gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on dietary lipid intakes in Chinese residents (2004)

Objective: To study the amount of fat, cholesterol and fatty acid intake in China and provide the basic material for dietary guidance. Methods: Two areas were selected both in North and South China and each area included 3 provinces, or municipality or autonomous region. Three representative survey sites were selected in each province, or municipality or autonomous region. Dietary survey was conducted by the method of weighing and recording and cooking method was also recorded. The amount of food consumption was calculated as standard person (adult male, light physical activity). All foods were gathered as 12 kinds of foods, and each kind of food was cooked and then mixed. The content of fat and fatty acid was analyzed for 8 kinds of foods and the content of cholesterol was analyzed for 4 kinds of foods. The intake of fat, fatty acid and cholesterol per capita was calculated. Results: The amount of fat intake among North I, North II, South I, South II was 70.5 g, 46.5 g, 58.7 g, 71.0 g respectively and the amount of cholesterol intake was 329.6 mg, 128.5 mg, 400.9 mg, 306.0 mg respectively. The main source of dietary fat was from meat and vegetables. Egg was the main source of dietary cholesterol and meat and egg were both the main source of dietary cholesterol in south II area. About 90% of saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid and stearic acid and 90% of monounsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid. Linoleic acid was the principal n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and linolenic acid was the principal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. The ratio of S∶M∶P in North I was 1∶1.1∶1, in North II was 1∶1.6∶1.3, in South I was 1∶1.6∶1.3 and in South II was 1∶1.5∶1. Conclusion: The amount of fat intake and fatty acid profile was quite different among different areas and the dietary guidance should be more pertinent The current cholesterol intake was more than dietary guidance in most areas. In addition to egg, meat was also an important source of cholesterol.
Zeroing transformer's DC current in resonant converters with no series capacitors (2010)

DC current unbalance in the windings of a transformer may initiate a runaway process and ultimately drive the transformer into saturation. Such a situation could arise in a transformer coupled resonant converter that does not include a series capacitor. This issue was explored in this study theoretically, by simulation and experimentally. A method is proposed for automatically adjusting the transformer's DC current to zero by correcting the asymmetry of the drive. This balancing control is facilitated by a signal obtained from a DC/AC current sensor which senses the transformer's primary and secondary currents such that they cancel each other for the no DC case. The proposed method was tested on a self oscillating, parallel loaded DC-DC resonant converter of 12V input voltage 500V output voltage and 700W power level. The proposed approach allows the design of resonant converters without DC decoupling capacitors which could lead to a significant cost and size reduction.
2 Gbit/s operation of single-longitudinal-mode 1.5 μm double-channel planar buried-heterostructure C <sup>3</sup> lasers (1984)

High-speed operation of cleaved coupled cavity (C3) lasers made from double-channel planar buried-heterostructure (DCPBH) lasers operating at 1.5 μm wavelength is reported. Error-free (error rate<10−11/s) operation through a spectrometer at a data rate of 2 Gbit/s and with large on-off and mode rejection ratios is demonstrated. Small-signal bandwidth measurements indicate possible operation of these lasers up to about 4 Gbit/s.
Enzymic detection of uracil in a cloned and sequenced deoxyribonucleic acid segment (1983)

Uracil can occur in DNA either as a result of utilization of dUTP by DNA polymerases or from in situ deamination of cytosine. The latter results in transition mutations following the next round of replication. We describe a technique for the detection of uracil in DNA by a modification of the Maxam-Gilbert sequencing procedure. Reaction of end-labeled DNA with uracil-DNA glycosylase followed by 1 M piperidine results in scission products corresponding to locations of uracils. These are detected by autoradiography following electrophoresis through a sequencing gel. Comparison of these scission products with the DNA sequences elucidates the mechanism of origin of the DNA uracils. The technique was tested with a cloned human DNA sequence grown in a dut-,ung-strain of Escherichia coli, which incorporates uracil in place of thymine in its DNA, and by chemical deamination of cytosines in that sequence. The technique was expanded by use of alkaline and enzymic probes to investigate possible accumulation of uracil, base losses, and other modifications in human liver and brain DNA. No damaged DNA moieties were detected. This method is applicable to the study of any recoverable reiterated sequence by any enzyme preparation that can recognize modifications in DNA.
Fenofibrate for patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis (2004)

Fenofibrate appears to be significantly effective in treating patients with aPBC who respond incompletely to UDCA alone. Although the mechanism of fenofibrate on aPBC has not yet been fully clarified, combination therapy using fenofibrate and UDCA might be related to the anti-immunological effects, such as the suppression of AMA production as well as its anti-inflammatory effect.
A 3D-CNN model with CT-based parametric response mapping for classifying COPD subjects (2021)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disorder involving abnormalities of lung parenchymal morphology with different severities. COPD is assessed by pulmonary-function tests and computed tomography-based approaches. We introduce a new classification method for COPD grouping based on deep learning and a parametric-response mapping (PRM) method. We extracted parenchymal functional variables of functional small airway disease percentage (fSAD%) and emphysema percentage (Emph%) with an image registration technique, being provided as input parameters of 3D convolutional neural network (CNN). The integrated 3D-CNN and PRM (3D-cPRM) achieved a classification accuracy of 89.3% and a sensitivity of 88.3% in five-fold cross-validation. The prediction accuracy of the proposed 3D-cPRM exceeded those of the 2D model and traditional 3D CNNs with the same neural network, and was comparable to that of 2D pretrained PRM models. We then applied a gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) that highlights the key features in the CNN learning process. Most of the class-discriminative regions appeared in the upper and middle lobes of the lung, consistent with the regions of elevated fSAD% and Emph% in COPD subjects. The 3D-cPRM successfully represented the parenchymal abnormalities in COPD and matched the CT-based diagnosis of COPD.
Macrogeographic variation of a pond predator's top‐down effects in a common garden environment (2020)

Abstract Geographic variation in species behavior and life history has been well documented in biology. Species with wide geographic distributions (i.e., across a continent) but small home ranges (i.e., <1 km 2 ) likely experience wide variability in abiotic environments across the entirety of their range, possibly exhibiting strong local adaptation. Understanding variation across a large geographic scale is especially important when considering species that have strong ecological importance, such as keystone species. Yet, few studies have compared the potential cascading ecological effects of a predator with a keystone role in at least part of its range. To understand how keystone ability in pond food webs can vary across a large geographic range, we conducted an artificial pond experiment with a known keystone predator in at least part of its range, the marbled salamander ( Ambystoma opacum ). To do so, we collected size‐matched salamander larvae from three geographically distant populations (>650 km apart) in Ohio, Mississippi, and North Carolina and placed them in mesocosms with a suite of spring breeding amphibian prey species. We observed differential survival of some prey species leading to differences in spring‐breeding amphibian diversity among the three predator populations, indicating that keystone predation may vary at a geographic scale. Prey diversity was lowest with predators from northern (Ohio) populations of salamanders. Further understanding of large‐scale variability in ecologically important predators and the potential effects of translocating wide‐ranging ambystomatid species is needed to direct future conservation efforts and preserve biodiversity.
Thermal Effects of Glenoid Reaming During Shoulder Arthroplasty in Vivo (2011)

Temperatures sufficient to induce thermal necrosis of glenoid bone can be generated by glenoid preparation in shoulder arthroplasty in vivo. Frequent irrigation may be effective in preventing temperatures from reaching the threshold for bone necrosis during glenoid preparation.
Efficient computation of resonant frequencies and quality factors of cavities via a combination of the finite-difference time-domain technique and the Pade approximation (1998)

An efficient method for analyzing cavity structures by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT)/Pade technique, in combination with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, is presented. Without sacrificing the accuracy of the results, this new method significantly reduces the computational time compared to that needed where the conventional FFT algorithm is used. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated by modeling a lossy cavity and computing its resonant frequencies as well as Q.
The effect of builders on the activity of protease enzymes (1990)

The effect of builders on the stability of protease enzyme activity was studied in an effort to identify superior builders which are soluble in water and compatible with enzymes formulated into heavy duty laundry powders. Various poly(styrenesulfonate‐methacrylate) copolymers, polyacrylate and tripolyphosphate anionic builders, as well as various poly(vinylalcohol‐vinylacetate) nonionic copolymers, namely PVAs, were used. Zeolite 4A was also used as a typical nonphosphate particulate builder in the detergents. The protease used is from bacillus stearothermophilus . The calcium content was determined to be 16.7 mole/mole of protease by atomic spectrophotometry. In binary systems composed of a fixed concentration of 10 U/mL protease and varied concentrations of compound, builder or surfacant, it was found that compounds having the larger calcium ion binding capacity (C.B.C.) lowered the relative activity of protease enzyme. The activity of protease enzyme alone was lowered about 20% by addition of 0.02% sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS). The anionic builders added to the binary system of fixed 10 U/mL protease and 0.02% DBS reduce the protease enzyme activity in proportion to the magnitude of their C.B.C. Addition of anionic builders further lowered the protease enzyme activity. The nonionic builders and the nonionic surfactant can enhance the protease enzyme activity by protection of protease against the inhibitor, DBS. It is certain that calcium atoms contained in the protease must play an important role for the protease enzyme activity and its stability. Calcium atoms must have a great influence on the formation of protease‐substrate complex, protease‐compound complex and substrate‐compound complex, because the protease, protein substrate and anionic compound would all be negatively charged in alkaline solutions. Builders for enzyme‐containing detergents should be constructed to be insensitive to calcium ion.
An immunohistological study of steroid localization in sertoli-leydig tumors of the ovary and testis (1978)

Nine ovarian Sertoli-Leydig tumors, showing varying degrees of differentiation, one pure ovarian Sertoli cell tumor, and one poorly differentiated stromal tumor of the testis, were examined for the presence of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone with an indirect immunoperoxidase method on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. Clinically all nine patients with Sertoli-Leydig tumors had evidence of increased androgen production, manifested by either hirsutism or virilization; elevated serum testosterone was found in all four patients in whom it was measured. The patients with the pure ovarian Sertoli cell and testicular tumors were asymptomatic except for the presence of a mass. Testosterone was identified in Leydig cells in nine instances, in Sertoli cells in six, and in poorly differentiated spindle cells resembling the mesenchyme of the embryonic gonad in two. Cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, both Sertoli and Leydig cells, though positive for lipid were consistently negative for testosterone. Estradiol was present in Leydig cells in nine instances, in Sertoli cells in five, and in primitive gonadal stomal cells in two. The pattern of distribution was similar to that of testosterone but the intensity of the reaction for estradiol was generally less than that for testosterone. Progesterone was identified in Sertoli cells in one instance and was weakly positive in Leydig cells in three instances. The presence of testosterone and estradiol in both Sertoli and Leydig cells as well as in primitive spindle cells resembling those found in the embryonic gonad suggests that the latter cell is the precursor for both Sertoli and Leydig cells.
Staining Plant Cells with Silver. I. The Salt-Nylon Technique (1991)

A technique is described for selectively silver staining nucleoli, active nucleolus organizers, nucleolar material attached to chromosomes, kinetochores, synaptonemal complexes, and chromosome cores in plant cells. The technique, called salt-nylon silver staining, involves spreading cells on glass slides, treating the cells with a solution of saline sodium citrate, and incubating the cells in a silver nitrate solution covered with nylon screen. Selected variables important for achieving reliable silver staining are considered.
New Management Modalities (2016)

I. Introduction Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), Hospital-acquired (or nosocomial) pneumonia (HAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) are important causes of morbidity and mortality despite improvements in supportive care and prevention. Optimal outcomes of these infections rely on timely and appropriate management strategies. However, despite advances in general knowledge, mortality for many of these infections remains high. It is appropriate therefore that new approaches to management of pneumonia be explored with the hopes that such strategies will lead to better outcomes in the future. This chapter considers newer approaches to management and prevention that include new antimicrobials, novel methods of administration of antimicrobials, and new approaches to modification of the host response and prevention.
A Two-Pass Excimer Laser Annealing Process to Control Amorphous Silicon Crystallization (1999)

A new approach to control the lateral-growth mechanism of polycrystalline silicon films through appropriate spatial modulation of the absorbed laser energy and with a two-pass excimer laser annealing process is presented. In the first pass, spatial modulation of the light intensity has been achieved by irradiating the precursor amorphous silicon films through a patterned mask in contact with the sample, triggering the lateral growth of grain in excess of 1 µm. During the second pass of the process, the film is reirradiated without the mask and the laterally grown grains can be used as seeds and can be propagated to crystallize the film uniformly. With optimized mask patterns the sample area can be fully covered with laterally grown grains.
Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2009. (2010)

YRBS data are used to measure progress toward achieving 15 national health objectives for Healthy People 2010 and three of the 10 leading health indicators, to assess trends in priority health-risk behaviors among high school students, and to evaluate the impact of broad school and community interventions at the national, state, and local levels. More effective school health programs and other policy and programmatic interventions are needed to reduce risk and improve health outcomes among youth.
One-pot synthesis of core-shell Cu@SiO2 nanospheres and their catalysis for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane and hydrazine borane (2014)

Ultrafine copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) within porous silica nanospheres (Cu@SiO2) were prepared via a simple one-pot synthetic route in a reverse micelle system and characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, CO-TPD, XPS, and ICP methods. The characterized results show that ultrafine Cu NPs with diameter of around 2 nm are effectively embedded in the center of well-proportioned spherical SiO2 NPs of about 25 nm in diameter. Compared to commercial SiO2 supported Cu NPs, SiO2 nanospheres supported Cu NPs, and free Cu NPs, the synthesized core-shell nanospheres Cu@SiO2 exhibit a superior catalytic activity for the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) and hydrazine borane (HB, N2H4BH3) under ambient atmosphere at room temperature. The turnover frequencies (TOF) for the hydrolysis of AB and HB in the presence of Cu@SiO2 nanospheres were measured to be 3.24 and 7.58 mol H2 (mol Cu min)(-1), respectively, relatively high values for Cu nanocatalysts in the same reaction. In addition, the recycle tests show that the Cu@SiO2 nanospheres are still highly active in the hydrolysis of AB and HB, preserving 90 and 85% of their initial catalytic activity even after ten recycles, respectively.
Programmer specified pointer independence (2004)

Good alias analysis is essential in order to achieve high performance on modern processors, yet precise interprocedural analysis does not scale well. We present a source code annotation, #pragma independent, which provides precise pointer aliasing information to the compiler, and describe a tool which highlights the most important and most likely correct locations at which a programmer should insert these annotations. Using this tool we perform a limit study on the effectiveness of pointer independence in improving program performance through improved compilation.
Meta-analysis of face recognition algorithms (2003)

To obtain a quantitative assessment of the state of automatic face recognition, we performed a meta-analysis of performance results of face recognition algorithms in the literature. The analysis was conducted on 24 papers that report identification performance on frontal facial images and used either the FERET or ORL database in their experiments. The analysis shows that control scores are predictive of performance of novel algorithms at statistically significant levels. The analysis identified three methodological areas for improvement in automatic face recognition. First, the majority of papers report experimental results for face recognition problems that are already solved. Second, authors do not adequately document their experiments. Third, performance results for novel or experimental algorithms need to be accompanied by control algorithm performance scores.
Finding a needle in Haystack: facebook's photo storage (2010)

This paper describes Haystack, an object storage system optimized for Facebook's Photos application. Facebook currently stores over 260 billion images, which translates to over 20 petabytes of data. Users upload one billion new photos (∼60 terabytes) each week and Facebook serves over one million images per second at peak. Haystack provides a less expensive and higher performing solution than our previous approach, which leveraged network attached storage appliances over NFS. Our key observation is that this traditional design incurs an excessive number of disk operations because of metadata lookups. We carefully reduce this per photo metadata so that Haystack storage machines can perform all metadata lookups in main memory. This choice conserves disk operations for reading actual data and thus increases overall throughput.
Analytical modeling of a segmented unimorph actuator using electrostrictive P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer (2003)

An analytical model is developed for a segmented unimorph actuator consisting of electrostrictive P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer. The segmented actuator consists of individually controlled segments of the active polymer so that varying curvature along the length can be achieved. The analytical model incorporates large deflections and can be used to predict the free deflection and blocked force along the length of the actuator. The target application is active instruments for minimally invasive surgery (MIS), where steerable tool tips are needed to increase dexterity and provide nonlinear access. Results are presented to illustrate predicted free deflection and blocked force for various electric fields. An optimization procedure is also employed to design an actuator for maximum tip deflection, blocked force and out-of-plane stiffness. The predicted deflection performance of the optimized design is shown to be suitable for application to minimally invasive surgery.
Hepatocarcinogenesis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in <scp>J</scp>apan (2013)

In Japan, there has been a gradual increase in cases of non-viral chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), occurring with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, a national survey investigating the etiology of HCC in Japan was performed. Among HCCs based on non-viral disease, alcoholic liver disease with HCC accounted for 7.2% of all HCCs, followed by chronic liver disease of unknown etiology with HCC (5.1%) and NAFLD with HCC (2.0%). The clinical characteristics of these three HCC groups were clearly different. In our second analysis, the HCC development rates among liver cirrhosis with NAFLD, alcoholic cirrhosis, and cirrhosis with hepatitis C virus (HCV) were compared. HCC development rates were 11.3%/5 years in NAFLD cirrhosis, 30.5%/5 years in HCV cirrhosis, and 12.5%/5 years in alcoholic cirrhosis, suggesting that the hepatocarcinogenesis in NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease were similar but were lower than that in HCV. Using Cox hazards analysis, older age, higher serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level, and higher Child-Pugh score as risk factors of HCC were identified. Finally, clinical data of NAFLD-HCC with the data for HCC with HCV (HCV-HCC) were compared. The percentage of NAFLD-HCC patients with des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin-positive was higher than that with α-fetoprotein-positive. The 5-year survival and recurrence rates for NAFLD-HCC were almost similar to those for HCV-HCC. In Asian countries, the prevalence of NAFLD is increasing. Therefore, elucidating the pathogenesis and clinical features of HCC in patients with NAFLD is indeed an urgent problem.