gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of homogeneously Mn‐doped ZnS nanoparticles (1996)

Abstract— Homogeneously Mn‐doped ZnS nanoparticles were made by precipitation in a methanolic media with the aid of methacrylic acid at room temperature. In order to elucidate the role of methacrylic acid, the distributions of Mn 2+ ions in the ZnS nanoparticles under different conditions were investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR). Photoluminescence (PL) intensity of ZnS nanoparticles increased with decreasing particle size.
A Facile Synthesis of 3-Hydroxymethyl- and 3-Formylindoles from <i>o</i>-Nitrotoluene (1988)

Abstract A synthesis of 3-hydroxymethyl- and 3-formylindoles has been performed by manipulation of the side chain of 3-hydroxymethylindoline derived from o-nitrotoluene. Electro-reductive cyclization of 2-(2-nitro-phenyl)-1,3-bis(methylsulfonyloxy)propane to 3-(benzyloxymethyl)indole, is also discussed.
Length normalization in XML retrieval (2004)

XML retrieval is a departure from standard document retrieval in which each individual XML element, ranging from italicized words or phrases to full blown articles, is a potentially retrievable unit. The distribution of XML element lengths is unlike what we usually observe in standard document collections, prompting us to revisit the issue of document length normalization. We perform a comparative analysis of arbitrary elements versus relevant elements, and show the importance of length as a parameter for XML retrieval. Within the language modeling framework, we investigate a range of techniques that deal with length either directly or indirectly. We observe a length bias introduced by the amount of smoothing, and show the importance of extreme length priors for XML retrieval. We also show that simply removing shorter elements from the index (by introducing a cut-off value) does not create an appropriate document length normalization. Even after increasing the minimal size of XML elements occurring in the index, the importance of an extreme length bias remains.
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (2013)

Few events in science have captured the same level of sustained interest and imagination of the nonscientific community as Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering, and Regenerative Medicine. The fundamental concept of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine is appealing to scientists, physicians, and lay people alike: to heal tissue or organ defects that the current medical practice deems difficult or impossible to cure. Tissue engineering combines cells, engineering, and materials methods with suitable biochemical and physiochemical factors to improve or replace biologic functions. Regenerative medicine is a new branch of medicine that attempts to change the course of chronic disease, in many instances regenerating failing organ systems lost due to age, disease, damage, or congenital defects. The area is rapidly becoming one of the most promising treatment options for patients suffering from tissue failure. This book of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering fairly reflects the state of the art of these two disciplines at this time as well as their therapeutic application. It covers numerous topics, such as stem cells, cell culture, polymer synthesis, novel biomaterials, drug delivery, therapeutics, and the creation of tissues and organs. The goal is to have this book serve as a reference for graduate students, post-docs, teachers, scientists and physicians, and as an explanatory analysis for executives in biotech and pharmaceutical companies.
Progressive supranuclear palsy pathology caused by a novel silent mutation in exon 10 of the tau gene (2000)

Genetic mutations in the tau gene on chromosome 17 are known to cause frontotemporal dementias. We have identified a novel silent mutation (S305S) in the tau gene in a subject without significant atrophy or cellular degeneration of the frontal and temporal cortices. Rather the cellular pathology was characteristic of progressive supranuclear palsy, with neurofibrillary tangles concentrating within the subcortical regions of the basal ganglia. Two affected family members presented with symptoms of dementia and later developed neurological deficits including abnormality of vertical gaze and extrapyramidal signs. The third presented with dystonia of the left arm and dysarthria, and later developed a supranuclear gaze palsy and falls. The mutation is located in exon 10 of the tau gene and forms part of a stem-loop structure at the 5' splice donor site. Although the mutation does not give rise to an amino acid change in the tau protein, functional exon-trapping experiments show that it results in a significant 4.8-fold increase in the splicing of exon 10, resulting in the presence of tau containing four microtubule-binding repeats. This study provides direct molecular evidence for a functional mutation that causes progressive supranuclear palsy pathology and demonstrates that mutations in the tau gene are pleiotropic.
Fast point cloud segmentation for an intelligent vehicle using sweeping 2D laser scanners (2012)

The previously developed radially bounded nearest neighbor (RBNN) algorithm have been shown a good performance for 3D point cloud segmentation in indoor scenarios. In outdoor scenarios however it is hard to adapt the original RBNN to an intelligent vehicle directly due to several drawbacks. In this paper, drawbacks of RBNN are addressed and we propose an enhanced RBNN for an intelligent vehicle operating in urban environments by proposing the ground elimination and the distance-varying radius. After the ground removal, objects can be remained to segment without merging the ground and objects, whereas the original RBNN with the fixed radius induced over-segmentation or under-segmentation. We design the distance-varying radius which is varied properly from the distance between a laser scanner and scanning objects. The proposed distance-varying radius is successfully induced to segment objects without over or under segmentation. In the experimental results, we have shown that the enhance RBNN is preferable to segment urban structures in terms of time consumption, and even segmentation rates.
Accurate measurement of the steady-state swelling behavior of SU-8 negative photo resist (2009)

The swelling behaviour of SU-8 2000 series is investigated. This is done using on-wafer micro machined stress indicator structures. The indicator structures convert the stress in the material to a measurable displacement. When SU-8 is submersed into a solvent, the polymer matrix of the SU-8 can absorb some of the solvent molecules. As a result, the SU-8 can expand and the built in tensile stress is partially relieved. The swelling can thus be measured directly and independently of lithography parameters. For this study, the indicator structures are immersed in Propyle Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA), isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and water.
Modelling and Simulation of Single Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuators (2022)

This work presents the study of the single-dielectric barrier discharge aerodynamic plasma actuator. The physics of the plasma discharge was studied through the time-resolved light intensity measurements of the plasma illumination. Plasma characteristics were obtained and analyzed for a range of applied voltage amplitudes and a.c. frequencies.Based on this data, electro-static and lumped-element circuit models were developed. The time-dependent charge distribution was used to provide boundary conditions to the electric eld equation that was used to calculate the actuator body force vector. Numerical ow simulations were performed to study the eectof the plasma body force on the neutral uid. The results agreed well with the experiments.An application of the plasma actuators to the leading-edge separation control on the NACA 0021 airfoil was studied numerically. The results were obtained for a range of angles of attack for uncontrolled ow, steady and unsteady plasma actuation. The aerodynamic stall of the airfoil was studied. Improvement in the airfoil characteristics was observed in numerical simulations at high angles of attack in cases with plasma actuation. The computational results corresponded very well with experimental observations.
Microarray Camera Image Super-Resolution with Neural Network and Fusion of V-System (2018)

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, more and more intelligent devices are beginning to be manufactured. At the same time, the demand of the image resolution is getting higher. Super-resolution of the image has become a research hotspot in the field of artificial intelligence. The same time, convolution neural networks have been successful in many fields of computer vision, including image super-resolution. Single image super-resolution has received a lot of attention and made good progress recently. However, there are few neural network models for multi-image super-resolution. Array images are a completely new experience and application for super-resolution. In this paper, we use the microarray camera (3*3) to get nine pictures in the same scene and use nine images to realize multiple images super-resolution. A super-resolution model combining software with hardware is proposed. The structure of image registration, V- system image fusion and convolution operation are constructed. The super-resolution model can extract the feature of the target image more efficiently, and the array camera has the characteristic of trading space for the time change. The model can be more accurate and efficient than single image super-resolution. In the PSNR and SSIM indexes, 1.01dB and 0.03 are increased respectively. We use ISO12233 camera resolution chart to detect the experimental pictures. In the experimental results, the resolution of the algorithm is the best.
Visual-Salience-Based Tone Mapping for High Dynamic Range Images (2014)

Visual saliency aims to predict the attentional gaze of observers viewing a scene, and it is thus highly demanded for tone mapping of high dynamic range (HDR) images. In this paper, novel saliency-aware weighting and edge-aware weighting are introduced for HDR images. They are incorporated into an existing guided image filter to form a perceptually guided image filter. The saliency-aware weighting and the proposed filter are applied to design a new local tone-mapping algorithm for HDR images such that both extreme light and shadow regions can be reproduced on conventional low dynamic range displays. In particular, the proposed filter is applied to decompose the luminance of the input HDR image into a base layer and a detail layer. The saliency-aware weighting is then adopted to design a saliency-aware global tone mapping for the compression of the base layer. The proposed filter preserves sharp edges in the base layer better than the existing guided filter. Halo artifacts are thus significantly reduced in the tone-mapped image. Moreover, the visual quality of the tone-mapped image, especially attention-salient regions, is improved by the saliency-aware weighting.
Optical performance monitoring techniques based on pilot tones for WDM network applications (2004)

Feature Issue on Optical Performance Monitoring (OPM). We report on the pilot-tone-based optical performance monitoring techniques for use in the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) network. We first described the operating principle of the pilot-tone-based monitoring technique and estimated its scalability by analyzing potential problems. We then reviewed the techniques proposed for monitoring various optical parameters of WDM signals--such as optical power, wavelength, optical path, and cross talk--using pilot tones. We also presented examples of various network elements using the pilot-tone-based monitoring technique. In addition, we reviewed the pilot-tone-based monitoring techniques used in adaptive compensators for chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion, and we discussed their limitations and possible solutions. For example, we demonstrated a simple technique for monitoring the chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion simultaneously, without their affecting each other, by scrambling the state of polarization of the optical signal.
Dense plasma diagnostics with an amplitude-division soft-x-ray laser interferometer based on diffraction gratings (2000)

We report the demonstration of an amplitude-division soft-x-ray interferometer that can be used to generate high-contrast interferograms at the wavelength of any of the saturated soft-x-ray lasers (5.6-46.9 nm) that are available at present. The interferometer, which utilizes grazing-incidence diffraction gratings as beam splitters in a modified Mach-Zehnder configuration, was used in combination with a tabletop 46.9-nm laser to probe a large-scale (~2.7-mm-long) laser-created plasma.
The Hereditary Ataxias (1998)

Efforts to classify the hereditary ataxias by their clinical and neuropathological phenotypes are troubled by excessive heterogeneity. Linkage analysis opened the door to a new approach with the methods of molecular biology. The classic form of autosomal recessive ataxia, Friedreich's ataxia (FA), is now known to be due to an intronic expansion of a guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA)-trinucleotide repeat. The autosomal dominant ataxias such as olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), familial cortical cerebellar atrophy (FCCA), and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) have been renamed the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). Specific gene loci are indicated as SCA-1, SCA-2, SCA-3, SCA-4, SCA-5, SCA-6, and SCA-7. In 5 of them (SCA-1, SCA-2, SCA-3, SCA-6, and SCA-7), expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG)-trinucleotide repeats and their abnormal gene products cause the ataxic condition. The most common underlying loci for olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) are SCA-1 and SCA-2, although other genotypes may be added in the future. A major recent advance was the identification of the gene for SCA-3 and MJD, and the high prevalence of this form of autosomal dominant ataxia. In FA and the SCA with expanded CAG-trinucleotide repeats, clinical and neuropathological severity are inversely correlated with the lengths of the repeats. Anticipation in the dominant ataxias can now be explained by lengthening of the repeats in successive generations. Progress is being made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of FA and SCA as the absent or mutated gene products are studied by immunocytochemistry in human and transgenic murine brain tissue. In FA, frataxin is diminished or absent, and an excess of mitochondrial iron may cause the illness of the nervous system and the heart. In SCA-3, abnormal ataxin-3 is aggregated in neuronal nuclei, and in SCA-6, a mutated alpha1A-calcium channel protein is the likely cause of abnormal calcium channel function in Purkinje cells and in the death of these neurons.
Photovoltaic BOS Connector Accelerated Test for Reliability Model Development and Arc-Fault Risk Assessment. (2014)

Abstract not provided.
Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy (2016)

Photobiomodulation (PBM) also known as low-level laser (or light) therapy (LLLT), has been known for almost 50 years but still has not gained widespread acceptance, largely due to uncertainty about the molecular, cellular, and tissular mechanisms of action. However, in recent years, much knowledge has been gained in this area, which will be summarized in this review. One of the most important chromophores is cytochrome c oxidase (unit IV in the mitochondrial respiratory chain), which contains both heme and copper centers and absorbs light into the near-infra-red region. The leading hypothesis is that the photons dissociate inhibitory nitric oxide from the enzyme, leading to an increase in electron transport, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production. Another hypothesis concerns light-sensitive ion channels that can be activated allowing calcium to enter the cell. After the initial photon absorption events, numerous signaling pathways are activated via reactive oxygen species, cyclic AMP, NO and Ca2+, leading to activation of transcription factors. These transcription factors can lead to increased expression of genes related to protein synthesis, cell migration and proliferation, anti-inflammatory signaling, anti-apoptotic proteins, antioxidant enzymes. Stem cells and progenitor cells appear to be particularly susceptible to LLLT.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of fragment D of human fibrinogen by use of a low-affinity monoclonal antibody. (1983)

Increased concentrations of plasmin-catalyzed degradation products of fibrin and fibrinogen in body fluids have been correlated with many disease states. We have developed monoclonal antibodies that react with one of these products, fragment D. Antibodies binding fragment D but not fibrinogen were found to have low affinity constants (Ka = 10(7) L/mol). A double monoclonal-antibody assay was developed in which a specific antibody attached to Sepharose beads is used to concentrate fragment D selectively from a test sample. Fragment D bound to the washed beads was then quantified with a high affinity (Ka = 10(10) L/mol) monoclonal antibody that reacts equally well with fragment D and fibrinogen. This solid-phase assay is shown to be specific and about 10-fold more sensitive than a standard liquid-phase competition radioimmunoassay in which the same antibody was used.
One-pot Synthesis of Benzo[<i>b</i>]thiophenes and Benzo[<i>b</i>]selenophenes from <i>o</i>-Halo-Substituted Ethynylbenzenes: Convenient Approach to Mono-, Bis-, and Tris-Chalcogenophene-Annulated Benzenes (2009)

A convenient one-pot procedure for the synthesis of benzo[b]thiophenes and selenophenes from readily available o-halo-ethynylbenzene precursors is described. Regardless of the substituent on the acetylene terminus or the number of cyclization moieties on the precursors, various benzo[b]thiophenes and selenophenes, including not only the parent, alkyl-, and phenyl-substituted derivatives but also benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophenes and diselenophenes and benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b'']trithiophenes and triselenophenes can be prepared in good to high yields.
Discovery of colossal Seebeck effect in metallic Cu2Se (2019)

Both electrical conductivity σ and Seebeck coefficient S are functions of carrier concentration being correlated with each other, and the value of power factor S<sup>2</sup>σ is generally limited to less than 0.01 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-2</sup>. Here we report that, under the temperature gradient applied simultaneously to both parallel and perpendicular directions of measurement, a metallic copper selenide, Cu<sub>2</sub>Se, shows two sign reversals and colossal values of S exceeding ±2 mV K<sup>-1</sup> in a narrow temperature range, 340 K < T < 400 K, where a structure phase transition takes place. The metallic behavior of σ possessing larger magnitude exceeding 600 S cm<sup>-1</sup> leads to a colossal value of S<sup>2</sup>σ = 2.3 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-2</sup>. The small thermal conductivity less than 2 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> results in a huge dimensionless figure of merit exceeding 400. This unusual behavior is brought about by the self-tuning carrier concentration effect in the low-temperature phase assisted by the high-temperature phase.
LDL Cholesterol Upregulates Synthesis of Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine in Human Endothelial Cells (2000)

Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. It is formed by protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs), which utilize S-adenosylmethionine as methyl group donor. ADMA plasma concentration is elevated in hypercholesterolemia, leading to endothelial dysfunction and producing proatherogenic changes of endothelial cell function. Four different isoforms of human PRMTs have been identified. Because the release of ADMA from human endothelial cells is increased in the presence of native or oxidized LDL cholesterol, we investigated the potential involvement of PRMT activity and gene expression in this effect. We found that the production of ADMA by human endothelial cells is upregulated in the presence of methionine or homocysteine and inhibited by either of the methyltransferase inhibitors S-adenosylhomocysteine, adenosine dialdehyde, or cycloleucine. This effect is specific for ADMA but not symmetrical dimethylarginine. The upregulation of ADMA release by native and oxidized LDL is abolished by S-adenosylhomocysteine and by the antioxidant pyrrollidine dithiocarbamate. Furthermore, a methyl-(14)C label is transferred from S-adenosylmethionine to ADMA but not symmetrical dimethylarginine, in human endothelial cells. The expression of PRMTs is upregulated in the presence of native or oxidized LDL. Our data suggest that the production of ADMA by human endothelial cells is regulated by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. This activity is upregulated by LDL cholesterol, which may be due in part to the enhanced gene expression of PRMTs. In concentrations reached by stimulation of methyltransferases (5 to 50 micromol/L), ADMA significantly inhibited the formation of (15)N-nitrite from L-[guanidino-(15)N(2)]arginine. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which ADMA concentration is elevated in hypercholesterolemia, leading to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Theory of latency-insensitive design (2001)

The theory of latency-insensitive design is presented as the foundation of a new correct-by-construction methodology to design complex systems by assembling intellectual property components. Latency-insensitive designs are synchronous distributed systems and are realized by composing functional modules that exchange data on communication channels according to an appropriate protocol. The protocol works on the assumption that the modules are stallable, a weak condition to ask them to obey. The goal of the protocol is to guarantee that latency-insensitive designs composed of functionally correct modules behave correctly independently of the channel latencies. This allows us to increase the robustness of a design implementation because any delay variations of a channel can be "recovered" by changing the channel latency while the overall system functionality remains unaffected. As a consequence, an important application of the proposed theory is represented by the latency-insensitive methodology to design large digital integrated circuits by using deep submicrometer technologies.