gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevation of whole-blood glutathione in peritoneal dialysis patients by L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, a cysteine prodrug (Procysteine). (1998)

Glutathione is a major cellular antioxidant that protects protein thiols and inhibits cellular damage due to oxygen free radicals. It has been reported previously that patients undergoing dialysis have low levels of blood glutathione, which may lead to increased susceptibility to oxidant stress. L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ) is a cysteine prodrug that raises cellular glutathione levels by increasing delivery of cysteine, the rate-limiting substrate for glutathione synthesis. This study investigates the effect of OTZ on blood glutathione in a blinded, placebo-controlled study of patients with chronic renal failure treated by peritoneal dialysis. Twenty patients were randomly selected to receive OTZ (0.5 g three times a day orally with meals) or placebo for 14 d. Patients visited the clinic for predose blood collection and safety evaluation at baseline (days 3, 7, and 14 and again at 14 d from the last dose [follow-up]). Glutathione concentrations were determined in whole blood by HPLC. OTZ resulted in a significant rise in whole-blood glutathione at days 7 (594 +/- 129 mumol/L) and 14 (620 +/- 108 mumol/L) compared with baseline (544 +/- 139 mumol/L) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Glutathione was also significantly increased at days 7 and 14 when normalized by hematocrit (Hct) or hemoglobin to correct for anemic status (e.g., 20.7 +/- 5.7 mumol/L per % Hct [day 7] and 20.9 +/- 4.0 mumol/L per % Hct [day 14] versus 18.0 +/- 4.2 mumol/L per % Hct [baseline]; P < 0.05). Glutathione levels did not change in the placebo group at any patient visit, and levels in the OTZ-treated group returned to baseline at follow-up. There were no serious adverse events attributable to OTZ, and the drug appeared to be well tolerated by patients with renal failure treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Our results show that OTZ increases blood glutathione levels, which may improve antioxidant status in dialysis patients.
Genome-wide analysis for discovery of rice microRNAs reveals natural antisense microRNAs (nat-miRNAs) (2008)

Small RNAs (21-24 nt) are involved in gene regulation through translation inhibition, mRNA cleavage, or directing chromatin modifications. In rice, currently approximately 240 microRNAs (miRNAs) have been annotated. We sequenced more than four million small RNAs from rice and identified another 24 miRNA genes. Among these, we found a unique class of miRNAs that derive from natural cis-antisense transcript pairs. This configuration generates miRNAs that can perfectly match their targets. We provide evidence that the miRNAs function by inducing mRNA cleavage in the middle of their complementary site. Their production requires Dicer-like 1 (DCL1) activity, which is essential for canonical miRNA biogenesis. All of the natural antisense miRNAs (nat-miRNAs) identified in this study have large introns in their precursors that appear critical for nat-miRNA evolution and for the formation of functional miRNA loci. These findings suggest that other natural cis-antisense loci with similar exon-intron arrangements could be another source of miRNA genes.
Error Detection and Correction for Speech Recognition using Airport Layout Information: Concept and Evaluation (2006)

The goal of this research is to integrate a voice recognition system (VRS) into an electronic flight bag (EFB) for the specification of taxi-routes. To verify route feasibility, resolve certain ambiguities and provide limited `automatic repair' to a route that could not be fully interpreted, information regarding the possible route structures on the airport is used. The information from a speaker-independent voice recognition system is matched with information on the known possible routes on an airport. This provides an error detection and correction capability. A study was performed to evaluate the improvements that can be obtained
Population-specific gene expression in the plant pathogenic nematode Heterodera glycines exists prior to infection and during the onset of a resistant or susceptible reaction in the roots of the Glycine max genotype Peking (2009)

These analyses identify a genetic expression signature for these two populations both prior to and subsequently as they undergo an R or S reaction. The identification of genes like steroid alpha reductase and serine proteinase that are involved in feeding and nutritional uptake as being highly suppressed during the R response at 8d may indicate genes that the plant is targeting. The analyses also identified numerous putative parasitism genes that are differentially expressed. The 1668 genes that are suppressed in NL1-RHg, and hence induced in TN8 may represent genes that are important during the parasitic stages of H. glycines development. The potential for different arrays of putative parasitism genes to be expressed in different nematode populations may indicate how H. glycines evolve mechanisms to overcome resistance.
Formation of Neurons by Non‐Neural Adult Stem Cells: Potential Mechanism Implicates an Artifact of Growth in Culture (2006)

Trans-differentiation is a mechanism proposed to explain how tissue-specific stem cells could generate cells of other organs, thus supporting the emerging concept of enhanced adult stem cell plasticity. Although spontaneous cell fusion rather than trans-differentiation may explain some unexpected cell fate changes in vivo, such a mechanism does not explain potential trans-differentiation events in vitro, including the generation of neural cell types from cultured bone marrow-derived stem cells. Here we present evidence that shows that cultured bone marrow-derived stem cells express neural proteins and form structures resembling neurons under defined growth conditions. We demonstrate that these changes in cell structure and neural protein expression are not consistent with typical neural development. Furthermore, the ability of bone marrow-derived stem cells to adopt a neural phenotype in vitro may occur as a result of cellular stress in response to removing cells from their niche and their growth in alternative environmental conditions. These findings suggest a potential explanation for the growth behavior of cultured bone marrow-derived stem cells and highlight the need to carefully validate the plasticity of stem cell differentiation.
The Effect of Mild Hypothermia on Permanent Focal Ischemia in the Rat (1992)

The effect of mild hypothermia on cerebral injury was evaluated in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ipsilateral carotid artery occlusion. The MCA occlusion was performed in rats at temporalis muscle temperatures of 30 degrees C, 33 degrees C, 34.5 degrees C and 36.5 degrees C (n = 10, 8, 10, and 13, respectively). The animals were kept at the desired temperature for 1 hour and rewarmed to 36.5 degrees C. In a separate group of animals (n = 11), the temperature was decreased to 33 degrees C 1 hour after performing the arterial occlusion at normothermia. These animals were rewarmed to 36.5 degrees C after another hour with side by side controls (n = 9) kept at 36.5 degrees C throughout the experiment. Twenty-four hours after the MCA occlusion, rats were killed and the percentage of infarcted right hemisphere was determined in coronal brain sections with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The percentage of infarcted volume at 30 degrees C, 33 degrees C, and 34.5 degrees C (9.3 +/- 2.1%, 8.2 +/- 2.2%, and 8.4 +/- 2.2%) (SEM) was significantly smaller than at 36.5 degrees C (19.6 +/- 1.6%, P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the hypothermic groups. When rats were cooled to 33 degrees C 1 hour after the arterial occlusion, the percentage of infarcted volume was also significantly smaller than the control group (8.0 +/- 1.8% vs. 17.4 +/- 2.1%) (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Examination and Simulation of Silicon Macrosegregation in A356 Wheel Casting (2018)

Macrosegregation is commonly seen and has been extensively studied in large ingots in a variety of alloy systems. In comparison, this defect is rarely investigated in small aluminum shape castings. To address this shortcoming, a numerical model was developed to investigate silicon macrosegregation during the low-pressure die casting of aluminum alloy (A356) automotive wheels. The model results were compared with silicon distribution maps measured using an optical, phase area-based technique. The model of the wheel casting process was implemented within FLUENT, a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package. In the formulation adopted, liquid metal flow is driven solely by solidification shrinkage due to the variation in density between the liquid and solid phases. Buoyancy and die filling have been ignored. Additionally, the model includes Darcy flow in the two-phase mushy zone, the release of latent heat, and solute redistribution at the micro-scale using the Scheil approximation. The model was validated against temperature and segregation data taken from a commercially cast wheel and shown to be qualitatively correct in predicting trends in temperature histories and segregation. A closer inspection of the data reveals that the model is quantitatively accurate within 10–30%, depending on the location.
Fluorescent Diazapyrenium Films and Their Response to Dopamine (2005)

Experimental protocols for the preparation of 2,7-diazapyrenium films on glass, quartz, and silica in one or two steps have been developed. The one-step procedures involve the adsorption of preformed 2,7-diazapyrenium dications with trimethoxysilane appendages to the hydroxylated substrates. The two-step procedures consist in the formation of interfacial polysiloxanes with pendent chloromethyl groups and their subsequent coupling to monoalkylated 2,7-diazapyrene derivatives. For the modification of the glass slides, the silane building blocks have been copolymerized with Si(OEt)4. The transmission absorption spectra of the coated glass and quartz slides all reveal the characteristic bands of the 2,7-diazapyrenium chromophores. Combustion analyses confirm the adsorption of the 2,7-diazapyrenium dications on the silica particles. A comparison of the surface coverages of all films indicates that the one-step procedures are significantly more efficient than their two-step counterparts. Furthermore, the copolymerization of the silane building blocks with Si(OEt)4 translates into an increase in 2,7-diazapyrenium surface coverage of approximately 1 order of magnitude. The emission and excitation spectra of all modified substrates reveal the characteristic bands of the 2,7-diazapyrenium fluorophores. The fluorescence quantum yield, however, decreases as the surface coverage increases. Presumably, interactions between adjacent fluorophores encourage nonradiative deactivation pathways. With the exception of the glass slides modified in two steps, all films respond to the presence of dopamine, in aqueous environments at neutral pH, with pronounced decreases in emission intensity. The association of the 2,7-diazapyrenium acceptors and dopamine donors at the solid/liquid interface is responsible for fluorescence quenching. The glass slides and silica particles modified in one step are the most sensitive substrates and respond to sub-millimolar concentrations of dopamine with large changes in emission intensity. Furthermore, their fluorescence is not affected by relatively large concentrations of ascorbic acid, which is the main interferent in conventional dopamine detection protocols. Thus, these results demonstrate that the supramolecular association of 2,7-diazapyrenium dications and pi-electron rich substrates can be reproduced successfully at solid/liquid interfaces and suggest that the unique properties of 2,7-diazapyrenium films might lead to dopamine-sensing schemes based on fluorescence measurements.
LightRNN: Memory and Computation-Efficient Recurrent Neural Networks (2016)

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performances in many natural language processing tasks, such as language modeling and machine translation. However, when the vocabulary is large, the RNN model will become very big (e.g., possibly beyond the memory capacity of a GPU device) and its training will become very inefficient. In this work, we propose a novel technique to tackle this challenge. The key idea is to use 2-Component (2C) shared embedding for word representations. We allocate every word in the vocabulary into a table, each row of which is associated with a vector, and each column associated with another vector. Depending on its position in the table, a word is jointly represented by two components: a row vector and a column vector. Since the words in the same row share the row vector and the words in the same column share the column vector, we only need $2 \sqrt{|V|}$ vectors to represent a vocabulary of $|V|$ unique words, which are far less than the $|V|$ vectors required by existing approaches. Based on the 2-Component shared embedding, we design a new RNN algorithm and evaluate it using the language modeling task on several benchmark datasets. The results show that our algorithm significantly reduces the model size and speeds up the training process, without sacrifice of accuracy (it achieves similar, if not better, perplexity as compared to state-of-the-art language models). Remarkably, on the One-Billion-Word benchmark Dataset, our algorithm achieves comparable perplexity to previous language models, whilst reducing the model size by a factor of 40-100, and speeding up the training process by a factor of 2. We name our proposed algorithm \emph{LightRNN} to reflect its very small model size and very high training speed.
A multiparameter analysis of sickle erythrocytes in patients undergoing hydroxyurea therapy (1996)

During 24 weeks of hydroxyurea treatment, we monitored red blood cell (RBC) parameters in three patients with sickle cell disease, including F-cell and F-reticulocyte profiles, distributions of delay times for intracellular polymerization, sickle erythrocyte adherence to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a laminar flow chamber, RBC phthalate density profiles, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and cation content, reticulocyte mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance transverse relaxation rates of packed RBCs, and plasma membrane lateral and rotational mobilities of band 3 and glycophorins. Hydroxyurea increases the fraction of cells with sufficiently long delay times to escape the microcirculation before polymerization begins. Furthermore, high pretreatment adherence to human umbilical vein endothelial cells of sickle RBCs decreased to normal after only 2 weeks of hydroxyurea treatment, preceding the increase in fetal hemoglobin levels. The lower adhesion of sickle RBCs to endothelium would facilitate escape from the microcirculation before polymerization begins. Hydroxyurea shifted several biochemical and biophysical parameters of sickle erythrocytes toward values observed with hemoglobin SC disease, suggesting that hydroxyurea moderates sickle cell disease toward the milder, but still clinically significant, hemoglobin SC disease. The 50% reduction in sickle crises documented in the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Disease is consistent with this degree of erythrocyte improvement.
The Imagination Premium: an anticipative performance metric (2021)

Purpose The authors offer a new metric for assessing a company's potential for growth that CEO's and leadership teams can actively manage. Design/methodology/approach The Imagination Premium metric reflects the value of a company's equity, beyond what can be readily explained by its ability to throw off cash. Findings For a CEO, TIP provides support for an argument that investments in future growth are well warranted. Practical/implications A negative TIP signals that investors will not even pay for the capitalized value of current cash flow and this usually leads to activist investors, hostile acquisition threats and C-suite turnover. Originality/value The article shows executives how to drive the premium investors will pay for corporate growth initiatives. One of the first things strategists can do to manage their company's TIP is a portfolio analysis that looks at how uncertain each current investment is, and whether the whole portfolio is one growth investors will reward with an increased TIP.
In Vivo Pharmacodynamics of a New Oxazolidinone (Linezolid) (2002)

Linezolid is a new oxazolidinone with activity against gram-positive cocci. We determined the in vivo activity of linezolid against four strains of Staphylococcus aureus (two methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] strains and two methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains) and one penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP) strain, two penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae strains, and five penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains. The mice had 10(6.3) to 10(7.7) CFU/thigh before therapy and were then treated for 24 h with 5 to 1,280 mg of linezolid/kg divided into 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 doses. The killing activities after 4 h of therapy ranged from 2.4 to 5.0 log(10) CFU/thigh against S. pneumoniae and 1.35 to 2.2 log(10) CFU/thigh against S. aureus. Increasing doses produced minimal concentration-dependent killing; doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg produced no in vivo postantibiotic effects (PAEs) with PSSP and modest PAEs (3.4 and 3.2 h) with MSSA. Pharmacokinetic studies at doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis exhibited peak dose values of 0.68 and 0.71 and elimination half-lives of 1.02 and 1.00 h. Linezolid MICs ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 micro g/ml for S. pneumoniae and from 1.0 to 4.0 micro g/ml for S. aureus. A sigmoid dose-response model was used to estimate the dose required to achieve a net bacteriostatic effect over 24 h. Static doses against S. pneumoniae ranged from 22.2 to 97.1 mg/kg/24 h and from 133 to 167 mg/kg/24 h for S. aureus. The 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC ratio was the major parameter determining the efficacy of linezolid against PSSP (R(2) = 82% for AUC/MIC versus 57% for T>MIC and 59% for the peak level in serum/MIC [peak/MIC]). It was difficult to determine the most relevant pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter with S. aureus, although the outcomes correlated slightly better with the 24-h AUC/MIC ratio (R(2) = 75%) than with the other parameters (T>MIC R(2) = 75% and peak/MIC R(2) = 65%). The 24-h AUC/MIC ratio required for a bacteriostatic effect with linezolid varied from 22 to 97 (mean = 48) for pneumococci and from 39 to 167 (mean = 83) for staphylococci. Based upon a pharmacokinetic goal of a 24-h AUC/MIC of 50 to 100, a dosage regimen of 600 mg given either intravenously or orally twice daily would achieve success against organisms with MICs as high as 2 to 4 micro g/ml.
From constitutional monarchy to republic: The trajectory of Yuan Shikai (2012)

In the conventional narrative of the 1911 Revolution, the reemergence of Yuan Shikai leads to a series of troubling actions. First, he bargained with the Qing court by taking advantage of the crisis at Wuchang to extract concessions for himself, and then he used the Qing military force to menace the southern revolutionaries. Eventually Yuan used the southern revolutionary threat as a pretext to force the abdication of the Qing emperor. Moreover, he traded his contribution for the position of the first president of the Republic, and thus stole the fruits of victory. This narrative is quite different from the historical facts. As one of the most important higher officials in late Qing times, Yuan played an essential role in pushing the political reforms of the late Qing. His generation of the political elite largely supported constitutional monarchy, consequently he chose to promote political reform to realize a constitutional solution after he returned to the political arena during the 1911 Revolution. Only after realizing that the goal of a constitutional monarchy had been rejected by all the political groups did Yuan follow the trend by supporting republicanism.
Novel type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (GA101) evokes homotypic adhesion and actin-dependent, lysosome-mediated cell death in B-cell malignancies (2011)

The anti-CD20 mAb rituximab has substantially improved the clinical outcome of patients with a wide range of B-cell malignancies. However, many patients relapse or fail to respond to rituximab, and thus there is intense investigation into the development of novel anti-CD20 mAbs with improved therapeutic efficacy. Although Fc-FcγR interactions appear to underlie much of the therapeutic success with rituximab, certain type II anti-CD20 mAbs efficiently induce programmed cell death (PCD), whereas rituximab-like type I anti-CD20 mAbs do not. Here, we show that the humanized, glycoengineered anti-CD20 mAb GA101 and derivatives harboring non-glycoengineered Fc regions are type II mAb that trigger nonapoptotic PCD in a range of B-lymphoma cell lines and primary B-cell malignancies. We demonstrate that GA101-induced cell death is dependent on actin reorganization, can be abrogated by inhibitors of actin polymerization, and is independent of BCL-2 overexpression and caspase activation. GA101-induced PCD is executed by lysosomes which disperse their contents into the cytoplasm and surrounding environment. Taken together, these findings reveal that GA101 is able to potently elicit actin-dependent, lysosomal cell death, which may potentially lead to improved clearance of B-cell malignancies in vivo.
Multi-mode chemical transducers. Part 2. Electrochromic and photochromic properties of azoquinone compounds (1993)

Several molecules having multiple regions independently responsive to stimulations have been investigated. A 2-(4-methoxyphenylazo)anthraquinone (1) having both an electrochromic quinone group and a photochromic azo group has been synthesized and its electrochromic and photochromic properties investigated. It shows interconversion of four distinct states caused by multiplication of two electrochromic redox states, quinone and hydroquinone, and two photochromic geometrical isomers, anti and syn forms. Moreover the syn-anti thermal isomerization rate of the azo region of the molecule is dependent on the state of the electrochromic quinone region. The rate for the quinone form is more than 30 times faster than that of the hydroquinone form. Additionally three other azoquinone compounds have been synthesized and investigated in the same way. The results show that these molecules have functions of multiple responsibilities for distinguishable stimulations as multi-mode chemical signal transducers.
A controller for autonomous landing of AR.Drone (2014)

In recent years, many so called “robotic toys” appeared at the market. Though these devices are called toys and they are primarily intended for games, they provide a set of sensors and actuators that can be controlled from a computer. Hence these robotic devices may serve as non-expensive research tools, in particular for developing advanced software for controlling them. This paper describes a controller for landing of an AR.Drone, a quadricopter marketed by Parrot Inc. This controller is designed for fully autonomous landing to a given visual pattern and for hovering above the pattern. We will show how to collect input information for the controller and how to use it in a classical PID controller.