gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A eight-bit divider implemented in asynchronous pulse logic (2004)

Asynchronous pulse logic (APL) is an adaptation of quasi delay-insensitive (QDI) techniques using easily controllable timing assumptions that speed up the handshakes without changing the high-level dataflow model. We review the basic properties of APL circuits and techniques for describing them in and compiling them from a higher-level representation. We describe a reasonably complex test chip consisting of an 8-bit integer divider. Finally, we describe performance results from low-level SPICE simulations of the test chip. The results show that it is possible to design, with a high degree of automation, complex systems with a throughput of 10 CMOS transitions (less than 15 F04 delays) per cycle.
Quantitative 3-D diagnostic ultrasound imaging using a modified transducer array and an automated image tracking technique (2002)

An approach for acquiring dimensionally accurate three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound data from multiple 2-D image planes is presented. This is based on the use of a modified linear-phased array comprising a central imaging array that acquires multiple, essentially parallel, 2-D slices as the transducer is translated over the tissue of interest. Small, perpendicularly oriented, tracking arrays are integrally mounted on each end of the imaging transducer. As the transducer is translated in an elevational direction with respect to the central imaging array, the images obtained by the tracking arrays remain largely coplanar. The motion between successive tracking images is determined using a minimum sum of absolute difference (MSAD) image matching technique with subpixel matching resolution. An initial phantom scanning-based test of a prototype 8 MHz array indicates that linear dimensional accuracy of 4.6% (2 sigma) is achievable. This result compares favorably with those obtained using an assumed average velocity [31.5% (2 sigma) accuracy] and using an approach based on measuring image-to-image decorrelation [8.4% (2 sigma) accuracy]. The prototype array and imaging system were also tested in a clinical environment, and early results suggest that the approach has the potential to enable a low cost, rapid, screening method for detecting carotid artery stenosis. The average time for performing a screening test for carotid stenosis was reduced from an average of 45 minutes using 2-D duplex Doppler to 12 minutes using the new 3-D scanning approach.
A numeric data processor (1980)

A 4-state HMOS ROM, with nearly 700 bits of RAM for an internal stack and 29,000 bits of ROM for microcode and constants for a math processor, will be described. To integrate multiply, divide, square root and transcendental functions, a 68-bit internal data path has been included, with fast shifter and allied hardware to correct rounding.
Plasminogen mutants activated by thrombin. Potential thrombus-selective thrombolytic agents. (1994)

Plasmin, the enzyme responsible for degradation of fibrin in blood clots and thus thrombolysis, is normally formed when its zymogen plasminogen is activated by cleavage of the Arg561-Val562 bond by specific plasminogen activators. We have altered the activation characteristics of plasminogen by substituting the P3, P2, and P1' cleavage site residues with sequences from thrombin-cleavable proteins to produce a novel thrombolytic agent which instead is activated by the blood clotting system. Plasminogen variants with thrombin cleavage sites from fibrinogen, the thrombin receptor, factor XIII, and factor XI were cleaved by thrombin with times to 50% cleavage of 28 h, 2.5 h, 5.7 min, and 3 min, respectively. In vitro clot lysis studies have shown that a variant in which the P3-P1' residues of plasminogen were substituted by the P7-P1' residues (Thr363-Ile370) from factor XI (T51) was sufficiently rapidly cleaved by thrombin to be activated by the endogenous thrombin produced by the coagulation cascade, resulting in rapid clot dissolution. Thrombin-activatable plasminogen therefore has the capacity to short circuit the physiological hemostatic mechanisms and produce fibrinolytic activity localized to the site of thrombin formation, that is, at the thrombus itself. The novel activation mechanism combined with the natural long circulating half-life of plasminogen gives this type of thrombolytic agent the potential for thrombus-selective plasmin generation and an extended duration of action.
Energy-Storable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Tungsten Oxide Charge-Storage Electrode (2009)

A photo-electrochemical rechargeable solar cell with an inorganic charge-storage material as a third electrode was investigated. The energy-storable function was based on the redox reactions in dye-sensitized solar cells and the charge-storage electrode. In this study, tungsten oxide was used as the charge-storage material. Depending on the structure and morphology of the tungsten oxide, the charge-storage properties were improved.
Cytokine induction by non-lipopolysaccharide components of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2000)

Abstract Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, is considered responsible for the pattern of cytokine activation and the subsequent pathophysiological events during Gram-negative septic shock. To determine whether non-LPS components of Neisseria meningitidis are able to induce cytokine activation, the cytokine-inducing capacities of serogroup B wild-type N. meningitidis H44/76, of an LPS-deficient mutant (Plak 33) and of meningococcal LPS in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied. Methods 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctanate spectrophotometry was used to obtain a molar-based quantitative comparison between LPS and bacteria. Results Whole meningococci H44/76 were more potent inducers of cytokine production than isolated LPS; the LPS-deficient meningococci, Plak 33, were also able to induce cytokine production. LPS-deficient meningococci supplemented with an amount of LPS equivalent to that present in the wild-type strain produced the same amount of cytokines as the wild-type meningococcus. Conclusion LPS is not the sole toxic element in meningococcal sepsis, because non-LPS components of N. meningitidis are able to induce cytokine activation substantially. Antiendotoxin therapy alone may not be sufficient to inhibit the pattern of cytokine activation and the subsequent pathophysiological events during meningococcal septic shock.
Ghost Compensation and Impedance Estimation from Kirchhoff and Beam Migration (2014)

Summary Broadband imaging is now popular both for improved geological interpretation and providing a robust starting point for seismic inversion. In the marine environment the compensation of ghost effects from free-surface interactions is one of the main challenges in the production of such images. Here we present methods for ghost compensation in the Kirchhoff and beam ray-based migration algorithms. We exploit the fact that ray directions at the surface can be extracted in the migration directly and hence used in the ghost compensation operator. Following this scheme we can generate a subsequent band-limited impedance image from the ghost compensated data through a modified imaging condition. We describe the method and theory of the ghost compensation, and finish by showing results on synthetic and real data.
Design of Notched Turbine Energy Harvesting System (2018)

This research presents the design, simulations and test of a new miniature power generator. The research incorporates a new turbine model, which includes notched blades, and a special turbine casing, designed to work in immersed micro flow fluid systems. In addition, an electromagnetic system is attached inside of the turbine, to finally convert the variable magnetic field to electricity, which is produced from permanent magnets (attached on a rotor) that rotate and induce currents into coils that are fixed inside the turbine casing. The shape and number of components of this miniature-generator system allows adaptability and flexibility to a variety of applications which require power. Also, the simplicity in the design and the use of commercial parts reduces cost and make it very suitable for small power development. The broad challenge being addressed is energy generation using a battery-free system capable of being used in bio/medical, environmental, aquatic/marine, and many other applications where micro-fluidic systems are present. The knowledge of this research is aimed at applications such as self-powered micro and nano-devices, rechargeable micro batteries, or an integrated power supply for artificial organs, valves, sensors, micro motors, home appliances and micro robots.
The design and implementation of a secure auction service (1996)

We present the design and implementation of a distributed service for performing sealed bid auctions. This service provides an interface by which clients, or "bidders", can issue secret bids to the service for an advertised auction. Once the bidding period has ended, the auction service opens the bids, determines the winning bid, and provides the winning bidder with a ticket for claiming the item bid upon. Using novel cryptographic techniques, the service is constructed to provide strong protection for both the auction house and correct bidders, despite the malicious behavior of any number of bidders and fewer than one third of the servers comprising the auction service. Specifically, it is guaranteed that: bids of correct bidders are not revealed until after the bidding period has ended; the auction house collects payment for the winning bid; losing bidders forfeit no money; and only the winning bidder can collect the item bid upon. We also discuss techniques to enable anonymous bidding.
A gamma-ray imager with multiplexer readout for use in ultra-high-resolution brain SPECT (1993)

An ultra-high-resolution single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system for brain imaging is discussed. The system uses a multiple-pinhole aperture and many modular detectors, each composed of an array of semiconductor detectors read out by a monolithic integrated circuit called a multiplexer (MUX). The modular detectors, being passive integrators can detect individual gamma rays with good energy resolution. They will also have submillimeter spatial resolution and high count-rate capability. The basic concept of these detectors is described, and some of the design considerations for them are reviewed. Some preliminary experiments are reported that demonstrate that semiconductor detectors with multiplexer read-out act as gamma ray detectors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance analysis of a practical load balanced switch (2006)

The load balanced (LB) switch proposed by C.S. Chang et al. (2000), (2002) consists of two stages. First, a load-balancing stage spreads arriving packets equally among all linecards. Then, a forwarding stage transfers packets from the linecards to their final output destination. The load balanced switch does not need any centralized scheduler and can achieve 100% throughput under a broad class of traffic distributions. In this paper, we analyze a practical load balanced switch, called the Byte-Focal switch, which uses packet-by-packet scheduling to significantly improve the delay performance over switches of comparable complexity. We analyze the average delay for different stages in the Byte-Focal switch. We show that the average queueing delay is roughly linear with the switch size N and although the worst case resequencing delay is N/sup 2/, the average resequencing delay is much smaller. This means that we can reduce the required resequencing buffer size significantly.
Method for acidizing subterranean formations. [fracture-acidizing] (1978)

Gelled acidic compositions suitable for either matrix acidizing or fracture-acidizing of subterranean formations, and methods of using said compositions in acidizing operations, are provided. Said compositions comprise water, a water-soluble cellulose ether, an acid, a water soluble compound of a polyvalent metal wherein the metal can be reduced to a lower polyvalent valence state and cause gelation of the water containing said cellulose ether and said acid, and a reducing agent capable of reducing said metal and causing said gelation.
BL‐8040 CXCR4 antagonist is safe and demonstrates antileukemic activity in combination with cytarabine for the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute myelogenous leukemia: An open‐label safety and efficacy phase 2a study (2020)

The current results demonstrate the efficacy of CXCR4 targeting with BL-8040 and support continued clinical development in acute myelogenous leukemia.
Characteristics of a Series of Energy-Absorbing Polyurethane Elastomers (1985)

Abstract Compositional effects were measured on a series of polyurethanes prepared by extending MDI-terminated PTMG prepolymers with dihydric alcohols and MCHDI-terminated prepolymers with diamines. The tensile and compressive stiffness and hysteretic loss increased while the resilience decreased with a decrease in the isocyanate equivalent weight of the prepolymer. Polyol chain extenders having an aromatic structure provided greater rigidity and increase in temperature on compressive cycling than did their aliphatic counterparts. Structural linearity and symmetry of both the aliphatic and aromatic extenders promoted greater rigidity and resiliency and less damping. Although direct replacement of MDI with MCHDI gives softer polyurethanes, use of the aromatic diamine extenders with the MCHDI-terminated prepolymers gave materials displaying the least resilience and greatest rigidity under static test conditions and the highest increase in temperature on compressive cycling. However, a significant increase in the chain length of the aromatic diamine-extended prepolymer provided properties quite similar to those obtained with the aliphatic diol systems.
Development of an unnatural base pair for efficient PCR amplification (2007)

An unnatural base pair system could expand the genetic alphabet, enabling the site-specific incorporation of extra, functional components into nucleic acids and proteins. We developed an unnatural base pair between 7-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (denoted by Ds) and 2-nitropyrrole (denoted by Pn), which specifically and efficiently functions in DNA amplification by PCR. After 20 cycles of PCR, the mutation rate of the Ds-Pn pair in an amplified DNA fragment was approximately 1%. The Ds-Pn pair system in combination with other unnatural base pairs could be useful for DNA/RNA-based biotechnology.
Mitigating primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks using advanced encryption standard (2013)

This paper considers primary user emulation attacks (PUEA) in cognitive radio networks operating in the white spaces of the digital TV (DTV) band. We propose a reliable AES-encrypted DTV scheme, in which an AES-encrypted reference signal is generated at the TV transmitter and used as the sync bytes of each DTV data frame. By allowing a shared secret between the transmitter and the receiver, the reference signal can be regenerated at the receiver and be used to achieve accurate identification of authorized primary users. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed approach through both theoretical derivation and simulation examples. It is shown that with the AES-encrypted DTV scheme, the primary user can be detected with high accuracy and low false alarm rate under primary user emulation attacks. It should be emphasized that the proposed scheme requires no changes in hardware or system structure except of a plug-in AES chip. Potentially, it can be applied to today's DTV system directly to mitigate primary user emulation attacks, and achieve efficient spectrum sharing.
Hydrate Formation from Gaseous CO<sub>2</sub> and Water (1999)

Economics of creating CO2 hydrate on a large scale favor use of gaseous rather than liquid CO2 as input to the production process. We accordingly studied systems using deionized water and CO2 gas to reduce formation pressures and costs of hydrate production to the greatest extent possible. Three research avenues were explored: utilization of hysteresis effects, use of dissolved Snomax (a protein from the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae), and development of a continuous flow reactor (cfr) utilizing vigorous mixing of water and CO2 gas. Hysteresis effects produced pressure reductions of 14−50%. We demonstrated a method of transferring benefits from the hysteresis effect to a CO2 water mixture that had not yet undergone hydrate formation. Snomax at 10 ppm by weight produced about a 5% reduction in hydrate formation pressure. We designed and operated a prototype cfr with partial success at producing CO2 hydrate. The hydrate phase diagram is based on hydrate decomposition pressures and should not be used as an indicator of formation pressures.
Metal/Polymer Based Stretchable Antenna for Constant Frequency Far‐Field Communication in Wearable Electronics (2015)

Body integrated wearable electronics can be used for advanced health monitoring, security, and wellness. Due to the complex, asymmetric surface of human body and atypical motion such as stretching in elbow, finger joints, wrist, knee, ankle, etc. electronics integrated to body need to be physically flexible, conforming, and stretchable. In that context, state‐of‐the‐art electronics are unusable due to their bulky, rigid, and brittle framework. Therefore, it is critical to develop stretchable electronics which can physically stretch to absorb the strain associated with body movements. While research in stretchable electronics has started to gain momentum, a stretchable antenna which can perform far‐field communications and can operate at constant frequency, such that physical shape modulation will not compromise its functionality, is yet to be realized. Here, a stretchable antenna is shown, using a low‐cost metal (copper) on flexible polymeric platform, which functions at constant frequency of 2.45 GHz, for far‐field applications. While mounted on a stretchable fabric worn by a human subject, the fabricated antenna communicated at a distance of 80 m with 1.25 mW transmitted power. This work shows an integration strategy from compact antenna design to its practical experimentation for enhanced data communication capability in future generation wearable electronics.
High-Resolution Charged-Particle Spectroscopy with High-Purity Germanium Detectors in the Intermediate Energy Range (1977)

Planar detectors to be used for charged particle spectroscopy were prepared from high-purity germanium, p+-contacts being made by boron implantation, n+-contacts by either phosphorus implantation or lithium diffusion. The dead layers of the implanted contacts were about 0.2 μm. Resolution figures for alphas of 155 MeV, scattered under θLAB = 15°, are given and discussed for a diode of 9 mm depletion depth, and for a stack of two diodes each of them having a thickness of 3 mm. The values (comprising the contributions from beam, target, kinematics and electronics) range between 43 keV (fwhm) and 60 keV (fwhm) corresponding to ΔE/E figures between 2.7 and 3.9 × 10-4.
Use of mismatched grating pairs in chirped-pulse amplification systems (1998)

We demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge the use of mismatched grating pairs between the stretching and compression systems in a chirped-pulse amplification laser. Pulses as short as 57 fs are generated with 2000-lines/mm gratings in the compressor and 1200-lines/mm gratings in the stretcher.
New roles for<i>cis</i>-jasmone as an insect semiochemical and in plant defense (2000)

cis-jasmone, or (Z)-jasmone, is well known as a component of plant volatiles, and its release can be induced by damage, for example during insect herbivory. Using the olfactory system of the lettuce aphid to investigate volatiles from plants avoided by this insect, (Z)-jasmone was found to be electrophysiologically active and also to be repellent in laboratory choice tests. In field studies, repellency from traps was demonstrated for the damson-hop aphid, and with cereal aphids numbers were reduced in plots of winter wheat treated with (Z)-jasmone. In contrast, attractant activity was found in laboratory and wind tunnel tests for insects acting antagonistically to aphids, namely the seven-spot ladybird and an aphid parasitoid. When applied in the vapor phase to intact bean plants, (Z)-jasmone induced the production of volatile compounds, including the monoterpene (E)-beta-ocimene, which affect plant defense, for example by stimulating the activity of parasitic insects. These plants were more attractive to the aphid parasitoid in the wind tunnel when tested 48 h after exposure to (Z)-jasmone had ceased. This possible signaling role of (Z)-jasmone is qualitatively different from that of the biosynthetically related methyl jasmonate and gives a long-lasting effect after removal of the stimulus. Differential display was used to compare mRNA populations in bean leaves exposed to the vapor of (Z)-jasmone and methyl jasmonate. One differentially displayed fragment was cloned and shown by Northern blotting to be up-regulated in leaf tissue by (Z)-jasmone. This sequence was identified by homology as being derived from a gene encoding an alpha-tubulin isoform.
A Practical On-Board SiC MOSFET Condition Monitoring Technique for Aging Detection (2020)

In this article, an in situ SiC mosfet degradation monitoring method using readily available converter sensors is presented. Device's drain-source resistance in saturation and ohmic regions are employed as aging precursors to, respectively, indicate die and package-related degradations. The presented findings in this article are essential for low-cost and practical early warning systems in power electronics applications. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a number of power-cycling tests are conducted to analyze aging process and fatigue mechanism. Device static parameters are measured throughout accelerated aging tests and the physical causes behind them are discussed in detail. It is shown that the drain-source resistance within saturation region at low gate bias can be used to indicate die-related degradation. Similarly, at full positive gate bias, device on-state drain-source resistance can be used to detect package-related degradation. In order to find out optimal variables such as applied gate bias, pulse duration, etc., a comprehensive single pulse test is conducted and the results are reported. Finally, the proposed degradation monitoring method is experimentally validated in the context of a three-phase inverter considering different sensor configurations and load types.
MULTILINGUAL MACHINE PRINTED OCR (2001)

This paper presents a script-independent methodology for optical character recognition (OCR) based on the use of hidden Markov models (HMM). The feature extraction, training and recognition components of the system are all designed to be script independent. The training and recognition components were taken without modification from a continuous speech recognition system; the only component that is specific to OCR is the feature extraction component. To port the system to a new language, all that is needed is text image training data from the new language, along with ground truth which gives the identity of the sequences of characters along each line of each text image, without specifying the location of the characters on the image. The parameters of the character HMMs are estimated automatically from the training data, without the need for laborious handwritten rules. The system does not require presegmentation of the data, neither at the word level nor at the character level. Thus, the system is able to handle languages with connected characters in a straightforward manner. The script independence of the system is demonstrated in three languages with different types of script: Arabic, English, and Chinese. The robustness of the system is further demonstrated by testing the system on fax data. An unsupervised adaptation method is then described to improve performance under degraded conditions.