gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UV-Enhanced Oxynitridation of Silicon Substrates (2004)

The fundamental limit to the scaling of thin SiO2 for ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) circuits is the large leakage current due to direct tunneling. Oxynitride films have been investigated as gate dielectrics due to their enhanced reliability relative to SiO2 with comparable equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). In this paper we show the formation of an oxynitride layer on silicon using a novel UV-enhancement technique. The substrate is exposed to UV radiation in an ambient containing O2 and N2. UV radiation is emitted from an external Xenon lamp with a broad wavelength (200-1100 nm) output. The photon energies from such Xenon lamp are 6.2- 1.1 eV. We have used this UV-enhanced oxy-nitridation as the first step in a 4-step gate stack process, which is described below. The oxynitride thickness is about 6 Å based on an analysis of ellipsometric and electrical data of the final gate stack. Prior to the oxynitride formation the silicon substrate surface was cleaned with UV-excited ozone to remove organic residues. A HF-methanol vapor treatment was then applied to remove any grown oxide. Finally, UV-excited chlorine was used to remove metallic contaminants. After this pre-cleaning step, the silicon substrate was exposed to UV radiation, at a power of 100-200 W, in an atmosphere consisting of 2-12 % O2 in N2, for 30-90 s at 100-150°C and 80-120 Torr, resulting in the formation of a thin oxynitride film. A film of silicon nitride was then deposited over the oxynitride layer using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process at 750°C. The substrate was then annealed in an NH3 ambient at 900°C and 450 Torr. Finally, the substrate was annealed in a N2O atmosphere at 800°C and 450 Torr. The composite oxynitride gate stack dielectrics layers formed on the silicon substrate using this method have substantially improved performance, with EOT values as low as 14.2 Å. The associated leakage current densities are in the order of 1x10-1 Ampere/cm2. For the 100nm node, the MPU gate dielectric EOT shall be 13 Å thick with leakage current density less than 1.0 Ampere/cm2.
Generic bandwidth scalable behavioral models for RF power amplifiers with memory effects (2013)

In this paper, generic bandwidth-scalable behavioral models suitable for power amplifiers exhibiting memory effects are proposed. The models are built around state of the art two-box models, namely the Hammerstein model and the forward twin-nonlinear two-box model, and take advantage of the separation, in these two-box models, between the static and dynamic distortions of the power amplifier. In the proposed bandwidth-scalable two-box models, rather than updating the entire model coefficients when the signal bandwidth changes, the memoryless function is maintained unchanged and only the function modeling the dynamic distortions is updated. Experimental validation carried out on a Doherty amplifier prototype shows that the proposed bandwidth-scalable models are able to achieve the same performance as the conventional models while reducing the number of parameters to be updated following a change in the operating signal bandwidth by up to approximately 75% for the Hammerstein model and 40% for the forward twin-nonlinear two-box model. The developed models are suitable for emerging wireless applications where operating conditions varies rapidly.
MODTRAN2: evolution and applications (1994)

MODTRAN2' is the most recent version of MODTRAJP, the Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Radiance and Transmittance Model, officially released by the Geophysics Directorate, Phillips Laboratory, in early 1993. It encompasses all the capabilities of LOWTRAN 73, the historic 20 cni' resolution (full width at half maximum, FWHM) radiance code, but incorporates a much more sensitive molecular band model with 2 ciii' resolution. The band model is based directly upon the HITRAN4 spectral parameters, including both temperature and pressure (line shape) dependencies. Because the band model parameters and their applications to transmittance calculations have been independently developed using equivalent width "binning" procedures, validation against full Voigtline-by-line calculations (eg. FASCODEb) is important. Extensive spectral comparisons have shown excellent agreement. In addition, simple timing runs of MODTRAN vs. FASCOD3P (released in 1992) show an improvement of more than a factor of 100 for a typical 500 cm spectral interval and comparable vertical layering. It has been previously established that not only is MODTRAN an excellent band model for "full path" calculations (that is, radiance and/or transmittance from point A to point B), but it replicates layer-specific quantities to a very high degree of accuracy6. Such layer quantities, derived from ratios and differences of longer path MODTRAN calculations from point A to adjacent layer boundaries, can be used to provide inversion algorithm weighting functions or similarly formulated quantities. One of the most exciting new applications is the rapid calculation of reliable IR cooling rates7, including species, altitude, and spectral distinctions, as well as the standard integrated quantities. Comparisons with prior line-by-line cooling rate calculations'9 are excellent, and the techniques can be extended to incorporate global climatoIogies°.
<title>Fully phase-encoded techniques for optical security and encryption</title> (1999)

A fully phase image encryption technique which uses double random phase encoding method is presented. The encryption method can be implemented optically. Robustness of the fully phase encryption and amplitude based encryption in the presence of noise is investigated. Using computer simulations, mean squared error for the decrypted images are obtained. The fully phase based encryption is shown to be robust with respect to the additive noise added to the encrypted image in terms of the mean squared metric. Based on the tests conducted in this paper, the fully phase based encryption method shows better performance than the amplitude based encryption in terms of mean square error metric.
Influence of informational content of background noise on speech quality evaluation for VoIP application (2008)

With the rise of mobile communication systems, the background noise in the speaker's environment and its interaction with VoIP network impairment affects speech quality perception. This effect should be taken into account in nonintrusive models in order to improve accuracy of end user perception measurement. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of information contained in background noise (background speech, environmental sources) on speech quality perception. A subjective test on the speech quality perception in real network conditions has been done comparing the effect of stationary background noise mainly due to transmission equipment (electrical humming or blowing noises) with the effect of nonstationary environmental noise (public place, traffic noise, background conversation). Interactions between these different background noise condition and realistic network impairments (coders and packets loss) were also studied. The speech quality was evaluated through the Mean Opinion Score determined from an Absolute Category Rating method.
Decomposing human behavior into quantified layers of perception (2007)

This research demonstrates a method for decomposing actual human behaviors into layers of perception that can be used to represent the perceptions of people in simulations. The method makes use of existing psychological behavior models to reflect perceptions relevant to questions that people might ask themselves when faced with a change within an enterprise.
Compact disk error measurements (1993)

The objectives of this project are as follows: provide hardware and software that will perform simple, real-time, high resolution (single-byte) measurement of the error burst and good data gap statistics seen by a photoCD player read channel when recorded CD write-once discs of variable quality (i.e., condition) are being read; extend the above system to enable measurement of the hard decision (i.e., 1-bit error flags) and soft decision (i.e., 2-bit error flags) decoding information that is produced/used by the Cross Interleaved - Reed - Solomon - Code (CIRC) block decoder employed in the photoCD player read channel; construct a model that uses data obtained via the systems described above to produce meaningful estimates of output error rates (due to both uncorrected ECC words and misdecoded ECC words) when a CD disc having specific (measured) error statistics is read (completion date to be determined); and check the hypothesis that current adaptive CIRC block decoders are optimized for pressed (DAD/ROM) CD discs. If warranted, do a conceptual design of an adaptive CIRC decoder that is optimized for write-once CD discs.
Optical flow background subtraction for real-time PTZ camera object tracking (2013)

The use of pan/tilt/zoom (PTZ) camera systems with Computer Vision (CV) techniques is a burgeoning field. Utility is most commonly seen with security systems, robotics, navigation and for capturing sports events. This paper seeks to expand the use of PTZ's in the area of measurement; specifically, the real-time tracking and measurement of Nano/Micro Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Empirical methods for developing various Nano/Micro UASs, typically ornithopter-related, show possibilities, but require theoretical development for continued understanding and advancements. The study of Nano/Micro UAS state characteristics would enable empirical development by providing supplementary model information for use in finite element and computational fluid dynamics analyses. One such advancement is to develop a metrology system using CV tracking coupled with videogrammetry techniques. The focus of this work is to provide a unique method for obtaining high-resolution, high frame-rate images of a UAS. A novel approach using a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based pyramidal implementation of the Lucas-Kanade feature tracker (i.e. optical flow) to subtract PTZ movement is used to obtain motion measurements for directing the PTZ cameras.
High-Reliability Lead-Free Solders for Automotive Electronics (2023)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Requirements for high-reliability lead-free solder alloys in automotive electronics are becoming more challenging as assembly designs require increased powder densities and miniaturization in combination with harsh operating conditions. Thermal cycling performance has been the primary factor for deciding on the suitability of a solder alloy for such applications. Solder joint reliability under thermal and mechanical stresses depends on the solder, packages, PCB, and assembly, including global and local CTE mismatch.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automotive electronic assemblies for critical applications commonly require operational temperatures around 150<sup>o</sup>C, while soldering temperatures need to be as low as possible (&lt;250<sup>o</sup>C). To resolve performance gaps in Sn-Ag-Cu solders for such applications, alloying additives can be used for: i) lowering the melting temperature, ii) improving creep properties, and iii) improving fatigue life. This is exemplified here by comparing a high reliability alloy, commonly known as “Innolot” and SAC305. This work reviews some of the aspects related to such board level accelerated reliability tests and discusses these experimental results in terms of alloy composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties.</div></div>
Suboptimal joint probabilistic data association (1993)

A significant problem in multiple target tracking is the hit-to-track data association. A hit is a received signal from a target or background clutter which provides positional information. If an incorrect hit is associated with a track, that track could diverge and terminate. Prior methods for this data association problem include various optimal and suboptimal two-dimensional assignment algorithms which make hit-to-track associations. Another method is to assign a weight for the reasonable hits and use a weighted centroid of those hits to update the track. The method of weighting the hits is known as joint probabilistic data association (JPDA). The authors review the JPDA approach and a simple ad hoc approximation and then introduce a new suboptimal JPDA algorithm. Examples which compare an optimal two-dimensional assignment algorithm with the ad hoc and the new suboptimal JPDA formulation are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
RETRACTED: The Role of microRNAs in the Tumorigenesis of Ovarian Cancer (2013)

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a complex disease, with multiple histological subtypes recognized. There have been major advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of this human malignancy, however the survival rate of women with EOC has changed little since platinum-based-treatment was introduced more than 30 years ago. Since 2006, an increasing number of studies have indicated an essential role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in ovarian-cancer tumorigenesis. Several miRNA profiling studies have shown that they associate with different aspects of ovarian cancer (tumor subtype, stage, histological grade, prognosis, and therapy resistance) and pointed to a critical role for miRNAs in the pathogenesis and progression of EOC. In this review, we discuss the current data concerning the accumulating evidence of the modulated expression of miRNAs in EOC, their role in diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Given the heterogeneity of this disease, it is likely that increases in long-term survival might be also achieved by translating the recent insights of miRNAs involvement in EOC into novel targeted therapies that will have a major impact on the management of ovarian cancer.
Super multi-view near-eye virtual reality with directional backlights from wave-guides (2022)

Directional backlights have often been employed for generating multiple view-zones in three-dimensional (3D) display, with each backlight converging into a corresponding view-zone. By designing the view-zone interval for each pupil smaller than the pupil's diameter, super multi-view (SMV) can get implemented for a VAC-free 3D display. However, expanding the backlight from a light-source to cover the corresponding display panel often needs an extra thickness, which results in a thicker structure and is unwanted by a near-eye display. In this paper, two wave-guides are introduced into a near-eye virtual reality (NEVR) system, for sequentially guiding more than one directional backlight to each display panel for SMV display without bringing obvious extra thickness. A prototype SMV NEVR gets demonstrated, with two backlights from each wave-guide converging into two view-zones for a corresponding pupil. Although the additional configured light-sources are positioned far from the corresponding wave-guide in our proof-of-concept prototype, multiple light-sources can be attached to the corresponding wave-guide compactly if necessary. As proof, a 3D scene with defocus-blur effects gets displayed. The design range of the backlights' total reflection angles in the wave-guide is also discussed.
WAVSTAN: waveform based variational static timing analysis (2007)

We present a waveform based variational static timing analysis methodology. It is a timing paradigm that lies midway between convention static delay approximations and full dynamic (SPICE-level) analysis. The core idea is to break the modulation of waveforms processed by a circuit into two parts: (a) non-linear circuit elements e.g., transistors, diodes etc. and (b) linear elements: transmission line, RLC network etc. The non-linear and linear parts of the circuit are then solved using a combination of current-source modeling, model order reduction methodology, perturbation analysis and learning-based Galerkin methods which helps us get SPICE-like accuracies. The proposed method is potentially as robust and 10-20times faster than current-source based gate modeling methodologies
Soft-switched high-power-factor boost converter (2005)

A novel implementation of the high-power-factor (HPF) boost converter with active snubber is described. The snubber circuit reduces the reverse-recovery-related losses of the rectifier and also provides zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for the boost switch and zero-current switching (ZCS) for the auxiliary switch. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated on an 80-kHz, 1.5-kW, universal-line range, HPF boost converter.
Improvements in vehicle handling through integrated control of chassis systems (2002)

In this paper, methods of improving vehicle stability and emergency handling using electronically controlled chassis systems are discussed. By analysing a simple nonlinear vehicle model in the yaw plane, it is shown that vehicles can become unstable during portions of handling manoeuvres performed at or close to the limit of adhesion. It is further demonstrated how small changes in the balance of tyre forces between front and rear axles may affect vehicle yaw moment and stability. The methods of effecting vehicle yaw dynamics using controllable brakes, steering, and suspension are discussed. Control authority of each chassis system, in terms of its ability to generate a corrective yaw moment, is evaluated and is shown to depend on the operating point of vehicle and tyres. Consequently, regions of effectiveness of each subsystem are defined, which is a prerequisite for development of integrated chassis control systems. Preliminary test results for a vehicle with integrated closed loop control of brakes and suspension, performing typical handling manoeuvres, are presented. They demonstrate the benefits of integrated control in terms of improved handling response, stability, and reduced driver steering effort.
S-nitrosohemoglobin is distinguished from other nitrosovasodilators by unique oxygen-dependent responses that support an allosteric mechanism of action (2003)

Crawford and colleagues[1][1] have studied the effects of heme oxidation, glutathione (GSH), and oxygenation (pO2) on the bioactivity of S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNOHb). They report that (1) SNOHb in the ferric or met oxidation state (SNOmetHb) is a more potent vasodilator than SNOHb in the oxygenated
Characterizing brain tissue by assessment of the distribution of anisotropic microstructural environments in diffusion‐compartment imaging (DIAMOND) (2015)

Our novel tissue model allows for the characterization of the intra-voxel orientational heterogeneity, a prerequisite for accurate tractography while also characterizing the overall tridimensional diffusivity and heterogeneity of each tissue compartment. The model parameters can be estimated from short duration acquisitions. The diffusivity and heterogeneity microstructural parameters may provide novel indicator of the presence of disease or injury. Magn Reson Med 76:963-977, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blood Glucose Awareness Training: What Is It, Where Is It, and Where Is It Going? (2006)

Management of type 1 diabetes requires a continual balancing of insulin,fuel intake, and metabolic demand (e.g., exercise). This can only be accomplished with knowledge of where one's blood glucose is and where it is going and knowledge of how to manipulate insulin, fuel, and exercise to manage it. Blood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT) is a psychoeducational intervention that in part addresses these needs. Fifteen research studies from the United States and Europe, involving single-site and multicenter projects,are reviewed. BGAT has been consistently demonstrated to improve the ability to detect and diminish both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia while reducing the sequelae of extreme blood glucose levels (e.g., episodes of severe hypoglycemia and driving mishaps). BGAT has recently been transformed for internet delivery, making it available both for clinicians to use with their patients and for individuals with type 1 diabetes to pursue as a self-directed tutorial.
Intracellular Screen To Identify Metagenomic Clones That Induce or Inhibit a Quorum-Sensing Biosensor (2005)

The goal of this study was to design and evaluate a rapid screen to identify metagenomic clones that produce biologically active small molecules. We built metagenomic libraries with DNA from soil on the floodplain of the Tanana River in Alaska. We extracted DNA directly from the soil and cloned it into fosmid and bacterial artificial chromosome vectors, constructing eight metagenomic libraries that contain 53,000 clones with inserts ranging from 1 to 190 kb. To identify clones of interest, we designed a high throughput "intracellular" screen, designated METREX, in which metagenomic DNA is in a host cell containing a biosensor for compounds that induce bacterial quorum sensing. If the metagenomic clone produces a quorum-sensing inducer, the cell produces green fluorescent protein (GFP) and can be identified by fluorescence microscopy or captured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Our initial screen identified 11 clones that induce and two that inhibit expression of GFP. The intracellular screen detected quorum-sensing inducers among metagenomic clones that a traditional overlay screen would not. One inducing clone carries a LuxI homologue that directs the synthesis of an N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal molecule. The LuxI homologue has 62% amino acid sequence identity to its closest match in GenBank, AmfI from Pseudomonas fluorescens, and is on a 78-kb insert that contains 67 open reading frames. Another inducing clone carries a gene with homology to homocitrate synthase. Our results demonstrate the power of an intracellular screen to identify functionally active clones and biologically active small molecules in metagenomic libraries.
Differential autoantibody responses to thyroid peroxidase in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (1993)

In order to examine the specificity of the autoantibody response to thyroid peroxidase (TPO, previously identified as thyroid microsomal antigen) in autoimmune thyroid disease, we examined reactivity of sera from 45 Hashimoto's and 48 Graves' patients to native thyroid microsomes, denatured and reduced human TPO and several recombinant fragments of human TPO corresponding to amino acids 457-933 of the native protein. Both Graves' and Hashimoto's sera bound native, denatured and reduced TPO at significantly greater rate than normal controls, and no differences were noted between the two disorders in binding to these forms of the autoantigen. Binding was also noted to two recombinant fragments of TPO, corresponding to amino acids 513-633 and 633-933 in TPO. The frequency of autoantibodies to the TPO AA(633-933) region was not significantly different in Hashimoto's vs. Graves' disease patients (58% vs. 65% respectively), and appeared to relate to evidence of glandular inflammation in the Graves' patients (presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and elevated anti-microsomal antibody levels). In contrast, antibodies to the TPO AA(513-633) fragment were significantly more common and of higher titer in Hashimoto's vs. Graves' disease patients, and did not correlate with any measure of glandular inflammation. These results identify two specific regions of TPO autoantibody binding and indicate that there are differences in the autoantibody response to TPO in Hashimoto's and Graves' diseases.