gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Steroid Induced Osteonecrosis (2000)

The effects of steroids on a cloned pluripotential cell from bone marrow stroma were examined in vitro in culture and in vivo after the cells were transfected with a traceable gene and transplanted into host mice. Bipedal chickens were treated with steroids to establish a model for osteonecrosis. The effects of a lipid lowering agent, lovastatin, on the prevention of steroid induced adipogenesis in vitro in cell culture, and on adipogenesis and osteonecrosis in vivo in chickens, were evaluated. On treatment with dexamethasone, cloned pluripotential cells began to differentiate into adipocytes and expressed a fat specific gene, whereas the expression of Type I collagen and osteocalcin messenger ribonucleic acid decreased. Addition of lovastatin in culture inhibited steroid induced fat gene expression and counteracted the inhibitory effect of steroids on osteoblastic gene expression. Cloned pluripotential cells were transduced with a traceable retrovirus vector encoding the beta-galactosidase and neomycin resistance genes. The transfected cells were administered to mice either by tail vein or by direct intramedullary injection. Half of the animals in each group were treated with steroids. Histologic sections showed the appearance of transplanted cells in the marrow. Analysis of marrow blowouts by flow cytometry revealed that steroid treatment produced adipogenesis in transplanted cells. Evidence of osteonecrosis was observed in steroid treated chickens, whereas sections from animals treated with steroids and lovastatin showed less adipogenesis and no bone death. The results indicate that steroid induced adipogenesis in the marrow may contribute to osteonecrosis and that lovastatin may be helpful in preventing the development of steroid induced osteonecrosis.
Development of an Empirical Force Field for Silica. Application to the Quartz−Water Interface (2006)

Interactions of pulverized crystalline silica with biological systems, including the lungs, cause cell damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. To allow computational atomistic modeling of these pathogenic processes, including interactions between silica surfaces and biological molecules, new parameters for quartz, compatible with the CHARMM empirical force field were developed. Parameters were optimized to reproduce the experimental geometry of alpha-quartz, ab initio vibrational spectra, and interactions between model compounds and water. The newly developed force field was used to study interactions of water with two singular surfaces of alpha-quartz, (011) and (100). Properties monitored and analyzed include the variation of the density of water molecules in the plane perpendicular to the surface, disruption of the water H-bond network upon adsorption, and space-time correlations of water oxygen atoms in terms of Van Hove self-correlation functions. The vibrational density of states spectra of water in confined compartments were also computed and compared with experimental neutron-scattering results. Both the attenuation and shifting to higher frequencies of the hindered translational peaks upon confinement are clearly reproduced by the model. However, an upshift of librational peaks under the conditions of model confinement still remains underrepresented at the current empirical level.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of caesium from aqueous solutions in the presence of macrocyclic and fluorinated compounds (1999)

Supercritical fluid extraction of caesium, potassium and sodium from aqueous solutions in the presence of dicyclohexano-21-crown-7, pentadecafluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA) and tetraethylammonium perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (TPFOS) has been investigated at different temperatures of supercritical carbon dioxide, ratios between reagent concentrations and initial concentrations of caesium in the solution.
Involvement of p27<sup>KIP1</sup>in the Proliferation of the Developing Corneal Endothelium (2004)

These results suggest that p27(KIP1) is involved in the regulation of proliferation in the endothelium of the developing cornea.
Cross-Year Reuse of Historical Samples for Crop Mapping Based on Environmental Similarity (2022)

Crop classification maps are fundamental data for global change research, regional agricultural regulation, fine production, and insurance services. The key to crop classification is samples, but it is very time-consuming in annual field sampling. Therefore, how to use historical samples in crop classification for future years at a lower cost is a research hotspot. By constructing the spectral feature vector of each historical sample in the historical year and its neighboring pixels in the target year, we produced new samples and classified them in the target year. Specifically, based on environmental similarity, we first calculated the similarities of every two pixels between each historical year and target year and took neighboring pixels with the highest local similarity as potential samples. Then, cluster analysis was performed on those potential samples of the same crop, and the class with more pixels is selected as newly generated samples for classification of the target year. The experiment in Heilongjiang province, China showed that this method can generate new samples with the uniform spatial distribution and that the proportion of various crops is consistent with field data in historical years. The overall accuracy of the target year by the newly generated sample and the real sample is 61.57 and 80.58%, respectively. The spatial pattern of maps obtained by two models is basically the same, and the classification based on the newly generated samples identified rice better. For areas with majority fields having no rotation, this method overcomes the problem of insufficient samples caused by difficulties in visual interpretation and high cost on field sampling, effectively improves the utilization rate of historical samples, and provides a new idea for crop mapping in areas lacking field samples of the target year.
Microprogramming: A Tutorial and Survey of Recent Developments (1980)

The present status of microprogramming is developed from Wilkes's initial concept of microprogramming to the more recent bit-slice microprogrammable computer components. This tutorial defines basic concepts and gives a simple example of machine language interpretation. Describing the characteristics of microprogrammed machines provides the background for an examination of microprogrammable bit slice microprocessors, the most significant commercial development since the previous survey paper [3]. The descriptions of recent applications of microprogramming indicate the potential for microprogram use in several areas. A substantial bibliography directs the interested reader to details in many aspects of microprogramming.
Introductory Study of Variable Valve Actuation for Pneumatic Hybridization (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Urban traffic involves frequent acceleration and deceleration. During deceleration, the energy previously used to accelerate the vehicle is mainly wasted on heat generated by the friction brakes. If this energy that is wasted in traditional IC engines could be saved, the fuel economy would improve. One solution to this is a pneumatic hybrid using variable valve timing to compress air during deceleration and expand air during acceleration. The compressed air can also be utilized to supercharge the engine in order to get higher load in the first few cycles when accelerating.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A Scania D12 single-cylinder diesel engine has been converted for pneumatic hybrid operation and tested in a laboratory setup. Pneumatic valve actuators have been used to make the pneumatic hybrid possible. The actuators have been mounted on top of the cylinder head of the engine. A pressure tank has been connected to one of the inlet ports and one of the inlet valves has been modified to work as a tank valve. The goal has been to test and evaluate 2 different modes - compression mode (CM) where air is stored in an air tank during deceleration and air-motor mode (AM) where the previously stored pressurized air is used for accelerating the vehicle. This paper also includes an optimization of the CM.</div>
Tuning of the fluorescence wavelength of CdTe quantum dots with 2 nm resolution by size-selective photoetching (2009)

Photoetching of CdTe nanocrystals was applied to thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) to control their fluorescence wavelength. CdTe QDs with a high quantum yield (49%) were synthesized in aqueous solution, and they were successfully photoetched in strong alkaline (pH = 13.5) conditions. When monochromatic light was used, size-selective photoetching could be conducted; the photoetching proceeded until the band gap energy of the CdTe QDs increased to the energy corresponding to the wavelength of the irradiating light. As a result, a good linear relationship was obtained between the wavelength of the irradiating light and that of the fluorescence peak. The resulting CdTe QDs exhibited a fluorescence peak with an FWHM value as small as 23.5 nm, indicating preparation of highly monodispersed nanocrystals. The high quantum yield (ca. 45%) was maintained after the photoetching. Very fine tuning of the fluorescence wavelength with 2 nm resolution was achieved by changing the wavelength of the irradiating light by 2 nm. Theoretical calculation of the quantum size effects (effective mass approximation) predicts that a difference in the band gap fluorescence wavelength of 2 nm corresponds to a change in particle diameter of ca. 0.02 nm.
Mitigating SOX2-potentiated Immune Escape of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma with a STING-inducing Nanosatellite Vaccine (2018)

<b>Purpose:</b> The response rates of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) to checkpoint blockade are below 20%. We aim to develop a mechanism-based vaccine to prevent HNSCC immune escape.<b>Experimental Design:</b> We performed RNA-Seq of sensitive and resistant HNSCC cells to discover central pathways promoting resistance to immune killing. Using biochemistry, animal models, HNSCC microarray, and immune cell deconvolution, we assessed the role of SOX2 in inhibiting STING-type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling-mediated antitumor immunity. To bypass SOX2-potentiated STING suppression, we engineered a novel tumor antigen-targeted nanosatellite vehicle to enhance the efficacy of STING agonist and sensitize SOX2-expressing HNSCC to checkpoint blockade.<b>Results:</b> The DNA-sensing defense response is the most suppressed pathway in immune-resistant HNSCC cells. We identified SOX2 as a novel inhibitor of STING. SOX2 facilitates autophagy-dependent degradation of STING and inhibits IFN-I signaling. SOX2 potentiates an immunosuppressive microenvironment and promotes HNSCC growth <i>in vivo</i> in an IFN-I-dependent fashion. Our unique nanosatellite vehicle significantly enhances the efficacy of STING agonist. We show that the E6/E7-targeted nanosatellite vaccine expands the tumor-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells by over 12-fold in the tumor microenvironment and reduces tumor burden. A combination of nanosatellite vaccine with anti-PD-L1 significantly expands tumor-specific CTLs and limits the populations expressing markers for exhaustion, resulting in more effective tumor control and improved survival.<b>Conclusions:</b> SOX2 dampens the immunogenicity of HNSCC by targeting the STING pathway for degradation. The nanosatellite vaccine offers a novel and effective approach to enhance the adjuvant potential of STING agonist and break cancer tolerance to immunotherapy. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4242-55. ©2018 AACR</i>.
Asteroseismology reveals the structure of a white dwarf (2018)

The star’s core, the remnant of a helium-fueled inferno, is surprisingly rich in oxygen.
Theory of sum-frequency generation spectroscopy of adsorbed molecules using the density matrix method—broadband vibrational sum-frequency generation and applications (2005)

A generalized theory of frequency- and time-resolved vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy of adsorbates at surfaces is presented using the density matrix formalism. Our theoretical treatment is specifically aimed at addressing issues that accompany the relatively novel SFG approach using broadband infrared pulses. The ultrashort duration of these pulses makes them ideally suited for time-resolved investigations, for which we present a complete theoretical treatment. A second key characteristic of these pulses is their large bandwidth and high intensity, which allow for highly non-linear effects, including vibrational ladder climbing of surface vibrations. We derive general expressions relating the density matrix to SFG spectra, and apply these expressions to specific experimental results by solving the coupled optical Bloch equations of the density matrix elements. Thus, we can theoretically reproduce recent experimentally demonstrated hot band SFG spectra using femtosecond broadband infrared excitation of carbon monoxide (CO) on a Ru(001) surface.
Predicted Roles for Hypothetical Proteins in the Low-Temperature Expressed Proteome of the Antarctic Archaeon<i>Methanococcoides</i><i>b</i><i>urtonii</i> (2005)

Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 528 proteins were identified that are expressed during growth at 4 degrees C in the cold adapted archaeon, Methanococcoides burtonii. Of those, 135 were annotated previously as unique or conserved hypothetical proteins. We have performed a comprehensive, integrated analysis of the latter proteins using threading, InterProScan, predicted subcellular localization and visualization of conserved gene context across multiple prokaryotic genomes. Functional information was obtained for 55 proteins, providing new insight into the physiology of M. burtonii. Many of the proteins were predicted to be involved in DNA/RNA binding or modification and cell signaling, suggesting a complex, uncharacterized regulatory network controlling cellular processes during growth at low-temperature. Novel enzymatic functions were predicted for several proteins, including a putative candidate gene for the posttranslational modification of the key methanogenesis enzyme coenzyme M methyl reductase. A bacterial-like CRISPR locus was identified as a strong candidate for archaeal-bacterial lateral gene transfer. Gene context analysis proved a valuable augmentation to the other predictive methods in several cases, by revealing conserved gene associations and annotations in other microbial genomes. Our results underscore the importance of addressing the "hypothetical protein problem" for a complete understanding of cell physiology.
Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes induced by a combination of cytokines and sodium butyrate (2009)

There is increasing evidence to suggest that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are capable of differentiating into hepatocytes in vitro. In this study, we used a combination of cytokines and sodium butyrate in a novel three-step procedure to efficiently direct the differentiation of mouse ESCs into hepatocytes. Mouse ESCs were first differentiated into definitive endoderm cells by 3 days of treatment with Activin A. The definitive endoderm cells were then differentiated into hepatocytes by the addition of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and sodium butyrate to the culture medium for 5 days. After 10 days of further in vitro maturation, the morphological and phenotypic markers of hepatocytes were characterized using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, the cells were tested for functions associated with mature hepatocytes, including glycogen storage and indocyanine green uptake and release, and the ratio of hepatic differentiation was determined by counting the percentage of albumin-positive cells. In the presence of medium containing cytokines and sodium butyrate, numerous epithelial cells resembling hepatocytes were observed, and approximately 74% of the cells expressed the hepatic marker, albumin, after 18 days in culture. RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that these cells expressed adult liver cell markers, and had the abilities of glycogen storage and indocyanine green uptake and release. We have developed an efficient method for directing the differentiation of mouse ESCs into cells that exhibit the characteristics of mature hepatocytes. This technique will be useful for research into the molecular mechanisms underlying liver development, and could provide a source of hepatocytes for transplantation therapy and drug screening.
Supercarbia in children (1990)

Supercarbia (PCO2 greater than or equal to 150 torr) may result in a number of pathophysiologic conditions in experimental models and in humans. We report the clinical course and outcome after supercarbia secondary to hypoventilation in five children. Supercarbia resulted from severe airway obstruction in four children and central hypoventilation in one. Maximal PCO2 values ranged from 155 to 269 torr (mean 206). The time course to development of maximal PCO2 was between 35 min and 2 days. The pH ranged between 6.76 and 7.10 (mean 6.86). No patient was severely hypoxemic (PaO2 less than or equal to 55 torr) during the supercarbia period. Despite very high levels of PCO2 and low pH, the only pathophysiologic change found was temporary depression of neurologic function manifested by stupor or coma. Long-term follow-up of these patients has shown no serious adverse neurologic or developmental effects.
Photooxidation of unsaturated oils: Effects of singlet oxygen quenchers (1976)

Abstract The photooxidative deterioration of unsaturated food oils by near UV and visible light was found to be retarded by nickel (II) chelates well known to quench singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). The rates of hydroperoxide formation during light exposure were unaffected by efficient peroxy radical scavengers such as hindered phenols. α‐Tocopherol (vitamin E) underwent a relatively rapid oxidation itself when exposed to 1 O 2 in oil solutions, despite being able to deactivate 1 O 2 quite efficiently. From a comparison of the rates of scavenging by stabilizers and attack on allyl groups, 1 O 2 initiated deterioration is appreciably more difficult to retard than peroxy radical processes.
Single-agent dose-finding cohort of a phase 1/2 study of lenvatinib (LEN) in children and adolescents with refractory or relapsed solid tumors. (2017)

10544 Background: LEN is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors 1‒3, fibroblast growth factor receptors 1‒4, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, RET, and KIT. LEN is approved in adults for radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and in combination with everolimus in patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma. We show results from the single-agent LEN dose-finding part of a phase 1/2 study in children and adolescents with solid tumors. Methods: Pts had any relapsed or refractory solid tumor, evaluable or measurable disease, were aged 2 to ≤18 years, had < 2 prior VEGF-targeted therapies, and adequate organ function. A starting dose of LEN 11 mg/m 2 was escalated with a time-to-event continual reassessment method. The primary endpoint was to determine the LEN recommended dose (RD). Secondary objectives included best overall response (BOR), objective response rate, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK). Results: 23 pts enrolled (11 mg/m 2 : n = 5, 14 mg/m 2 : n = 11, 17 mg/m 2 : n = 7). The most common tumors were rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 5), Ewing sarcoma (n = 4), and neuroblastoma (n = 3). 3 Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in cycle 1 at 14 mg/m 2 (increased alanine aminotransferase: 1; hypertension: 2). All pts had any-grade treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs; grade 3/4: 65%). Most common any-grade TEAEs were vomiting (52%), abdominal pain (48%), decreased appetite (48%), diarrhea (44%), and hypothyroidism (44%). 1 Pt discontinued LEN due to a LEN-related TEAE (hypertension). BOR was stable disease (n = 10). Effect of age on oral clearance and central volume of distribution was not significant. Exposure was similar to that in adults. LEN 14 mg/m 2 /day was therefore identified as the RD. Updated cohort 1 data will be shown. Conclusions: The LEN RD in children and adolescents was similar to the adult dose and showed a reasonable safety profile. PK in these pts did not differ significantly from that in adults. The phase 1b dose-finding study of LEN in combination with chemotherapy in osteosarcoma (OS) and phase 2 LEN monotherapy (RD 14 mg/m 2 ) parts in DTC and OS are ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02432274.
Interdigital (Morton) neuroma: high-resolution MR imaging with a solenoid coil. (1991)

Fifteen patients (17 feet) with symptoms suggestive of plantar interdigital neuroma underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 1.5 T with a solenoid forefoot coil with an 8-cm field of view. Surgery was subsequently performed on six feet. Fifteen interdigital masses were identified with MR imaging. Five of these, in feet that underwent surgery, were pathologically confirmed neuromas. In the remaining foot that underwent surgery, flexor tendon injury with probable inflammatory reaction was demonstrated with MR imaging but was interpreted as indeterminate for neuroma. No neuronal was identified at surgery, which otherwise confirmed the MR imaging findings. Neuromas were most conspicuous on T1-weighted images as foci of decreased signal intensity well demarcated from adjacent fat tissue. The lesions were poorly seen on T2-weighted images, where they appeared isointense or slightly hypointense to fat tissue in all cases. Prominent regions of increased signal intensity, presumably representing fluid in intermetatarsal bursae, were seen proximal to 10 of the 15 masses found with MR imaging.
Don't care set specifications in combinational and synchronous logic circuits (1993)

A unified framework for the specification and computation of don't care conditions for combinational and synchronous multiple-level digital circuits is presented. Circuits are characterized in terms of graphs, logic functions and don't care conditions induced by the external and internal interconnections. The replacement of a gate in a synchronous logic network is modeled by a perturbation of the corresponding logic function, and it is shown that the don't care conditions for the gate optimization represent the bound on this perturbation. Algorithms to compute such don't care conditions in both the combinational and synchronous case are presented. The implementation of the algorithms and the experimental results are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Boreas (2016)

Boreas John Thomas York (bio) The broom sedge hissing by the fence,the cows walking heads downtoward the south pasture,a starling mending the raveling hemof a shawl lifting, warpingabove the hills— I felt the cold burn,but Daddy was freezingfrom the inside out. Warily I stepped around his bluster:I couldn’t do a damned thing right.Praying for his angry soul,I didn’t understand that every wordwas like a match smoking in the wind,the old god roaring over the Blue Ridge. [End Page 48] John Thomas York John Thomas York grew up on a farm in northwestern North Carolina and now lives in Greensboro. His poetry has recently appeared in Appalachian Journal, Kenyon Review Online, North Carolina Literary Review, Tar River Poetry, and Town Creek Poetry. In 2012, Press 53 published his first full-length collection, Cold Spring Rising. For over thirty-seven years, he taught English in North Carolina’s public schools, until his retirement in 2016. Copyright © 2016 Berea College