gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classification of atherosclerotic plaque composition by spectral analysis of intravascular ultrasound data (2002)

Knowledge of atherosclerotic plaque composition in vivo would be a tremendous aid towards selection of appropriate clinical intervention and timely detection of unstable atheroma. Spectral analysis of backscattered intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) data has demonstrated ability to characterize plaque. Spectral parameters such as slope, midband fit and y-intercept are indicative of scatterer size, concentration and acoustic impedance. In this study, we compared the ability of spectral parameters computed via the Welch power spectrum (PSD) and autoregressive (AR) models to classify plaque composition. Data was collected in vitro from 32 left anterior descending coronary arteries, with 30 MHz non-focused IVUS transducers in saline at physiologic pressure. Regions of interest (ROI), selected from histology, comprised 64 collagen-rich, 24 fibro-lipidic, 23 calcified and 37 calcified-necrotic regions. A novel quantitative method was used for IVUS data correlation with corresponding histology sections. Periodograms of IVUS samples, identified for each ROI, were used to calculate various spectral parameters (such as the midband fit, slope, y-intercept, and maximum power). Statistical classification trees (CT) were computed with 75% of the data for plaque characterization. The remaining data were utilized to assess the accuracy of the CTs. The overall accuracies with the Welch PSD and AR model (order 14) were 85.6% and 81.1% on the training data, 64.9% and 37.8% on the test data, respectively. These numbers were improved to 91.9% and 89.2% on training data, 73% and 59.5% on test data, when the calcified and calcified-necrotic regions were combined for analysis. Further analysis with AR model order number and level of zero padding increased the overall accuracy, with individual sensitivities to collagen of 91.7%, calcium of 88.9%, and fibro-lipid of 83.3%. Most of the CTs mis-classified few fibro-lipidic regions as collagen, which is histologically acceptable.
In Vivo Expression of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Genes in the Blood of Patients with Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh (2011)

Background: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever. It is a human-restricted pathogen, and few data exist on S. Typhi gene expression in humans.
An energy efficient memory device based on fixed magnetic skyrmions switched with an electric field (2016)

We propose a novel, non-volatile, completely electrically controlled skyrmionic memory device that can perform two state and four state memory operations and could potentially be 400 times more energy efficient than conventional spintronic memory devices (STT-RAM).
Efficient Boosted Exemplar-Based Face Detection (2014)

Despite the fact that face detection has been studied intensively over the past several decades, the problem is still not completely solved. Challenging conditions, such as extreme pose, lighting, and occlusion, have historically hampered traditional, model-based methods. In contrast, exemplar-based face detection has been shown to be effective, even under these challenging conditions, primarily because a large exemplar database is leveraged to cover all possible visual variations. However, relying heavily on a large exemplar database to deal with the face appearance variations makes the detector impractical due to the high space and time complexity. We construct an efficient boosted exemplar-based face detector which overcomes the defect of the previous work by being faster, more memory efficient, and more accurate. In our method, exemplars as weak detectors are discriminatively trained and selectively assembled in the boosting framework which largely reduces the number of required exemplars. Notably, we propose to include non-face images as negative exemplars to actively suppress false detections to further improve the detection accuracy. We verify our approach over two public face detection benchmarks and one personal photo album, and achieve significant improvement over the state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.
A fisheye lens as a photonic Doppler velocimetry probe (2012)

ABSTRACT A new fisheye lens design is used as a miniature probe to measure the velocity distribution of an imploding surface along many lines of sight . Laser light, directed and scattered back along each beam on the surface, is Doppler shifted by the moving surface and collected into the launching fiber. The received light is mixed with re ference laser light in each optical fiber in a technique called p hoton ic Doppler velocimetry, providing a continuous time record . An array of single -mode optical fibers sends laser light through the fisheye lens . The lens consists of an index- matching posi tive element, two positive doublet groups, and two negative singlet elements. The optical design minimizes beam diameters, physical size, and back reflections for excellent signal collection. The fiber array projected through the fisheye lens provides many measurement points of surface coverage over a hemisphere with very little crosstalk. The probe measures surface movement with only a small encroachment into the center of the cavity.
A DC-4-GHz true logarithmic amplifier: theory and implementation (2002)

A 40 dB dynamic range, DC-4 GHz parallel-summation logarithmic amplifier is presented in this paper. The amplifier realizes a piecewise approximation to an exact logarithmic response. A design procedure that yields breakpoints on the exact response is described, along with delay-matching networks for parallel-summation logarithmic amplifiers. The amplifier was constructed in a 35 GHz silicon bipolar process, has /spl plusmn/5 dB logarithmic conformity over a DC-4 GHz bandwidth and has rise and fall times of 100 ps. The integrated circuit has dimensions of 2/spl times/2 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 750 mW from a -5 V supply.
Evaluation of Acute Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase-L1 Plasma Levels in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with and without Intracranial Lesions (2021)

This pilot study aimed to evaluate the association of plasma ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) with intracranial abnormalities visible on a computed tomography (CT) scan (CT positive) and injury severity in acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). For these purposes, a cohort of 109 adult TBI patients was recruited within 6 h from the injury event. A hyperacute subcohort of 20 patients who had their blood collected within 2 h from injury was analyzed separately for early acute biomarker levels. Levels of GFAP and UCH-L1 were analyzed using the prototype Abbott i-STAT™ TBI Plasma Test (Abbott Laboratories, Abbot Park, IL), alongside S100B measurement (Elecsys; Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany). In the hyperacute subcohort, GFAP and UCH-L1, but not S100B, levels were significantly higher in the CT-positive group compared to CT-negative patients. AUC values for differentiation between CT-positive and CT-negative patients were 0.97 for GFAP, 0.87 for UCH-L1, and 0.60 for S100B. Severity discrimination, defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, was then analyzed in the total patient cohort. Levels of all three biomarkers were significantly different between mild (GCS, 13-15) and moderate/severe (GCS, 3-12) injury groups. UCH-L1 showed the highest area under the curve value for severity discrimination (0.94), followed by GFAP (0.91) and S100B (0.83). These results support the clinical utility of GFAP and UCH-L1 as TBI biomarkers able to rule out CT-positive injury in acute TBI. Moreover, excellent differentiation of GFAP and UCH-L1 between mild and moderate/severe TBI groups affirms their close association with the underlying pathology.
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and technology Scaling: The future of ESD protection in advanced technology (2008)

In this paper, electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in advanced technologies is discussed. The dilemma of ESD protection in advanced technologies and whether we will maintain the need, and desire to provide ESD protection in the future will be reviewed. This issue will influence the direction of the field of ESD protection and the ESD Technology Roadmap. The paper will also focus on what will be the ESD devices used in future 45 nm and 32 nm technologies. What will be the customer expectation, and what will be the ability to continue to achieve these objectives in the future?
Efficient facial representations for age, gender and identity recognition in organizing photo albums using multi-output ConvNet (2019)

This paper is focused on the automatic extraction of persons and their attributes (gender, year of born) from album of photos and videos. A two-stage approach is proposed in which, firstly, the convolutional neural network simultaneously predicts age/gender from all photos and additionally extracts facial representations suitable for face identification. Here the MobileNet is modified and is preliminarily trained to perform face recognition in order to additionally recognize age and gender. The age is estimated as the expected value of top predictions in the neural network. In the second stage of the proposed approach, extracted faces are grouped using hierarchical agglomerative clustering techniques. The birth year and gender of a person in each cluster are estimated using aggregation of predictions for individual photos. The proposed approach is implemented in an Android mobile application. It is experimentally demonstrated that the quality of facial clustering for the developed network is competitive with the state-of-the-art results achieved by deep neural networks, though implementation of the proposed approach is much computationally cheaper. Moreover, this approach is characterized by more accurate age/gender recognition when compared to the publicly available models.
On theory and application of the Helmholtz equation least squares method in inverse acoustics (2002)

This paper presents a rigorous mathematical justification of the Helmholtz equation least squares (HELS) method for reconstructing acoustic radiation from an arbitrary source. It is shown that the acoustic pressure radiated from a non-spherical structure can be approximated using the spherical wavefunctions and spherical harmonics, and errors involved in this approximation are bounded. This explains why previously the HELS method could be used to produce satisfactory reconstruction of acoustic radiation from various types of structures. In the present paper, these analytical studies are further supported by experimental validation of the reconstruction of acoustic radiation from a typical filing cabinet in both exterior and interior regions.
Specificity of a promoter from the rice tungro bacilliform virus for expression in phloem tissues (1993)

The major promoter region for the transcription of the genome of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV), a newly described badnavirus, has been identified. Fragments of the RTBV genome upstream of the site of transcription initiation were isolated and tested for promoter activity using a beta-glucuronidase receptor gene (gusA). Assays of transient gusA expression were performed following introduction of the chimeric gene into protoplasts via electroporation. The chimeric RTBV-promoter: gusA gene was more active in rice protoplasts than in maize or tobacco protoplasts, but was weaker than gusA controlled by an enhanced 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus. Analysis of gusA gene expression following introduction of chimeric reporter genes into intact leaves via micro-projectile bombardment indicated that the GUS activity is present primarily in vascular tissues. Transgenic rice plants carrying the chimeric gusA gene had GUS activity only in the phloem of the vascular bundles in the leaf. Tissue printing studies demonstrated that RTBV accumulates in the vascular bundles of infected rice leaves. The results of our study indicate that phloem-specific expression from the RTBV promoter is an intrinsic property of the viral promoter.
New Correlation to Predict the Optimum Surfactant Structure for EOR (2012)

Abstract It is well known that the oil recovery efficiency of chemical EOR depends on microemulsion phase behavior and interfacial tension (IFT). The surfactants needed to obtain good phase behavior and ultra-low IFT vary greatly with oil characteristics and reservoir conditions. Hence, it is often necessary to test many surfactant formulations before finding a highly effective one. Based on both sound principles and extensive experience, one would expect to find a relationship between the optimum surfactant structure, the oil characteristics, the brine, and the temperature. Salager's equation (Salager et al., 1979, Anton et al., 2008) shows it is possible to correlate some of these variables to classical surfactant structure. We now have many new surfactants with widely different structures and many more good formulations with a wider range of oils, temperature and so forth. Thus, it becomes imperative to study the underlying trend and to identify the most important variables affecting the optimum surfactant structure. A new correlation has been developed using an extensive data set taking into account the effect of propylene oxide number (PON), ethylene oxide number (EON), temperature, brine salinity and the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of the oil. The new correlation will help in identifying the most important variables and also to improve our understanding of the relationship among variables affecting optimum surfactant structure. In particular, the new equation can be used to predict the optimum carbon number of the surfactant hydrophobe. Results show that larger hydrophobes are needed as either the temperature or the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of the oil increases. The surfactant formulations used for this study include mixtures of sulfate, sulfonate, carboxylate and non-ionic surfactants. This is a new and highly significant advance in the optimization of chemical EOR processes that will greatly reduce the time and cost of the effort required to develop a good formulation as well as to improve its performance.
Direct imaging of nonsolar planets with infrared telescopes using apodized coronagraphs (1991)

This research examines the use of modified Lyot coronagraphs with monolithic and segmented infrared telescopic systems for imaging nonsolar planets. These systems are investigated with the aim of reducing the effects of stellar diffracted energy on the planet image in the final image plane. A square telescope objective is best for this purpose. The associated coronagraph is composed of a cross-shaped apodizer in the first focal plane and either a square Lyot stop or circular corner Lyot stops in the corners of the pupil plane. We examine the consequences of segmenting the aperture and the effects of various segment spacings and random piston and tilt errors of the individual segments. A system to correct for the misalignments is proposed.
The Lower Extremity Ambulation Feedback System for Analysis of Gait Asymmetries: Preliminary Design and Validation Results (2009)

In Brief Asymmetric gait, commonly referred to as “limping,” is frequently seen in individuals with a variety of musculoskeletal and neurologic conditions. Asymmetric gait impacts the metabolic cost of ambulation and the development of osteoarthritis and also affects the cosmetic appearance of gait. This is especially true for individuals with lower limb amputations who ambulate with prosthetic limbs. The Lower Extremity Ambulation Feedback System (LEAFS) is a shoe-insert device that uses force sensors to evaluate asymmetries in gait and provide auditory feedback when an asymmetric gait threshold is reached. The aim of this study was to validate the ability of the LEAFS to accurately measure stance time and detect asymmetries in stance time. A prospective, consecutive case series study design was used. The study population consisted of individuals with lower limb amputations at the transtibial level. Data were collected simultaneously using both the LEAFS and a force plate and markers on the foot in a clinical motion analysis laboratory as subjects ambulated at their self-selected walking speed. The methods comparison approach of Bland and Altman was used to validate the measurement of stance time, and two-sample t-tests were used to validate the detection of asymmetry. The LEAFS determined the stance time with a bias error of −10.4 ± 37.2 ms, when compared with the clinical motion laboratory, and detected the same asymmetries in stance time for subjects with unilateral amputation (a shorter stance time on the limb with the prosthetic, when compared with the intact limb) as the clinical motion laboratory. Asymmetric gait impacts the metabolic cost of ambulation and the development of osteoarthritis and also affects the cosmetic appearance of gait. The Lower Extremity Ambulation Feedback System (LEAFS) is a shoe-insert device that uses force sensors to evaluate asymmetries in gait and provide auditory feedback when an asymmetric gait threshold is reached. The aim of this study was to validate the ability of the LEAFS to accurately measure stance time and detect asymmetries in stance time.
Alkylated Trihydroxyacetophenone as a MALDI Matrix for Hydrophobic Peptides (2013)

Hydrophobic peptides are difficult to detect in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), because of the hydrophilic properties of conventional matrices and the low affinity for hydrophobic peptides. Recently, we reported on alkylated dihydroxybenzoic acid (ADHB) as a matrix additive for hydrophobic peptides; however, the peptides were detected in the rim of the matrix-analyte dried spot. Here, we report on a novel matrix, alkylated trihydroxyacetophenone (ATHAP), which is a 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone derivative incorporating a hydrophobic alkyl chain on the acetyl group and thus is expected to have an affinity for hydrophobic peptides. ATHAP increased the sensitivity of hydrophobic peptides 10-fold compared with α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), in which the detection of hydrophilic peptides was suppressed. The peptides were detected throughout the entire matrix-analyte dried spot using ATHAP, overcoming the difficulty of finding a "sweet spot" when using ADHB. In addition, ATHAP functioned alone as a matrix, unlike ADHB as an additive. In phosphorylase b digests analysis, hydrophobic peptides, which were not detected with CHCA for 1 pmol, were detected with this matrix, confirming that ATHAP led to increased sequence coverage and may extend the range of target analytes in MALDI-MS.
Chemistry of epoxide–polycarbonate copolymer networks (1988)

Abstract Diepoxides and in‐chain carbonate groups react readily in the presence of quarternary ammonium salts, although reaction is not observed without this catalyst. Two moles of epoxide react with each mole of carbonate. When diepoxides and polycarbonates are reacted, a three‐dimensional network of chains crosslinked with carbonate groups is produced; the crosslink density is controlled by adjusting the epoxy/carbonate ratio. Tertiary amines and alkoxides also catalyze the epoxy/carbonate reaction, but these have the undesirable attribute of promoting epoxy polymerization. The presence of oligocarbonates accelerates the epoxy–amine reaction.
Micropattern size‐dependent endothelial differentiation from a human induced pluripotent stem cell line (2015)

The multifaceted extracellular milieu presents biochemical and biophysical stimuli that influence stem cell differentiation. Two-dimensional (2D) micropatterned substrates allow the presentation of these cues in spatially defined geometries that have been demonstrated to guide stem cell fate decisions. Leveraging stem cells to reconstruct microvasculature, made up of an inner lining of endothelial cells (ECs) supported by pericytes, is critical to tissue-engineering advances; thus, methods to improve endothelial differentiation efficiency are vital to these efforts. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that the diameter of micropatterned islands influences endothelial differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Comparing island diameters of 80, 140, 225 and 500 µm, we found that co-cultures of control ECs and pericytes did not yield variable ratios of cell types; however, when hiPSCs were differentiated toward a bicellular population of ECs and pericytes on these varying micropattern feature sizes, we found that smaller islands promoted EC differentiation efficiency, yielding a derived population composed of 70% ECs, which exhibited a greater sprouting propensity. Differentiation on the largest feature size exhibited a smaller EC yield, similar to that on non-patterned substrates. Taken together, these data demonstrate that micropatterned islands of varying diameters can be used to modulate EC differentiation efficiency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RTP Requirements for CMOS Integration of Dual Work Function Phase Controlled Ni-FUSI (Fully Silicided) Gates with Simultaneous Silicidation of nMOS (NiSi) and pMOS (Ni-Rich Silicide) Gates on HfSiON (2008)

CMOS integration of dual work function phase controlled Ni FUSI with simultaneous silicidation of nMOS (NiSi) and pMOS (Ni-rich) gates on HfSiON is demonstrated. Linewidth independent phase control with smooth threshold voltage (Vt) roll-off characteristics is achieved for NiSi, Ni2Si and Ni31Si12 FUSI gates by controlling the Ni-to-Si reacted ratio through optimization of the thermal budget of silicidation (prior to selective Ni removal). A 2-step Ni FUSI process enables simultaneous silicidation of nMOS and pMOS FUSI gates, achieving different Ni/Si ratios on nMOS and pMOS by reduction of the pMOS poly height through a selective and controlled poly etch-back prior to gate silicidation. The RTP1 temperature process window to obtain NiSi or Ni3Si2 at the FUSI/dielectric interface (needed for nMOS devices) is significantly widened for spike anneals as compared to soak anneals. Good overlap between the RTP1 process window for nMOS and pMOS devices is achieved by the reduction of the poly-Si height for pMOS.
Contextual Ranking of Keywords Using Click Data (2009)

The problem of automatically extracting the most interesting and relevant keyword phrases in a document has been studied extensively as it is crucial for a number of applications. These applications include contextual advertising, automatic text summarization, and user-centric entity detection systems. All these applications can potentially benefit from a successful solution as it enables computational efficiency (by decreasing the input size), noise reduction, or overall improved user satisfaction.In this paper, we study this problem and focus on improving the overall quality of user-centric entity detection systems. First, we review our concept extraction technique, which relies on search engine query logs. We then define a new feature space to represent the interesting ness of concepts, and describe a new approach to estimate their relevancy for a given context. We utilize click through data obtained from a large scale user-centric entity detection system - Contextual Shortcuts - to train a model to rank the extracted concepts, and evaluate the resulting model extensively again based on their click through data. Our results show that the learned model outperforms the baseline model, which employs similar features but whose weights are tuned carefully based on empirical observations, and reduces the error rate from 30.22% to 18.66%.