gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid Clean Formulations for Stripping High-Dose Ion-Implanted Photoresist from Microelectronic Devices (2006)

Liquid clean formulations comprised of an organosilane, , and toluene have been found to selectively strip thin films of high-dose arsenic-implanted polyhydroxystyrene photoresist and hardened carbonized crust without silicon/oxide loss. During the cleaning process, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organosilanes were attached to the surface silanol groups in the regions of patterned wafers. It was determined that a higher surface density of organosilane SAMs improves the cleaning efficiency, and halide leaving groups further assist with photoresist and crust removal possibly due to chemical interactions with the arsenic ions. Wafers treated with the formulation containing resulted in the best cleaning efficiency (assessed by optical and scanning electron microscopy), yielding greater than 90% overall photoresist/crust removal in static cleaning mode and 100% removal in a dynamic cleaning mode, under optimal reaction conditions (, ). The SAMs were then stripped from the wafers. A solution of in DMSO was found to depassivate the wafer after (static mode) while maintaining the structural integrity of the underlying silicon-containing layers. The surfaces were characterized by contact angle to determine wettability, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Low-Rank Methods for Parallelizing Dynamic Programming Algorithms (2016)

This article proposes efficient parallel methods for an important class of dynamic programming problems that includes Viterbi, Needleman-Wunsch, Smith-Waterman, and Longest Common Subsequence. In dynamic programming, the subproblems that do not depend on each other, and thus can be computed in parallel, form stages or wavefronts . The methods presented in this article provide additional parallelism allowing multiple stages to be computed in parallel despite dependencies among them. The correctness and the performance of the algorithm relies on rank convergence properties of matrix multiplication in the tropical semiring, formed with plus as the multiplicative operation and max as the additive operation. This article demonstrates the efficiency of the parallel algorithm by showing significant speedups on a variety of important dynamic programming problems. In particular, the parallel Viterbi decoder is up to 24× faster (with 64 processors) than a highly optimized commercial baseline.
Enthalpy-based system-model for pumped two-phase cooling systems (2016)

The development of embedded chip cooling for 2D and 3D integrated circuits using pumped dielectric refrigerant has gained recent attention due to the ability to manage high heat densities and compatibility with electronics. Recent studies have focused on in-situ thermal and hydrodynamic phenomena (e.g. boiling and bubble dynamics) of two-phase flow boiling at micro-scales. In this paper we focus on the two-phase cooling system design including the cooling capability, size and coefficient of performance (COP). In implementing a two-phase cooling, a system-level computational model for two-phase cooling systems becomes necessary. Therefore, a computationally manageable and accurate one dimensional (1D) system model is described. Furthermore, the model can be easily customized for different two-phase cooling system configurations. By validating the model with experimental data from a two-phase cooling system, it is shown that model can generate accurate results, and therefore, can be used as a tool to study and predict the characteristics and performance of a pumped two-phase cooling systems.
Scanning ultrafast electron microscopy (2010)

Progress has been made in the development of four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy, which enables space-time imaging of structural dynamics in the condensed phase. In ultrafast electron microscopy, the electrons are accelerated, typically to 200 keV, and the microscope operates in the transmission mode. Here, we report the development of scanning ultrafast electron microscopy using a field-emission-source configuration. Scanning of pulses is made in the single-electron mode, for which the pulse contains at most one or a few electrons, thus achieving imaging without the space-charge effect between electrons, and still in ten(s) of seconds. For imaging, the secondary electrons from surface structures are detected, as demonstrated here for material surfaces and biological specimens. By recording backscattered electrons, diffraction patterns from single crystals were also obtained. Scanning pulsed-electron microscopy with the acquired spatiotemporal resolutions, and its efficient heat-dissipation feature, is now poised to provide in situ 4D imaging and with environmental capability.
Theory and applications of optimized correlation output filters (2011)

Correlation filters are a standard way to solve many problems in signal processing, image processing, and computer vision. This research introduces two new filter training techniques, called Average of Synthetic Exact Filters (ASEF) and Minimum Output Sum of Squared Error (MOSSE), which have produced filters that perform well on many object detection problems. Typically, correlation filters are created by cropping templates out of training images; however, these templates fail to adequately discriminate between targets and background in difficult detection scenarios. More advanced methods such as Synthetic Discriminant Functions (SDF), Minimum Average Correlation Energy (MACE), Unconstrained Minimum Average Correlation Energy (UMACE), and Optimal Tradeoff Filters (OTF) improve performance by controlling the response of the correlation peak, but they only loosely control the effect of the filters on the rest of the image. This research introduces a new approach to correlation filter training, which considers the entire image to image mapping known as cross-correlation. ASEF and MOSSE find filters that optimally map the input training images to user specified outputs. The goal is to produce strong correlation peaks for targets while suppressing the responses to background. Results in eye localization, person detection, and visual tracking indicate that these new filters outperform other advanced correlation filter training methods and even produce better results than much more complicated non-filter algorithms.
Enantioselective enzymatic aminolysis of a racemic 2-isoxazolylacetate alkyl ester (2002)

Pseudomonas cepacia lipase or Candida antartica lipase B catalyzes the enantioselective aminolysis of a racemic 2-isoxazolylacetate alkyl ester, isobutyl 2-[3-(4-cyanophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazolyl]acetate, by 3-amino-N-(butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine methyl ester, mono(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) to produce the corresponding amide, (R)-methyl-3-[[[3-(4-cyanophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazolyl]acetyl]amino]-N-(butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine, which is an intermediate in the preparation of an isoxazoline-based platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist. Key words: enantioselective aminolysis, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase, Candida antartica lipase B.
Stereotaxic Interstitial Laser Therapy of Early-Stage Breast Cancer (1996)

Abstract: Coagulation leading to fibrosis of mammo-graphically detected breast cancers by interstitial laser therapy was tested as an alternative to surgical removal. Availability of computerized stereotaxic digital imaging allows the precise placement of laser and thermal needles into the target tumor and its controlled ablation by heat. The methodology of interstitial laser therapy (ILT), evolution of the subsequently removed tumors, and their histologic appearance are outlined. Eight patients with mammographically well-defined tumors were selected. Definitive diagnosis and receptor evaluation were made on core biopsies. Under local anesthesia, stereotaxically guided diode laser energy at 5–10 w was delivered via a 400 xm fiber in a 19-gauge needle placed into the center of the tumor until the peripheral temperature exceeded 60°C. Patients experienced transient pain and pyrexia. Subsequent to ILT, seven invasive carcinomas were excised while one case of multiple papillomas was kept under surveillance. Histologic study revealed central necrosis but some peripheral residual tumor in the first five cases. In the last two, central necrosis surrounded by concentrically arranged, recognizable but severely injured, focally “windswept” and “ghostlike” tumor and granulation tissue were noted. The multiple papillomas showed radiologic shrinkage at 5 months and extensive fibrosis on needle biopsy. ILT is an attractive new method of treating small, well-defined breast tumors and offers a potentially significant alternative to surgical removal; further exploration is warranted.
Simulation and Optimization of Cryogenic Heat Sink for Helium Gas Cooled Superconducting Power Devices (2013)

Superconducting power devices require cable terminations to be cooled within the operating cryogenic temperature range to reduce ambient heat influx. Shipboard power systems require the use of helium gas as coolant due to possible hazards by use of liquid cryogens. A model is being developed using finite element analysis to study the feasibility of a helium-gas-cooled heat sink for cable terminations. The results obtained using the COMSOL Multiphysics computing package are validated with an experimental setup. The coolant temperature and pressure drop correspond well with the theoretical results. Furthermore, the heat sink is geometrically optimized for given mass flow rate and input conditions to produce a better thermal and fluid performance in terms of temperature gain and pressure loss.
Multifunctional CRISPR/Cas9 with engineered immunosilenced human T cell epitopes (2018)

Abstract The application of Cas9 for genetic and epigenetic therapies in humans raises concerns over immunogenicity of this foreign protein. We report pre-existing human CD8+ T cell immunity to Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 in the majority of healthy individuals screened. In a proof-of-principle study, we demonstrate that Cas9 protein can be modified to eliminate immunodominant epitopes through targeted mutation while preserving its function and specificity.
C12A7 Electride Hollow Cathode (2013)

Abstract : Hollow cathodes featuring C12A7 electride as a low work function thermionic emitter are hypothesized to have faster start-up times and lower operating temperatures than conventional hollow cathodes. C12A7 electride is a crystalline ceramic in which electrons clathrated in subnanometer sized cages act as a conductive medium. This unique structure leads to an extremely low work function. Calculations predict equivalent levels of current emission as LaB6 or CeB6 hollow cathode inserts, but at a much lower temperature. C12A7 electride is stable at temperatures below its re-crystallization temperature (1000 C) and is not consumed during operation. C12A7 electride has been fabricated at CSU using a simplified, one-step approach that results in a more conductive material than previously reported. Hollow cathodes have been designed at CSU that take advantage of the unique properties of C12A7 electride, and are capable of starting at room temperature without the benefit of a heater. The C12A7 electride hollow cathodes have been shown to run stably in a diode configuration at low flow rates. In addition, a C12A7 electride hollow cathode successfully operated with a 6 kW hall thruster, producing an efficiency comparable with that of a traditional LaB6 hollow cathode. Our paper will present the results obtained from these recent tests. In addition, surface studies analyzing the effect of cathode operation on the C12A7 electride surface will be discussed.
Automatic polyp detection from learned boundaries (2014)

Colonoscopy is the primary method for detecting and removing polyps - precursors to colon cancer, but during colonoscopy, a significant number of polyps are missed - the pooled miss-rate for all polyps is 22% (95% CI, 19%-26%). This paper presents an automatic polyp detection system for colonoscopy, aiming to alert colonoscopists to possible polyps during the procedures. Given an input image, our method first collects a crude set of edge pixels, then refines this edge map by effectively removing many non-polyp boundary edges through a classification scheme, and finally localizes polyps based on the retained edges with a novel voting scheme. This paper makes three original contributions: (1) a fast and discriminative patch descriptor for precisely characterizing image appearance, (2) a new 2-stage classification pipeline for accurately excluding undesired edges, and (3) a novel voting scheme for robustly localizing polyps from fragmented edge maps. Evaluations demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art.
A highly efficient designer cell for enantioselective reduction of ketones (2014)

A highly efficient designer cell, surf-crs-gdh, which coexpresses carbonyl reductase (crs) and glucose dehydrogenase (gdh) on the cell surface, has been constructed and its enzyme activities were compared with those of the corresponding cell, cyto-crs-gdh, which coexpresses crs and gdh in cytoplasm.
Large improvement of the electrical impedance of imaging and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) phased arrays using multilayer piezoelectric ceramics coupled in lateral mode (2012)

With a change in phased-array configuration from one dimension to two, the electrical impedance of the array elements is substantially increased because of their decreased width (w)-to-thickness (t) ratio. The most common way to compensate for this impedance increase is to employ electrical matching circuits at a high cost of fabrication complexity and effort. In this paper, we introduce a multilayer lateral-mode coupling method for phased-array construction. The direct comparison showed that the electrical impedance of a single-layer transducer driven in thickness mode is 1/(n²(1/(w/t))²) times that of an n-layer lateral mode transducer. A large reduction of the electrical impedance showed the impact and benefit of the lateral-mode coupling method. A one-dimensional linear 32-element 770-kHz imaging array and a 42-element 1.45-MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) phased array were fabricated. The averaged electrical impedances of each element were measured to be 58 Ω at the maximum phase angle of -1.2° for the imaging array and 105 Ω at 0° for the HIFU array. The imaging array had a center frequency of 770 kHz with an averaged -6-dB bandwidth of approximately 52%. For the HIFU array, the averaged maximum surface acoustic intensity was measured to be 32.8 W/cm² before failure.
80‐1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> Developing AMQLED Technology for Display Applications (2018)

In this paper we describe current state of the active matrix quantum dot light emitting diode (AMQLED) display technology and analyze the ways this technology can be developed for mass‐production. We discuss material requirements, device structures, electrical and optical properties of quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLED). We also show how active matrix displays based on quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLED) in a near future can provide a compelling alternative to the OLED and LCD based displays.
Virtual backbones in wireless ad hoc networks (2002)

Wireless ad hoc networks can be flexibly and quickly deployed for many applications such as automated battlefields, search and rescue, and disaster relief. Unlike wired networks or cellular networks, no physical backbone infrastructure is installed in wireless ad hoc networks. A communication session is achieved either through a single-hop radio transmission if the communication parties are close enough, or through relaying by intermediate nodes otherwise. The topology of such a wireless ad hoc network can be modelled as a unit-disk graph, a geometric graph in which there is an edge between two nodes if and only if their distance is at most one. 
Although wireless ad hoc networks have no physical backbone infrastructure, a virtual backbone can be formed by nodes in a connected dominating set (CDS) of the corresponding unit-disk graph. A CDS is a connected subgraph, such that each node in the graph is either in the connected subgraph or adjacent to at least one of the nodes in the connected subgraph. However, it is NP-hard to find a minimum connected dominating set (MCDS). Several distributed approximation algorithms for MCDS have been proposed in the literature. All of these algorithms suffer from a logarithmic or linear approximation factor. The time complexity and message complexity of most of these algorithms are very poor. Some of these algorithms require two-hop neighborhood knowledge and message length of Ω (Δ log n) where Δ is the maximal nodal degree, and the length unit is the number of bits representing a node's ID. Since the networking nodes in wireless ad hoc networks are very limited in resources, a virtual backbone should not only be “thinner”, but should also be constructed with low communication and computation costs. In addition, the communication and computation costs should be scalable as the wireless ad hoc networks are typically deployed with large network size. 
In my thesis, I first provide an analysis of the maximal independent set (MIS) properties in the unit-disk graph. Several centralized and distributed constant approximation algorithms for constructing a virtual backbone are proposed. These algorithms are based on the MIS and its properties. An Ω( n log n) lower bound on the message complexity of any distributed algorithm for nontrivial CDS is established. The first distributed algorithms with constant performance ratio, O(n log n) messages, and O(n) time complexity are proposed. These algorithms only require single-hop neighborhood knowledge, and a message length of O(log n) bits. A constant approximation algorithm with linear time and linear message complexity is introduced. This algorithm has some features that make it practical for mobility environment. More surprisingly, this algorithm is implemented to construct the first sparse 3-spanner that does not require any knowledge about the geographic position of the nodes. It is sufficient for each node to know its neighbors, without knowing their geographic location.
Multiple Sound Source Localisation with Steered Response Power Density\n and Hierarchical Grid Refinement (2018)

Estimation of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of sound sources is an important\nstep in sound field analysis. Rigid spherical microphone arrays allow the\ncalculation of a compact spherical harmonic representation of the sound field.\nA basic method for analysing sound fields recorded using such arrays is steered\nresponse power (SRP) maps wherein the source DOA can be estimated as the\nsteering direction that maximises the output power of a maximally-directive\nbeam. This approach is computationally costly since it requires steering the\nbeam in all possible directions. This paper presents an extension to SRP called\nsteered response power density (SRPD) and an associated, signal-adaptive search\nmethod called hierarchical grid refinement (HiGRID) for reducing the number of\nsteering directions needed for DOA estimation. The proposed method can localise\ncoherent as well as incoherent sources while jointly providing the number of\nprominent sources in the scene. It is shown to be robust to reverberation and\nadditive white noise. An evaluation of the proposed method using simulations\nand real recordings under highly reverberant conditions as well as a comparison\nwith state- of-the-art methods are presented.\n
10-step Synthesis of 20-nor-Salvinorin A by Dynamic Strategic Bond Analysis (2017)

Salvinorin A (SalA) is a plant metabolite that agonizes the human <i>kappa</i>-opioid receptor (κ-OR) with high affinity and high selectivity over <i>mu- </i>and <i>delta-</i>opioid receptors. Its therapeutic potential has stimulated extensive semi-synthetic studies and total synthesis campaigns. However, structural modification of SalA has been complicated by its instability, and efficient total synthesis has been frustrated by its dense, complex architecture. Treatment of strategic bonds in SalA as dynamic and dependent on structural perturbation enabled the identification of an efficient retrosynthetic pathway. Here we show that deletion of C20 simultaneously stabilizes the SalA skeleton, simplifies its synthesis and retains its high affinity and selectivity for the κ-OR. The resulting 10-step synthesis now opens the SalA scaffold to deep-seated property modification.
When will it break? A hybrid soft computing model to predict time-to-break margins in paper machines (2002)

Hybrid soft computing models, based by neural, fuzzy and evolutionary computation technologies, have been applied to a large number of classification, prediction, and control problems. This paper focuses on one of such applications and presents a systematic process for building a predictive model to estimate time-to-breakage and provide a web break tendency indicator in the wet-end part of paper making machines. Through successive information refinement of information gleaned from sensor readings via data analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and trending analysis, a break tendency indicator was built. Output of this indicator is the break margin. The break margin is then interpreted using a stoplight metaphor. This interpretation provides a more gradual web break sensitivity indicator, since it uses more classes compared to a binary indicator. By generating an accurate web break tendency indicator with enough lead-time, we help in the overall control of the paper making cycle by minimizing down time and improving productivity.
Immunoregulation of Autoimmune Disease by Vaccination with T Cell Receptor Peptides (1991)

Restricted TCR gene usage in animal models of autoimmune disease has led to strategies for control of these diseases by targeting the idiotypic determinants within the TCR sequence. Rats can be rendered resistant to EAE by immunization with synthetic peptides representing sequences contained within the V beta, J alpha and VDJ beta regions of the TCR that are conserved among encephalitogenic T cells. We propose that the mechanism of immunoregulation thus produced results from the stimulation of an anticlonotypic response directed at endogenously synthesized TCR peptides presented by Class I MHC on the surface of the autoreactive T cell, and that this mechanism may be part of the natural immunoregulation of T cell responses. The experimental data demonstrate the utility of this therapeutic approach and its potential for treatment of any pathogenic condition mediated by specific, oligoclonal T cell populations.
A New Elliptically Shaped Beam Antenna (1978)

A new reflector antenna having a shaped main beam with elliptical cross section is introduced. Antennas with shaped main beams are required on board the satellite in order to save power and avoid interferences. The shape of the main beam must be such as to cover the earth zone to be served. In many cases an elliptical contour is required. Often the methods used to design a shaped main beam antenna are based on the geometrical optics theory which, as known, is not completely valid at microwave frequencies. In this paper an extensive analysis of a new elliptically shaped beam antenna is reported. The peculiarity of this antenna is the shape of the reflector which is an elliptical paraboloid. The geometry of the reflector has led to the antenna being called an ≪elliptical paraboloid reflector antenna≫. For this antenna general curves have been obtained which allow a very fast and accurate design.