gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of a tumor necrosis factor alpha transgene in murine pancreatic beta cells results in severe and permanent insulitis without evolution towards diabetes. (1992)

Mice bearing a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha transgene controlled by an insulin promoter developed an increasingly severe lymphocytic insulitis, apparently resulting from the induction of endothelial changes with features similar to those observed in other places of intense lymphocytic traffic. This was accompanied by dissociation of the endocrine tissue (without marked decrease in its total mass), islet fibrosis, and the development of intraislet ductules containing, by places, beta cells in their walls, suggesting a regenerative capacity. Islet disorganization and fibrosis did not result from lymphocytic infiltration, since they were also observed in SCID mice bearing the transgene. Diabetes never developed, even though a number of potentially inducing conditions were used, including the prolonged perfusion of interferon gamma and the permanent expression of a nontolerogenic viral protein on beta cells (obtained by using mice bearing two transgenes). It is concluded that (a) a slow process of TNF release in pancreatic islets induces insulitis, and may be instrumental in the insulitis resulting from local cell-mediated immune reactions, but (b) that insulitis per se is not diabetogenic, lymphocyte stimulation by cells other than beta cells being necessary to trigger extensive beta cell damage. This provides an explanation for the discrepancy between the occurrence of insulitis and that of clinical disease in autoimmune diabetes.
Cell growth and gene modulatory activities of Yunzhi (Windsor Wunxi) from mushroom Trametes versicolor in androgen-dependent and androgen-insensitive human prostate cancer cells. (2001)

The incidence of prostate cancer varies greatly throughout the world; it is highest in African-Americans and lowest in the Asian populations of China, India, and Japan. Geographical differences in both prevalence of latent prostate cancer and mortality have been postulated to be influenced by diverse tumor-promoting and protective factors, both environmental and dietary. Prostate cancer is a tumor with an extremely long latency; the pattern of prostate tumorigenesis, in terms of the display and sequence of appearance of particular molecular or biochemical features, or morphological changes, characterizing different stages of the carcinogenic process, is expected to be heterogeneous. Some insights into tumor heterogeneity and progression can be obtained from studies using cell lines, particularly those derived from different anatomical sites. The present study aims to investigate whether hormone-responsive LNCaP and androgen-refractory JCA-1, PC-3, and DU-145 prostate cancer cells are responsive to Yunzhi (YZ), a proprietary dietary supplement prepared from extracts of Trametes versicolor, also known as Coriolus versicolor (a mushroom consumed by Chinese for its purported health benefits), and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Ethanolic extracts (70%) of YZ significantly reduced LNCaP cell growth, down-regulated the levels of secreted PSA, but had less effects on the expression of intracellular PSA and did not affect levels of the androgen receptor. In androgen-unresponsive prostate cancer cells, YZ had a much less pronounced suppressive effect on proliferation of PC-3 and DU-145 cells, compared to LNCaP, and was inactive against JCA-1 cells. Western blot analyses show that the expression of Rb, a key regulatory protein in G1/S transition, and PCNA, integrally involved in mammalian cell DNA replication, were significantly reduced by treatment with YZ in PC-3 and DU-145 cells, respectively. In contradiction, none of these biochemical parameters were affected in JCA-1 cells under identical treatment conditions. Further analysis shows that YZ increased the levels of signal transducer and activator family of transcription factors STAT 1 and STAT 3 in JCA-1 and not LNCaP cells. The greater sensitivity of LNCaP cells to this polysaccharopeptide raises the possibility that YZ may be considered as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of hormone responsive prostate cancer; additionally, it may have chemopreventive potential to restrict prostate tumorigenic progression from the hormone-dependent to the hormone-refractory state.
Optimal Pulsing Schemes for Galileo Pseudolite Signals (2005)

Abstract. Galileo, the European Satellite Navigation System, is currently under development. Even before first satellites of the constellation are launched, Galileo signals will be provided through ground based Navigation Signal Generators for the investigation of signal performance and characteristics. Currently various projects are ongoing to develop these Galileo pseudolites (pseudo satellites). Since pseudolites are part of the Galileo system architecture namely as “Local Elements ” it is expected that they will be used together with GNSS for position determination. The main characteristic of pseudolite navigation is the relatively small distance between the signal transmitter and the receiver, compared to the distances from the GNSS satellites to the receiver. This short distance causes the so-called “Near-Far-Problem”. Different attempts have been made in the past to overcome the near-far problem. A possible solution is to pulse the pseudolite transmitter signals, which has been proposed by many researchers and the success of pulsing has also been demonstrated. Basically these studies have been focused on the GPS pseudolites and the proposed pulsing schemes are optimised for the GPS signals (RTCM, RTCA). Due to major differences between the GPS and Galileo signal structures, these pulsing schemes cannot directly be adopted for use in the Galileo pseudolites. Thus new pulsing schemes and patterns have to be found and investigated. This paper summarises and assesses the existing GPS pulse patterns and pulsing techniques. The parameters which characterise a pulsing scheme are discussed and implemented. Simulations based on the Galileo signal structure (codes, chipping rates, cross correlation properties) have been performed and the results will be presented. These simulations form the basis for the proposal of a new optimised pulsing scheme for Galileo pseudolites w.r.t. pulse length, duty cycles and pulse patterns.
Heart valve collagens: cross-species comparison using immunohistological methods. (2010)

Successful tissue engineering constructs of heart valves may need to replicate the complex distribution of different collagens found in heart valve tissues.
Synthesis of regioregular poly(3‐octylthiophene)s via Suzuki polycondensation and end‐group analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (2005)

Abstract Regioregular poly(3‐octylthiophene)s were synthesized through a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki polycondensation of 2‐(5‐iodo‐4‐octyl‐2‐thienyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane. The effects of the palladium catalyst {tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) [Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ], palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc) 2 ], [1, 1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) [Pd(dppf)Cl 2 ], tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride [Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 ]} and the reaction conditions (bases and solvents) were investigated. NMR spectroscopy revealed that poly(3‐octylthiophene)s prepared via this route were essentially regioregular. According to size exclusion chromatography, the highest molecular weights were obtained with in situ generated Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and tetrakis(tri‐ o ‐tolylphosphine]palladium(0) {Pd[P( o ‐Tol) 3 ] 4 } catalysts or more reactive, phosphine‐free Pd(OAc) 2 . Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze end groups and allowed the determination of some mechanistic aspects of the Suzuki polycondensation. The polymers were commonly terminated with hydrogen or iodine as a result of deboronation and some deiodination. Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , and Pd[P( o ‐Tol) 3 ] 4 induced aryl–aryl exchange reactions with the palladium center and resulted in some chains having phenyl‐ and o ‐tolyl‐capped chain ends. Pd(dppf)Cl 2 yielded only one type of chain, and it had hydrogen end groups. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1454–1462, 2005
MUC16 as a novel target for cancer therapy (2018)

MUC16 is overexpressed in multiple cancers and plays an important role in tumorigenicity and acquired resistance to therapy. Area covered: In this review, we describe the role of MUC16 under normal physiological conditions and during tumorigenesis. First, we provide a summary of research on MUC16 from its discovery as CA125 to present anti-MUC16 therapy trials that are currently in the initial phases of clinical testing. Finally, we discuss the reasons for the limited effectiveness of these therapies and discuss the direction and focus of future research. Expert opinion: Apart from its protective role in normal physiology, MUC16 contributes to disease progression and metastasis in several malignancies. Due to its aberrant overexpression, it is a promising target for diagnosis and therapy. Cleavage and shedding of its extracellular domain is the major barrier for efficient targeting of MUC16-expressing cancers. Concerted efforts should be undertaken to target the noncleaved cell surface retained portion of MUC16. Such efforts should be accompanied by basic research to understand MUC16 cleavage and decipher the functioning of MUC16 cytoplasmic tail. While previous efforts to activate anti-MUC16 immune response using anti-CA125 idiotype antibodies have met with limited success, ideification of neo-antigenic epitopes in MUC16 that correlate with improved survival have raised raised hopes for developing MUC16-targeted immunotherapy.
Reducing "Structure from Motion": a general framework for dynamic vision. 2. Implementation and experimental assessment (1998)

For pt.1 see ibid., p.933-42 (1998). A number of methods have been proposed in the literature for estimating scene-structure and ego-motion from a sequence of images using dynamical models. Despite the fact that all methods may be derived from a "natural" dynamical model within a unified framework, from an engineering perspective there are a number of trade-offs that lead to different strategies depending upon the applications and the goals one is targeting. We want to characterize and compare the properties of each model such that the engineer may choose the one best suited to the specific application. We analyze the properties of filters derived from each dynamical model under a variety of experimental conditions, assess the accuracy of the estimates, their robustness to measurement noise, sensitivity to initial conditions and visual angle, effects of the bas-relief ambiguity and occlusions, dependence upon the number of image measurements and their sampling rate.
Patellar tracking abnormalities: clinical experience with kinematic MR imaging in 130 patients. (1989)

A kinematic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique for assessment of malalignment of the patella, involving the acquisition of multiple sequential axial images of the patellofemoral joint during the early increments of passive knee flexion, was used to evaluate 130 patients (235 symptomatic patellofemoral joints) showing clinical evidence of having patellar tracking abnormalities. Twenty-three of the patellofemoral joints had undergone previous surgical procedures for patellar realignment. In addition, 14 (28 patellofemoral joints) asymptomatic control subjects were studied. Normal patellar tracking was observed in all of the asymptomatic subjects and in 43 (17%) of the 260 patellofemoral joints in the patient population, 18 (7%) of which were symptomatic. Sixty-nine (26%) of the patellofemoral joints had lateral subluxation of the patella, 106 (41%) had medial subluxation of the patella, 21 (8%) had excessive lateral pressure syndrome, 19 (7%) had lateral-to-medial subluxation of the patella, and two (1%) had dislocation of the patella. Of the 235 patellofemoral joints with suspected abnormalities, 217 (93%) had patellar malalignment. Of the 23 patellofemoral joints that had undergone prior surgery, 20 (87%) had abnormal patellar tracking. Thirteen of 14 (93%) patellofemoral joints that had undergone a prior arthroscopic lateral retinacular release had a medially displaced patella.
Associative Domain Adaptation (2017)

We propose associative domain adaptation, a novel technique for end-to-end domain adaptation with neural networks, the task of inferring class labels for an unlabeled target domain based on the statistical properties of a labeled source domain. Our training scheme follows the paradigm that in order to effectively derive class labels for the target domain, a network should produce statistically domain invariant embeddings, while minimizing the classification error on the labeled source domain. We accomplish this by reinforcing associations between source and target data directly in embedding space. Our method can easily be added to any existing classification network with no structural and almost no computational overhead. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on various benchmarks and achieve state-of-the-art results across the board with a generic convolutional neural network architecture not specifically tuned to the respective tasks. Finally, we show that the proposed association loss produces embeddings that are more effective for domain adaptation compared to methods employing maximum mean discrepancy as a similarity measure in embedding space.
Effect of Soft Segment Length and Chain Extender Structure on Phase Separation and Morphology in Poly(urethane urea)s (2003)

Abstract The phase separation and morphology in poly(urethane urea)s were investigated as soft segment length and chain extender structure were varied. Increases in soft segment length led to increased phase separation that resulted in greater mobility of the soft segment. This was shown by lower soft segment glass transition temperatures in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as a shift of E max ″ and tan δ max to lower temperatures. Also the structure of the chain extender affected the degree of phase separation and mixing of the soft and the hard blocks in an interphase. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to visualize the structure of the phase‐separated domains. The hard domains were in the form of spheres 5–10 nm, or long needles 5 nm thick and 50–300 nm long. As the soft segment length increased, there were more pure soft segment phase areas between the hard domains. At high hard segment content, a larger scale structure was found, consisting of both hard and soft segments. DSC thermograms of poly(urethane urea)s containing different soft segment lengths. magnified image DSC thermograms of poly(urethane urea)s containing different soft segment lengths.
Wing Design by Numerical Optimization (1978)

A study was conducted to assess the feasibility of performing computerized wing design by numerical optimization. The design program combined a full potential, inviscid aerodynamics code with a conjugate gradient optimization algorithm. Three design problems were selected to demonstrate the design technique. The first involved modifying the upper surface of the inboard 50% of a swept wing to reduce the shock drag subject to a constraint on wing volume. The second involved modifying the entire upper surface of the same swept wing (except the tip section) to increase the lift-drag ratio subject to constraints on wing volume and lift coefficient. The final problem involved modifying the inboard 50% of a low-speed wing to achieve good stall progression. Results from the three cases indicate that the technique is sufficiently accurate to permit substantial improvement in the design objectives.
Pre-emptive scheduling of on-line real time services with task migration for cloud computing (2013)

This paper presents a new scheduling approach to focus on providing a solution for online scheduling problem of real-time tasks using “Infrastructure as a Service” model offered by cloud computing. The real time tasks are scheduled pre-emptively with the intent of maximizing the total utility and efficiency. In traditional approach, the task is scheduled non- pre-emptively with two different types of Time Utility Functions (TUFs) - a profit time utility function and a penalty time utility function. The task with highest expected gain is executed. When a new task arrives with highest priority then it cannot be taken for execution until it completes the currently running task. Therefore the higher priority task is waiting for a longer time. This scheduling method sensibly aborts the task when it misses its deadline. Note that, before a task is aborted, it consumes system resources including network bandwidth, storage space and processing power. This leads to affect the overall system performance and response time of a task. In our approach, a preemptive online scheduling with task migration algorithm for cloud computing environment is proposed in order to minimize the response time and to improve the efficiency of the tasks. Whenever a task misses its deadline, it will be migrated the task to another virtual machine. This improves the overall system performance and maximizes the total utility. Our simulation results outperform the traditional scheduling algorithms such as the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) and an earlier scheduling approach based on the similar model.
Converting relational database into XML document (2002)

XML (eXtensible Markup Language) has emerged and is gradually being accepted as the standard for data interchange in the Internet world. XML databases are packaged by the key relational database vendors in the market as the extender or cartridge to the relational database management system. Interoperation of relational database and XML database involves schema and data translations. The paper provides a methodology of translating the conceptual schema of a relational database into XML schema through EER (extended entity relationship) model. Physical data are then translated from relational table to XML document. The semantics of the relational database, captured in EER diagram, are mapped to XML schema using stepwise procedures. The physical data are then mapped to an XML document under the definitions of the XML schema.
Flight Scheduling and Maintenance Base Planning (1989)

In an effort to control costs, airlines have begun to concentrate on their maintenance operations as a potential source for savings. Nevertheless, federal regulations and internal safety policies effectively limit cost savings to improvements in productivity and scheduling. The purpose of this paper is to present a model that can be used by planners to both locate maintenance stations and to develop flight schedules that better meet the cyclical demand for maintenance. The problem is formulated as a min-cost, multicommodity flow network with integral constraints, and solved using a two-phase heuristic. The procedure is demonstrated with data supplied by American Airlines for their Boeing 727 fleet. The results show a significant improvement over current techniques, and indicate that substantial cost reductions can be achieved by eliminating up to 5 of the 22 maintenance bases now in operation. Similar results were obtained for American's Super 80 and DC-10 fleets. Perturbation analysis confirms the robustness of these findings, and suggests that loss in flexibility due to interruptions in the flight schedule will be negligible.
Biostabilization of Kefir with a Nonlactose-Fermenting Yeast (1996)

The biostabilization of kefir was studied using sequential fermentation of milk with a nonlactosefermenting yeast culture and mixed cultures of lactic acid bacteria. To simulate kefir manufacturing, reconstituted skim milk containing three concentrations of glucose (0.4, 0.5 and 1.0%) was fermented first with the yeast culture, followed by lactic fermentation. The yeast fermentation produced ethanol, but the ethanol production did not continue during lactic fermentation with 0.4 and 0.5% of added glucose. However, some continued ethanol production occurred at 1.0% of added glucose. This pattern appeared to be extended to the refrigerated and room storage. During fermentation, all samples showed similar trends in pH reduction, but higher percentages of added glucose caused faster reduction in pH. The titratable acidity showed trends comparable with the pH changes. With 0.4% added glucose, the yeast culture containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilized 98% of the added glucose and produced 0.07% ethanol at 31C during 16 h; the mixed lactic cultures utilized 29% of the lactose at 22C during the additional fermentation of 16 h. Little change occurred during storage at 5C for 7 d. The selected strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae appeared to be effective in stabilizing kefir products during storage.
Genetic associations of the interleukin locus at 1q32.1 with clinical outcomes of cutaneous melanoma (2015)

We discovered novel associations of IL10 with melanoma survival at 1q32.1, suggesting this locus should be considered as a novel melanoma prognostic biomarker with potential for aiding melanoma patient management. Our findings also provide further support for an alternative role of IL10 in stimulation of anti-tumour immune response.
The vaccinia virus A41L protein is a soluble 30 kDa glycoprotein that affects virus virulence (2001)

Vaccinia virus (VV) gene A41L encodes an acidic protein with amino acid similarity to the 35 kDa protein of VV strain Lister, a soluble protein called vCKBP that binds CC chemokines, and to a protein from orf virus, called GIF, that binds GM-CSF and IL-2. However, despite the similarity, recombinant A41L protein was found not to bind these ligands or a variety of other chemoattractant molecules when tested using surface plasmon resonance. The A41L gene is expressed early and late during infection and encodes a 30 kDa protein that contains both N- and O-linked carbohydrate and is secreted from the infected cell. All 16 strains of VV and 2 strains of cowpox virus that were tested express the A41L protein, implying it has an important function for orthopoxviruses. Nonetheless, a VV strain Western Reserve deletion mutant lacking the A41L gene (vDeltaA41L) formed normal sized plaques and replicated to the same titre as wild-type and revertant viruses. The importance of the A41L protein in vivo was demonstrated in a mouse intradermal model in which infection with vDeltaA41L caused more severe lesions compared to wild-type and revertant viruses. Further examination in this model revealed that deletion of A41L enhanced clearance of infectious virus, suggesting that A41L expression reduces immunopathology. Consistent with this, histological examination of infected rabbit skin showed that the A41L protein could reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the infected area. Together, these data suggest that the A41L protein constitutes a novel immunomodulatory protein.
Understanding the place of advance directives in paramedic pre-hospital care (2016)

Resuscitation of a patient in cardiac arrest is not always the most appropriate course of action. Many patients now have advance directives which express their wishes around end-of-life care. This article investigates the place of advance directives in pre-hospital paramedic care and identifies areas that may improve paramedic practice. Recent literature is reviewed as well as pertinent New Zealand legislation. New Zealand legislation enables a competent person to complete an advance directive. Paramedics understand the importance of honouring these directives but frequently feel inadequately prepared to do so. Training delivered to ambulance staff overseas has resulted in a reduced rate of resuscitations attempted where resuscitation is deemed inappropriate. Improved training would increase paramedics' understanding of, and confidence in honouring, advance directives. Clearer documentation of directives and improved education for patients and families would also assist paramedics when honouring a patient's final wishes.