gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric plasmon resonance microfluidics on nanohole array sensors (2015)

We present the label-free colorimetric visualization in microfluidics using plasmon resonance on a large-area and over a wide field-of-view (>100 mm2) nanohole array device called nanoLycurgus Cup Array (nanoLCA). We demonstrate the spectral detection and colorimetric sensing of static solutions of different concentrations of glycerol–water confined in parallel microfluidic channels integrated with nanoLCA. Taking advantage of the large sensor area and the colorimetric sensing capability of nanoLCA, we visualize in real-time the modulation of two immiscible solutions (water and oil), generated with integrated flow-focus microfluidics, in a label-free manner. Finite Element Method (FEM) based simulation tool (COMSOL) was used to verify the droplet formation in the microfluidics. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulation was used to identify the resonance modes of the plasmonic sensor. Finally, we demonstrate the real-time monitoring of streptavidin–biotin biomolecular interaction with the plasmonic biosensor.
Deep turbulence effects mitigation with coherent combining of 21 laser beams over 7  km (2016)

We demonstrate coherent beam combining and adaptive mitigation of atmospheric turbulence effects over 7 km under strong scintillation conditions using a coherent fiber array laser transmitter operating in a target-in-the-loop setting. The transmitter system is composed of a densely packed array of 21 fiber collimators with integrated capabilities for piston, tip, and tilt control of the outgoing beams wavefront phases. A small cat's-eye retro reflector was used for evaluation of beam combining and turbulence compensation performance at the target plane, and to provide the feedback signal for control of piston and tip/tilt phases of the transmitted beams using the stochastic parallel gradient descent maximization of the power-in-the-bucket metric.
Correlated fluctuations between luminescence and ionization in liquid xenon (2003)

The ionization of liquefied noble gases by radiation is known to be accompanied by fluctuations much larger than predicted by Poisson statistics. We have studied the fluctuations of both scintillation and ionization in liquid xenon and have measured a strong anti-correlation between the two at a microscopic level, with coefficient $\ensuremath{-}0.80<{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ep}}<\ensuremath{-}0.60.$ This provides direct experimental evidence that electron-ion recombination is partially responsible for the anomalously large fluctuations and at the same time allows substantial improvement of calorimetric energy resolution.
Ophthalmic Manifestations of Tuberous Sclerosis (1991)

The ophthalmic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis include a variety of nonretinal ophthalmic findings which, other than adenoma sebaceum of the lids, are uncommon. Approximately half the patients with tuberous sclerosis have retinal or optic nerve hamartomas; in half of these patients the hamartomas occur bilaterally. Three basic morphologic types of retinal hamartomas are recognized: the most common type is a subtle, relatively flat, smooth-surfaced, salmon-colored, semitransparent, and circular or oval-shaped lesion located in the superficial retina, most commonly near or at the posterior pole. The second type is an easily recognized opaque, white, elevated, multinodular calcified lesion that is frequently described as resembling a mulberry. A third type of lesion contains features of the other two, being calcified and nodular centrally, whereas its perimeter is semitranslucent, smooth, and salmon-colored. The hamartomas may be richly vascularized. They generally do not grow, but over decades some of the lesions may become calcified. Visual loss from retinal and optic nerve hamartomas rarely occurs. Because growth and change of the fundus lesions are rare, treatment is not indicated. Retinoblastoma of the optic nerve and retina is the most important lesion that must be differentiated from the hamartomas seen with tuberous sclerosis.
Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption and Amplified Spectra on Planar Silver Halide Fiber (2004)

We have discovered surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) on a planar silver halide surface, the first time this effect has been observed on a nonmetallic substrate. The enhancement is not due to the presence of metallic silver on the surface as ruled out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the fibers show 10-fold spectral amplification due to the increased coupling of evanescent waves through an increased number of internal reflections to the samples on the surface of the thin planar element. A special cell for the fiber permits deposition of small quantities of solution followed by slow evaporation of the solvent with dry nitrogen and allows measurements to be made on much less than a monolayer of sample. The combination of easy access to the sample and high sensitivity promises many useful applications to biological, chemical, and physical problems in the mesoscopic and nanoscopic domains.
Quantum Interference and Selectivity through Biological Ion Channels (2017)

The mechanism of selectivity in ion channels is still an open question in biology for more than half a century. Here, we suggest that quantum interference can be a solution to explain the selectivity mechanism in ion channels since interference happens between similar ions through the same size of ion channels. In this paper, we simulate two neighboring ion channels on a cell membrane with the famous double-slit experiment in physics to investigate whether there is any possibility of matter-wave interference of ions via movement through ion channels. Our obtained decoherence timescales indicate that the quantum states of ions can only survive for short times, i.e. ≈100 picoseconds in each channel and ≈17-53 picoseconds outside the channels, giving the result that the quantum interference of ions seems unlikely due to environmental decoherence. However, we discuss our results and raise few points, which increase the possibility of interference.
<scp>NF</scp>‐κB: roles and regulation in different <scp>CD</scp>4<sup>+</sup> T‐cell subsets (2013)

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors plays important roles in various biological processes including apoptosis, stress response, immunity, and inflammation. NF-κB signaling is involved in both immune cell development and function, and it is critical in modulation of the immune response through the transcriptional regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression. An area of great interest in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity is the ability of naive CD4(+) T cells generated in the thymus to differentiate into various subsets including T-helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, Th9, follicular helper T (Tfh), Th22, and regulatory T (Treg) cells, upon encountering different pathogens and microenvironments. In this review, we discuss the role of NF-κB pathway in the development and functional divergence of the different helper T-cell subsets as well as in regulatory T cells.
B cells produce pathogenic antibodies and impair recovery after spinal cord injury in mice (2009)

Traumatic injury to the mammalian spinal cord activates B cells, which culminates in the synthesis of autoantibodies. The functional significance of this immune response is unclear. Here, we show that locomotor recovery was improved and lesion pathology was reduced after spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice lacking B cells. After SCI, antibody-secreting B cells and Igs were present in the cerebrospinal fluid and/or injured spinal cord of WT mice but not mice lacking B cells. In mice with normal B cell function, large deposits of antibody and complement component 1q (C1q) accumulated at sites of axon pathology and demyelination. Antibodies produced after SCI caused pathology, in part by activating intraspinal complement and cells bearing Fc receptors. These data indicate that B cells, through the production of antibodies, affect pathology in SCI. One or more components of this pathologic immune response could be considered as novel therapeutic targets for minimizing tissue injury and/or promoting repair after SCI.
A <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>c Nmr study of the structure and tautomerism of 4‐pyrazolylpyrazolinones (1990)

Abstract It has been established that the primary reactions products between dehydroacetic acid and p ‐chlorophenylhydrazine or 4‐phenylthiazol‐2‐ylhydrazine are 4‐acetylacetyl‐5‐hydroxypyrazoles. These compounds react with the above hydrazines to yield 4‐(pyrazol‐5′‐yl)‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐ones which exist in solution as 5‐hydroxypyrazoles.
Persistent directional cell migration requires ion transport proteins as direction sensors and membrane potential differences in order to maintain directedness (2011)

We suggest a novel role for both NaKA and NHE3 that extends beyond ion translocation and conclude that they can act as directional sensors and Vmem as a regulatory cue which maintain the persistent direction in electrotaxis.
In vivo demonstration of a real-time simultaneous B-mode/spatial coherence GPU-based beamformer (2013)

SLSC imaging is an advanced ultrasound beamforming technique that generates images of the coherence in the backscattered echo and has been shown to suppress image degradation due to clutter. However, the computational demand and the need for access to channel data has made real-time implementation difficult. GPU computing can significantly improve computational throughput, but has been used primarily to accelerate offline image processing. By implementing the SLSC algorithm on 3 GPUs and integrating it with a Verasonics ultrasound scanner, we have realized a real-time simultaneous B-mode and SLSC imaging system. We demonstrate the real-time imaging capabilities on an in vivo liver, gallbladder, and carotid artery and present snapshots of the on-screen display. The SLSC images were found to suppress clutter and showed a more homogeneous texture in tissue when compared to the B-mode images. Computation time and imaging frame rate were highly dependent on the imaging parameters. When imaging the liver, 46 transmit beams with a range of 10 cm were obtained at 6.7 fps for standard imaging and at 2.1 fps for harmonic imaging. A frame rate of 5.9 fps was achieved for carotid artery imaging with 129 transmit beams and a range of 3 cm. By restricting the field of view to 65 transmit beams and a range of 2 cm, a frame rate of 12.5 fps was achieved. Further increases in frame rates can be attained with additional system development and improvements to hardware.
Quantum heat engines and nonequilibrium temperature (2009)

A pair of two-level systems initially prepared in different thermal states and coupled to an external reversible work source do not in general reach a common temperature at the end of a unitary work extraction process. We define an effective temperature for the final nonequilibrium but passive state of the bipartite quantum system and analyze its properties.
A Power Saving MAC Protocol for Wireless Networks (2002)

This paper presents a protocol which improves on the power saving mechanism in the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF). In the power saving mechanism (PSM) for DCF, all nodes are synchronized by beacons. In each beacon interval, there is a fixed time interval called the ATIM window where every node has to be awake. During the ATIM window, a source node informs a destination node about a pending packet by transmitting an ATIM frame. When the destination node receives an ATIM frame, it replies with an ATIM-ACK. Both the source and destination nodes stay awake for the remaining beacon interval. The source can transmit data after the ATIM window finishes. A node that does not have traffic to send or receive can enter the doze state after its ATIM window finishes. During the ATIM window in PSM, no data transmission is allowed. Thus, the available bandwidth in PSM is reduced according to the ATIM window size. Also, energy is consumed in transmitting and receiving ATIM and ATIM-ACK frames. This paper proposes a protocol that removes the overhead of the ATIM window and uses the bandwidth for data transmission. Simulation results show that removing the ATIM window gives better aggregate throughput and energy saving.
Solar photocatalysis for water disinfection: materials and reactor design (2014)

This comprehensive review addresses the fundamentals of photocatalytic mechanism, recent developments in materials synthesis and reactor design.
Design and modeling of a non-blocking checkpointing system (2012)

As the capability and component count of systems increase, the MTBF decreases. Typically, applications tolerate failures with checkpoint/restart to a parallel file system (PFS). While simple, this approach can suffer from contention for PFS resources. Multi-level checkpointing is a promising solution. However, while multi-level checkpointing is successful on today's machines, it is not expected to be sufficient for exascale class machines, which are predicted to have orders of magnitude larger memory sizes and failure rates. Our solution combines the benefits of non-blocking and multi-level checkpointing. In this paper, we present the design of our system and model its performance. Our experiments show that our system can improve efficiency by 1.1 to 2.0x on future machines. Additionally, applications using our checkpointing system can achieve high efficiency even when using a PFS with lower bandwidth.
Surgical technique for peritoneal dialysis catheter placement in the pediatric patient: a North American survey. (2004)

In the present study, we surveyed 425 members of the American Pediatric Surgical Association and the Canadian Association of Pediatric Surgeons to identify prevalent operative techniques used in the placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters by pediatric surgeons. Our survey assessed catheter type, skin and fascial incision orientations, deep-cuff positions, exit-site directions, and omentectomy. We received responses from 156 surgeons (36.7%) and excluded 18 of those responses. Among the assessed responses, 83 surgeons (60%) indicated that they had placed at least 1 catheter in the previous 12 months. Of the 83, 13% had placed 1 catheter, 52% had placed 2 - 5, 16% had placed 6 - 9, and 18% had placed 10+. We observed significant variability in all aspects of surgical technique. The most common catheter configuration was single-cuff (59%), curled end (60%), and non swan neck (72%). The most common surgical approach was a transverse skin incision (52%), a fascial incision through the rectus (68%), a deep cuff between the peritoneum and fascia (46%), a superior-pointing exit site (37%), and a superficial cuff distant to the exit site (53%). Routine omentectomy was reported by 59% of respondents. Only 15% reported using a laparoscopic approach on first attempt. Pediatric surgeons employ a variety of surgical techniques when placing peritoneal catheters. Some of the techniques used vary from the published recommendations. Quality can potentially be improved by wider dissemination of published surgical recommendations.
Total Synthesis of Lycopalhine A (2016)

The total synthesis of lycopalhine A featuring the construction of a tricyclic system via cleavage of a cyclopropane ring and an ensuing intramolecular Michael addition, stereoselective introduction of a 2-aminoethyl moiety via a reaction of allyltrimethylsilane with a sulfonyliminium ion, and a stereoselective intramolecular aldol reaction is reported.
A Comparative Review on the Extraction, Antioxidant Content and Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Fruit and Tree (2019)

As a valuable tree nut, walnut is a well-known member of the Juglandaceae family. The fruit is made up of an outer green shell cover or husk, the middle shell which must be cracked to release the kernel, a thin layer known as skin or the seed coat, and finally, the kernel or meat. The nutritional importance of walnut fruit is ascribed to its kernel. The shell and husk are burned as fuel or discarded away as waste products. In the past two decades, the evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of walnut has received great interest. In this contribution, the recent reports on the extraction and quantification of phenolic content from each part of the walnut tree and fruit using different solvents were highlighted and comparatively reviewed. The current review paper also tries to describe the antioxidant content of phenolic extracts obtained from different parts of the walnut tree and fruit. Additionally, the antioxidant and antiradical activities of the prepared extracts have also been discussed.
Reversal of innate aversions: Attempts to induce a preference for chili peppers in rats. (1979)

Although humans frequently develop preferences for innately unpalatable bitter or irritant substances, such preferences are extremely rare in animals. An attempt was made to understand the nature of this difference by systematic experiments with laboratory rats, with chili pepper as the unpalatable substance. In parallel with major aspects of the human experience with chili pepper, rats were exposed to it as a flavoring in all their food for periods up to 11 mo from birth, without significant preference enhancement. Gradual introduction of chili into the diet also had no effect, nor did a series of poisoning and safety experiences designed to teach the rats that only chili-flavored foods were safe to eat. A sequence of seven pairings of chili-flavored diet with prompt recovery from thiamine deficiency did significantly attenuate the innate aversion and may have induced a chili preference in at least one case. Extensive experience with chili did not reliably make rats much less sensitive to its oral effects. The only reliable way to eliminate chili aversion in rats is to destroy their chemical irritant sense, which was accomplished in one group of rats. It is concluded that in contrast to humans, it is extremely difficult to reverse innate aversions in rats.
Desvio da resposta imunológica deflagrada por morte celular em melanoma experimental pelo imunoestimulador P-MAPA: uma potencial estratégia antitumoral dependente da ativação de receptores TOLL-LIKE? (2018)

\n O melanoma é o mais agressivo tumor da pele, cuja resistência aos tratamentos quimioterápicos tem promovido a crescente utilização de imunoquimioterapia, como é o caso da utilização de agonistas dos receptores Toll-Like (TLRs). Nesse contexto, os compostos abreviados por P-MAPA e seu sintético estrutural MRB-CFI-1 com reconhecidas propriedades antitumorais e imunológicas, são fortes candidatos na terapia e prevenção desse tipo de câncer. Esse estudo visa determinar o potencial anticâncer do P-MAPA e de MRB-CFI-1 contra o melanoma murino em consequência ao padrão de resposta microambiental semelhante ao de morte imunogênica, em regimes de tratamento terapêutico ou vacinal, na vigência de quimioterapia com cisplatina e/ou em associação com antígenos de células tumorais totais. Após avaliação In vivo do crescimento de tumores B16F10 implantados em modelos murinos selvagem e nocaute para o gene Myd88, na vigência ou não do tratamento com cisplatina e/ou P-MAPA, nossos resultados mostraram que o P-MAPA apresentou atividade pró-tumoral e antagonizou a ação da cisplatina em inibir o crescimento dos tumores, de forma dependente de Myd88. Além disso, através de análises qualitativa e quantitativa pelo software ImageJ em fotomicrografias de secções tumorais coradas histologicamente, observamos que o P-MAPA promoveu mudanças microambientais nos tumores que podem impactar negativamente em seu desempenho. Como monoterapia em esquema de vacinação com lisado tumoral total em combinação com quimioterapia, o P-MAPA em dose baixa falhou em suprimir o crescimento de tumores B16F10, mas o seu sintético MRB-CFI-1 foi capaz de prevenir o crescimento desse tipo de melanoma num regime de vacinação profilática. Apesar do sucesso terapêutico desse imunomodulador em diversos modelos de câncer e de doenças infecciosas, o P-MAPA não foi eficaz em produz respostas microambientais contra o melanoma murino, dados esses que limitam a aplicabilidade clínica do composto. De outro modo, o composto fosfato inorgânico MRB-CFI-1 foi protetivo em retardar o aparecimento desse tipo de doença. Assim, o presente estudo foi importante por ampliar o entendimento funcional do P-MAPA numa abordagem imunoquimioterápica em modelos biológicos de tumores de melanoma, e representa uma importante mudança na utilização de constituintes individuais similares ao P-MAPA que sejam mais eficazes, de fácil obtenção, e de produção controlada e garantida\n
α4* Nicotinic Receptors in preBötzinger Complex Mediate Cholinergic/Nicotinic Modulation of Respiratory Rhythm (2008)

Acetylcholine and nicotine can modulate respiratory patterns by acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). To further explore the molecular composition of these nAChRs, we studied a knock-in mouse strain with a leucine-to-alanine mutation in the M2 pore-lining region (L9'A) of the nAChR alpha4 subunit; this mutation renders alpha4-containing receptors hypersensitive to agonists. We recorded respiratory-related rhythmic motor activity from hypoglossal nerve (XIIn) and patch-clamped preBötC inspiratory neurons in an in vitro medullary slice preparation from neonatal mice. Nicotine affected respiratory rhythm at concentrations approximately 100-fold lower in the homozygous L9'A knock-in mice compared with wild-type mice. Bath application of 5 nm nicotine increased the excitability of preBötC inspiratory neurons, increased respiratory frequency, and induced tonic/seizure-like activities in XIIn in L9'A mice, effects similar to those induced by 1 microM nicotine in wild-type mice. In L9'A mice, microinjection of low nanomolar concentrations of nicotine into the preBötC increased respiratory frequency, whereas injection into the ipsilateral hypoglossal (XII) nucleus induced tonic/seizure-like activity. The alpha4*-selective nAChR antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine produced opposite effects and blocked the nicotinic responses. These data, showing that nAChRs in the preBötC and XII nucleus in L9'A mice are hypersensitive to nicotine and endogenous ACh, suggest that functional alpha4* nAChRs are present in the preBötC. They mediate cholinergic/nicotinic modulation of the excitability of preBötC inspiratory neurons and of respiratory rhythm. Furthermore, functional alpha4* nAChRs are present in XII nucleus and mediate cholinergic/nicotinic modulation of tonic activity in XIIn.
Ferroelectric Order Control of the Dirac‐Semimetal Phase in GeTe‐Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> Superlattices (2013)

A superlattice made of a topological insulator (Sb2Te3) and a normal insulator (ferroelectric GeTe), also called an interfacial phase-change material, are switched between the Dirac semimetal and gapped phases by applying an external electric field, which provides a platform to study topological insulators and opens new possibilities for designing phase-change memory devices.