gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the noise figure and conversion efficiency of 0.98 mu m pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers under saturated conditions (1992)

The results of an investigation of the noise figure and conversion efficiency or erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for unsaturated, moderately saturated, and heavily saturated operation are reported. Quantum-limited 3 dB noise figures result only for small signal operation of low-gain amplifiers. For high gain, partially saturated amplifiers useful as in-line repeaters, bidirectional pumping results in the best combination of noise performance and conversion efficiency while co-propagation of signal and pump produces the best noise performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Eyes With Macular Drusen or Hyperpigmentation (2003)

<h3>Objective</h3> To quantify the 5-year risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in eyes with different macular drusen characteristics (ie, size, type, location, and total area) or hyperpigmentation in a population-based cohort. <h3>Methods</h3> The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 residents during 1992-1994; 2335 (75.1% of survivors) were reexamined during 1997-1999. Retinal photographs were graded using the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. Incident AMD lesions were defined by development of neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy in eyes without these lesions at baseline (eyes at risk). Age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) were determined. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate odds ratios, adjusting for the correlation between eyes and other AMD risk factors. <h3>Main Outcome Measure</h3> Incidence of AMD. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 4634 eyes at risk, 52 (1.1%) developed neovascular or atrophic AMD lesions over 5 years. In right eyes, presence vs absence of the following macular signs predicted AMD: drusen that were 125 µm or larger (13.9 vs 0.6%; age-adjusted RR, 5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6-9.0), indistinct soft or reticular drusen (23.2% vs 0.4%; RR, 9.9; 95% CI, 6.4-15.4), total drusen area of half the disc area or more (31.4% vs 0.6%; RR, 13.5; 95% CI, 8.0-22.8), and hyperpigmentation (14.4% vs 0.5%; RR, 8.0; 95% CI, 5.4-11.9). After adjusting for age, sex, and smoking status, eyes with these signs at baseline had a high likelihood of developing AMD. Eyes with Age-Related Eye Disease Study categories 3 and 4 were 5 times more likely to develop AMD compared with eyes in categories 1 and 2. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study quantifies the 5-year risk of AMD in eyes with macular drusen and hyperpigmentation.
Combinations of Adaptive Filters: Performance and convergence properties (2015)

Adaptive filters are at the core of many signal processing applications, ranging from acoustic noise supression to echo cancelation [1], array beamforming [2], channel equalization [3], to more recent sensor network applications in surveillance, target localization, and tracking. A trending approach in this direction is to recur to in-network distributed processing in which individual nodes implement adaptation rules and diffuse their estimation to the network [4], [5].
Investigation of the effect of pH adjustment on the stability of nanofluid (2018)

Coagulation of the dispersed nanoparticles in the base fluid diminishes its thermo-physical and transport properties, leading to its low performances as a heat transfer medium for thermal applications. In this paper, Al2O3-water and CuO – water nanofluids were synthesized using NaOH, NH4OH and acetic acid as surface charge modifiers to improve the stability of the prepared nanofluids. The stability of the suspended nanoparticles was evaluated using, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and optical microscope (OP). The results showed that Al2O3-water nanofluid stabilized at low pH value of 4.59 (within the acidic region) while CuO-water nanofluids showed poor stability compare to Al2O3-water nanofluid. It is a well-known fact that if the pH of a nanofluid is significantly less or substantially more than the isoelectric point (IEP), better stability will be observed. Therefore, by adjusting the pH of the suspension away from IEP, the repulsive force of the particles in the suspension become stronger, making the nanofluid stable.
Impact of ionospheric scintillation on GNSS receiver tracking performance over Latin America (2012)

This paper presents an assessment of GNSS receiver signal tracking performance under scintillating conditions, through the analysis of receiver Phase Lock Loop (PLL) jitter variance maps, a concept introduced in [15]. These maps are constructed for scintillation events observed at three stations in Brazil: (1) Presidente Prudente (22.1°S, 51.4°W, dip latitude ~12.3°S), located close to the Equatorial Ionisation Anomaly (EIA) crest (2) Sao Jose dos Campos (23.2 1°S, 45.86°W, dip latitude ~17.8°S), located under the EIA crest and (3) Porto Alegre (30.0°S, 51.2°W, dip latitude ~20.5°S), located beyond the EIA crest. These stations are currently operational under the CIGALA (Concept for Ionospheric Scintillation Mitigation for Professional GNSS in Latin America) project funded by GSA under FP7. Results clearly show that scintillation is most severe over Presidente Prudente, a location close to the EIA crest. It was also observed that the jitter variances estimated for all the simultaneously observed satellite-to-receiver links increase during the enhanced scintillation levels, indicating the likelihood for cycle slips, loss of signal lock and degraded accuracy in the observations. (4 pages)
Formation and Growth Mechanisms of Imogolite-Like Aluminogermanate Nanotubes (2010)

The growth mechanisms of imogolite-like aluminogermanate nanotubes have been examined at various stages of their formation. The accurate determination of the nucleation stage was examined using a combination of local- (XAS at the Ge−K edge and 27Al NMR) and semilocal scale technique (in situ SAXS). For the first time, a model is proposed for the precursors of the nanotubular structure and consist in rooftile-shaped particles, up to 5 nm in size, with ca. 26% of Ge vacancies and varying curvatures. These precursors assemble to form short nanotubes/nanorings observed during the aging process. The final products are most probably obtained by an edge−edge assembly of these short nanotube segments.
Double scroll and cellular neural networks (2003)

A chaotic attractor that arises from an autonomous three-cell cellular neural network (CNN) is reported. It is shown that the attractor has a structure very similar to the double scroll attractor. Through some equivalent transformations, this circuit in three major subspaces of its state space is shown to belong to Chua's circuit family, although originating from a completely different field.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interstitial Myocardial Fibrosis Assessed as Extracellular Volume Fraction with Low-Radiation-Dose Cardiac CT (2012)

ECV at cardiac CT and that at cardiac MR imaging showed good correlation, suggesting the potential for myocardial tissue characterization with cardiac CT.
Lunar Phasing of the Thyroxine Surge Preparatory to Seaward Migration of Salmonid Fish (1981)

Anadromous salmonid fish show a distinct surge in plasma thyroxine during the smoltification period prior to their migration to the sea. Analysis of 27 groups of hatchery-reared salmon and anadromous trout indicates that thyroxine levels peak coincident with the new moon. The ability to predict migratory readiness by lunar calendar would have substantial implications for the efficient culture of this economically important protein resource.
Involvement of the sigma<sub>1</sub>(<i>σ</i><sub>1</sub>) receptor in the anti‐amnesic, but not antidepressant‐like, effects of the aminotetrahydrofuran derivative ANAVEX1‐41 (2007)

ANAVEX1-41 is a potent anti-amnesic drug, acting through muscarinic and sigma (1) receptors. The latter component may be involved in the enhancing effects of the drug on long-term memory processes.
An improved electroactive polymer for optical applications (2004)

This paper investigates various experimental techniques of improving the optical properties as well as the electro-active characteristics of polyurethane polymer films for smart lens applications. Two experimental methods are used for preparing the films, the first consists of molding the polymer under various pressure and temperature conditions while the second is based on producing films of various thicknesses by the solvent casting method using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent followed by a 100°C annealing in vacuum for 30min. Testing samples of 50 mm diameter are rigidly attached to circular frames and tested under applied field in the range of 30-80 kV/mm. The first method produces thicker and stiffer films with deformation response in the order of 0.8 mm; however, they are translucent. The second method results in thinner films with lower flexibility and reasonable electro-active response in the order of 0.3 mm. The transparency of the latter samples is excellent and closes the gap to produce a smart lens.
Total Synthesis of the Antimitotic Marine Natural Product (+)-Curacin A (1996)

The structurally novel antimitotic agent curacin A was prepared in 15 steps and in 2.6% yield for the longest linear sequence. Key steps in our synthesis are the use of a hydrozirconation-transmetalation protocol for the preparation of divinyl alcohol 8, the stereoselective formation of the acyclic triene segment 11 via enol triflate chemistry, and a second hydrozirconation of the conjugated triene followed by an isocyanide insertion. For the preparation of the heterocyclic moiety of curacin A, the oxazoline --> thiazoline conversion offered an efficient access to the sensitive marine natural product.
A comparative evaluation of two Synthetic Transmit Aperture with Virtual Source beamforming methods in biomedical ultrasound (2016)

This thesis studies the Synthetic Transmit Aperture with Virtual Source (STA-VS) beamforming method, which is an emerging technique in biomedical ultrasound. It promises better imaging quality compared to conventional beamforming, with the same imaging speed. Several specific realizations of the STA-VS methods have been proposed in the literature and the topic is an active research area. The first part of the thesis examines two realizations of the STA-VS method, namely the Synthetic Aperture Sequential Beamforming (SASB) method and the bi-directional pixel-based focusing (BiPBF) method. Studies are performed with both ultrasound simulation software and a commercial ultrasound scanner's research interface. The studies show that the STA-VS methods can improve the spatial and contrast resolution of ultrasound imaging. The two stage implementation of SASB has lower complexity between the two STA-VS methods. However, compared to other beamformers, SASB is more susceptible to speed-of-sound (SOS) errors in the beamforming calculations. The second part of the thesis proposes an SOS estimation and correction algorithm. The SOS estimation part of the algorithm is based on second-order polynomial fitting to point scatterers in pre-beamformed data, and is specifically applicable to the two stage realization of the SASB method. The SOS correction part of the algorithm is incorporated into the second stage beamforming of the SASB method and is shown to improve the spatial resolution of the beamformed image. This algorithm is also adapted to, and tested on, vertical two-layer structures with two distinct SOS's, through simulations and measurements on an in-house phantom. The premise is that two layers can simulate a fat/muscle or fat/organ anatomy. Spatial resolution is shown to improve with the SOS correction. Future work will investigate whether that this two-layer SOS estimation and correction algorithm will similarly improve the imaging quality in vivo such as abdominal ultrasound examinations of overweight patients.
Audiomer: A Convolutional Transformer For Keyword Spotting (2021)

Transformers have seen an unprecedented rise in Natural Language Processing and Computer Vision tasks. However, in audio tasks, they are either infeasible to train due to extremely large sequence length of audio waveforms or incur a performance penalty when trained on Fourier-based features. In this work, we introduce an architecture, Audiomer, where we combine 1D Residual Networks with Performer Attention to achieve state-of-the-art performance in keyword spotting with raw audio waveforms, outperforming all previous methods while being computationally cheaper and parameter-efficient. Additionally, our model has practical advantages for speech processing, such as inference on arbitrarily long audio clips owing to the absence of positional encoding. The code is available at https://github.com/The-Learning-Machines/Audiomer-PyTorch.
Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Measurements for the Noninvasive Detection of Coronary Artery Disease (2003)

The determination of MPRI with MRI yields a high diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected CAD.
Identification of Calcium Naphthenate Deposition in South American Oil Fields (2015)

Precipitation of calcium naphthenate soaps from acidic crude oils poses significant operational challenges. Calcium naphthenate deposition in oil fields results from the interaction of a family of special polycyclic tetracarboxylic acids, known as ARN acids, with divalent metal ions (Ca2+) present in produced water. Calcium naphthenate scaling is being increasingly reported from oil fields in South America. We report detailed analyses of three field deposits from various crude-oil-producing fields in South America. All the field deposits were confirmed as calcium naphthenate scale via advanced analytical probes such as mass spectrometry and high-temperature gas chromatography. These field deposits consisted predominantly of polycyclic tetracarboxylic ARN acids. Presence of ARN acids was also validated in South American crude oils. Furthermore, low molecular weight ARN acids with a C70–C72 hydrocarbon skeleton were identified in all the calcium naphthenate field deposits as well as in the crude oil samples. Another interesting observation reported is the striking resemblance in the molecular signature of ARN acids from South America to those from West Africa.
Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for simple detection of Leishmania infection (2015)

The simplicity and sensitivity of LAMP in detecting active Leishmania infection could enable the rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis, thereby facilitating the survey and control of leishmaniasis in Thailand. However, our limited number of samples warranted a further validation with a larger cohort of patients before this assay could be deployed.
Zonation for 3D aquifer characterization based on joint inversions of multimethod crosshole geophysical data (2010)

Abstract Predictive groundwater modeling requires accurate information about aquifer characteristics. Geophysical imaging is a powerful tool for delineating aquifer properties at an appropriate scale and resolution, but it suffers from problems of ambiguity. One way to overcome such limitations is to adopt a simultaneous multitechnique inversion strategy. We have developed a methodology for aquifer characterization based on structural joint inversion of multiple geophysical data sets followed by clustering to form zones and subsequent inversion for zonal parameters. Joint inversions based on cross-gradient structural constraints require less restrictive assumptions than, say, applying predefined petrophysical relationships and generally yield superior results. This approach has, for the first time, been applied to three geophysical data types in three dimensions. A classification scheme using maximum likelihood estimation is used to determine theparameters of a Gaussian mixture model that defines zonal geometries from joint-inversion tomograms. The resulting zones are used to estimate representative geophysical parameters of each zone, which are then used for field-scale petrophysical analysis. A synthetic study demonstrated how joint inversion of seismic and radar traveltimes and electrical resistance tomography (ERT) data greatly reduces misclassification of zones (down from 21.3% to 3.7%) and improves the accuracy of retrieved zonal parameters (from 1.8% to 0.3%) compared to individual inversions. We applied our scheme to a data set collected in northeastern Switzerland to delineate lithologic subunits within a gravel aquifer. The inversion models resolve three principal subhorizontal units along with some important 3D heterogeneity. Petrophysical analysis of the zonal parameters indicated approximately 30% variation in porosity within the gravel aquifer and an increasing fraction of finer sediments with depth.
Structure–Activity Relationship of Terpenes with Anti‐Inflammatory Profile – A Systematic Review (2014)

Inflammation is a complex biological response that in spite of having available treatments, their side effects limit their usefulness. Because of this, natural products have been the subject of incessant studies, among which the class of terpenes stands out. They have been the source of study for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs, once their chemical diversity is well suited to provide skeleton for future anti-inflammatory drugs. This systematic review reports the studies present in the literature that evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of terpenes suffering any change in their structures, assessing whether these changes also brought changes in their effects. The search terms anti-inflammatory agents, terpenes, and structure–activity relationship were used to retrieve English language articles in SCOPUS, PUBMED and EMBASE published between January 2002 and August 2013. Twenty-seven papers were found concerning the structural modification of terpenes with the evaluation of antiinflammatory activity. The data reviewed here suggest that modified terpenes are an interesting tool for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
Capacitance-voltage and current-voltage characteristics of molecular beam epitaxially grown <i>p</i>+-GaAs/AlAs/<i>n</i>-GaAs heterostructures (1986)

We have studied the capacitance-voltage (CV) and current-voltage (IV) characteristics of molecular beam epitaxially (MBE) grown p+-GaAs/AlAs/n-GaAs heterostructures as a function of illumination level and temperature. Under illumination we find clear evidence of a hole inversion layer at the AlAs/n-GaAs interface at 77 K, with a maximum inversion layer carrier concentration of about 4.1×1011 cm−2. The samples are essentially free of trapping in the AlAs, as indicated by the almost complete lack of hysteresis in the CV curves. At room temperature under steady-state illumination we see both a voltage shift and a peak in the CV curves. The shift is attributed to the formation of an inversion layer, while the peak is believed due to the ac response of space charge flowing through the AlAs. In contrast to recent reports on similar samples grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, the MBE grown samples appear to be suitable for fabricating field-effect devices.
VM-tracking: Visual-motion sensing integration for real-time human tracking (2015)

Human tracking in video has many practical applications such as visual guided navigation, assisted living, etc. In such applications, it is necessary to accurately track multiple humans across multiple cameras, subject to real-time constraints. Despite recent advances in visual tracking research, the tracking systems purely relying on visual information fail to meet the accuracy and real-time requirements at the same time. In this paper, we present a novel accurate and real-time human tracking system called VM-Tracking. The system aggregates the information of motion (M) sensor on human, and integrates it with visual (V) data based on physical locations. The system has two key features, i.e. location-based VM fusion and appearance-free tracking, which significantly distinguish itself from other existing human tracking systems. We have implemented the VM-Tracking system and conducted comprehensive experiments on challenging scenarios.
YAG laser assisted etching for releasing silicon micro structure (2002)

YAG laser assisted etching techniques were developed and investigated for releasing silicon micro structures. HCl, SF/sub 6/ etc., which produce volatile exhaust, were used as etching gas at atmospheric pressure. The YAG laser assisted etching was applied to fabricate an electrostatic microactuator, a resonating sensor and accelerometers. This resistless dry etching can be applied to three-dimensional structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Non-convex Robust PCA (2014)

We propose a new method for robust PCA -- the task of recovering a low-rank matrix from sparse corruptions that are of unknown value and support. Our method involves alternating between projecting appropriate residuals onto the set of low-rank matrices, and the set of sparse matrices; each projection is {\em non-convex} but easy to compute. In spite of this non-convexity, we establish exact recovery of the low-rank matrix, under the same conditions that are required by existing methods (which are based on convex optimization). For an $m \times n$ input matrix ($m \leq n)$, our method has a running time of $O(r^2mn)$ per iteration, and needs $O(\log(1/ε))$ iterations to reach an accuracy of $ε$. This is close to the running time of simple PCA via the power method, which requires $O(rmn)$ per iteration, and $O(\log(1/ε))$ iterations. In contrast, existing methods for robust PCA, which are based on convex optimization, have $O(m^2n)$ complexity per iteration, and take $O(1/ε)$ iterations, i.e., exponentially more iterations for the same accuracy. Experiments on both synthetic and real data establishes the improved speed and accuracy of our method over existing convex implementations.
The Structure−Property Relationship of Poly(vinylidene difluoride)-Based Polymers with Energy Storage and Loss under Applied Electric Fields (2007)

This paper systematically examines the family of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)-based fluoropolymers, including homo-, co-, and terpolymers containing vinylidene fluoride (VDF), trifluorethylene (TrFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) units, with the objective of tuning the polymer chain conformation and crystal structure in order to identify the most suitable polymer for energy storage (capacitor) applications. All polymers have high molecular weight, uniform composition distribution, semicrystallinity, and high purity. They were prepared by a borane/oxygen control radical initiator in a homogeneous solution at ambient temperature. The resulting polymers were solution-cased, then melt-conditioned into uniform (defect-free) thermoplastic thin films (thickness 10−20 μm). The combination of thermal, dielectric, and uni- and bipolar charge displacements reveals their polarization profiles, which are dependent on chain conformation, crystal phase, crystal size, Curie temperature, and ac and dc fields. Ferroelectric VDF/TrFE copolymers, having all-trans chain conformation and polar β-phase crystals, exhibiting huge remnant polarization, are not suitable for energy storage (capacitor) applications. Some poled PVDF homopolymer and VDF/CTFE copolymers with γ-phase crystals show potential for dc (not ac) powered applications. The most suitable polymer is the VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymer having a TTTG chain conformation, small polar γ-phase crystals, relaxed dielectric properties, and a Curie transition at near ambient temperature, providing both ac and dc powered capacitors with a balance of properties, high-energy density and low-energy loss.