gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and derived products – closing the loop (2014)

Starting with coal, followed by petroleum oil and natural gas, the utilization of fossil fuels has allowed the fast and unprecedented development of human society. However, the burning of these resources in ever increasing pace is accompanied by large amounts of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which are outpacing the natural carbon cycle, causing adverse global environmental changes, the full extent of which is still unclear. Even through fossil fuels are still abundant, they are nevertheless limited and will, in time, be depleted. Chemical recycling of CO2 to renewable fuels and materials, primarily methanol, offers a powerful alternative to tackle both issues, that is, global climate change and fossil fuel depletion. The energy needed for the reduction of CO2 can come from any renewable energy source such as solar and wind. Methanol, the simplest C1 liquid product that can be easily obtained from any carbon source, including biomass and CO2, has been proposed as a key component of such an anthropogenic carbon cycle in the framework of a "Methanol Economy". Methanol itself is an excellent fuel for internal combustion engines, fuel cells, stoves, etc. It's dehydration product, dimethyl ether, is a diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) substitute. Furthermore, methanol can be transformed to ethylene, propylene and most of the petrochemical products currently obtained from fossil fuels. The conversion of CO2 to methanol is discussed in detail in this review.
Reliable gas sensing with memristive array (2017)

Gas sensing is one of the proposed application field of memristive devices. We used a crossbar array of memristors as gas sensor using the HP labs fabricated TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> based memristor model in an attempt to improve sensing accuracy. We introduced the possibility of reliable multiple gases detection using multiple rows of memristors as separate sensor in a crossbar array. Our experimental results show that an array of memristors can minimise measurement errors as well as provide a good redundancy measure during gas sensing. Measurements taken from the sensors are also not affected by alternate current paths problem often experienced in crossbar architecture.
Immediate materialized views with outerjoins (2010)

Queries using outerjoins appear very frequently in traditional applications such as data warehousing. Lately, they have been widely used in newly emerged systems such as Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tools, schema integration and information exchange systems, and probabilistic databases. Materialized views using outerjoins are allowed in many database management systems but without support for their incremental maintenance. In this paper we present the algorithms used in SQL Anywhere RDBMS for the incremental maintenance of materialized views with outerjoins. The algorithms achieve the following improvements over the previous work with respect to the class of materialized outerjoin views which can be incrementally maintained, and with respect to the performance of the view updates: (1) Relax the requirement for the existence of the primary key attribute in the select list of the view to only some of the relations (namely only the relations. referenced as a preserved side in an outerjoin predicate). 2) Relax the null-intolerant property requirement for only some predicates used in the view definition (namely, those outerjoin predicates referencing relations which can be null-supplied by another nested outerjoin). 3) The maintenance of outerjoin views is implemented by using exactly one update statement per view for each relation referenced in the view.
Design, Fabrication, and Test of a 5-kWh/100-kW Flywheel Energy Storage Utilizing a High-Temperature Superconducting Bearing (2007)

The Boeing team has designed, fabricated, and is currently testing a 5-kWh/100-kW flywheel energy-storage system (FESS) utilizing a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bearing suspension/damping system. Primary design features include: a robust rotor design utilizing a composite rim combined with a metallic hub to create a 164-kg rotor assembly without critical resonances within the normal operating range, a closed-loop passive HTS bearing suspension/damping system, and a brushless 100-kW motor/generator. The Boeing FESS provides true isolation for the critical load as the 3-phase 480-V AC input power is converted to 600-V DC and re-inverted to clean, 3-phase 480-V AC output power by the inverter power electronics. When fully charged, the system is capable of responding within 4 ms for the uninterruptible protection of critical digital loads. Low losses and stable operation were demonstrated at rotational speeds exceeding 15,000 rpm.
A Synchronously Pumped Dye Laser Using Ultrashort Pump Pulses (1985)

The output of a continuous wave (cw) mode-locked Nd:YAG laser has been compressed and then frequency doubled to provide a new pumping source for a synchronously pumped dye laser. Using Rhodamine 6G, tunable subpicosecond pulses have been generated in both synchronously pumped and synchronously pumped cavity dumped configurations.
Information Technology and Electronics : Original Article ; A Simple Multispectral Imaging Algorithm for Detection of Defects on Red Delicious Apples (2014)

Purpose: A multispectral algorithm for detection and differentiation of defective (defects on apple skin) and normal Red Delicious apples was developed from analysis of a series of hyperspectral line-scan images. Methods: A fast line-scan hyperspectral imaging system mounted on a conventional apple sorting machine was used to capture hyperspectral images of apples moving approximately 4 apples per second on a conveyor belt. The detection algorithm included an apple segmentation method and a threshold function, and was developed using three wavebands at 676 nm, 714 nm and 779 nm. The algorithm was executed on line-by-line image analysis, simulating online real-time line-scan imaging inspection during fruit processing. Results: The rapid multispectral algorithm detected over 95% of defective apples and 91% of normal apples investigated. Conclusions: The multispectral defect detection algorithm can potentially be used in commercial apple processing lines.
Quantum cryptography with a single photon source (2003)

Quantum cryptography systems to date have used attenuated lasers to approximate single photons. Such sources are vulnerable to photon splitting attacks. This work presents an experimental demonstration of quantum cryptography using a single photon source based on an optically pumped quantum dot in a micro-post cavity.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a New Multispecific Organic Anion Transporter from Rat Brain (1999)

A cDNA encoding the new member of the multispecific organic anion transporter family, OAT3, was isolated by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction cloning method. Degenerate primers were designed based on the sequences conserved among OAT1, OAT2, and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed using rat brain poly(A)+ RNA. The 536-amino acid protein sequence encoded by OAT3 showed 49, 39, and 36% identity to those of OAT1, OAT2, and OCT1, respectively. Northern blot analysis revealed that rat OAT3 mRNA is expressed in the liver, brain, kidney, and eye. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, OAT3 mediated the uptake of organic anions, such as p-aminohippurate (Km = 65 microM), ochratoxin A (Km = 0.74 microM), and estrone sulfate (Km = 2.3 microM) and a cationic compound, cimetidine. OAT3-mediated uptake of [3H]estrone sulfate was sodium-independent. para-Aminohippuric acid, estrone sulfate or ochratoxin A did not show any trans-stimulatory effect on either influx or efflux of [3H]estrone sulfate via OAT3. Organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein, probenecid, indocyanine green, bumetanide, piroxicam, furosemide, azidodeoxythymidine, 4, 4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-3,3'-disulfonic acid, and benzylpenicillin inhibited OAT3-mediated estrone sulfate uptake, while ouabain and digoxin did not. Organic cations such as tetraethylammonium, guanidine, verapamil, and quinidine did not interact with OAT3. Acidic metabolites of neurotransmitters derived from dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin inhibited the uptake of estrone sulfate via OAT3. These results suggest an important role of OAT3 in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain.
Applying scattering theory to robot audition system: robust sound source localization and extraction (2004)

Robot audition by its own ears (microphones) is essential for natural human-robot communication and interface. Since a microphone is embedded in the head of a robot, the head-related transfer function (HRTF) plays an important role in sound source localization and extraction. Usually, from binaural input, the interaural phase difference (IPD) and interaural intensity difference (IID) are calculated, and then the direction is determined by using IPD and IID with HRTF. The problem of HRTF-based sound source localization is that a HRTF should be measured for each robot in an anechoic chamber, because it depends on the shape of robot's head; HRTF should be interpolated to manipulate a moving talker, because it is available only for discrete azimuth and elevation. To cope with these problems of HRTF, we proposed the auditory epipolar geometry as a continuous function of IPD and IID to dispense with HRTF and have developed a real-time multiple-talker tracking system. This auditory epipolar geometry, however, does not give a good approximation to IID of all range and IPD of peripheral areas. In this paper, the scattering theory in physics is employed to take into consideration the diffraction of sounds around robot's head for better approximation of IID and IPD. The resulting system shows that it is efficient for localization and extraction of sound at higher frequency and from side directions.
Reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerization (RTCP): A new class of living radical polymerization (2008)

This article introduces the new family of living radical polymerizations with germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) catalysts which we recently developed. The polymerizations are based on a new reversible activation mechanism, Reversible chain Transfer (RT) catalysis. Low-polydispersity polymers are obtained in the homopolymerizations and random and block copolymerizations of styrene, methyl methacrylate, and functional methacrylates. The background, performance, and kinetic features of the polymerizations are described. Attractive features of the catalysts include their high reactivity, low toxicity (Ge, P, and N), low cost (P and N), and ease of handling (robustness).
ML/EM Reconstruction Algorithm for Cosmic Ray Muon Tomography (2006)

Highly penetrating cosmic ray muons constantly shower the earth at a rate of about 1 muon per cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> per minute. We have developed a technique which exploits the multiple Coulomb scattering of these particles to perform non-destructive inspection without the use of artificial radiation. In this paper we present a Maximum Likelihood / Expectation Maximization (ML/EM) tomographic reconstruction algorithm designed for the technique.
Production of fuels and chemicals from apple pomace (1987)

Nearly 36 million tons of apples are produced annually in the US. Approximately 45% of the total US apple production is used for processing purposes. The primary by-product of apple processing is apple pomace. It consists of the presscake resulting from pressing apples for juice or cider, including the presscake obtained in pressing peel and core wastes generated in the manufacture of apple sauce or slices. More than 500 food processing plants in the US produce a total of about 1.3 million metric tons of apple pomace each year, and it is likely that annual disposal fees exceed $10 million. Apple pomace has the potential to be used for the production of fuels (ethanol and biogas containing 60% methane) and food-grade chemicals. These uses will be reviewed in this article.
Recombinant rabies vaccines: efficacy assessment in free-ranging animals. (1993)

With the advancement of recombinant DNA techniques, a number of potent biologicals are available for the oral vaccination of free-ranging animals. Once oral immunogenicity and vaccine safety have been demonstrated, efficacy then becomes of paramount importance. Classical assessment of efficacy is conducted under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, whereas efficacy of oral wildlife rabies vaccination programs, to date, have been assessed by the lack (or occurrence) of field cases of rabies in a vaccinated area. This communication describes an intermediate vaccine efficacy strategy in which self-vaccinated, free-ranging animals from a study site were captured seven months after vaccine-laden bait distribution for laboratory rabies challenge. This technique is specifically reviewed in the context of available recombinant products for the consideration of extension towards dog rabies control.
Quantum mechanical map for protein-ligand binding with application to β-trypsin/benzamidine complex (2004)

We report full ab initio Hartree-Fock calculation to compute quantum mechanical interaction energies for beta-trypsin/benzamidine binding complex. In this study, the full quantum mechanical ab initio energy calculation for the entire protein complex with 3238 atoms is made possible by using a recently developed MFCC (molecular fractionation with conjugate caps) approach in which the protein molecule is decomposed into amino acid-based fragments that are properly capped. The present MFCC ab initio calculation enables us to obtain an "interaction spectrum" that provides detailed quantitative information on protein-ligand binding at the amino acid levels. These detailed information on individual residue-ligand interaction gives a quantitative molecular insight into our understanding of protein-ligand binding and provides a guidance to rational design of potential inhibitors of protein targets.
Block-based Schema-driven Assertion Generation for Functional Verification (2005)

Current assertion-based verification frameworks provide utilities to define assertions which are exercised during simulation. The traditional verification bottleneck of test generation, simulation, debug, and coverage analysis has been shifted but not eliminated. Defining assertions, ensuring their completeness and accuracy and maintaining a large number of assertions has proven to be the new verification bottleneck. We present a system for automatic assertion generation based on the blocklevel structural analysis of the design description. For each class of design HDL constructs, a verification assertion schema is instantiated into the design description. The system can also analyze existing assertions and identify missing or inconsistent ones. Users can select assertion schemas from the library or define new schema for a project. The resulting assertions are optimized for the target verification environment. A prototype of the system called SocVer has been developed for System-on-a-Chip interface and interconnect assertion generation and optimization.
Accelerated Map Matching for GPS Trajectories (2021)

The processing and analysis of large-scale journey trajectory data is becoming increasingly important as vehicles become ever more prevalent and interconnected. Mapping these trajectories onto a road network is a complex task, largely due to the inevitable measurement error generated by GPS sensors. Past approaches have had varying degrees of success, but achieving high accuracy has come at the expense of performance, memory usage, or both.In this paper, we solve these issues by proposing a map matching algorithm based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM). The proposed method is shown to be more efficient when compared against a traditional HMM based map matching method, whilst maintaining high accuracy and eschewing any requirements for CPU-intensive and memory-expensive pre-processing. The proposed algorithm offers a method for significantly accelerating transition-probability calculations using instances of high data-availability, which have previously been a large bottleneck in map matching algorithm performance. It is shown that this can be accomplished with the application of road-network segmentation combined with a spatially-aware heuristic. Experiments are performed using two different datasets, with over 9 hours of GPS samples. We show that the proposed framework is able to offer a reduction in run-time of over 90% with no significant effect on the algorithm’s accuracy when compared against the traditional HMM approach.
Carrier density and lifetime for different dopants in single-crystal and polycrystalline CdTe (2016)

CdTe defect chemistry is adjusted by annealing samples with excess Cd or Te vapor with and without extrinsic dopants. We observe that Group I (Cu and Na) elements can increase hole density above 1016 cm−3, but compromise lifetime and stability. By post-deposition incorporation of a Group V dopant (P) in a Cd-rich ambient, lifetimes of 30 ns with 1016 cm−3 hole density are achieved in single-crystal and polycrystalline CdTe without CdCl2 or Cu. Furthermore, phosphorus doping appears to be thermally stable. This combination of long lifetime, high carrier concentration, and improved stability can help overcome historic barriers for CdTe solar cell development.
A system using LEO telecommunication satellites for rapid acquisition of integer cycle ambiguities (2002)

This paper addresses the design of a cm-level carrier-phase navigation system which employs Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites for rapid resolution of integer-cycle ambiguities. In the short term, the system aims to combine the Navstar GPS fleet with satellites of the Globalstar Telecommunications constellation. We describe how cm-level carrier-phase positioning can be achieved using signals that were not designed for navigation. Our objective is to perform precision navigation without requiring alteration of the communication payload onboard the satellites. The technique accommodates the beam configuration of the satellite downlink, the bent-pipe architecture of the communication payload, the instabilities of the satellite oscillators and the frequency-dependent phase lags in the user and reference receiver front ends. The object of this paper is to characterize those components of the system necessary to achieve high-integrity high-precision performance objectives.
Tangent-plane-continuity maximization based 3D point compression (2012)

Octree decomposition has been proven to be one of the most successful approaches for progressive geometry compression of 3D models. To exploit the spatial correlation among the points, people strive to improve the estimation of the non-emptiness of the child-cells during space subdivision. We observe an intrinsic property of 3D models that their tangent planes tend to be continuous at high fidelity layers. Thus, we take the tangent-plane-continuity as a criterion for the non-emptiness estimation, and design a 3D model compression scheme based on this idea. The experimental results show that the proposed codec improves the quality by up to 6dB at equivalent bit-rates.
Peptide Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles: A Plastic Antibody (2008)

A novel method for preparation of biomacromolecular imprinted nanoparticles is described. Combinations of functional monomers were polymerized in the presence of the imprinting peptide melittin in aqueous solution at room temperature to produce a small library of polymer nanoparticles. The template peptide and unreacted monomers are subsequently removed by dialysis. Nanoparticles (NPs) from the library were evaluated for their binding to melittin by 27 MHz QCM analysis. NPs prepared with optimized functional monomer combinations bind strongly to the target molecule. Nanoparticles that were polymerized in the absence of template peptide were found to have little affinity to the peptide. Binding affinity and the size of imprinted particles are comparable to those of natural antibodies. They interact specifically with the target peptide and show little affinity for other proteins. These NPs are of interest as inert and stable substitutes for antibodies. Extension of this approach to other targets of biological importance and the applications of these materials are currently being evaluated.
Association of Elevated Stearate with Agronomic and Seed Traits of Soybean (1997)

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes with elevated stearate content in the seed oil may be useful for food and industrial applications. The objective of this study was to determine the association of elevated stearate with agronomic and seed traits of soybean. Two high‐yielding cultivars with normal stearate content of ≈ 40 g kg −1 were crossed to lines with the genotype fasa fasa that had an elevated stearate content of >200 g kg −1 . From each of the two populations, 75 F 3 ‐ or F 5 ‐derived lines that ranged in stearate content from ≈ 40 to 230 g kg −1 were selected for replicated testing at two locations in Iowa during 1993 and 1994. There were significant differences between the means of the elevated and normal stearate lines for seed yield, maturity, lodging, plant height, and content of protein, oil, palmitate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate. The coefficients obtained from the linear regression of mean seed yield of the lines on their mean stearate content were negative and significant. Although the fasa allele generally had a negative influence on seed yield across a range of elevated stearate contents, there were lines with elevated stearate contents that were not significantly different in seed yield than the highest yielding line in the population. The results indicated that it may be possible to develop cultivars with the fasa fasa genotype that have acceptable seed yield and moderately elevated stearate content.
1×4 All-Optical Packet Switch with All-Optical Header Processing (2005)

We demonstrated a 1×4 all-optical packet switch using injection-locking in a Fabry-Perot laser diode for all-optical header processing and cross gain modulation in an SOA for packet switching.
An Efficient Codebook for the SCELP Low Delay Audio Codec (2006)

The SCELP (spherical code excited linear prediction) audio codec has recently been proposed as a new candidate for low delay audio coding based on linear prediction (LP). The new codec applies closed-loop vector quantization employing a spherical code in a gain shape manner. The spherical code is based on the apple-peeling code construction rule and in general does not require a codebook table for the encoding and decoding process. In this contribution, however, we propose to employ auxiliary information gathered in advance to reduce the computational encoding and decoding complexity at runtime significantly. This auxiliary information can be considered as the SCELP codebook. Due to the consideration of the characteristics of the apple-peeling code construction principle, this codebook can be stored very efficiently in read-only-memory. With the proposed principle, low computational as well as low memory complexity can be achieved simultaneously in the SCELP codec