gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Balanced phase‐contrast steady‐state free precession (PC‐SSFP): A novel technique for velocity encoding by gradient inversion (2003)

A technique for measuring velocity is presented that combines cine phase contrast (PC) MRI and balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging, and is thus termed PC-SSFP. Flow encoding was performed without the introduction of additional velocity encoding gradients in order to keep the repetition time (TR) as short as in typical SSFP imaging sequences. Sensitivity to through-plane velocities was instead established by inverting (i.e., negating) all gradients along the slice-select direction. Velocity sensitivity (VENC) could be adjusted by altering the first moments of the slice-select gradients. Disturbances of the SSFP steady state were avoided by acquiring different flow echoes in consecutively (i.e., sequentially) executed scans, each over several cardiac cycles, using separate steady-state preparation periods. A comparison of phantom measurements with those from established 2D-cine-PC MRI demonstrated excellent correlation between both modalities. In examinations of volunteers, PC-SSFP exhibited a higher intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and consequently low phase noise in measured velocities compared to conventional PC scans. An additional benefit of PC-SSFP is that it relies less on in-flow-dependent signal enhancement, and thus yields more uniform SNRs and better depictions of vessel geometry throughout the whole cardiac cycle in structures with slow and/or pulsatile flow.
Necrotic enlargement of cone photoreceptor cells and the release of high-mobility group box-1 in retinitis pigmentosa (2015)

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of inherited retinal degenerations resulting form rod and cone photoreceptor cell death. The rod cell death due to deleterious genetic mutations has been shown to occur mainly through apoptosis, whereas the mechanisms and features of the secondary cone cell death have not been fully elucidated. Our previous study showed that the cone cell death in rd10 mice, an animal model of RP, involves necrotic features and is partly mediated by the receptor interacting protein kinase. However, the relevancy of necrotic cone cell death in human RP patients remains unknown. In the present study, we showed that dying cone cells in rd10 mice exhibited cellular enlargement, along with necrotic changes such as cellular swelling and mitochondrial rupture. In human eyes, live imaging of cone cells by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy revealed significantly increased percentages of enlarged cone cells in the RP patients compared with the control subjects. The vitreous of the RP patients contained significantly higher levels of high-mobility group box-1, which is released extracellularly associated with necrotic cell death. These findings suggest that necrotic enlargement of cone cells is involved in the process of cone degeneration, and that necrosis may be a novel target to prevent or delay the loss of cone-mediated central vision in RP.
Self-Assembled, Biodegradable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents: Organic Radical-Functionalized Diblock Copolymers (2017)

We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of biodegradable amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>b</i>-polycarbonate-based diblock copolymers containing pendant persistent organic radicals (e.g., PROXYL). These paramagnetic radical-functionalized polymers self-assemble into micellar nanoparticles in aqueous media, which preferentially accumulate in tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Through <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> relaxation NMR studies, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on mice, we show that these nanomaterials are effective as metal-free, biodegradable MRI contrast agents. We also demonstrate anticancer drugs can be readily loaded into the nanoparticles, conferring therapeutic delivery properties in addition to their imaging properties making these materials potential theranostic agents in the treatment of cancer.
Self-healing on mismatched fractured composite surfaces of SiC with a diameter of 180 nm (2020)

Self-healing on fractured surfaces of silicon carbide (SiC) is highly desirable, to avoid the catastrophic failure of high-performance devices working at extreme environments. Nevertheless, self-healing on a fractured surface of an amorphous and crystalline (AAC) composite structure of a brittle nanowire (NW) has not been demonstrated. In this study, self-healing is demonstrated on mismatched fractured surfaces of the AAC composite structure of a brittle solid for a SiC NW with a diameter of 187 nm. Fracture strength is 10.18 GPa for the AAC structure, recovering 11.7% after self-healing on its mismatched fractured surfaces. To the best of our knowledge, we firstly report the self-healing on mismatched fractured surfaces of the AAC structure for a brittle NW. This is a breakthrough of the previous prediction that self-healing could not be realized on a brittle NW with a diameter over 150 nm. A growth of 3 nm was found after self-healing on the gap induced by mismatched fractured surfaces, which is different from previous reports for pure amorphous and monocrystalline brittle NWs. To reduce the potential energy, coherent rebonding and debonding were performed to realize the atomic migration to fill the gap, resulting in the growth of gap of 3 nm to perform self-healing. Our findings shed light on the potential of self-healing for design and fabrication of next-generation high-performance SiC devices used in the vacuum and aerospace industries.
Technical Note: Validation of two methods to determine contact area between breast and compression paddle in mammography (2017)

The size of the contact area between the paddle and the breast can be determined accurately and precisely, both in real-time using the capacitive method, and retrospectively using image processing software. This result is beneficial for scientific research, data analysis and quality control systems that depend on one of these two methods for determining the average pressure on the breast during mammographic compression.
Robust partitioning for hardware-accelerated functional verification (2011)

We introduce a method of partitioning for massively-parallel hardware accelerated functional verification. Our approach augments classical hypergraph partitioning to model temporal dependencies that maximize parallelization within the instruction memories of the machine. Simulation depth is further reduced by optimizing path criticality and cut directionality. Our techniques are demonstrated on an industrial accelerator containing 262,144 parallel processors, and benchmarked across designs containing up to 200 million gates.
Structure of the Human Serotonin 5‐HT<sub>4</sub> Receptor Gene and Cloning of a Novel 5‐HT<sub>4</sub> Splice Variant (2000)

Several variants of the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor are known to be produced by alternative splicing. To survey the existence and usage of exons in humans, we cloned the human 5-HT4 gene. Based on sequence analysis seven C-terminal variants (a-g) and one internal splice variant (h) were found. We concentrated in this study on the functional characterization of the novel splice variant h, which leads to the insertion of 14 amino acids into the second extracellular loop of the receptor. The h variant was cloned as a splice combination with the C-terminal b variant; therefore, we call this receptor 5-HT4(hb). This novel receptor variant was expressed transiently in COS-7 cells, and its pharmacological profile was compared with those of the previously cloned 5-HT4(a) and 5-HT4(b) isoforms, with the latter being the primary reference for the h variant. In competition binding experiments using reference 5-HT4 ligands, no significant differences were detected. However, the broadly used 5-HT4 antagonist GR113808 discriminated functionally among the receptor variants investigated. As expected, it was an antagonist on the 5-HT4(a) and 5-HT4(b) variant but showed partial agonistic activity on the 5-HT4(hb) variant. These data emphasize the importance of variations introduced by splicing for receptor pharmacology and may help in the understanding of conflicting results seen with 5-HT4 ligands in different model systems.
New Techniques for Capturing and Analyzing Semiochemicals for Scolytid Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1988)

Journal Article New Techniques for Capturing and Analyzing Semiochemicals for Scolytid Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Get access G. Gries, G. Gries Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. D. Pierce, Jr., H. D. Pierce, Jr. Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. S. Lindgren, B. S. Lindgren Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. H. Borden J. H. Borden Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 81, Issue 6, 1 December 1988, Pages 1715–1720, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.6.1715 Published: 01 December 1988 Article history Received: 24 September 1987 Accepted: 10 June 1988 Published: 01 December 1988
Reduced abrasion drilling fluid = Reduced abrasion drilling fluid (2010)

Se propoersiona un fluido de perforación de abarsividad reducida y un método de perforación de un hoyo en formaciones subterráneas haciendo circular un fluido de perforación de abrasividad reducida a través de este. El fluido de abarsividad reducida comprende un fluido de perforación, un primer aditivo y un agente densificante, donde el agente densificante posee un tamano de partícula de al menos un 90% en volumen menor a 50 micrones.\nA reduced abrasion drilling fluid system and method of drilling a borehole by circulating the reduced abrasion drilling fluid through the borehole is disclosed. The reduced abrasion drilling fluid comprises a drilling fluid, a first additive and a weighting agent, wherein the weighting agent has a particle size of at least 90% by volume less than 50 Î1/4m.
Abstract 3096: CDK4/6 as a therapeutic target in malignant melanoma (2015)

Abstract Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer and FDA-approved therapies such as vemurafenib and ipilimumab are associated with short-term responses and/or severe toxicities for patients. Recent favorable clinical data with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib (PD’991) in ER+ breast cancer has rekindled an interest in targeting cell cycle progression to stop aberrant cell growth. Thus, we set out to analyze the potential use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in melanoma. Due to the inability of CDK4/6 inhibitors to induce apoptosis as a single agent, we explored viable combinatorial strategies that will trigger both pro-senescent and pro-apoptotic pathways that may lead to an effective treatment modality for melanoma patients. Here, we demonstrate the benefit of combining a MEK inhibitor, trametinib (GSK’212) with PD’991 both in vitro and in vivo. We did not observe any enhanced effects of combining both GSK’212 and PD’991 in cells that are wild-type for BRAF and NRAS or an RB1-null BRAF mutant line. However, B-RAF and N-RAS mutant cells exhibited an enhanced response to the combinatorial agents as compared to single agents. Furthermore, we observed a dramatic increase in apoptosis in cell lines that are sensitive to combined GSK’212 and PD’991 treatment. Expression of Inhibitor-of-Apoptosis (IAP) protein, survivin, was associated with response. Finally, because it is important to understand how resistance develops, we have validated a novel E2F reporter system in vivo to quantitatively and temporally measure the efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors and possible re-activation of the pathway during acquired drug resistance. Citation Format: Jessica L. Teh, Andrew Aplin. CDK4/6 as a therapeutic target in malignant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3096. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3096
Organic light-emitting diodes with structured cathode (2007)

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices were fabricated with a structured polymer-cathode interface. The devices have a layered structure indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(2-methoxy-5-[(2′-ethylhexyl)oxy]-p-phenylenevinylene)/Al. The light-emitting polymer layers were patterned via a stamp imprinting process, followed by vapor deposition of the cathode. Devices employing the structured cathode showed improved electron injection and increased brightness when compared to conventional flat cathode devices. Electrostatic modeling of the structured cathode geometry revealed localized increase in electric field leading to enhanced electron tunneling through the polymer-cathode interface. Thus, improved OLED performance was demonstrated from cathode microstructuring.
Hypervisor Assisted Forensics and Incident Response in the Cloud (2016)

Cloud computing has been integrated into manyareas of production and received a great amount of attention from both government and private industry. Despite its popularity, cloud technologies are still not well understood and numerous areas are open for research and development. One critical area that has not received significant attention in the security domain of cloud computing is digital forensics and incident response. In this paper we address the challenges in those domains by introducing a novel approach using virtual machine introspection to provide intelligence, introspection, and modification of VM state in cloud systems. The focus of this research paper provides:(1) the context for security in cloud and the challenges introduced by conducting digital forensics in the cloud, (2) new opportunities that exist to meet these challenges in the Cloud through virtual machine introspection, to include correlation with network data and active state modification, and (3) use-cases and experiment results for our techniques under the guise of Cloud forensics.
Biarylaniline Phenethanolamines as Potent and Selective β<sub>3</sub>Adrenergic Receptor Agonists (2006)

The synthesis of a series of phenethanolamine aniline agonists that contain an aniline ring on the right-hand side of the molecule substituted at the meta position with a benzoic acid or a pyridyl carboxylate is described. Several of the analogues (e.g., 34, 36-38, 40, and 44) have high beta(3) adrenergic receptor (AR) potency and selectivity against beta(1) and beta(2) ARs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing beta ARs. The dog pharmacokinetic profile of some of these analogues showed >25% oral bioavailability and po half-lives of at least 1.5 h. Among the compounds described herein, the 3,3'-biarylaniline carboxylate derivatives 36, 38 and the phenylpyridyl derivative 44 demonstrated outstanding in vitro properties and reasonable dog pharmacokinetic profiles. These three analogues also showed dose dependent beta(3) AR mediated responses in mice. The ease of synthesis and superior dog pharmacokinetics of compound 38 relative to that of 44 in combination with its in vitro profile led us to choose this compound as a development candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Physical-layer security in optical communications enabled by bessel modes (2017)

To address one of key problems for optical communication links, physical layer-security (PLS), Bessel modes are employed in proposed-PLS-scheme, significantly outperforming conventional schemes in secrecy capacity. Simulations indicate that atmospheric turbulence effects can help in improving security under beam-splitting attack.
Multilayer Laue Lens: A Path Toward One Nanometer X-Ray Focusing (2010)

The multilayer Laue lens (MLL) is a novel diffractive optic for hard X-ray nanofocusing, which is fabricated by thin film deposition techniques and takes advantage of the dynamical diffraction effect to achieve a high numerical aperture and efficiency. It overcomes two difficulties encountered in diffractive optics fabrication for focusing hard X-rays: (1) small outmost zone width and (2) high aspect ratio. Here, we will give a review on types, modeling approaches, properties, fabrication, and characterization methods of MLL optics. We show that a full-wave dynamical diffraction theory has been developed to describe the dynamical diffraction property of the MLL and has been employed to design the optimal shapes for nanofocusing. We also show a 16 nm line focus obtained by a partial MLL and several characterization methods. Experimental results show a good agreement with the theoretical calculations. With the continuing development of MLL optics, we believe that an MLL-based hard x-ray microscope with true nanometer resolution is on the horizon.
Stable N-CuInSe.sub.2 /iodide-iodine photoelectrochemical cell (1985)

In a photoelectrochemical solar cell, stable output and solar efficiency in excess of 10% are achieved with a photoanode of n-CuInSe.sub.2 electrode material and an iodine/iodide redox couple used in a liquid electrolyte. The photoanode is prepared by treating the electrode material by chemical etching, for example in Br.sub.2 /MeOH; heating the etched electrode material in air or oxygen; depositing a surface film coating of indium on the electrode material after the initial heating; and thereafter again heating the electrode material in air or oxygen to oxidize the indium. The electrolyte is treated by the addition of Cu.sup.+ or Cu.sup.2+ salts and In.sup.3+ salts.
Proactive risk mitigation for communication network resilience in disaster scenarios (2014)

The impact of natural disasters can be catastrophic for communication networks and may cause significant costs for service providers and subscribers. Dynamic spreading of failures in natural disasters follows a time-varying probabilistic pattern, which requires a dynamic probabilistic response to mitigate the effect of failures. In this paper we examine the preventive protection scheme as an effective dynamic probabilistic solution to address large-scale failure scenarios and provide an algorithm to adjust probabilistic decision-making parameters. The proposed scheme can be used by network operators to adjust decision parameters in a preventive protection model to decrease the number of disrupted connections in an effective way. Reducing the number of damaged connections may lead to increased network resiliency level, which is the main concern in large-scale failure scenarios caused by natural disasters.
Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development (2020)

MNA delivery of coronaviruses-S1 subunit vaccines is a promising immunization strategy against coronavirus infection. Progressive scientific and technological efforts enable quicker responses to emerging pandemics. Our ongoing efforts to develop MNA-MERS-S1 subunit vaccines enabled us to rapidly design and produce MNA SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines capable of inducing potent virus-specific antibody responses. Collectively, our results support the clinical development of MNA delivered recombinant protein subunit vaccines against SARS, MERS, COVID-19, and other emerging infectious diseases.
Goal lattices for sensor management (1999)

A new methodology for quantifying the relative contribution of specific sensor actions to a set of mission goals is presented. The mission goals are treated as a set, and an ordering relationship is applied to it leading to a partially ordered set which can be represented as a lattice. At each layer in the lattice, each goal's value is computed as the sum of the (higher) goals in which it is included and its value is apportioned among the (lower) goals which it includes. A system designer is forced to make a zero-sum apportionment of each goal's value among those goals which it includes. The net result of this methodology is a quantifiable measure of the contributing value of each real type of sensor action to the system of goals, leading to more effective allocation of resources. While applied here to sensor scheduling, the method has applications to other decision making processes as well.
Mode excitation by a line source in a parallel-plate waveguide filled with a pair of parallel double-negative and double-positive slabs (2004)

In this paper, we investigate theoretically the excitation of modes by a line source, as well as their modal structure and dispersion, in a parallel-plate waveguide that is filled with a pair of parallel slabs; one being a lossless "double-negative (DNG)" material and the other being a lossless conventional "double-positive (DPS)" medium. Previously, we have shown that such "conjugate" pairing of DNG and DPS materials may lead to reduction of size in one-dimensional cavity resonators and waveguides. The analysis presented here describes the proper modes in such a 1-D parallel plate waveguide, and reveals the possibility of no cut-off thickness for this class of parallel-plate waveguides, which implies that a proper TE or TM mode may always be excited in such a waveguide independent of the overall thickness of the waveguide. The excitation of guided modes by a line source and their power-flow peculiarities are discussed, and the analogy to the concept of "open 1-D cavity" in such a waveguide is mentioned. Some of the interesting features and physical insights regarding the power flow in these guided modes will be presented.
Magneto-Electric Nano-Particles for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (2012)

This paper for the first time discusses a computational study of using magneto-electric (ME) nanoparticles to artificially stimulate the neural activity deep in the brain. The new technology provides a unique way to couple electric signals in the neural network to the magnetic dipoles in the nanoparticles with the purpose to enable a non-invasive approach. Simulations of the effect of ME nanoparticles for non-invasively stimulating the brain of a patient with Parkinson's Disease to bring the pulsed sequences of the electric field to the levels comparable to those of healthy people show that the optimized values for the concentration of the 20-nm nanoparticles (with the magneto-electric (ME) coefficient of 100 V cm(-1) Oe(-1) in the aqueous solution) is 3 × 10(6) particles/cc, and the frequency of the externally applied 300-Oe magnetic field is 80 Hz.