gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Band Gap Synthesis Using Genetic Algorithms for Mixed Signal Applications (2009)

A novel electromagnetic band gap (EBG) synthesis method for mixed signal applications is presented. In this method, a genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized as a solution-searching technique. One of the main advantages of the proposed method is an automated design procedure for EBG structures that meet given design specifications. For this purpose, the GA method is combined with multilayer finite-difference method (M-FDM) and dispersion diagram (DD) method. The M-FDM is a circuit-based simulator for computing the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Z</i> -parameters of planar structures, while the DD method is a plot of the propagation constant versus frequency. The EBG synthesis method introduced in this paper consists of three main parts namely: 1) GA, which generates populations of EBG structures and evaluates fitness functions using band gap response results from DD; 2) M-FDM, which analyzes the EBG structures generated by the GA and links the analysis results to DD; 3) DD, which calculates band gap frequencies using the EBG structure analysis results from the M-FDM and links the calculated stop band frequencies to the GA for fitness checks. For the verification of the suggested method, EBG structures having various specifications have been designed using the EBG synthesizer tool described in this paper. The designed EBG structures have been modeled and simulated using M-FDM. The EBG structures have also been fabricated and measured in the frequency-domain. The corresponding frequency-domain simulations and measurements have exhibited band gaps as per the design specifications used to synthesize the EBG structures.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 20(S)-Camptothecin Derivatives: A-Ring Modified and 7,10-Disubstituted Camptothecins. (1991)

20(S)-Camptothecin derivatives having nitro, amino, chloro, bromo, hydroxyl and methoxyl groups in the A-ring were synthesized. B-Ring hydrogenated camptothecin (2a) was converted into 10-hydroxycamptothecin (6e) by treatment with lead tetraacetate in trifluoroacetic acid. 10-Substituted derivatives (6) were obtained by a photoreaction of N-oxides (9). The cytotoxicity of the A-ring modified camptothecins was evaluated against KB cells in vitro and leukemia L1210 in mice. 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (6i) was identified as a potential derivative for further modification.
Heterogeneous multi-core fibers: proposal and design principle (2009)

A new type of optical fiber called heterogeneous multi-core fiber (heterogeneous MCF) is proposed towards future large-capacity optical-transport networks and the design principle is described. In the heterogeneous MCF, not only identical but also non-identical cores, which are single-mode in isolation of each other, are arranged so that cross-talk between any pair of cores becomes sufficiently small. As the maximum power transferred between non-identical cores goes down drastically, cores are more closely packed in definite space, compared to a conventional, homogeneous multi-core fiber (homogeneous MCF) composed of only identical cores.
Picture Quality Editing for Variable Rate Compressed Video (1998)

This paper discusses a novel video encoding system in which a user controls the quality of the encoded video. It uses an algorithm for reallocation of target bits to the segment selected for editing or quality change. The algorithm is based on the availability of a log file containing statistics pertaining to the original run that produced the compressed video. A key aspect of the bit allocation is that subjective input from the user is used to alter the picture quality of the edit segment. Bitstream splicing is carried out to complete the process of editing. The video is initially encoded according to an automatic process without user intervention. An operator then reviews it manually and indicates the quality of specific time periods or regions to be altered. A numeric value for picture quality is assigned in the range [-5, 5]. First, a common bit pool is created by removing a percentage of bits from the time periods or regions for which quality priorities have been specified. These are then redistributed as a function of the user-selected priority. The bit assignments are adjusted resulting in the avoidance of buffer underflow. Also, the buffer occupancy at the trailing edge of the edit segment is maintained at its original level. After the assignment of new target bits, the average quantizer scale value is determined using a previously determined rate quantizer function. The video is then re-encoded with the new set of target bits to achieve the desired quality change. Bitstream and log files are updated by proper splicing.
Atomic precision etch using a low-electron temperature plasma (2016)

Sub-nm precision is increasingly being required of many critical plasma etching processes in the semiconductor industry. Accurate control over ion energy and ion/radical composition is needed during plasma processing to meet these stringent requirements. Described in this work is a new plasma etch system which has been designed with the requirements of atomic precision plasma processing in mind. In this system, an electron sheet beam parallel to the substrate surface produces a plasma with an order of magnitude lower electron temperature <i>T<sub>e</sub></i> (~ 0.3 eV) and ion energy E<i><sub>i</sub></i> (< 3 eV without applied bias) compared to conventional radio-frequency (RF) plasma technologies. Electron beam plasmas are characterized by higher ion-to-radical fraction compared to RF plasmas, so a separate radical source is used to provide accurate control over relative ion and radical concentrations. Another important element in this plasma system is low frequency RF bias capability which allows control of ion energy in the 2-50 eV range. Presented in this work are the results of etching of a variety of materials and structures performed in this system. In addition to high selectivity and low controllable etch rate, an important requirement of atomic precision etch processes is no (or minimal) damage to the remaining material surface. It has traditionally not been possible to avoid damage in RF plasma processing systems, even during atomic layer etch. The experiments for Si etch in Cl<sub>2</sub> based plasmas in the aforementioned etch system show that damage can be minimized if the ion energy is kept below 10 eV. Layer-by-layer etch of Si is also demonstrated in this etch system using electrical and gas pulsing.
Adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography for high-resolution and high-speed in vivo retinal imaging (2005)

We have combined Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a closed-loop Adaptive Optics (AO) system. The AO-OCT instrument has been used for in vivo retinal imaging. High-lateral resolution of our AO-OCT system allows visualization of the microscopic retinal structures not accessible by standard OCT instruments.
Direct observation of optically injected spin-polarized currents in semiconductors (2003)

Summary form only given. Direct experimental evidence for the spin-polarization of optically injected ballistic spin currents by coherent one and two photon excitation in unbiased semiconductors is provided via the detection of a phase-dependent movement of the circularly polarized photoluminescence in ZnSe.
Cutaneous expression of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors (2001)

Studies in mammalian skin have shown expression of the genes for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the related urocortin peptide, with subsequent production of the respective peptides. Recent molecular and biochemical analyses have further revealed the presence of CRH receptors (CRH-Rs). These CRH-Rs are functional, responding to CRH and urocortin peptides (exogenous or produced locally) through activation of receptor(s)-mediated pathways to modify skin cell phenotype. Thus, when taken together with the previous findings of cutaneous expression of POMC and its receptors, these observations extend the range of regulatory elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis expressed in mammalian skin. Overall, the cutaneous CRH/POMC expression is highly reactive to common stressors such as immune cytokines, ultraviolet radiation, cutaneous pathology, or even the physiological changes associated with the hair cycle phase. Therefore, similar to its central analog, the local expression and action of CRH/POMC elements appear to be highly organized and entrained, representing general mechanism of cutaneous response to stressful stimuli. In such a CRH/POMC system, the CRH-Rs may be a central element.
Silica, Amorphous Silica (2000)

Abstract Amorphous silica, a three‐dimensional, inorganic polymeric silicon dioxide, SiO 2 , does not have a crystalline structure as defined by the absence of definitive lines in x‐ray diffraction measurements. Amorphous silica can be naturally occurring or synthetic, and either anhydrous or surface‐hydrated with silanol groups. Synthetic amorphous silica can be divided into microamorphous silica and vitreous silica (glass) made by fusing quartz at temperatures greater than approximately 1700°C. A discussion of microamorphous silica is presented, including colloidal silica, ie, sol or stable dispersion of discrete particles; silicas gelled or precipitated from solution; and pyrogenic and fused silica. Amorphous silica is characterized by chemical composition, physical properties, and characteristics of its particles, with exact analytical procedures depending on the type and application. Various methods to prepare and characterize each type of amorphous silica, commercial applications including principal global manufacturers, and health and safety issues are discussed.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase Beta Regulates mTOR Signaling (2013)

Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT-β) is a phosphatidic acid (PA) generating enzyme that plays an essential role in triglyceride synthesis. However, LPAAT-β is now being studied as an important regulator of cell growth and differentiation and as a potential therapeutic target in cancer since PA is necessary for the activity of key proteins such as Raf, PKC-ζ and mTOR. In this report we determine the effect of LPAAT-β silencing with siRNA in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. We show for the first time that LPAAT-β knockdown inhibits proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of pancreatic cancer cells. This is associated with inhibition of signaling by mTOR as determined by levels of mTORC1- and mTORC2-specific phosphorylation sites on 4E-BP1, S6K and Akt. Since PA regulates the activity of mTOR by modulating its binding to FKBP38, we explored the possibility that LPAAT-β might regulate mTOR by affecting its association with FKBP38. Coimmunoprecipitation studies of FKBP38 with mTOR show increased levels of FKBP38 associated with mTOR when LPAAT-β protein levels are knocked down. Furthermore, depletion of LPAAT-β results in increased Lipin 1 nuclear localization which is associated with increased nuclear eccentricity, a nuclear shape change that is dependent on mTOR, further confirming the ability of LPAAT-β to regulate mTOR function. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that PA generated by LPAAT-β regulates mTOR signaling. We discuss the implications of these findings for using LPAAT-β as a therapeutic target.
Ultraviolet Damage Endonuclease (Uve1p):  A Structure and Strand-Specific DNA Endonuclease (2000)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe ultraviolet damage endonuclease (UVDE or Uve1p) performs the initial step in an alternative excision repair pathway for UV-induced DNA damage. This DNA repair pathway was originally thought to be specific for UV damage. However, the broad substrate specificity of Uve1p suggests a more general role for this enzyme. Uve1p recognizes UV-induced bipyrimidine photoadducts and other non-UV-induced DNA adducts. Biochemical and genetic analysis also suggests that Uve1p may be involved in orchestrating mismatch repair in vivo. This study demonstrates that Uve1p recognizes and cleaves heteroduplex DNA with small unpaired loops but does not recognize loops six to eight nucleotides in length. In addition, the enzyme does not recognize DNA with palindromic insertions that could form base-paired hairpin structures. The cleavage efficiency of Uve1p depends on the distance of a mismatch from the DNA terminus, suggesting that the 3' terminus may contribute to the strand discrimination signal for Uve1p. These biochemical activities are discussed in the context of the role of Uve1p in DNA repair.
Nonaqueous isopropylation and sec-butylation of phenol over supported 12-tungstosilicic acid (2009)

Nonaqueous alkylation of phenol with isopropyl alcohol and sec-butyl alcohol was carried out over 12-tungstosilicic acid supported onto hydrous zirconia and neutral alumina by varying different parameters such as mole ratio of alcohol to phenol, reaction temperature and amount of the catalyst. The reaction was also carried out by varying reaction time. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was correlated with the value of surface area and total acidity.
A smart assistant for shooting virtual cinematography with motion-tracked cameras (2011)

This demonstration shows how an automated assistant encoded with knowledge of cinematography practice can offer suggested viewpoints to a filmmaker operating a hand-held motion-tracked virtual camera device. Our system, called Director's Lens, uses an intelligent cinematography engine to compute, at the request of the filmmaker, a set of suitable camera placements for starting a shot that represent semantically and cinematically distinct choices for visualizing the current narrative. Editing decisions and hand-held camera compositions made by the user in turn influence the system's suggestions for subsequent shots. The result is a novel virtual cinematography workflow that enhances the filmmaker's creative potential by enabling efficient exploration of a wide range of computer-suggested cinematographic possibilities.
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Human Cells by a Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent (2018)

The novel positive-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) marker C4 consists of an aqueous solution of cobalt chloride (CoCl<sub>2</sub>) complexed with the chelator N-acetylcysteine (NAC). We evaluated whether the presence of C4 or its components would produce reactive oxygen species (ROS, including hydroxyl, peroxyl, or other reactive oxygen species) in cultured cells. Human cancer or normal cells were incubated with 1% (w/v) CoCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O or 2% NAC or a combination of both (1% CoCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O : 2% NAC in an aqueous solution, abbreviated as Co : NAC) in the presence or absence of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Intracellular ROS levels were measured and quantified by change in relative fluorescence units. Student's <i>t</i>-tests were used. In all cell lines exposed to 1000 <i>μ</i>M H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, the Co : NAC led to ≥94.7% suppression of ROS at 5 minutes and completely suppressed ROS at 60 and 90 minutes; NAC suppressed ROS by ≥76.6% at 5 minutes and by ≥94.5% at 90 minutes; and CoCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O suppressed ROS by ≥37.2% at 30 minutes and by ≥48.6% at 90 minutes. These results demonstrate that neither Co : NAC nor its components generated ROS; rather, they suppressed ROS production in cultured cells, suggesting that C4 would not enhance ROS production in clinical use.
Secondary ion coincidence in highly charged ion based secondary ion mass spectroscopy for process characterization (1999)

Coincidence counting in highly charged ion based secondary ion mass spectroscopy has been applied to the characterization of selective tungsten deposition via disilane reduction of tungsten hexafluoride on a patterned SiO2/Si wafer. The high secondary ion yield and the secondary ion emission from a small area produced by highly charged ions make the coincidence technique very powerful.
Cloning and expression of Gal beta 1,3GalNAc-specific GalNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase. (1994)

A cDNA clone encoding a new type of GalNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GalNAc II) with a structure similar to that of a previously cloned GalNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GalNAc I; Kurosawa, N., Hamamoto, T., Lee, Y.-C., Nakaoka, T., Kojima, N., and Tsuji, S. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1402-1409) was obtained from chicken testes. The predicted amino acid sequence of ST6GalNAc II encodes a protein with type II transmembrane topology, as found for other glycosyltransferases, and showed 32% identity with that of ST6GalNAc I. Transfection of the full length ST6GalNAc II gene into COS cells led to GalNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase activity with a different substrate specificity from that of ST6GalNAc I. Moreover, asialofetuin after treatment with beta-galactosidase did not serve as an acceptor for this enzyme. 14C-Sialylated oligosaccharides obtained from resialylated asialobovine submaxillary mucin with this enzyme were identical to Gal beta 1,3([14C]NeuAc alpha 2,6)GalNAc-ol but not [14C]NeuAc alpha 2,6GalNAc-ol. These results clearly show that the expressed enzyme is a novel type of sialyltransferase that requires beta-galactoside residues linked to GalNAc residues, whereas sialic acid residues linked to galactose residues are not essential for the activity.
Detection of DNA sequence symmetries using parallel micro-optical devices (1991)

In order to search for symbolically encoded sequences of DNA base information, we have constructed an incoherent optical feature extraction system. This approach uses video display, spatial light modulation, and detection components in conjunction with microlenslet replicating optics, to expedite the recognition of symbol sequences based on their symmetry properties. Multichannel operation is achieved through the replication of input scenery, making possible a higher throughput rate than for single channel systems. A notable feature of our arrangement has been the exchanged positions of input scenery and the filter set. The conventional treatment has been to display the input scene on a monitor for projection onto a set of feature extraction vectors realized as amplitude modulated LCTV devices or lithographically prepared masks. We have chosen instead to provide the filter set as input to the system and to correspondingly place the sequence data in the filter plane of the system, relying on the commutativity of projection to allow this role reversal. A class of DNA sequences known as palindromes are known to have special regulatory functions in biological systems; this class is distinguished by the antisymmetric arrangement of bases in palindromic sequences. We have designed our optical feature extractor to classify short (6 bases in length) sequences of DNA as palindrome or nonpalindrome. We note that this classification is made on the basis of the sequence symmetry, independent of base composition. We discuss the design of this architecture and the considerations that led us to the sequence representation. Initial results of this work are presented. Finally, the integration of this optical architecture into a complete system is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: HYPOLIPIDEMIC ARYLTHIOALKANOIC ACIDS (1977)

Abstract p‐Brom‐phenol (I) kondensiert mit den Cycloalkenen (II) in Gegenwart von konz. Schwefelsäure zu den Biskondensaten (III), die katalytisch zu (IV) debromiert werden.
Calibration-Free Optical Chemical Sensors (1999)

Calibrations are necessary for most chemical sensors because the response is not consistent between sensors nor stable over time. If chemical sensors could be designed to have identical behavior from sensor to sensor and no drift, the need for sensor calibrations would be reduced. In the present paper, the feasibility of calibration-free optical chemical sensors is explored. An indicator-based pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) sensor is designed that has excellent sensor-to-sensor reproducibility and measurement stability. This superior level of performance is achieved by using the following strategy: (1) renewing the sensing solution, (2) allowing the sensing solution to reach equilibrium with the analyte, (3) calculating the response from a ratio of the indicator solution absorbances, and (4) through careful solution preparation, wavelength calibration, and stray light rejection. Three pCO2 sensors are calibrated, and the response curves are essentially identical within the uncertainty of the calibration. Long-term laboratory and field studies are presented that show the response has no drift over extended periods (months). The theoretical response, determined from thermodynamic characterization of the indicator solution, also predicts the observed calibration-free performance. Other absorbance-based sensors, such as optrodes, can be designed and operated in a similar fashion, making calibration-free optical chemical sensors available for a wide range of biomedical, industrial, and environmental applications.
Lexical stress classification for language learning using spectral and segmental features (2014)

We present a system for detecting lexical stress in English words spoken by English learners. The system uses both spectral and segmental features to detect three levels of stress for each syllable in a word. The segmental features are computed on the vowels and include normalized energy, pitch, spectral tilt and duration measurements. The spectral features are computed at the frame level and are modeled by one Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) for each stress class. These GMMs are used to obtain segmental posteriors, which are then appended to the segmental features to obtain a final set of GMMs. The segmental GMMs are used to obtain posteriors for each stress class. The system was tested on English speech from native English-speaking children and from Japanese-speaking children with variable levels of English proficiency. Our algorithm results in an error rate of approximately 13% on native data and 20% on Japanese non-native data.
Enzymatic amplification of platelet-specific messenger RNA using the polymerase chain reaction. (1988)

Human platelets are derived from megakaryocytes as anucleate cells, and thus contain only vestigial amounts of RNA capable of being transcribed into protein. This has greatly hampered efforts to study directly platelet-specific gene products and their associated polymorphisms. In this report, we describe direct amplification, using the polymerase chain reaction, of platelet-derived mRNA in amounts sufficient to permit detailed analysis, such as restriction mapping and nucleotide sequencing. The ability to generate large amounts of cDNA from platelet-specific mRNA sequences should make possible direct molecular characterization of normal platelet proteins, and facilitate the investigation of a wide variety of inherited platelet disorders.
State-of-the-Art Review: Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Interleukin-6 (2000)

Since the discovery of the virus in 1994, the rapid pace with which Karposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) research has progressed has quickly led to a broad understanding of the structure of the virus and its biology and pathology in humans. Molecular piracy of potentially useful cellular genes has emerged as a characteristic feature of this virus. The viral homolog of human IL-6, vIL-6 is an example in kind. Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that vIL-6 can stimulate the growth of KSHV-infected primary infusion lymphoma (PEL) cells, can promote hematopoiesis, and act as an angiogenic factor through the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is not difficult to envision how vIL-6, through these properties and perhaps others yet to be identified, can contribute to KSHV survival and spread in the human population.