gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon (2016)

Abstract Quantum information science offers inherently more powerful methods for communication, computation, and precision measurement that take advantage of quantum superposition and entanglement. In recent years, theoretical and experimental advances in quantum computing and simulation with photons have spurred great interest in developing large photonic entangled states that challenge today’s classical computers. As experiments have increased in complexity, there has been an increasing need to transition bulk optics experiments to integrated photonics platforms to control more spatial modes with higher fidelity and phase stability. The silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) nanophotonics platform offers new possibilities for quantum optics, including the integration of bright, nonclassical light sources, based on the large third‐order nonlinearity (χ (3) ) of silicon, alongside quantum state manipulation circuits with thousands of optical elements, all on a single phase‐stable chip. How large do these photonic systems need to be? Recent theoretical work on Boson Sampling suggests that even the problem of sampling from e30 identical photons, having passed through an interferometer of hundreds of modes, becomes challenging for classical computers. While experiments of this size are still challenging, the SOI platform has the required component density to enable low‐loss and programmable interferometers for manipulating hundreds of spatial modes. Here, we discuss the SOI nanophotonics platform for quantum photonic circuits with hundreds‐to‐thousands of optical elements and the associated challenges. We compare SOI to competing technologies in terms of requirements for quantum optical systems. We review recent results on large‐scale quantum state evolution circuits and strategies for realizing high‐fidelity heralded gates with imperfect, practical systems. Next, we review recent results on silicon photonics‐based photon‐pair sources and device architectures, and we discuss a path towards large‐scale source integration. Finally, we review monolithic integration strategies for single‐photon detectors and their essential role in on‐chip feed forward operations.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging at 0.064 T (2023)

A sequence is described for DWI on a portable, 0.064T scanner. Images in a healthy subject and a patient with pathology are shown.
Hydrophilic fluorinated molecules for spectral 19F MRI (2018)

Fluorine-19 (<sup>19</sup>F) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an emerging modality for molecular imaging and cell tracking. The hydrophobicity of current exogenous probes, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs), limits the formulation options available for in vivo applications. Hydrophilic probes permit more formulation flexibility. Further, the broad Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) chemical shift range of organofluorine species enables multiple probes with unique <sup>19</sup>F MR signatures for simultaneous interrogation of distinct molecular targets in vivo. We report herein a flexible approach to stable liposomal formulations of hydrophilic fluorinated molecules (each bearing numerous magnetically equivalent <sup>19</sup>F atoms), with <sup>19</sup>F encapsulation of up to 22.7 mg/mL and a per particle load of 3.6 × 10<sup>6 19</sup>F atoms. Using a combination of such probes, we demonstrate, with no chemical shift artifacts, the simultaneous imaging of multiple targets within a given target volume by spectral <sup>19</sup>F MRI.
Multi-frame combination for robust videotext recognition (2008)

Optical character recognition (OCR) of overlaid text in video streams is a challenging problem due to various factors including the presence of dynamic backgrounds, color, and low resolution. In video feeds such as Broadcast News, a particular overlaid text region usually persists for multiple frames during which the background may or may not vary. In this paper we explore two innovative techniques that exploit such multi-frame persistence of videotext. The first technique uses multiple instances to generate a single enhanced image for recognition. The second technique uses the NIST ROVER algorithm developed for speech recognition to combine 1-best hypotheses from different frames of a text region. Significant improvement in the word error rate (WER) is obtained by using ROVER when compared to recognizing a single instance. The WER is further reduced by combining hypotheses from frame instances, which were generated using character models trained with different binarization thresholds. A 20% relative reduction in the WER was achieved for multi-frame combination over decoding a single frame instance.
A secure java TM virtual machine (2000)

The JavaTM Virtual Machine is viewed by many as inherently insecure despite all the efforts to improve its security. In this paper we take a different approach to Java security and describe the design and implementation of a system that provides operating system style protection for Java code. We use hardware protection domains to separate Java classes, provide access control on cross domain method invocations, efficient data sharing between protection domains, and memory and CPU resource control. These security measures, when they do not violate the policy, are all transparent to the Java programs, even when a subclass is in one domain and its superclass is in another. To reduce the performance impact we group classes and share them between protection domains and map data on demand as it is being shared.
Concatenated code constructions for error correction in non-volatile memories (2012)

This work investigates and compares different coding techniques for error correction in multilevel NAND flash memories. In particular, we consider strong error correction codes with an overall code rate of 0.8 and with a sector size of 1 kbyte. Two concatenated code constructions are compared to the state-of-the-art Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. First, we consider a serial concatenation of an outer BCH code and an inner LDPC or turbo code (TC). The second construction is a generalized concatenated code with outer Reed-Solomon (RS) and inner BCH codes. The presented simulation results and theoretical investigations demonstrate that the algebraic code constructions obtain a performance close or even superior to the iterative coding schemes.
Transforming reflectance spectra into Munsell color space by using prime colors (2006)

Independent researchers have proved mathematically that, given a set of color-matching functions, there exists a unique set of three monochromatic spectral lights that optimizes luminous efficiency and color gamut. These lights are called prime colors. We present a method for transforming reflectance spectra into Munsell color space by using hypothetical absorbance curves based on Gaussian approximations of the prime colors and a simplified version of opponent process theory. The derived color appearance system is represented as a 3D color system that is qualitatively similar to a conceptual representation of the Munsell color system. We illustrate the application of the model and compare it with existing models by using reflectance spectra obtained from 1,269 Munsell color samples.
Improved template representation in <i>cpn</i> 60 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product libraries generated from complex templates by application of a specific mixture of PCR primers (2005)

Some classes of high G+C content organisms such as the Actinobacteria, which are known through culture-based studies to be present in large numbers in particular microbial communities, are under-represented or even absent from 16S rRNA or cpn60 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product libraries derived from these templates. Using reference cpn60 sequence data from organisms with high G+C content genomes, a pair of PCR primers were designed which, when used in combination with the previously developed degenerate, universal cpn60 primers, improve the representation of templates with high G+C content. The primers were validated using a combination of traditional and quantitative real-time PCR on both manufactured template mixtures and biological samples. The development and optimization of this specific primer mixture represents an improvement of established methods and a significant advance in the ability to generate cpn60 PCR product libraries that more closely represent the sequence diversity in complex templates.
Resolution scaling in noncontact scanning impedance imaging (2004)

Noncontact scanning impedance imaging has been presented as a method to provide high resolution, high contrast images for a variety of material systems. This technique combines electrical impedance measurements with very high resolution scanning. This article reports on efforts to scale this technique down to the very important single micron range and reveals measurements for both thick and thin samples with a measured minimum resolution below 30 μm. A design for a shielded impedance probe applicable to this process is outlined and probes of several different sizes were made and tested. Fabrication of these impedance probes is explained and a testing methodology to characterize the probes’ imaging capability is outlined. Measured results are reported and compared to a predictive model based on image blurring. Two-dimensional impedance images of objects have also been made indicating good image contrast and high resolution. Based on measured data and the model, scaling down to submicron resolution dimensions should be possible given small diameter probes and thin test samples.
Wiring Viterbi Decoders (Splitting deBruijn Graphs) (1989)

A new Viterbi decoder, capable of decoding convolutional codes with constraint lengths up to 15, is under development for the Deep Space Network (DSN). A key feature of this decoder is a two-level partitioning of the Viterbi state diagram into identical subgraphs. The larger subgraphs correspond to circuit boards, while the smaller subgraphs correspond to Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chips. The full decoder is built from identical boards, which in turn are built from identical chips. The resulting system is modular and hierarchical. The decoder is easy to implement, test, and repair because it uses a single VLSI chip design and a single board design. The partitioning is completely general in the sense that an appropriate number of boards or chips may be wired together to implement a Viterbi decoder of any size greater than or equal to the size of the module.
B7 Costimulation Molecules Expressed from the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Genome Rescue Immune Induction in B7-Deficient Mice (2007)

The interaction between B7 costimulation molecules on antigen-presenting cells and CD28 on antigen-responsive T cells is essential for T-cell activation and maturation of immune responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Vaccine-induced immune responses also depend upon adequate upregulation of B7 costimulation molecules, but this signal may be limiting for replication-defective virus vaccines. We investigated whether expression of B7 costimulation molecules by a prototypical replication-defective antiviral vaccine could enhance immune responses to the vaccine and whether B7-1 and B7-2 would be similarly effective. We altered an ICP8(-) replication-defective strain of HSV type 2 (HSV-2), 5BlacZ, to encode either murine B7-1 or B7-2. B7 molecule expression was detected on the surface of cells infected in vitro and at the RNA level in tissue of immunized mice. Immunization of B7-1/B7-2 knockout mice with B7-encoding virus modestly expanded the number of gamma interferon-producing T cells and significantly augmented class-switched HSV-specific antibody responses compared with the parental virus. Mice immunized with either B7-expressing virus showed less replication of challenge virus in the genital mucosa than mice immunized with 5BlacZ, markedly fewer signs of genital and neurological disease, and little weight loss. Virtually all mice immunized with B7-encoding virus survived challenge with a large dose of HSV-2, whereas most 5BlacZ-immunized mice succumbed to infection. These results indicate that protective immune responses can be enhanced by the inclusion of host B7 costimulation molecules in a prototypical replication-defective HSV vaccine against HSV-2 genital infection and that B7-1 and B7-2 induce immune responses with similar capacities to fight HSV-2 infection.
Registration of real and virtual endoscopy--a model and image based approach. (2000)

This paper describes work in progress to integrate real and virtual endoscopy and to apply virtual endoscopy to the intra-operative guidance of endoscopic procedures. We propose a method for real-time tracking of the endoscope's shape and position. Our approach makes use of a simple and small external device, a computer model of a flexible endoscope and an image-based registration technique.
Shotgun Optical Maps of the Whole <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 Genome (2001)

We have constructed NheI and XhoI optical maps of Escherichia coli O157:H7 solely from genomic DNA molecules to provide a uniquely valuable scaffold for contig closure and sequence validation. E. coli O157:H7 is a common pathogen found in contaminated food and water. Our approach obviated the need for the analysis of clones, PCR products, and hybridizations, because maps were constructed from ensembles of single DNA molecules. Shotgun sequencing of bacterial genomes remains labor-intensive, despite advances in sequencing technology. This is partly due to manual intervention required during the last stages of finishing. The applicability of optical mapping to this problem was enhanced by advances in machine vision techniques that improved mapping throughput and created a path to full automation of mapping. Comparisons were made between maps and sequence data that characterized sequence gaps and guided nascent assemblies.
Design and Testing of Hydrogen Sensors for Industrial Applications (1998)

Many potential applications for hydrogen detectors demand low-cost, low-power devices that are small, reliable, and rugged. A solid-state sensor developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has the potential to meet these requirements. The sensor mechanism relies on the well-characterized solubility of hydrogen in palladium. Changes in hydrogen partial pressure can be measured by corresponding changes in the electrical resistance of the sensor's palladium metallization. The sensor is fabricated using traditional thick-film manufacturing practices, which are inexpensive and, more importantly, have inherent design flexibility. We have recently characterized the sensor performance under a range of conditions, including elevated temperature and humidity. We describe these tests and give future directions as to sensor design, mass production considerations, and feasibility in end-use applications.
Evaluation of quantity and staining pattern of human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected epithelial cells in thin-layer cervical specimens using optimized HPV-CARD assay (2007)

The results of the current study indicate positive correlations between the severity of the disease and the increased overall quantity of HPV-positive epithelial cells in cervical cytology specimens and accumulation of cells with punctate staining suggestive of integrated HPV. In summary, the developed HPV-CARD assay was found to provide novel information regarding the proportion and staining pattern of HPV-infected epithelial cells in different cytologic categories of cervical specimens.
Implementations of alternate-polarisation differential-phase-shift-keying transmission (2004)

Novel methods for implementing alternate-polarisation differential-phase-shift-keying (APol-DPSK) optical transmission are demonstrated. Nonlinear optical penalties are reduced without increasing the complexity in implementation in comparison with the conventional DPSK.
Catalytic Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation (AA) of Olefins (1996)

The stereospecific cis addition of “TsN” and H2O yields α-hydroxy-N-tosylamines (see below). This osmium-catalyzed process, which depends on Chloramine-T as the nitrenoid source, is rendered asymmetric in the presence of cinchona alkaloid ligands. The selectivities for reactions of the six olefins studied range from 33% ee (cis-stilbene) to 81% ee (trans-methylcinnamate). The active agent is presumably the compound Os(O)3NTs shown in square brackets. (DHQ)2-PHAL = bis(dihydro-quininyl)phthalazine (see preceding communication).
A mathematical model for a polarisation based orientation measurement principle in time of arrival radio localisation systems (2010)

The determination of orientation within time of arrival radio localisation systems is a widely discussed matter within the scientific world. In most cases, this goal is reached by using additional navigation sensors. Some other techniques exist, which are utilising only carrier phase measurements. For that purpose, the antenna configuration has to be chosen adequately. In the case considered here, a freely rotating and moving transmitter is equipped with a linearly polarised antenna. Two opposed circularly polarised antennas are used at the receiver. A general mathematical model for this basic measurement system is presented here. The electromagnetic field theory is deployed for the complete transmission chain up to the point where carrier phase measurements are obtained. As input to the model serve position and orientation of each of the transmitter and receiver antennas. The theory is verified by measurements with a rotating transmitter. The comparison of measured and calculated carrier phase values delivers a good match of theory and praxis.
Identification of the gene encoding the major NAD(P)H-flavin oxidoreductase of the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri ATCC 7744 (1994)

The gene encoding the major NAD(P)H-flavin oxidoreductase (flavin reductase) of the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri ATCC 7744 was isolated by using synthetic oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme. Nucleotide sequence analysis suggested that the major flavin reductase of V. fischeri consisted of 218 amino acids and had a calculated molecular weight of 24,562. Cloned flavin reductase expressed in Escherichia coli was purified virtually to homogeneity, and its basic biochemical properties were examined. As in the major flavin reductase in crude extracts of V. fischeri, cloned flavin reductase showed broad substrate specificity and served well as a catalyst to supply reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) to the bioluminescence reaction. The major flavin reductase of V. fischeri not only showed significant similarity in amino acid sequence to oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductases of Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter cloacae, and E. coli but also was associated with a low level of nitroreductase activity. The major flavin reductase of V. fischeri and the nitroreductases of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae would thus appear closely related in evolution and form a novel protein family.
Multimodal Semi-supervised Learning Framework for Punctuation Prediction\n in Conversational Speech (2020)

In this work, we explore a multimodal semi-supervised learning approach for\npunctuation prediction by learning representations from large amounts of\nunlabelled audio and text data. Conventional approaches in speech processing\ntypically use forced alignment to encoder per frame acoustic features to word\nlevel features and perform multimodal fusion of the resulting acoustic and\nlexical representations. As an alternative, we explore attention based\nmultimodal fusion and compare its performance with forced alignment based\nfusion. Experiments conducted on the Fisher corpus show that our proposed\napproach achieves ~6-9% and ~3-4% absolute improvement (F1 score) over the\nbaseline BLSTM model on reference transcripts and ASR outputs respectively. We\nfurther improve the model robustness to ASR errors by performing data\naugmentation with N-best lists which achieves up to an additional ~2-6%\nimprovement on ASR outputs. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of\nsemi-supervised learning approach by performing ablation study on various sizes\nof the corpus. When trained on 1 hour of speech and text data, the proposed\nmodel achieved ~9-18% absolute improvement over baseline model.\n
Laser-assisted photochemical etching of Hg0.8Cd0.2Te (1989)

A laser-assisted photochemically driven etching process has been developed for Hg0.8Cd0.2Te (12 μm material). It is an etch which does not melt the surface of the material or induce mercury migration. Small geometry features (vias less than 10 μm in diameter) with straight-edged sidewalls have been produced. The etching mechanism is a photoenhanced rapid oxidation with subsequent solvation of the oxides.
Synthesis and characterization of graphene-based nanocomposites for EM shielding applications (2013)

Novel graphene-based nanocomposites, consisting of a polymeric-based system filled with graphenenanoplatelets (GNP), are developed for application as low-cost lightweight electromagnetic shielding materials. High concentration and good dispersion of the GNPs inside a thermosetting polymeric matrix is achieved in order to enhance the shielding properties of the nanocomposite through the control of the fabrication process. The good shielding performance of the new material is demonstrated by means of shielding effectiveness (SE) measurements on the fabricated samples. Moreover, numerical simulations are performed in order to validate the SE measurements and to design a nanocomposite panel providing a minimum shielding of 30 dB in the frequency range up to 18 GHz.
Genomic CpG Enrichment of Oncolytic Parvoviruses as a Potent Anticancer Vaccination Strategy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (2014)

Objective: For quite a long time oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been regarded merely as specific tumor cell killers, while disregarding the fact that all oncolytic activities take place in the context of a functional immune system. Oncolytic parvoviruses (PV) represent non-pathogenic, naturally oncolytic (non-modified), animal (rodent) viruses with a tropism that extends to a number of transformed human cells. Our recent work using various animal models substantiates the contention that H-1PV acts as both an oncolytic agent and an adjuvant, by direct cytoreduction in the tumor and bystander antitumor immunity. ImmunostimulatoryCpG motifs were incorporated into the singlestranded DNA genome of H-1PV and our current objective was to test whether the CpG-armed virus was in possession of an enhanced adjuvant capacity.
3-axis ultraviolet attitude reference sensor (2002)

As emphasis shifts from large, expensive multipurpose satellites to lighter and less expensive vehicles dedicated to a narrower range of activities, the size, weight and cost of housekeeping components become increasingly significant. This is particularly the case for the attitude reference system. If a traditional system is used for a small satellite, its cost and weight can become a significant fraction of the satellite's total. The ERADS (Earth Reference Attitude Determination System) sensor was designed to provide a significantly lighter and lower cost three axis reference with an accuracy adequate for most missions. The approach was to image a wide field of view with a small optical assembly to achieve a combination of Earth and star viewing. Achievement of this objective required some innovative technical developments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Archetype classification in an iterated transformation image compression algorithm</title> (1994)

A method for generating a set of archetypes that are used to classify ranges and domains in an iterated transformation image compression encoder is presented. Fidelity versus encoding time data are presented, and compared with a more conventional classification scheme. The results indicate that for intermediate encoding times, both fidelity and encoding speed can be improved by using archetype classification.