gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of edible coatings to preserve quality of lightly (and slightly) processed products (1995)

Lightly processed agricultural products present a special problem to the food industry and to scientists involved in postharvest and food technology research. Light or minimal processing includes cutting, slicing, coring, peeling, trimming, or sectioning of agricultural produce. These products have an active metabolism that can result in deteriorative changes, such as increased respiration and ethylene production. If not controlled, these changes can lead to rapid senescence and general deterioration of the product. In addition, the surface water activity of cut fruits and vegetables is generally quite high, inviting microbial attack, which further reduces product stability. Methods for control of these changes are numerous and can include the use of edible coatings. Also mentioned in this review are coating of nut products, and dried, dehydrated, and freeze-dried fruits. Technically, these are not considered to be minimally processed, but many of the problems and benefits of coating these products are similar to coating lightly processed products. Generally, the potential benefits of edible coatings for processed or lightly processed produce is to stabilize the product and thereby extend product shelf life. More specifically, coatings have the potential to reduce moisture loss, restrict oxygen entrance, lower respiration, retard ethylene production, seal in flavor volatiles, and carry additives that retard discoloration and microbial growth.
Diagnosis of atrophic gastritis from a serum sample. (2002)

On the basis of the levels of serum pepsinogen I (S-PGI) and gastrin-17 (S-G-17) as well as Helicobacter pylori - antibodies assayed from a blood sample it is possible to establish with high sensitivity and specificity whether the patient has gastritis, whether the gastritis is atrophic or not and in which part of the stomach the atrophic changes are located. The test enables the identification of patients whose risk of gastric cancer, of the consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency (e.g. elevated levels of homocysteine) or of peptic ulcer is considerably increased and who can then undergo gastroscopy. It also facilitates the diagnosis of non-atrophic Helicobacter gastritis enabling treatment before endoscopy.
A large-scale study of automated web search traffic (2008)

As web search providers seek to improve both relevance and response times, they are challenged by the ever-increasing tax of automated search query traffic. Third party systems interact with search engines for a variety of reasons, such as monitoring a website's rank, augmenting online games, or possibly to maliciously alter click-through rates. In this paper, we investigate automated traffic in the query stream of a large search engine provider. We define automated traffic as any search query not generated by a human in real time. We first provide examples of different categories of query logs generated by bots. We then develop many different features that distinguish between queries generated by people searching for information, and those generated by automated processes. We categorize these features into two classes, either an interpretation of the physical model of human interactions, or as behavioral patterns of automated interactions. We believe these features formulate a basis for a production-level query stream classifier.
Measuring Proximity on Graphs with Side Information (2008)

This paper studies how to incorporate side information (such as users' feedback) in measuring node proximity on large graphs. Our method (ProSIN) is motivated by the well-studied random walk with restart (RWR). The basic idea behind ProSIN is to leverage side information to refine the graph structure so that the random walk is biased towards/away from some specific zones on the graph. Our case studies demonstrate that ProSIN is well-suited in a variety of applications, including neighborhood search, center-piece subgraphs, and image caption. Given the potential computational complexity of ProSIN, we also propose a fast algorithm (Fast-ProSIN) that exploits the smoothness of the graph structures with/without side information. Our experimental evaluation shows that fast-ProSIN achieves significant speedups (up to 49x) over straightforward implementations.
Bacteriophage Mediates Efficient Gene Transfer in Combination with Conventional Transfection Reagents (2015)

The development of commercially available transfection reagents for gene transfer applications has revolutionized the field of molecular biology and scientific research. However, the challenge remains in ensuring that they are efficient, safe, reproducible and cost effective. Bacteriophage (phage)-based viral vectors have the potential to be utilized for general gene transfer applications within research and industry. Yet, they require adaptations in order to enable them to efficiently enter cells and overcome mammalian cellular barriers, as they infect bacteria only; furthermore, limited progress has been made at increasing their efficiency. The production of a novel hybrid nanocomplex system consisting of two different nanomaterial systems, phage vectors and conventional transfection reagents, could overcome these limitations. Here we demonstrate that the combination of cationic lipids, cationic polymers or calcium phosphate with M13 bacteriophage-derived vectors, engineered to carry a mammalian transgene cassette, resulted in increased cellular attachment, entry and improved transgene expression in human cells. Moreover, addition of a targeting ligand into the nanocomplex system, through genetic engineering of the phage capsid further increased gene expression and was effective in a stable cell line generation application. Overall, this new hybrid nanocomplex system (i) provides enhanced phage-mediated gene transfer; (ii) is applicable for laboratory transfection processes and (iii) shows promise within industry for large-scale gene transfer applications.
Reliability Properties of Low-Voltage Ferroelectric Capacitors and Memory Arrays (2004)

We report on the reliability properties of ferroelectric capacitors and memory arrays embedded in a 130-nm CMOS logic process with 5LM Cu/FSG. Low voltage (<1.5 V) operation is enabled by the 70-nm thick MOCVD PZT ferroelectric films. Data loss resulting from high temperature bakes is primarily caused by the imprint effect, which shows /spl sim/1.5 eV time-to-fail activation energy. Excellent bit endurance properties are observed on fully packaged memory arrays, with no degradation up to 10/sup 13/ write/read polarization switching cycles. Retention measured after 10/sup 12/ switching cycles demonstrates no degradation relative to arrays with minimal cycling.
A magnetic method for measuring stress based on law of approach to saturation magnetization. (1989)

At high fields, standard theoretical treatment leads to formulas, I=Is (1-b/H2-c/H3-…) or μrev=1+Is (2b/H3+3c/H4+…), which are reffered as laws of approach to saturation magnetization. Following Becker and Döring, the coefficient b for cubic crystals was deduced asb=0.0762/Is2[K+1.5(λ100-λ111)σ]2, where σ was applied stress and others were magnetic constants. The values of reversible permeability μrev at biasing field H were measured for steel bars under applied stresses. The results showed that the square root of b was changed linearly with applied stress as theory predicted. The values of magnetic constants K and (λ100-λ111) were determined based on the theoretical formulas; they were affected y chemical composition of materials and heat treatment.
Hypermethylation of the <i>GATA</i> gene family in esophageal cancer (2006)

The GATA family of transcription factors promotes the normal development of the gastrointestinal tract during embryogenesis and determines tissue differentiation in adult gut epithelium. Loss of GATA-4 and GATA-5 has been reported in human gastric and colon cancer. We examined GATA-4,-5 and -6 gene expression in established esophageal squamous cancer cell lines and the relationship to DNA methylation in the promoter region of these genes. GATA-4 and GATA-5 expression was absent in most esophageal cancer cell lines, but was restored upon treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. For each of the cell lines without detectable GATA gene expression, aberrant methylation of the promoter region CpG-island was detected by methylation specific PCR. We confirmed these results with genomic bisulfite sequencing. GATA-6 expression was found in each of the cell lines. GATA-4/-5 promoter methylation was not detected in normal esophageal mucosa, but GATA-4 methylation was present in 27 of 44 (61%) squamous carcinomas and 31 of 44 (71%) adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, while GATA-5 methylation was present in 14 of 44 (32%) squamous carcinomas and 24 of 44 (55%) adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Our studies demonstrate frequent silencing of GATA-4 and GATA-5, but not GATA-6, in human esophageal neoplasia associated with gene promoter hypermethylation.
Magnetic shielding properties of compound sheet using amorphous metal flakes. (1987)

Magnetic shielding properties were studied for new laminated sheets which used amorphous metal flakes prepared by cavitation method.Results are summarized as follows: (1) Sufficient aspect ratio of flakes in a sheet is more than 400. (2) Because of zero magnetostriction and high initial permeability, (Co0.94Fe0.06)73(Si0.63B0.37)27 alloy is suitable for shielding, particularly at low magnetic fields. (3) Similar efficiency is obtained through both vacuum and dry laminated sheet. (4) An increase of amorphous metal flakes in a sheet results in an increase of efficiency. It is practically advisable for shielding to use a sheet made of piled up single sheets using 0.25 kg/m2 of amorphous metal flakes. (5) Efficiency is generally independent of frequency up to 100 kHz.
Sharper Labyrinth Seal Edges to Allow Greater Clearance Without Increased Leakage (1995)

Abstract A numerical study was undertaken to examine the effects of utilizing sharper edges for increasing the leakage resistance of advanced labyrinth seal configurations. Such an increase allows the designer to enlarge the extremely small knife clearance, providing a seal with less damage susceptibility at the same leakage rate. The maximum possible leakage resistance increase from changing three cavity edges to perfectly sharp ones was estimated from the present computations. In addition, previous measurements of the edge sharpness effect on the leakage through orifices are appropriately utilized to obtain a rough estimate of the resistance increase for generic seals. The latter allows consideration of a broader range of application. Further, turbulence energy generation contours reveal that only one particular cavity edge needs to be sharpened in order to obtain a significantly increased leakage resistance.
Identification of Bacteriophage N4 Virion RNA Polymerase-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Transcription Complexes (2008)

Bacteriophage N4 mini-virion RNA polymerase (mini-vRNAP), the 1106-amino acid transcriptionally active domain of vRNAP, recognizes single-stranded DNA template-containing promoters composed of conserved sequences and a 3-base loop-5-base pair stem hairpin structure. The major promoter recognition determinants are a purine located at the center of the hairpin loop (-11G) and a base at the hairpin stem (-8G). Mini-vRNAP is an evolutionarily highly diverged member of the T7 family of RNAPs. A two-plasmid system was developed to measure the in vivo activity of mutant mini-vRNAP enzymes. Five mini-vRNAP derivatives, each containing a pair of cysteine residues separated by approximately 100 amino acids and single cysteine-containing enzymes, were generated. These reagents were used to determine the smallest catalytically active polypeptide and to map promoter, substrate, and RNA-DNA hybrid contact sites to single amino acid residues in the enzyme by using end-labeled 5-iododeoxyuridine- and azidophenacyl-substituted oligonucleotides, cross-linkable derivatives of the initiating nucleotide, and RNA products with 5-iodouridine incorporated at specific positions. Localization of functionally important amino acid residues in the recently determined crystal structures of apomini-vRNAP and the mini-vRNAP-promoter complex and comparison with the crystal structures of the T7 RNAP initiation and elongation complexes allowed us to predict major rearrangements in mini-vRNAP in the transition from transcription initiation to elongation similar to those observed in T7 RNAP, a task otherwise precluded by the lack of sequence homology between N4 mini-vRNAP and T7 RNAP.
Binding dynamics of targeted microbubbles in response to modulated acoustic radiation force (2013)

Detection of molecular targeted microbubbles plays a foundational role in ultrasound-based molecular imaging and targeted gene or drug delivery. In this paper, an empirical model describing the binding dynamics of targeted microbubbles in response to modulated acoustic radiation forces in large vessels is presented and experimentally verified using tissue-mimicking flow phantoms. Higher flow velocity and microbubble concentration led to faster detaching rates for specifically bound microbubbles (p < 0.001). Higher time-averaged acoustic radiation force intensity led to faster attaching rates and a higher saturation level of specifically bound microbubbles (p < 0.05). The level of residual microbubble signal in targeted experiments after cessation of radiation forces was the only response parameter that was reliably different between targeted and control experiments (p < 0.05). A related parameter, the ratio of residual-to-saturated microbubble signal (Rresid), is proposed as a measurement that is independent of absolute acoustic signal magnitude and therefore able to reliably detect targeted adhesion independently of control measurements (p < 0.01). These findings suggest the possibility of enhanced detection of specifically bound microbubbles in real-time, using relatively short imaging protocols (approximately 3 min), without waiting for free microbubble clearance.
An automated method for fibrin clot permeability assessment (2014)

The fibrin clot permeability coefficient (Ks) is a useful measure of porosity of the fibrin network, which is determined by a number of genetic and environmental factors. Currently available methods to evaluate Ks are time-consuming, require constant supervision and provide only one parameter. We present an automated method in which drops are weighed individually, buffer is dosed by the pump and well defined clot washing is controlled by the software. The presence of a straight association between drop mass and their dripping time allows to shorten the measurement time twice. In 40 healthy individuals, Ks, the number of drops required to reach the plateau (DTP), the time to achieve the plateau (TTP) and the DTP/TTP ratio (DTR) were calculated. There was a positive association between Ks (r = 0.69, P < 0.0001) evaluated by using the manual [median of 4.17 (3.60-5.18) ·10⁻⁹ cm²) and the automated method [median of 4.35 (3.74-5.38) ·10⁻⁹ cm²]. The correlation was stronger (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) in clots with DTP of 7 or less (n = 12). DTP was associated with total homocysteine (tHcy) (r = 0.35, P < 0.05) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (r = -0.34, P < 0.05), TTP with Ks (r = -0.55, P < 0.01 for the manual method and r = -0.44, P < 0.01 for the automated method) and DTP (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001), and DTR with Ks (r = 0.70, P < 0.0001 for the manual method and r = 0.76, P < 0.0001 for the automated method), fibrinogen (r = -0.58, P < 0.0001) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = -0.47, P < 0.01). The automated method might be a suitable tool for research and clinical use and may offer more additional parameters describing fibrin clot structure.
Facilitating active hand-in using out-of-band link at femtocell (2011)

Active hand-in refers to the ability for a voice or data connection for a mobile on the macrocell to be seamlessly handed off to the target femtocell. The challenge for active hand-in is that a large number of femtocells share limited PN offsets in a geographical region and hence the target femtocell cannot be identified uniquely by its PN offset. An ideal solution would be one that requires no hardware or software changes to macro network or legacy mobiles. This paper discusses a method of using an out-of-band (OOB) radio integrated with the femtocell to assist in active hand-in by uniquely identifying the target femtocell with the help of OOB link identifiers.
Multiple-write WOM-codes (2010)

A Write Once Memory (WOM) is a storage device that consists of cells that can take on q possible linearly-ordered values, with the added constraint that rewrites can only increase a cell's value. In the binary case, each cell can change from the level zero to the level one only once. Examples of WOMs include punch cards, optical disks, and more recently flash memories. A length-n, t-write WOM-code is a coding scheme that allows t messages to be stored in n cells. If in the i-th write we write one of M <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> messages, then the rate of the i-th write is the ratio of the number of bits written to the WOM to the total number of cells used, i.e., log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (M <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> )/n. The rate of the WOM-code is the sum of all individual rates in all writes. In this paper, we review a recent construction of binary two-write WOM-codes. The construction is generalized for two-write WOM-codes with q levels per cell. Then, we show how to use such a code with ternary cells in order to construct three and four-write WOM-codes. This construction is used recursively in order to generate a family of t-write WOM-codes for all t. Another generalized construction is given which provides us with more ways to construct families of WOM-codes. Finally, we give a comparison between our codes and the best known WOM-codes in order to show that the WOM-codes constructed here outperform all previously known WOM-codes for 3 ≤ t ≤ 10.
<title>Integrated segmentation approach for video coding</title> (1997)

This paper presents an integrated approach to segmenting moving foreground, where the moving foreground is of most interest to the viewer. Multiple cues are used-focus, intensity, and motion-in a two-layered neural network. Focus and motion measurements are taken from high frequency data, edges; whereas, intensity measurements are taken from low frequency date, object interiors. Combined, these measurements are used to segment a complete object. Results indicate that moving foreground can be segmented from stationary foreground and moving or stationary background. The neural network segments the entire object, both interior and exterior, in this integrated approach. Results also demonstrate that combining cues allows flexibility in both type and complexity of scenes. Integration of cues improves accuracy in segmenting complex scenes containing both moving foreground and background. Good segmentation yields bitrate savings when coding the object of interest, also called the video object in MPEG4. Our method combines simple measurements to increase segmentation robustness.
Considerations regarding the equalization for spatial playback from spherical microphone array recordings (2017)

The encoding of spatial sound fields captured by spherical microphone arrays into Eigenbeams (HOA signals) provides a compact representation of the sound field that facilitates spatially realistic audio playback in Higher-Order Ambisonics (HOA) applications. For spatial audio reproduction, a typical Ambisonics decoder generates the loudspeaker signals from the HOA signals by applying only simple scalar weights. However, since the HOA signals derived from physical microphone arrays are frequency dependent, such a frequency independent scalar weighting scheme will not result in the desired loudspeaker sound field reproduction. An analysis of this frequency dependency and some equalization schemes to mitigate detrimental effects resulting from frequency independent loudspeaker decoding will be discussed.
The same endothelial receptor controls lymphocyte traffic both in vascular and lymphatic vessels (2003)

The mechanisms controlling the exit of lymphocytes from tissues via lymphatics are practically unknown. We have now identified a 270-300-kDa molecule designated common lymphatic endothelial and vascular endothelial receptor-1 (CLEVER-1) on human lymphatic endothelium and high endothelial venules. We show that it mediates binding of lymphocytes both to high endothelial venules and to lymphatic vessels. Moreover, blocking of the function of CLEVER-1 results in significant reduction of lymphocyte traffic in vivo. Notably, CLEVER-1 is also an inducible vascular adhesion molecule for other classes of leukocytes at sites of inflammation in peripheral tissues. These findings suggest that CLEVER-1 is involved in regulation of lymphocyte recirculation and migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation and is a potential new target to control inflammation.
Hybrid tilted-pulse-front excitation scheme for efficient generation of high-energy terahertz pulses (2016)

Conception of a hybrid type tilted-pulse-front pumping scheme for the generation of high-energy terahertz pulses is presented. The proposed setup is the combination of the conventional setup containing imaging optics and the contact grating. Calculation results for LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> and LiTaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> terahertz generator crystals are presented.
Alpha-conotoxin MII blocks nicotine-stimulated dopamine release in rat striatal synaptosomes. (1997)

Activation of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can induce the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that distinct nAChR subtypes are involved; however, it has been difficult to determine the subunit composition of these receptors, in part because of the lack of a sufficient variety of selective nAChR ligands. We present experimental data that at least two different nAChR complexes are involved in dopamine release, one of which has an alpha3/beta2 subunit interface. The recently discovered peptide alpha-conotoxin MII is a potent and selective inhibitor of rat nAChRs containing an interface formed by alpha3 and beta2 subunits. We used this peptide to examine nicotine-stimulated release of dopamine from rat striatal synaptosomes and of norepinephrine from hippocampal synaptosomes. MII (100 nM) blocks 34-49% of the nicotine-stimulated dopamine release, but not dopamine release evoked by elevated [K+]. Furthermore, two peptides structurally related to alpha-conotoxin MII, namely alpha-conotoxin MI (selective for alpha1beta1gammadelta nAChRs) and alpha-conotoxin ImI (selective for alpha7-containing nAChRs), have no effect on nicotine-stimulated dopamine release. The results indicate that one third to half of the dopamine release in the striatal preparation is mediated by nAChRs with an alpha3/beta2 subunit interface. In contrast, </=10% of nicotine-stimulated release of norepinephrine from hippocampal synaptosomes is modulated by nAChRs with alpha3/beta2 subunit interfaces.