gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A hybrid word / phoneme-based approach for improved vocabulary-independent search in spontaneous speech (2004)

For efficient organization of speech recordings – meetings, interviews, voice mails, and lectures – being able to search for spoken keywords is essential. Today, most spoken document retrieval systems use large-vocabulary recognition. For the above scenarios, such systems suffer from the unpredictable domain, out-ofvocabulary queries, and generally high word-error rate (WER). In [1], we presented a system for phonetic indexing and searching of spontaneous speech. It is vocabulary-independent and based on phoneme lattices. In the present paper, we propose to combine it with word-based search into a hybrid approach. We explore two methods of combination: posterior combination (merging search results of a word-based and a phoneme-based system) and prior combination (combining word and phoneme language models and vocabularies to form a hybrid recognizer). The search accuracy of our best purely phonetic baseline is 64% (Figure of Merit), and our purely word-based baselines are below 50%. The new hybrid approach achieves 73%, if the recognizer uses a language model that matches the test-set domain. With a mismatched language model, 71% is achieved. Our results show that the proposed hybrid model benefits from the best of two worlds: Word-level language context and robustness of phonetic search to unknown words and domain mismatch.
Linear and Time Minimum-Cost Matching Algorithms for Quasi-Convex Tours (1998)

Let G be a complete, weighted, undirected, bipartite graph with n red nodes, n" blue nodes, and symmetric cost function c(x,y). A maximum matching for G consists of $\min\{n,n^\prime\}$ edges from distinct red nodes to distinct blue nodes. Our objective is to find a minimum-cost maximum matching, i.e., one for which the sum of the edge costs has minimal value. This is the weighted bipartite matching problem or, as it is sometimes called, the assignment problem. We report a new and very fast algorithm for an abstract special case of this problem. Our first requirement is that the nodes of the graph are given as a "quasi-convex tour." This means that they are provided circularly ordered as x1 ,...,xN , where N = n + n" , and that for any $x_i, x_j, x_k, x_\ell$, not necessarily adjacent but in tour order, with xi , xj of one color and $x_k,x_\ell$ of the opposite color, the following inequality holds: \[ c(x_i,x_\ell) + c(x_j,x_k) \le c(x_i,x_k) + c(x_j,x_\ell). \] If $n = n^\prime$, our algorithm then finds a minimum-cost matching in $O(N \log N)$ time. Given an additional condition of ``weak analyticity," the time complexity is reduced to $O(N)$. In both cases only linear space is required. In the special case where the circular ordering is a line-like ordering, these results apply even if $n \ne n^\prime$. Our algorithm is conceptually elegant, straightforward to implement, and free of large hidden constants. As such we expect that it may be of practical value in several problem areas. Many natural graphs satisfy the quasi-convexity condition. These include graphs which lie on a line or circle with the canonical tour ordering, and costs given by any concave-down function of arclength --- or graphs whose nodes lie on an arbitrary convex planar figure with costs provided by Euclidean distance. The weak-analyticity condition applies to points lying on a circle with costs given by Euclidean distance, and we thus obtain the first linear-time algorithm for the minimum-cost matching problem in this setting (and also where costs are given by the $L_1$ or $L_\infty$ metrics). Given two symbol strings over the same alphabet, we may imagine one to be red and the other blue and use our algorithms to compute string distances. In this formulation, the strings are embedded in the real line and multiple independent assignment problems are solved, one for each distinct alphabet symbol. While these examples are somewhat geometrical, it is important to remember that our conditions are purely abstract; hence, our algorithms may find application to problems in which no direct connection to geometry is evident.
A lock-free, concurrent, and incremental stack scanning mechanism for garbage collectors (2009)

Two major efficiency parameters for garbage collectors are the throughput overheads and the pause times that they introduce. Highly responsive systems need to use collectors with as short as possible pause times. Pause times have decreased significantly over the years, especially through the use of concurrent garbage collectors. For modern concurrent collectors, the longest pause is typically created by the need to atomically scan the runtime stack. All practical concurrent collectors that we are aware of must obtain a snapshot of the pointers on each thread's runtime stack, in order to reclaim objects correctly. To further reduce the duration of the collector pauses, incremental stack scans were proposed. However, previous such methods employ locks to stop the mutator from accessing a stack frame while it is being scanned. Thus, these methods introduce potentially long and unpredictable pauses for a mutator thread. In this work we propose the first concurrent, incremental, and lock-free stack scanning mechanism for garbage collectors, that allows high responsiveness and support for programs that employ fine-grain synchronization to avoid locks. Our solution can be employed by all concurrent collectors that we are aware of, it is lock-free, it imposes a negligible overhead on the program execution, and it supports intra-stack references as found in languages like C#.
Understanding the Efficiency of Multi-Server Service Systems (1992)

In the design and operation of service systems, it is important to determine an appropriate level of server utilization (the proportion of time each server should be working). In a multi-server queue with unlimited waiting space, the appropriate server utilization typically increases as the number of servers (and the arrival rate) increases. We explain this economy of scale and give a rough quantitative characterization. We also show how increased variability in the arrival and service processes tends to reduce server utilization with a given grade of service. As part of this analysis, we develop simple approximations for the mean steady-state waiting time and the full steady-state waiting-time distribution. These approximations exploit an infinite-server approximation for the probability of delay and a single-server approximation for the conditional waiting-time distribution given that waiting occurs. The emphasis is on simple formulas that directly convey understanding.
Reversible and Competitive Cinnamoyl Triazole Inhibitors of Tissue Transglutaminase (2008)

A series of 15 cinnamoyl triazole derivatives was prepared by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide/alkyne [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions and examined as inhibitors of guinea-pig liver transglutaminase. Several compounds exhibited activity as reversible inhibitors that were competitive with acyl donor transglutaminase substrates. For example, triazole 4d has a K(i) value of 174 nM and represents one of the most potent reversible transglutaminase inhibitors reported to date.
iLamps (2006)

Projectors are currently undergoing a transformation as they evolve from static output devices to portable, environment-aware, communicating systems. An enhanced projector can determine and respond to the geometry of the display surface, and can be used in an ad-hoc cluster to create a self-configuring display. Information display is such a prevailing part of everyday life that new and more flexible ways to present data are likely to have significant impact. This paper examines geometrical issues for enhanced projectors, relating to customized projection for different shapes of display surface, object augmentation, and co-operation between multiple units.We introduce a new technique for adaptive projection on non-planar surfaces using conformal texture mapping. We describe object augmentation with a hand-held projector, including interaction techniques. We describe the concept of a display created by an ad-hoc cluster of heterogeneous enhanced projectors, with a new global alignment scheme, and new parametric image transfer methods for quadric surfaces, to make a seamless projection. The work is illustrated by several prototypes and applications.
Newly developed polymer bound photoacid generator resist for sub-100-nm pattern by EUV lithography (2005)

Extreme UV lithography (EUVL) is one of the most promising NGL technologies for sub-100nm resolution. We are developing polymer bound PAG resists for patterning down to the 32 nm node by EUVL. It has been reported that photoacid generators have limited compatibility with the chemically amplified polymer resist matrix that leads to phase separation, non-uniform acid distribution and migration during the baking process. To alleviate these problems, it is proposed that PAG units be incorporated in the resist chains, rather than adding monomeric PAG in to the resist polymer. The polymer bound PAG resists, poly (4-hydroxystyrene-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-PAG) were synthesized with different PAG loading (2% to 10.5%) using free radical polymerization. These resists contain the bulky adamantly protecting group to improve lithographic performance. The incorporation of photoacid generators (ionic and covalent) in the main chain of the polymer enhanced sensitivity and contrast compared to conventional PMMA resist and polymer with blend PAG. It was found that the sample with 5% PAG loading in the main chain gave sub 50 nm features using EUV exposure.
New two-inductor boost converter with auxiliary transformer (2003)

A new, two-inductor, two-switch boost converter topology and its variations suitable for applications with a large difference between the input and output voltage are described. The output voltage regulation of the proposed converters is achieved in a wide load and input-voltage range with constant-frequency control by employing an auxiliary transformer that couples the current paths of the two boost inductors.
Smartphone technology can be transformative to the deployment of lab-on-chip diagnostics (2014)

The rapid expansion of mobile technology is transforming the biomedical landscape.
A 0.2°/hr Micro-Gyroscope with Automatic CMOS Mode Matching (2007)

A 3V CMOS IC and interface architecture for automatic mode matching of a high-Q silicon tuning-fork gyroscope is presented. Using this scheme, the frequencies of the drive and sense resonant modes of the gyroscope are automatically matched to yield an effective Q of 36,000 in the sense mode. The angular rate sensor yields a bias drift of 0.27deg/hr and a scale factor of 88mV/deg/s. The IC consumes 6mW and has an area of 2.25 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Optimal frequency-differential encoding of sinusoidal model parameters (2002)

Sinusoidal coding has proven to be efficient for low bit-rate audio coding. In this paper we consider schemes for frequency-differential (FD) encoding of the sinusoidal model parameters. For a given signal frame, the parameters of a sinusoidal component may be encoded either differentially relative to other components in the same frame, or directly, i.e., without differential encoding. Using basic tools from graph theory, two algorithms are derived for finding bit rate optimal combinations of direct and differential encoding of the sinusoidal parameters. In simulation experiments with audio signals, the algorithms showed bit-rate reductions of up to 27% relative to direct encoding. Furthermore, when compared to a commonly used FD encoding scheme, the proposed algorithms achieved bit rate reductions of up to 7%.
<title>Real-Time Digital Video Disk Recorder For Medical Imaging</title> (1982)

Emphasizing the goals of low cost, high image quality, and reliability, a real-time magnetic digital video disc recording system has been developed for applications in on-line digital imaging systems and off-line fast access image storage and retrieval buffers. The disc recorder uses new high density recording technology and Winchester computer drive technology in a unique peripheral configuration which is fully synchronized to video system timing, provides for flexible formatting, achieves fast random access to a large video image file, and eliminates the need for complex data controllers. The paper includes a discussion of electronic radiography image memory requirements, and the role of a magnetic digital video disc recorder in various digital radiography system applications.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering gain variation and transient effect in a CH4:He binary gas mixture (1989)

Competition between stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is common in many substances. Because the steady state Brillouin gain is often larger than the steady state Raman gain, particularly at higher densities of the medium, the SRS process usually dominates only in a regime in which transient effects reduce the SBS gain significantly below its steady state value. The objective of the present work was to determine the extent to which the nature of the SBS/SRS competition in methane gas could be affected not by adjusting the temporal characteristics of the pump laser, but by adding a second gas such as helium. Our experimental results show that the SBS gain reduction can be substantial and is manifested in two ways. First, the SBS threshold systematically increases by as much as a factor of 2 with increasing helium partial pressure. Second, SRS becomes the dominant process at the highest pump energies studied. The data are consistent with a transient gain model in which the effect of the helium is to increase the Brillouin linewidth. This broadening most likely results from increases in any of several transport coefficients (the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the mass diffusion constant) or the enhancement of relaxation effects.
Kinin antagonists: design and activities. (1990)

Bradykinin antagonists effective in a great variety of kinin-responsive tissues have been developed and used to study the roles of kinins in various physiological and pathological phenomena. Structural changes required to yield antagonists and to confer high potency, tissue selectivity, and resistance to enzymatic degradation have been explored in several hundred analogs. Certain of these offer promise for the development of drugs effective against pain, inflammation, and asthma.
Method and system for producing lower alcohols. [Heteropolyatomic lead salt coated with alkali metal formate] (1983)

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved catalyst for the reaction of carbon monoxide with water to produce methanol and other lower alcohols. It is a further object to provide a process for the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and water in which a relatively inexpensive catalyst permits the reaction at low pressures. It is also an object to provide a process for the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and water in which a relatively inexpensive catalyst permits the reaction at low pressures. It is also an object to provide a process for the production of methanol in which ethanol is also directly produced. It is another object to provide a process for the production of mixtures of methanol with ethanol and propanol from the reaction of carbon monoxide and water at moderate pressure with inexpensive catalysts. It is likewise an object to provide a system for the catalytic production of lower alcohols from the reaction of carbon monoxide and water at moderate pressure with inexpensive catalysts. In accordance with the present invention, a catalyst is provided for the reaction of carbon monoxide and water to produce lower alcohols. The catalyst includes amore » lead heteropolyatomic salt in mixture with a metal formate or a precursor to a metal formate.« less
Multiple error diagnosis based on xlists (1999)

In this paper, we present multiple error diagnosis algorithms to overcome two significant problems associated with current error diagnosis techniques targeting large circuits: their use of limited error models and a lack of solutions that scale well for multiple errors. Our solution is based on a nonenumerative analysis technique, based on logic simulation (3-valued and symbolic), for simultaneously analyzing all possible errors at sets of nodes in the circuit. Error models are introduced in order to address the "locality" aspect of error location and to identify sets of nodes that are "local" with respect to each other. Theoretical results are provided to guarantee the diagnosis of modeled errors and robust diagnosis approaches are shown to address the cases when errors do not correspond to the modeled types. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate accurate and extremely rapid location of errors of large multiplicity.
Three-Dimensionally Engineered Normal Human Broncho-epithelial Tissue-Like Assemblies: Target Tissues for Human Respiratory Viral Infections (2006)

In vitro three-dimensional (3D) human broncho-epithelial (HBE) tissue-like assemblies (3D HBE TLAs) from this point forward referred to as TLAs were engineered in Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) technology to mimic the characteristics of in vivo tissues thus providing a tool to study human respiratory viruses and host cell interactions. The TLAs were bioengineered onto collagen-coated cyclodextran microcarriers using primary human mesenchymal bronchial-tracheal cells (HBTC) as the foundation matrix and an adult human bronchial epithelial immortalized cell line (BEAS-2B) as the overlying component. The resulting TLAs share significant characteristics with in vivo human respiratory epithelium including polarization, tight junctions, desmosomes, and microvilli. The presence of tissue-like differentiation markers including villin, keratins, and specific lung epithelium markers, as well as the production of tissue mucin, further confirm these TLAs differentiated into tissues functionally similar to in vivo tissues. Increasing virus titers for human respiratory syncytial virus (wtRSVA2) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (wtPIV3 JS) and the detection of membrane bound glycoproteins over time confirm productive infections with both viruses. Therefore, TLAs mimic aspects of the human respiratory epithelium and provide a unique capability to study the interactions of respiratory viruses and their primary target tissue independent of the host's immune system.
Active DC directional couplers (1976)

Active d.c. directional couplers which are combinations of conventional transmission line attenuator networks and d.c. amplifiers are described. The circuits of and design equations for signal-detecting and signal-injecting directional couplers with responses which are inherently flat from d.c. to an amplifier-dependent upper frequency limit are presented.
A New Method for Reducing Diffusible Hydrogen in Weld Metal (2012)

The effect of hydrogen on weld metal and weld heat-affected zones (HAZ) has been well established over many years. The potential for hydrogen-assisted cracking increases as the strength of the steel increases. High fuel costs have driven the need for lower weights in the transportation and shipbuilding industries, and increased regulations have driven the need for higher safety factors in the pipeline industry. As a result, many industries are requiring higher and higher base metal strengths. The push for higher strength steels has resulted in an increased demand for ultra-low hydrogen welding consumables and processes. Manufacturers of flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) electrodes have generally attacked the problem of weld metal hydrogen through the use of raw materials that react with hydrogen to take it out of solution, by baking the wires in-process, and by using special drawing techniques and lubricants to minimize hydrogen pick-up. Unfortunately, many of the potential solutions result in electrodes that have poor operability, wire feeding problems, and/or increased welding fume. Hobart Brothers has recently developed a method of producing very low-hydrogen weld deposits, which utilizes fluorine-containing gas compounds in the weld shielding gas. The modified shielding gas has no effect on the weld metal properties or the operation of the welding electrodes. This paper provides details of the method, along with test results that have been achieved using a number of flux- and metal-cored electrodes representing a variety of American Welding Society (AWS) classifications.
Recent developments in the fabrication of infrared fiber Bragg gratings (2012)

We report on the study of adding metal dopants in chalcogenide glasses to enhance the photosensitivity of the fiber core versus cladding compositions, with goal to enable high reflectivity gratings in infrared-transmitting fibers. Results for the optical and thermal properties of these glasses will be presented, as well as for gratings formation in the glasses using various writing wavelengths for the different doped compositions.
Acceleration of Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography Imaging by Fourier-Based Sparse Representations (2018)

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-invasive and non-intrusive imaging modality that utilizes mutual capacitance measurements between electrode plates to reconstruct the cross-sectional spatial electrical permittivity distribution inside a region of interest (RoI). Increasing attention has been given in recent years to the extension of ECT to volumetric imaging, also known as electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT). Most of the desirable properties of ECT carry over to ECVT. However, the speed of reconstruction is reduced in ECVT due to an increase in the number of measurements and in the number of voxels used to represent the permittivity distribution in the RoI. In this paper, we adopt a Fourier basis representation as a means to accelerate the speed of image reconstruction in ECVT. By considering only spatial frequency components below certain threshold, we show that the number of unknowns can be greatly reduced and the overall reconstruction process significantly accelerated. We present both numerical and experimental results to corroborate our findings.
Distrubuted Camera Calibration Algorithm for Multiple Camera Based Vision Systems and its Application to Human Tracking System (2004)

We propose a distributed automatic method of calibrating cameras for multiple-camera-based vision systems. because manual calibration is a difficult and time-consuming task. However, the data size and computational costs of automatic calibration increase when the number of cameras is increased. We solved these problems by employing a distributed algorithm. With our method, each camera estimates its position and orientation through local computation using observations shared with neighboring cameras. We formulated our method with two kinds of geometrical constraints, an essential matrix and homography. We applied the latter formulation to a human tracking system to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.