gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Tunnel Spin Injection into Graphene using Chemical Vapor Deposited Hexagonal Boron Nitride (2014)

The van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals constitute a new paradigm in nanoscience. Hybrid devices of graphene with insulating 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have emerged as promising nanoelectronic architectures through demonstrations of ultrahigh electron mobilities and charge-based tunnel transistors. Here, we expand the functional horizon of such 2D materials demonstrating the quantum tunneling of spin polarized electrons through atomic planes of CVD grown h-BN. We report excellent tunneling behavior of h-BN layers together with tunnel spin injection and transport in graphene using ferromagnet/h-BN contacts. Employing h-BN tunnel contacts, we observe enhancements in both spin signal amplitude and lifetime by an order of magnitude. We demonstrate spin transport and precession over micrometer-scale distances with spin lifetime up to 0.46 nanosecond. Our results and complementary magnetoresistance calculations illustrate that CVD h-BN tunnel barrier provides a reliable, reproducible and alternative approach to address the conductivity mismatch problem for spin injection into graphene.
Online change detection in individual web user behaviour (2008)

Based on our field studies and consultations with field experts, we identified three main problems that are of key importance to online web personalization and customer relationship management: 1) detecting changes in individual behaviour, 2) reporting on user actions that may need special care, and 3) detecting changes in visitation frequency.
67.3: Electrochemical Reaction Display with Dual Reflective and Emissive Modes (2007)

Abstract We have developed an electrochemical reaction display (ECRD) that can be operated in dual reflective and emissive modes in an entire pixel area of a single device. The ECRD utilizes electrochromic (EC) and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) reactions. These two electrochemical reactions can be controlled independently by adding a luminescent molecule to a liquid electrolyte of an EC cell with three electrodes. In the reflective mode, the ECRD cell exhibits high reflectance (47%) and high contrast ratio (6:1). In the emissive mode, the cell can show luminescent moving images because of the fast response time (10 ms).
Drug discovery in ophthalmology: past success, present challenges, and future opportunities (2016)

We review the challenges facing the drug discovery industry, and discuss what attempts are being made to increase the productivity of drug development, including a refocusing on the study of the basic biology of the disease, and an embracing of the concept of 'translational research'. We consider what ophthalmic drug discovery can learn from the sector in general and discuss strategies to overcome the present limitations. This includes advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of disease; improvements in animal models of human disease; improvements in ophthalmic drug delivery and attempts at patient stratification within clinical trials. As we look to the future, we argue that investment in ophthalmic drug development must continue to cover the whole translational spectrum (from 'bench to bedside and back again') with recognition that both biological discovery and clinical understanding will drive drug discovery, providing safe and effective therapies for ocular disease.
Bone Formation Induced by a Novel Form of Mechanical Loading on Joint Tissue (2004)

Because of insufficient mechanical loading, exposure to weightlessness in space flight reduces bone mass. In order to maintain bone mass in a weightless condition, we investigated a novel form of mechanical loading--joint loading. Since some part of gravity-induced loading to our skeletal system is absorbed by viscoelastic deformation of joint tissues, we hypothesized that deformation of joint tissues would generate fluid flow in bone and stimulate bone formation in diaphyseal cortical bone. In order to test the hypothesis, we applied directly oscillatory loading to an elbow joint of mice and conducted bone histomorphometry on the diaphysis of ulnae. Using murine femurs ex vivo, streaming potentials were measured to evaluate a fluid flow induced by joint loading. Bone histomorphometry revealed that compared to no loading control, elbow loading increased mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate 3.2-fold, 3.0-fold, and 7.9-fold, respectively. We demonstrated that joint loading generated a streaming potential in a medullar cavity of femurs. The results support a novel mechanism, in which joint loading stimulates effectively bone formation possibly by generating fluid flow, and suggest that a supportive attachment to joints, driven passively or actively, would be useful to maintain bone mass of astronauts during an exposure to weightlessness.
Towards Fast and Robust Watermarking Scheme for H.264 Video (2008)

Most available H.264 watermarking methods either require large expense of time or are rather fragile to intended attacks. In this paper, we present a novel watermarking scheme, which satisfies with the requirements of both rapidity and robustness. The proposed scheme directly embeds watermarks into H.264 bit streams at the decoder by modifying the quantized DC coefficients in luma residual blocks. To increase the robustness while maintaining the perceptual quality of the video, we employ a texture-masking-based perceptual model to adaptively choose the watermark strength for each block. A crucial problem of decoder-based watermarking algorithms is error drift, which refers to the watermark error accumulations among different blocks during intra or inter predictions. To eliminate the effects of error drift, we propose a drift compensation algorithm by estimating a compensation signal for each block before embedding the watermark bit. Experimental results show that the watermarks are highly imperceptible and resistant to common attacks. In addition, our scheme is faster and causes less increase in bit rate than previous methods.
Three New Resveratrol Oligomers from the Stem Bark of <i>Vatica </i><i>p</i><i>auciflora</i> (2004)

Three new stilbene oligomers (1-3) were isolated from the stem bark of Vatica pauciflora. The structures of a resveratrol heptamer (pauciflorol D) (1), a resveratrol dimer (pauciflorol E) (2), and an indanone derivative (pauciflorol F) (3) were elucidated by means of spectroscopic data interpretation, especially HMBC and NOESY NMR experiments.
MONITORING ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH THE <scp>ROBOCARE</scp> DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT: INTERACTION SYNTHESIS AND USER EVALUATION (2011)

This article describes aspects of a fully implemented artificial intelligence (AI) system that integrates multiple intelligent components to actively assist an elderly person at home. Specifically, we describe how constraint‐based scheduling technology is used to actively monitor a pattern of activities executed by the person and how detected temporal constraint violations are used to trigger meaningful and contextualized proactive interactions. This article also presents a psychological evaluation of the system focusing on elderly people's attitudes, in which system acceptability, perceived utility, interaction modality, and emotional response are considered.
Molecular phenotyping of lignin‐modified tobacco reveals associated changes in cell‐wall metabolism, primary metabolism, stress metabolism and photorespiration (2007)

Lignin is an important component of secondarily thickened cell walls. Cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) are two key enzymes that catalyse the penultimate and last steps in the biosynthesis of the monolignols. Downregulation of CCR in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) has been shown to reduce lignin content, whereas lignin in tobacco downregulated for CAD incorporates more aldehydes. We show that altering the expression of either or both genes in tobacco has far-reaching consequences on the transcriptome and metabolome. cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism-based transcript profiling, combined with HPLC and GC-MS-based metabolite profiling, revealed differential transcripts and metabolites within monolignol biosynthesis, as well as a substantial network of interactions between monolignol and other metabolic pathways. In general, in all transgenic lines, the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway was downregulated, whereas starch mobilization was upregulated. CCR-downregulated lines were characterized by changes at the level of detoxification and carbohydrate metabolism, whereas the molecular phenotype of CAD-downregulated tobacco was enriched in transcript of light- and cell-wall-related genes. In addition, the transcript and metabolite data suggested photo-oxidative stress and increased photorespiration, mainly in the CCR-downregulated lines. These predicted effects on the photosynthetic apparatus were subsequently confirmed physiologically by fluorescence and gas-exchange measurements. Our data provide a molecular picture of a plant's response to altered monolignol biosynthesis.
Assessment of forced expiratory volume — time parameters in detecting histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction in wheezy infants (1993)

A new technique recently introduced allows the measurement of infant lung function from lung volumes raised by a pump prior to generation of forced expiratory flow-volume (FEFV) curves. Forced expiratory volume-time (FEV1) parameters rather than traditional flow parameters are used. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of FEV1 parameters in detecting airway responsiveness to histamine in recurrently wheezy infants. Ten infants (age 7-18 months) sedated with 80 mg/kg chloral hydrate underwent a histamine inhalation challenge. Throughout the challenge FEFV curves were generated from end-tidal inspiration. Raised FEFV curves, from a lung volume preset by 15 cmH2O inflation pressure, were gathered at baseline and after the final concentration of histamine. The mean fall from baseline was 47% in maximal flow at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) (P < 0.0005), 15.5% in FEV0.5 (P < 0.0001), 13.5% in FEV0.75 (P < 0.005), and 11.0% in FEV1.0 (P = 0.057), after the final concentration of histamine delivered. Tidal volume and inspiratory volume reached above FRC between pre- and posthistamine did not change. Mean oxygen saturation fell significantly from 97 to 93%. We conclude that FEV1 parameters adequately detect reduced lung function during histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and appear suitable for histamine challenge testing in infants.
Advanced Wells: How to Make a Choice between Passive and Active Inflow-Control Completions (2008)

Abstract Horizontal and multi-lateral wells allow oil and gas companies to maximise contact with reservoir quality rock in either a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs. However they do not, by themselves, guarantee optimum reservoir drainage. Premature water or gas breakthroughs frequently occur due to: Reservoir permeability heterogeneity,Variations in distance between the wellbore and the fluid contacts, particularly in compartmentalized reservoirs,Variations in reservoir pressure in different regions of the reservoir penetrated by the wellbore.Pressure drop along the completion's flow path due to friction ("heel-toe" effect). Many such well and reservoir management problems can be mitigated by installation of downhole flow control devices – "Active" Interval Control Valves (ICVs) and "Passive" Inflow Control Devices (ICDs). ICVs were initially employed for controlled, commingled production from multiple reservoirs; while ICDs were developed to counteract the "heel-toe" effect. The variety of reservoir applications for both technologies has proliferated so that their application areas now overlap. Appropriate selection between an ICV and an ICD completion can be both a complex and a time consuming process. This paper compares the functionality and applicability of the two technologies. Completion Design selection guidelines are developed based on multiple criteria drawn from reservoir, production, operation and economic factors. Reservoir engineering aspects, such as uncertainty management, formation heterogeneity, and the level of flexibility required by the development are analyzed. Production and completion characteristics, such as tubing size, the number of separately controllable completion zones, the installation of multiple laterals and the value of real time information were also investigated. This systematic analysis forms the basis of a screening tool to identify the optimum technology for each particular situation. This study provides a robust, comparative framework for both production technologists and reservoir engineers to select between passive and active flow control for optimised, advanced well completions.
Acetylcholine and Alcohol Sensitivity of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Mutations in Transmembrane Domains (2002)

Background The effect of n-alcohols on glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors depends on two specific amino acids (AAs) located in the transmembrane domains (TM) 2 and 3. Our aim was to assess whether the corresponding AAs in the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) also formed a binding pocket for alcohols. Methods We made single AA substitutions in the homologous sites in rat neuronal nAChR α2 and α4 (αL261 and αL283) and expressed them in Xenopus laevis oocytes in combination with β4 wild type. The effect of different n-alcohols was studied in α4(L261A)β4 and α4(L283A)β4 nAChRs. The effect of ethanol, propanol, and octanol on acetylcholine (ACh) responses was studied in α2(L261X)β4 and α2(L283X)β4 nAChRs. Results Most of the mutations in the α2 subunit, in either the 261 or the 283 position, induced changes in ACh sensitivity and increased alcohol action, but none was able to reduce ethanol potentiation. In α4(L283A)β4, enhancement of potentiation by short-chain alcohols was observed, as well as a change from inhibition to potentiation for long-chain alcohols. The exposure of the AAs was assessed through the action of a charged thiol-specific reagent on α2(L261C)β4 and α2(L283C)β4, and these experiments suggest that the AA in TM2 is located in a water-accessible position, whereas the AA in TM3 is inaccessible. However, a noncharged thiol-specific reagent did not affect either ACh responses or ethanol effect on α2(L261C)β4. Conclusions The AAs located at positions 261 and 283 of the α2 and α4 nAChR subunits do not seem to form a binding pocket for alcohols. Additional studies are required to determine whether alcohols act on a site near these AAs or on sites unrelated to the TM2-TM3 site found in glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.
Sb-heterostructure diode detector W-band NEP and NEDT optimization (2006)

Sb-heterostructure diodes have become the detector of choice for W-band millimeter wave imaging cameras now being commercialized or in prototype development. Here we optimize the diode impedance to yield a minimum noise equivalent power (NEP). The goal is to decrease the gain required of the front-end LNA. Measured W-band sensitivities for two diodes are 3500 and 5500V/W. Their zero bias differential resistance values imply Johnson noise limited NEP's of 0.98 and 0.83pW/Hz<sup>1/2</sup>, respectively, much less than obtained from conventional biased Schottky diodes. A MMIC version of the diode detector has been simulated with an integrated bandwidth of ~ 30 GHz at W-band. The simulated temperature sensitivity (NEΔT) with an HRL W-band LNA on the front end is <1°K.
Intramolecular rearrangement behaviour of a dihydridoiridium (<scp>III</scp>)complex for med by regiospecific ‘chelate-assisted’ hydrosilylation (1984)

Addition of PPh2CH2CH2SiMe22H to [IrH(CO)](PPh3)3}is regiospecific as evidenced by formation of a cis adduct [I[graphic omitted]Me2)(CO)(PPh3)(H)(2H)]in which 2H nuclei are initially restricted to a single co-ordination position; subsequent rearrangement whereby 2H becomes equally distributed among the two hydridic sites is intramolecular with ΔG‡298= 19.3 ± 3.2kcal mol–1(1kcal = 4.184kJ).
Growth hormone increases muscle mass and strength but does not rejuvenate myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy subjects over 60 years old. (1996)

The rate of synthesis of myofibrillar proteins is slower in muscle of healthy subjects over 60 yr old than it is in young adults. Previous research suggests that reduced activity of the GH/insulin-like growth factor-I system could be a determinant of this slowing of protein synthesis. To test the hypothesis that GH could rejuvenate the rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis, we studied healthy subjects over 60 yr old, after a single injection (0.03 mg/kg.sc) of recombinant human GH (n = 6 males/2 females) or placebo (n = 6 males/2 females), or after 3 months of either GH (0.03 mg/kg, sc, 3 x /week, n = 5 males) or placebo (n = 5 males) treatment. Myofibrillar protein synthesis and whole-body protein metabolism were evaluated with the tracer L-[1-13C]leucine. GH reduced whole-body leucine oxidation by 36% (P < 0.01) in the single injection study. There was no effect of GH on whole-body protein breakdown or synthesis, or on myofibrillar protein synthesis in the quadriceps, either acutely or after 3 months of treatment. GH treatment for 3 months increased lean body mass (3.3 +/- 0.7 kg, P < 0.01, as evaluated by 40K counting), muscle mass (3.3 +/- 1.1 kg, P < 0.02, as evaluated by urinary creatinine excretion), and thigh strength (14 +/- 5%, P < 0.05, as evaluated by isokinetic dynamometry). We conclude that GH can increase muscle mass and strength in healthy men over 60 yr old, but does not restore a youthful rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis.
Line-scanning reflectance confocal microscopy of human skin: comparison of full-pupil and divided-pupil configurations (2009)

Line-scanning, with pupil engineering and the use of linear array detectors, may enable simple, small, and low-cost confocal microscopes for clinical imaging of human epithelial tissues. However, a fundamental understanding of line-scanning performance within the highly scattering and aberrating conditions of human tissue is necessary, to translate from benchtop instrumentation to clinical implementation. The results of a preliminary investigation for reflectance imaging in skin are reported.
Enhancement of Bright Video Features for HDR Displays (2008)

Abstract To utilize the full potential of new high dynamic range (HDR) displays, a system for the enhancement of bright luminous objects in video sequences is proposed. The system classifies clipped (saturated) regions as lights, reflections or diffuse surfaces using a semi‐automatic classifier and then enhances each class of objects with respect to its relative brightness. The enhancement algorithm can significantly stretch the contrast of clipped regions while avoiding amplification of noise and contouring. We demonstrate that the enhanced video is strongly preferred to non‐enhanced video, and it compares favorably to other methods.
Prevention of <i>N</i>-Methyl-<i>N</i>-Nitrosourea–Induced Breast Cancer by α-Fetoprotein (AFP)–Derived Peptide, a Peptide Derived from the Active Site of AFP (2005)

AFPep is a well-tolerated, mechanistically novel, chemopreventive agent in models of breast cancer and warrants further development for the prevention and treatment of this disease in humans.
[Instability of plasmid DNA integrated into mammalian somatic cell genome]. (2004)

The phenomenon of loosing exogenic DNA from the mammalian somatic cell genome is under investigation. It is found that foreign DNA incorporated into cell genome as a result of transfection by electrophoretion may be lost with the frequency from 1/100 up to 1/100 000 per cell division during cultivation. This effect is not dependent of the nature of cell line and vector DNA. It is actual for different cell lines: A23, human fibroblasts AG 11395, murine embryonic line F9, and for different plasmid vectors: p16, p.39, pATR4 and pcDNA3.1-Higr (WRN). Integration of pDNA into genome and the following loosing of this DNA is registered by selection markers G418 and hygromycin B resistance and gancyclovir sensibility. The presence of foreign DNA in the genome was controlled by PCR. It is found that true foreign DNA deletion from the genome takes place rather than gene expression changes. For closely linked plasmid genes deletion of both genes at once as well as loosing any one gene separately is shown. Thus, the phenomenon of selective deletion of exogenic DNA from genome has been demonstrated for different mammalian cells.
Analytical and Clinical Performance of Blood Glucose Monitors (2010)

When examining blood glucose monitor performance in the real world, it is important to consider if an improvement in analytical accuracy would lead to improved clinical outcomes for patients. There are several examples of how analytical tools used in the description of self-monitoring of blood glucose accuracy could be irrelevant to treatment decisions.
Hydrogen flame synthesis of few-layer graphene from a solid carbon source on hexagonal boron nitride (2012)

We report a new hydrogen flame synthesis method to successfully grow graphene on h-BN flakes in 20 seconds without using any catalyst. At the initial stage graphene layers anchored to the (100) surface plane of the h-BN crystal, and afterwards the graphene grew up beyond substrates to form high electrical conductivity quasi-freestanding nanosheets.
Risk Indviduality in Crisis Planning: the Case of Gender in Amercan Agriculture (2011)

Crisis response can be improved by accounting for differences in risk perception. We confirm that gender individuality can be an important divider by using a case study of agricultural producers. Women were more risk averse and less confident. However, we found less difference than studies have found in other sectors. Our research shows that context matters. Results will vary by geographical location. Gender is one division that should be considered in crisis planning; however, it will not always be important.
Parallel Hybrid Vehicles using Fuzzy Logic Control (2009)

Abstract : A fuzzy logic controller for hybrid vehicles is proposed. A fuzzy logic controller is developed for hybrid vehicles with parallel configuration. Using the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage, the driver command and the motor/generator speed, a set of rules have been developed. The fuzzy logic controller can determine the split between the electric motor and the internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy, low emission performance with out losing vehicle performance.
Cyberaide Creative: On-Demand Cyberinfrastructure Provision in Clouds (2009)

As demand for grid and cloud computing solutions increases, the need for user oriented software to provide access to theses resources also increases. Until recently the use of computing resources was limited to those with exceptional knowledge of the system design and configuration. With the advent of grid middleware projects this started to change allowing for new users not familiar with the complex grid infrastructure and client software to use the systems for their own research. The Cyberaide Gridshell demonstrated this by developing a user friendly interface to submit jobs to a grid. Following this theme it is our objective to create a tool that will take another step further by abstracting the creation and configuration of the infrastructure and system software away from the end-user. This will be achieved through the use of cloud resources provided by VMware virtualization and deployment via a web interface. We will show the benefits of deploying cyber infrastructures, like clusters and grids, on a cloud design by demonstrating the ease of cyber infrastructure deployment and the versatility of the systems that can be spawned on demand.