gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Untreatable Gonorrhea (2012)

The new superbug Neisseria gonorrhoeae has retained resistance to antimicrobials previously recommended for first-line treatment and has now demonstrated its capacity to develop resistance to the extended-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, the last remaining option for first-line empiric treatment of gonorrhea. An era of untreatable gonorrhea may be approaching, which represents an exceedingly serious public health problem. Herein, we review the evolution, origin and spread of antimicrobial resistance and resistance determinants (with a focus on extended-spectrum cephalosporins) in N. gonorrhoeae, detail the current situation regarding verified treatment failures with extended-spectrum cephalosporins and future treatment options, and highlight essential actions to meet the large public health challenge that arises with the possible emergence of untreatable gonorrhea. Essential actions include: implementing action/response plans globally and nationally; enhancing surveillance of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance, treatment failures and antimicrobial use/misuse; and improving prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea. Novel treatment strategies, antimicrobials (or other compounds) and, ideally, a vaccine must be developed.
LED dimming with efficiency considered (2011)

A LED dimming circuit, together with the KY converter, is presented, which is controlled based on a field-programmable gate array. Via the proposed feedback control strategy, the voltage across the linear current regulator is reduced so as to upgrade the efficiency of the overall system, with the proposed maximum error selection based on a suitable voltage turning on the diode. Aside from this, each LED string takes direct dimming, and is powered by the KY converter, which has an output inductor and hence upgrades the life of the output capacitor. Experimental results show that the efficiency based on the proposed control method is higher than that based on the traditional control one, particularly at light load.
Envelope Membranes from Spinach Chloroplasts Are a Site of Metabolism of Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides (1996)

Enzymes in envelope membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts were found to catalyze the rapid breakdown of fatty acid hydroperoxides. In contrast, no such activities were detected in the stroma or in thylakoids. In preparations of envelope membranes, 9S-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid, or 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid were transformed at almost the same rates (1-2 [mu]mol min-1 mg-1 protein). The products formed were separated by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and further characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fatty acid hydroperoxides were cleaved (a) into aldehydes and oxoacid fragments, corresponding to the functioning of a hydroperoxide lyase, (b) into ketols that were spontaneously formed from allene oxide synthesized by a hydroperoxide dehydratase, (c) into hydroxy compounds synthesized enzymatically by a system that has not yet been characterized, and (d) into oxoenes resulting from the hydroperoxidase activity of a lipoxygenase. Chloroplast envelope membranes therefore contain a whole set of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of a variety of fatty acid derivatives, some of which may act as regulatory molecules. The results presented demonstrate a new role for the plastid envelope within the plant cell.
Preparation and Study of Polyacryamide-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles through a One-Pot Process (2006)

A one-pot route was illustrated to synthesize stable well-dispersed silver colloids stabilized by polyacrylamide on a large scale. Reduction of silver ions and polymerization of acrylamide occurred almost simultaneously in the absence of a commonly used reducing agent and initiator. A possible mechanism for the formation of silver nanoparticles with bimodal size distribution was proposed. The structure and composition of the obtained nanoparticles were characterized carefully. Furthermore, light scattering simulation and UV-vis absorption studies confirmed that the obtained colloids were the mixture of Ag and Ag2O nanoparticles. The presence of silver oxide layers on the nanoparticle surface should be responsible for the broadening of the surface plasmon band of silver nanoparticles. Ag2O layers could be added or removed from Ag nanoparticle surfaces by the addition of HNO3, HAc, or NaCl solution to the as-obtained silver colloids.
Ultrasonic probing of the banana photon distribution in turbid media (2001)

Probing photon density in diffusive media is very important in order to model and understand their propagation. It is possible to detect photons outside the medium, but their non-invasive detection inside it is still an unsolved problem. An elegant, semi-invasive approach to perform this task is to scan a small absorbing sphere inside the turbid medium and measure the light outside the sample when the sphere is present and when it is not. However this method requires the medium to be liquid and such a procedure cannot be performed in the case of biological tissues. Ultrasound tagging of light has been introduced initially for transillumination imaging in turbid media, and then extended to the case of reflection imaging. Here we present results showing that it is possible to map the photon density inside solid turbid media by locally tagging photons using an ultrasonic field. We experimentally retrieve the well-known banana-shaped photons distribution when the source and the detectors are in a back-scattering configuration, using a gel-based homogeneous phantom. We also present experiments where hemoglobin has been introduced inside the gel. By fitting the experimental results with the theoretical formula, we are able to quantitatively retrieve the amount of hemoglobin introduced inside the gel, not only from data obtained by scanning the ultrasound waist inside the phantom, the in put and output fibers staying fixed.
Experimental validation of lane-change intention prediction methodologies based on CNN and LSTM (2019)

This paper describes preliminary results of two different methodologies used to predict lane changes of surrounding vehicles. These methodologies are deep learning based and the training procedure can be easily deployed by making use of the labeling and data provided by The PREVENTION dataset. In this case, only visual information (data collected from the cameras) is used for both methodologies. On the one hand, visual information is processed using a new multi-channel representation of the temporal information which is provided to a CNN model. On the other hand, a CNN-LSTM ensemble is also used to integrate temporal features. In both cases, the idea is to encode local and global context features as well as temporal information as the input of a CNN-based approach to perform lane change intention prediction. Preliminary results showed that the dataset proved to be highly versatile to deal with different vehicle intention prediction approaches.
Part-Aware Data Augmentation for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloud (2021)

Data augmentation has greatly contributed to improving the performance in image recognition tasks, and a lot of related studies have been conducted. However, data augmentation on 3D point cloud data has not been much explored. 3D label has more sophisticated and rich structural information than the 2D label, so it enables more diverse and effective data augmentation. In this paper, we propose part-aware data augmentation (PA-AUG) that can better utilize rich information of 3D label to enhance the performance of 3D object detectors. PA-AUG divides objects into partitions and stochastically applies five augmentation methods to each local region. It is compatible with existing point cloud data augmentation methods and can be used universally regardless of the detector’s architecture. PA-AUG has improved the performance of state-of-the-art 3D object detector for all classes of the KITTI dataset and has the equivalent effect of increasing the train data by about 2.5×. We also show that PA-AUG not only increases performance for a given dataset but also is robust to corrupted data. The code is available at https://github.com/sky77764/pa-aug.pytorch
Interfacial and topological measurements of bicontinuous polymer morphologies (2001)

Bicontinuous morphologies are ubiquitous in nature and occur at various length scales. Topological features of two such morphologies arising in an ordered block copolymer at equilibrium and a polymer blend during spinodal decomposition are measured from three-dimensional images. Interfacial curvature, coordination number, and interjunction distance distributions exhibit remarkable similarity in these systems, despite vastly different length scales. A channel coordination of 3 is dominant in both morphologies, and topological measurements such as the Euler-Poincaré characteristic and genus are reported.
TCEMC: A co-design flow for application-specific multicores (2011)

Contemporary embedded systems are often designed as Multiprocessor System-on-Chips (MPSoC) which include multiple processors and other peripherals on a single chip. In contrast to general purpose multiprocessors, the design of an embedded MPSoC is usually customized to the requirements of the application domain. The need for fast time to market of new embedded MPSoC designs calls for a rapid design flow of the included customized processors. This paper proposes a Multicore Application-Specific Instruction Set Processor (MCASIP) co-design flow that exploits parallel programming languages as the application description format. The designer can capture the parallelism of the algorithm and exploit specialized instructions using a single high-level programming language. Parallelism of the designed MCASIP architectures can be scaled both at instruction and task levels, enabling easy exploration of the MCASIP design space. This paper describes the design flow and its key technical challenges, and demonstrates its scalability potential. The presented preliminary results show promise for an efficient multiprocessor design methodology.
βAPP Gene Expression is Increased in the Rat Brain After Motor Neuron Axotomy (1993)

The response of the beta APP gene to neuronal injury was studied in the facial and hypoglossal nerve nuclei of the rat after corresponding nerve axotomy. Increased levels of beta APP 695, 714, 751 and 770 mRNAs were observed after either facial or hypoglossal nerve axotomy in the parent ipsilateral motor neurons. The increase was gradual, with maximal values 7 days after axotomy. beta APP mRNA expression returned to normal values 60 days after the lesion. Increased beta APP immunostaining was also detected in ipsilateral chromatolytic motor neurons. No change in beta APP immunoreactivity was observed in oligodendrocytes, another cell type expressing beta APP under normal conditions. A rapid increase in the expression of the GFAP gene was observed in reactive astrocytes surrounding chromatolytic neurons in the ipsilateral facial or hypoglossal nuclei. Thus, in contrast with other models of neuronal injury, where only the Kunitz protease inhibitor-containing beta APP mRNA isoforms are increased, all beta APP mRNAs are increased in the axotomy model. Furthermore, although beta APP expression has been shown to be increased in reactive astrocytes following neuronal injury, in the present study the increase was essentially found in the motor neurons reacting to axotomy.
Mutations at histidine 412 alter zinc binding and eliminate transferase activity in Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. (1994)

His-412 in wild-type Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase is a direct ligand to one of the two zinc atoms critical for the function of the enzyme. To investigate the function of this residue, site-specific mutagenesis was used to substitute His-412 with asparagine and alanine, generating mutant enzymes H412N and H412A, respectively. Both mutant enzymes show a 5-fold decrease in kcat and 30-fold increase in Km when compared to the corresponding kinetic parameters for the wild-type enzyme. In contrast to the wild-type enzyme, Tris and ethanolamine inhibit both the mutant enzymes by inhibiting the hydrolysis reaction and not participating in the transferase reaction; furthermore, both mutants have lower zinc and phosphate content than the wild-type enzyme. The addition of Zn2+ to the H412N and H412A enzymes restores catalytic activity to within 2-fold of the value for the wild-type enzyme, but more importantly the presence of Zn2+ completely restores substrate affinity. The similarity in the kinetic parameters for the H412N and H412A enzymes in the absence and presence of zinc suggests that the asparagine side chain does not play a significant role in coordinating zinc. Furthermore, both the asparagine and alanine substitutions reduce the affinity of the resulting enzymes for zinc. The pH profiles for the two mutant enzymes are different than the pH profile observed for the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that the amino acid substitutions may have altered the pKa of the zinc coordinated water molecule that is critical in the second step of the mechanism. These data suggest that His-412 does not directly participate in the catalytic mechanism but is mainly involved in zinc binding, and therefore is also indirectly involved in substrate binding and product release.
Automatic cruise control modeling- a lattice PWL approximation approach (2006)

Approximation and control of nonlinear systems is a very important field of research for systems analysis and design. Although there is a growing interest in modeling and compact representation of piecewise linear functions as seen in the recent research, however only limited applications exist in the literature. In this paper a systematic procedure is outlined for modeling a nonlinear system with continuous piecewise linear function. The scheme is applied to approximate the nonlinear vehicle following model, where a third-order nonlinear system is considered to model the vehicle and power train dynamics. It is shown that without facing the problem of curse of dimensionality in linear models, the approximated model is compact, captures essential vehicle dynamics and is suitable for further control by linear methods. The control is implemented on local linear models based on gain scheduling technique. Simulation examples show that the designed system not only guarantees asymptotic tracking of the desired trajectories, but also ensures safety and ride comfort under the constraints of physical limitations inherent in the system. Various issues of vehicle following e.g. convergence of error in the inter-vehicle spacing, velocity following and control saturation are addressed in this paper. The performance analysis reveals that the new strategy yields valid results
Evolution of aeronautical communications for personal and multimedia services (2003)

The demand to make air travel more pleasant, secure, and productive for passengers is one of the winning factors for both airlines and the aircraft manufacturing industry for which aeronautical communications is one of the enablers. This article describes current trends in the area of aeronautical passenger communication toward personal and wireless in-cabin communications and multimedia data networks. Technological challenges are summarized as well as market potentials and regulatory issues.
Processing of vegetable-borne carotenoids in the human stomach and duodenum (2003)

Carotenoids are thought to diminish the incidence of certain degenerative diseases, but the mechanisms involved in their intestinal absorption are poorly understood. Our aim was to obtain basic data on the fate of carotenoids in the human stomach and duodenum. Ten healthy men were intragastrically fed three liquid test meals differing only in the vegetable added 3 wk apart and in a random order. They contained 40 g sunflower oil and mashed vegetables as the sole source of carotenoids. Tomato purée provided 10 mg lycopene as the main carotenoid, chopped spinach (10 mg lutein), and carrot purée (10 mg beta-carotene). Samples of stomach and duodenal contents and blood samples were collected at regular time intervals after meal intake. all-trans and cis carotenoids were assayed in stomach and duodenal contents, in the fat and aqueous phases of those contents, and in chylomicrons. The cis-trans beta-carotene and lycopene ratios did not significantly vary in the stomach during digestion. Carotenoids were recovered in the fat phase present in the stomach during digestion. The proportion of all-trans carotenoids found in the micellar phase of the duodenum was as follows (means +/- SE): lutein (5.6 +/- 0.4%), beta-carotene (4.7 +/- 0.3%), lycopene (2.0 +/- 0.2%). The proportion of 13-cis beta-carotene in the micellar phase was significantly higher (14.8 +/- 1.6%) than that of the all-trans isomer (4.7 +/- 0.3%). There was no significant variation in chylomicron lycopene after the tomato meal, whereas there was significant increase in chylomicron beta-carotene and lutein after the carrot and the spinach meals, respectively. There is no significant cis-trans isomerization of beta-carotene and lycopene in the human stomach. The stomach initiates the transfer of carotenoids from the vegetable matrix to the fat phase of the meal. Lycopene is less efficiently transferred to micelles than beta-carotene and lutein. The very small transfer of carotenoids from their vegetable matrices to micelles explains the poor bioavailability of these phytomicroconstituents.
Direct Air Injection for Substantial Improvement of SI Engine Cold Start Performance (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">It is demonstrated that direct air injection leads to substantial improvement of the cold starting performance of an SI engine. Raw pollutant formation is considerably reduced and fuel conversion efficiency increased. Air is directly injected into the cylinder through a small orifice during the compression stroke. Optical measurement techniques, in particular Spontaneous Raman Scattering, are applied to elucidate the in-cylinder processes that lead to improved cold starting perfomance. It is demonstrated that air injection causes enhanced combustion via increased turbulence and this leads to rapid warm-up of the combustion chamber walls. Thus the quality of the combustion process after the first few cycles is comparable to warmed-up engine operating conditions. It turned out to be possible to avoid fuel-enrichment and start the engine with lean fuel/air mixture (at 20°C).</div>
Reactive Extrusion of Polypropylene with Pulsed Peroxide Addition:  Process and Control Aspects (1997)

Controlled-rheology polypropylenes (CRPPs) have been produced by using pulsed peroxide addition during reactive extrusion of a commodity resin. It has been shown that, in contrast with processes involving continuous peroxide addition, it is possible to independently vary the weight-average molecular weight (M̄w) and polydispersity (PDI). The effects of peroxide pulse characteristics on the product molecular weight characteristics have been investigated using the rheological properties of the CRPPs produced, and it has been found that the pulse width, amplitude, and period provide extra degrees of freedom for controlling M̄w and PDI. A simple kinetic model has been employed for process simulation, and model predictions have been used to rationalize the control options through a relative gain array (RGA) analysis of the process. The results from this analysis have shown that such reactive extrusion operations are highly nonlinear and that multivariable control strategies would be required for large operating windows.
Properties of an intermediate-sized androgen receptor: association with RNA (1986)

This study identifies an intermediate-sized androgen receptor and characterizes its relationship with the 9.1S and 4.4S receptor forms. Under low ionic conditions, at 2-4 degrees C, there exists a 9.1S (+/- 0.17) (n = 30) oligomeric form which does not bind to DNA. Under high ionic conditions, this form dissociates to a 4.4S (+/- 0.08) (n = 18) monomeric form. When the salt concentration is lowered, the 4.4S monomer converts to a species with an intermediate sedimentation coefficient of 7.7S (+/- 0.15) (n = 17) which binds to DNA. Unlike the 9.1S oligomer the 7.7S form is not maintained by sodium molybdate under high ionic conditions but rather dissociates to the 4.4S monomer. To determine whether these forms were associated with RNA, the 7.7S form was incubated with RNase A and analyzed by density gradient centrifugation. The 7.7S form was digested fully by RNase to the 4.4S monomer. The 7.7S form demonstrated a buoyant density of 1.2459 +/- 0.014 g/cm3 (n = 6) in metrizamide gradients, suggesting a ribonucleoprotein component. The sedimentation coefficient of the 9.1S form was unaffected by RNase. These data suggest that the intermediate 7.7S receptor form is composed of 4.4S monomer associated with a ribonucleoprotein molecule(s).
Involvement of RNA Helicases p68 and p72 in Colon Cancer (2007)

The homologous proteins p68 and p72 are members of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases. Here, we show that expression of both of these helicases strongly increases during the polyp-->adenoma-->adenocarcinoma transition in the colon. Furthermore, p68 and p72 form complexes with beta-catenin and promote the ability of beta-catenin to activate gene transcription. Conversely, simultaneous knockdown of p68 and p72 leads to reduced expression of the beta-catenin-regulated genes, c-Myc, cyclin D1, c-jun, and fra-1, all of which are proto-oncogenes. Moreover, transcription of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), whose expression is suppressed by c-Myc, is enhanced on p68/p72 knockdown. Thus, p68/p72 may contribute to colon cancer formation by directly up-regulating proto-oncogenes and indirectly by down-regulating the growth suppressor p21(WAF1/CIP1). Accordingly, knockdown of p68 and p72 in colon cancer cells inhibits their proliferation and diminishes their ability to form tumors in vivo. Altogether, these results suggest that p68/p72 overexpression is not only a potential marker of colon cancer but is also causally linked to this disease. Therefore, p68 and p72 may be novel targets in the combat against colon cancer.