gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Computer-generated holograms for multilevel 3D images with complex amplitude modulation</title> (2002)

In this report, a method of producing computer-generated holograms (CGHs) that are capable of reconstructing 3D images with higher luminosity than our previously manufactured ones is proposed. This method involves controlling etching depth and width of each cell in order to record both phase and amplitude information of the object wave. In the previous method, presented in Practical Holography XIII, interferogram data of the CGHs are computed by simulating a recording process of conventional optical holograms. This method, however, has a disadvantage in diffraction efficiency, due to the fact that only the first order diffraction of incident light contributes to reconstructing images, leaving the other orders of diffraction wasted. In order to improve the diffraction efficiency, it is desirable to modulate incident light directly to the wavefront that reconstructs the images. In this report, the cell structure that modulates both the phase and the amplitude of an incident light is proposed. The etching depth of a cell encodes phase information, and the etching width of the cell encodes amplitude information. A CGH was fabricated by forming each cell corresponding to the complex amplitude of the object wave at each sampling point of the CGH. With this method, we have succeeded in fabricating the image-type CGH that can reconstruct multilevel 3D images with about twice as high luminosity as the previous type ones.
Adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography for high-resolution and high-speed in vivo retinal imaging (2005)

We have combined Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a closed-loop Adaptive Optics (AO) system. The AO-OCT instrument has been used for in vivo retinal imaging. High-lateral resolution of our AO-OCT system allows visualization of the microscopic retinal structures not accessible by standard OCT instruments. © 2005 SPIE and OSA.
<title>Laser beam variance measurements using a parabolic transmission filter</title> (1996)

We report preliminary experimental results on the use of a filter with a parabolic transmission profile for a direct measurement of the spatial variance of the intensity distribution of a laser beam. It is shown that by recording, at various planes, the maximum transmitted power through such a filter, one can characterize the beam without having to determine the corresponding intensity profiles. A simple parabolic fit of the data allows the determination of the required parameters for a second-moment-based beam characterization.
Method for rapid calculation of quantitative cerebral perfusion (2008)

The three-point estimation technique is adequate for rapid calculation of qCBF. The estimation scheme drastically reduces processing time, thus making the method feasible for clinical use.
Optimization of geometric configuration of detector system for non-destructive assay using nuclear resonance fluorescence (2013)

The optimum geometric configuration of the detector system for non-destructive assay (NDA) of special nuclear material (SNM) by using nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) measurements has been studied. A Monte Carlo radiation transport code, GEANT4, has been developed to calculate NRF interaction, as well the simulation performed for detector array consist of seven LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce (1.5" × 3") detectors positioned at 5 cm from the center of the target by stepping angle 45°, to study the optimum scattering angle of NRF γ-rays with respect to the incoherent scattering and the self-absorption of target material. The <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">235</sup> U isotope used as target with different thicknesses at the resonant energy level 1733 keV. The calculation results addressed that, the measurements of NRF γ-rays at backward angles - relative to interrogating γ-beam is the optimum geometric configuration system of detectors.
Mammalian occludin in epithelial cells: its expression and subcellular distribution. (1997)

Occludin has been identified from chick liver as a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions, and the cDNA encoding its mammalian homologue was identified very recently (Ando-Akatsuka, Y., M. Saitou, T. Hirase, M. Kishi, A. Sakakibara, M. Itoh, S. Yonemura, M. Furuse, Sh. Tsukita, J. Cell Biol. 133, 43-47 (1996)). Here we describe the basic properties of mammalian occludin in epithelial cells at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. The human occludin gene was mapped to chromosome band 5q13.1 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Northern blotting identified several occludin mRNA bands, suggesting the possible expression of several alternatively spliced products. Occludin mRNA was detected in cultured epithelial cells, but not in cultured fibroblasts. The mRNA level was high in the testis, kidney, liver, lung, and brain, which reportedly bear well-developed tight junctions. We then produced monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies using recombinant mouse occludin as the antigen, which reacted not only with mouse, but also human, dog and pig occludin. These antibodies recognized several bands around 60 kDa in epithelial cells but not in fibroblasts. Immunofluorescence microscopy of various tissues revealed that the staining intensity of occludin correlated well with the number of tight junction strands in epithelial cells. By contrast, the staining of ZO-1, a well-characterized tight junction-associated protein, was not specific for tight junctions. Furthermore, the exclusive concentration of occludin at tight junctions in epithelial cells was confirmed by immunoreplica electron microscopy.
Ruthenium Antimetastatic Agents (2004)

NAMI-A, i. e. (imH)[trans-RuCl(4)(dmso-S)(im)] (im = imidazole, dmso = dimethylsulfoxide), is a Ru(III) complex that, after extensive preclinical investigations that evidenced its remarkable and specific activity against metastases, has recently and successfully completed a Phase I trial (first ruthenium complex ever to reach clinical testing). This review article, after a brief summary of the main chemical and pharmacological aspects of NAMI-A, focuses on the development of new classes of ruthenium complexes originated from the NAMI-A frame. In particular, the chemical and biological features of the following classes of compounds will be treated: i) NAMI-A-type complexes, derived from NAMI-A by changing the nature of the N-ligand, ii) dinuclear NAMI-A-type compounds containing heterocyclic bridging N-N ligands, iii) new Ru-dmso nitrosyls broadly derived from NAMI-A-type complexes. Several of these new compounds were found to have antimetastatic activity comparable to, or even better than, NAMI-A; however, the nature of the target(s) responsible for the antimetastatic activity remains unclear. Common to any type of NAMI-A-type compound, both monomeric and dimeric, cell cytotoxicity (which is generally very low) is not sufficient to explain their potent and peculiar antitumor activity. All active NAMI-A-type compounds share the capacity to modify important parameters of metastasis such as tumor invasion, matrix metallo proteinases activity and cell cycle progression.
A microstructure-fiber based optical parametric oscillator (2003)

Summary form only given. Parametric processes in /spl chi//sup (2)/ materials have long been used to generate light at wavelengths where conventional laser sources are not available. Here we report what we believe to be the first demonstration of a microstructure fibre (MF) based optical parametric oscillator (MFOPO). By pumping near the MF's zero-dispersion wavelength, we obtain tunable radiation at wavelengths shorter than that of the pump. Cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) is also observed, wherein the oscillating signal, the pump, and the idler create radiation at new wavelengths. By pumping an appropriately tailored MF with Ti:sapphire or other high-power laser sources, such cascaded FWM may provide a viable route for the generation of tunable blue-green light. Our experiment also provides a detailed study of one of the nonlinear processes occurring below the supercontinuum threshold.
Microfluidic Diffusion Viscometer for Rapid Analysis of Complex Solutions (2016)

The viscosity of complex solutions is a physical property of central relevance for a large number of applications in material, biological, and biotechnological sciences. Here we demonstrate a microfluidic technology to measure the viscosity of solutions by following the advection and diffusion of tracer particles under steady-state flow. We validate our method with standard water-glycerol mixtures, and then we apply this microfluidic diffusion viscometer to measure the viscosity of protein solutions at high concentrations as well as of a crude cell lysate. Our approach exhibits a series of attractive features, including analysis time on the order of seconds and the consumption of a few μL of sample, as well as the possibility to readily integrate the microfluidic viscometer in other instrument platforms or modular microfluidic devices. These characteristics make microfluidic diffusion viscometry an attractive approach in automated processes in biotechnology and health-care sciences where fast measurements with limited amount of sample consumption are required.
Inorganic Fibers and Microstructures by Laser Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (1993)

Using high reactor pressures (>1 bar) and a unique rate control mechanism, chemically pure and structurally uniform boron, carbon, silicon, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide fibers were obtained by laser assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) with small diameters (>9 μm) and high growth rates (0.3–1.1 mm/s). The boron, carbon, and silicon nitride fibers were amorphous; the silicon carbide fibers polycrystalline; and the silicon fibers either glassy, polycrystalline, or single crystals. The LCVD method can be used to grow three-dimensional microstructures (grids, springs, solenoids) directly from the vapor phase. A commercial multifilament process is being developed.
Antibody to hepatitis C virus second envelope (HCV‐E2) glycoprotein: A new marker of HCV infection closely associated with viremia (1995)

The second envelope protein (E2) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was cloned and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. This E2 glycoprotein was purified using ion exchange and lectin chromatography and used to construct an enzyme immunoassay for HCV E2 antibodies. The assay was shown to have good specificity, and detection of E2 antibodies was positively correlated (97.3%) to the presence of HCV RNA in serum and plasma. A high concordance between HCV 2.0 and E2 EIA reactivities was also observed. E2 antibody was the first serological marker to appear in 3/5 HCV seroconversion panels. This work demonstrated that 42.4% of core and 15.4% of NS3 indeterminate specimens also contained antibodies to E2, suggesting that HCV infection had occurred in these individuals. The E2 antibody assay was used to evaluate HCV 2.0 EIA-positive, HCV 3.0 EIA-negative plasma donors with indeterminate reactivity on RIBA HCV 2.0 or MATRIX HCV 1.0. Several HCV 3.0-negative specimens were shown to contain E2 antibodies in addition to an original indeterminate serological marker, primarily core. It is concluded that anti-E2 is a useful marker for determining HCV infection, and that the presence of antibodies to two nonoverlapping viral gene products suggests true HCV exposure. New HCV 3.0 blood screening tests should detect HCV 2.0-positive donors who present with an indeterminate pattern by RIBA or MATRIX and who also carry E2 antibodies.
Recent advances in the molten salt technology for the destruction of energetic materials (1995)

Alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates such as isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA-iBu), butyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA-nBu), isopropyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA-iPr), propyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA-nPr), ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA-Et), and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA-Me) are widely used as preservatives, stabilizers and antiseptics for medical supplies, cosmetics, foodstuffs etc. We determined the binding affinity of alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates to human estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and beta (ER beta) by non-RI receptor binding assays. PHBA-iBu had a high binding affinity for ER alpha (IC50: 6.0 x 10(-6) M, the relative binding affinity (RBA): 0.267) and ER beta (IC50: 5.0 x 10(-6) M, RBA: 0.340). These IC50 values and RBA were almost the same as those of bisphenol A. The ranking of the estrogenic potency of alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates for both ERs is different; that is, PHBA-iBu > PHBA-nBu[symbol: see text]PHBA-iPr[symbol: see text]PHBA-nPr > PHBA-Et >> PHBA-Me. Alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates bound with equal relative affinity to both ER alpha and beta proteins. Alkyl p-hydroxybenzoate having a long alkyl side-chain showed a high affinity for ER alpha and beta. These findings suggest that p-hydroxybenzoates may be endocrine disruptors.
Reversible data hiding (2003)

We present a novel reversible (lossless) data hiding (embedding) technique, which enables the exact recovery of the original host signal upon extraction of the embedded information. A generalization of the well-known LSB (least significant bit) modification is proposed as the data embedding method, which introduces additional operating points on the capacity-distortion curve. Lossless recovery of the original is achieved by compressing portions of the signal that are susceptible to embedding distortion, and transmitting these compressed descriptions as a part of the embedded payload. A prediction-based conditional entropy coder which utilizes static portions of the host as side-information improves the compression efficiency, and thus the lossless data embedding capacity.
Novel chemically amplified resists incorporating anionic photoacid generator functional groups for sub-50-nm half-pitch lithography (2009)

A series of chemically amplified resists based on polymers of 4-hydroxystyrene, 2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate and a monomer-bound anionic photoacid generator (PAG) were prepared and characterized. Specifically, the following PAGs were separately incorporated into the main-chain of the polymers: the isomers triphenylsulfonium salt 2-(methacryloxy)-4-trifluoromethyl benzenesulfonate and triphenylsulfonium salt 4-(methacryloxy)-2-trifluoromethyl benzenesulfonate (CF3 PAG); triphenylsulfonium salt 4-(methacryloxy)-3-nitro-benzenesulfonate (NO2 PAG); and triphenylsulfonium salt of 1,1,2-trifluorobutanesulfonate methacrylate (MTFB PAG). Triphenylsulfonium salt 4-(methacryloxy)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzenesulfonate (F4 PAG) was used as the reference PAG. The intrinsic lithography performance of these polymer-bound PAG resists showed sub-50-nm half-pitch resolution and <5 nm LER (3σ) under 100 keV electron beam patterning. The relative sensitivity of these materials under 100 keV e-beam exposure was MTFB PAG ≥ F4 PAG > CF3 PAG > NO2 PAG. Resolved pattern sizes of 40 and 32.5 nm half-pitch were obtained for fluorinated PAGs (such as MTFB PAG and F4 PAG) bound polymer resists under EUV interference lithography. The surface roughness was inspected with AFM.
Three-Dimensional Design of a Non-Axisymmetric Periodic Permanent Magnet Focusing System (2006)

A three-dimensional (3D) design is presented of a non-axisymmetric periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focusing system which will be used to focus a large-aspect-ratio, ellipse-shaped, space-charge-dominated electron beam. In this design, an analytic theory is used to specify the magnetic profile for beam transport. The OPERA3D code is used to compute and optimize a realizable magnet system. Good beam transport is simulated with the designed magnetic fields, using both 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) and 3D ray trajectory codes.
On search in peer-to-peer file sharing systems (2005)

We consider the problem of information retrieval in a peer-to-peer file sharing system. We assume that peers are unreliable, metadata are sparse, and queries are short. In light of this, the question becomes whether there exists a combination of metadata management and ranking techniques that can consistently improve query results. We try several alternatives, and, through analysis and simulation, show a combination that generally yields the best results.
Interference coordination between femtocells in LTE-advanced networks with carrier aggregation (2010)

Femtocells technology has emerged as a promising solution to provide the indoor coverage in the 3rd generation (3G) long-term evolution (LTE) and its advanced (LTE-Advanced) networks. In this paper, we propose a two-step interference coordination scheme to deal with the interference between femtocel
VideoSnapping (2014)

Aligning video is a fundamental task in computer graphics and vision, required for a wide range of applications. We present an interactive method for computing optimal nonlinear temporal video alignments of an arbitrary number of videos. We first derive a robust approximation of alignment quality between pairs of clips, computed as a weighted histogram of feature matches. We then find optimal temporal mappings (constituting frame correspondences) using a graph-based approach that allows for very efficient evaluation with artist constraints. This enables an enhancement to the "snapping" interface in video editing tools, where videos in a time-line are now able snap to one another when dragged by an artist based on their content , rather than simply start-and-end times. The pairwise snapping is then generalized to multiple clips, achieving a globally optimal temporal synchronization that automatically arranges a series of clips filmed at different times into a single consistent time frame. When followed by a simple spatial registration, we achieve high quality spatiotemporal video alignments at a fraction of the computational complexity compared to previous methods. Assisted temporal alignment is a degree of freedom that has been largely unexplored, but is an important task in video editing. Our approach is simple to implement, highly efficient, and very robust to differences in video content, allowing for interactive exploration of the temporal alignment space for multiple real world HD videos.
Positive contrast spiral imaging of a nitinol guidewire (2015)

Figure Isolation of the guidewire signal from the background was most challenging around the aortic arch.
Characterization of Specific Immune Responses of Mice Inoculated with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing an 18-Kilodalton Outer Membrane Protein of<i>Brucella abortus</i> (2000)

Using the shuttle vector pMCO2 and the vaccinia virus wild-type WR strain, we constructed a recombinant virus expressing an 18-kDa outer membrane protein of Brucella abortus. BALB/c mice inoculated with this virus produced 18-kDa protein-specific antibodies, mostly of immunoglobulin G2a isotype, and in vitro stimulation of splenocytes from these mice with purified maltose binding protein-18-kDa protein fusion resulted in lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon production. However, these mice were not protected against a challenge with the virulent strain B. abortus 2308. Disruption of the 18-kDa protein's gene in vaccine strain B. abortus RB51 did not affect either the strain's protective capabilities or its in vivo attenuation characteristics. These observations suggest that the 18-kDa protein plays no role in protective immunity.
Radar Waveform Coexistence: Interference Comparison on Multiple-Frame Basis (2021)

In this paper, radar-to-radar interference across different waveforms (FMCW, PMCW and OFDM) is studied. Practical implementations having similar radar parameters and application objectives are simulated to provide a fair and realistic comparison. The interference effects are presented on multiple consecutive radar frames for all possible combinations of waveforms, where the interference-induced noise floor after Range-Doppler processing are computed and compared. This paper shows that there is no perfect waveform that is robust to any interfering waveform, although OFDM radar appears to have a less fluctuating noise floor and appears to be more robust to PMCW and OFDM radar for the selected radar configurations.
The Slab Design Problem in the Steel Industry (2006)

Planners in the steel industry must design a set of steel slabs to satisfy the order book subject to constraints on (1) achieving a total designed weight for each order using multiples of an order-specific production size range, (2) minimum and maximum sizes for each slab, and (3) feasible assignments of multiple orders to the same slab. We developed a heuristic solution based on matchings and bin packing that a large steel plant uses daily in mill operations.
Experimental validation of a reflective long period grating design methodology (2022)

In this work, we present an experimental demonstration of our previously published modeling work on reflective long period grating (LPG). To provide the practical realization of the modeling work, we coat a long segment of fiber both in the tail length and the end facet beyond the gratings with silver to invert the transmission mode LPG to reflection mode LPG. We then measure the LPG characteristics in both the transmission and reflection mode and validate our findings from modeling work. We further build temperature and refractive index (RI) sensors and demonstrate temperature sensing from 21 °C to 191 °C with similar temperature sensitivity coefficients of 54.4 ± 2.9 pm/°C and 53.2 ± 2.6 pm/°C for transmission and reflection mode LPG, respectively whereas same RI sensitivity coefficient of 370 ± 2.2 nm/RIU.
Automated Tool for Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Synthesis in Mixed Signal Applications (2007)

In spite of the fact that electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures have become very important part for switching noise management in mixed-signal systems, antenna applications, and filter applications, there has been no design tool for EBG structures. Consequently, electromagnetic (EM) simulation has been iterated to design an EBG structure for a given design specification. As a result, designing EBG structures has been computationally expensive as well as time consuming. This paper presents a design tool for EBG structures in mixed signal applications where digital is combined with RF. The suggested design tool has been fully automated by combining genetic algorithm (GA), multilayer finite-difference method (M-FDM), and dispersion diagram analysis method together.