gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Versatile Method for Uniform Dispersion of Nanocarbons in Metal Matrix Based on Electrostatic Interactions (2015)

Realizing the uniform dispersion of nanocarbons such as carbon nanotube and graphene in metals, is an essential prerequisite to fully exhibit their enhancement effect in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs). In this work, we propose an effective method to achieve uniform distribution of nanocarbons in various metal flakes through a slurry-based method. It relies on the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged nanocarbons and the positively charged metal flakes when mixed in slurry. For case study, flake metal powders (Al, Mg, Ti, Fe, and Cu) were positively charged in aqueous suspension by spontaneous ionization or cationic surface modification. While nanocarbons, given examples as carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes, pristine single-walled carbon nanotube, and carbon nanotube-graphene oxide hybrid were negatively charged by the ionization of oxygen-containing functional groups or anionic surfactant. It was found that through the electrostatic interaction mechanism, all kinds of nanocarbons can be spontaneously and efficiently adsorbed onto the surface of various metal flakes. The development of such a versatile method would provide us great opportunities to fabricate advanced MMCs with appealing properties.
LINGO-1 antagonists as therapy for multiple sclerosis:<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>evidence (2008)

LINGO-1 is a potential target for neuroprotective therapy in that antagonists may promote remyelination in diseases such as MS.
Installation Effects of a Propeller Mounted on a Wing with Coanda Flap. Part II: Numerical Investigation and Experimental Validation (2014)

Within the framework of the German project B�ürgernahes Flugzeug" (Citizen Friendly Aircraft), we are investigating the effect of installation on propeller sound. A nine-bladed\npropeller installed in front of a wing equipped with a Coanda flap is considered. This configuration produces significant high lift and thereby considerably influences the inflow condition of the propeller. The sound generated by the propeller is furthermore shielded by and reflected off the wing. In this contribution, we present an implementation of an acoustic propeller model in a �finite differences CAA (computational aeroacoustics) code.\nComparisons of isolated propeller computations in a quiescent flow with an analytical model illustrate the correct numerical implementation. The verification of the implementation is presented for an example of an isolated propeller. A comparison for the installed propeller\nwith experiments is conducted for different settings.
Naturally Occurring Spore Particles at Planar Fluid Interfaces and in Emulsions (2005)

We have investigated the potential of utilizing naturally occurring spore particles of Lycopodium clavatum as sole emulsifiers of oil and water mixtures. The preferred emulsions, prepared from either oil-borne or aqueous-borne dispersions of the monodispersed particles of diameter 30 microm, are oil-in-water. The particles act as efficient stabilizers for oils of different polarity. Droplets as large as several millimeters are stable to coalescence indefinitely, despite the low coverage of interfaces by particles observed microscopically. Consistent with the emulsion findings, we discover that particles spontaneously adsorb to bare oil-water interfaces of single drops from oil dispersions, whereas adsorption is less spontaneous and extensive from aqueous dispersions. Monolayers of the spore particles at both air-water and oil-water planar interfaces contain particles in an aggregated state forming clusters and chains. The influence of particle concentration, oil/water ratio, and additives in the aqueous phase is studied.
Effects of Interferon-Alpha on Cytomegalovirus Reactivation Syndromes in Renal-Transplant Recipients (1983)

We have previously demonstrated that six weeks of prophylaxis with interferon-alpha delays cytomegalovirus excretion and decreases viremia in recipients of kidney transplants. In a double-blind trial to evaluate the effects of a longer course of prophylaxis, we gave either 3 X 10(6) units of interferon or placebo intramuscularly to 42 patients before transplant surgery was performed. After surgery, doses were given three times a week for six weeks and then twice a week for eight weeks (total of 102 X 10(6) units). Clinical signs of cytomegalovirus infection were markedly reduced in interferon recipients. These signs developed in 7 of 22 placebo recipients and 1 of 20 interferon recipients (P = 0.03). Opportunistic superinfections (Aspergillus fumigatus and Pneumocystis carinii) occurred only in patients given placebo. Cytomegalovirus-associated glomerulopathy developed in one interferon recipient and three placebo recipients. Survival of patients and grafts was equivalent in both treatment groups, and minimal toxicity was observed with interferon. In seropositive renal-transplant recipients, interferon-alpha affords effective prophylaxis against serious cytomegalovirus infections.
Immunologic differentiation of absolute lymphocyte count with an integrated flow cytometric system: A new concept for absolute T cell subset determinations (1995)

We describe a method to obtain results for immune status monitoring that uses a three-test panel, comprised of isotype control and 2 specific Mab tests (CD4/CD8/CD3 and CD16/CD19/CD3), in conjunction with a flow cytometer that directly measures absolute counts. Automated software is used for lineage-specific gating of three-color immunofluorescence to determine lymphocyte and lymphocyte subset counts. The autogating function of this software is shown to yield equivalent results to manual analysis by an expert user, and to be effective when as few as 25 target cells are present. The software is also shown to perform automatic quality control checks of the sample preparation, reagent, and automated analysis. We demonstrate that the sum of T (CD3+), B (CD19+), and natural killer (NK, CD16 + CD3-) cells, as a determination of all lymphocytes, correlates well with lymphocytes measured using a light scatter differential. Moreover, T + B + NK lymphocyte count is shown to be less error-prone than lymphocyte count from light scatter differential, and to minimize errors that arise from between-technician variation in sample preparation. Our data suggest that the new approach that we describe could offer an alternative to the traditional two-stage methods for measuring absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets for immune status monitoring. As such this method could reduce, through objective automated analysis, testing cost and complexity, without sacrificing the quality of results.
Exploiting congestion information in network and higher layer protocols in multihop wireless ad hoc networks (2004)

With most routing protocols for ad hoc networks, shorter paths are generally considered more desirable, making some areas of network more prone to congestion and decreasing overall network throughput. We examine the use of congestion information to avoid these network hotspots. By locally monitoring the network interface transmission queue length and MAC layer behavior at each node, a node can establish an approximation of the degree to which the wireless medium around it is busy; this measurement reflects not only the behavior of the node itself, but also the behavior of other nearby nodes sharing the wireless medium. We suggest a number of uses of such congestion information in an ad hoc network, in the network, transport, and higher layers, and we evaluate a set of such uses through simulation. Our results based on modifications to the dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) and TCP demonstrate substantial performance improvement in terms of scalability, packet delivery, overhead, and fairness resulting from this use of congestion information.
Characterization of a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist isolated from haifenteng (Piper futokadsura): specific inhibition of in vitro and in vivo platelet-activating factor-induced effects. (1985)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid mediator of inflammation and asthma. Using a receptor preparation of rabbit platelet membranes, we identified a novel antagonist of PAF in the methylene chloride extract of a Chinese herbal plant, haifenteng (Piper futokadsura). The active antagonist, kadsurenone, was isolated and characterized in several in vitro and in vivo assays. It is a specific and competitive inhibitor of PAF binding to its receptor with a Ki of 5.8 X 10(-8) M vs. a Ki of 6.3 X 10(-9) M for PAF itself. It inhibits PAF-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets and human neutrophils at 2.4-24 microM, without showing any PAF agonistic activity. It potently inhibits PAF-induced degranulation of human neutrophils at 2.5-50 microM, also without any agonist activity. Kadsurenone is active orally at 25-50 mg/kg of body weight in blocking PAF-induced cutaneous permeability in the guinea pig. It also inhibits PAF-induced increases of hematocrit and circulating N-acetylglucosaminidase in the rat at greater than 10 mg/kg i.p. in a dose-dependent manner. Kadsurenone does not interfere with the function of several pharmacological mediators and receptors tested. Its structural specificity is evidenced by the poor PAF-antagonistic activities of three related structures isolated from the same haifenteng extract.
Pharmacological treatment of bipolar depression (2010)

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Cyanoacrylate glue for corneal perforations: a description of a surgical technique and a review of the literature (2000)

The effective early application of a cyanoacrylate glue corneal patch can aid in the management of small corneal perforations, corneal melts and wound leaks. Their use gives improved visual outcomes with reduced enucleation rates (6% vs 19%). It may also avoid the need for tectonic penetrating keratoplasty. Cyanoacrylate glue prevents re-epithelialization into the zone of damaged and naked stroma and prevents the development of the critical setting for collagenase production that leads to stromal melting. Cyanoacrylates also have significant bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive organisms. We describe a simple and easily reproducible method of cyanoacrylate corneal patch application, with neglible risk of inadvertent glue complications. It has the further advantage of a smooth corneal surface rather than an irregular surface as often occurs with direct application methods. With corneal application, the major concern is toxicity of cyanoacrylates through direct contact with the corneal endothelium and lens. Fibrin glues may be less toxic; however, they are not as readily available. The longer alkyl chains of currently available cyanoacrylate glues (e.g. Histoacryl) slows degradation significantly, limiting accumulation of histotoxic by-products to amounts that can be effectively eliminated by tissues. Vigilance in monitoring for infection/corneal infiltrate is necessary at all times, especially when the glue has been present for more than 6 weeks. Corneal patching with cyanoacrylate glue is a temporizing procedure only, buying time to allow healing secondary to medical treatment of the underlying condition, or allowing surgery to be elective and under more optimal conditions once inflammation has been reduced and the integrity of the globe restored.
Ephrin-B2-induced Cleavage of EphB2 Receptor Is Mediated by Matrix Metalloproteinases to Trigger Cell Repulsion (2008)

EphB receptors provide crucial adhesive and repulsive signals during cell migration and axon guidance, but it is unclear how they switch between these opposing responses. Here we provide evidence of an important role for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in repulsive EphB2 signaling. We found that EphB2 is cleaved by MMPs both in vitro and in vivo, and that this cleavage is induced by interaction with its ligand ephrin-B2. Our findings demonstrate that MMP-2/MMP-9-specific inhibition or cleavage-resistant mutations in the ectodomain of EphB2 can prevent EphB2-mediated cell-cell repulsion in HEK293 cells, and block ephrin-B1-induced growth cone withdrawal in cultured hippocampal neurons. Transient expression of wtEphB2, but not noncleavable EphB2-4/5 mutant, restored ephrin-B1-induced growth cone collapse and withdrawal in EphB-deficient neurons. The inhibition of EphB2 cleavage also had potent regulatory effects on EphB2 activity. This study provides the first evidence that MMP-mediated cleavage of EphB2 is induced by receptor-ligand interactions at the cell surface and that this event triggers cell-repulsive responses.
A Low-Cost Scalable 32-Element 28-GHz Phased Array Transceiver for 5G Communication Links Based on a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 2$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Beamformer Flip-Chip Unit Cell (2018)

This paper presents a scalable 28-GHz phased-array architecture suitable for fifth-generation (5G) communication links based on four-channel (2×2) transmit/receive (TRX) quadcore chips in SiGe BiCMOS with flip-chip packaging. Each channel of the quad-core beamformer chip has 4.6-dB noise figure (NF) in the receive (RX) mode and 10.5-dBm output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) in the transmit (TX) mode with 6-bit phase control and 14-dB gain control. The phase change with gain control is only ±3°, allowing orthogonality between the variable gain amplifier and the phase shifter. The chip has high RX linearity (IP1dB = -22 dBm/channel) and consumes 130 mW in the RX mode and 200 mW in the TX mode at P1dB per channel. Advantages of the scalable all-RF beamforming architecture and circuit design techniques are discussed in detail. 4and 32-element phased-arrays are demonstrated with detailed data link measurements using a single or eight of the fourchannel TRX core chips on a low-cost printed circuit board with microstrip antennas. The 32-element array achieves an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 43 dBm at P1dB, a 45-dBm saturated EIRP, and a record-level system NF of 5.2 dB when the beamformer loss and transceiver NF are taken into account and can scan to ±50° in azimuth and ±25° in elevation with <; -12-dB sidelobes and without any phase or amplitude calibration. A wireless link is demonstrated using two 32-element phased-arrays with a state-of-the-art data rate of 1.0-1.6 Gb/s in a single beam using 16-QAM waveforms over all scan angles at a link distance of 300 m.
Preparation of nanoparticles by the self-organization of polymers consisting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments: Potential applications (2007)

This review describes the preparation of core-corona type polymeric nanoparticles and their applications in various technological and biomedical fields. Over the past two decades, we have studied the synthesis and clinical applications of core-corona polymeric nanoparticles composed of hydrophobic polystyrene and hydrophilic macromonomers. These nanoparticles were utilized as catalyst carriers, carriers for oral peptide delivery, virus capture agents, and vaccine carriers, and so on. Moreover, based on this research, we attempted to develop novel biodegradable nanoparticles composed of hydrophobic poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) derivatives (γ-hPGA). Various model proteins were efficiently entrapped on/into the nanoparticles under different conditions: encapsulation, covalent immobilization, and physical adsorption. The encapsulation method showed the most promising results for protein loading. It is expected that biodegradable γ-hPGA nanoparticles can encapsulate and immobilize various biomacromolecules. Nanoparticles consisting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments have great potential as multifunctional carriers for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, such as drug, protein, peptide or DNA delivery systems.
Full/partial depletion effects in FinFETs (2005)

Effects that are found exclusively in partially depleted or fully depleted SOI MOSFETs are shown to appear simultaneously in n-channel FinFETs. The gate-induced floating body effect is normally observed in partially depleted devices only, while ideal subthreshold slope is an exclusive trademark of fully depleted devices. Both effects can be observed concurrently in fully depleted FinFETs if the application of a back bias creates an accumulation layer at the bottom of the device.
AIDS as chronic illness: epidemiological transition and health care in south-eastern Botswana (2004)

This paper suggests that people in south-eastern Botswana experience the AIDS epidemic as part of a recent epidemiological transition in which rates of chronic debilitating illness have risen, even as the degree of acute infectious disease has fallen (HIV/AIDS aside). Whereas international health programmes and practitioners focus on AIDS as an acute, lethal, infectious disease, patients and care-givers experience AIDS as a set of chronic, degenerative (and deadly) conditions. This is true whether or not patients know or acknowledge their HIV status. Neither the national health system nor the Tswana medical sector (bongaka) cope well with the particular issues that chronic illnesses present. Thus, the epidemiological context of the AIDS epidemic in Botswana is critical to understanding uneven patient confidence in a comparatively robust health system.
SirR, a Novel Iron-Dependent Repressor in <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (1998)

In Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, a number of cell wall- and cytoplasmic membrane-associated lipoproteins are induced in response to iron starvation. To gain insights into the molecular basis of iron-dependent gene regulation in the staphylococci, we sequenced the DNA upstream of the 3-kb S. epidermidis sitABC operon, which Northern blot analysis indicates is transcriptionally regulated by the growth medium iron content. We identified two DNA sequences which are homologous to elements of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae DtxR regulon, which controls, in response to iron stress, for example, production of diphtheria toxin, siderophore, and a heme oxygenase. Upstream of the sitABC operon and divergently transcribed lies a 645-bp open reading frame (ORF), which codes for a polypeptide of approximately 25 kDa with homology to the DtxR family of metal-dependent repressor proteins. This ORF has been designated SirR (staphylococcal iron regulator repressor). Within the sitABC promoter/operator region, we also located a region of dyad symmetry overlapping the transcriptional start of sitABC which shows high homology to the DtxR operator consensus sequence, suggesting that this region, termed the Sir box, is the SirR-binding site. The SirR protein was overexpressed, purified, and used in DNA mobility shift assays; SirR retarded the migration of a synthetic oligonucleotide based on the Sir box in a metal (Fe2+ or Mn2+)-dependent manner, providing confirmatory evidence that this motif is the SirR-binding site. Furthermore, Southern blot analysis of staphylococcal chromosomal DNA with the synthetic Sir box as a probe confirmed that there are at least five Sir boxes in the S. epidermidis genome and at least three in the genome of S. aureus, suggesting that SirR controls the expression of multiple target genes. Using a monospecific polyclonal antibody raised against SirR to probe Western blots of whole-cell lysates of S. aureus, S. carnosus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, S. lugdunensis, and S. haemolyticus, we identified an approximately 25-kDa cross-reactive protein in each of the staphylococcal species examined. Taken together, these data suggest that SirR functions as a divalent metal cation-dependent transcriptional repressor which is widespread among the staphylococci.
Mechanical and morphological correlations in poly-(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) fibers. (2021)

The mechanical properties of high modulus/high strength fibers of poly-(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBT) have been investigated in relation to fiber microstructure and fibrillar morphology.Heat treatment processing of dry-jet wet spun PBT fibers was undertaken to provide fiber samples for a systematic comparison of structure- property relationships.Heat treated PBT fibers possessing a tensile modulus as high as 300 GPa with tensile strength of 3 GPa have been produced by employing heat treatment conditions boardering on polymer degradation; temperatures of 630C -680C in a nitrogen atmosphere with applied tensions approaching fiber breakage.Quantitative measures of mechanical anisotropy were obtained for PBT fibers in torsional and bending experiments.Torsional shear modulus values of 1 -1.5 GPa were measured in free torsional vii oscillation experiments and shear strengths of 60 -140 MPa were obtained from twisting experiments.Bending studies provided a measure of compressive strength, with fibers exhibiting buckling for compressive stresses of approximately 700 MPa.The state of stress in model cylindically orthotropic fiber structures was analyzed using anisotropic elasticity theory.Tension/compression, torsion and bending were examined in order to compare the predicted level of transverse stress with the measured (relatively low) lateral strength.Optical microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were used to examine the structure of PBT fibers.Crystallite size perpendicular to the fiber axis increases from approximately 2 nm in as-spun fibers to 10 -12 nm in fibers heat treated at temperatures above 600C.Fiber tensile strength was found to increase with increase in the extent of the lateral molecular order.However, tensile modulus and tensile strength did not depend directly on heat treatment parameters of temperature, time but rather indirectly through the affect of applied tension during heat treatment on the overall axial orientation.The highest values of fiber tensile modulus and tensile strength were exhibited by the more highly oriented fibers.
Hypoglutamatergic activity in the STOP knockout mouse: A potential model for chronic untreated schizophrenia (2007)

In mice, the deletion of the STOP protein leads to hyperdopaminergia and major behavioral disorders that are alleviated by neuroleptics, representing a potential model of schizophrenia. The reduction of the glutamatergic synaptic vesicle pool in the hippocampus could reflect a disturbance in glutamatergic neurotransmission in this model. Here we examined potential disturbances in energy metabolism and interactions between neurons and glia in 15-week-old STOP KO, wild-type, and heterozygous mice. Animals received [1-(13)C]glucose and [1,2-(13)C]acetate, the preferential substrates of neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Extracts from the whole forebrain and midbrain were analyzed by HPLC, (13)C and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Amounts and labeling of most metabolites were unchanged. However, glutamine concentration and amount of [4,5-(13)C]glutamine derived from [1,2-(13)C]acetate significantly decreased by 17% and 18%, respectively, in STOP KO compared with wild-type mice. The amount of [4-(13)C]glutamate was decreased in STOP KO and heterozygous compared with wild-type mice. gamma-Aminobutyric acid labeling was not influenced by the genotype. Because STOP-deficient mice have a lower synaptic vesicle density, less glutamate is released to the synaptic cleft, leading to decreased stimulation of the postsynaptic glutamate receptors, reflecting increased glutamine metabolism only in the vicinity of the postsynapse of STOP KO mice.