gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal localization and organization of the murine genes encoding the beta subunits (AIC2A and AIC2B) of the interleukin 3, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 5 receptors. (1992)

Chromosomal genes for two mouse homologous beta subunits (AIC2A and AIC2B) of the interleukin-3, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-5 receptors were characterized. Both AIC2A and AIC2B genes were present on a 250-kilobase MluI restriction fragment and were mapped on murine chromosome 15 (these loci were provisionally designated as Il3rb-1 (AIC2A) and Il3rb-2 (AIC2B)), closely linked to the c-sis locus. Both genes consist of 14 exons and span about 28 kb each. The major transcription initiation sites of both genes were mapped at 194 bp from the initiation codon. These genes are 95% identical up to 700 bp from the transcription initiation sites. Potential recognition sequences for hemopoietic transcription factors including GATA-1 and PU.1 in addition to a TATA-like sequence are present in the 5'-flanking region. A stretch of 20 bp including the initiation site is homologous to the corresponding region of the erythropoietin receptor and the interleukin-7 receptor genes and to the initiator sequence of the adeno-associated virus P5 promoter, suggesting a possible role in transcription initiation. Comparison of the exon/intron boundaries of AIC2A and AIC2B genes with those of other members of the cytokine receptor superfamily reveals a conserved evolutionary structure. Isolation of various forms of AIC2 cDNAs reveals differential splicing of the transcripts.
An Efficient Synthesis of (2<i>S</i>)-2-[4-((1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-2-Hydroxycyclopentylmethyl)phenyl]propionic Acid (2000)

An efficient synthesis of (2S)-2-[4-((1R,2S)-2-hydroxycyclopentylmethyl)phenyl}propionic acid via lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of (-)-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]-(±)-2-[4-(trans-2-hydroxycyclopentylmethyl)phenyl] propionamide is successfully accomplished.
SU‐E‐I‐68: Fast and Accurate Estimation of Organ Doses in Medical Imaging Using a GPU‐Accelerated Monte Carlo Simulation Code (2011)

Purpose: To present a Monte Carlo (MC) x‐ray transport simulation code that uses a massively parallel graphics processing units (GPU) to generate medical images of voxelized patient models and estimate organ doses. Methods: We updated MC‐GPU, a CUDA‐based open‐source code for the simulation of radiographic projections and CT, to include the capability to tally 3D dose distributions. Since electrons are not transported, deposited doses are assumed to be equivalent to photon KERMA. The validity of this assumption was investigated by comparing it with the general‐purpose MC code PENELOPE in the simulation of a posterior‐anterior chest examination with 1010, 60‐keV x rays and a realistic female phantom with 1‐mm voxels. The stability of the simulation in a 480‐core GPU was also benchmarked using a sequential execution in a single CPU core. A utility to post‐process the voxel doses and report average and peak organ doses and effective dose for the procedure (and their uncertainty) has been developed. Results: The accuracy of the dose values generated by MC‐GPU was successfully validated. Average relative differences in the doses from PENELOPE and MC‐GPU executed in CPU and GPU were below 2%, in the expected range for statistical fluctuations. The simulation speeds were 46554 x rays/s with PENELOPE (electron transport disabled), 158216 x rays/s with MC‐GPU in a CPU, and 5124867 x rays/s in a GPU (simulation time in the GPU: 32.5 minutes, 32‐fold speedup compared to the CPU). The average and peak doses in breast and skin were estimated as 1.1 and 3.4 eV/g, and 1.7 and 15.6 eV/g per history respectively. Conclusion: The presented code can estimate organ doses 110 times faster than a general‐purpose MC code with comparable accuracy. A multi‐GPU execution of MC‐GPU has the potential to provide accurate organ doses in a CT scan in near real‐time.
The Role of Cdc25A in the Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis (2012)

Cell division cycle 25 A (Cdc25A), a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, is one of the most crucial cell cycle regulators, which removes the inhibitory phosphorylation in cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), such as CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6, and positively regulates the activities of CDKs that lead to cell cycle progression. In addition, Cdc25A also acts as a regulator of apoptosis. Overexpression of Cdc25A promotes tumorigenesis, and is frequently observed in various types of cancer. Here we briefly summarize current understanding of the role of Cdc25A in cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the impact of overexpression of Cdc25A on tumorigenesis.
Modulation of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase-mediated carmustine resistance using streptozotocin: a phase I trial. (1992)

1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) resistance may be mediated by repair of chloroethylated guanine before stable cross-linking occurs. Guanine adducts may be repaired by the enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (O6-AGAT). Such repair irreversibly inactivates O6-AGAT. Streptozotocin (STZ) forms adducts at the O6 position of guanine; repair of these adducts consumes O6-AGAT. In vivo STZ potentiates BCNU cytotoxicity. The purpose of this trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of BCNU that can be administered together with STZ. The STZ dose was 500 mg/m2/day for 4 days and was not escalated. BCNU was given 4 h after the third dose of STZ at a starting dose of 75 mg/m2. A total of 43 patients were entered in the study. There were 4 dose escalations, reaching a maximum tolerated BCNU dose of 175 mg/m2. At this dose, thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity (one patient, 25-49 x 10(9)/liter; 2 patients, less than 25 x 10(9)/liter); neutropenia was less severe (2 patients, 2.0-3.9 x 10(9)/liter, 1 patient, 1.0-1.9 x 10(9)/liter). Two other commonly seen toxicities were elevations in the serum alkaline phosphatase and mild elevations in the serum creatinine. Peripheral blood lymphocyte O6-AGAT levels decreased from a mean of 212 fmol/mg protein pretherapy to 8.2 fmol/mg protein on day 3 prior to BCNU (P = 0.03). Three partial responses were seen. There were no therapy-related fatalities, and toxicity was easily managed. This study established that 150 mg of BCNU can be administered safely together with STZ, 500 mg/m2/day for 4 days. Additional studies are required to determine whether O6-AGAT-mediated BCNU resistance is suppressed.
Quasiperiodic Optical Lattices (1997)

We study the kinetic temperature and the localization of cesium atoms in a three dimensional quasiperiodic optical potential created by the interference of five or six laser beams. Bragg scattering experiments show evidence of a quasiperiodic order for the atomic density. Temperature measurements are consistent with the topological invariance of the optical potential under phase variations of the laser beams. Numerical semiclassical Monte Carlo simulations show results in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations.
Escherichia coli DNA helicase I catalyzes a site- and strand-specific nicking reaction at the F plasmid oriT (1991)

A site- and strand-specific nick, introduced in the F plasmid origin of transfer, initiates conjugal DNA transfer during bacterial conjugation. Recently, molecular genetic studies have suggested that DNA helicase I, which is known to be encoded on the F plasmid, may be involved in this nicking reaction (Traxler, B. A., and Minkley, E. G., Jr. (1988) J. Mol. Biol. 204, 205-209). We have demonstrated this site- and strand-specific nicking event using purified helicase I in an in vitro reaction. The nicking reaction requires a superhelical DNA substrate containing the F plasmid origin of transfer, Mg2+ and helicase I. The reaction is protein concentration-dependent but, under the conditions used, only 50-70% of the input DNA substrate is converted to the nicked species. Genetic data (Everett, R., and Willetts, N. (1980) J. Mol. Biol. 136, 129-150) have also suggested the involvement of a second F-encoded protein, the TraY protein, in the oriT nicking reaction. Unexpectedly, the in vitro nicking reaction does not require the product of the F plasmid traY gene. The implications of this result are discussed. The phosphodiester bond interrupted by helicase I has been shown to correspond exactly to the site nicked in vivo suggesting that helicase I is the site- and strand-specific nicking enzyme that initiates conjugal DNA transfer. Thus, helicase I is a bifunctional protein which catalyzes site- and strand-strand specific nicking of the F plasmid in addition to the previously characterized duplex DNA unwinding (helicase) reaction.
[Family based association study of MMP-9 gene-1562C>T polymorphism in schizophrenia]. (2012)

Insignificant association doesn't exclude the possible contribution of MMP-9 to pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Further research is needed to be carried out on bigger groups and other populations.
Thermal Plasma Gasification of Biomass (2011)

Since the 1980s applications of thermal plasmas experienced an important increase. In the 1990s fundamental research led to great progress in the understanding of the basic phenomena involved, and to a renewed interest in applying thermal plasmas to material processing and waste treatment. The application of plasma torches for environmental purposes is a relatively new process. Thermal plasma offers unique capability of carrying extremely high energy by small amount of plasma and ensures high heat transfer rates to treated materials. All materials can be decomposed if they are brought into contact with plasma. Generators of thermal plasma (plasma torches) operate simultaneously as a plasmachemical and a thermal apparatus. The electrical energy of the torches goes into the plasma which transfers its energy to the substances to be treated, thereby triggering a dual simultaneous reaction process in the plasmachemical reactor: the organic compounds are thermally decomposed into their constituent elements (syngas with more complete conversion of carbon into gas phase than in incinerators), and the inorganic materials are melted and converted into a dense, inert, non-leachable vitrified slag, that does not require controlled disposal. Therefore, it can be viewed as a totally closed treatment system. While decomposition of waste and dangerous materials in thermal plasmas has been intensively studied in the last decade and industrial scale systems for treatment of various types of waste has been installed, plasma gasification of biomass is newly appearing application. For this application, the principal goal of the technology is production of fuel gases, principally mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, called syngas. Thermal plasma offers possibility of decomposition of biomass by pure pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, or with steichiometric amount of oxygen (gasification) to produce high quality syngas, with high content of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and minimum presence of other components. As production of fuel gas is the main goal of the technology, an energy balance of the process is thus much more important than in case of waste treatment, where the principal goal is material decomposition. Gasification is a process by which either a solid or liquid carbonaceous material, containing mostly chemically bound carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, is reacted with air or oxygen. The reactions provide sufficient exothermic energy to produce a primary gaseous product containing mostly CO, H2, CO2, H2O(g), and small content of higher hydrocarbons. Heat
Long-term cultivation of two diploid epithelial cell lines derived from normal rat liver cells. (1974)

To obtain a useful rat liver cell line for in vitro carcinogenesis, two rat diploid epithelial cell lines were established from a 7-day-old male rat by the repeated colonial clone method. More than 80% of cells from each cell line have maintained normal diploid karyotype for over 30 months in vitro. The diploid cells were identi. fied as normal diploid karyotype by conventional Giemsa and trypsin. Giemsa techniques. They showed little difference in morphology and growth rate between early and late passages. Without cloning, they tended to be heterogenous in cell morphology, became heteroploid in chromosome and showed increased growth potential with time. Highly heteroploid cells which were derived from one of the lines produced ascites and solid tumors when inoculated into syngeneic rats intraperitoneally. Histologically, the tumors were diagnosed as poorly differentiated hepatocarcinomas. One of these diploid epithelial cell lines in early passage contained some activity of tyrosine transaminase and liver type aldolase and .glycokinase. Therefore, it is suggested that these epithelial cell lines represent liver parenchymal cells.
Biodistribution of Filamentous Plant Virus Nanoparticles: Pepino Mosaic Virus versus Potato Virus X (2018)

Nanoparticles with high aspect ratios have favorable attributes for drug delivery and bioimaging applications based on their enhanced tissue penetration and tumor homing properties. Here, we investigated a novel filamentous viral nanoparticle (VNP) based on the Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), a relative of the established platform Potato virus X (PVX). We studied the chemical reactivity of PepMV, produced fluorescent versions of PepMV and PVX, and then evaluated their biodistribution in mouse tumor models. We found that PepMV can be conjugated to various small chemical modifiers including fluorescent probes via the amine groups of surface-exposed lysine residues, yielding VNPs carrying payloads of up to 1600 modifiers per particle. Although PepMV and PVX share similarities in particle size and shape, PepMV achieved enhanced tumor homing and less nonspecific tissue distribution compared to PVX in mouse models of triple negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer. In conclusion, PepMV provides a novel tool for nanomedical research but more research is needed to fully exploit the potential of plant VNPs for health applications.
In vivo regulation by glutathione of methionine adenosyltransferase S-nitrosylation in rat liver (1999)

These results indicate that in vivo hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase exists in two forms in equilibrium, nitrosylated (inactive) and denitrosylated (active), which are regulated by both the cellular levels of nitric oxide and glutathione.
Evaluating Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation in Alkaline Media to Establish Baselines (2018)

This paper fills a significant gap in the literature for alkaline hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxidation (HOR) baseline performance, while reviewing the different variables that influence observed properties. Although high-performing HER-HOR catalysts in acidic electrolytes are too active to measure kinetic in rotating disk electrode (RDE) half-cells, under alkaline conditions RDE kinetics evaluations are relevant and half-cell performances are comparable to hydrogen pump data. This paper focuses on best practices to ensure that half-cell tests don't unnecessarily lower platinum group metal (PGM) performance or improve non-PGM performance. Specific aspects examined include experiments on PGMs minimizing the impact of impurities (electrolyte, cell material) and experiments on non-PGMs minimizing the impact from test protocols (counter electrode).
Hypoxia regulates TSC1/2–mTOR signaling and tumor suppression through REDD1-mediated 14–3–3 shuttling (2008)

Hypoxia induces rapid and dramatic changes in cellular metabolism, in part through inhibition of target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase complex 1 (TORC1) activity. Genetic studies have shown the tuberous sclerosis tumor suppressors TSC1/2 and the REDD1 protein to be essential for hypoxia regulation of TORC1 activity in Drosophila and in mammalian cells. The molecular mechanism and physiologic significance of this effect of hypoxia remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia and REDD1 suppress mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) activity by releasing TSC2 from its growth factor-induced association with inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins. Endogenous REDD1 is required for both dissociation of endogenous TSC2/14-3-3 and inhibition of mTORC1 in response to hypoxia. REDD1 mutants that fail to bind 14-3-3 are defective in eliciting TSC2/14-3-3 dissociation and mTORC1 inhibition, while TSC2 mutants that do not bind 14-3-3 are inactive in hypoxia signaling to mTORC1. In vitro, loss of REDD1 signaling promotes proliferation and anchorage-independent growth under hypoxia through mTORC1 dysregulation. In vivo, REDD1 loss elicits tumorigenesis in a mouse model, and down-regulation of REDD1 is observed in a subset of human cancers. Together, these findings define a molecular mechanism of signal integration by TSC1/2 that provides insight into the ability of REDD1 to function in a hypoxia-dependent tumor suppressor pathway.
Stepwise Pulse-Width Modulation in Quasi-Resonant Pulsed Converters Using Switched Capacitors (2018)

The problems dealing with usage the pulse-width modulation in quasi-resonant converters are considered. A deep overview of existing control techniques for quasi-resonant converters shows that is possible to use of combined control technique, which consists in applying pulse-width modulation `in-large' and pulse-frequency modulation `in-small' was established. A novel approach of resonant circuit parameter changing use the switched capacitors array was proposed and simulated. Control based on load resistance observer in combinational with lookup table leads to simple and robust control unit. Proposed converter eliminates the main disadvantage of quasi-resonant converters and can be use in portable power supply and energy storage systems.
Effects of Autogenic Relaxation Training on Electromyographic Activity in Active Myofascial Trigger Points (1998)

Objectives: Previous studies in our laboratory have suggested that myofascial trigger points [MTrPs] are electrically active and are sensitive to psychological stressors even when surrounding muscle tissue is silent. This study investigated the effects of Autogenic Relaxation Training [AT] on the needle electromygraphic [EMG] response of active MTrPs and adjacent [non-TrP] muscle fibers in the upper trapezius of 21 chronic pain patients.Methods: Participants were trained in AT in the laboratory and sent home for daily practice two-ten days prior to data collection. Mean amplitude needle EMG response from the TrP and non-TrP muscle fibers were recorded. Data points were recorded in one minute periods throughout four conditions: baseline, relaxation, post-relaxation, and a mental mathematical stressor.Results: Results from paired t-tests revealed that AT significantly and dramatically reduced the needle EMG activity in TrPs from baseline to relaxation.Conclusion: The results indicate that relaxation training may be an effective tool in the treatment of TrP pain possibly mediated by intrafusal muscle fibers via the sympathetic nervous system.
A mass and energy conserving spectral element atmospheric dynamical core on the cubed-sphere grid (2007)

We present results from a conservative formulation of the spectral element method applied to global atmospheric circulation modeling. Exact local conservation of both mass and energy is obtained via a new compatible formulation of the spectral element method. Compatibility insures that the key integral property of the divergence and gradient operators required to show conservation also hold in discrete form. The spectral element method is used on a cubed-sphere grid to discretize the horizontal directions on the sphere. It can be coupled to any conservative vertical/radial discretization. The accuracy and conservation properties of the method are illustrated using a baroclinic instability test case.
Dismantling Megamos Crypto: Wirelessly Lockpicking a Vehicle Immobilizer (2013)

The Megamos Crypto transponder is used in one of the most widely deployed electronic vehicle immobilizers. It is used among others in most Audi, Fiat, Honda, Volkswagen and Volvo cars. Such an immobilizer is an anti-theft device which prevents the engine of the vehicle from starting when the corresponding transponder is not present. This transponder is a passive RFID tag which is embedded in the key of the vehicle.<br/><br/>In this paper we have reverse-engineered all proprietary security mechanisms of the transponder, including the cipher and the authentication protocol which we publish here in full detail. This article reveals several weaknesses in the design of the cipher, the authentication protocol and also in their implementation. We exploit these weaknesses in three practical attacks that recover the 96-bit transponder secret key. These three attacks only require wireless communication with the system. Our first attack exploits weaknesses in the cipher design and in the authentication protocol. We show that having access to only two eavesdropped authentication traces is enough to recover the 96-bit secret key with a computational complexity of 2<sup>56</sup> cipher ticks (equivalent to 2<sup>49</sup> encryptions). Our second attack exploits a weakness in the key update mechanism of the transponder. This attack recovers the secret key after 3×2<sup>16</sup> authentication attempts with the transponder and negligible computational complexity. We have executed this attack in practice on several vehicles. We were able to recover the key and start the engine with a transponder emulating device. Executing this attack from beginning to end takes only 30 minutes. Our third attack exploits the fact that some car manufacturers set weak cryptographic keys in their vehicles. We propose a time-memory trade-off which recovers such a weak key after a few minutes of computation on a standard laptop.<br/>
Evidence for tumor necrosis factor- <i>alpha</i> involvement in the optimal induction of class I allospecific cytotoxic T cells. (1990)

Abstract We have investigated the functional interaction between IL-2 and TNF on the generation of alloreactive CTL. The study was performed by using primary mixed cultures of lymphocytes from a MHC-recombinant sibling identical for MHC class II Ag (DR, DP, DQ) and displaying MHC class I disparity. Our data show that MHC class I disparity can trigger the induction of TNF receptor without promoting significant TNF production. Addition of exogenous TNF at the sensitizing phase of the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction did not result in CTL activation. However, when simultaneously added with IL-2, TNF could promote an optimal induction of cytotoxic T cell generation. The enhanced lytic ability of MHC class-I primed CTL by TNF was associated with a selective up-regulation of Tac Ag and subsequent amplification of cell proliferation. Furthermore, TNF was also found to induce a considerable increase in IL-2-induced intracellular benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine thiobenzylester-esterase activity by MHC class I-primed cells. TNF did not affect the expression of LFA1, CD2, CD4, and CD8, molecules that are associated with CTL-target interactions, on responder cells. These results extend our earlier observations on the role of class I MHC molecules that may function to transduce activation signals and suggest that TNF may be a potent mediator involved in the IL-2-induced acquisition of optimal lytic competence by precursor cytotoxic T cells.