gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave Electric-Field Mapping Using Optical-Fiber-Mounted Electro-Optic Probes (2000)

A microwave electric-field mapping system based on electro-optic sampling has been developed using micromachined gallium arsenide crystals mounted on gradient-index lenses and single-mode optical fibers. Three orthogonal polarization components of the electric field are distinguished, and two-dimensional field images are obtained by scanning the fiber-based probes in a plane above the device under test. Because the probes are simple dielectrics and require no metal or electrodes to extract the electric field amplitude and phase, they are uniquely useful in the imaging of the aperture-plane region of antennas and arrays, where they provide complete information on radiated, guided, and evanescent waves. Due to the high level of versatility afforded by the optical-fiber coupling, this diagnostic testing can be extended not only to open, guided-wave structures, but also to shielded microwave circuits and packages.
KSAC, the First Defined Polyprotein Vaccine Candidate for Visceral Leishmaniasis (2011)

A subunit vaccine using a defined antigen(s) may be one effective solution for controlling leishmaniasis. Because of genetic diversity in target populations, including both dogs and humans, a multiple-antigen vaccine will likely be essential. However, the cost of a vaccine to be used in developing countries must be considered. We describe herein a multiantigen vaccine candidate comprised of antigens known to be protective in animal models, including dogs, and to be recognized by humans immune to visceral leishmaniasis. The polyprotein (KSAC) formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A, a widely used adjuvant in human vaccines, was found to be immunogenic and capable of inducing protection against Leishmania infantum, responsible for human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, and against L. major, responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing a practical, cost-effective leishmaniasis vaccine capable of protecting both humans and dogs against multiple Leishmania species.
Laboratory Evaluation ofSerological Tests forSystemic Candidiasis: a Cooperative Study (1977)

Threeserological tests forcandidiasis, agar geldiffusion (AGD-1), wholecell agglutination (AGGL-1), andlatex agglutination (LAT), were evaluated bysix laboratories with100coded sera.Inaddition, eachofsixlaboratories performed a testofitschoice, either theAGD-2,theAGD-3,theAGGL-2or one ofthree counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP)methods (CEP-1, CEP-2, andCEP-3). Results arepresented bylaboratory for a groupof53candida-involved cases(33 proven,14presumptive, and6probable) and47negative controls (41normal and 6other disease states). TheAGD-1testproduced an overall average of85.1% positive results inthecandida-involved groupand5.0%positives inthecontrol group.TheLATproduced an overall averageof89.0%positives inthecandidainvolved group and17.4%positives inthecontrols. TheAGGL-1testproduced an overall averageof63.8%positives inthecandida-involved group,with12.3% positives inthecontrols. Intheindividual tests, thebestperformance was shown bytheCEP-3test(92.5% positives inthecandida-involved group and2.1% positives incontrols) andtheCEP-1test(88.7% positive inthecandida-involved group andno positives inthecontrols). Thetests withthehighest sensitivity were theAGGL-2andCEP-2(94.3 and96.2%, respectively). Thesetests were also theleast specific (80.9 and76.6%, respectively). Inthethree common tests, theAGD-1was themostreproducible, whereas theAGGL-1produced considerablelaboratory-to-laboratory variation. Sincecell-free extracts ofmechanically disrupted C.albicans were usedfortheLATandalltheAGD andCEPtests, the difference inperformance was considered tobemainly duetoantigenic compositionandtheconditions ofthetest. Theresults ofthisstudy confirm thevalueof serological tests forthediagnosis ofsystemic candidiasis, butpoint outtheneed forstandardized reagents. Despite therising prevalence ofsystemic candida infection, antemortem diagnosis has beendifficult toestablish (24, 26,30,31). The potential threat ofsystemic candidiasis exists inpatients whoarechronically ill, whohave undergone cardiac surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, orrenal transplantation, orwhohave received intravenous catheters, hyperalimentation, orprolonged antibiotic orimmunosuppressive therapy (3,11,21,32,37). Heroin addicts havebeenreported tohaveahighprevalence ofsystemic candidiasis diagnosed onpostmortemexamination (11,35).Unfortunately, thecriteria usedtoestablish thediagnosis clin
Optimization of on‐resonant magnetization transfer contrast in coronary vein MRI (2010)

Magnetization transfer contrast has been used commonly for endogenous tissue contrast improvements in angiography, brain, body, and cardiac imaging. Both off-resonant and on-resonant RF pulses can be used to generate magnetization transfer based contrast. In this study, on-resonant magnetization transfer preparation using binomial pulses were optimized and compared with off-resonant magnetization transfer for imaging of coronary veins. Three parameters were studied with simulations and in vivo measurements: flip angle, pulse repetitions, and binomial pulse order. Subsequently, first or second order binomial on-resonant magnetization transfer pulses with eight repetitions of 720° and 240° flip angle were used for coronary vein MRI. Flip angles of 720° yielded contrast enhancement of 115% (P < 0.0006) for first order on-resonant and 95% (P < 0.0006) for off-resonant magnetization transfer. There was no statistically significance difference between off-resonant and on-resonant first order binomial Magnetization transfer at 720°. However, for off-resonance pulses, much more preparation time is needed when compared with the binomials but with considerably reduced specific absorption rate.
Oncogene-dependent apoptosis in extracts from drug-resistant cells. (1997)

Many genotoxic agents kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis; hence, mutations that suppress apoptosis produce resistance to chemotherapy. Although directly activating the apoptotic machinery may bypass these mutations, how to achieve this activation in cancer cells selectively is not clear. In this study, we show that the drug-resistant 293 cell line is unable to activate components of the apoptotic machinery-the ICE-like proteases (caspases)-following treatment with an anticancer drug. Remarkably, extracts from untreated cells spontaneously activate caspases and induce apoptosis in a cell-free system, indicating that drug-resistant cells have not only the apoptotic machinery but also its activator. Comparing extracts from cells with defined genetic differences, we show that this activator is generated by the adenovirus E1A oncogene and is absent from normal cells. We provide preliminary characterization of this oncogene generated activity (OGA) and show that partially purified OGA activates caspases when added to extracts from untransformed cells. We suggest that agents that link OGA to caspases in cells would kill tumor cells otherwise resistant to conventional cancer therapy. As this killing relies on an activity generated by an oncogene, the effect of these agents should be selective for transformed cells.
Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines: a new class of thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitors (1985)

The synthesis and structure-activity profile of a new class of potent and highly specific thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitors is described. The most potent member of this series in vitro is determined to be imidazo[1,5-a]-pyridine-5-hexanoic acid (9).
ABC Triblock Copolymers Prepared Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Techniques (2001)

Triblock copolymers (or, alternatively, terpolymers) of the type ABC, where A, B, and C represent distinct blocks based on different monomers, have been prepared using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) techniques. Various macroinitiators, including mono- and difunctional poly(tert-butyl acrylate), difunctional poly(styrene), and trifunctional p(St), were prepared and used for block copolymerizations with different monomers, including methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and vinylpyridine. The block copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography to determine chain end functionality and by 1H NMR to measure the final composition of the block copolymers. Additionally, guidelines are presented for preparing block copolymers using ATRP techniques. Topics addressed include approaches to retaining the chain end functionality, achieving a high blocking efficiency, as well as strategies to maintain control over the ATRP reaction.
Structure–activity relationship study of angiotensin II analogs in terms of<i>β</i>‐arrestin‐dependent signaling to aldosterone production (2016)

The known angiotensin II (AngII) physiological effect of aldosterone synthesis and secretion induction, a steroid hormone that contributes to the pathology of postmyocardial infarction (MI) heart failure (HF), is mediated by both Gq/11 proteins and β-arrestins, both of which couple to the AngII type 1 receptors (AT1Rs) of adrenocortical zona glomerulosa (AZG) cells. Over the past several years, AngII analogs with increased selectivity ("bias") toward β-arrestin-dependent signaling at the AT1R have been designed and described, starting with SII, the gold-standard β-arrestin-"biased" AngII analog. In this study, we examined the relative potencies of an extensive series of AngII peptide analogs at relative activation of G proteins versus β-arrestins by the AT1R. The major structural difference of these peptides from SII was their varied substitutions at position 5, rather than position 4 of native AngII. Three of them were found biased for β-arrestin activation and extremely potent at stimulating aldosterone secretion in AZG cells in vitro, much more potent than SII in that regard. Finally, the most potent of these three ([Sar(1), Cys(Et)(5), Leu(8)]-AngII, CORET) was further examined in post-MI rats progressing to HF and overexpressing adrenal β-arrestin1 in vivo. Consistent with the in vitro studies, CORET was found to exacerbate the post-MI hyperaldosteronism, and, consequently, cardiac function of the post-MI animals in vivo. Finally, our data suggest that increasing the size of position 5 of the AngII peptide sequence results in directly proportional increases in AT1R-dependent β-arrestin activation. These findings provide important insights for AT1R pharmacology and future AngII-targeted drug development.
IrSi Schottky barrier diodes for infrared detection (1982)

Infrared detectors using Schottky Barriers of near noble metal silicides have shown rapid improvements in the past five years. The sensing mechanism of these detector elements is internal photoemission over the energy barrier formed between the metal silicide and the silicon substrate. By lowering the barrier potential the Schottky photoresponse can be extended further into the infrared. This paper reports on a new barrier material, IrSi, which has a barrier height of less than 0.160 ev. This lower barrier improves the infrared performance in two ways. First, this structure will cover the entire 3.0 to 5.0 micrometer region. Secondly, the nature of Schottky photoemission is such that an increase in the long wavelength cutoff leads to increases in sensitivity at all shorter wavelengths.
Asymmetric double-clad fiber couplers for endoscopy (2013)

We present an asymmetric double-clad fiber coupler (A-DCFC) exploiting a disparity in fiber etendues to exceed the equipartition limit (≤50% extraction of inner cladding multi-mode light). The A-DCFC is fabricated using two commercially available fibers and a custom fusion-tapering setup to achieve >70% extraction of multi-mode inner cladding light without affecting (>95% transmission) single-mode light propagation in the core. Imaging with the A-DCFC is demonstrated in a spectrally encoded imaging setup using a weakly backscattering biological sample. Other applications include the combination of optical coherence tomography with weak fluorescent or Raman scattering signals.
Reconstruction of Multiple-Scattering Complex Media by Iterative Optical Diffraction Tomography (2019)

We demonstrated the reconstruction of complex media beyond the weakly-scattering regime using iterative diffraction tomography. The accuracy and efficiency of the iterative reconstruction are numerically demonstrated.
Progress on Metal-loaded Plastic Scintillators for Nuclear Security Applications (2017)

In this paper we report on the fabrication and characterization of tin- and lead-loaded, polystyrene-based plastic scintillators for nuclear security applications. These metal-loaded plastic scintillators have been scaled up to 4 inch diameter sizes and shown to have improved gamma-ray spectroscopy, as well as fast neutron detection and spectroscopy capabilities by means of pulse shape discrimination (PSD).
Fingersight: Fingertip Visual Haptic Sensing and Control (2007)

We present a new method of sensing the 3D visual environment and controlling objects within it. The human hand is well suited to interrogate and manipulate objects by physical contact; however, the hand is limited to surfaces within its reach. Extending the hand's innate ability, we mount miniature cameras on individual fingertips, permitting rapid sweeping through the 3D visual environment at greater distances. The information gleaned from each fingertip camera is fed back to that finger by a small vibrator, so the sense of touch remains related to each finger's individual interaction with the environment. The muscles of the fingers, wrist, and arm can potentially provide motor control as fine as the eyes' (and we have ten fingers instead of only two eyes) although the sensory resolution and total bandwidth is likely to be less. Metaphorically speaking, we have given eyesight to the fingers, and thus we call the resulting capability, "Fingersight™." In addition to sensing the environment, we can remotely control certain identified targets with subsequent motion of the fingers. We can move or rotate objects on a computer screen or recognize inanimate objects such as a light switch, controlling environmental parameters with a flick of the finger.
Functionally Graded Tungsten Carbide Produced by Carburizing Method (2014)

Cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) is an indispensable material used in many manufacturing sectors including metalworking, oil and gas drilling, geothermal energy exploration, mining, construction, high-wear components, and other applications. The wide range of applications of WC-Co is because of its superior combination of high modulus, high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate fracture toughness. However, the wear resistance and fracture toughness of WC-Co composites are inversely related to each other. Wear resistance is often improved at the expense of the fracture toughness, and vice versa. This, in turn, limits the potential use of the material in manufacturing operations.
A Theoretical Performance Analysis of the Bayesian Data Reduction Algorithm (2006)

The purpose of this paper is to analytically demonstrate the effect that the overall quantization, M, has on the relative performance of the BDRA (Bayesian Data Reduction Algorithm). In particular, it is of interest to show with a straightforward data model how the dimensionality reduction aspects of the BDRA improves overall classification performance on the training data. In other words, it is analytically shown the conditions under which the probability of error, as computed on the data, is lower after dimensionality reduction. Results are illustrated by plotting the analytical probability of error as a function of the number of data merged in the same discrete cell. An interesting result demonstrates that data merged under different classes in the same discrete cell can improve classification performance.
Management and Orchestration of Mobile Network Services over Federated Mobile Infrastructures (2021)

This article proposes a novel method and system to solve the issue of the management and orchestration (MANO) of end-to-end network services when the MANO system is deployed in a mobile infrastructure which is within the user domain. Such a MANO system, referred to as u-MANO, raises several challenges and issues in terms of ensuring the integrity and service continuity provided by the end-to-end network services. These challenges become even more complex when the end-to-end network services are deployed in collaboration with third-party MANO providers (p-MANOs). Hence, this article addresses these challenges by proposing a new framework and methods that achieve seamless coordination between the u-MANO and p-MA-NO systems. Moreover, the feasibility of the proposed solution and its introduced gains in terms of reducing the communication overhead and the energy consumption of user domain infrastructure are evaluated in scenarios of using unmanned aerial vehicles for providing network services.
Realization of all-optical full adder using cross-gain modulation (2005)

An all-optical full adder using semiconductor optical amplifiers has been demonstrated at 10 Gbps for the first time. The full adder consisted of XOR and NOR gates only utilizes the mechanism of cross-gain modulation. The full adder utilize two logic functions of SUM and CARRY, which can be demonstrated by using two XOR gates and four NOR gates, respectively. By passing signal A as probe signal and signal B as pump signal into SOA-1, Boolean A NOT B can be obtained. Also, by changing the role of signals A and B for SOA-2, Boolean NOT A B can be acquired. Addition of Boolean A NOT B and NOT A B results in NOT A B + A NOT B , which is Boolean expression of logic XOR. By passing this XOR signal and signal C into the second XOR gate with the same principle, SUM signal of the full adder can be obtained. The Boolean expression of SUM can be expressed as A # B # C . With the first three NOR gates, Boolean NOT(A+B), NOT(B+C), and NOT(C+A) can be obtained. With the addition of these outputs, Boolean NOT(A+B) + NOT(B+C) + NOT(C+A) can be formed. By injecting these outputs through the last NOR gate with clock signal, CARRY signal of the full adder can be realized. The Boolean expression of CARRY can be expressed as AB +BC +CA. The extinction ratio is about 6.1dB.
Fentanyl Delivery from an Electrotransport System: Delivery is a Function of Total Current, Not Duration of Current (1998)

This open-label, parallel study of 28 men was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of fentanyl delivered by the E-TRANS (fentanyl) electrotransport transdermal system (ALZA Corporation, Palo Alto, CA). The E-TRANS (fentanyl) system provided electrically assisted, transdermal, continuous delivery of fentanyl. Treatments consisted of no current (group A); a constant current of 100 microA for 26 hours plus 4 additional doses at varying currents for varying times during hour 25 (groups B, C, D); a constant current of 100 microA for 26 hours plus 4 additional doses at 1,200 microA over 2.5 minutes during hour 1 (group E); or 500 microA for 0.5 hours and 100 microA for 3.5 hours (group F). No fentanyl was detected in serum when no current had been applied. Mean serum fentanyl concentrations were similar regardless of current duration during hour 25 (treatments B, C, D). Increases in mean serum fentanyl concentrations were significantly lower during additional dosing for treatment E compared with treatments B, C, and D. Serum fentanyl concentrations sufficient for analgesia (1-3 ng/mL) were attained in treatments using the E-TRANS (fentanyl) system with basal current of 100 microA for 26 hours. There were no safety issues after treatment with E-TRANS (fentanyl) system with concurrent opioid antagonist (naltrexone) administration. The only adverse event requiring treatment was a headache (n = 1). The majority of subjects had no or barely perceptible erythema at the application site 24 hours after system removal. Application of E-TRANS (fentanyl) resulted in therapeutically significant serum fentanyl concentrations over a range of applied currents. Overall serum fentanyl concentrations were higher when the skin had been primed by constant-current fentanyl delivery.
A novel metal detector using the quality factor of the secondary coil for wireless power transfer systems (2012)

A novel foreign-metal detection-system for wireless power transfer (WPT) is described. Foreign metal was heated only when placed between the primary coil and the secondary coil. By having the metal in that position, the quality factor of the secondary coil (Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) decreased rather than other parameters, so Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> was a suitable parameter for detecting the metal. We developed s Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> measurement circuit that works without any battery in the secondary device, and also developed a prototype WPT system with the Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> measurement circuit. Using this system, foreign metal that might be heated could be detected before heating.
Long term magnetic field monitoring near power lines (1997)

As part of regulatory requirements, a US electric utility is carrying out a long-term magnetic field monitoring program before and after a substation expansion. The program began with the drafting of a strict protocol to ensure that data collection over time by different personnel will follow exactly the same procedures. As other utilities may be involved in similar regulatory processes, this paper presents a long-term monitoring protocol, and the results of about 91 site-months of data from six monitoring sites before energization of the new facilities. Operating experience shows that the protocol was well conceived and can be executed with little supervision. Measurement results show daily, weekly and seasonal cycles of magnetic field levels near power lines. Normalized percentiles and means show that these cycles were similar at all six sites, and there was an upper bound for field levels at each site. Throughout the monitoring period, which exceeded 18 months at some sites, maximum magnetic field levels with durations longer than 15 minutes were about 270% or less of the medians.
Efficient H.264-to-HEVC Transcoding Based on Motion Propagation and Post-Order Traversal of Coding Tree Units (2017)

In this paper, we propose a fast H.264-to-HEVC transcoder composed of a motion propagation algorithm and a fast mode decision framework. The motion propagation algorithm creates a motion vector candidate list at the coding tree unit (CTU) level and, thereafter, selects the best candidate at the prediction unit level. This method eliminates computational redundancy by pre-computing the prediction error of each candidate at the CTU level and reusing the information for various partition sizes. The fast mode decision framework is based on a post-order traversal of the CTU and includes several mode reduction techniques. In particular, the framework permits the early termination of the rate distortion cost computation, a highly complex task, when a mode is unpromising. Moreover, a novel method exploits the data created by the motion propagation algorithm to determine whether a coding unit must be split. This allows the pruning of unpromising sub-partitions. Compared with a cascaded pixel-domain transcoding approach, the experimental results show that the proposed solution using one reference frame is on average 8.5 times faster, for an average Bjøntegaard delta-rate (BD-Rate) of 2.63%. For a configuration with four reference frames, the average speed-up is 11.77 times and the average BD-Rate is 3.82%.