gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[The immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B]. (1993)

Knowledge of hepatitis B immunopathogenesis has greatly improved in the last few years thanks to the development of new methods of lymphocyte culture and the introduction of molecular techniques in the study of the cell-mediated antiviral immune responses. Some of the immune mechanisms likely responsible for liver cell injury and viral clearance during hepatitis B have recently been characterized. By using synthetic peptides and high efficiency recombinant expression vectors. HLA class I restricted cytotoxic T cells specifically able to recognize the nucleocapsid antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been isolated from the blood of patients with acute self-limited hepatitis B. The observation that this cytotoxic response is lacking or very weak in chronic patients who do not succeed in clearing the virus suggests a major role for cytotoxic T cells in terminating virus infection. Similar behaviour is shown by HLA class II restricted CD4+ T cells which express much stronger levels of response to HBV nucleocapsid antigens in acute than in chronic HBV infection. Whether these defective responses in chronic patients are due to an actual lesion of the host's immune system or to viral mutations affecting immune surveillance and thereby allowing virus escape, still remain open issues. A definitive answer to these questions will, we hope, provide the appropriate tools to devise effective immune therapies against chronic HBV infection.
Mixed Precision Training of Convolutional Neural Networks using Integer Operations (2018)

The state-of-the-art (SOTA) for mixed precision training is dominated by variants of low precision floating point operations, and in particular, FP16 accumulating into FP32 Micikevicius et al. (2017). On the other hand, while a lot of research has also happened in the domain of low and mixed-precision Integer training, these works either present results for non-SOTA networks (for instance only AlexNet for ImageNet-1K), or relatively small datasets (like CIFAR-10). In this work, we train state-of-the-art visual understanding neural networks on the ImageNet-1K dataset, with Integer operations on General Purpose (GP) hardware. In particular, we focus on Integer Fused-Multiply-and-Accumulate (FMA) operations which take two pairs of INT16 operands and accumulate results into an INT32 output.We propose a shared exponent representation of tensors and develop a Dynamic Fixed Point (DFP) scheme suitable for common neural network operations. The nuances of developing an efficient integer convolution kernel is examined, including methods to handle overflow of the INT32 accumulator. We implement CNN training for ResNet-50, GoogLeNet-v1, VGG-16 and AlexNet; and these networks achieve or exceed SOTA accuracy within the same number of iterations as their FP32 counterparts without any change in hyper-parameters and with a 1.8X improvement in end-to-end training throughput. To the best of our knowledge these results represent the first INT16 training results on GP hardware for ImageNet-1K dataset using SOTA CNNs and achieve highest reported accuracy using half-precision
Semi-Supervised Maximum Entropy Based Approach to Acronym and Abbreviation Normalization in Medical Texts. (2002)

Text normalization is an important aspect of successful information retrieval from medical documents such as clinical notes, radiology reports and discharge summaries. In the medical domain, a significant part of the general problem of text normalization is abbreviation and acronym disambiguation. Numerous abbreviations are used routinely throughout such texts and knowing their meaning is critical to data retrieval from the document. In this paper I will demonstrate a method of automatically generating training data for Maximum Entropy (ME) modeling of abbreviations and acronyms and will show that using ME modeling is a promising technique for abbreviation and acronym normalization. I report on the results of an experiment involving training a number of ME models used to normalize abbreviations and acronyms on a sample of 10,000 rheumatology notes with ~89 % accuracy. 1
Importance of substrate roughness for <i>in vitro</i> sun protection Assessment (2007)

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the influence of plate roughness on well‐known absolute or relative UV spectroscopic indices such as the in vitro SPF, in vitro UVA PF (PPD), UVA/UVB ratio, critical wavelength and SPF/UVA PF (PPD) ratio. Firstly, a roughness index was measured by non‐contact surface topography analysis on different PMMA plates, which are available today on the European market. A large difference between maximum and minimum plate roughness values could be measured ranging from 1.88 to 6.76 μm. Then, the PMMA plates were grouped into five different roughness classes. To measure the different spectroscopic indices, the same sunscreen preparation was applied at the same amount rate (1 mg cm –2 ) to each of the selected plates. Large differences were noted for the absolute in vitro indices SPF and UVA PF (PPD), with the SPF varying in one instance from 13.5 to 40.7. On the other hand, the relative absorbance indices UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength showed a small but significant variation in relation to roughness. The SPF/UVA PF (PPD) ratio index based on the direct in vitro values was found to be very sensitive to roughness variation. However, adjusting the UV absorbance curve to reach equality between the in vitro SPF and in vivo SPF is a recognized and efficient mathematical process to limit the variation. All these results can be interpreted using the irregular sunscreen film theory. Mathematical developments can be achieved by modelling the height distribution with a gamma function.
Novel 2-(Substituted phenyl)benzimidazole Derivatives with Potent Activity against IgE, Cytokines, and CD23 for the Treatment of Allergy and Asthma (2004)

The effectiveness of the injectable anti-IgE antibody omalizumab has validated IgE as an important target for allergic diseases, thus spawning the development of small-molecule IgE inhibitors. Herein, a brief SAR is described for novel phenylbenzimidazole compounds that potently suppress IgE responses. In addition to IgE, these agents inhibit other targets critical for allergic response. The profile of orally active AVP-13358, the lead compound of this series currently in clinical trials, is described.
Mid-infrared interband cascade lasers operating at ambient temperatures (2009)

We discuss the state-of-the-art performance of interband cascade lasers emitting in the 3–5 μm spectral band. Broad-area devices with five active stages display pulsed threshold current densities as low as 400 A cm−2 at room temperature. Auger decay rates are extracted from the analysis of threshold current densities and differential slope efficiencies of nearly 30 lasers, and found to be significantly lower than was anticipated based on prior information. New designs also produce ICLs with room-temperature internal losses as low as ≈6 cm−1. The combination of these advances with improvements to the processing of narrow ridges has led to the fabrication of a 4.4-μm-wide ridge emitting at 3.7 μm that lased to 335 K in continuous mode. This is the highest continuous-wave (cw) operating temperature for any semiconductor laser in the 3.0–4.6 μm spectral range. A 10-μm-wide ridge with high-reflection and anti-reflection facet coatings produced up to 59 mW of cw power at 298 K, and displayed a maximum wall-plug efficiency of 3.4%.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BIS(3,3‐DINITROBUTYL)POLYSILOXANES (1979)

Abstract Die Addition des Diphenylsilans an das Acetal (II) mit anschließender Hydrolyse zu (IV) und nachfolgender Methylierung zu (V) wird als Eintopfreaktion beschrieben.
Classifying Cervical Histopathological Whole Slide Images via Deep Multi-Instance Transfer Learning (2022)

The cervical histopathology analysis result is the gold standard for cervical cancer diagnosis. Conventional histopathological examination depends on pathologists’ observation under microscope, which is notoriously labor-intensive and subjective. The popularization of digital pathology technology makes the collection of the cervical histopathological whole slide images (WSIs) more convenient, so it has become possible to develop computer-aided diagnosis methods for cervical cancer. In this work, we first collected the cervical histopathological WSIs from 917 patients with pathological diagnosis through a retrospective study, of which 286 WSIs contained annotations of several lesion areas that were manually outlined by the pathologists. Then we proposed a method for classifying cervical histopathological WSIs by combining deep multi-instance transfer learning (DMITL) and support vector machine (SVM). The DMITL aimed for learning the representations of the WSIs, and the SVM was used for building the classification model of the WSIs. We generated the training and test sets based on our collected WSIs to train and evaluate our method. The validation results have shown that the good performance of our proposed method.
An Enhanced Model Predictive Control for the Artificial Pancreas Using a Confidence Index Based on Residual Analysis of Past Predictions (2016)

The adaptive strategy provides safe and effective glucose management as well as significant reduction of hypoglycemia events. No abnormal insulin delivery profiles were observed upon the application of the adaptive strategy.
A New 30 V" Beam-Index Color Cathode Ray Rube (1981)

The advantages of a beam-index color CRT over a conventional color CRT with a color selection mechanism have been discussed elsewhere.1-6 Despite these advantages, beam-index TV receivers have never been mass-produced, because of the complexity of the electronic circuits, difficulties with the index phosphor screening process and the stringent requirements for a narrow electron beam spot.
Development of functionally selective agonists at the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) (2013)

The G protein‐coupled, kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a prominent target for drug discovery efforts for the treatment of pain and addiction behaviors. The therapeutic potential of KOR agonists is currently limited because KOR activation can cause dysphoria. Moreover, dynorphin, an endogenous agonist at the KOR, is a major neuropeptide involved in responding to stress. There is evidence to suggest that KOR‐mediated aversive responses result from KOR interactions with beta‐arrestin2 (βarr2). Therefore, we sought to develop KOR agonists that are functionally selective in promoting G protein coupling over βarr2 recruitment. To discern between G protein and βarr2 pathways, proximal measures of G protein coupling ([ 35 S]‐GTPγS binding) and βarr2:KOR enzyme fragment complementation (DiscoveRx PathHunter® assay) were used. Here we describe compounds that potently activate G protein and have little potency to recruit βarr2. It is hopeful that such pharmacological tools will prove useful in defining the complex contribution of KOR signaling to the physiological stress response and may provide insights for the development of novel drugs for treating pain and drug addiction. This work was supported by NIDA grant 5 R01 DA031927–02
Highly transparent conducting graphene films produced by langmuir blodgett assembly as flexible electrodes (2012)

This paper reports the development of an efficient method to produce transparent conductive graphene films layer-by-layer on a flexible substrate based on the Langmuir Blodgett (LB) assembly technique. Monolayer ultralarge graphene oxide (UL-GO) sheets of average lateral size greater than 300 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> are prepared by repeated centrifugation of as-prepared GO aqueous dispersion. GO films having different numbers of GO layers are fabricated using the LB method while controlling the LB trough surface pressure and pulling speed of the substrate from the dispersion. GO films are chemically reduced at 90°C using hydrogen iodide (HI) acid, followed by chemical doping treatments. The sheet resistance values of the graphene thin films on a PET film are 1.8 and 1.1 kΩ/sq for 2 and 4 graphene layers, respectively, with a transparency of higher than 90%, which are sufficient for many useful applications. It is found that the thicker the film, the higher the conductivity; and vice versa for the transparency of the graphene films.
Submicron electron-beam lithography using a beam size comparable to the linewidth control tolerance (1987)

Presently available electron-beam lithography systems for submicron lithography have minimum beam sizes or edge resolution on the order of 0.1–0.2 μm. Satisfactory proximity correction, linewidth control, and profile quality are critically dependent on beam size. Moreover, variations in beam size about the expected size can result in severe degradation of linewidth control. In this paper, we will examine the relationships between linewidth control, beam size, and proximity correction and show that it is possible, but difficult, to successfully use electron-beam lithography under these conditions. High resolution vector scan electron-beam systems with known Gaussian beam sizes are used to produce features down to 0.25 μm in single and multilayer resist. It is shown that the beam size and forward scattering must be included in the proximity correction of submicron patterns. The effects of varying the beam size are also investigated and it is shown, for example, that an increase in beam size of only 0.02 μm can significantly reduce the developed resist linewidth of sub-half-micron features in 1.0 μm thick resist.
A system for automatic electrical and optical characterization of microelectromechanical devices (1999)

A new optical method for characterizing the performance of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is described that is significantly faster and simpler than previously described optical methods. The method uses video imaging under continuous illumination to effectively remove the upper limit imposed by other methods on the frequency of motions that can be measured. It can be used to measure the motions of any visible structure, whether or not an electrical or optical sensor for that motion has been incorporated. The magnitude of the displacement of a target, such as the edge of a sinusoidally vibrating shuttle mass, is obtained from a single frame of video taken during motion plus a reference frame taken when the target is at rest. The speed of this technique facilitates hands-on testing of prototypes and is especially attractive for production environments. An automated MEMS microresonator testbed is described that performs on-line resonance curve parameter extractions of resonant frequency (f/sub 0/) and quality factor (Q) from electrical measurements, which are derived from output comb-drive current measurements using established methods, and from simultaneous optical measurements using the new method. Results obtained using these methods for design evaluation of microfabricated lateral resonators are discussed, and favorable benchmark comparisons of the optical results with results from a MEMS testbed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are presented.
Storage deduplication for Virtual Ad Hoc Network testbed by File-level Block Sharing (2010)

Virtual Ad Hoc Network (VAN) testbed aims at achieving large scale application testing for ad hoc networks by integrating host virtualization and network simulation. Efficient use of storage space is essential for such testbeds. Storage redundancy resulting from duplicated files and application installations across the virtual machines in a large scale testbed (> a few hundred VMs) can be significantly reduced by using storage sharing techniques. Although Content Addressable Storage (CAS) along with Copy-on-write can remove storage redundancy at block-level, it requires hash computation for every write operation that incurs considerable online computation overhead.
Optimum Carrier Concentration in n‐Type PbTe Thermoelectrics (2014)

Taking La‐ and I‐doped PbTe as an example, the current work shows the effects of optimizing the thermoelectric figure of merit, zT , by controlling the doping level. The high doping effectiveness allows the carrier concentration to be precisely designed and prepared to control the Fermi level. In addition to the Fermi energy tuning, La‐doping modifies the conduction band, leading to an increase in the density of states effective mass that is confirmed by transport, infrared reflectance and hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Taking such a band structure modification effect into account, the electrical transport properties can then be well‐described by a self‐consistent single non‐parabolic Kane band model that yields an approximate ( m*T ) 1.5 dependence of the optimal carrier concentration for a peak power factor in both doping cases. Such a simple temperature dependence also provides an effective approximation of carrier concentration for a peak zT and helps to explain, the effects of other strategies such as lowering the lattice thermal conductivity by nanostructuring or alloying in n‐PbTe, which demonstrates a practical guide for fully optimizing thermoelectric materials in the entire temperature range. The principles used here should be equally applicable to other thermoelectric materials.
Speaker-independent digit recognition system (1974)

This paper describes an implementation of a speaker-independent digit recognition system. The digit classification scheme is based on segmenting the unknown word into three regions and then making categorical judgments as to which of six broad acoustic classes each segment falls into. The measurements made on the speech waveform include energy, zero crossings, and two-pole LPC analysis. A formal evaluation of the systems showed an error rate of 2.7% for a carefully controlled recording environment, and a 5.6% error rate for online recordings in a noisy computer room.
<title>Method of concurrent multiple-mode motion estimation for digital video</title> (1999)

This paper describes a method of motion estimation that determines the optimum prediction mode, along with the resulting motion vectors, as a part of the estimation process. It supports all six prediction modes that are allowed by the Main Profile of the MPEG-2 video coding standard, including the dual-prime modes, for frame and field picture types. If implemented on a processor whose architecture is optimized for the required operations, its computational complexity will not be much greater than that of conventional single-mode motion estimation.
Precipitation Strengthened Spring Steel for Automotive Suspensions (1982)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The addition of a small amount of vanadium and columbium. into SAE 9260 was found to give the steel excellent sag resistance, caused by the precipitation strengthening of V and Cb. The precipitation strengthening enhances the yield strengths in tension and torsion obtained from the specimens with various tempered hardness values after quenching from 900°C (1652°F). The sag resistance was estimated by means of load relaxation under the stresses of 1050 MPa (149 ksi) and 1128 MPa (164 ksi). Using this steel for coil springs is expected to reduce the weight by 25%, and several new models using the coil springs wound from V-Cb treated steels are going to appear in the market.</div>
The Amino-Terminal Domain of Alphavirus Capsid Protein Is Dispensable for Viral Particle Assembly but Regulates RNA Encapsidation through Cooperative Functions of Its Subdomains (2013)

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a pathogenic alphavirus, which circulates in the Central, South, and North Americas, including the United States, and represents a significant public health threat. In recent years, strong progress has been made in understanding the structure of VEEV virions, but the mechanism of their formation has yet to be investigated. In this study, we analyzed the functions of different capsid-specific domains and its amino-terminal subdomains in viral particle formation. Our data demonstrate that VEEV particles can be efficiently formed directly at the plasma membrane without cytoplasmic nucleocapsid preassembly. The entire amino-terminal domain of VEEV capsid protein was found to be dispensable for particle formation. VEEV variants encoding only the capsid's protease domain efficiently produce genome-free VEEV virus-like particles (VLPs), which are very similar in structure to the wild-type virions. The amino-terminal domain of the VEEV capsid protein contains at least four structurally and functionally distinct subdomains, which mediate RNA packaging and the specificity of packaging in particular. The most positively charged subdomain is a negative regulator of the nucleocapsid assembly. The three other subdomains are not required for genome-free VLP formation but are important regulators of RNA packaging. Our data suggest that the positively charged surface of the VEEV capsid-specific protease domain and the very amino-terminal subdomain are also involved in interaction with viral RNA and play important roles in RNA encapsidation. Finally, we show that VEEV variants with mutated capsid acquire compensatory mutations in either capsid or nsP2 genes.
Tissue Distribution of Clonidine FollowingIntraforaminal Implantation of BiodegradablePellets: Potential Alternative to EpiduralSteroid for Radiculopathy (2012)

Background: Epidural steroid injections have shown efficacy in short-term pain relief, but often require repeated injections in order to provide continued pain relief. It has been suggested that a continuous, locally administered dose of an anti-inflammatory compound may provide sustained pain relief at doses lower than those needed with injections. Objective: To evaluate the distribution of clonidine after transforaminal placement of a biodegradable drug delivery depot system. Study Design: A preclinical animal study. Methods: A biodegradable polymer drug depot designed to provide sustained delivery of clonidine was placed in or near a single lumbar neural foramen in 12 farm pigs. Clonidine tissue concentrations were measured at the implant site and at incremental distances from the implant over a time period of 12 weeks. Plasma clonidine levels were measured at 4 hours postimplantation on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7, and then weekly until the termination of the study. Results: Clonidine was detectable up to 6 cm away from the drug depot. The highest concentrations of clonidine were present within the targeted spinal nerve; the concentration decreased with increasing distance from the depot. Clonidine was undetectable in plasma from all animals at all time points. Limitations: While clonidine was detected up to 6 cm from the drug depot, it is unknown if the drug concentration has clinical relevance. Conclusions: The results indicate that a biodegradable depot designed to be placed in a specific location to provide local sustained release of an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug may be a feasible new approach to treat radicular pain associated with intervertebral disc pathology and other spinal conditions. Key Words: clonidine, radiculopathy, pain, intraforaminal, injection, spine, sciatica
Structural, Dielectric, and Piezoelectric Properties of Mn-Doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub>–Bi(Mg<sub>1/2</sub>Ti<sub>1/2</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>–BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Ceramics (2011)

Mn-doped (0.9- x )BaTiO 3 –0.1Bi(Mg 1/2 Ti 1/2 )O 3 – x BiFeO 3 ( x = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) ceramics were studied as candidate lead-free piezoelectric materials. The crystal structures were a pseudo-cubic perovskite at x = 0.6, a rhombohedral perovskite at x = 0.8, and a mixture of the pseudo-cubic and rhombohedral perovskite at x = 0.7. The Curie temperature was found to be 470 °C at x = 0.6 and more than 600 °C at x = 0.7 and 0.8. A strong pinning of domain walls was observed for high-field responses at x = 0.7 and 0.8, which was relaxed by high-temperature annealing and subsequent quenching. Piezoelectric properties increased with decreasing x , and the small-field piezoelectric constants d 33 and d 31 were 94 and 31 pC/N at x = 0.6, respectively.