gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced isotropic gradient operator (2014)

ABSTRACT We present a two‐dimensional (2D) gradient operator that produces more accurate results than known traditional operators such as Ando, Sobel and the so‐called Isotropic operator. We further extend the derivation to three‐dimensional (3D), a powerful feature missing in all conventional operators. We start by constructing a parameterized formula that generically represents all 2D numerical gradient operators. We then solve for the required parameter by equating this numerical gradient with that obtained analytically from a single Fourier harmonic (or, equivalently here, a stationary plane wave). As this parameter is frequency‐ and direction‐dependent (by virtue of the underlying Fourier harmonic), we construe a pragmatic version of it that is independent of these two variables yet capable of significantly reducing the error associated with traditional operators. Extension to 3D is achieved similarly; it requires dealing with two parameters as opposed to only one in the 2D case. Synthetic and real‐data results confirm higher accuracy from this operator than from traditional ones.
Navigating the worldwide community of photos (2013)

The last decade has seen an explosion in the number of photographs available on the Internet. The sheer volume of interesting photos makes it a challenge to explore this space. Various Web and social media sites, along with search and indexing techniques, have been developed in response. One natural way to navigate these images in a 3D geo-located context. In this article, we reflect on our work in this area, with a focus on techniques that build partial 3D scene models to help find and navigate interesting photographs in an interactive, immersive 3D setting. We also discuss how finding such relationships among photographs opens up exciting new possibilities for multimedia authoring, visualization, and editing.
Phasor FLIM metabolic mapping of stem cells and cancer cells in live tissues (2012)

We use the phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime imaging and intrinsic biochemical fluorescence biomarkers in conjunction with image segmentation and the concept of cell phasor for deriving metabolic maps of cells and living tissues in vivo. In issues we identify and separate intrinsic fluorophores such as collagen, retinol, retinoic acid, porphyrin, flavins, free and bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Metabolic signatures of tissues are obtained by calculating the phasor fingerprint of single cells and by mapping the relative concentration of metabolites. This method detects small changes in metabolic signatures and redox states of cells. Phasor fingerprints of stem cells cluster according to their differentiation state in a living tissue such as the C. elegans germ line and the crypt base of small intestine and colon. Phasor FLIM provides a label-free and fit-free sensitive method to identify metabolic states of cells and to classify stem cells, normal differentiated cells and cancer cells both in vitro and in a live tissue. Our method could identify symmetric and asymmetric divisions, predict cell fate and identify pre-cancer stages in vivo. This method is a promising non-invasive optical tool for monitoring metabolic pathways during differentiation and carcinogenesis, for cell sorting and high throughput screening.
Isoprene Biosynthesis in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>via the Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway (1999)

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), an abundant natural product of unknown function in plants, has recently been found to be one of the major volatiles formed by Bacillus subtilis. To understand the metabolic origins of isoprene in B. subtilis, we used (13)C- and (2)H-labeling methods with GC-MS analysis of released isoprene. The results indicate that, in this bacterium, isoprene is not formed by the mevalonate pathway or from catabolism of leucine, but, as in plant systems, it is a product of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis. This work supports the idea that B. subtilis could be used as a microbial model for studying the biochemistry of isoprene formation.
Physical Insights Into the Impact of Surface Traps on Breakdown Characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs—Part I (2020)

Impact of surface traps on the breakdown characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices is revealed using detailed TCAD computations and supporting experiments. Detailed mechanism explaining the role of surface traps in modulating channel electric field under various surface trap, device design, gate-stack, and applied voltage conditions is discussed. Experimental analysis with different surface conditions shows the measured electric field profile, using electro-luminescence experiments, to be in complete agreement with the computational findings. Device design guidelines with respect to design parameters affecting drift region's electric field and gate-stack in presence of surface traps or varying surface trap concentration is presented.
Mutations in <i>GNA11</i> in Uveal Melanoma (2010)

Of the uveal melanomas we analyzed, 83% had somatic mutations in GNAQ or GNA11. Constitutive activation of the pathway involving these two genes appears to be a major contributor to the development of uveal melanoma. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
Quantitative characterization of tissue using optical spectroscopy (2003)

To optimize the use of spectroscopic techniques as tools for disease diagnosis or for monitoring and guiding therapy, it is essential to understand the origins of the detected signals and to characterize in a quantitative manner the biochemical and morphological information that these techniques provide. This has been achieved for the case of three spectroscopic techniques: intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (IFS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and light scattering spectroscopy (LSS). Information from a combination of these techniques can be combined to provide a more complete picture of the tissue biochemistry and morphology and improved diagnostic capabilities.
Fabry-Perot interferometer in x-rays (2002)

The experimental fabrication of a Fabry-Perot interferometer for the x-ray region is reported. Based on state of the art thin film deposition technology at Osmic Inc., challenging requirements for making the interferometer for x-rays have been met.
From Soft Self‐Healing Gels to Stiff Films in Suckerin‐Based Materials Through Modulation of Crosslink Density and <i>β</i>‐Sheet Content (2015)

Suckerins are block-copolymer-like structural proteins constituting the building blocks of the strong squid sucker-ring teeth. Here, recombinant suckerin-19 is processed into biomaterials spanning a wide range of elasticity, from very soft hydrogels to stiff films with elastic modulus in the gigapascal range. The elasticity is controlled by the interplay between the β-sheet content and induced di-tyrosine crosslinking. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A new route to high-<i>T</i> <i>c</i> superconducting Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O thin films: Improved deposition efficiency and film morphology using ammonia–argon mixtures as the carrier gas (1992)

Highly oriented films of the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox have been prepared by a low-pressure organometallic chemical vapor deposition process using a mixture of ammonia and argon as the carrier gas together with Sr(dpm)2 (dpm-dipivaloylmethanate), Ca(dpm)2, Cu(acac)2 (acac-acetylacetonate), and triphenylbismuth as the organometallic precursors. By introducing ammonia into the carrier gas, a significant improvement in the volatility and thermal stability of both Sr(dpm)2 and Ca(dpm)2 is observed. Typical required source temperatures for Sr(dpm)2 and Ca(dpm)2 with the introduction of ammonia are about 40–50 °C lower than the source temperatures of the precursors without the introduction of ammonia. Enhancement of source volatility for Cu(acac)2 is also observed. After annealing at 865 °C in flowing oxygen, the films consist predominantly of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox phase and exhibit high preferential orientation of the crystallite c axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. Four-probe resistivity measurements indicate the onset of film superconductivity at ∼110 K and zero resistivity achieved at 74 K.
Enhancing the Stability of Porphyrin Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells by Manipulation of Electrolyte Additives (2014)

The use of porphyrin-based photosensitizers with superior light-harvesting properties has enabled the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to reach 13 % under full sun illumination. However, a major limitation of such devices corresponds to the volatility of the solvent used so far for the electrolyte, which prevents practical applications. In this work, we describe a porphyrin-ionic liquid DSC, which not only affords the highest efficiency reported to date, but is also stable for more than 300 h under continuous full sun illumination at 60 °C. Furthermore, we identify a previously unreported pathway for device degradation, and show that the addition of N-methylbenzimidazole and a thiocyanate salt to the electrolyte is critical to obtaining long-lived devices.
Differential Regulation of Growth and Checkpoint Control Mediated by a Cdc25 Mitotic Phosphatase from Pneumocystis carinii (2001)

Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic fungal pathogen phylogenetically related to the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. P. carinii causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with AIDS and malignancies. Although the life cycle of P. carinii remains poorly characterized, morphologic studies of infected lung tissue indicate that P. carinii alternates between numerous small trophic forms and fewer large cystic forms. To understand further the molecular mechanisms that regulate progression of the cell cycle of P. carinii, we have sought to identify and characterize genes in P. carinii that are important regulators of eukaryotic cell cycle progression. In this study, we have isolated a cDNA from P. carinii that exhibits significant homology, but unique functional characteristics, to the mitotic phosphatase Cdc25 found in S. pombe. P. carinii Cdc25 was shown to rescue growth of the temperature-sensitive S. pombe cdc25-22 strain and thus provides an additional tool to investigate the unique P. carinii life cycle. Although P. carinii Cdc25 could also restore the DNA damage checkpoint in cdc25-22 cells, it was unable to restore fully the DNA replication checkpoint. The dissociation of checkpoint control at the level of Cdc25 indicates that Cdc25 may be under distinct regulatory control in mediating checkpoint signaling.
Path Selection in Streaming Video Over Multioverlay Application Layer Multicast (2010)

Application-layer multicast (ALM) has grown tremendously in recent years, making the distribution of bulk data such as streaming video economically feasible for small companies and even individuals. The efficiency of an ALM network depends on its data distribution overlay, which is constructed based on metrics such as round-trip time (RTT) measurement between peers. However Internet measurement experiments revealed that RTT is far from an accurate estimator of bandwidth availability and as such, may lead to sub-optimal performance in the constructed ALM overlays. This paper tackles this problem by developing a new in-band bandwidth probing tool which can estimate the amount of achievable bandwidth available in the target network path so that excess data traffic can be diverted from the congested path without causing new congestion in the target path. Moreover, the probing tool does not incur any bandwidth overhead as it piggybacks on the existing data flow. Simulation results show that multioverlay ALM networks constructed based on achievable bandwidth consistently out-performs RTT-based and residual bandwidth-based approaches in terms of data delivery ratio and video playback continuity. Moreover, the proposed bandwidth probing tool can be implemented entirely within the application and thus can be readily incorporated into existing ALM protocols.
Gas Turbine Cleaning Upgrade (Compressor Wash) (1997)

The influence of gas turbine degradation on operating costs is high. Gas turbine cleaning is one of many actions taken for power recovery and is considered preventive maintenance. It is generally performed within the industrial and occasionally within the aero sector. Following a survey about potential for cost reduction in gas turbine operation the cleaning issue appears to be overlooked from an engineering point of view and there is a large potential for efficiency improvements. Engine development with corresponding high blade loads and ever-increasing temperatures require more efficient and careful cleaning methods. Together with emission taxes and environmental regulations, optimized cleaning methods will play an ever-growing role in future gas turbine operation. In order to achieve cost effectiveness regarding hardware, man-hour and consumables a new cleaning method has been evaluated for a standard process. The economic evaluations show that a standardisation of cleaning with the new method would enable the aviation sector to perform engine cleaning on a routine basis as well as the stationary sector to make significant cost savings in equipment purchase and operation.
Addressing instruction fetch bottlenecks by using an instruction register file (2007)

The Instruction Register File (IRF) is an architectural extension for providing improved access to frequently occurring instructions. An optimizing compiler can exploit an IRF by packing an application's instructions, resulting in decreased code size, reduced energy consumption and improved execution time primarily due to a smaller footprint in the instruction cache. The nature of the IRF also allows the execution of packed instructions to overlap with instruction fetch, thus providing a means for tolerating increased fetch latencies, like those experienced by encrypted ICs as well as the presence of low-power L0 caches. Although previous research has focused on the direct benefits of instruction packing, this paper explores the use of increased fetch bandwidth provided by packed instructions. Small L0 caches improve energy efficiency but can increase execution time due to frequent cache misses. We show that this penalty can be significantly reduced by overlapping the execution of packed instructions with miss stalls. The IRF can also be used to supply additional instructions to a more aggressive execution engine, effectively reducing dependence on instruction cache bandwidth. This can improve energy efficiency, in addition to providing additional flexibility for evaluating various design tradeoffs in a pipeline with asymmetric instruction bandwidth. Thus, we show that the IRF is a complementary technique, operating as a buffer tolerating fetch bottlenecks, as well as providing additional fetch bandwidth for an aggressive pipeline backend.
In vivo mutation assay based on the endogenous <i>Pig‐a</i> locus (2008)

The product of the X-chromosome's Pig-a gene acts in the first step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis, and is thereby essential for attaching certain proteins to the cell surface. The experiments described herein were designed to evaluate whether lack of GPI-anchored proteins could form the basis of an in vivo mutation assay. Specifically, we used a CD59-negative cell surface phenotype to denote Pig-a mutation. Besides anti-CD59-PE, two other fluorescent reagents were used: thiazole orange to differentiate mature erythrocytes, reticulocytes (RETs), and leukocytes; and anti-CD61 to resolve platelets. These experiments were performed with Sprague Dawley rats, and focused on two cell populations, total erythrocytes and RETs. The ability of the analytical method to enumerate CD59-negative erythrocytes was initially assessed with reconstruction experiments whereby mutant-mimicking cells were added to control bloods. Subsequently, female rats were treated on three occasions with the model mutagens ENU (100 mg/kg/day) or DMBA (40 mg/kg/day). Blood specimens were harvested at various intervals, as late as 6 weeks post-exposure. Considering all week 4-6 data, we found that CD59-negative cells ranged from 239 to 855 x 10(-6) and 82 to 405 x 10(-6) for ENU and DMBA, respectively. These values were consistently greater than those observed for negative control rats (18 +/- 19 x 10(-6)). The elevated frequencies observed for the genotoxicant-exposed animals were usually higher for RETs compared to total erythrocytes. These data support the hypothesis that an efficient in vivo mutation assay can be developed around flow cytometric enumeration of erythrocytes and/or RETs that exhibit aberrant GPI-anchored protein expression.
High-Density Multicore Fibers (2016)

High-density single-mode multicore fibers were designed and fabricated. A heterogeneous 30-core fiber realized a low crosstalk of −55 dB. A quasi-single-mode homogeneous 31-core fiber attained the highest core count as a single-mode multicore fiber.
Instrument for determining the transuranic element content of chopped leached fuel hulls and other materials (1979)

An instrument has been designed, constructed, and evaluated for the identification and quantitative determination of transuranic elements by detection of neutrons emitted from their (..cap alpha.., n) and spontaneous fission reactions. Although optimized for batch evaluation of chopped leached nuclear fuel cladding hulls, the principle can be adapted to continuous feed operations. Unique electronic circuitry permits the sorting of neutron emissions depending on their origin which can be directly related to the isotopic composition of very small amounts of transuranic activities present in extreme gamma radiation fields. Efficiencies, sensitivities, and detection limits are discussed.
Time domain antenna holography (2000)

Time domain holography from direct time domain far field measurements is presented as a novel, fast approach to antenna diagnostics, which offers a greater insight into the electrical properties of antennas than that possible using standard frequency domain holography. Experimental results from one array antenna measured in a compact range are presented which illustrate the effectiveness of the new approach.
Substituted 6-(1-Pyrrolidine)quinolin-2(1<i>H</i>)-ones as Novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (2007)

The androgen receptor is a ligand inducible transcription factor that is involved in a broad range of physiological functions. Here we describe the discovery of a new class of orally available selective androgen receptor modulators. The lead compound, 6-[(2R,5R)-2-methyl-5-((R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-4-trifluoromethylquinolin-2(1H)-one (6a), showed excellent anabolic activity in muscle with reduced effect on the prostate in a rat model of hypogonadism. The compound also improved bone strength in a rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis.
SU‐C‐110‐02: Reducing 4D CT Artifacts Using Optimized Sorting Based on Anatomic Similarity (2011)

Purpose: Four‐dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) has been widely used as a tool to characterize respiratory motion in radiotherapy. The two most commonly used 4DCT algorithms sort images by respiratory phase or displacement into a predefined number of bins, and are prone to image artifacts at transitions between bed positions. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate a method of reducing motion artifacts in 4DCT by incorporating anatomic similarity into phase or displacement based sorting protocols. Methods: Ten patient datasets were retrospectively sorted using both displacement and phase based sorting algorithms. Conventional sorting methods allow selection of only the nearest neighbor image in time or displacement within each bin. In our method, for each bed position either the displacement or the phase defines the center of a bin range about which several candidate images are selected. The two dimensional correlation coefficients between slices bordering the interface between adjacent couch positions are then calculated for all candidate pairings. Two slices have a high correlation if they are anatomically similar. Candidates from each bin are then selected to maximize the slice correlation over the entire data set using Dijkstraˈs shortest path algorithm. To assess the reduction of artifacts, two thoracic radiation oncologists independently compared the re‐sorted 4D datasets pair‐wise with conventionally sorted datasets, blinded to the sorting method, to choose which had the least motion artifacts. Agreement between reviewers was evaluated using the weighted kappa score. Results: Anatomically based image selection resulted in 4DCT datasets with significantly reduced motion artifacts with both displacement (P=0.0063) and phase sorting (P=0.00022). The reviewers agreed 34 times and disagreed 6 times. Conclusions: Sorting using anatomic similarity significantly reduces 4DCT motion artifacts compared to conventional phase or displacement based sorting. This improved sorting algorithm is a straightforward extension of the two most common 4DCT sorting algorithms.
Sustained Exendin-4 Secretion through Gene Therapy Targeting Salivary Glands in Two Different Rodent Models of Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes (2012)

Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is a Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist approved for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), which requires daily subcutaneous administration. In T2DM patients, GLP-1 administration is reported to reduce glycaemia and HbA1c in association with a modest, but significant weight loss. The aim of present study was to characterize the site-specific profile and metabolic effects of Ex-4 levels expressed from salivary glands (SG) in vivo, following adeno-associated virus-mediated (AAV) gene therapy in two different animal models of obesity prone to impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM, specifically, Zucker fa/fa rats and high fed diet (HFD) mice. Following percutaneous injection of AAV5 into the salivary glands, biologically active Ex-4 was detected in the blood of both animal models and expression persisted in salivary gland ductal cell until the end of the study. In treated mice, Ex-4 levels averaged 138.9±42.3 pmol/L on week 6 and in treated rats, mean circulating Ex-4 levels were 238.2±72 pmol/L on week 4 and continued to increase through week 8. Expression of Ex-4 resulted in a significant decreased weight gain in both mice and rats, significant improvement in glycemic control and/or insulin sensitivity as well as visceral adipose tissue adipokine profile. In conclusion, these results suggest that sustained site-specific expression of Ex-4 following AAV5-mediated gene therapy is feasible and may be useful in the treatment of obesity as well as trigger improved metabolic profile.