gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the influence of aircraft shielding on the aircrew exposure through an aircraft mathematical model (2004)

In order to investigate the influence of aircraft shielding on the galactic component of cosmic rays, an aircraft mathematical model has been developed by the combinatorial geometry package of the Monte-Carlo transport code FLUKA. The isotropic irradiation of the aircraft in the cosmic ray environment has been simulated. Effective dose and ambient dose equivalent rates have been determined inside the aircraft at several locations along the fuselage, at a typical civil aviation altitude (10 580 m), for vertical cut-off rigidity of 0.4 GV (poles) and 17.6 GV (equator) and deceleration potential of 465 MV. The values of both quantities were generally lower than those in the free atmosphere. They depend, in an intricate manner, on the location within the aircraft, quantity of fuel, number of passengers, etc. The position onboard of crew members should be taken into account when assessing individual doses. Likewise due consideration must be taken when positioning detectors which are used to measure H*(10). Care would be needed to avoid ambiguity when comparing the results of calculation with the experimental data.
EM-Fuzz: Augmented Firmware Fuzzing via Memory Checking (2020)

Embedded systems are increasingly interconnected in the emerging application scenarios. Many of these applications are safety critical, making it a high priority to ensure that the systems are free from malicious attacks. This work aims to detect vulnerabilities, that could be exploited by adversaries to compromise functional correctness, in the embedded firmware, which is challenging especially due to the absence of source code. In particular, we propose EM-Fuzz, a firmware vulnerability detection technique that tightly integrates fuzzing with real-time memory checking. Based on the memory instrumentation, the firmware fuzzing can not only be guided by the traditional branch coverage to generate high-quality seeds to explore hard-to-reach regions but also by the recorded memory sensitive operations to continuously exercise sensitive regions which are prone to being attacked. More importantly, the instrumentation integrates real-time memory checkers to expose memory vulnerabilities, which is not well-supported by existing fuzzers without source code. The experiments on several real-world embedded firmware such as OpenSSL demonstrate that EM-Fuzz significantly improves the performance of state-of-the-art fuzzing tools, such as AFL and AFLFast, with the coverage improvements of 93.98% and 46.89%, respectively. Furthermore, EM-Fuzz exposes a total of 23 vulnerabilities, with an average of about 7-h per vulnerability. AFL and AFLFast together find 10 vulnerabilities, costing about 13 h and 10-h per vulnerability on average, respectively. Out of these 23 vulnerabilities, 16 are previously unknown and have been reported to the upstream product vendors, 7 of which have been assigned with unique CVE identifiers in the U.S. National Vulnerability Database.
The polyphenolic content of fruit and vegetables and their antioxidant activities. What does a serving constitute? (1999)

Analysis of the major flavone, flavonol, anthocyanidin and hydroxycinnamic acid constituents (and their glycosides) of onion, tomato, egg plant and apple has been undertaken and the antioxidant activities of the phenolic extracts determined. The major phenolic antioxidant components of egg plant are chlorogenic acid in the flesh and a delphinidin conjugate in the skin. In the case of apple, the major phenolic antioxidants detected are chlorogenic acid, procyanidins/catechin compounds, rutin and phloridzin. Quercetin glycosides are well-known to be the major phenolic components of onion. Assessment of the antioxidant activities of a serving of 100g fresh weight fruit, vegetable and comparison with previously reported findings for 150 ml beverage (500 ml portion in the case of beer), expressed in micromol Trolox equivalents show that the antioxidant activities of 1 glass (150 ml) red wine equivalent to 12 glasses white wine equivalent to 2 cups of tea equivalent to 4 apples equivalent to 5 portions of onion equivalent to 5.5 portions egg plant equivalent to 3.5 glasses of blackcurrant juice equivalent to 3.5 (500 ml) glasses of beer equivalent to 7 glasses of orange juice equivalent to 20 glasses of apple juice (long life).
Robustness Analysis Model for MADM Methods Based on Cloud Model (2017)

MADM method is the basic theory for Effectiveness evaluation. The fuzziness of methods and uncertainty of data have a crucial influence in making optimization decision. How to quantify the influence is an important theoretical problem that needs urgent solution in making robust evaluation. In this paper, cloud model is combined to build up MADM model, which is used to make evaluation as applicable MADM, determine applicable space of evaluation methods to subjects, and make optimization decision to enhance the robustness of evaluation results.
Inducing and Imaging Thermal Strain Using a Single Ultrasound Linear Array (2007)

For the first time, the feasibility of inducing and imaging thermal strain using an ultrasound imaging array is demonstrated. A commercial ultrasound scanner was used to heat and image a gelatin phantom with a cylindrical rubber inclusion. The inclusion was successfully characterized as an oil-bearing material using thermal strain imaging.
Effective Implementation of GPU-based Revised Simplex algorithm applying new memory management and cycle avoidance strategies (2018)

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) with high computational capabilities used as modern parallel platforms to deal with complex computational problems. We use this platform to solve large-scale linear programing problems by revised simplex algorithm. To implement this algorithm, we propose some new memory management strategies. In addition, to avoid cycling because of degeneracy conditions, we use a tabu rule for entering variable selection in the revised simplex algorithm. To evaluate this algorithm, we consider two sets of benchmark problems and compare the speedup factors for these problems. The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed method is highly effective and solve the problems with the maximum speedup factors 165.2 and 65.46 with respect to the sequential version and Matlab Linprog solver respectively.
Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of extra-oesophageal reflux in a general practice population in the UK (2009)

Unlike gastro-oesophageal reflux, extra-oesophageal reflux (EOR) is not necessarily associated with heartburn. The potential prevalence of EOR in general practice in the UK using the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) questionnaire was determined. A total of 1152 patients attending a GP surgery for routine conditions completed the RSI questionnaire: 26.5% had an RSI score >10, regarded as a clinically significant score for EOR; 29% of patients with a significant RSI score rated the impact of heartburn in the previous month as zero. Significant numbers of patients presenting to GPs have high RSI scores suggesting significant reflux. Many patients likely to have EOR do not experience classical heartburn. This might explain why some GPs may not attribute common symptoms affecting the throat to gastric reflux.
Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained 2’-N,4’-C-Ethylene-Bridged Adenosine (aza-ENA-A) (2007)

This thesis is based on six original research publications describing synthesis, structure and physicochemical and biochemical analysis of chemically modified oligonucleotides (ONs) in terms of their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Synthesis of two types of bicyclic conformationally constrained nucleosides, North-East locked 1',2'-azetidine and North locked 2',4'-aza-ENA, is described. Study of the molecular structures and dynamics of bicyclic nucleosides showed that depending upon the type of fused system they fall into two distinct categories with their respective internal dynamics and type of sugar conformation. The physicochemical properties of the nucleobases in the conformationally constrained nucleosides found to be depended on the site and ring-size of the fused system. The incorporation of azetidine modified nucleotide units into 15mer ONs lowered the affinity toward the complementary RNA. However, they performed better than previously reported isosequential 1',2'-oxetane modified analogues. Whereas aza-ENA-T modification incorporated into ONs significantly enhanced affinity to the complementary RNA. To evaluate the antisense potential of azetidine-T and aza-ENA-T modified ONs, they were subjected to RNase H promoted cleavage as well as tested towards nucleolytic degradation. Kinetic experiments showed that modified ONs recruit RNase H, however with lower enzyme efficiency due to decreased enzyme-substrate binding affinity, but with enhanced turnover number. Both, azetidine-T and aza-ENA-T modified ONs demonstrated improved 3'-exonuclease stability in the presence of snake venom phosphodiesterase and human serum compared to the unmodified sequence. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing pyrene-functionalized azetidine-T (Aze-pyr X) and aza-ENA-T (Aza-ENA-pyr Y) modifications showed different fluorescence properties. The X modified ODNs hybridized to the complementary DNA and RNA showed variable increase in the fluorescence intensity depending upon the nearest-neighbor at the 3'-end to X modification (dA > dG > dT > dC) with high fluorescence quantum yield. However, the Y modified ODNs showed a sensible enhancement of the fluorescence intensity only with complementary DNA. Also, the X modified ODN showed decrease (~37-fold) in the fluorescence intensity upon duplex formation with RNA containing a G nucleobase mismatch opposite to the modification site, whereas a ~3-fold increase was observed for the Y modified probe.
Finite Element Studies of the Deformation of the Pelvic Floor (2007)

This article describes research involving finite element simulations of women's pelvic floor, undertaken in the engineering schools of Lisbon and Oporto, in collaboration with the medical school of Oporto. These studies are motivated by the pelvic floor dysfunctions that lead namely to urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. This research ultimately aims at: (i) contributing to clarify the primary mechanism behind such disorders; (ii) providing tools to simulate the pelvic floor function and the effects of its dysfunctions; (iii) contributing to planning and performing surgeries in a more controlled and reliable way. The finite element meshes of the levator ani are based on a publicly available geometric data set, and use triangular thin shell or special brick elements. Muscle and soft tissues are assumed as (quasi-)incompressible hyperelastic materials. Skeletal muscles are transversely isotropic with a single fiber direction, embedded in an isotropic matrix. The fibers considered in this work may be purely passive, or active with input of neuronal excitation and consideration of the muscle activation process. The first assumption may be adequate to simulate passive deformations of the pelvic muscles and tissues (namely, under the extreme loading conditions of childbirth). The latter may be adequate to model faster contractions that occur in time intervals of the same order as those of muscle activation and deactivation (as in preventing urinary incontinence in coughing or sneezing). Numerical simulations are presented for the active deformation of the levator ani muscle under constant pressure and neural excitation, and for the deformation induced by a vaginal childbirth.
A comprehensive approach to modeling, characterizing and optimizing for metastability in FPGAs (2010)

Metastability is a phenomenon that can cause system failures in digital circuits. It may occur whenever signals are being transmitted across asynchronous or unrelated clock domains. The impact of metastability is increasing as process geometries shrink and supply voltages drop faster than transistor Vts. FPGA technologies are significantly affected since leading edge FPGAs are amongst the first devices to adopt the most recent process nodes. In this paper, we present a comprehensive suite of techniques for modeling, characterizing and optimizing metastability effects in FPGAs. We first discuss a theoretical model of metastability, and verify the predictions using both circuit level simulations and board measurements. Next we show how designers have traditionally dealt with metastability problems and contrast that with the automatic CAD algorithms described in this paper that both analyze and optimize metastability-related issues. Through our detailed experimental results, we show that we can improve the metastability characteristics of a large suite of industrial benchmarks by an average of 268,000 times with our optimization techniques.
Assessing the In-Orbit Impact of Cell Cracks - An Electroluminescence Study of Crack Propagation (2006)

A set of representative miniature solar arrays was built, featuring triple junction cells with a range of typical production defects. The evolution of these cracks throughout several thousand simulated eclipse phases was studied with the help of electroluminescence imaging and pulsed solar simulator measurements. In addition, the effect of sine vibration and acoustic noise was analyzed by monitoring cell cracks on actual flight panels throughout their testing sequences. A power law dependence was found for the number of crack growth events (CGE) per cycle on the number of thermal cycles and the total number of CGE after 2000 cycles showed a linear dependence on crack size. An unexpected crack growth direction, predominantly parallel to the short cell edge, was found. Sine vibration and acoustic noise testing did not result in crack propagation at all. The electrical impact of propagating cracks originated in most cases from the interruption of the cell front side contact network
Transfer Mechanism of Ionic Drugs: Piroxicam as an agent facilitating proton transfer (1996)

Abstract Facilitated proton transfer may be of potential significance in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Here, we show that the NSAID piroxicam and its N ‐and O ‐methylated derivatives act as ionophores for proton transfer across the H 2 O/1,2‐dichloroethane interface. Investigations by cyclic voltammetry showed that the proton transfer occurs by interfacial protonation of the ionophore. The dissociation constants of the three compounds in the organic phase were calculated by Matsuda 's theory. With this particular transfer mechanism, the present study exemplifies how electrochemistry at a liquid/liquid interface can be applied to calculate the fundamental thermodynamic parameters related to the pharmacokinetic behavior of ionic drugs.
Enantiospecific, Stereospecific Total Synthesis of (+)-Majvinine, (+)-10-Methoxyaffinisine, and (+)-<i>N</i><sub>a</sub>-Methylsarpagine as Well as the Total Synthesis of the <i>Alstonia</i> Bisindole Macralstonidine (2002)

[structure: see text] The enantiospecific stereospecific total synthesis of majvinine 1a, 10-methoxyaffinisine 1b, and N(a)-methylsarpagine 1c are reported; this method has also resulted in the total synthesis of the Alstonia bisindole macralstonidine 2.
Transcriptional Control of the Mycobacterial<i>embCAB</i>Operon by PknH through a Regulatory Protein, EmbR, In Vivo (2006)

EmbR, a putative transcriptional regulator from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is homologous to the OmpR class of transcriptional regulators that possess winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding motifs. In contrast to other OmpR-like response regulators that are usually phosphorylated and controlled by histidine kinases, EmbR was recently shown to be phosphorylated by the cognate mycobacterial serine/threonine kinase PknH. Despite the in vitro evidence of phosphorylation and interaction between the kinase and regulator, the physiological function of the PknH-EmbR pair is still unknown. We identify the embCAB operon encoding arabinosyltransferases in M. tuberculosis as the cellular target of EmbR. Phosphorylation of EmbR enhances its DNA binding activity towards promoter regions of embCAB genes. In vivo studies involving expression of PknH in Mycobacterium smegmatis established its positive regulatory effect on transcription of the embCAB operon via phosphorylation of EmbR. Interestingly, increased transcription of embC, catalyzing arabinosylation of lipomannan (LM) to lipoarabinomannan (LAM), results in a high LAM/LM ratio, which in turn is a crucial factor in mycobacterial virulence. The PknH-mediated increase in the transcription of embAB genes significantly alters resistance to ethambutol, a frontline antituberculosis drug known to target embAB genes. These findings and in vivo upregulation of PknH inside the host macrophages suggest a functionally relevant signaling mechanism involving the PknH-EmbR-embCAB system.
Incremental knowledge base construction using DeepDive (2015)

Populating a database with unstructured information is a long-standing problem in industry and research that encompasses problems of extraction, cleaning, and integration. Recent names used for this problem include dealing with dark data and knowledge base construction (KBC). In this work, we describe DeepDive, a system that combines database and machine learning ideas to help develop KBC systems, and we present techniques to make the KBC process more efficient. We observe that the KBC process is iterative, and we develop techniques to incrementally produce inference results for KBC systems. We propose two methods for incremental inference, based respectively on sampling and variational techniques. We also study the tradeoff space of these methods and develop a simple rule-based optimizer. DeepDive includes all of these contributions, and we evaluate Deep-Dive on five KBC systems, showing that it can speed up KBC inference tasks by up to two orders of magnitude with negligible impact on quality.
Pestalactams A–C: novel caprolactams from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. (2010)

Chemical investigations of a fermentation culture from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. yielded three novel caprolactams, pestalactams A–C (1–3). The structures of 1–3 were determined by analysis of 1D and 2D-NMR, UV, IR, and MS data. The structure of pestalactam A was confirmed following single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Pestalactams A–C are the first C-7 alkylated caprolactam natural products to be reported. Pestalactams A (1) and B (2) were tested against two different strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 and Dd2), and the mammalian cell lines, MCF-7 and NFF, and showed modest in vitro activity in all assays.
Aerodynamic control of micro air vehicle wings using electroactive membranes (2012)

Dielectric elastomer materials are ideal candidates for developing high-agility micro air vehicles due to their electric field–induced deformation. Consequently, the aero-structural response and control authority of the dielectric elastomer material, VHB 4910, are characterized on an elliptical membrane wing. An experimental membrane wing platform was constructed by stretching VHB 4910 over a rigid elliptical wing-frame. The low Reynolds number (chord Reynolds number < 10 6 ) and aerodynamics of the elliptical wing were characterized when different electrostatic fields were applied to the membrane. We observe an overall increase in lift with maximum gains of 20% at an applied voltage of 4.5 kV and demonstrate the ability to delay stall. The time-averaged aerodynamic surface pressure is also investigated by comparing sting balance data and membrane deformation measured using visual image correlation. The experimental results are compared to a nonlinear finite element membrane model to further understand the effects of aerodynamic load and electric fields on membrane displacements. Model predictions of surface pressure provide insight into how the electrostrictive constitutive relations influence the fluid–structure interactions of the membrane. This is validated by comparing lift predictions from the model with time-averaged wind tunnel lift measurements near stall.
Recent advances in RNA interference research in insects: Implications for future insect pest management strategies (2012)

The manipulation of the posttranscriptional gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi), demonstrated more than a decade ago in the genetic model systems Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas (Fire et al., 1998) and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Kennerdell and Carthew, 1998), has provided a powerful reverse genetic tool for the elucidation of gene function. Since its discovery, myriad reports have been published describing efforts to apply RNAi approaches in insect species lacking well developed genetics or characterized genomes. Here we review recent progress in this area, focusing in particular on several recent landmark studies that demonstrate the potential practical value of this gene silencing technique for the development of new tools for the management of insect pests of agriculture.
DESIGN OF PLANAR DUAL AND TRIPLE NARROW-BAND BANDSTOP FILTERS WITH INDEPENDENTLY CONTROLLED STOPBANDS AND IMPROVED SPURIOUS RESPONSE (2012)

A novel design of planar dual and triple narrow-band bandstop filter is presented by adopting the proposed meandered slot defected microstrip structure (MS-DMS) and the simplified spiral microstrip resonator (SSMR). Through this design, the stopbands of the dual-and triple-band bandstop filters can be individually controlled and the improved spurious responses are achieved. First, the fundamental and the first spurious resonances of the MS-DMS and SSMR are analyzed to provide the design rules. Then, by utilizing the prominent stopband of the MS-DMS and the stopband produced by the SSMR coupled to main microstrip line, a dual narrowband bandstop filter is constructed before its design procedure is outlined. Based on above investigations, a triple narrow-band bandstop filter is implemented by inserting extra SSMRs to another side of the main microstrip line of the dual-band filter to generate a new stopband. To verify the aforementioned design concepts, a dual and triple narrow-band bandstop filter are designed, simulated and tested. Both the simulation and measurement indicate that the fabricated filters exhibit good stopband/passband performance and improved first spurious resonance. Moreover, these filters are simple to design and quite compatible with planar fabrication technique, making them very attractive for practical applications.
The use of mobile agents for clustering in mobile ad hoc networks (2003)

A mobile ad hoc network is a dynamic mobile wireless network that can be formed without the need for any pre-existing wired or wireless infrastructure. One of the main challenges in an ad hoc network is the design of robust routing algorithms that adapt to the frequent and randomly changing network topology. Organizing mobile nodes into manageable clusters can reduce routing overhead and provide more scalable solutions. In this paper we propose a mobile agent-based clustering architecture for routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Using this clustering architecture, hybrid routing schemes can be employed for intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing to improve the performance of routing. All nodes use two mobile agents to perform routing and clustering operations. They collect routing and clustering information and periodically maintain the corresponding tables. We identify various parameters for improving network performance in the proposed clustering architecture. By using some optimal values for these clustering and routing parameters, more robust and scalable routing can be attained.