gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving virtualization in the presence of software managed translation lookaside buffers (2013)

Virtualization has become an important technology that is used across many platforms, particularly servers, to increase utilization, multi-tenancy and security. Virtualization introduces additional overhead that often relates to memory management, interrupt handling and hypervisor mode switching. Among those, memory management and translation lookaside buffer (TLB) management have been shown to have a significant impact on the performance of systems. Two principal mechanisms for TLB management exist in today's systems, namely software and hardware managed TLBs. In this paper, we analyze and quantify the overhead of a pure software virtualization that is implemented over a software managed TLB. We then describe our design of hardware extensions to support virtualization in systems with software managed TLBs to remove the most dominant overheads. These extensions were implemented in the Power embedded A2 core, which is used in the PowerEN and in the Blue Gene/Q processors. They were used to implement a KVM port. We evaluate each of these hardware extensions to determine their overall contributions to performance and efficiency. Collectively these extensions demonstrate an average improvement of 232% over a pure software implementation.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Behavior of Nanoporous/Nanofibrous Si Anode Materials Prepared by Mechanochemical Reduction. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An electrostatic microresonant power conversion device (2003)

An electrostatically driven microstructure suitable for use in a monolithic resonant DC-DC converter is presented. The device can be manufactured using existing integrated circuit processing techniques, permitting integration with, switching devices in silicon. The mechanical resonant structure is used in place of an LC tank and in place of a transformer, avoiding the complexity of manufacturing integrated magnetic elements. A monolithic resonant converter using this technology offering high power density is proposed. The device can potentially be driven in a zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) mode, scaling well to higher operating frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diesel NO.sub.x reduction by plasma-regenerated absorbend beds (1998)

Reduction of NO.sub.x from diesel engine exhaust by use of plasma-regenerated absorbent beds. This involves a process for the reduction of NO.sub.x and particulates from diesel engines by first absorbing NO.sub.x onto a solid absorbent bed that simultaneously acts as a physical trap for the particulate matter, and second regenerating said solid absorbent by pulsed plasma decomposition of absorbed NO.sub.x followed by air oxidation of trapped particulate matter. The absorbent bed may utilize all metal oxides, but the capacity and the kinetics of absorption and desorption vary between different materials, and thus the composition of the absorbent bed is preferably a material which enables the combination of NO.sub.x absorption capability with catalytic activity for oxidation of hydrocarbons. Thus, naturally occurring or synthetically prepared materials may be utilized, particularly those having NO.sub.x absorption properties up to temperatures around 400.degree. C. which is in the area of diesel engine exhaust temperatures.
Accurate method for measuring the thermal coefficient of group birefringence of polarization-maintaining fibers (2011)

We present a method to accurately measure the group birefringence variation with temperature in high-birefringence polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers using a distributed polarization analyzer. By analyzing polarization cross-talk peaks purposely induced at both ends of a PM fiber, the temperature coefficient of group birefringence can be accurately obtained. We confirm the theoretical prediction that the group birefringence of PANDA and TIGER PM fibers decrease linearly with temperature from -40 °C to 80 °C, and find that the temperature coefficients are -5.93 × 10(-7) °C(-1) and -5.29 × 10(-7) °C(-1) for two types of PANDA fibers, and -5.36 × 10(-7) °C(-1) for a TIGER fiber.
Regioselective Synthesis of 2,6-Dimethyltetralin:  Key Precursor to 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene (2005)

A novel regioselective synthesis for 2,6-dimethyltetralin (2,6-DMT), a key precursor to 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (2,6-DMN), is described. The synthesis comprises the following three steps; the Heck reaction between commercially available 4-bromotoluene and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, the catalytic reduction of the coupling products, and the acid-catalyzed cyclization of the alcohol intermediate. The process has an advantage over the established processes in that 2,6-DMT is obtained as the only isomer, and the isomerization and/or the complicated separation and purification steps are not required to produce pure 2,6-DMT. 2,6-DMN could be also obtained as a major product depending on the cyclization conditions.
Ideal metal-decorated three dimensional covalent organic frameworks for reversible hydrogen storage (2008)

The most stable H2 adsorption on pure covalent organic frameworks (COFs) occurs near O atoms, but its binding energy (∼0.05eV) is not sufficient to satisfy the minimum value (0.24eV) required for practical applications. Meanwhile, Li and Mg ion-decorated COFs have hydrogen adsorption energies of 0.28 and 0.30eV, respectively, and their saturated hydrogen storage capacities exceed the DOE target (6.5wt%). Also the effect of some counterions on hydrogen storage has been explored. Moreover, doped ions prefer to exist as isolated elements on COFs, which is another advantage to realize hydrogen storage media.
Multispectral Bioluminescence Tomography: Methodology and Simulation (2006)

Bioluminescent imaging has proven to be a valuable tool for monitoring physiological and pathological activities at cellular and molecular levels in living small animals. Using biological techniques, target cells can be tagged with reporters encoding several kinds of luciferase enzymes, which generate characteristic photons in a wide spectrum covering the infrared range. Part of the diffused light can reach the body surface of the small animal, be separated into several spectral bands using appropriate filters, and collected by a sensitive CCD camera. Here we present a bioluminescence tomography (BLT) method for a bioluminescent source reconstruction from multispectral data measured on the external surface, and demonstrate the advantages of multispectral BLT in a numerical study using a heterogeneous mouse chest phantom. The results show that the multispectral approach significantly improves the accuracy and stability of the BLT reconstruction even if the data are highly noisy.
Injectable Therapeutic Organoids Using Sacrificial Hydrogels (2020)

Organoids are becoming widespread in drug-screening technologies but have been used sparingly for cell therapy as current approaches for producing self-organized cell clusters lack scalability or reproducibility in size and cellular organization. We introduce a method of using hydrogels as sacrificial scaffolds, which allow cells to form self-organized clusters followed by gentle release, resulting in highly reproducible multicellular structures on a large scale. We demonstrated this strategy for endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells to self-organize into blood-vessel units, which were injected into mice, and rapidly formed perfusing vasculature. Moreover, in a mouse model of peripheral artery disease, intramuscular injections of blood-vessel units resulted in rapid restoration of vascular perfusion within seven days. As cell therapy transforms into a new class of therapeutic modality, this simple method-by making use of the dynamic nature of hydrogels-could offer high yields of self-organized multicellular aggregates with reproducible sizes and cellular architectures.
Partial Channel State Information Unitary Precoding and Codebook Design for MIMO Broadcast Systems (2007)

In downlink multiuser systems, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology can be leveraged to increase capacity in fading channels. Knowledge of channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is important to obtaining this capacity gain. It is unrealistic to obtain perfect CSIT, but partial CSIT can often be made available by using some practical feedback method. Based on partial CSIT, codebook techniques have been shown to improve performance of MIMO multiuser systems. Unfortunately, the codebook design problem has not been fully investigated. In this paper, we consider a multiuser multiple antenna downlink model with unitary precoding using a codebook consisting of 2B unitary matrices. The appropriate precoding matrix is chosen from this codebook, which is known to both the basestation and the receivers. By defining and using a carefully chosen distance function, the minimum distance of the codebook is shown to relate to the average sum-rate of the unitary precoded system. From our analysis, a codebook design criterion is developed based on maximizing the minimum distance of the codebook. Then, a framework for constructing the codebook is presented to maximize this minimum distance. Monte Carlo simulation results are given to show the average sum-rate capacity performance of the proposed codebook design.
A Framework for Architecture-Level Lifetime Reliability Modeling (2007)

This paper tackles the issue of modeling chip lifetime reliability at the architecture level. We propose a new and robust structure-aware lifetime reliability model at the architecture-level, where devices only vulnerable to failure mechanisms and the effective stress condition of these devices are taken into account for the failure rate of microarchitecture structures. In addition, we present this reliability analysis framework based on a new concept, called the FIT of reference circuit or FORC, which allows architects to quantify failure rates without having to delve into low-level circuit- and technology-specific details of the implemented architecture. This is done through a onetime characterization of a reference circuit needed to quantify the reference FITs for each class of modeled failure mechanisms for a given technology and implementation style. With this new reliability modeling framework, architects are empowered to proceed with architecture-level reliability analysis independent of technological and environmental parameters.
Design and Modelling of a Cartridge Pressure Amplifier (2019)

Abstract This works describes the modelling and simulation of a compact cartridge pressure amplifier for linear actuators, especially designed to fit within the rod of the piston. Hydraulic pressure amplifiers of the cylinder type are appreciated in hydraulic systems where high pressure work is needed, especially for a small part of the overall duty cycle. The use of these boosters allows the designer not to oversize the system, which will perform confining the high pressure operation only on the side of the hydraulic actuator. Starting from a previous research work on the same topic, this work proposes new designs for the cartridge amplifier to explore the influence of the control valve, which is the responsible for the delivering of the fluid to the amplifier. The new designs are discussed and then the results coming from the simulation performed with a lumped parameter model in a virtual test rig are shown. The operation of the amplifier is then applied to a more realistic duty cycle to illustrate and validate its operation.
Improved method for sequencing DNA base pairs (1990)

The base pairs of a DNA structure are sequenced with the use of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The DNA structure is scanned by the STM probe tip, and, as it is being scanned, the DNA structure is separately subjected to a sequence of infrared radiation from four different sources, each source being selected to preferentially excite one of the four different bases in the DNA structure. Each particular base being scanned is subjected to such sequence of infrared radiation from the four different sources as that particular base is being scanned. The DNA structure as a whole is separately imaged for each subjection thereof to radiation from one only of each source. 1 ref.
Imatinib mesylate is effective in the treatment of polycythemia vera: A multi-institutional clinical trial (2006)

6532 Background: We previously reported that the erythrocytosis of polycythemia vera (PV) was controlled with imatinib mesylate in a cohort of patients. This effect may involve inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Kit, the stem cell factor receptor essential for erythroid progenitor cell proliferation. Methods: We report treating an expanded cohort of 37 PV patients with imatinib in a multi-institutional phase II trial. All patients had an increased 51 Cr RBC mass determination at diagnosis and fulfilled the stipulated criteria for the diagnosis of PV. Men were initially phlebotomized to a hematocrit (HCT) ≤ 45%; women to HCT ≤ 42%. Imatinib was started at 400 mg qd escalating 100 mg every 2 weeks to a maximum of 800 mg for persistent phlebotomy (PHL) requirements or for platelet counts > 600 × 10 9 /L. All patients received 81 mg of aspirin qd. Results: There were 21 men, 16 women, median age 51 years, range 29–83. Prior to imatinib, mean disease duration was 60.2 mos; average number of PHLs per year ranged from 0–23 (mean=9). After 1 year of imatinib, PHLs ranged from 0 to 9 (mean=2). There were 9 complete remissions (PHL-free, platelets ≤ 600 × 10 9 /L, no splenomegaly) and 10 partial remissions (PHL and/or splenomegaly decreased by 50% of initial values with platelets ≤ 600 × 10 9 /L, or platelets > 600 × 10 9 /L but no PHL requirements or splenomegaly); 1 patient, protocol violation. Thus, of 36 evaluable patients, 19 (53%) responded. Of the remaining 17, 10 failed due to disease progression: myelofibrosis (n=2); platelets > 1,000 × 10 9 /L with PHL and/or splenomegaly (n=2); repeated PHLs (n=1); cytogenetic abnormalities (n=1); increasing thrombocytosis (n=1); and a TIA (n=1). Seven of 17 with no remission developed toxicity: grade 3 dermatologic (n=2); grade 3 diarrhea (n=2); grade 3 bone pain (n=1), liver (n=1); heart failure (n=1). Median treatment duration: 17.2 months. Conclusions: We conclude that imatinib is useful for treating erythrocytosis and controlling splenomegaly in a significant proportion of PV patients, but is less effective for controlling thrombocytosis or splenomegaly in others. These data suggest heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation in PV or patient variability with respect to imatinib metabolism. [Table: see text]
Biophysical and mutagenic analysis of <i>Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus</i> secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase activity and specificity (1997)

The Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E adhB gene encoding the secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase (secondary ADH) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli at more than 10% of total protein. The recombinant enzyme was purified in high yield (67%) by heat-treatment at 85 degrees C and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. Site-directed mutants (C37S, H59N, D150N, D150Eand D150C were analysed to test the peptide sequence comparison-based predictions of amino acids responsible for putative catalytic Zn binding. X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed the presence of a protein-bound Zn atom with ZnS1(imid)1(N,O)3 co-ordination sphere. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry measured 0.48 Zn atoms per wild-type secondary ADH subunit. The C37S, H59N and D150N mutant enzymes bound only 0.11, 0.13 and 0.33 Zn per subunit respectively,suggesting that these residues are involved in Zn liganding. The D150E and D150C mutants retained 0.47 and 1.2 Zn atoms per subunit, indicating that an anionic side-chain moiety at this position preserves the bound Zn. All five mutant enzymes had </= 3% of wild-type catalytic activity, suggesting that the T. ethanolicus secondary ADH requires a properly co-ordinated catalytic Zn atom. The His-59 and Asp-150 mutations also altered secondary ADH affinity for propan-2-ol over a 140-fold range, whereas the overall change in affinity for ethanol spanned a range of only 7-fold, supporting the importance of the metal in secondary ADH substrate binding. The lack of significant changes in cofactor affinity as a result of these catalytic Zn ligand mutations suggested that secondary ADH substrate-and cofactor-binding sites are structurally distinct. Altering Gly198 to Asp reduced the enzyme specific activity 2.7-fold, increased the Km(app) for NADP+ 225-fold, and decreased the Km(app) for NAD+ 3-fold, supporting the prediction that the enzyme binds nicotinamide cofactor in a Rossmann fold. Our data indicate therefore that, unlike the liver primary ADH,the Rossmann-fold-containing T. ethanolicus secondary ADH binds its catalytic Zn atom using a sorbitol dehydrogenase-like Cys-His-Asp motif and does not bind a structural Zn atom.
Novel passive Discrete Variable Stiffness Joint (pDVSJ): Modeling, design, and characterization (2016)

In this paper, the design and characterization of a novel passive Discrete Variable Stiffness Joint (pDVSJ) is presented. The pDVSJ is a proof of concept of a passive revolute joint with discretely controlled variable stiffness. The current realization is equipped on a passive single-DOF exoskeleton (TELEXOS-I) for future development towards applications in haptic-teleoperation purposed exoskeletons. The key motivation behind this design is the need of instantaneous switching between stiffness levels when applied for Virtual Reality (VR) or Remote Environment (RE) stiffness mapping applications, in addition to the need of low-energy-consumption. Altering the stiffness is achieved by selecting the effective length of an elastic rubber cord. This is realized by creating a new grounding point, thus changing the effective length. Three different levels of stiffness (low, moderate, high) can be discretely selected beside the zero stiffness. The novelty of this work lies in the method used to alter the stiffness of the variable stiffness joint, and the design of Cord Grounding Units (CGUs) which are responsible for selecting the effective length of the elastic cord. The main features of CGU are the fast response and the low-energy consumption. This is achieved through a linear solenoid actuator pushing a cam-cleat which will clutch the motion of the elastic cord, creating a new grounding point. This will limit the length of the cord between the cam cleat and the cord's fitting point on the joint. The solenoid's ON-Time is minimized as the cam cleat's design is passively self-locking the cord through the pulling force between the cord and the cam-cleat. The proposed physical-based model matched the experimental results of the pDVSJ in terms of discrete stiffness variation curves and the stiffness dependency on the behavior of the elastic rubber cord.
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cartilaginous organoids promote scaffold-free healing of critical size long bone defects (2021)

These results highlight the promise of induced pluripotent stem cell technology for the creation of functional cartilage tissue intermediates that can be explored for novel bone healing strategies.
The first high polarization ferroelectric main chain liquid crystalline polymers (1995)

Abstract The first high polarization ferroelectric main chain liquid crystalline polymers have been synthesized via hydrosilation polyaddition using α, ω-dihydro(tetramethyldisiloxane) and chiral, low molar mass mesogenic compounds bearing at each end an olefinic group. They exhibit broad, chiral smectic C and smectic A mesophases. Aligned samples have been obtained using a combination of surface and mechanical effects, giving opportunities for fully characterizing the electro-optical properties of the polymers. Very high polarizations have been measured: 600 nC cm−2 at room temperature.
Anomalous refractive index changes in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelastic strain (2003)

Important, yet previously overlooked, anomalous optical fiber refractive index changes result from frozen-in viscoelastic strains, which are distinct from residual elastic strains. These index changes affect fiber design, measurement, and splicing, and can be harnessed to serve as the basis for novel fiber devices.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the alpha-toxin (phospholipase C) of Clostridium perfringens (1989)

A fragment of DNA containing the gene coding for the phospholipase C (alpha-toxin) of Clostridium perfringens was cloned into Escherichia coli. The cloned DNA appeared to code only for the alpha-toxin and contained both the coding region and its associated gene promoter. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned DNA was determined, and an open reading frame was identified which encoded a protein with a molecular weight of 42,528. By comparison of the gene sequence with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein, a 28-amino-acid signal sequence was identified. The gene promoter showed considerable homology with the E. coli sigma 55 consensus promoter sequences, and this may explain why the gene was expressed by E. coli. The cloned gene product appeared to be virtually identical to the native protein. A 77-amino-acid stretch that was close to the N terminus of the alpha-toxin showed considerable homology with similarly located regions of the Bacillus cereus phosphatidylcholine, preferring phospholipase C and weaker homology with the phospholipase C from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
SU-GG-BRC-03: Real Time 3D Tracking of the HDR Source Using Flat Panel Detector (2009)

Purpose: This is a proof of concept study with the objective of reconstructing the position of an HDR source in 3D in real-time using a flat panel detector (FPD). It can potentially become the new standard in Quality Assurance (QA) for treatment delivery. Method and Materials: A matrix of markers (Ball Bearings 4mm in diameter) with precisely known locations was mounted on the cover of a flat panel detector (Acuity, Varian Inc) at variable height. Images acquired with the x-ray source were used to calibrate the system. A plan with three dwell positions, well defined in 3D was created and delivered. Images were acquired with the FPD during the delivery of ‘treatment’. In house software was created to automatically segment and label the markers' images. A mathematical solution for the ‘near-intersection’ of two 3D lines was implemented and used to determine the ‘true’ 3D source position. Each line was defined by the 3D positions of each marker and its projection on the FPD. A matrix with N markers will produce N*(N-1)/2 points of intersection and their mean will result in a more accurate source position. The HDR source was placed on a 5cm solid water to mimic the patient and the FPD was placed at distances varying from 50 to 70cm. Results: The best imaging geometry was determined and images of markers obtained with the HDR source (strength of 6.2Ci) were properly segmented at all distances. During delivery, the source was located at [0,0,50], [0.5,0,50] and [2.0, 0, 50]. The reconstructed positions were [0,0,50.130], [0.497,−0.008,50.106] and [1.984, −0.005,50.053] with a standard deviation of [0.027,0.019,0.115]cm. When intersecting lines in 3D, the mean shortest distance between any two lines was 0.025cm with standard deviation 0.016cm. Conclusion: We proved that the accuracy of source position detection in 3D using a FPD is sub-millimeter.