gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A compact neutron detector based on the use of a SiPM detector (2008)

This paper explores the performance characteristcs of a compact neutron detector based on the use of a silicon photo-multiplier (SiPM). These devices offer the first true solid-state alternative to traditional photomultiplier tubes in that they provide similar gain and photon-detection efficiency but with the small size and ruggedness of PIN diodes. The performance of a design based on the use of a 23mm diameter LiI crystal, viewed by a 14×14mm square SiPM, has been modeled and tested experimentally using Cf <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> fission-neutrons. The design incorporates a 10mm thick HDPE moderator in front of the 3mm crystal and an acrylic light-guide behind it. This provides the ability to detect a 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> n/s source at 25cm in 12s with a confidence level of 93.5%. The gamma-ray rejection capability of the detector is excellent, allowing reliable detection of neutrons in a Co <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sup> gamma-ray background equivalent to a count-rate equivalent to 100kcps in a 2×2” NaI crystal. The impact of temperature changes on the performance of the detector, have also been explored along with methods to compensate for these changes.
Digital Holographic Microscopy for Study Cellular Dynamics (2005)

Based on an original numerical reconstruction algorithm (E. Cuche et al. Appl. Opt. 38, 6994 1999), we have developed a Digital Holographic Microscope (DHM), in a transmission mode, allowing to investigate cellular structures and dynamics.
Engrailed-2 (EN2): A Tumor Specific Urinary Biomarker for the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer (2011)

Urinary EN2 is a highly specific and sensitive candidate biomarker of prostate cancer. A larger multicenter study to further evaluate the diagnostic potential of EN2 is justified.
A Rapid and Sensitive Radioreceptor Assay for Benzodiazepine in Plasma (1979)

• We describe a rapid and sensitive radioreceptor assay for measuring benzodiazepines in plasma. This method is based on the competition between tritiated diazepam and pharmacologically active benzodiazepines present in plasma, for binding sites on rat brain synaptosomal membranes. No interference is obtained with drug-free plasma or plasma samples containing high concentrations of other commonly used drugs. High correlations (<i>r</i>= 0.98;<i>P</i><.001) were obtained between the "diazepam equivalents" measured in plasma with the radioreceptor assay and the levels of diazepam and nordiazepam obtained by gas-liquid chromatography. The radioreceptor assay is rapid, sensitive, specific, and requires no sophisticated equipment or methods. It should therefore prove useful in monitoring blood benzodiazepine levels for both therapeutic and toxicologic purposes.
Lower Termite Associations with Microbes: Synergy, Protection, and Interplay (2016)

Lower-termites are one of the best studied symbiotic systems in insects. Their ability to feed on a nitrogen-poor, wood-based diet with help from symbiotic microbes has been under investigation for almost a century. A unique microbial consortium living in the guts of lower termites is essential for wood-feeding. Host and symbiont cellulolytic enzymes synergize each other in the termite gut to increase digestive efficiency. Because of their critical role in digestion, gut microbiota are driving forces in all aspects of termite biology. Social living also comes with risks for termites. The combination of group living and a microbe-rich habitat makes termites potentially vulnerable to pathogenic infections. However, the use of entomopathogens for termite control has been largely unsuccessful. One mechanism for this failure may be symbiotic collaboration; i.e., one of the very reasons termites have thrived in the first place. Symbiont contributions are thought to neutralize fungal spores as they pass through the termite gut. Also, when the symbiont community is disrupted pathogen susceptibility increases. These recent discoveries have shed light on novel interactions for symbiotic microbes both within the termite host and with pathogenic invaders. Lower termite biology is therefore tightly linked to symbiotic associations and their resulting physiological collaborations.
Putting Auction Theory to Work (2004)

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to modern auction theory and its important new applications. It is written by a leading economic theorist whose suggestions guided the creation of the new spectrum auction designs. Aimed at graduate students and professionals in economics, the book gives the most up-to-date treatments of both traditional theories of 'optimal auctions' and newer theories of multi-unit auctions and package auctions, and shows by example how these theories are used. The analysis explores the limitations of prominent older designs, such as the Vickrey auction design, and evaluates the practical responses to those limitations. It explores the tension between the traditional theory of auctions with a fixed set of bidders, in which the seller seeks to squeeze as much revenue as possible from the fixed set, and the theory of auctions with endogenous entry, in which bidder profits must be respected to encourage participation.
Speaker-independent name retrieval from spellings using a database of 50000 names (1991)

A system that recognizes names spelled with pauses between letters using high quality speech is described. The system uses neural network classifiers to locate and classify letters, then searches a database of names to find the best match to the letter scores. The directory name retrieval system was evaluated on 1020 names provided by 34 speakers who were not used to train the system. Using a database of 50000 names, 972, or 95.3%, were correctly identified as the first choice. Of the remaining 48 names, all but 10 were in the top three choices. 99% of letters were correctly located, although speakers failed to pause completely about 10% of the time. Classification of individual spoken letters that were correctly located was 93%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Potassium‐Promoted Molybdenum Carbide as a Highly Active and Selective Catalyst for CO<sub>2</sub> Conversion to CO (2017)

The high concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> bound in seawater represents a significant opportunity to extract and use this CO<sub>2</sub> as a C<sub>1</sub> feedstock for synthetic fuels. Using an existing process, CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> can be concurrently extracted from seawater and then catalytically reacted to produce synthetic fuel. Hydrogenating CO<sub>2</sub> directly into liquid hydrocarbons is exceptionally difficult, but by first identifying a catalyst for selective CO production through the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction, CO can then be hydrogenated to fuel through Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Results of this study demonstrate that potassium-promoted molybdenum carbide supported on γ-Al<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> (K-Mo<sub>2</sub> C/γ-Al<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> ) is a low-cost, stable, and highly selective catalyst for RWGS over a wide range of conversions. These findings are supported by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations.
Method for making high-critical-current-density YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} superconducting layers on metallic substrates (1999)

A method is disclosed for fabricating YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7 superconductor layers with the capability of carrying large superconducting currents on a metallic tape (substrate) supplied with a biaxially textured oxide buffer layer. The method represents a simplification of previously established techniques and provides processing requirements compatible with scale-up to long wire (tape) lengths and high processing speeds. This simplification has been realized by employing the BaF.sub.2 method to grow a YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7 film on a metallic substrate having a biaxially textured oxide buffer layer.
Simultaneous Signal Detection for IFM (Instantaneous Frequency Measurement) Receivers by Detecting Intermodulation Products. (1984)

Abstract : An apparatus for use in conjunction with an instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) receiver, for detecting the presence of two or more RF pulse signals, differing in frequency, between the onset of the first RF signal pulse and the completion of the frequency encode strobe. A low pass filter branching off from the output of the limiting amplifier of the IFM receiver will allow passage of only the low frequency intermodulation products formed from the presence of simultaneous signals. These intermodulation products are then detected and sampled during the time period of interest with a flag set is simultaneous pulses are present. This flag, which indicates to the receiver that the data associated with the received pulse may contain erroneous information, is maintained until reset by the onset of a succeeding RF pulse. (Author)
Abstract 65: ABCA1 Ligand Peptides That Stimulate Cellular Cholesterol Efflux With High Potency Increase Insulin Sensitivity in Metabolic and Genetic Mouse Models of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (2014)

Anti-diabetic activities of HDL apolipoprotein(apo)s have been described, complementing ability to reduce atherosclerosis. These effects have been attributed, in part, to apos stimulating cholesterol efflux from cells via ABCA1. This suggests apo mimetic peptides that promote ABCA1 cholesterol efflux may be useful to combat diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Two such peptides (CS6253 and T6991-2) with optimized safety features (NOAEL = 500 mg/kg) and little TG elevating effects have been designed by us through structure-activity studies of a prototypic ABCA1 ligand peptide, ATI-5261, derived from the C-terminal (CT) domain of apoE. Glucose lowering and insulin sensitizing effects of these new peptides were presently evaluated in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Peptides CS6253 and T6991-2 stimulated cholesterol efflux from macrophages via ABCA1 with high potency similar to the native apoE CT domain (Km= 0.33±0.14, 0.24±02, 0.21±0.02 μM). Administration of CS6253 at a dose of 30 mg/kg (SC) on alternate days for 6 weeks reduced atherosclerosis by 32% in apoE deficient mice fed high-fat, Western diet for 14 weeks (15±2 vs. 22±4% plaque lesions, CS6253 vs. control, p<0.01). T6991-2 administered (SC) at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 6 weeks in chow-fed ob/ob mice showed little effect on steady-state plasma glucose levels vs. controls (126±22 vs. 135±11 mg/dl, respectively); however, the levels of glucose were greatly attenuated with peptide treatment vs. controls in response to GTT (1.8±0.5 vs. 2.8±0.4 fold increases in plasma glucose at 60 min, respectively, p<0.01). Treatment of C57BL/6J mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) with T6991-2 (6 weeks, 30 mg/kg) also enhanced insulin sensitivity by 2.2±0.7 fold vs. controls (55±17 vs. 25±5% reduction in basal glucose levels, respectively, at 15 minutes post insulin, 0.75 Units/kg, p<0.01). The favorable anti-diabetic effects of T6991-2 were not due to changes in total body weight or β-cell function (i.e. unchanged plasma C-peptide levels). Our data indicate that single amphipathic α-helix peptides derived from apoE CT domain are sufficient to confer potent cellular cholesterol efflux and anti-diabetic activities, with therapeutic potential for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Benign Precursors for Semiconductor Processing (1990)

Semiconductor manufacture not only requires efficient processes that produce reliable products, but also should use benign precursors as input materials to generate a product and by-products that are environmentally safe. Current device processing, by its nature, is demanding and depends on difficult-to-handle materials. As part of a long-term strategy to develop safer, more efficient processes that also have zero environmental impact, a technique is reported here for III-V processing that obviates the need for transport, storage, and handling of arsine in high-pressure cylinders. This technique, called in situ generation, provides an immediate solution for a potential safety problem in current semiconductor processing, the “sudden release hazard” of cylinders of compressed toxic gases. Other promising solutions for economically viable processing that meet safety and environmental compliances exploit chemically inert reagents in plasma reactors or use nontoxic precursors. Applications are described for the fabrication of a broad range of devices requiring dry etching and chemical vapor deposition processing steps.
Analytical Synthesis of Low-Sensitivity High-Order Voltage-Mode DDCC and FDCCII-Grounded <emphasis>R</emphasis> and<emphasis> C</emphasis> All-Pass Filter Structures (2007)

The difficulty of realizing the operations of addition and subtraction of a voltage-mode signal renders two special active elements, namely, differential difference current conveyors (DDCCs) and fully differential current conveyors (FDCCIIs), both of which have the ability to perform the operations of addition and subtraction, to become very important for voltage-mode analog filter design. Note that, for the design of operational transconductance amplifier and capacitor (OTA-C) filters, the recently reported analytical synthesis methods (ASMs) have been shown to be very effective for achieving simultaneously the three criteria, namely, all capacitors being grounded, the use of the minimum number of active and passive components, and the use of single-ended input OTAs. However, none of the ASMs uses DDCCs and FDCCIIs in the design of voltage-mode filters. In this paper, a method of realizing DDCC and FDCCII-based all-pass filter structures with either equal capacitances or equal conductances through a new ASM is presented. Only n current conveyors (the least number of active components), n grounded capacitors, and grounded resistors (the minimum number of passive components) are used for realizing an nth-order voltage-mode all-pass filter structure. Moreover, the new all-pass filter structure synthesized by the new ASM achieves very low individual as well as near-null group sensitivities just as in the case of the passive LC ladder filters, has very low power consumption, a low component spread for equal denominator conductance design, and a high input impedance which is attractive from the point of view of cascadability. Finally, H-Spice simulations, using 0.35-mum process and plusmn1.65-V supply voltages, are included and validate theoretical predictions.
Joint FEC across Multiple Streams with Different Playout Deadlines (2016)

We introduce a new class of streaming codes that span across multiple source streams with different decoding deadlines. The encoder multiplexes two streams of source-packets into a single stream of channel-packets. The decoder must recover the source- packets within each stream sequentially, by their corresponding deadlines. We consider the burst-erasure channel model, and focus on the case when one of the streams is ``urgent" whose recovery must begin immediately after the erasure burst. We characterize the capacity region for this setting for a certain range of delays for the non-urgent stream. On the achievability side, we provide new code constructions which combine the source-packets of the two streams despite their different deadlines. On the converse side we develop rigorous information theoretic outer bounds on the capacity region. Interestingly we find that the capacity region exhibits a ``corner point" where we can transmit the urgent stream at a positive rate, yet attain a sum-rate equal to the capacity of the non- urgent stream.
Effect of dietary phospholipid level and phospholipid:neutral lipid value on the development of sea bass (<i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>) larvae fed a compound diet (2003)

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of dietary phospholipid concentration on survival and development in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Larvae were fed from day 9 to day 40 post-hatch with an isoproteic and isolipidic formulated diet with graded phospholipid levels from 27 to 116 g/kg DM and different phospholipid:neutral lipid values. The best growth (32 mg at the end of the experiment) survival (73 %) and larval quality (only 2 % of malformed larvae) were obtained in the larvae fed the diet containing 116 g phospholipid/kg DM (P<0.05). These results were related to the amount of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol included in this diet (35 and 16 g/kg respectively). Amylase, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N activities revealed a proper maturation of the digestive tract in the two groups fed the highest phospholipid levels. Regulation of lipase and phospholipase A2 by the relative amount of their substrate in the diet occurred mainly at the transcriptional level. The response of pancreatic lipase to dietary neutral lipid was not linear. As in mammals 200 g triacylglycerol/kg diet seems to represent a threshold level above which the response of pancreatic lipase is maximal. The response of phospholipase A2 to dietary phospholipid content was gradual and showed a great modulation range in expression. Sea bass larvae have more efficient capacity to utilize dietary phospholipid than neutral lipids. For the first time a compound diet sustaining good growth, survival and skeletal development has been formulated and can be used in total replacement of live prey in the feeding sequence of marine fish larvae.
Optical quantum information processing utilizing weak nonlinearities: a little goes a long way (2005)

Processing information quantum mechanically is known to enable new communication and computational scenarios that cannot be accessed with conventional information technology (IT). It is known that such quantum processing can be performed with linear optical techniques, measurement and feed-forward. However, here the gates are intrinsically probabilistic and so scaling up such an approach requires considerable qubit resources. Here we present an alternative approach to optical QIP, based on the use of weak cross-Kerr non-linearities and highly efficient homodyne measurements. This approach enables a parity gate between optical qubits, mediated by an additional optical probe mode, enabling near-deterministic Bell state measurement and entangling gates. Our approach is therefore the basis for very efficient, scalable optical QIP, and provides a natural method for distributing such processing, combining it with quantum communication.
Involvement of a Ca <sup>2+</sup> Channel Gene in Familial Hemiplegic Migraine and Migraine With and Without Aura (1997)

A gene for familial hemiplegic migraine, a subtype of migraine with aura, was assigned to chromosome 19p13. In this region, we identified a brain-specific P/Q-type calcium-channel alpha 1A-subunit gene, CACNA 1A, with 47 exons covering 300 kb. Sequencing of all exons and their flanking surroundings revealed polymorphic variations, including a (CA)n-repeat and a (CAG)n-repeat in the 3' untranslated region. In patients with familial hemiplegic migraine, we found four different missense mutations in conserved functional domains. One of the mutations has occurred on two different haplotypes in unrelated familial hemiplegic migraine families. Moreover, in episodic ataxia type 2, we found two mutations disrupting the reading frame. Thus, familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type 2 can be considered as allelic channelopathies. Involvement of this familial hemiplegic migraine locus in migraine with and without aura was demonstrated by sib-pair analysis. We showed an increase of shared marker alleles of locus D19S394, which is tightly linked to the gene. The association between the alpha 1A calcium channel and familial hemiplegic migraine, and the increase of shared alleles in migraine-affected sib-pairs, have uncovered a new pathway for the pathophysiology of migraine. This finding may provide a rationale for the development of specific prophylactic therapy for migraine and other (paroxysmal) cerebral disorders.
Metal Triflates as Highly Stable and Active Catalysts for the “Immortal” Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate (2010)

Abstract The controlled “immortal” ring‐opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) using a two‐component catalyst system based on a metal Lewis acid, such as a metal triflate M(OTf) n (M=Ca, Sc, Zn, Al, Bi; OTf=CF 3 SO 3 − ) or the metallic salt Fe(acac) 3 , (acac=acetylacetonate) and an alcohol (ROH) as co‐initiator and chain‐transfer agent, is carried out in bulk at 110–150 °C. As a result of the water‐tolerance of these systems, experimental operating conditions do not require any special care. The approach, valorized both with various ROH transfer agents and with either purified or unpurified monomer sources, is highly versatile. Functional telechelic polycarbonates HPTMCOR, devoid of decarboxylation sequences, are obtained [PTMC=poly(trimethylene carbonate)]. The molar mass of the PTMCs can be readily predicted by a simple model, taking into account the [TMC] 0 /[ROH] 0 ratio and the amount of transferring impurities present in the raw/unpurified reagents. Such simple, air‐ and moisture‐robust catalytic systems, which display quite high activities (TOF up to 28 200 h −1 ) and productivities (TON up to 45 000) are thus extremely valuable, especially industrially. The performances of these systems are described in comparison to the previously established valuable inorganic and organometallic catalytic systems, namely metal amido complexes ([M{N(SiMe 3 ) 2 } 3 ]) and [(BDI)Zn{N(SiMe 3 ) 2 }] (BDI=β‐diiminate ligand) derivatives.
Dual-Burst Thermal Decay Time Logging Overview and Examples (1987)

ABSTRACT The Dual-Burst TDT* (TDT-P) tool is a 11116 -in. diameter pulsed neutron, dual detector tool system that uses a new method of analyzing the decay of a burst of fast neutrons in the downhole environment. The method provides an accurate measurement of the neutron capture cross section of the formation by employing a physically realistic model of the decay, which accounts for neutron diffusion effects, rather than displaying the decay as a sum of exponentials from the formation and borehole. Intrinsic sigma is computed directly from the decay curve instead of by using correction charts. The model is evaluated using over 2,500 data obtained in well characterized laboratory test formations. The benefit of the method is that the formation cross section is independent of the fluid in the borehole as well as independent of the neutron diffusion characteristics of the formation, characteristics which vary with lithology. Selected results over the data base are discussed and compared to the results of a two-exponential processing over the same data. The insensitivity of the formation capture cross-section determination with the diffusion model to variations in borehole characteristics as well as tool geometry and, more importantly, timing is demonstrated. Middle-Eastern log results are presented; they include TDT-P versus TDT-M comparisons, showing the variable effect of diffusion for different cases; an example of the insensitivity of formation sigma to borehole fluid characteristics. Results from a two component (formation and borehole) diffusion processing to invert the data, featuring a level by level fit of the diffusion coefficients to the measured data, are presented and compared with the results from a fast, real-time, wellsite computation using a single component model and diffusion coefficients predetermined from external input of lithology and borehole geometry.