gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterogenization of Heteropolyacids:  A General Discussion on the Preparation of Supported Acid Catalysts (1996)

Heteropolyacids (HPAs) possess both acidic and redox catalytic properties and held extensive promise of practical application. These type of compound display a great potential of specific synthesis reactions for replacing sulfuric acid to satisfy the requirements of environmental protection. Heterogenizing HPAs would not only make them more useful in liquid phase oxidation with oxygen and in acid-catalyzed reaction, as the catalyst is often difficult to separate from the reaction products, but also create favorable factors for realizing heterogenization of homogeneous reaction and even utilizing new technology of catalytic distillation. In this paper, different kinds of porous materials which are well characterized, including oxides such as Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, diatomite, bentonite, and active carbon of different sources, were used as support for heterogenizing HPAs (in different media), and the obtained results, the intrinsic characters of supports which may influence both the nature of the interaction between HPAs and supports in the heterogenization and the activity in the catalytic reaction, are explored. It is expected that these can provide a referential model for preparing supported acid catalyst used in liquid phase.
Clipping techniques in cerebral aneurysm surgery (2016)

The history of cerebral aneurysm surgery owes a great tribute to the tenacity of pioneering neurosurgeons who designed and developed the clips used to close the aneurysms neck. However, until the beginning of the past century, surgery of complex and challenging aneurysms was impossible due to the lack of surgical microscope and commercially available sophisticated clips. The modern era of the spring clips began in the second half of last century. Until then, only malleable metal clips and other non-metallic materials were available for intracranial aneurysms. Indeed, the earliest clips were hazardous and difficult to handle. Several neurosurgeons put their effort in developing new clip models, based on their personal experience in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Finally, the introduction of the surgical microscope, together with the availability of more sophisticated clips, has allowed the treatment of complex and challenging aneurysms. However, today none of the new instruments or tools for surgical therapy of aneurysms could be used safely and effectively without keeping in mind the lessons on innovative surgical techniques provided by great neurovascular surgeons. Thanks to their legacy, we can now treat many types of aneurysms that had always been considered inoperable. In this article, we review the basic principles of surgical clipping and illustrate some more advanced techniques to be used for complex aneurysms.
Development of multi-wheel drivetrain control system for future electric combat vehicle (2017)

In modern times, electric vehicle and autonomous driving control technology have been rapidly evolving for use in civilian passenger vehicles. They bring forth many benefits in improved mobility, cost savings and life-preserving benefits ??? all of which can be extended to military vehicles. In this thesis, a comprehensive drivetrain control system for a future fully-electric 8x8 multi-wheeled combat vehicle with autonomous navigation functionality is developed. The proposed combat vehicle is equipped with eight independently-actuated wheels using individual in-wheel driving motors and linear actuators for steering. The control system is intended to harness the flexibility of the electric drivetrain to enable different driving configurations over a range of conditions to maximize mobility, deployability and survivability. The system comprises of autonomous navigation via path preview sensors and a driver model, torque vectoring and skid steering through a single LQR-based active yaw controller, and feedforward zero side-slip rear-wheel steering control. Separate feedforward controllers were also developed for skid steering and rear-wheel steering to mimic existing mechanical implementations for comparison. Vehicle performance evaluation using the control system was divided into low-speed autonomous operation and high-speed manned operation. Under low-speed autonomous operation, the control system achieved stable skid steering up to 40 km/h with significantly reduced driver input effort compared to a conventional combat vehicle. In high-speed manned operation, the LQR torque vectoring controller performed well in stabilizing the vehicle motion over reduced friction conditions. Feedforward zero-side slip control steering the fourth axle improved cornering precision and yaw response below 50 km/h, and improved lateral motion stability steering all wheels up to a recommended operating speed of 80 km/h.
Cross-Immunogenicity of Pneumococcal Group 9 Capsular Polysaccharides in Adult Volunteers (1982)

Group 9 organisms (types 9N, 9A, 9L, and 9V) account for about 3 to 4% of pneumococcal disease isolates throughout the world. Types 9N and 9V comprise about 90% of the group 9 disease isolates. Type 9N is more common than type 9V in adults, and type 9V predominates in infants and children. In the United States there have been eight reported cases due to group 9 pneumococci in individuals previously vaccinated; six were type 9V and two were type 9N. To ascertain the cross-immunogenicity of group 9 polysaccharides, volunteers were injected with vaccines of monovalent types 9N, 9A, 9V, or 9L, or bivalent (9N and 9A) or trivalent (9N, 9A, and 9V) polysaccharide vaccines. Monovalent types 9N, 9V, and 9L each stimulated a 5.8- to 7.5-fold geometric mean rise, and at least 80% of the volunteers responded with a twofold or greater homologous antibody rise. Type 9V induced a 5.8-fold geometric mean rise, but only 66% of the volunteers responded with a twofold or greater homologous antibody rise. Type 9N induced only a 2.1-fold geometric increase, and only 54% of the volunteers responded with a twofold or greater rise in anti 9V antibodies. Types 9L and 9A were the most cross-immunogenic. The trivalent preparation (9N, 9A, and 9V) gave the highest geometric mean titer and seroconversion rate to each of the group 9 polysaccharides. These results suggest that the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine with its type 9N does not induce a satisfactory anti-type 9V response and should contain additional components in order to achieve greater protection against group 9 organisms.
Statistical testing of Web applications (2004)

Abstract The World Wide Web, initially intended as a way to publish static hypertexts on the Internet, is moving toward complex applications. Static Web sites are being gradually replaced by dynamic sites, where information is stored in databases and non‐trivial computation is performed. In such a scenario, ensuring the quality of a Web application from the user's perspective is crucial. Techniques are being investigated for the analysis and testing of Web applications for such a purpose. However, a static analysis of the source code may be extremely difficult (and, in general, infeasible) because of the presence of dynamic generation of the HTML code that is part of the application under analysis. In this paper, a dynamic analysis technique is proposed for the extraction of a Web application model through its execution. Availability of statistical data about the accesses to the pages generated by the Web application is exploited for statistical testing, based on the recovered model. Test cases can be prioritized, so as to exercise the most frequently followed paths first. Moreover, statistical reproduction of the user's navigation paths allows for an estimation of the reliability of the application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osmoregulation-dependent expression of Yersinia enterocolitica virulence factors. (1999)

The effects of hyperosmotic stress on expression of plasmid coded Yop and Yad A proteins--virulence factors of Y.enterocolitica serotype 0:9 were characterized. When cells were shifted to high osmolarity and cultured at 37 degrees C in medium without Ca2+ the production of Yops was inhibited. In contrast, the amount of Yad A protein was unaffected. Addition of glycine betaine to this culture alleviated the effect of high osmolarity. It was also found that hyperosmotic stress causes increased negative supercoiling of DNA in Y. enterocolitica 0:9. Changes in DNA supercoiling coincided with expression of Yop proteins. These results suggest that in high osmolarity the expression of yop genes may be regulated by DNA supercoiling.
Cholesterol requirement for cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor exit from multivesicular late endosomes to the Golgi (2001)

The regulation of endocytic traffic of receptors has central importance in the fine tuning of cell activities. Here, we provide evidence that cholesterol is required for the exit of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) from the endosomal carrier vesicle/multivesicular bodies (ECV/MVBs) to the Golgi. A previously established Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant, LEX2, exhibits arrested ECV/MVBs in which CI-MPR and lysosomal glycoprotein-B (lgp-B) are accumulated. The abnormal accumulation of CI-MPR within the ECV/MVBs in LEX2 cells was corrected in a post-translational manner by the supplementation of medium with cholesterol. Furthermore, it was shown that, by expression cloning using LEX2 mutant, the introduction of the NAD(P)H steroid dehydrogenase-like protein, an enzyme involved in the later stage of cholesterol biosynthesis, allows the exit of CI-MPR from the MVBs to the Golgi and reduces the number of arrested ECV/MVBs in LEX2 cells. The recovery of the exit transport of CI-MPR from the ECV/MVBs was associated with the restoration of the normal cellular free cholesterol level and segregation between CI-MPR and lgp-B, both of which had been localized at the internal small vesicles of the arrested ECV/MVBs. By contrast, the restoration of cholesterol failed to correct the defective processing of endocytosed LDL to a degradative compartment in LEX2 cells. These results suggest that cholesterol is required for ECV/MVB reorganization that drives the sorting/transport of materials destined for the Golgi out of the pathways towards lysosomes.
[Somatomedins and their binding proteins are involved in wound healing after hypoxia of the central nervous system]. (1993)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are involved in cell growth and differentiation. In muscle tissue they regulate axonal in growth and maintain the connection. They also play a role in regeneration of the peripheral nerve system. We hypothesized that IGFs might also be important factors in the recovery of central nervous tissue after traumatic damage such as perinatal asphyxia. Our group developed a rat model to mimic the resulting damage and test the changes of expression of IGF-1, -2 and several of their binding proteins. We also examined the influence of exogenous IGF-1 and -2 after asphyxia in the same model. Rats underwent a unilateral ligation of the A. carotis followed by a 15 or 90 min inhalational hypoxia (8% O2). The treatment resulted in a mild or severe damage in the ligated hemisphere with either selective neuronal loss or complete infarction of the volume, respectively. The treatment induced expression of both IGFs and binding protein 2, 3 and 5. Binding protein 1 is not expressed and binding protein 4 is suppressed soon after hypoxia-ischemia. We conclude that both IGFs and several of their binding proteins are involved in response and wound healing after hypoxic brain damage. This was further tested in a second experiment. Rats were injected with IGF-1 or IGF-2 intra-ventricular soon after the hypoxic damage. IGF-1 treatment significantly reduced neuronal loss, IGF-2 had no effect. Behaviour tests, however, showed no difference between IGF-1 treated rats and controls. Our studies show interesting aspects for further investigation and a possible treatment of perinatal asphyxia and traumatic damage of nerve tissue.
Direct effects of FGF21 on glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle: implications for type 2 diabetes and obesity (2011)

Plasma FGF21 is increased in T2D patients, and positively correlated with fasting insulin and BMI. However, FGF21 has direct effects in enhancing skeletal muscle glucose uptake, providing additional points of regulation that may contribute to the beneficial effects of FGF21 on glucose homeostasis. Whether increased plasma FGF21 in T2D is a compensatory mechanism to increase glucose metabolism remains to be determined.
Soft-decoder feedback aided space-time processing in multiuser interference suppression (2003)

This work presents a soft iterative minimum mean square error (MMSE) multiuser interference suppressor for coded direct sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) uplink channels that employ space-time processing at both the mobile transmitters and the base station receiver. With a new equivalent discrete-time synchronous model for randomly spread asynchronous multiuser CDMA channels, we develop an iterative scheme that exchanges soft information between an MMSE multiuser demodulator (that also concurrently performs subtractive interference cancellation) and a bank of single-user decoders. It performs well both at low and high received signal powers, and displays the successive cancellation property across iterations, exhibiting good near-far resistance. Introducing multisensor arrays at the receiver relaxes the limitations imposed by the inherent suboptimality of MMSE multiuser demodulation, in so far as it enhances interuser separation, now in the spatial sense, and thereby allows significant overload capability. Further, this work explores new territory by studying multisensor transmission in multiuser channels. A new multisensor block modulation scheme called space-time spreading, for mobile transmitters is proposed; it is observed to provide significant benefits especially when the spatial separation afforded by the use of multisensor receiver arrays, is otherwise limited.
Bose-Einstein condensation in a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration trap (1998)

We demonstrate Bose-Einstein condensation of rubidium atoms in a simple low-power magnetic trap. This trap combines the quadrupole with the Ioffe configuration (QUIC trap) and consists of just three coils. Magneto-optically trapped ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms are first loaded into the linear trapping potential of a magnetic quadrupole, which is then converted into the parabolic geometry of an Ioffe trap. During this process two spherical quadrupole traps with perpendicular axes merge and the trapped atomic cloud moves close to the magnetic field producing coils, resulting in tight confinement of the atoms while the power dissipation of the trap remains low. The magnetically trapped atoms are cooled to below the phase transition of Bose-Einstein condensation by rf-induced evaporation.
Rate-splitting multiple access for downlink communication systems: bridging, generalizing, and outperforming SDMA and NOMA (2018)

Space-division multiple access (SDMA) utilizes linear precoding to separate users in the spatial domain and relies on <i>fully</i> treating any residual multi-user interference as noise. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) uses linearly precoded superposition coding with successive interference cancellation (SIC) to superpose users in the power domain and relies on user grouping and ordering to enforce some users to fully decode and cancel interference created by other users. In this paper, we argue that to efficiently cope with the high throughput, heterogeneity of quality of service (QoS), and massive connectivity requirements of future multi-antenna wireless networks, multiple access design needs to depart from those two extreme interference management strategies, namely fully treat interference as noise (as in SDMA) and fully decode interference (as in NOMA). Considering a multiple-input single-output broadcast channel, we develop a novel multiple access framework, called rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA). RSMA is a more general and more powerful multiple access for downlink multi-antenna systems that contains SDMA and NOMA as special cases. RSMA relies on linearly precoded rate-splitting with SIC to decode part of the interference and treat the remaining part of the interference as noise. This capability of RSMA to <i>partially</i> decode interference and partially treat interference as noise enables to softly bridge the two extremes of fully decoding interference and treating interference as noise and provides room for rate and QoS enhancements and complexity reduction. The three multiple access schemes are compared, and extensive numerical results show that RSMA provides a smooth transition between SDMA and NOMA and outperforms them both in a wide range of network loads (underloaded and overloaded regimes) and user deployments (with a diversity of channel directions, channel strengths, and qualities of channel state information at the transmitter). Moreover, RSMA provides rate and QoS enhancements over NOMA at a lower computational complexity for the transmit scheduler and the receivers (number of SIC layers).
The Development of Bearing Steels for Long Life Rolling Bearings Under Clean Lubrication and Contaminated Lubrication (1993)

Nearly ten years have passed since the LF-RH-CC process was adopted in the production of bearing steels. This process has become a common system for steelmakers, regardless of using EFs or BOFs as melting furnaces. The current cleanliness level of bearing steels shows a remarkable improvement when compared to that of ten years ago. The oxygen content in most steels has reached the high level of cleanliness of less than 10 ppm throughout the world. The bearing life in laboratory tests has been extended by several times in the last ten years. However, in the fields of engineering and technology of bearing production and applications, it is still a matter of primary concern how to settle the problems of inside and outside debris— that is, how to grasp quantitatively and control accurately nonmetallic inclusions in steels and how to deal with outside debris that penetrates into the bearings exposed to application environments. This paper presents the latest results of studies relating to these timely problems.
Routing considerations in symbolic layout synthesis (1992)

The authors discuss routing styles, including a newly proposed hybrid routing style, in basic silicon-level design for a symbolic layout synthesis tool with practical considerations for design rules and process technology. Methods for systematically adding jogs in the layout to achieve high layout quality are proposed. Algorithms for input/output-pin assignment and for pin-ordering routing that achieve a minimal number of vias are also presented. Experiments on real industry designs showed promising results. >
Casing Drilling – A Revolutionary Approach to Reducing Well Costs (1999)

Abstract Rotary drilling, as we know it today, replaced percussion or cable tool drilling in the 1930's. Since that time, wells have been drilled using a drill string consisting of drill pipe, drill collars, a bit and varying downhole tools known as a "bottom hole assembly" (BHA). When the bit wears out or the BHA has to be changed, the process of "tripping" is commenced. Tripping consists of hoisting the drill string out of the well in lengths of 30, 60, or 90 feet. This process is labour, equipment and energy intensive and takes up to 35% of the total time to drill a well. In addition to the productive drilling time lost to tripping, unscheduled events during tripping can make the drilling process even more inefficient and even lead to losing the well. This paper describes the process of a threeyear research and development project to develop and commercialize casing drilling. Casing drilling will use standard oilfield casing to both drill and simultaneously case the well. Bottom hole assemblies will be retrieved on wire line up the inside of the casing. Casing drilling will eliminate the use of drill pipe, significantly reduce tripping times and reduce time lost due to unscheduled events such as reaming, fishing and taking kicks while tripping (See Fig. #1). This paper describes the tools to be used, including a special purpose built drilling rig for this process. The anticipated results of drilling with casing are discussed and specific conclusions include up to 30% savings in well costs feasible through drilling with casing.
Two-Bit Graphics (1986)

Ordinary bitmaps allow pixels to be black or white. We introduce a second bitmap, the "alpha" bitmap, which allows pixels to be transparent as well. The alpha bitmap makes it possible to have black-and-white images that are nonrectangular or that have holes in them. It also provides a richer set of operations for working with bitmaps. We present the mathematics for a two-bit compositing algebra, and suggest extensions for two-bit compositing, painting, and region filling. Each of these operations can be implemented with ordinary bitblts and presented on ordinary bitmap displays. We analyze the cost of each two-bit operation in terms of the number of bitblts it requires.
Spatially confined folding of chromatin in the interphase nucleus (2009)

Genome function in higher eukaryotes involves major changes in the spatial organization of the chromatin fiber. Nevertheless, our understanding of chromatin folding is remarkably limited. Polymer models have been used to describe chromatin folding. However, none of the proposed models gives a satisfactory explanation of experimental data. In particularly, they ignore that each chromosome occupies a confined space, i.e., the chromosome territory. Here, we present a polymer model that is able to describe key properties of chromatin over length scales ranging from 0.5 to 75 Mb. This random loop (RL) model assumes a self-avoiding random walk folding of the polymer backbone and defines a probability P for 2 monomers to interact, creating loops of a broad size range. Model predictions are compared with systematic measurements of chromatin folding of the q-arms of chromosomes 1 and 11. The RL model can explain our observed data and suggests that on the tens-of-megabases length scale P is small, i.e., 10-30 loops per 100 Mb. This is sufficient to enforce folding inside the confined space of a chromosome territory. On the 0.5- to 3-Mb length scale chromatin compaction differs in different subchromosomal domains. This aspect of chromatin structure is incorporated in the RL model by introducing heterogeneity along the fiber contour length due to different local looping probabilities. The RL model creates a quantitative and predictive framework for the identification of nuclear components that are responsible for chromatin-chromatin interactions and determine the 3-dimensional organization of the chromatin fiber.