gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sniffing out cancer from real breath samples by means of nanomaterial-based electronic nose device (2009)

e17552 Background: Several studies have shown that characteristic patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) appear to be elevated in the alveolar breath of cancer patients, as compared to healthy controls. It has been shown, that VOCs’ composition acts as a fingerprint for the distinction of a certain cancer from other cancers, including the cases where various cancers have similar type of biomarkers. The goal of the current study is to establish a background to ultimately achieve a simple-to-use device that can detect such patterns of cancer when exhaling into it. Methods: Breath samples were collected from 40 healthy volunteers and 75 patients having known conditions in six main categories: (I) 40 healthy controls; (II) 30 patients with lung cancer; (III) 15 patients with breast cancer; (IV) 20 patients with colon cancer; (V) 5 patients with prostate cancer; and (VI) 5 patients with head and neck cancer. The breath of the volunteers was examined by means of gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS) as well as by an electronic nose device that is based on molecularly modified Au nanoparticles to check the feasibility of the electronic nose in cancer detection via breath samples Results: GC-MS results showed that each category of cancer has a unique pattern (or mixture) of VOCs. In parallel to these findings, results indicate the ability of nanomaterial-based electronic nose devices to differentiate between “healthy” and “cancerous” breath, and, furthermore, between the breath of patients with different cancer types, with >92% sensitivity. Conclusions: The electronic nose technology has a high potential for assessing various types of cancer via simple exhalation procedure. The results provide a launching pad towards obtaining an inexpensive, compact tool that is amenable to widespread screening and that has a potential for direct and real-time monitoring (2–3 minutes only). No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Immunity studies in calves vaccinated with a multivalent live respiratory vaccine composed of I.B.R., parainfluenza 3 and bovine adenovirus type 3. (1976)

President Roosevelt would like to know why Sergeant Edwards has not been tried by court martial for cruelty in the Philippines.
Apparatus for treating flowing working gases particularly to reduce the noise in operation thereof (1986)

First Page
Optimized actuators for ultrathin deformable primary mirrors (2015)

A novel design and selection scheme for surface-parallel actuators for ultrathin, lightweight mirrors is presented. The actuation system consists of electrodes printed on a continuous layer of piezoelectric material bonded to an optical-quality substrate. The electrodes provide almost full coverage of the piezoelectric layer, in order to maximize the amount of active material that is available for actuation, and their shape is optimized to maximize the correctability and stroke of the mirror for a chosen number of independent actuators and for a dominant imperfection mode. The starting point for the design of the electrodes is the observation that the correction of a figure error that has at least two planes of mirror symmetry is optimally done with twin actuators that have the same optimized shape but are rotated through a suitable angle. Additional sets of optimized twin actuators are defined by considering the intersection between the twin actuators, and hence an arbitrarily fine actuation pattern can be generated. It is shown that this approach leads to actuator systems with better performance than simple, geometrically based actuators. Several actuator patterns to correct third-order astigmatism aberrations are presented, and an experimental demonstration of a 41-actuator mirror is also presented.
The FAST Distributed Processing Architecture (DPA) and its Application for a Larger-Scale Search Engine (2007)

This thesis focuses on methods and analysis for building scalable Internet Search Engines. In this work, we have developed a search kernel, an architecture framework and applications that are being used in industrial and commercial products. Furthermore, we present both analysis and design of key elements. Essential to building a large-scale search engine is to understand the dynamics of the content in which we are searching. For the challenging case of searching the web, there are multiple dimensions of dynamics that should ideally be handled. In this thesis we start by examining some of these dimensions and the implications they have on search engine design.When designing a search engine kernel, the focus has been on selection of algorithms and datastructures in the general case. Also, and even more important, we design worst-case characteristics into the search kernel that are very decisive from a scaling standpoint. A performance model to analyze the behaviour of the kernel is also developed. The designed search engine kernel was realized as a predecessor of the current FAST Search kernel (the FMS kernel), and practical experiments and benchmarking demonstrate the correctness of the assumptions from the design of the kernel. Then a framework for scaling shared-nothing systems based upon nodes working on separate portions of the data is introduced. The design of the framework is based on the general principles of replication and distribution. A performance model and an algorithm for cluster design are provided. This is in turn applied to construct a larger-scale web search engine and benchmarking of clusters indicate that the assumptions and models for the distributed architecture hold. The scaling aspect of search engine is further studied in the context of the application itself. Query locality is explored and used to create an architecture that is a generalized type of caching (through partial replication) using the application behaviour and a configurable correctness trade-off to design super-linear scalable search engines.Finally, a discussion of how linguistics are being used in web search engines is provided, focusing on the constraints that apply to ensure the desired scalability.
Improving Power and Data Efficiency with Threaded Memory Modules (2006)

The technique of module-threading utilizes standard DDR DRAM components to build modified memory modules. These modified modules incorporate one or more additional control signals. The modification permits the module to operate at higher performance levels and at lower power levels than standard modules. The modified modules are also capable of finer granularity transactions while still operating at full bandwidth.
<i>α</i> 10 Integrin Expression Is Up-Regulated on Fibroblast Growth Factor-2-Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Improved Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential (2007)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that have the capacity to differentiate into various different cell lineages and can generate bone, cartilage and adipose tissue. MSCs are presently characterized using a broad range of different cell-surface markers that are not exclusive to MSCs and not sensitive to culture conditions or differentiation capacity. We show that the integrin subunits alpha10 and alpha11 of the collagen binding integrins alpha10beta1 and alpha11beta1 are expressed by human MSCs in monolayer cultures. We also demonstrate that the expression of alpha10 increases, while alpha1 and alpha11 decrease, during aggregate culture of MSCs in chondrogenic medium. Alpha10beta1 is expressed by chondrocytes in cartilage, whereas alpha11beta1 integrins are predominantly expressed by subsets of the fibroblastic lineage. In extensive monolayer cultures of MSCs, alpha10 expression is down-regulated. We show that this down-regulation is reversed by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) treatment. Addition of FGF-2 to MSCs not only results in increased alpha10 expression, but also in decreased alpha11 expression. FGF-2 treatment of MSCs has been shown to keep the cells more multipotent and also induces cell proliferation and Sox-9 up-regulation. We demonstrate improved chondrogenecity as well as increased collagen-dependant migratory potential of FGF-2-treated MSCs having a high alpha10 expression. We also demonstrate expression of alpha10 and alpha11 integrin subunits in the endosteum and periosteum of mice, but very low or not detectable expression levels in freshly aspired human or mouse BM. We show that MSCs with high chondrogenic differentiation potential are highly alpha10 positive and propose alpha10 as a potential marker to predict the differentiation state of MSCs.
The Conversion of Starch and Sugars into Branched C<sub>10</sub> and C<sub>11</sub> Hydrocarbons (2016)

Oligosaccharides, such as starch, cellulose, and hemicelluloses, are abundant and easily obtainable bio-derived materials that can potentially be used as precursors for fuels and chemical feedstocks. To access the pertinent molecular building blocks (i.e., 5- or 6-carbon containing sugar units) located within these biopolymers and transform them into useful fuel precursors, oligosaccharide depolymerization followed by chain extension is required. This chain extension can readily be performed via a Garcia-Gonzalez-like approach using β-diketones under mild conditions to provide fuel precursors containing an increased carbon atom content that meets fuel requirements. In a subsequent step, ring opening and hydrodeoxygenation chemistry of these species allows for the preparation of branched alkanes under relatively mild conditions. This approach can be applied to monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose), oligosaccharides (starch), and potentially to hydrolyzed dedicated energy crops to allow the conversion of real biomass into fuel type molecules.
InP-Based Waveguide-Integrated Photodiodes With InGaAs/GaAsSb Type-II Quantum Wells and 10-GHz Bandwidth at 2 $ \mathbf {\mu }$m Wavelength (2018)

Waveguide-integrated photodiodes with InGaAs/ GaAsSb type-II quantum well absorption regions designed to absorb light at 2 μm are presented. A novel dual-integrated waveguide-depletion layer was used to maximize quantum efficiency in photodiodes designed with thin absorbers for high-speed optical response. Low dark currents (1 nA at -1 V) and an internal responsivity of 0.84 A/W along with a bandwidth above 10 GHz and an open eye diagram at 10 Gb/s have been demonstrated at 2 μm. The high-speed carrier dynamics within InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum wells are explored for the first time and suggest that the transit time of the photodiode is limited by light hole escape times in the quantum wells.
Genetic Engineering of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> for Reduced Nornicotine Content (2006)

Alkaloid; cytochrome P450; gene silencing; nicotine N-demethylase; N'-nitrosonornicotine; plant genetic engineering; metabolic engineering; Nicotiana tabacum L.; real-time PCR; RNA interference; tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
A Simple Variable Focus Lens for Field Emitter Cathodes (2018)

We present the design for a simple, variable-focus solenoidal lens with integrated emittance filtering. The design was developed as a first-iteration injection optics solution for transport of a beam from a field-emitter cathode into a dielectric laser accelerator structure. The design is easy to fabricate and, while based on permanent magnets, can readily be modified to allow for remote control of the focal length. The emittance is controlled via selection of collimating irises. The focal length can be changed by altering the spacing between two permanent ring magnets. Results from fabrication and initial testing will be presented.
Dynamic Toolface Estimation for Rotary Steerable Drilling System (2018)

In drilling engineering, Toolface is an angle used to describe bit direction. It is a challenging task to accurately estimate Toolface while drilling because of the downhole harsh conditions, but it is a primary step for the dynamic point-the-bit rotary steerable system (DPRSS). A new dynamic Toolface estimator is present, which fuses measurements from two accelerometers and one gyro. A dual-accelerometer Toolface measuring method is designed to compensate the circumferential acceleration of DPRSS. A nonlinear Complementary Filter (CF) is used to suppress the effect of vibration and axial acceleration. The frequency-domain characteristics of nonlinear CF are analyzed and its natural frequency is determined adaptively based on real time drilling conditions. This new estimator is validated on a DPRSS prototype under typical drilling modes; it is demonstrated with high robustness and follows the references satisfactorily.
A Highly Sensitive Bimodal Detection of Amine Vapours Based on Aggregation Induced Emission of 1,2‐Dihydroquinoxaline Derivatives (2017)

The detection of food spoilage is a major concern in food safety as large amounts of food are transported globally. Direct analysis of food samples is often time-consuming and requires expensive analytical instrumentation. A much simpler and more cost-effective method for monitoring food fermentation is to detect biogenic amines generated as a by-product during food decomposition. In this work, a series of 1,2-dihydroquinoxaline derivatives (DQs) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics were synthesised and their protonated forms, that is, H<sup>+</sup> DQs, can be utilised for the sensitive detection of biogenic amines. For example, upon exposure to amine vapours, deprotonation occurs that converts the red-coloured, non-emissive H<sup>+</sup> DQ2 back to its yellow-coloured, fluorescent parent form. The bimodal absorption and emission changes endow the system with high sensitivity, capable of detecting ammonia vapour at a concentration of as low as 690 ppb. Taking advantage of this, H<sup>+</sup> DQ2 was successfully applied for the detection of food spoilage and was established as a robust and cost effective technique to monitor food safety.
Image matting based high-quality stereo view synthesis (2010)

The commercial success and acceptability of 3D technology will critically depend on the overall visual quality of the rendered images. Therefore Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR) is a crucial component of the 3D system chain. In this paper, we describe a high quality DIBR system for view synthesis. In particular, a procedure is outlined for the processing of the so-called mixed pixels at object boundaries. A Layered Depth Image (LDI) representation of the scene is obtained given an image and corresponding depth map. In the process, all significant mixed pixels in the image are automatically separated into their local foreground and local background. Our results show superior rendering quality, especially at object edges.
Continuous flow hydrogenations using novel catalytic static mixers inside a tubular reactor (2016)

Continuous flow reactor for the hydrogenation of organic substrates using novel catalytic static mixers.
A new axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet machine capable of field control (2003)

This paper presents a new axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet (PM) field controlled TORUS type (FCT) machine. Machine structure and principles are explored and the field weakening feature of the topology as well as the advantages of the machine are presented in the first part. The second section introduces the linear model and sizing analysis using generalized sizing equations. Optimization of the machine pole number and power density maximization for the optimum pole number is also achieved. In the third section, 3D finite element analyses (FEA) of the topology are illustrated for different field currents in order to accomplish the machine design and to determine the sizing of the optimum field winding. Furthermore, torque analysis of the FCT machine using 3D finite element analysis is also carried out and illustrated in the paper.
Development and validation of a serum microRNA biomarker panel for detecting gastric cancer in a high-risk population (2020)

This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration number: NCT04329299).
Instrument canister thermal control (1977)

A transient thermal analysis and test of a thermal control canister is described. The 1 x 1 x 3 m canister provides a uniform thermal environment for shuttle instrument payloads requiring fine temperature control, the design goal being operation between 0 C and 20 C with a range of plus or minus 1 C at any selected set-point temperature. The canister side walls are isothermalized by a system of longitudinal and circumferential heat pipes rejecting heat through feedback controlled, variable conductance heat pipes to side mounted radiators. A breadboard model of two side walls and two radiators was tested in a thermal vacuum chamber. The breadboard was stable over a wide range of effective environments, experiment dissipations, and control point temperature levels.
Studies on the Biosynthesis of the Stephacidin and Notoamide Natural Products: A Stereochemical and Genetic Conundrum (2011)

The stephacidin and notoamide natural products belong to a group of prenylated indole alkaloids containing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core. Biosynthetically, this bicyclic core is believed to be the product of an intermolecular Diels- Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition of an achiral azadiene. Since all of the natural products in this family have been isolated in enantiomerically pure form to date, it is believed that an elusive Diels-Alderase enzyme mediates the IMDA reaction. Adding further intrigue to this biosynthetic puzzle is the fact that several related Aspergillus fungi produce a number of metabolites with the opposite absolute configuration, implying that these fungi have evolved enantiomerically distinct Diels-Alderases. We have undertaken a program to identify every step in the biogenesis of the stephacidins and notoamides, and by combining the techniques of chemical synthesis and biochemical analysis we have been able to identify the two prenyltransferases involved in the early stages of the stephacidin and notoamide biosyntheses. This has allowed us to propose a modified biosynthesis for stephacidin A, and has brought us closer to our goal of finding evidence for, or against, the presence of a Diels-Alderase in this biosynthetic pathway.
A resonance method for measuring permeability (2011)

Abstract A physically simple method is suggested to measure the permeability of porous reservoirs on the basis of resonance radial oscillations of borehole fluid. The interfacial velocity difference between the porous solid and the fluid is highly sensitive to the permeability of the formation outside the borehole at the resonance frequency. Thus, the permeability can be inferred from the instrumentally measured velocity difference. The instrumental measurements have technological limitations due to the finite size of the source. The two-velocity acoustic data from saturated porous media can be processed using the high-performance and high-order accurate WENO/Runge–Kutta 2D finite-difference scheme.
A new local multiscale Fourier analysis for medical imaging (2003)

The Stockwell transform (ST), recently developed for geophysics, combines features of the Fourier, Gabor and wavelet transforms; it reveals frequency variation over time or space. This valuable information is obtained by Fourier analysis of a small segment of a signal at a time. Localization of the Fourier spectrum is achieved by filtering the signal with frequency-dependent Gaussian scaling windows. This multi-scale time-frequency analysis provides information about which frequencies occur and more importantly when they occur. Furthermore, the Stockwell domain can be directly inferred from the Fourier domain and vice versa. These features make the ST a potentially effective tool to visualize, analyze, and process medical imaging data. The ST has proven useful in noise reduction and tissue texture analysis. Herein, we focus on the theory and effectiveness of the ST for medical imaging. Its effectiveness and comparison with other linear time-frequency transforms, such as the Gabor and wavelet transforms, are discussed and demonstrated using functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
Screening and Characterization of Facultative Psychrophilic Denitrifiers for Treatment of Nitrate Contaminated Groundwater Using Starch-Based Biodegradable Carriers (2002)

Potential starch degrading denitrifying microorganisms that can grow at 4 degrees C were isolated from lake sediments to remove nitrate from groundwater. Initial screening using soluble starch as the sole carbon source confirmed that two out of twenty-five isolates (strain no. 2 and 47) significantly reduced nitrate in the medium and liberated nitrogen gas during culture. In a second screening, several commercially available starch based materials and different kinds of starch were tested. Strain 47 was found to have the best denitrification performance compared with strain 2. Using starch based carrier C (a commercial packing material) as carbon source, strain 47 could completely reduce the nitrate nitrogen in the medium after one week of batch culture even at 10 degrees C. Strain 47 could remove nitrate even without trace element supplementation, and it could perform optimally at 1X (10ml l(-1) of trace element solution) level of trace element supplement. The best temperature for denitrification for strain 47 was 15 degrees C and 20 degrees C, but it could also remove nitrate nitrogen at 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C, although at a slower rate. Reactor studies in a simulated treatment well (a cylindrical reciprocating basket reactor) in a repeated fed batch mode showed a good stable denitrification performance as long as substrate limitation is avoided by adequate supply of starch based carrier. Although the similarity score obtained was not enough for phylogenic identification, the results of 16SrRNA sequences analysis for the strain 47 showed a dose relation to Janthinobacterium lividum or Pseudomonas (Janth) mephitica (95.77%).
A Highly Active Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Amides to Alcohols and Amines (2011)

Es geht auch ohne Metallhydrid: Die Reaktion zwischen 2 Äquivalenten Ph2P(CH2)2NH2 und cis-[Ru(CH3CN)2(η3-C3H5)(cod)]BF4 (cod=1,5-Cyclooctadien) liefert die hoch aktive Katalysatorvorstufe 1 für die selektive Hydrierung von Amiden. Diese atomökonomische Reaktion, die unter schonenden Bedingungen hohe Umsatzzahlen (TONs) und Ausbeuten ergibt, bietet eine nachhaltige Alternative zur üblichen Verwendung von Metallhydriden in Forschung und Industrie. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Photopolymerization in Cholesteric Mesophases (1984)

Abstract Cholesteric liquid crystalline monomers undergo efficient photopolymerization to “freeze in” the planar texture characteristic of low molar mass cholesteric liquid crystals. The monomers consist of polymerizable moieties separated from the cholesteryl mesogens by flexible spacer groups. Individual monomers and mixtures give homopolymers and copolymers, respectively, that exhibit cholesteric textures to within 10 to 15[ddot]C of the isotropic transition.