gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic borehole velocity imaging (2005)

We describe a new technique for making high‐resolution velocity images of rocks using refracted ultrasonic waves. The use of refracted waves makes this technique potentially suitable for imaging borehole walls. In the laboratory, we use a single‐transmitter, two‐receiver first‐arrival method for making velocity measurements with a spatial resolution on the order of one centimeter. Our acoustic pulses are centered near 200 kHz. Scans of a borehole wall reveal dipping thin layers and fractures. When external stress is applied perpendicular to the borehole, stress concentrations appear on our images as axial bands of high and low velocities. Breakouts created by large applied stress can also be imaged. On a planar sample, a velocity image reveals shale laminations and carbonate stringers. For field applications, this technique offers the potential for imaging in both conductive and non‐conductive muds, and provides images based on a physical property (velocity) that is not currently used for fine‐scale borehole imaging.
Development of microfluidic channels for the culture of mammalian embryos (2002)

Microfluidic channels are explored as a tool for the culture of mammalian embryos. Three different materials are used to construct microfluidic devices for embryo culture: silicon, glass, and polydimethylsiloxane. Practical issues including, loading, localization-visualization and retrieval of the embryos in the microchannels, bubble formation within the device, and development of cleaning and sterilization procedures are discussed and addressed via design iterations. Preliminary data on embryo development within the microchannels have been collected.
Compensation-free broadband entangled photon pair sources (2017)

Quantum sources that provide broadband biphotons entangled in both polarization and time-energy degrees of freedom are a rich quantum resource that finds many applications in quantum communication, sensing, and metrology. Creating such a source while maintaining high entanglement quality over a broad spectral range is a challenge, which conventionally requires various compensation steps to erase temporal, spectral, or spatial distinguishabilities. Here, we point out that in fact compensation is not always necessary. The key to generate broadband polarization-entangled biphotons via type-II spontaneous parametric downcoversion (SPDC) without compensation is to use nonlinear materials with sufficiently low group birefringence that the biphoton bandwidth becomes dispersion-limited. Most nonlinear crystals or waveguides cannot meet this condition, but it is easily met in fiber-based systems. We reveal the interplay of group birefringence and dispersion on SPDC bandwidth and polarization entanglement quality. We show that periodically poled silica fiber (PPSF) is an ideal medium to generate high-concurrence (>0.977) polarization-entangled photons over a broad spectral range (>77nm), directly and without compensation. This is the highest polarization-entanglement concurrence reported that is maintained over a broad spectral range from a compensation-free source.
Detecting doubly compressed JPEG images by using Mode Based First Digit Features (2008)

In this paper, we utilize the probabilities of the first digits of quantized DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) coefficients from individual AC (Alternate Current) modes to detect doubly compressed JPEG images. Our proposed features, named by Mode Based First Digit Features (MBFDF), have been shown to outperform all previous methods on discriminating doubly compressed JPEG images from singly compressed JPEG images. Furthermore, combining the MBFDF with a multi-class classification strategy can be exploited to identify the quality factor in the primary JPEG compression, thus successfully revealing the double JPEG compression history of a given JPEG image.
Sodium--sulfur battery, more particularly for electrical drive. [cathode of S, Se, P, or their salts] (1977)

In paired trials of screening tests, when area under the ROC curve is used as the metric, bias may lead researchers to make the wrong decision as to which screening test is better.
Making defective LCD display pixels invisible (2006)

Within active matrix displays, such as LCDs, each pixel has its own individual transistor that controls its transmittance (see Figure 1). Occasionally, these individual transistors will short, or otherwise malfunction, resulting in a defective pixel. These are often visible as ‘bright’ pixels, which appear as single or several randomly-placed red, blue and/or green pixel elements on an all-black background. They can also appear as ‘missing’ or ‘dead’ pixels, black dots on all-white backgrounds. For many applications, such as LCD TV, digital cinema, and desktop monitors, the existence of defective pixels seriously degrades the image quality. In medical-imaging applications, defective pixels can even influence the critical decision-making process and therefore result in a wrong diagnosis. State-of-the art manufacturing processes are capable of producing displays with an average of no more than one faulty transistor in two million. With ever-increasing resolution, the number of defective pixels in displays increases accordingly. Typically, LCD panels are being inspected after manufacturing and panels that have too many defects are rejected. This results in a lower yield and higher panel cost. Recently, techniques have been described that make it possible to partially repair 3 defective pixels by transforming a very visible bright defect into a less visible dark defect. However, neither rejection nor partial repair is a true solution. We have been working on a completely different approach where we focus on making defective pixels invisible to the user by means of an image processing algorithm. Human observers perceive images by means of the eye, which is a complex lens system. Most lenses, including that in the human eye, are not perfect. As a result, when visual stimuli are passed through the cornea and lens, the stimuli undergo a certain degree of degradation or distortion. One typical degradation effect is the introduction of blur this means we do not perceive individual pixels, but a a low-pass-filtered combination of several neighboring pixels. Further, if one of those pixels is defective then it is possiFigure 1. An active matrix LCD works by blocking light that comes in from the back.
Managing Temporal Data (2011)

In general, databases store current data. However,the capability to maintain temporal data is a crucial requirement for many organizations and provides the base for organizational intelligence. A temporal database maintains time-varying data, that is, past, present, and future data. In this chapter, we focus on the relational data model and address the subtle issues in modeling and designing temporal databases. A common approach to handle temporal data within the traditional relational databases is the addition of time columns to a relation. Though this appears to be a simple and intuitive solution, it does not address many subtle issues peculiar to temporal data, that is, comparing database states at two different time points, capturing the periods for concurrent events and accessing times beyond these periods, handling multi-valued attributes, coalescing and restructuring temporal data, and so forth, [Gadia 1988, Tansel and Tin 1997]. There is a growing interest in temporal databases. A first book dedicated to temporal databases [Tansel at al 1993] followed by others addressing issues in handling time-varying data [Betini, Jajodia and Wang 1988, Date, Darwen and Lorentzos 2002, Snodgrass 1999].
Development of the Thermochemical and Electrolytic Hybrid Hydrogen Production Process for Sodium Cooled FBR (2006)

The thermochemical and electrolytic hybrid hydrogen production process has been developed by Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC). The process is based on sulfuric acid (H2SO4 synthesis and decomposition process developed earlier (Westinghouse process) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) decomposition process is facilitated by electrolysis with ionic oxygen conductive solid electrolyte at 500°C-550°C.
Mobile infrastructure for coastal region offshore communications and networks (2016)

Marine fishermen risk their lives when they go as far as 120 km from the shore on a fishing trip lasting 5-7 days. They are completely cut off from the mainland. Cellular coverage exists only up to 12-15 km from the shore. In emergency situations, the fishermen have no way to call for help. Even under normal conditions, prolonged isolation from their family and friends causes mental depression. Since the marine fishermen are not economically well off especially in the developing countries, there has not been much commercial interest in addressing this problem. It is not seen as a profitable business proposition. However, addressing this problem will benefit the marine fishermen community immensely. Our center conducted interviews with several fishermen to understand this problem and came up with a cost-effective solution. The solution enables the fishermen to use the smart phones which they own already to get internet at sea using Wi-Fi. The Access Point (AP) on the boat connects over Ethernet to an onboard gateway to long range Wi-Fi backhaul network. The onshore base station is installed on a tower at a height of 50-60 m. Boats are also used as mobile base stations to extend the range of the network. This solution, when tested over the Arabian Sea, provided a range of 40+ km in the first hop and 20+ km every subsequent hop. This network can be operated on a cooperative community basis by the fishermen community at reasonable per capita CAPEX and OPEX. A pilot deployment is in progress in a coastal village community in Kerala, India, to gain operational experience.
Probing linear and non-linear tip-sample interaction forces by atomic force acoustic microscopy (1999)

The cantilever–sample system of an atomic force acoustic microscope is excited in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 3 MHz. By analysing the cantilever vibration in the frequency domain, one obtains information about the stiffness and the damping of the whole mechanical system, consisting of the flexural beam clamped at one end and the sensor tip at the other end in force interaction with the sample surface. Variation of the cantilever–sample distance or of the excitation amplitude changes the range of the tip–sample distance covered during the vibration cycles and consequently the section of the non-linear force interaction curve that is probed. Starting from high static loads and small excitation amplitudes, the contact resonance frequencies shift to lower values when the excitation amplitude is increased or when the static cantilever force is decreased. A further increase of the excitation amplitude leads to asymmetric resonance peaks, showing hysteresis when the direction of the frequency scan is changed. We present experimental spectra in the linear and non-linear regime and compare them to theoretical results. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Varying Allergen Composition and Content Affects the in vivo Allergenic Activity of Commercial <b><i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i></b> Extracts (2012)

Commercially available D. pteronyssinus extracts lack important allergens, show great variability regarding allergen composition and content and some gave false-negative diagnostic test results in certain patients.
Polycrystalline silicon research and development (1986)

The development of fluidized-bed reactor technology for producing silicon by the pyrolysis of silanes is described.
Ultrafast Er fiber laser amplified to an average power of 5.5 W in an Yb fiber amplifier (2000)

We demonstrate the amplification of femtosecond Raman-shifted pulses from an Er fiber laser to a pulse energy of 100 μJ and an average power of 5.5 W in an Yb fiber chirped pulse amplification system.
Accurate and Efficient Simulation of Multiphase Flow in a Heterogeneous Reservoir by Using Error Estimate and Control in the Multiscale Finite-Volume Framework (2011)

Abstract The Multiscale Finite-Volume (MSFV) method is designed to reduce the computational cost by splitting the original global problem into a set of localized problems (with approximate local boundary conditions) coupled by a coarse global problem. The MSFV error can be reduced iteratively (i-MSFV) using an improved (smoothed) multiscale solution to enhance the localization conditions or by using a Krylov subspace method (e.g. GMRES) preconditioned by the MSFV system. In a multiphase flow system, a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency should be achieved by finding a minimum number of i-MSFV iterations (on pressure) that are necessary to achieve the desired accuracy of the saturation solution. In this work, we extend the i-MSFV method to sequential implicit simulations of time dependent problems. To control the error of the coupled saturation-pressure system, we analyze the transport error due to approximate flux fields. We then propose a-priori error estimate based on the residual of the pressure equation. At the beginning of the simulation we iterate until the specified pressure accuracy is achieved. To minimize the required iterations in time-dependent multiphase flow problems, this initial solution is also utilized to improve the localization assumption at later time steps. Additional iterations are employed only when the residual becomes larger than a specified threshold value. The saturation equation error in presence of an approximate conservative MSFV velocity field is anlayzed. Finally, a saturation error expression is derived, and a residual based strategy is introduced to control numerical errors. Numerical results show that the proposed strategy results in efficient and accurate simulation of multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media.
Imaging Striatal Dopamine Release Using a Non-Genetically Encoded Near-Infrared Fluorescent Catecholamine Nanosensor (2018)

Abstract Neuromodulation plays a critical role in brain function in both health and disease. New optical tools, and their validation in biological tissues, are needed that can image neuromodulation with high spatial and temporal resolution, which will add an important new dimension of information to neuroscience research. Here, we demonstrate the use of a catecholamine nanosensor with fluorescent emission in the 1000-1300 nm near-infrared window to measure dopamine transmission in ex vivo brain slices. These near-infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCats) represent a broader class of nanosensors that can be synthesized from non-covalent conjugation of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with single strand oligonucleotides. We show that nIRCats can be used to detect catecholamine efflux in brain tissue driven by both electrical stimulation or optogenetic stimulation. Spatial analysis of electrically-evoked signals revealed dynamic regions of interest approximately 2 microns in size in which transients scaled with simulation intensity. Optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic terminals produced similar transients, whereas optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic terminals showed no effect on nIRCat signal. Bath application of nomifensine prolonged nIRCat fluorescence signal, consistent with reuptake blockade of dopamine. We further show that the chemically synthetic molecular recognition elements of nIRCats permit measurement of dopamine dynamics in the presence of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. These nIRCat nanosensors may be advantageous for future use because i) they do not require virus delivery, gene delivery, or protein expression, ii) their near-infrared fluorescence facilitates imaging in optically scattering brain tissue and is compatible for use in conjunction with other optical neuroscience tool sets, iii) the broad availability of unique near-infrared colors have the potential for simultaneous detection of multiple neurochemical signals, and iv) they are compatible with pharmacology. Together, these data suggest nIRCats and other nanosensors of this class can serve as versatile new optical tools to report dynamics of extracellular neuromodulation in the brain.
Design and Evaluation of a Robust Compliant Grasper Using Shape Deposition Manufacturing (2005)

Robustness is a limiting factor in experimental development of multifingered robot hands: the expense and fragility of these hands precludes casual experimentation, restricting the type of experimental tasks that can be reasonably attempted and slowing implementation due to the need for careful validation of programs. In this paper, we describe the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a novel compliant robotic grasper and demonstrate that polymer-based Shape Deposition Manufacturing allows for the construction of fingers with the functionality of conventional metal prototypes but with robustness properties that allow for uncertainty in object location and large impact forces.
Modeling p-i(multi quantum well)-n solar cells: a contribution for a near optimum design (2002)

The AMO efficiency of p-i-n solar cells with quantum wells in the intrinsic region is calculated with the consideration of a large range of geometrical parameters. The near optimum design is set when the device exhibits an increase in photocurrent output with minimum open circuit voltage degradation. The method is applied to an InP cell with InGaAs MQWs added in the intrinsic region. The authors' model leads to estimates of the p-i(MQW)-n photocurrent and open circuit voltage; as well as efficiency versus well and intrinsic zone widths. The effect of the generation-recombination current on device performance is also treated. Moreover, the use of internal Bragg reflectors placed between the buffer layer and the cell structure is investigated.
A new calix[4]arene-bis(crown ether) derivative displaying an improved caesium over sodium selectivity: molecular dynamics and experimental investigation of alkali-metal ion complexation (1999)

In the light of computational studies suggesting enhanced cation-binding abilities for various benzo derivatives of calix[4]arene-bis-crown-6 macrocycles, the synthesis and properties of one of these ligands, BC6B2, have been investigated. In this compound, di(1,2-phenylene)-annelated glycolic chains link the 1,3- and 2,4-phenyl rings of the calixarene, thereby forcing it into the 1,3-alternate conformation. The detailed structures of BC6B2·CH3NO2 1 and Cs2(NO3)2BC6B2·CHCl3·H2O 2 have been established by X-ray crystallography. Studies of coordination and solvent extraction of the alkali-metal ions have been used to compare this ligand with a number of related systems known previously.
Warfarin Glycosylation Invokes a Switch from Anticoagulant to Anticancer Activity (2011)

Changing lanes! Glycosylation of the classical pharmacophore warfarin fundamentally alters the drug's mechanism-of-action, leading to a dramatic reduction in anticoagulant function and a concomitant marked increase in anticancer cytotoxicity. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Switched Control of Cadence During Stationary Cycling Induced by Functional Electrical Stimulation (2015)

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be used to activate the dysfunctional lower limb muscles of individuals with neurological disorders to produce cycling as a means of rehabilitation. However, previous literature suggests that poor muscle control and nonphysiological muscle fiber recruitment during FES-cycling causes lower efficiency and power output at the cycle crank than able-bodied cycling, thus motivating the investigation of improved control methods for FES-cycling. In this paper, a stimulation pattern is designed based on the kinematic effectiveness of the rider's hip and knee joints to produce a forward torque about the cycle crank. A robust controller is designed for the uncertain, nonlinear cycle-rider system with autonomous, state-dependent switching. Provided sufficient conditions are satisfied, the switched controller yields ultimately bounded tracking of a desired cadence. Experimental results on four able-bodied subjects demonstrate cadence tracking errors of 0.05 ±1.59 and 5.27 ±2.14 revolutions per minute during volitional and FES-induced cycling, respectively. To establish feasibility of FES-assisted cycling in subjects with Parkinson's disease, experimental results with one subject demonstrate tracking errors of 0.43 ± 4.06 and 0.17 ±3.11 revolutions per minute during volitional and FES-induced cycling, respectively.
Solvent-Exchange Drying of Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Separation of Hydrogen-Methane Gas Mixtures (1985)

Cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes of different surface porosities were prepared using different solvents in the solvent exchange drying method. These membranes showed a wide variation in the permeation rate and separation of hydrogen-methane gas mixtures. An attempt was made to develop a correlation between the membrane performance and the solvent used for drying. The membranes were characterized and their performance was predicted on the basis of the pore flow model developed in the previous work. The results obtained are discussed.
A Design-for-Test Solution for Monolithic 3D Integrated Circuits (2017)

Monolithic three-dimensional (M3D) integration has the potential to achieve significantly higher device density compared to 3D integration based on through-silicon vias (TSVs). We propose a test solution for M3D ICs based on dedicated test layers that are inserted between functional layers. We evaluate the cost associated with the proposed design-for-test (DfT) solution and compare it with that for a potential DfT solution based on the IEEE Std. P1838. Our results show that the proposed solution is more cost-efficient than the P1838-based solution for a wide range of inter-layer via (ILV) density, ILV yield, and defect density.
PAPR reduction by envelope stabilization using partial response signaling in OFDM systems (2002)

A technique is proposed to significantly reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) for an OFDM system by stabilizing the signal envelope. By using partial response (PR) signaling to spread each sub-symbol over multiple subcarriers, we first compress the signal in time. The signal is then rearranged such that it is possible to stabilize the envelope, improving the PAPR by up to 5 dB without using excessive time-bandwidth resources. We quantify the improvement in PAPR and system performance in additive white Gaussian noise.