gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Duckweed - a potential high-protein feed resource for domestic animals and fish (1995)

Summary Duckweeds have received research attention because of their great potential to remove mineral contaminants from waste waters emanating from sewage works, intensive animal industries or from intensive irrigated crop production. Duckweeds need to be managed, protected from wind, maintained at an optimum density by judicious and regular harvesting and fertilised to balance nutrient concentrations in water to obtain optimal growth rates. When effectively managed in this way duckweeds yield 10-30 ton DM/ha/year containing up to 43% crude protein, 5% lipids and a highly digestible dry matter. Duckweeds have been fed to animals and fish to complement diets, largely to provide a protein of high biological value. Fish production can be stimulated by feeding duckweed to the extent that yields can be increased from a few hundred kilograms per hectare/year to 10 tonnes/ha/year. Mature poultry can utilise duckweed as a substitute for vegetable protein in cereal grain based diets whereas very young chickens suffered a small weight gain reduction by such substitution. Pigs can use duckweed as a protein/energy source with slightly less efficiency than soyabean meal. Little work has been done on duckweed meals as supplements to forages given to ruminants, but there appears to be considerable scope for its use as a mineral (particularly P) and N source. The protein of duckweeds requires treatment to protect it from microbial degradation in the rumen in order to provide protein directly to the animal. The combination of crop residues and fresh duckweeds in a diet for ruminants appears to provide a balance of nutrients capable of optimising rumen microbial fermentative capacity. These diets can, therefore, be potentially exploited in cattle, sheep and goat production systems particularly by small farmers in tropical developing countries.
Computer-aided design of diffractive optical elements (1994)

A number of iterative algorithms for calculating kinoforms are discussed: a multiplicative adaptive algorithm allowing the rate of iterative process to be increased, fast algorithms for interpolating and extrapolating the kinoform phase pixels, an algorithm for calculating kinoforms forming radially symmetrical images and axial light segments, an algorithm for calculating formators of Gauss-Hermite modes in required diffraction orders, and an algorithm for calculating formators of reference wavefronts. The results of computer simulation are given.
A zeolite ion exchange membrane for redox flow batteries (2013)

The zeolite-T membrane was discovered to have high proton permselectivity against vanadium ions and exhibit low electrical resistance in acidic electrolyte solutions because of its enormous proton concentration and small thickness. The zeolite membrane was demonstrated to be an efficient ion exchange membrane in vanadium redox flow batteries.
Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity of Palladium and Nickel NHC Complexes Supported by Combinations of Allyl, Cyclopentadienyl, and Indenyl Ligands (2013)

The synthesis of a series of Pd and Ni complexes containing combinations of 2-methylallyl (C4H7), cyclopentadienyl (C5H5, Cp), and indenyl (C7H9, Ind) ligands is reported. In all cases these complexes are supported by the electron-donating N-heterocyclic carbene ligand 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr). The mixed Cp/2-methylallyl complexes (η1-Cp)(η3-2-methylallyl)Pd(IPr) (CpAllPd) and (η5-Cp)(η1-2-methylallyl)Ni(IPr) (CpAllNi) were synthesized through the reaction of IPr with (Cp)(2-methylallyl)M (M = Ni, Pd). The binding mode of the ligands is different in the two complexes, and as a result the total valence electron count around the metal is 18 for the Ni complex and only 16 for the Pd species. In the case of Pd, an analogue of CpAllPd containing an indenyl ligand, (η1-Ind)(η3-2-methylallyl)Pd(IPr) (IndAllPd), was synthesized through the reaction of (η3-Ind)Pd(IPr)Cl (IndClPd) with (2-methylallyl)magnesium chloride. The corresponding Ni complex (η5-Ind)(η1-2-methylallyl)Ni(IPr) (IndAllNi) could not be isolated. The binding modes of the ligands in the mixed indenyl/Cp complexes (η1-Ind)(η5-Cp)M(IPr) (M = Ni (IndCpNi), Pd (IndCpPd)) were the same for both Ni and Pd. IndCpPd was prepared through the reaction of IndClPd with NaCp, while IndCpNi was synthesized through the reaction of (η5-Cp)Ni(IPr)Cl (CpClNi) with lithium indenyl. Similarly, the structures of the bis(Cp) complexes (η5-Cp)(η1-Cp)Ni(IPr) (CpCpNi) and (η5-Cp)(η1-Cp)Pd(IPr) (CpCpPd) were identical for the two different metals. In contrast to CpCpPd, which is an 18-electron complex, the related bis(indenyl) Pd complex (η3-Ind)(η1-Ind)Pd(IPr) (IndIndPd) is a 16-electron species, while no Ni analogue of IndIndPd was characterized. Preliminary reactivity studies with electrophiles indicate that, in all systems with mixed ligands, the η1-ligand is nucleophilic and reacts selectively. The complexes CpAllPd, CpAllNi, CpCpPd, CpCpNi, IndClPd, IndAllPd, and IndIndPd were characterized by X-ray crystallography.
<title>Calibration of dispersive Raman process analyzers</title> (1999)

Widespread acceptance of Raman spectroscopy in chemical process monitoring requires instrument calibration, which is automated, repeatable, reliable, verifiable, and transferable from instrument to instrument. Key elements to be calibrated in a dispersive Raman analyzer are Raman emission wavelengths, the spectral response of the instrument, and the excitation laser wavelength. Modern Raman instruments are capable of simultaneously monitoring multiple sample points in a process pipeline. In a typical industrial installation, multiple remote probe heads are coupled to a central instrument (laser source, spectrograph, CCD detector and control/software) via fiber optic cables up to hundreds of meters in length. Instruments must self- calibrate and validate without direct access to remote probe head installations. The presence of a holographic laser notch filter in the system presents unique calibration challenges. The implications of these issues on instrument configuration and calibration/ validation protocol are discussed. Candidate wavelength and intensity calibration references are compared. Examples of industrial Raman applications and their requirements on calibration accuracy and precision are given.
Recognition of RNA Branch Point Sequences by the KH Domain of Splicing Factor 1 (Mammalian Branch Point Binding Protein) in a Splicing Factor Complex (2001)

Mammalian splicing factor 1 (SF1; also mammalian branch point binding protein [mBBP]; hereafter SF1/mBBP) specifically recognizes the seven-nucleotide branch point sequence (BPS) located at 3' splice sites and participates in the assembly of early spliceosomal complexes. SF1/mBBP utilizes a "maxi-K homology" (maxi-KH) domain for recognition of the single-stranded BPS and requires a cooperative interaction with splicing factor U2AF65 bound to an adjacent polypyrimidine tract (PPT) for high-affinity binding. To investigate how the KH domain of SF1/mBBP recognizes the BPS in conjunction with U2AF and possibly other proteins, we constructed a transcriptional reporter system utilizing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat fusion proteins and examined the RNA-binding specificity of the complex using KH domain and RNA-binding site mutants. We first established that SF1/mBBP and U2AF cooperatively assemble in our reporter system at RNA sites composed of the BPS, PPT, and AG dinucleotide found at 3' splice sites, with endogenous proteins assembled along with the Tat fusions. We next found that the activities of the Tat fusion proteins on different BPS variants correlated well with the known splicing efficiencies of the variants, supporting a model in which the SF1/mBBP-BPS interaction helps determine splicing efficiency prior to the U2 snRNP-BPS interaction. Finally, the likely RNA-binding surface of the maxi-KH domain was identified by mutagenesis and appears similar to that used by "simple" KH domains, involving residues from two putative alpha helices, a highly conserved loop, and parts of a beta sheet. Using a homology model constructed from the cocrystal structure of a Nova KH domain-RNA complex (Lewis et al., Cell 100:323-332, 2000), we propose a plausible arrangement for SF1/mBBP-U2AF complexes assembled at 3' splice sites.
Optimising ion implantation conditions for improving wear, fatigue, and fretting fatigue of Ti–6Al–4V (1988)

AbstractAbstractA critical evaluation of the effect of ion implantation on wear, fatigue, and fretting fatigue of Ti–6Al–4V is presented for optimising the parameters towards a specific type of property improvement. The analysis presented is based on the extensive results available on the effect of N+ or C+ implantation on the wear behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V. In order to obtain the maximum benefit from either of these species the implant conditions and post-implant processing must be such as to ensure second phase precipitation. However, this is not the case for fatigue which is predominantly in the elastic region where solid solution hardening appears to be a sufficient mechanism for increasing the fatigue strength via ion implantation. Improving the fretting fatigue strength via ion implantation is more likely to result from implanting with ions to reduce wear rather than fatigue. Because the mechanisms in unidirectional sliding wear and fretting wear are essentially the same in Ti–6Al–4V, it appears that ions which improve unidirectional wear resistance should also improve fretting wear. However, differences may arise from the differences between the behaviour of surface oxide layers in unidirectional wear and fretting wear, respectively.
RNA‐Dependent DNA Polymerases (2008)

Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are multifunctional enzymes, but are mainly used as RNA-directed DNA polymerases in first-strand cDNA synthesis. Specifically, oligodeoxynucleotides are used as primers for extension on RNA templates. The DNA synthesized from an RNA template is referred to as complementary DNA (cDNA) and is often used as a template for PCR or converted to dsDNA for cloning. This unit describes appropriate reaction conditions for RTs from Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), along with applications such as synthesizing cDNA, 3' fill-in reactions, and labeling the 3' terminus of DNA fragments with 5' protruding ends, and DNA sequencing.
Silanated nano ZnO hybrid embedded PMMA polymer coatings on cotton fabrics for near-IR reflective, antifungal cool-textiles (2016)

Silanated nano ZnO hybrid embedded PMMA polymer coatings for cotton fabrics are developed to produce near-IR reflective, antifungal cool-textiles.
Separation and Characterization of Ethylene‐Propylene Copolymers by High‐Temperature Gradient HPLC Coupled to FTIR Spectroscopy (2007)

Abstract Summary: The chromatographic separation of ethylene‐propylene (EP) copolymers with regard to chemical composition was accomplished by a new technique ‐ high‐ temperature gradient HPLC. Using a mobile phase of ethylene glycol monobutylether (EGMBE) and 1,2,4–trichlorobenzene (TCB), and silica gel as the stationary phase, copolymers with different ethylene contents were separated according to their chemical compositions. Using a sample solvent of n‐decanol and a column temperature of 140 °C, chromatographic conditions were established that correspond to separation in a precipitation‐redissolution mechanism. With the aim to obtain further information on the separation process, the HPLC system was coupled to FTIR spectroscopy through a LC‐Transform interface. The FTIR data confirmed that the copolymers were separated according to the ethylene content of the eluted samples.
The Surplus Value of Images (2022)

Abstract: This essay analyzes the ways in which images are over- and under-estimated, from idols that signify the highest values and demand human sacrifice, to empty signs that are worthless, hollow illusions. It then shows how these disparate estimations of "the surplus value of images" lead to the perception of images as living agencies that play crucial roles in social conflicts.
On the Alert for Cytokine Storm: Immunopathology in <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 (2020)

Poor outcomes in COVID-19 correlate with clinical and laboratory features of cytokine storm syndrome. Broad screening for cytokine storm and early, targeted antiinflammatory therapy may prevent immunopathology and could help conserve limited health care resources. While studies are ongoing, extrapolating from clinical experience in cytokine storm syndromes may benefit the multidisciplinary teams caring for patients with severe COVID-19.
Fetal Adrenal Suppression Due to Maternal Corticosteroid Use: Case Report (2011)

During pregnancy, steroids are usually used in maternal diseases such as adrenal failure or other autoimmune diseases, e.g. idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, Addison's disease and hyperemesis gravidarum, HELLP syndrome. Endogenous or exogenousmaternal steroids are metabolized by the placental enzyme 11 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase type 2. Prednisolone and methylprednisolone are highly sensitive to this enzyme, while dexamethasone and betamethasone are less well metabolized. Steroids which can cross the placental barrier are administered in cases like fetal lupus, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and for enhancement of fetal lung maturation, whereas steroids used in maternal diseases are usually the ones with low affinity to the placenta; however, in case of long-term use or in high doses, placental enzyme saturation occurs and thus, resulting in fetal adrenal suppression. Antenatal steroids can lead to low birth weight, as observed in our patient. Here, we report a case with fetal adrenal suppression due to maternal methylprednisolone use presenting with early hypoglycaemia and late hyponatremia in neonatal period and requiring three-month replacement therapy.
Overcoming the Vector Taylor Series Approximation in Speech Feature Enhancement - A Particle Filter Approach (2007)

We present a simple, fast and previously unreported noise compensation method for particle filter (PF) based speech feature enhancement, which outperforms the vector Taylor series noise compensation method used by current PF approaches in terms of speed as well as word error rate. Furthermore, we devise a fast acceptance test that overcomes the particle decimation problem associated with PFs for speech feature enhancement, which makes the particle filter approach computationally more efficient.
Relation of optical coherence tomography to microanatomy in normal and rd chickens. (1998)

Quantified OCT signals have a predictable relationship to histology and pathology in chicken retinas. The results from rd retinas represent a first step toward in vivo quantitation of retinal structure in retinal degenerative disease.
Solid organ fabrication: comparison of decellularization to 3D bioprinting (2016)

Solid organ fabrication is an ultimate goal of Regenerative Medicine. Since the introduction of Tissue Engineering in 1993, functional biomaterials, stem cells, tunable microenvironments, and high-resolution imaging technologies have significantly advanced efforts to regenerate in vitro culture or tissue platforms. Relatively simple flat or tubular organs are already in (pre)clinical trials and a few commercial products are in market. The road to more complex, high demand, solid organs including heart, kidney and lung will require substantive technical advancement. Here, we consider two emerging technologies for solid organ fabrication. One is decellularization of cadaveric organs followed by repopulation with terminally differentiated or progenitor cells. The other is 3D bioprinting to deposit cell-laden bio-inks to attain complex tissue architecture. We reviewed the development and evolution of the two technologies and evaluated relative strengths needed to produce solid organs, with special emphasis on the heart and other tissues of the cardiovascular system.
Characterization of a Naphthalene Dioxygenase Endowed with an Exceptionally Broad Substrate Specificity toward Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (2006)

In Sphingomonas CHY-1, a single ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase is responsible for the initial attack of a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) composed of up to five rings. The components of this enzyme were separately purified and characterized. The oxygenase component (ht-PhnI) was shown to contain one Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and one mononuclear Fe center per alpha subunit, based on EPR measurements and iron assay. Steady-state kinetic measurements revealed that the enzyme had a relatively low apparent Michaelis constant for naphthalene (K(m) = 0.92 +/- 0.15 microM) and an apparent specificity constant of 2.0 +/- 0.3 mM(-)(1) s(-)(1). Naphthalene was converted to the corresponding 1,2-dihydrodiol with stoichiometric oxidation of NADH. On the other hand, the oxidation of eight other PAHs occurred at slower rates and with coupling efficiencies that decreased with the enzyme reaction rate. Uncoupling was associated with hydrogen peroxide formation, which is potentially deleterious to cells and might inhibit PAH degradation. In single turnover reactions, ht-PhnI alone catalyzed PAH hydroxylation at a faster rate in the presence of organic solvent, suggesting that the transfer of substrate to the active site is a limiting factor. The four-ring PAHs chrysene and benz[a]anthracene were subjected to a double ring-dihydroxylation, giving rise to the formation of a significant proportion of bis-cis-dihydrodiols. In addition, the dihydroxylation of benz[a]anthracene yielded three dihydrodiols, the enzyme showing a preference for carbons in positions 1,2 and 10,11. This is the first characterization of a dioxygenase able to dihydroxylate PAHs made up of four and five rings.
Validation of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Mercury Analyzer for Analysis of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Red Chili Pepper (2015)

A Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS-flame) for the quantification of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and mercury analyzer for quantitative analysis of mercury (Hg) in red chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) were developed and validated. The method was validated for some parameters, namely linearity and range, precision, accuracy, Limit of Detection (LoD) and Limit of Quantification (LoQ), according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The standard curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 0.1-1.4 g mLG 1 (Cd), 0.10-1.80 g mLG 1 (Pb) and 0.5-20 g mLG 1 with correlation coefficient (r) values >0.99. The detection limits obtained were 0.022 g mLG 1 , 0.0594 g mLG 1 and 1.77 g mLG 1 for Cd, Pb and Hg, respectively. The quantification limits obtained were 0.075 g mLG 1 (Cd), 0.1981 g mLG 1 (Cd) and 5.91 g mLG 1 (Hg). The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values found for its intra-day and interday precision were lower than those required by RSD Horwitz. The mean recovery percentage was 97.98-101.9133%.The validated methods were successfully used for determination of Cd, Pb and Hg in red chili pepper.
Interpreting Winter in the Mosaic of Neptune and the Seasons: Another Look (2003)

La mosaïque de Neptune et des Saisons (La Chebba, Tunisie, II e ap. J.-C.) présente un symbolisme de l’hiver particulièrement riche. L’étude de la personnification de l’Hiver et de ses attributs, joint a des scènes de genre figurant les travaux ruraux en hiver, permettent d’en dégager différents niveaux de signification. La dimension astrologique de cette mosaïque apparaît manifeste grâce à l’étude de l’imaginaire romain, tant artistique et que littéraire, à propos de l’animal par excellence de cette saison, le sanglier.
A new magnetically actuated switch for precise position detection (2009)

This paper reports on a new component which allows a mechanical position to be accurately detected. This component is a magnetically actuated microswitch fabricated in MEMS technology. Unlike the well-known Reed or Hall switches components this magnetic microswitch offers all of the following advantages: - a powerless sensor, - a highly integrated sensor (less than 3mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), - an electrical isolation (dry contact) - a high position accuracy (no component dispersion), - an easy implementation in real applications, thanks to a well verified analytical model. Position detection accuracy of the sensor as well as electrical and reliability tests results are reported.
Oxidation Characteristics and Electrical Properties of Low Pressure Dual TCE Oxides (1984)

A detailed investigation is conducted on the oxidation characteristics and electrical properties of very thin gate oxides (70–400Å), prepared by a novel two‐step trichloroethylene (dual TCE) oxidation process. It is demonstrated that very thin oxide films can be accurately and reproducibly prepared under a variety of oxidation conditions. A reversal of relative oxidation rate of (111) and (100) silicon surfaces is observed at low oxygen partial pressure similar to that reported by earlier researchers. In addition to this observation, we find that the reversal is also strongly dependent on the TCE flow rate. Minima are observed in and as a function of TCE flow rate. While the former results agree with earlier work, the minimum in the latter case is located differently, at a lower flow rate. The breakdown fields on oxides grown by various techniques are compared, and dual TCE oxides are shown to have good breakdown characteristics.
Audio-Visual Speech Enhancement Using Multimodal Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (2018)

Speech enhancement (SE) aims to reduce noise in speech signals. Most SE techniques focus only on addressing audio information. In this paper, inspired by multimodal learning, which utilizes data from different modalities, and the recent success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in SE, we propose an audio-visual deep CNNs (AVDCNN) SE model, which incorporates audio and visual streams into a unified network model. We also propose a multitask learning framework for reconstructing audio and visual signals at the output layer. Precisely speaking, the proposed AVDCNN model is structured as an audio-visual encoder-decoder network, in which audio and visual data are first processed using individual CNNs, and then fused into a joint network to generate enhanced speech (the primary task) and reconstructed images (the secondary task) at the output layer. The model is trained in an endto-end manner, and parameters are jointly learned through back propagation. We evaluate enhanced speech using five instrumental criteria. Results show that the AVDCNN model yields a notably superior performance compared with an audio-only CNN-based SE model and two conventional SE approaches, confirming the effectiveness of integrating visual information into the SE process. In addition, the AVDCNN model also outperforms an existing audio- visual SE model, confirming its capability of effectively combining audio and visual information in SE.
Geographic information systems (2008)

This paper discusses the development and delivery of an upper level computer science elective course in geographic information systems (GIS). GIS applications span numerous and diverse fields, but it is computer science that holds the key to the understanding and development of the underlying spatial database and programming for custom applications. Here the authors discuss the benefits and challenges of a GIS course for students, faculty, and researchers.