gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Boric Acid from PWR Waste by Volatilization During Evaporation (1997)

Abstract SCK·CEN has developed a process to separate boric acid during and/or after evaporation of the liquid waste from pressurized light-water reactors. The key goal is to achieve higher waste volume reduction factors, while maintaining low activity discharge limits. An additional goal is to obtain purified boric acid for recycling. The process is based on the volatility of boric acid in steam. The liquid waste is treated in a semicontinuous evaporator, which operates preferentially at a higher temperature than the present evaporators. The stream loaded with boric acid is fed to a column for fractional condensation with partial reflux. In this way, one obtains a highly concentrated waste that contains all the radioactive and chemical impurities and little boron, a concentrated boric acid solution which can be reused, as well as a highly decontaminated effluent without boron. In case replacement or adaptation of existing evaporators is less practical, one can adapt the process for the treatment of evaporator concentrates. After having been intensively tested at SCK·CEN, the process has recently been demonstrated in a small pilot installation and with realistic liquid waste, at the nuclear power station in Doel, Belgium. The results corresponded to the theoretical predictions. After a transitional period, the boron concentration in the evaporator no longer increased and consequently did not limit the achievable waste volume reduction factor. The boric acid was recovered from the steam and during a supplementary treatment we recovered additional boric acid from the waste concentrate.
Abstract 1028: Role of Hsp90 in the stability of EGFR from radiation and cisplatin-induced degradation. (2013)

Abstract Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an evolutionary conserved eukaryotic molecular chaperone that has a large number of clients including signaling molecules such as EGFR. Induction of Hsp90 upon cellular stress induced by radiation or chemotherapy can enhance stabilization of its clients which may lead to resistance to therapy and can often provide an environment for metastasis. Therefore, targeting Hsp90 has been shown to be a potential therapeutic approach to induce EGFR degradation and block metastatic spread. The aim of this study is to further understand the mechanism of Hsp90 induction and its post-translational modifications within cancer cells as well as its microenvironment and their significance in EGFR protein stability. We hypothesized that activation of Hsp90 upon cellular stress induced by radiation and chemotherapy provides stability to EGFR not only in cancer cells, but also in tumor-associated endothelial cells, which allows cancer cell survival and metastatic spread by increasing EGFR (and other clients) stability. Our preliminary data indicate that an enhancement in EGFR protein interaction with Hsp90 in both endothelial cells and head and neck cancer cell lines correlate with cell survival upon radiation or cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin treatment also caused an increase in Hsp90 activation as reflected by an increase in ATP binding activity. Increase in EGFR phosphorylation led to a decrease in its interaction with Hsp90. We also found that inhibition of Hsp90 activity reduced this interaction, which decreased EGFR half-life and promoted cell-death in cancer and endothelial cells. We are now extending our research efforts to understand the effects of radiation and cisplatin on the post-translational modifications of Hsp90 such as phosphorylation and its potential role in binding with EGFR. The long-term goal of this study is to develop a specific protein-protein interaction antagonist (PPI) to induce selective EGFR degradation and block the survival and metastatic spread regulated by EGFR. Citation Format: Ameer L. Elaimy, Aarif Ahsan, Dipankar Ray, Theodore S. Lawrence, Mukesh K. Nyati. Role of Hsp90 in the stability of EGFR from radiation and cisplatin-induced degradation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1028. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1028
Understanding the role of ultrasonic cavitation assisted casting of boron nitride nanotube-reinforced aluminum matrix composite (2023)

Integrating and dispersing one-dimensional (1D) nano reinforcements in metal matrix composites (MMC) is challenging due to their higher specific surface area, strong van der Waals forces within the nano reinforcement, and poor wettability with the matrix. In the present study, ultrasonic cavitation-assisted casting was employed to fabricate boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT)-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. The ultrasonic treatment (UST) demonstrated excellent deagglomeration, and dispersion of BNNTs in molten aluminum along with enhanced grain refinement potency. A remarkable ∼62% grain refinement efficiency in Al-BNNT composite compared to pure Al was achieved owing to the combined effect of UST, BNNT reinforcement and cold rolling. The increase in low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) by ∼58% in Al-BNNT composite, as revealed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) maps, demonstrates the pileup of dislocations resulting in strength improvement. The yield strength exhibited a 97% improvement in the BNNT-reinforced composite compared to pure Al. The strengthening is attributed to UST, enhanced dislocation density and efficient bridging effect between BNNTs and the matrix. Thus, the present study constitutes the first successful report on the role of UST in the mechanism of BNNT dispersion, grain morphology and enhanced mechanical properties, including cold rolling of BNNT-reinforced MMC. Successful dispersion of BNNTs by ultrasonic cavitation confirms that UST technology is a promising method for manufacturing high-strength nanoparticle-reinforced lightweight metal matrix composites.
Reinforcement-Learning-Based Optimal Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Hybrid AC–DC Microgrids (2019)

In this paper, a reinforcement-learning-based online optimal (RL-OPT) control method is proposed for the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in ac-dc microgrids involving photovoltaic systems and diesel generators (DGs). Due to the low system inertia, conventional unregulated charging and discharging (C&D) of energy storages in microgrids may introduce disturbances that degrade the power quality and the system performance, especially in fast C&D situations. Secondary and tertiary control levels can optimize the state of charge reference of HESS; however, they are lacking the direct controllability of regulating the transient performance. Additionally, the uncertainties in practical systems greatly limit the performance of conventional model based controllers. In this study, the optimal control theory is applied to optimize the C&D profile and to suppress the disturbances caused by integrating HESS. Neural networks are devised to estimate the nonlinear dynamics of HESS based on the input/output measurements, and to learn the optimal control input for bidirectional-converter-interfaced HESS using the estimated system dynamics. Because the proposed RL-OPT method is fully decentralized, which only requires the local measurements, the plug and play capability of HESS can be easily realized. Both islanded and grid-tied modes are considered. Extensive simulations and experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Clinical Results of the Oxford Knee (1986)

The Oxford method of knee arthroplasty replaces the femoral condyles with convex spherical metal components and relines the tibial plateaus with flat metal components. Free meniscal bearings of polyethylene, spherically concave above and flat below, lie between the fixed metal components, held in place by their geometry and ligamentous tension. Advantages of the design include: congruity of the articulating surfaces; unconstrained tibiofemoral movement; preservation of all the ligaments with facility to tension them accurately from a range of bearing thicknesses; minimal bone excision; applicability to unicondylar use. Laboratory studies showed that combined rolling and sliding at meniscofemoral and meniscotibial interfaces mimic normal joint kinematics and mechanics. One hundred twenty-five bicompartmental implants were followed for two to six years. Pain was relieved in 90%; mean flexion limit was 99 degrees and mean flexion deformity 7 degrees. Stability and alignment were recovered in nearly all joints. Six knees failed and were successfully arthrodesed (two) or converted to another prosthesis (four). Eight knees required revision to replace a dislocated bearing (five) or to recement a loose component (three). In knees with an intact anterior cruciate ligament, there were no failures and a low revision rate (4.8%). The prosthesis is proposed as a reliable and safe alternative to more invasive prostheses in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic joints in which the disease is still limited to the articular surfaces.
Experimental characterization on high contrast grating reflectivity (2012)

Reflectivity of high contrast subwavelength grating (HCG) is experimentally characterized with the HCG being top reflector in an all-pass-filter cavity. Large fabrication tolerance of HCG is demonstrated. Good agreement is achieved between experiment and simulation.
<i>In situ</i> evaluation of metallic coatings via laser plasma spectroscopy (2006)

We present a method and apparatus that provides in situ, near real-time evaluation of metallic coatings used as protective barriers for various industrial applications. Identification of the elemental constituents of the coating and substrate is accomplished using the technique of laser plasma spectroscopy, whereby optical emissions from the plasma formed by focusing a high energy pulsed laser onto a part coating or substrate surface uniquely identify the elements present in the vaporized material. We present several applications, including use of this technique to determine coating presence, coating composition, coating thickness, coating composition as a function of depth, and identification of deposits on metallic surfaces.
A New Strategy for Control of Tandem Cold Metal Rolling (2007)

The control of tandem cold rolling of metal strip constitutes a significant engineering challenge to control engineers. This is due mostly to the complexity of the interactions between the process variables, nonlinearities which change with the operating conditions, and long speed- dependent time delays. The present technology is based on control strategies that decompose the problem into several independent control sub-problems and as a result yield limited capability for improvement in performance. This paper describes a new control strategy wherein a state-dependent algebraic Riccati equation is solved pointwise to establish a control law for a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) controller with appropriate trimming functions. The new controller coupled to a nonlinear model of the process was tested by simulations. The resulting tolerance in mill exit thickness was held to about .2% for typical rolling operations, which compares favorably to the tolerances of .5% to .8% using existing controllers. In addition to improved performance, the simplicity of the new control method reduces the efforts required for design, commissioning, and maintenance.
Nonequilibrium Capillary Electrophoresis of Equilibrium Mixtures, Mathematical Model (2004)

We recently introduced a new electrophoretic method, nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures (NECEEM). NECEEM provides a unique way of finding kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the formation of intermolecular complexes from a single electropherogram and allows for the use of weak affinity probes in protein quantitation. In this work, we study theoretical bases of NECEEM by developing a mathematical model for the new method. By solving a system of partial differential equations with diffusion in linear approximation, we found the analytical solution for concentrations of components involved in complex formation as functions of time from the beginning of separation and position in the capillary. The nonnumerical nature of the solution makes it a powerful tool in studying the theoretical foundations of the NECEEM method and modeling experimental results. We demonstrate the use of the model for finding binding parameters of complex formation by nonlinear regression of NECEEM electropherograms obtained experimentally.
ROLE OF NON-MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ANTIGENS IN THE REJECTION OF TRANSPLANTED MYOBLASTS1 (1997)

Myoblasts obtained from donors histoincompatible for several non-major histocompatibility complex antigens (i.e., including minor histocompatibility antigens) and from syngeneic donors were transplanted without any immunosuppression into the muscles of male dystrophic C57BL/10J mdx/mdx mice. Myoblasts from syngeneic mice resulted in the formation of a high percentage of dystrophin-positive fibers 16 weeks after the transplantation. There was no evidence of a cellular immune reaction against the donor myoblasts, i.e., no infiltration by CD4 or CD8 lymphocytes and no increased expression of granzyme B and interferon-gamma mRNAs. Transplantation of myoblasts obtained from donors histoincompatible only for non- major histocompatibility complex antigens produced a transient increase of dystrophin-positive fibers at 4 weeks after transplantation for some donor strains but not for others. For donor strains that did produce an increase at 4 weeks, the number of dystrophin-positive fibers was reduced 16 weeks after the transplantation. There was evidence of a cellular immune reaction-infiltration by CD4 and by CD8 lymphocytes and increased expression of granzyme B and interferon-gamma mRNAs. Transplantation of myoblasts obtained from male C57BL/10J +/+ mice into female C57BL/10J mdx/mdx mice also led to the presence of only a few dystrophin-positive fibers with the same signs of cellular immune reaction. In this later case, the cellular immune response was attributed to the H-Y minor antigens. Finally, antibodies against fetal calf serum were detected after both syngeneic and nonsyngeneic transplantations, indicating that the culture medium may also be a source of antigens. In mice, the presence of these antibodies against culture medium did not reduce the success of a first syngeneic transplantation.
Improved Y-domain magnetic film memory elements (1988)

Improved versions of a Y-domain memory element are presented. These improvements include element shape, detector configuration, element material composition, and element-substrate interface considerations. It is shown that the element can be optimized for use in a solid-state random-access memory. Using a shortened element with 60 degrees head and tail angles and an offset detector produces an output signal which approaches the ideal case.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dioxane−Monochloroborane:  A New and Highly Reactive Hydroborating Reagent with Exceptional Properties (1999)

Dioxane−monochloroborane was prepared by the reaction of dioxane and dioxane−BCl3 with diborane or NaBH4 in 98% purity. The adduct thus obtained is a liquid, 6.2 M in BH2Cl, stable indefinitely at either 0 or 25 °C. The adduct hydroborates simple unhindered olefins to the corresponding dialkylchloroboranes within 0.5 h, while moderately hindered olefins take 1−4 h at room temperature. Hindered tetrasubstituted olefins rapidly hydroborate to the monoalkylchloroborane stage with further hydroboration slow. Regioselectivity studies of representative olefins reveal that this new reagent possesses selectivities similar to those from the monochloroborane−diethyl ether adduct. Consequently, dioxane−monochloroborane can readily substitute for the older hydroborating agents, BH3:THF and BH3:DMS.
Chiral Separations Using Polymeric Surfactants and Polyelectrolyte Multilayers in Open-Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography (2003)

In this study, fused-silica capillaries are modified using a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating procedure in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. The PEM coating was constructed in situ with alternating rinses of positively and negatively charged polymers. The quaternary ammonium salt poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) was used as the cationic polymer, and the polymeric surfactant poly (sodium N-undecanoyl-l-leucylvalinate) was used as the anionic polymer. Previous studies have shown that the PEM-coated capillaries used for achiral separations have excellent reproducibilities and high stabilities against extreme pH values. In the current study, this PEM coating approach was applied to chiral separations of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dihydrogenphosphate (BNP), 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol, secobarbital, pentobarbital, and temazepam. However, the PEM coating procedure used in the achiral studies needed to be significantly modified in order to achieve chiral separations. Optimal conditions were established by varying the additives (sodium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) in the polymer deposition solutions, the salt concentration, the column temperature, and the bilayer number. Reproducibilities were evaluated by use of the relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and the first peak ((R)-(+)-BNP). In all cases, the run-to-run and capillary-to-capillary RSD values of EOF were less than 0.5%, and the run-to-run RSD values of the (R)-(+)-BNP peak were less than 1%. In addition, more than 230 runs were performed on a single PEM-coated capillary.
Multidentate oligomeric ligands to enhance the biocompatibility of iron oxide and other metal nanoparticles (2014)

We prepared a set of multi-coordinating and reactive amphiphilic polymer ligands and used them for surface-functionalizing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The amphiphilic oligomers were prepared by coupling (via one step nucleophilic addition) several dopamine anchoring groups, polyethylene glycol moieties and reactive groups onto a poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) chain. The availability of several anchoring groups in the same ligand greatly enhances the ligand affinity to the nanoparticle surfaces, via multiplecoordination, while the hydrophilic and reactive groups promote colloidal stability in buffer media and allow subsequent conjugation to target biomolecules. The hydrophilic nanoparticles capped with these polymers maintain compact size and exhibit great long term colloidal stability.
Invitro and in vivo study of sustained nitric oxide release coating using diazeniumdiolate-doped poly(vinyl chloride) matrix with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) additive (2013)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous vasodilator as well as natural inhibitor of platelet adhesion and activation that can be released from a NO donor species, such as diazeniumdiolated dibutylhexanediamine (DBHD/N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) within a polymer coating. In this study, various Food and Drug Administration approved poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) species were evaluated as additives to promote a prolonged NO release from DBHD/N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> within a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix. When using an ester-capped PLGA additive with a slow hydrolysis time, the resulting coatings continuously release between 7-18×10<sup>-10</sup> mol cm<sup>-2</sup> min<sup>-1</sup> NO for 14 d at 37°C in PBS buffer. The corresponding pH changes within the polymer films were visualized using pH sensitive indicators and are shown to correlate with the extended NO release pattern. The optimal combined diazeniumdiolate/PLGA-doped NO release (NOrel) PVC coating was evaluated <i>in vitro</i> and its effect on the hemodynamics was also studied within a 4 h <i>in vivo</i> extracorporeal circulation (ECC) rabbit model of thrombogenicity. Four out of 7 control circuits clotted within 3 h, whereas all the NOrel coated circuits were patent after 4 h. Platelet counts on the NOrel ECC were preserved (79 ± 11% compared to 54 ± 6% controls). The NOrel coatings showed a significant decrease in the thrombus area as compared to the controls. Results suggest that by using ester-capped PLGAs as additives to a conventional plasticized PVC material containing a lipophilic diazeniumdiolates, the NO release can be prolonged for up to 2 weeks by controlling the pH within the organic phase of the coating.
IgM and IgG antibodies to human T cell lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) in lymphadenopathy syndrome and subjects at risk for AIDS in Italy. (1985)

A study was performed to assess the prevalence of specific antibodies to human T cell lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) in patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome, patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and those at risk of AIDS. Serum samples were obtained from these groups and from healthy controls in selected cities in Italy, and antibodies to HTLV-III were measured by immunofluorescence assay and, in a few patients, by Western blotting. In addition, IgM antibody values were measured in 82 of those positive for HTLV-III. Altogether, 235 out of 320 patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome had antibodies to HTLV-III, the proportions being highest in haemophiliacs, homosexuals, and drug addicts from Rome; 11 out of 12 patients with AIDS had antibodies; 78 out of 439 subjects at risk for AIDS had antibodies; and six out of 30 patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome and positive for HTLV-III antibodies and nine of 52 patients at risk of AIDS had a detectable titre of IgM. HTLV-III is widespread in groups at risk of AIDS in Italy, and antibodies to HTLV-III are highly prevalent in patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome. A higher proportion of drug abusers were positive for antibodies than in previous studies. HTLV-III "infection" would appear to be spread mainly in compromised hosts, as none of the controls were positive for antibodies.
Ultra-low turn-on field emission devices characterized at atmospheric pressures and high temperatures (2016)

Recent work on in-plane nanoscale field emission devices operating at atmospheric pressures highlights the promise of these devices for high-frequency applications if challenges in reliability and robustness can be mastered. We demonstrate a novel fabrication technique using silicon on insulator substrates to reliably produce sub-20 nanometer gaps between deposited emitter and collector metals in symmetric two-terminal field emission devices. Our emitters demonstrate repeatable, low voltage emission across a range of metals. By reducing the operating voltages through miniaturization, our devices can operate at atmospheric pressures without deterioration through erosive bombardment from ionized gas atoms. Furthermore, the devices are shown to operate at temperatures as high as of 215C in vacuum atmosphere.
Medium Throughput Analysis of Alternative Splicing by Fluorescently Labeled RT-PCR (2014)

Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) is a core technique for detecting and quantifying alternative pre-mRNA splicing. RT-PCR is multistep process involving RNA isolation, reverse transcription, and PCR that is often performed using radiolabeled primers. As a result RT-PCR analysis of alternative splicing is a laborious technique that quickly becomes prohibitively expensive when applied to large numbers of samples. Here, we describe an RT-PCR approach for detecting alternative splicing in multi-well plates that can be applied to effortlessly quantify exon inclusion levels in large number of samples. The procedures outlined here can also be automated on standard liquid handling equipment to produce medium throughput assay capable of handling thousands of samples per day.