gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive analysis of the naturally occurring polymorphisms in HIV-1 Vpr: Potential impact on CTL epitopes (2008)

The enormous genetic variability reported in HIV-1 has posed problems in the treatment of infected individuals. This is evident in the form of HIV-1 resistant to antiviral agents, neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) involving multiple viral gene products. Based on this, it has been suggested that a comprehensive analysis of the polymorphisms in HIV proteins is of value for understanding the virus transmission and pathogenesis as well as for the efforts towards developing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. This study, for the first time, describes an in-depth analysis of genetic variation in Vpr using information from global HIV-1 isolates involving a total of 976 Vpr sequences. The polymorphisms at the individual amino acid level were analyzed. The residues 9, 33, 39, and 47 showed a single variant amino acid compared to other residues. There are several amino acids which are highly polymorphic. The residues that show ten or more variant amino acids are 15, 16, 28, 36, 37, 48, 55, 58, 59, 77, 84, 86, 89, and 93. Further, the variant amino acids noted at residues 60, 61, 34, 71 and 72 are identical. Interestingly, the frequency of the variant amino acids was found to be low for most residues. Vpr is known to contain multiple CTL epitopes like protease, reverse transcriptase, Env, and Gag proteins of HIV-1. Based on this, we have also extended our analysis of the amino acid polymorphisms to the experimentally defined and predicted CTL epitopes. The results suggest that amino acid polymorphisms may contribute to the immune escape of the virus. The available data on naturally occurring polymorphisms will be useful to assess their potential effect on the structural and functional constraints of Vpr and also on the fitness of HIV-1 for replication.
Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) resin under pressure (1991)

Abstract The process of depolymerization of PET resin by EG glycolysis under pressure is investigated. The kinetics of this pressurized depolymerization of PET resin is discussed. It was found that the rate of depolymerization is dependent of temperature, pressure, and concentration ratio of EG to PET. The rate of depolymerization is proportional to the square of EG concentration and faster than that under atmospheric pressure. Glycolyzed products under pressure consist of the PET monomer, BHET, and oligomers, mostly dimer and trimer. An equilibrium between BHET and oligomers is attained quickly soon after the depolymerization step is completed in the case of a higher ratio of EG/PET used. In the case of lower ratio of EG/PET, the final product now consists of higher molecular weight of oligomers rather than monomer, dimer, and trimer.
Buried Pipe Design (1990)

Introduction and Overview External Loads Design of Gravity Flow Pipes Design of Pressure Pipes Buried Pipe Products
Preparation and characterization of tapioca starch‐poly(lactic acid)‐Cloisite NA<sup>+</sup> nanocomposite foams (2008)

Abstract Tapioca starch, poly(lactic acid), and Cloisite NA + nanocomposite foams, with four clay contents (1, 3, 5, 7, wt %), were prepared by melt‐intercalation method. Selected structural, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and an Instron universal testing machine, respectively. XRD results indicated that the 1 wt % nanocomposite foam did not show the characteristic basal reflection of the nanoclay. The 3, 5, and 7 wt % nanocomposite foams produced a mixture of intercalated and tactoid structures. The d 001 ‐spacing of 3, 5, 7 wt % nanocomposite foams produced increases of 11.40, 11.15, and 10.67 Å, respectively, compared to that of the pristine clay. The morphological study showed that the nanocomposite foams exhibited a noticeably reduced cell size, more compact cells, and increased cell density. Increasing clay content caused a decrease in melting temperature ( T m ). Bulk spring index and bulk compressibility were influenced ( P < 0.05) significantly with the addition of different amounts of clay. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Vegetable-based dye-sensitized solar cells (2015)

There is currently a large effort to improve the performance of low cost renewable energy devices. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are emerging as one of the most promising low cost photovoltaic technologies, addressing "secure, clean and efficient solar energy conversion". Vegetable dyes, extracted from algae, flowers, fruit and leaves, can be used as sensitizers in DSSCs. Thus far, anthocyanin and betalain extracts together with selected chlorophyll derivatives are the most successful vegetable sensitizers. This review analyses recent progress in the exploitation of vegetable dyes for solar energy conversion and compares them to the properties of synthetic dyes. We provide an in-depth discussion on the main limitation of cell performance e.g. dye degradation, effective electron injection from the dye into the conduction band of semiconducting nanoparticles, such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, outlining future developments for the use of vegetable sensitizers in DSSCs. We also discuss the cost of vegetable dyes and how their versatility can boost the advancement of new power management solutions, especially for their integration in living environments, making the practical application of such systems economically viable. Finally, we present our view on future prospects in the development of synthetic analogues of vegetable dyes as sensitizers in DSSCs.
Direct Amide Synthesis from Either Alcohols or Aldehydes with Amines: Activity of Ru(II) Hydride and Ru(0) Complexes (2010)

An in situ generated catalyst from readily available RuH(2)(PPh(3))(4), an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursor, NaH, and acetonitrile was developed. The catalyst showed high activity for the amide synthesis directly from either alcohols or aldehydes with amines. When a mixture of an alcohol and an aldehyde was reacted with an amine, both of the corresponding amides were obtained with good yields. Homogeneous Ru(0) complexes such as (eta(4)-1,5-cyclooctadiene)(eta(6)-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene)ruthenium [Ru(cod)(cot)] and Ru(3)(CO)(12) were also active in the amidation of an alcohol or an aldehyde with the help of an in situ generated NHC ligand.
Catalyst-Free Cyclization- and Curtius Rearrangement-Induced Functional Group Transformation: An Improved Synthetic Strategy of First-in-Class ATX Inhibitor Ziritaxestat (GLPG-1690) (2020)

A practical and highly efficient protocol for the production of Autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor Ziritaxestat (1) was described. The procedure began with a catalyst-free bicomponent cyclization for the construction of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine skeleton 16. Subsequently, a typical Curtius rearrangement of carboxylic acid 17 followed by nucleophilic attacking of 3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol 18f led to the carbamate analogue 19f. N-methylated 20 was readily deprotected through HBr/HOAc treatment, which further conveniently took part in an alternative K2CO3-induced N-alkylation reaction with 9 to give 10. 10 coupled directly with piperazine to furnish 13, which ideally circumvent the removal of the Boc group. As a result, the hypertoxic KCN and the hypertoxic and costly isonitrile 3 involved in the tricomponent cyclization were carefully avoided. Ultimately, a novel, scalable, and cost-effective route was favorably developed to afford Ziritaxestat in a 20.4% overall yield.
IL-10-induced factors belonging to the p91 family of proteins bind to IFN-<i>gamma</i>-responsive promoter elements. (1994)

Expression of the gene encoding the high affinity IgG receptor (Fc gamma RI) is stimulated by IFN-gamma through a promoter element designated gamma-IFN activation site (GAS). This sequence binds a transcription factor designated gamma-IFN activation factor (GAF). GAF-GAS complexes contain an IFN-regulated 91-kDa protein (p91). In mouse peritoneal macrophages, IL-4 and IL-10 influenced both basal and IFN-gamma-induced expression of Fc gamma RI in opposite ways: IL-10 was stimulatory and IL-4 repressed Fc gamma RI expression. IL-4 or IL-10 did not affect the activation of GAF by IFN-gamma, but both activated the binding of latent, receptor-activated factors (RAFTs) to the Fc gamma RI GAS. RAFTs-IL-4 and -IL-10 migrated similarly in electrophoretic mobility shift assays but could be distinguished through their specificities for different GAS sequences and their reactivity with anti-p91 antisera. These experiments also revealed two distinct RAFTs-IL-10 to be members of the p91 family of proteins. The data suggest GAS-related elements to integrate signals from IFN-gamma-, IL-4- and IL-10-activated signaling paths.
Angiotensinogen Excretion in Rat Urine: Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Treatment and Sodium Balance (1991)

Rat urine was found to contain a component showing cross-reactivity with antibody against rat plasma angiotensinogen. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rat urine revealed antigenic bands corresponding to the molecular weights of plasma angiotensinogen. The urinary angiotensinogen excretion in 8 rats, determined by direct radioimmunoassay, was 2.70 +/- 0.21 micrograms/day. Induction of acute inflammation in rats by injection of lipopolysaccharide caused about a 7-fold increase of urinary angiotensinogen excretion in the 24 hr after injection, with a concomitant elevation of plasma angiotensinogen. Neither sodium depletion nor loading by a low- or high-sodium diet altered the urinary excretion of angiotensinogen. These results suggest that the angiotensinogen present in rat urine is derived from that in plasma, although the level of excretion is too low to have any influence on the plasma level of angiotensinogen.
A Note on the Iterative MRI Reconstruction from Nonuniform <i>k</i>‐Space Data (2007)

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), methods that use a non-Cartesian grid in k-space are becoming increasingly important. In this paper, we use a recently proposed implicit discretisation scheme which generalises the standard approach based on gridding. While the latter succeeds for sufficiently uniform sampling sets and accurate estimated density compensation weights, the implicit method further improves the reconstruction quality when the sampling scheme or the weights are less regular. Both approaches can be solved efficiently with the nonequispaced FFT. Due to several new techniques for the storage of an involved sparse matrix, our examples include also the reconstruction of a large 3D data set. We present four case studies and report on efficient implementation of the related algorithms.
Study on the electromagnetic fields of a novel small-angle transducer used in high-precision inertial sensors (2019)

Purpose Microsyn signal generators have been used in high-precision inertial sensors for their good structural stiffness and high sensitivity. However, as the stator and the rotor of the microsyn are both constructed of silicon-steel laminations with high permeability, an extremely small non-concentricity between the stator and rotor of microsyn will cause two random reaction torques acting on the output axis. As a result, difficulty arises in compensating for these random reaction torques. This study aims to investigate the electromagnetic fields of a novel angular transducer characterized by high sensitivity. Design/methodology/approach Based on the operation principles of the new transducer, the output voltage is decided by the time rate of change of the net magnetic flux of each output pole. The transient analysis of the electromagnetic field of the transducer is carried out by ANSYS Maxwell-3D. Findings The distributions of the magnetic flux of the transducer’s interior and eddy current on the rotor are consistent with the results of theory analysis. Moreover, the leakage flux mainly distributes nearby the excitation poles. The novel small-angle transducer also possesses a remarkably low reaction torque and power loss. Practical implications Study on the electromagnetic fields of the new transducer not only provides a powerful basis to further improve the precision of the new transducer but also expands the scope of applications of the new transducer. Originality/value This new transducer is not only characterized by a high sensitivity, high linearity and fast response but also extremely low reaction torque and power losses. Thus, the new transducer is suitable for high-precision inertial sensors.
Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis (2008)

Fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil were all more effective than placebo in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
Optical and mathematical corrections of micropipette measurements of red blood cell geometry during anisotonic perifusion (1994)

Accurate knowledge of red blood cell (RBC) membrane surface area and cellular volume is critical to understanding the geometric factors that affect RBC deformability. A useful method to determine RBC geometry is via micropipette aspiration in which the cell partially enters the tip of a glass pipette with a diameter of about 2 microns. Measurement of the cell while in the pipette allows calculation of cell geometry, but such measurements are subject to several artifacts. Herein, we analyze the effects of three artifacts on calculated RBC geometry during experimental osmotic manipulation. 1) The pipette internal diameter, as measured optically, requires correction for refractive index and focusing errors; 2) the pipette barrel is tapered rather than cylindrical; 3) the observed RBC outline is affected by a diffraction phenomenon. These optical and mathematical errors were all found to influence the calculated RBC geometry; both absolute values and relative changes during osmotic manipulation were affected. For RBC in isotonic medium, use of the above corrections significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the calculated area by 3.7%, the volume by 7.0%, and the minimum cylindrical diameter by 3.9%. The calculated membrane area dilation for cells exposed to hypotonic media was also significantly reduced; at 200 mOsm, the dilation was 2.8% +/- 0.2% without correction vs. 1.5% +/- 0.2% when all corrections were employed (p < 0.01). We therefore suggest that micropipette aspiration of RBC requires use of these correction techniques to obtain accurate values for RBC geometry and that such correction methods are of particular importance when RBC of different sizes are compared.
Indium-Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition from Metal Acetates (1990)

Transparent conductive indium-tin oxide thin films were prepared by a low-temperature atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition method without using an oxygen donor. The raw materials were indium acetate and tin diacetate, which are inexpensive and easy to handle. A 260-nm-thick polycrystalline film was obtained after 1 hour of deposition at a reaction temperature of 300°C. The resistivity was 6.93×10 13 Ω·cm, and the transmittance was more than 90% in most of the visible range (450–700 nm).
Synaptic interactions in neocortical local circuits: dual intracellular recordings in vitro (1997)

Properties of local synaptic connections in neocortex, studied with dual intracellular recordings in vitro and correlated with cell and synaptic morphology are summarized. The different durations and sensitivities to somatic membrane potential of pyramid-pyramid excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) apparently reflect the positions of the synapses on the postsynaptic dendrites. Their time-, frequency- and voltage-dependent properties enable supra-linear summation of several low-frequency inputs arising in the same dendritic region, even if only loosely coincident, but they depress during repetitive firing in any one input. Pyramidal input to classical fast spiking and low threshold spiking interneurones are strikingly different. Here low presynaptic firing rates results in many transmission failures. EPSPs are brief and inputs must be near coincident for summation. However, these synapses display pronounced. frequency-dependent, incrementing facilitation at higher presynaptic frequencies. Once initiated by a brief high-frequency burst, this facilitation is maintained at lower frequencies. GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) arising proximally are of very different durations depending on the type of interneurone activated and can prevent and subsequently synchronize firing in their many postsynaptic partners with very different delays (eg. 10-100 ms). Low threshold spiking interneurones, in contrast, generate brief IPSPs only in more distal dendritic regions and have little effect on somatic excitability acting to shunt input distally.
Microfluidic add-on for standard electrophysiology chambers (2008)

We have developed a microfluidic brain slice device (microBSD) that marries an off-the shelf brain slice perfusion chamber with an array of microfluidic channels set into the bottom surface of the chamber substrate. As this device is created through rapid prototyping, once optimized, it is trivial to replicate and share the devices with other investigators. The device integrates seamlessly into standard physiology and imaging chambers and it is immediately available to the whole slice physiology community. With this technology we can address the flow of neurochemicals and any other soluble factors to precise locations in the brain slice with the temporal profile we choose. Dopamine (DA) was chosen as a model neurotransmitter and we have quantified delivery in brain tissue using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and fluorescence imaging.
On-chip inductance modeling of VLSI interconnects (2002)

At gigahertz frequencies, long interconnect wires exhibit transmission line behavior. Using copper and wider wires for major signal and power/ground lines, inductive impedance (j/spl omega/L) could become comparable to the resistive component of the wire (R). Due to the inductance, delay increases, over-shoot occurs, and inductive crosstalk can no longer be ignored. Inductive effects were recently demonstrated in 4 mm-long lines in a 0.25 /spl mu/m process. The extracted delays of a typical clock line from this test chip are shown. While the delay is a linear function of line length, the RC delay increases with the square of the line length. As a result, the inductive effects are actually more prominent for lines with intermediate lengths. The inductive effects for the intermediate length buses as well as local clocks must be considered. As technology is scaled, the gate delay time will continue to be reduced while the delay of short, low-resistive clock lines will remain constant. The inductive effects will therefore become prominent for progressively short lines. The article shows simulated inductance effects on crosstalk. Larger coupling and ringing effects are observed when inductive coupling is included in the simulation. Currently, the inductive effects are only considered for a few global clocks and buses, which is insufficient for future designs. Although 3D electromagnetic full wave solvers are available, they cannot manage the complexity of today's integrated circuits. To model the inductive effects of intermediate-length buses as well as local clocks, a fast automated inductance extraction and verification tool is necessary.
[Progress of cancer stem cells of solid tumor]. (2006)

Stem cells have some characteristics similar to tumor cells, and may be the origin of tumor cells. Stem cell-like subpopulation has been isolated and identified from hematopoietic system malignancies and solid tumors, and defined as cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells play important roles in the initiation and progression of malignancies. Tumor might be a kind of diseases of stem cells, and this finding may help to understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and instruct clinical therapeutics.
Strong Amplification of Coherent Acoustic Phonons by Intraminiband Currents in a Semiconductor Superlattice (2016)

Sound amplification in an electrically biased superlattice (SL) is studied in optical experiments with 100 fs time resolution. Coherent SL phonons with frequencies of 40, 375, and 410 GHz give rise to oscillatory reflectivity changes. With currents from 0.5 to 1.3 A, the Fourier amplitude of the 410 GHz phonon increases by more than a factor of 2 over a 200 ps period. This amplification is due to stimulated Čerenkov phonon emission by electrons undergoing intraminiband transport. The gain coefficient of 8×10^{3} cm^{-1} is reproduced by theoretical calculations and holds potential for novel sub-THz phonon emitters.
Pretreatment scheme eases waste-water biotreatment (1987)

Gastrin and gastrin receptor-deficient mice have been used for genetic dissection of the role of gastrins in maintaining gastric homeostasis and control of acid secretion. The gastrin knockout mice are achlorhydric due to inactivation of the ECL and parietal cells. Moreover, this achlorhydria is associated with intestinal metaplasia and bacterial overgrowth, which ultimately leads to the development of gastric tumours. The association between progastrin, progastrin-derived processing intermediates and colorectal carcinogenesis has also been examined through genetic or chemical cancer induction in several mouse models, although the clinical relevance of these studies remains unproven. While others have focused on models of increased gastrin production, the present review describes the lessons learned from gastrin-deficient mice. Study of these mice helps our understanding of how dysregulation of gastrin secretion may be implicated in human disease.
Network of coregulated spliceosome components revealed by zebrafish mutant in recycling factor p110 (2007)

The spliceosome cycle consists of assembly, catalysis, and recycling phases. Recycling of postspliceosomal U4 and U6 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) requires p110/SART3, a general splicing factor. In this article, we report that the zebrafish earl grey (egy) mutation maps in the p110 gene and results in a phenotype characterized by thymus hypoplasia, other organ-specific defects, and death by 7 to 8 days postfertilization. U4/U6 snRNPs were disrupted in egy mutant embryos, demonstrating the importance of p110 for U4/U6 snRNP recycling in vivo. Surprisingly, expression profiling of the egy mutant revealed an extensive network of coordinately up-regulated components of the spliceosome cycle, providing a mechanism compensating for the recycling defect. Together, our data demonstrate that a mutation in a general splicing factor can lead to distinct defects in organ development and cause disease.
MELLO E SOUZA E A CRÍTICA AOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE MATEMÁTICA: DEMOLINDO CONCORRENTES, CONSTRUINDO MALBA TAHAN. (2020)

Este estudo tem por finalidade contribuir para a história da disciplina escolar Matemática no Brasil. Após a apresentação do contexto em que é criada a disciplina Matemática, é realizada a análise dos conteúdos que norteavam a crítica aos livros didáticos feita por Mello e Souza, nas páginas da Revista Brasileira de Matemática, publicação pioneira, editada a partir de 1929, dedicada especificamente a assuntos matemáticos. O estudo do contexto e dos conteúdos revela aspectos importantes na construção do personagem Malba Tahan, um dos mitos da educação matemática brasileira.