereby providing a self-healing mechanism to prevent propagation of the damage caused by electrical shorts.
Exploring the relationship between drug side-effects and therapeutic indications. (2013)

Therapeutic indications and drug side-effects are both measureable human behavioral or physiological changes in response to the treatment. In modern drug development, both inferring potential therapeutic indications and identifying clinically important drug side-effects are challenging tasks. Previous studies have utilized either chemical structures or protein targets to predict indications and side-effects. In this study, we compared indication prediction using side-effect information and side-effect prediction using indication information against models using only chemical structures and protein targets. Experimental results based on 10-fold cross-validation, show that drug side-effects and therapeutic indications are the most predictive features for each other. In addition, we extracted 6,706 statistically highly correlated disease-side-effect pairs from all known drug-disease and drug-side-effect relationships. Many relationship pairs provide explicit repositioning hypotheses (e.g., drugs causing postural hypotension are potential candidates for hypertension) and clear adverse-reaction watch lists (e.g., drugs for heart failure possibly cause impotence). All data sets and highly correlated disease-side-effect relationships are available at http://astro.temple.edu/~tua87106/druganalysis.html.
Synthesis and chemical characterization of N-substituted phenoxazines directed toward reversing vinca alkaloid resistance in multidrug-resistant cancer cells (1992)

A series of 21 N-substituted phenoxazines has been synthesized in an effort to find more specific and less toxic modulators of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer chemotherapy. Thus, N-(omega-chloroalkyl)- and N-(chloroacyl)phenoxazines were found to undergo iodide-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution on reaction with various secondary amines, including N,N-diethylamine, N,N-diethanolamine, morpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine and (beta-hydroxyethyl)piperazine. Products were characterized by UV, IR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR, mass spectral data, and elemental analyses. All of the compounds were examined for cytotoxicity and for their ability to increase the accumulation of the vinca alkaloids, vincristine (VCR) and vinblastine (VLB) in multidrug-resistant GC3/Cl (human colon adenocarcinoma) and KBChR-8-5 (HeLa variant) cell lines. Compounds were compared to the standard modulator verapamil (VRP). Substitutions on the phenoxazine ring at position 10 were associated with an increase in antiproliferative and anti-MDR activities. Modification of the length of the alkyl bridge and the type of amino side chain also influenced the potency of these effects. From among the compounds examined, 10 derivatives were found to increase the accumulation of VCR and VLB in GC3/Cl and KBChR-8-5 cells relative to the effect of VRP, suggesting that with the exception of pyrrolidinyl, the tertiary amine attachments to the phenoxazine nucleus linked through a three- or four-carbon alkyl chain resulted in enhanced anti-MDR activity. On the basis of their 50% growth inhibitory (IC50) values, five of the ten compounds, namely, 10-(3'-chloropropyl)phenoxazine, 10-[3'-[N-bis(hydroxyethyl)- amino]propyl]phenoxazine, 10-(3'-N-morpholinopropyl)phenoxazine, 10-(4'-N-morpholinobutyl)phenoxazine and 10-(N-piperidinoacetyl)phenoxazine were selected as relatively nontoxic chemosensitizers. These modulators, at nontoxic concentrations, potentiated the cytotoxicity of VCR and VLB in GC3/Cl and KBChR-8-5 cells. Further, two compounds 10-(3'-N-morpholinopropyl)phenoxazine, and the butyl derivative, enhanced accumulation of VLB in GC3/Cl, KBChR8-5 and highly resistant KB-V1 cells to a level significantly greater than the maximal level achieved with VRP. Additional experiments to understand the mechanism of action of these agents in modulating MDR are in progress.
A room-temperature silicon single-electron metal–oxide–semiconductor memory with nanoscale floating-gate and ultranarrow channel (1997)

We have demonstrated a room-temperature silicon single-electron transistor memory that consists of (i) a narrow channel metal-oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor with a width (∼10 nm) smaller than the Debye screening length of single electron; and (ii) a nanoscale polysilicon dot (∼7×7 nm) as the floating gate embedded between the channel and the control gate. We have observed that storing one electron on the floating gate can significantly screen the channel from the potential on the control gate, leading to a discrete shift in the threshold voltage, a staircase relationship between the charging voltage and the threshold shift, and a self-limiting charging process.
A planar micro-flame ionization detector with an integrated guard electrode (2008)

The flame ionization detector (FID) quantifies small concentrations of organic compounds by flame ionization of hydrocarbons and measurement of the resulting ion current. The ion current represents the number of carbon atoms in the sample gas. The miniaturization of the FID by MEMS technology (µFID) is expected to increase its use, because of reduced oxyhydrogen consumption. This loosens safety precautions and makes portable applications possible. In contrast to a former µFID design, the current planar µFID is designed to prevent environmental air from entering the system and deteriorating the measurement signal. The oxyhydrogen flame burns in the silicon plane of an almost completely encapsulating glass–silicon–glass sandwich. Only a small opening remains for removal of the exhaust gas from the system. In between the detector electrodes, a guard electrode is integrated to intercept and by-pass leak currents past the picoammeter, which then only measures the ion current. Due to the design of the guard electrode, small leak currents are still measured by the picoammeter. Yet, these leak currents can be corrected for to obtain the ion current. Measurements of the ion current as a function of the applied voltage and the sample gas flow show expected FID behaviour.
Temperature Dependence of the Material and Acoustic Wave Parameters of Berlinite (1983)

An experimental and theoretical study of tlie material parameters and surface acoustic wave (SAW) properties of berlinite (i-A1P04) has been performed to evaluate the potential of this material as an alternative to quartz in microwave acoustic applications requiring temperature stability and moderate piezoelectric coupling. Yleasurements of the material constants and their temperature dependence were made and these data were used to theoretically predict SAW velocity, piezoelectric coupling (l~v/v), temperature coefficient of time delay (TCD) and power flow angle for many orientations. Contour maps of SAW property loci as a function of angular orientation were obtained and used to locate regions in angle space where temperature compensated SAW cuts with moderate ,!.v/v might bc found. The region X-axis boule 78’ to 106’ was studied e xtensively. All orientations txxhibited a cubic TCD dependence and coupling about twice that of ST-cut quartz. Orientations particularly attractive for SAW device applications are identified.
Silicone polycarbonates from new aryl‐terminated siloxane precursors (1991)

Abstract Several synthetic routes to silicon polycarbonate copolymers utilizing aryl‐terminated siloxanes have been examined. Anhydride capped siloxanes with varying polydimethylsiloxane units were prepared by the acid equilibration of 1,3‐bis(4,4′‐phthalicanhydride)tetramethyldisiloxane. These siloxanes were then imidized with aminophenol to the corresponding phenol capped siloxane. Reaction of these materials with 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol (BPA) and phosgene (interfacially and non‐interfacially) produced silicone polycarbonate copolymers. Similar copolymers were obtained by reaction with bis‐chloroformate derivatives of 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol (monomer and oligomers). The different synthetic routes significantly affect the thermal and mechanical properties as well as the composition of the new polymers. Materials synthesized by the bis‐chloroformate route exhibit good hydrolytic and melt stabilities. Those made interfacially underwent phase separation in the melt.
Development of δB/i-Si/δSb and δB/i-Si/δSb/i-Si/δB resonant interband tunnel diodes for integrated circuit applications (2002)

Recent developments in Si based tunnel diode technologies have made the realization of circuits incorporating both tunnel diodes and transistors feasible. A recent study by the authors presented the design of an n-on-p Si RITD layer with a peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) of 2.15 at a current density of 3 kA/cm/sup 2/ which was grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) (Thompson et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 75, pp. 1308-1310, 1999). Further studies of this structure investigated additional tunnel barrier thicknesses of 4 nm, 8 nm, and 10 nm. In all samples, room temperature NDR was observed comparable to that of the baseline 6 nm RITD. Simple adjustments to the tunnel barrier thickness can be made to tailor the performance for a particular circuit application. However, growth of a complimentary p-on-n tunnel diode is problematic due to Sb segregation through the intrinsic tunneling spacer. The solution is to control the Sb segregation by employing multiple substrate temperatures during MBE growth. Following the success of the complementary p-on-n growth strategy, it was now possible to demonstrate the integration of two tunnel diodes in a single growth. The basic flow and design presented here follow that of III-V RITDs (Yang et al, 1995), presenting a symmetric pnp RITD structure. The motivation for developing this structure was to mimic the I-V characteristic of III-V RITDs which have NDR regions under forward and reverse bias. A Si-based structure with these properties would facilitate the development of a Goto-type memory cell (Goto et al, 1960).
Structural Topology Optimization Using Discete Structural Elements (In the Case of Beam Elements with Ellipsoidal Cross-Section) (2003)

This paper presents the outcome of research concerning the development of a structural topology optimization methodology which can be used at the conceptual design phase of mechanical products. This optimization method is constructed based on beam elements with ellipsoidal cross-section. First, the optimization problem is formulated for the stiffness maximization problem, and its algorithm is constructed based on the ground structure approach and the convex approximation method. The update procedure of the rotational angle regarding the principal direction of second moment of inertia in ellipsoidal cross-section is derived form KKT-conditions. In addition, several examples are provided to show the utility of the methodology presented here.
DHCP Relay Agent Configuration Option (2010)

This document defines a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Relay Agent Configuration option and associated machinery to configure
the Relay Agent.
Minimum Infectious Dose Determination of the Arkansas Delmarva Poultry Industry Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Delivered by Hatchery Spray Cabinet (2017)

The Arkansas Delmarva Poultry Industry (ArkDPI) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine is effective when administered by eye drop, where the vaccine virus is able to infect and replicate well in birds and is able to induce protection against homologous challenge. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the ArkDPI vaccine is ineffective when applied by hatchery spray cabinet using the same manufacturer-recommended dose per bird. For this study, we aimed to determine the minimum infectious dose for the spray-administered ArkDPI vaccine, which we designate as the dose that achieves the same level of infection and replication as the eye drop-administered ArkDPI vaccine. To this end, we used increasing doses of commercial ArkDPI vaccine to vaccinate 100 commercial broiler chicks at day of hatch, using a commercial hatchery spray cabinet. The choanal cleft of each bird was swabbed at 7 and 10 days postvaccination, and real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR was performed. We observed that the level of infection and replication with spray vaccination matches with that of eye drop vaccination when chicks received 100 times the standard dose for the commercial ArkDPI vaccine. We further examined the S1 spike gene sequence from a subset of reisolated ArkDPI vaccine virus samples and observed that certain nucleotide changes arise in vaccine viruses reisolated from chicks, as previously reported. This suggests that the ArkDPI vaccine has a certain virus subpopulation that, while successful at infecting and replicating in chicks, represents only a minor virus subpopulation in the original vaccine. Thus, the minimum infectious dose for the ArkDPI vaccine using a hatchery spray cabinet appears to be dependent on the amount of this minor subpopulation reaching the chicks.
KVOPO<sub>4</sub>: A New High Capacity Multielectron Na‐Ion Battery Cathode (2018)

Abstract Sodium ion batteries have attracted much attention in recent years, due to the higher abundance and lower cost of sodium, as an alternative to lithium ion batteries. However, a major challenge is their lower energy density. In this work, we report a novel multi‐electron cathode material, KVOPO 4 , for sodium ion batteries. Due to the unique polyhedral framework, the V 3+ ↔ V 4+ ↔ V 5+ redox couple was for the first time fully activated by sodium ions in a vanadyl phosphate phase. The KVOPO 4 based cathode delivered reversible multiple sodium (i.e. maximum 1.66 Na + per formula unit) storage capability, which leads to a high specific capacity of 235 Ah kg −1 . Combining an average voltage of 2.56 V vs. Na/Na + , a high practical energy density of over 600 Wh kg −1 was achieved, the highest yet reported for any sodium cathode material. The cathode exhibits a very small volume change upon cycling (1.4% for 0.64 sodium and 8.0% for 1.66 sodium ions). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the KVOPO 4 framework is a 3D ionic conductor with a reasonably, low Na + migration energy barrier of ≈450 meV, in line with the good rate capability obtained.
A Novel Dry Powder Aerosol Delivery System for Real Time Measurement of the Inhaled Dose to Large Animals (Dogs) (1997)

ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical drugs can be administered by inhalation to experimental animals as a dry powder aerosol. In such experiments the aerosol is continuously generated from a dry powder generator and inhaled by the experimental animal. The drug delivery system can be used to study the effects of drugs either locally, in the airways and lung, or systemically. With conventional methods, however, it has not been possible to measure the inhaled mass and calculate the accumulated inhaled dose nor to perform the measurements in real time. The method evaluated here, called FIDO, was thus developed to more accurately estimate an inhaled dose than the methods used previously. To validate the feasibility of FIDO, it was compared with two conventional filter methods. Inhalation studies on five dogs were performed at three different aerosol concentrations corresponding to low, medium, and high inhaled doses. The dogs were exposed in a random manner four times at each dose level. In separate studies the generator performance along with the dog minute volume variation and their influence on the accuracy of FIDO was also investigated. A statistical evaluation of the results was done, comparing the analytically determined mass on filter, from the dog studies, with the inhaled dose estimated by the two conventional filter methods and the inhaled dose measured by FIDO. For each method, the mean value, 95% confidence interval, and standard deviation was computed. The data obtained supports the hypothesis that FIDO seems to be more accurate in calculating the inhaled dose compared to the other two methods.
Effects of 5‐lipoxygenase deficiency on adiposity, adrenal and beta cell functions, and bone density (2006)

5‐lipoxygenase (5LO) is the key enzyme for the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes. Recent genetic evidence supports the notion that this pathway contributes to atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, and coronary heart disease in mice and humans. Mice deficient for 5LO or leukotriene receptors were shown to be less susceptible to aortic lesion formation and aneurysms. Four major human studies have confirmed these findings. Related conditions of obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance are known risk factors for CHD and essential components of metabolic syndrome. In the present study, we have explored the possibility that 5LO deficiency may also affect these cardiovascular risk factors using a 5LO knockout mouse model. 5LO null mice have higher VLDL/LDL levels, exhibit significantly increased adiposity, disproportionately increased leptin levels, beta cell hypertrophy and impaired insulin secretion. The mice also exhibited dramatic decreases in the levels of adrenal lipids and significantly increased bone density. Through this analysis, we have found that a number of metabolic processes considered to be atherosclerotic risk factors are regulated, in part by 5LO. Our results are significant in understanding the chronic inflammation associated with obesity and thought to be important in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. AHA 0355031Y; NIH PO1 HL30568; RO1 HL079353
Classification and Detection in Mammograms With Weak Supervision Via Dual Branch Deep Neural Net (2019)

The high cost of generating expert annotations, poses a strong limitation for supervised machine learning methods in medical imaging. Weakly supervised methods may provide a solution to this tangle. In this study, we propose a novel deep learning architecture for multi-class classification of mammograms according to the severity of their containing anomalies, having only a global tag over the image. The suggested scheme further allows localization of the different types of findings in full resolution. The new scheme contains a dual branch network that combines region-level classification with region ranking. We evaluate our method on a large multi-center mammography dataset including ~3,000 mammograms with various anomalies and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method over a previous weakly-supervised strategy.
Synthesis of prostaglandin-F2? by conjugate addition of a cuprate reagent to 3-t-butyldimethylsilyloxytricyclo[3.2.0.02,7]heptan-6-one (1977)

A novel synthesis of (±)-prostaglandin-F2α involves the stereospecific formation of 3-endo-t-butyldimethylsiloxytricyclo[3.2.0.02,7]heptan-6-one (3) and reaction of this strained cyclopropyl ketone with the organocuprate reagent (4).
Universal null DTE (data terminal equipment) (1987)

A communication device in the form of data terminal equipment permits two data communication equipments, each having its own master clock and operating at substantially the same nominal clock rate, to communicate with each other in a multi-segment circuit configuration of a general communication network even when phase or frequency errors exist between the two clocks. Data transmitted between communication equipments of two segments of the communication network is buffered. A variable buffer fill circuit is provided to fill the buffer to a selectable extent prior to initiation of data output clocking. Selection switches are provided to select the degree of buffer preload. A dynamic buffer fill circuit may be incorporated for automatically selecting the buffer fill level as a function of the difference in clock frequencies of the two equipments. Controllable alarm circuitry is provided for selectively generating an underflow or an overflow alarm to one or both of the communicating equipments. 5 figs.