gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives.III. On the Reaction of 1-Methyl-and 1-Phenyl-4-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]-pyrimidine with Carbanion (1976)

In order to introduce a carbon chain into the 4-position of 1-substituted 1H-pyrazolo-[3, 4-d]pyrimidine, substitution reactions were carried out with 4-chloro-1-methyl-(Im) and 4-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidine (Ip) with a carbanion. The carbanion sources used were malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, phenylacetonitrile, ethyl acetoace-tate, diethyl malonate, acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, acetophenone, propiophenone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and 1, 3-diphenyl-2-propanone. Reaction of I with malononitrile, in the presence of sodium amide, gave 1-methyl(or phenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidine-4-malononitrile (II-1), while the reaction of I with ethyl cyanoacetate, phenylacetonitrile, or diethyl malonate gave the corresponding derivatives (II-2, -3, -5). In the reaction of I with ethyl acetoacetate, the deacetylated product, ethyl 1-methyl(or phenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidine-4-acetate (II-4) was formed. Reaction of Ip with the ketones gave (1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)methyl alkyl ketones (IIp-6 to-13). Tautomerism of the compounds (II) obtained by the present reaction was discussed from infrared, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data.
Phosphatidyl <i>myo</i>‐Inositol Mannosides Mimics Built on an Acyclic or Heterocyclic Core: Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Properties (2011)

Phosphatidyl myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs) are constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall and possess immunomodulatory activities. Certain PIM derivatives have immunoprotective activity and are of interest as anti-inflammatory agents. In order to identify simplified analogues of PIMs that retain this interesting activity, we have prepared a series of new analogues based either on an acyclic or on a heterocyclic scaffold that replaces the inositol moiety, and evaluated these compounds for their inhibition of LPS-induced release of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. It was found that the inositol moiety can be favourably replaced by an aza-cyclitol (trihydroxy-piperidine) or an oxa-cyclitol (trihydroxy-tetrahydropyran) unit, and that the configuration of the OH-carrying carbons does not play a significant role. The biological activity is reduced if the nitrogen atom is free in the aza-cyclitol unit.
New approach of blending polymeric ionic liquid with polybenzimidazole (PBI) for enhancing physical and electrochemical properties (2014)

Although the use of ionic liquids (IL) in polymeric membranes is known to elevate the electrochemical performance for proton exchange membrane-based fuel cells (PEMFC), they suffer from drawbacks such as IL drain and lowering in mechanical properties that lead to deterioration in PEMFC performance. To mitigate these issues, we report, for the first time, the use of polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), namely, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium trifluoride methane sulphonate) (P[DADMA][TFMS]) to be blended with polybenzimidazole (PBI-I) as a membrane material for PEMFC. PBI-I and (P[DADMA][TFMS]) were chosen because they form miscible blends and are suitable for acid doping as a matrix, which can eventually be used as proton conductor. The structure, miscibility and inter-polymer interactions were studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The increase in proton conduction in comparison to the PBI membranes was observed due to the presence of ionic groups of PILs in blend membranes. With the increase in PIL content, the proton conductivity of the composite membranes gradually increased from 0.04 S cm−1 for PBI to 0.07 S cm−1 for the blend membrane at 150 °C. The MEAs were fabricated with PBI-I, PBI-PIL15, PBI-PIL25 and PBI-PIL35. Corresponding single cells were successfully tested at temperatures of 160 °C. The maximum power density and current density obtained were 515 mW cm−2 and 1632 mA cm−2, respectively, for PBI-PIL25-based MEA.
Graphene “microdrums” on a freestanding perforated thin membrane for high sensitivity MEMS pressure sensors (2016)

We present a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) graphene-based pressure sensor realized by transferring a large area, few-layered graphene on a suspended silicon nitride thin membrane perforated by a periodic array of micro-through-holes. Each through-hole is covered by a circular drum-like graphene layer, namely a graphene "microdrum". The uniqueness of the sensor design is the fact that introducing the through-hole arrays into the supporting nitride membrane allows generating an increased strain in the graphene membrane over the through-hole array by local deformations of the holes under an applied differential pressure. Further reasons contributing to the increased strain in the devised sensitive membrane include larger deflection of the membrane than that of its imperforated counterpart membrane, and direct bulging of the graphene microdrum under an applied pressure. Electromechanical measurements show a gauge factor of 4.4 for the graphene membrane and a sensitivity of 2.8 × 10(-5) mbar(-1) for the pressure sensor with a good linearity over a wide pressure range. The present sensor outperforms most existing MEMS-based small footprint pressure sensors using graphene, silicon, and carbon nanotubes as sensitive materials, due to the high sensitivity.
An Epitope-Substituted DNA Vaccine Improves Safety and Immunogenicity against Dengue Virus Type 2 (2015)

Dengue virus (DENV), a global disease, is divided into four serotypes (DENV1-4). Cross-reactive and non-neutralizing antibodies against envelope (E) protein of DENV bind to the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) of cells, and thereby exacerbate viral infection by heterologous serotypes via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Identification and modification of enhancing epitopes may mitigate enhancement of DENV infection. In this study, we characterized the cross-reactive DB21-6 and DB39-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against domain I-II of DENV; these antibodies poorly neutralized and potently enhanced DENV infection both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, two enhancing mAbs, DB21-6 and DB39-2, were observed to compete with sera antibodies from patients infected with dengue. The epitopes of these enhancing mAbs were identified using phage display, structural prediction, and mapping of virus-like particle (VLP) mutants. N8, R9, V12, and E13 are the reactive residues of DB21-6, while N8, R9, and E13 are the reactive residues of DB39-2. N8 substitution tends to maintain VLP secretion, and decreases the binding activity of DB21-6 and DB39-2. The immunized sera from N8 substitution (N8R) DNA vaccine exerted greater neutralizing and protective activity than wild-type (WT)-immunized sera, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, treatment with N8R-immunized sera reduced the enhancement of mortality in AG129 mice. These results support identification and substitution of enhancing epitope as a novel strategy for developing safe dengue vaccines.
A Global Statistical–Dynamical Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii Forecast Scheme (2017)

Abstract Forecasts of tropical cyclone (TC) surface wind structure have recently begun to show some skill, but the number of reliable forecast tools, mostly regional hurricane and select global models, remains limited. To provide additional wind structure guidance, this work presents the development of a statistical–dynamical method to predict tropical cyclone wind structure in terms of wind radii, which are defined as the maximum extent of the 34-, 50-, and 64-kt (1 kt = 0.514 m s−1) winds in geographical quadrants about the center of the storm. The basis for TC size variations is developed from an infrared satellite-based record of TC size, which is homogenously calculated from a global sample. The change in TC size is predicted using a statistical–dynamical approach where predictors are based on environmental diagnostics derived from global model forecasts and observed storm conditions. Once the TC size has been predicted, the forecast intensity and track are used along with a parametric wind model to estimate the resulting wind radii. To provide additional guidance for applications and users that require forecasts of central pressure, a wind–pressure relationship that is a function of TC motion, intensity, wind radii (i.e., size), and latitude is then applied to these forecasts. This forecast method compares well with similar wind structure forecasts made by global forecast and regional hurricane models and when these forecasts are used as a member of a simple consensus; its inclusion improves the forecast performance of the consensus.
All-optical CDMA with bipolar codes (1995)

A method for the transmission and detection of bipolar sequences in a unipolar system is presented. It allows all-optical implementation, in noncoherent optical CDMA systems, of the bipolar codes that have been developed for the radio domain. A practical design is described that encodes the spectrum of a broadband optical source to support a large number of subscribers.
Combining Ferric Salt and Cactus Mucilage for Arsenic Removal from Water (2016)

New methods to remediate arsenic-contaminated water continue to be studied, particularly to fill the need for accessible methods that can significantly impact developing communities. A combination of cactus mucilage and ferric (Fe(III)) salt was investigated as a flocculation-coagulation system to remove arsenic (As) from water. As(V) solutions, ferric nitrate, and mucilage suspensions were mixed and left to stand for various periods of time. Visual and SEM observations confirmed the flocculation action of the mucilage as visible flocs formed and settled to the bottom of the tubes within 3 min. The colloidal suspensions without mucilage were stable for up to 1 week. Sample aliquots were tested for dissolved and total arsenic by ICP-MS and HGAFS. Mucilage treatment improved As removal (over Fe(III)-only treatment); the system removed 75-96% As in 30 min. At neutral pH, removal was dependent on Fe(III) and mucilage concentration and the age of the Fe(III) solution. The process is fast, achieving maximum removal in 30 min, with the majority of As removed in 10-15 min. Standard jar tests with 1000 μg/L As(III) showed that arsenic removal and settling rates were pH-dependent; As removal was between 52% (high pH) and 66% (low pH).
Optical frequency domain reflectometry at maximum update rate using I/Q detection (2015)

We introduce a new optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) system and processing method that utilize negative beat frequencies for the first time. The new approach enables efficient use of the available system bandwidth and facilitates distributed sensing with the maximum allowable update rate for a given fiber length. This is achieved by using a coherent optical-communications-type receiver that detects both the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the backscatter field. The I and Q components are digitally combined to produce a complex backscatter signal whose Fourier transform is not necessarily symmetric. Judicious processing of the complex backscatter signal maps the reflection profile of one half of the sensing fiber to positive beat-frequencies and the profile of the other half to negative beat-frequencies. The new approach was tested via comprehensive computer simulations and experiment.
Highly linear Y-fed directional coupler modulator with low intermodulation distortion (1999)

In this paper, we explore the feasibility of linearizing Y-fed directional couplers. We demonstrate that the linearity of their performance can be enhanced significantly by the appropriate selection of the interaction lengths with respect to the coupling length. The proposed linearization technique brings about the advantage of highly linear performance combined with a simple device design. The single- and two-section embodiments of the Y-fed coupler are compared both in terms of the linearity of the transfer curve and the level of the third-order intermodulation distortion. We show the two-section Y-fed coupler to be the device of choice since it can exhibit high linearity and improved tolerance to fabrication imperfections. We have determined that if the lengths of the two sections are set to 4.1 and 1.05 times the coupling length, respectively, the transfer curve is linear within 1% of the maximum output power over 98% of the entire interval of modulation. Advantageously, a 100% optical modulation depth is achieved at the same time. On the other hand, if these relative lengths are set to 2.3 and 1.05, the third-order intermodulation distortion in the optical output can be significantly suppressed (by more than 100 dB below the carrier). While comparable performance is possible with other linear modulator schemes of more complex designs, practical applications demand simple design with few or no controls. In this regard, the Y-fed modulator is known to benefit from the built-in quadrature point and nearly equal time-averaged power levels in the arms. The former feature can minimize or even eliminate the necessity of using bias voltages, while the latter minimizes potential impact of optical damage on device performance. Furthermore, we also describe a preferred scheme of a two-section Y-fed coupler with a domain reversal in a ferroelectric material. In this case, only a simple uniform electrode structure is utilized which is fully compatible to a single driving source and hence, is convenient for high-speed applications.
A conduction cooled superconducting magnet using high-T/sub c/ oxide current leads (1994)

We demonstrated a conduction cooled (Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn superconducting magnet system without liquid helium. The magnet system is mainly composed of (Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn superconducting coil, high-T/sub c/ oxide current leads, a GM cryocooler and a cryostat. The (Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn superconducting coil cooled by the second stage of the cryocooler is operated at 11 K in vacuum. The cylindrical (Bi,Pb)/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/ oxide current leads were cooled below 77 K by the cryocooler. This system generates a magnetic field of 4.6 T in a 38 mm room temperature bore at the operating current of 465 A. Two hours holding at the operating current of 400 A were performed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic fragment detection in dynamic Web pages and its impact on caching (2005)

Constructing Web pages from fragments has been shown to provide significant benefits for both content generation and caching. In order for a Web site to use fragment-based content generation, however, good methods are needed for fragmenting the Web pages. Manual fragmentation of Web pages is expensive, error prone, and unscalable. This paper proposes a novel scheme to automatically detect and flag fragments that are cost-effective cache units in Web sites serving dynamic content. Our approach analyzes Web pages with respect to their information sharing behavior, personalization characteristics, and change patterns. We identify fragments which are shared among multiple documents or have different lifetime or personalization characteristics. Our approach has three unique features. First, we propose a framework for fragment detection, which includes a hierarchical and fragment-aware model for dynamic Web pages and a compact and effective data structure for fragment detection. Second, we present an efficient algorithm to detect maximal fragments that are shared among multiple documents. Third, we develop a practical algorithm that effectively detects fragments based on their lifetime and personalization characteristics. This paper shows the results when the algorithms are applied to real Web sites. We evaluate the proposed scheme through a series of experiments, showing the benefits and costs of the algorithms. We also study the impact of using the fragments detected by our system on key parameters such as disk space utilization, network bandwidth consumption, and load on the origin servers.
Prevention of Restenosis After Angioplasty in Small Coronary Arteries With Probucol (1998)

Probucol reduces lumen loss and restenosis rate after balloon angioplasty in small coronary arteries.
Metal Cation Complexation and Activation of Reversed CPyI Analogues of CC-1065 and Duocarmycin SA:  Partitioning the Effects of Binding and Catalysis (2001)

The synthesis and examination of a novel class of reversed CPyI analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins are described. Capable of a unique metal cation activation of DNA alkylation, these agents allowed the effects of the DNA binding domain (10(4)-fold increase in DNA alkylation rate and efficiency) to be partitioned into two components: that derived from enhanced DNA binding affinity and selectivity (10-80-fold) and that derived from a contribution to catalysis (250-5000-fold). In addition, the reversed enantiomeric selectivity of these sequence selective DNA alkylating agents provides further strong support for a previously disclosed model where it is the noncovalent binding selectivity of the compounds, and not the alkylation subunit or the source of catalysis, that controls the DNA alkylation selectivity.
Development of Potent Inhibitors of Pyocyanin Production in<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2015)

The development of new approaches for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections is an urgent public health priority. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogen, in particular, is a leading source of infection in hospital settings, with few available treatment options. In the context of an effort to develop antivirulence strategies to combat bacterial infection, we identified a series of highly effective small molecules that inhibit the production of pyocyanin, a redox-active virulence factor produced by P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, these new antagonists appear to suppress P. aeruginosa virulence factor production through a pathway that is independent of LasR and RhlR.
Defect density dependence of luminescence efficiency and lifetimes in AlGaN active regions exhibiting enhanced emission from nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities (2006)

Abstract AlGaN epilayers grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy and exhibiting high internal quantum efficiency (up to 30%) are incorporated into double‐heterostructure devices grown on base layers of varying defect density. Growth of these AlGaN active layers, having increased emission from localization of carriers in regions of nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities, is found to benefit from base layers of reduced defect density, including thick AlGaN templates grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Nonlinear radiative processes are observed at high optical excitation for layers grown on lower defect base layers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Association of the Protease Inhibitor Gene with Production Traits in Holstein Dairy Cattle (2005)

Positional, comparative candidate gene analysis and previous quantitative trait loci linkage mapping results were used to search for candidate genes affecting milk production and reproduction traits in dairy cattle. The protease inhibitor (PI) gene was chosen for examination, and 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in coding regions of the gene by direct sequencing of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products from a wide range of cattle tissues. A total of 6 different intragenic haplotypes were identified in North American Holstein population, and these were examined for associations with milk production traits in 24 half-sib families comprising 1007 sons utilizing a granddaughter design. One common haplotype was associated with increased milk and fat yields, increased productive life, and decreased somatic cell score. Another common haplotype was associated with decreased productive life and increased somatic cell score. One rare haplotype was associated with decreased milk, fat, and protein yields and increased milk protein percentage; another rare haplotype was associated with decreased milk yield, increased protein percentage, and decreased productive life. The observation that the PI gene is associated with analogous traits in humans demonstrates the effectiveness of the positional comparative candidate gene analysis that utilizes information about genes present in chromosomal regions with conserved synteny in other species.
Toward defect-free fabrication of extreme ultraviolet photomasks (2016)

Defect-free fabrication of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks relies on the appropriate detection of native defects and subsequent strategies for their elimination. Commercial unavailability of actinic mask-blank inspection systems motivates the identification of an optical inspection methodology most suitable for finding relevant EUV blank defects. Studies showed that 193-nm wavelength inspection found the greatest number of printable defects as compared with rival higher-wavelength systems, establishing deep ultraviolet inspections as the blank defectivity baseline for subsequent mitigation strategies. Next, defect avoidance via pattern shifting was explored using representative 7-nm node metal/contact layer designs and 193-nm mask-blank inspection results. It was found that a significant percentage of native defects could be avoided only when the design was limited to active patterns (i.e., layouts without dummy fill). Total pattern-defect overlap remained ≤5 when metal layer blanks were chosen from the top 35% least defective substrates, while the majority of blanks remained suitable for contacts layers due to a lower active pattern density. Finally, nanomachining was used to address remaining native/multilayer defects. Native catastrophic defects were shown to recover 40% to 70% of target critical dimension after nanomachining, demonstrating the enormous potential for compensating multilayer defects.
<scp>REDD</scp> 1 functions at the crossroads between the therapeutic and adverse effects of topical glucocorticoids (2014)

Cutaneous atrophy is the major adverse effect of topical glucocorticoids; however, its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identify stress-inducible mTOR inhibitor REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage response 1) as a major molecular target of glucocorticoids, which mediates cutaneous atrophy. In REDD1 knockout (KO) mice, all skin compartments (epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat), epidermal stem, and progenitor cells were protected from atrophic effects of glucocorticoids. Moreover, REDD1 knockdown resulted in similar consequences in organotypic raft cultures of primary human keratinocytes. Expression profiling revealed that gene activation by glucocorticoids was strongly altered in REDD1 KO epidermis. In contrast, the down-regulation of genes involved in anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response was strikingly similar in wild-type and REDD1 KO mice. Integrative bioinformatics analysis of our and published gene array data revealed similar changes of gene expression in epidermis and in muscle undergoing glucocorticoid-dependent and glucocorticoid-independent atrophy. Importantly, the lack of REDD1 did not diminish the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in preclinical model. Our findings suggest that combining steroids with REDD1 inhibitors may yield a novel, safer glucocorticoid-based therapies.
Experimental demonstration of PMD Compensation by LDPC-Coded turbo equalization (2007)

The possibility of PMD compensation by using LDPC-coded turbo equalization is demonstrated experimentally for NRZ systems operating at 10-Gb/s. Significant BER performance improvement over the optimum threshold receiver is obtained. (2 pages)