gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach To Improve the Efficiency of Block Freeze Concentration Using Ice Nucleation Proteins with Altered Ice Morphology (2017)

Freeze concentration is a separation process with high success in product quality. The remaining challenge is to achieve high efficiency with low cost. This study aims to evaluate the potential of using ice nucleation proteins (INPs) as an effective method to improve the efficiency of block freeze concentration while also exploring the related mechanism of ice morphology. Our results show that INPs are able to significantly improve the efficiency of block freeze concentration in a desalination model. Using this experimental system, we estimate that approximately 50% of the energy cost can be saved by the inclusion of INPs in desalination cycles while still meeting the EPA standard of drinking water (<500 ppm). Our investigative tools for ice morphology include optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography imaging analysis. Their use indicates that INPs promote the development of a lamellar structured ice matrix with larger hydraulic diameters, which facilitates brine drainage and contains less brine entrapment as compared to control samples. These results suggest great potential for applying INPs to develop an energy-saving freeze concentration method via the alteration of ice morphology.
Runtime Protection via Dataflow Flattening (2009)

Software running on an open architecture, such as the PC, is vulnerable to inspection and modification. Since software may process valuable or sensitive information, many defenses against data analysis and modification have been proposed. This paper complements existing work and focuses on hiding data location throughout program execution. To achieve this, we combine three techniques: (i) periodic reordering of the heap, (ii) migrating local variables from the stack to the heap and (iii) pointer scrambling. By essentially flattening the dataflow graph of the program, the techniques serve to complicate static dataflow analysis and dynamic data tracking. Our methodology can be viewed as a data-oriented analogue of control-flow flattening techniques.Dataflow flattening is useful in practical scenarios like DRM, information-flow protection, and exploit resistance. Our prototype implementation compiles C programs into a binary for which every access to the heap is redirected through a memory management unit. Stack-based variables may be migrated to the heap, while pointer accesses and arithmetic may be scrambled and redirected. We evaluate our approach experimentally on the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark suite.
A Plasma-Polymerized Film for Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensing (1997)

We propose a novel ethylenediamine plasma-polymerized film matrix that is deposited on gold surfaces for use in surface plasmon resonance immunosensing. The films formed on the gold surfaces are extremely thin (∼100 nm), are homogeneous, demonstrate good adhesion, have a flat profile, and incorporate amino groups to introduce a chemical functionality. A sensor chip made with the film has many advantages when compared with conventionally used designs such as carboxylated dextran hydrogels. For example, a sensor chip made with the film shows a better sensor response than a conventional design partly because antibodies are densely and two-dimensionally immobilized onto the surface of the plasma-polymerized film.
Monolithic active mode locking of quantum cascade lasers (2000)

We demonstrate active mode locking of a high-speed 8 μm quantum cascade laser in a monolithic configuration, at a repetition rate of 11.6 GHz. Evidence of mode locking is obtained from the measured optical spectra and corresponding interferograms, as well as from the power spectra of the photocurrent detected with a fast quantum-well infrared photodetector. An estimate for the pulse width of approximately 5 ps is inferred from the experimental results. Mode-locked operation is observed up to a maximum temperature of over 120 K.
Coal liquefaction: A research and development needs assessment: Final report, Volume II (1989)

Volume II of this report on an assessment of research needs for coal liquefaction contains reviews of the five liquefaction technologies---direct, indirect, pyrolysis, coprocessing, and bioconversion. These reviews are not meant to be encyclopedic; several outstanding reviews of liquefaction have appeared in recent years and the reader is referred to these whenever applicable. Instead, these chapters contain reviews of selected topics that serve to support the panel's recommendations or to illustrate recent accomplishments, work in progress, or areas of major research interest. At the beginning of each of these chapters is a brief introduction and a summary of the most important research recommendations brought out during the panel discussions and supported by the material presented in the review. A review of liquefaction developments outside the US is included. 594 refs., 100 figs., 60 tabs.
Agonism of Wnt-<i>β</i>-catenin signalling promotes mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) expansion (2013)

Promoting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation has numerous applications in stem cell therapies, particularly in the area of regenerative medicine. In order for cell-based regenerative approaches to be realized, MSC proliferation must be achieved in a controlled manner without compromising stem cell differentiation capacities. Here we demonstrate that 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) increases MSC β-catenin activity 106-fold and stem cell-associated gene expression ~33-fold, respectively, over untreated controls. Subsequently, BIO treatment increases MSC populations 1.8-fold in typical 2D culture conditions, as well as 1.3-fold when encapsulated within hydrogels compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BIO treatment does not reduce MSC multipotency where MSCs maintain their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes using standard conditions. Taken together, our results demonstrate BIO's potential utility as a proliferative agent for cell transplantation and tissue regeneration.
Heparin Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor Heals Chronic Tympanic Membrane Perforations With Advantage Over Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Epidermal Growth Factor in an Animal Model (2015)

This study confirms the advantage of HB-EGF over two other commonly used growth factors and is a promising nonsurgical treatment of chronic TM perforations.
Pump-Free Microfluidic Hemofiltration Device (2021)

Hemofiltration removes water and small molecules from the blood via nanoporous filtering membranes. This paper discusses a pump-free hemofiltration device driven by the pressure difference between the artery and the vein. In the design of the filtering device, oncotic pressure needs to be taken into consideration. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) determines the amount and direction of hemofiltration, which is calculated by subtracting the oncotic pressure from the blood pressure. Blood pressure decreases as the channels progress from the inlet to the outlet, while oncotic pressure increases slightly since no protein is removed from the blood to the filtrate in hemofiltration. When TMP is negative, the filtrate returns to the blood, i.e., backfiltration takes place. A small region of the device with negative TMP would thus result in a small amount of or even zero filtrates. First, we investigated this phenomenon using in vitro experiments. We then designed a hemofiltration system taking backfiltration into consideration. We divided the device into two parts. In the first part, the device has channels for the blood and filtrate with a nanoporous membrane. In the second part, the device does not have channels for filtration. This design ensures TMP is always positive in the first part and prevents backfiltration. The concept was verified using in vitro experiments and ex vivo experiments in beagle dogs. Given the simplicity of the device without pumps or electrical components, the proposed pump-free hemofiltration device may prove useful for either implantable or wearable hemofiltration.
Repeated Administrations of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Are Markedly More Effective Than a Single Administration (2016)

This is the first demonstration that repeated CPC administrations are markedly more effective than a single administration. The concept that the full effects of CPCs require repeated doses has significant implications for both preclinical and clinical studies; it suggests that the benefits of cell therapy may be underestimated or even overlooked if they are measured after a single dose, and that repeated administrations are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of a cell product properly. In addition, we describe a new method that enables studies of repeated cell administrations in rodents.
Shape-Morphing Space Frame (SMSF) Using Quadrilateral Bistable Unit-Cell Elements (2016)

This paper presents a new concept: a Shape-Morphing Space Frame (SMSF) using quadrilateral bistable unit-cell elements. The unit-cells are composed of either eight-bar or seven-bar mechanisms in which design constraints, system of elimination and graph theory are used to design, as a proof of concept, a disk like structure with the ability to morph into a sphere. Or specifically, the circumference of a disk structure is approximated by a ten-sided polygon that would then morph into a hollow sphere structure that is approximated by 60-sided polyhedron. The disk-to-sphere structure is tessellated into ten sides for the latitudes circles and 12 sides for the longitude circles; the disk’s thickness and radius are chosen at the design stage. The strategy in morphing the initial shape of the structure (disk) into its final shape (sphere) is that the radial lines on the surface of the disk bend but do not stretch, whereas the circumferential lines compress. Moreover, the radial lines on the disk become longitude lines on the sphere and the circumferential lines become latitude lines on the sphere. The disk’s thickness splits in half, the upper half becomes the thickness of the upper hemisphere and the lower half becomes the thickness of the lower hemisphere. The concept was successfully prototyped and actuation forces were measured.
Liquid crystals with patterned molecular orientation as an electrolytic active medium (2015)

Transport of fluids and particles at the microscale is an important theme in both fundamental and applied science. One of the most successful approaches is to use an electric field, which requires the system to carry or induce electric charges. We describe a versatile approach to generate electrokinetic flows by using a liquid crystal (LC) with surface-patterned molecular orientation as an electrolyte. The surface patterning is produced by photoalignment. In the presence of an electric field, the spatially varying orientation induces space charges that trigger flows of the LC. The active patterned LC electrolyte converts the electric energy into the LC flows and transport of embedded particles of any type (fluid, solid, gaseous) along a predesigned trajectory, posing no limitation on the electric nature (charge, polarizability) of these particles and interfaces. The patterned LC electrolyte exhibits a quadratic field dependence of the flow velocities; it induces persistent vortices of controllable rotation speed and direction that are quintessential for micro- and nanoscale mixing applications.
Regulation of inflammatory mediators by tetracyclines (2001)

Tetracyclines (TCs) are a group of antibiotic compounds which possess anti-inflammatory activity bothin vivoandin vitroat pharmacological concentrations. They inhibit the activity of pleiotropic inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, cytokines and MMPs. The mechanism of action of this group of compounds, to inhibit various inflammatory mediators is distinctive. TCs and chemically modified TCs (CMTs) both inhibit nitric oxide synthase (mRNA level), TNFa convertase (enzyme level), which subsequently downregulates nitric oxide, and TNFa production, respectively. TCs and CMTs modulate anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 (mRNA level) and type II IL-1P decoy receptor (secretory enzyme level). Doxycycline and minocycline augment COX-2 (mRNA level)-mediated PGE2production, whereas CMTs preferentially inhibit COX-2 both at mRNA and protein level. These pleiotropic properties of TCs and CMTs make them candidate drugs for complex multifactoral inflammatory diseases.
New technique for inductive power transfer using a single controller (2012)

Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology has become a preferred technique for supplying ‘contactless’ power to numerous applications, ranging from microwatt bio-engineering devices to high-power battery charging systems. Typical IPT systems employ two separate controllers, one on the powering or primary side and the other on the receiving or pick-up side of the system, to facilitate contactless power transfer across an air-gap in an efficient and controllable way. This study presents a new IPT control technique, which requires only a single controller, located on the primary side, to effectively regulate the output voltage, which in turn controls the amount of ‘contactless’ power delivery to the pick-up side. The proposed technique uses only the variation in phasor relationship of circuit variables on the primary side to accurately regulate the output voltage or power without any wired or wireless feedback from the secondary side. Theoretical analysis and simulated results are presented, with experimental measurements of a prototype IPT system, to validate the viability of the proposed technique for IPT systems with constant magnetic coupling and single pick-ups. In contrast to existing IPT systems, the proposed IPT system with only a single controller is low in cost, more efficient, and thus can be considered as an attractive choice for many applications.
Capillary discharge sources of hard UV radiation (2002)

We developed and studied three different extreme ultraviolet (EUV) capillary discharge sources either dedicated to the generation of coherent or incoherent EUV radiation. The CAPELLA source has been developed especially as an EUV source for the metrology at 13.4 nm. With one of these sources, we were able to produce gain on the Balmer-Hα (18.22 nm) and Hβ (13.46 nm) spectral lines in carbon plasma. By injecting 70 GW cm−3 we measured gain-length products up to 1.62 and 3.02 for the Hα and Hβ, respectively optimization of the EUV capillary source CAPELLA led to the development of an EUV lamp which emits 2 mJ in the bandwidth of the MoSi mirror, per joule stored, per shot and in full solid angle. The wall-plug efficiency is 0.2%. Stability of this lamp is better than 4% and the lamp can operate at repetition rate of 50 Hz.
Impact of wafer-bonding defects on Monolithic 3D integrated circuits (2016)

Monolithic three-dimensional (M3D) integration has the potential to achieve significantly higher device density compared to 3D integration based on through-silicon vias. We analyze defects that arise due to voids created during the wafer-bonding step in M3D integration. We quantify the impact of these defects on the threshold voltage of a top-layer transistor in an M3D integrated circuit. We also show that wafer-bonding defects can lead to a change in the resistance of inter-layer vias (ILVs), and in some cases, lead to an open in an ILV or a short between two ILVs. We then analyze the impact of these defects on path delays. Our results show that the timing characteristics of an M3D IC can be significantly altered due to the presence of wafer-bonding defects.
Polychromatic phase‐contrast computed tomography (2007)

Polychromatic phase-contrast radiography differs from traditional (absorption-only) radiography in that the method requires at least a partially coherent x-ray source and the resulting images contain information about the phase shifts of x-rays in addition to the traditional absorption information. In a typical embodiment, this effect results in a measurable enhancement in image contrast at the edges of objects. In this study, a phase-contrast imaging system was adapted to allow an object to be imaged at multiple projections, and these projections were used to generate phase-contrast computed tomography images. The images obtained with this technique show edge enhancements surrounding the objects within the image.
Opal chips: vectorial growth of colloidal crystal patterns inside silicon wafers (2000)

A simple, quick, reproducible and inexpensive method is described that combines self-assembly, micro-fluidics and soft lithography, to achieve a novel example of vectorial control of thickness, area, orientation and registry of patterned single crystal silica colloidal crystals in silicon wafers, coined opal chips, for potential applications in photonic chip and lab-on-chip technologies.
Physical gate based preamble obfuscation for securing wireless communication (2017)

As wireless devices hold prominent roles as means of communication, developing strong security methods against sophisticated cyber-attacks has become paramount. A novel physical layer based technique for securing wireless communication between the transmitter and receiver is described in this paper. The technique involves obfuscating the preamble data of the baseband signal through unique keys that are independently generated at both the transmitter and the receiver based on channel characteristics known only to the pair. The obfuscation technique is developed on the Drexel Software Defined Communication testbed on a Xilinx Virtex 6 ML605 board.
Design, tolerance, and fabrication of an optical see-through head-mounted display with free-form surface elements (2013)

Free-form surfaces (FFSs) provide more freedom to design an optical system with fewer elements and hence to reduce the size and weight of the overall system than rotationally symmetric optical surfaces. In this paper, an optical see-through (OST), head-mounted display (HMD) consisting of a free-form, wedge-shaped prism and a free-form lens is designed and fabricated through the injection molding method. The free-form prism for the projection system is designed with a field-of-view (FOV) of 36°; the free-form lens is cemented to the prism for the see-through system to achieve a FOV of 50°. The free-form prism and lens are expanded at the edge area during the design stage in order to reduce the effects of surface deformation in the working area in molding fabrication process and to improve ergonomic fit with the head of a user. The tolerance analyzes considering the mold design for the free-form optical systems are carried out using the Monte Carlo method. The FFS optical elements are successfully fabricated and the system performance is carefully examined. The results indicate that the performance of the OST-HMD is sufficient for both entertainment and scientific applications.
An Alternative Diagnostic Test for Active Ménière’s Disease and Cochlear Hydrops Using High-Pass Noise Masked Responses: The Complex Amplitude Ratio (2007)

We [Don et al.: Otol Neurotol 2005;26:711-722] previously demonstrated that patients diagnosed with an active case of Ménière's disease could be distinguished from non-Ménière's normal-hearing subjects by a special auditory brainstem response method involving clicks and ipsilateral high-pass masking pink noise. Specifically, auditory brainstem responses to clicks presented alone and clicks with masking noise high-pass filtered at 8, 4, 2, 1 and 0.5 kHz were recorded. It was shown that the level of masking noise sufficient to progressively mask the response to clicks in non-Ménière's normal-hearing subjects was insufficient to appropriately mask the responses in Ménière's disease subjects, resulting in an obvious undermasked component. A relative latency measure of wave V or the undermasked component in the response to clicks with 0.5 kHz high-pass masking noise and wave V in the response to clicks presented alone clearly distinguished these two groups on an individual level, thus making it a valuable clinical tool. However, determining the peak latency of wave V or the undermasked component can be difficult in some cases. In anticipation of this difficulty, we investigated and present in this paper several amplitude measures that may help in the evaluation of these cases. One amplitude measure, the 'complex amplitude ratio', appears to be a good alternative when the latency measure of the undermasked component is difficult to determine.
Mechanical and processing requirements for a shock mitigating phenolic foam (1979)

Abstract A high load‐bearing shock‐mitigating phenolic foam was developed to meet specific compression‐deflection and gas permeability requirements. It was required that the foam display an almost constant compressive stress within the limits of 50–68 psi at strains ranging from 10% to 60%. Furthermore, the foam had to possess a highly open‐celled structure so that its resistance to gas flow would be minimal. These properties were obtained from a chemical formulation utilizing a combination of two phenolic resins, a phosphoric‐sulfuric acid catalyst system, a surfactant combination that included both a hydrophilic and a lipophilic surfactant, and a fluorocarbon blowing agent.
Dynamics of chemical vapor sensing with MoS<sub>2</sub>using 1T/2H phase contacts/channel (2016)

Ultra-thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) films show remarkable potential for use in chemical vapor sensing devices. Electronic devices fabricated from TMD films are inexpensive, inherently flexible, low-power, amenable to industrial-scale processing because of emergent growth techniques, and have shown high sensitivity and selectivity to electron donor analyte molecules important for explosives and nerve gas detection. However, for devices reported to date, the conductance response to chemical vapors is dominated by Schottky contacts, to the detriment of the sensitivity, selectivity, recovery, and obscuring their intrinsic behavior. Here, we use contact engineering to transition the contacts in a MoS2 FET-based chemical vapor sensor to the 1T conducting phase, while leaving the channel in the 2H semiconducting state, and thus providing Ohmic contacts to the film. We demonstrate that the resultant sensors have much improved electrical characteristics, are more selective, and recover fully after chemical vapor exposure-all major enhancements to previously MoS2 sensor devices. We identify labile nitrogen-containing electron donors as the primary species that generate a response in MoS2, and we study the dynamics of the sensing reactions, identifying two possible qualitative models for the chemical sensing reaction.
Lithiated manganese oxide cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries (2002)

Lithiated manganese oxides Li/sub x/Mn/sub y/O/sub 2/ prepared at the low temperature of 400-450/spl deg/C exhibited significantly different electrochemical properties than the spinel phase, LiMn/sub 2/O/sub 4/, formed at 650-850/spl deg/C. The former was nonstoichiometric and yielded a capacity of /spl sim/0.7 LiMn/sub 2/ unit at /spl sim/2.8 V in polymer electrolyte-based Li cells. Its excellent rechargeability was demonstrated by more than 100 charge/discharge cycles. Spinel Li/sub 2/Mn/sub 4/ was formed by heating either a mixture of LiOH and MnO/sub 2/ or LiCO/sub 3/ and MnCO/sub 3/. The latter reaction yielded micron-sized LiMn/sub 2/O/sub 4/. Its capacity of /spl sim/0.8 Li/Mn/sub 2/O/sub 4/ at /spl sim/4 V was highly reversible. AA-size Li-ion cells with spinel LiMn/sub 2/O/sub 4/ exhibited 100 Wh/Kg and 280 Wh/l.