gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Acquisition Methods for Software GPS Receiver (2000)

Due to the flexibility of software GPS receivers, many 
acquisition methods have been studied. Several of these 
methods were reported previously. However, a comparison of these methods was never reported. Some 
of these are suitable only for C/A code others are suitable 
for both C/A and P(Y) code operation. The time domain 
correlation will not be reported here because of its slow 
operation speed. In this paper 7 methods will be reported 
and they are: 
1. Circular correlation(4): This method is applicable to 
both C/A code and P(Y) code. Usually one ms 
(millisecond) of data is used and the correlation is 
performed in the frequency domain. It can be considered 
as the standard method. Using more than one ms of data 
will not be discussed, because simpler methods will be 
used. 
2 Half sized circular correlation(4): This approach is a 
simplified version of the circular correlation. 
3. Data folding circular correlation(4): This method is 
only suitable for C/A coded signal. It uses multiple 
milliseconds of data to find weak signals. 
4. Circular correlation by partition and zero padding(or 
data averaging method)(5): This method is applicable to 
both C/A code and P(Y) code. It can be used to find weak 
signals. 
5. Circular correlation by partition and superposition(5): 
This is a simplified version of the circular correlation by 
partition. 
6. Non-coherent Circular correlation by partition (or 
data averaging method) or folded partition)(3)(4): This 
method first uses circular correlation by partition 
approach as mentioned above and then uses non-coherent 
integration (summation of power). It is fast but only 
applicable to strong signals. 
7. Delay and multiplication method(2): It applicable to 
both C/A and P(Y) coded signals. This is the fastest 
method, however, it can not find very weak signals. 
8. Data averaging frequency doubling method: It is 
applicable to both C/A and P(Y) coded signals. This 
method can find the carrier frequency of P(Y) coded 
signal without time information, however, it does not find 
very weak signals. 

Simulated C/A coded data collected will be used for 
illustration. Each method will be discussed. The number 
of operations and performance of these methods will be 
presented.
A New Azimuthal Deep-Reading Resistivity Tool for Geosteering and Advanced Formation Evaluation (2007)

Abstract Drilling services and oil companies have long been interested in acquiring the capability of landing a well accurately in a hydrocarbon reservoir and remaining in it for optimal drainage. Although traditional logging-while-drilling (LWD) propagation resistivity tools can help to achieve this goal, their overall effectiveness is not satisfactory because they lack azimuthal sensitivity. Ideally, geosteering and advanced formation evaluations, such as anisotropy calculations, require azimuthally sensitive measurements. This paper discusses a newly developed propagation resistivity tool that is designed to be azimuthally sensitive for use in geosteering and formation evaluation while drilling. It uses the tilted antenna concept to produce directionally sensitive measurements that are lacking in traditional LWD propagation tools. This paper also discusses the theory and the development of this tool, as well as the experimentation and numerical modeling data used to characterize its azimuthal capability. Advanced application algorithms used to calculate the horizontal and the vertical resistivity (anisotropy calculation), as well as dipping angle will be explained in detail. Finally, the paper presents and discusses field examples to demonstrate that this newly developed tool is a two-in-one service: geosteering and advanced formation evaluation. The azimuthal deep-reading resistivity is shown to bear the promise for use in optimization of well trajectory and well placement, as well as in advanced formation evaluation while drilling. This newly developed tool is superior to traditional propagation tools in locating bed boundaries and in keeping the well in the desired pay zone. In addition to providing traditional multi-depth of investigation resistivity measurements, this new tool provides multi-depth of investigation azimuthal resistivity measurements.
Spoken letter recognition (1990)

Automatic recognition of spoken letters is one of the most challenging tasks in the field of computer speech recognition. The difficulty of the task is due to the acoustic similarity of many of the letters. Accurate recognition requires the system to perform <i>fine phonetic distinctions,</i> such as B vs. D, B vs. P, D vs. T, T vs. G, C vs. Z, V vs. Z, M vs. N and J vs. K. The ability to perform fine phonetic distinctions---to discriminate among the minimal sound units of the language---is a fundamental unsolved problem in computer speech recognition.
WatchThru (2017)

We introduce WatchThru, an interactive method for extended wrist-worn display on commercially-available smartwatches. To address the limited visual and interaction space, WatchThru expands the device into 3D through a transparent display. This enables novel interactions that leverage and extend smartwatch glanceability. We describe three novel interaction techniques, Pop-up Visuals, Second Perspective and Peek-through, and discuss how they can complement interaction on current devices. We also describe two types of prototypes that helped us to explore standalone interactions, as well as, proof-of-concept AR interfaces using our platform.
TCP Westwood: congestion control with faster recovery (2001)

In this paper we propose a new version of the TCP protocol, called TCP Westwood, which enhances the per-formance of TCP window congestion control by using as feedback the end-to-end measurement of the bandwidth available along a TCP connection. The available bandwidth is estimated at the TCP source by measuring and low-pass filtering the returning rate of acknowledgments. The estimated bandwidth is then used to properly set the congestion window and the slow start threshold after a congestion episode, that is after a timeout or 3 duplicate acknowledgments. The rationale of this strategy is simple: TCP Westwood sets a slow start threshold and a congestion window which are consistent with the network capacity measured at the time congestion is experienced. In particular, TCP Westwood introduces a mechanism of faster recovery to avoid overly conservative reduction of the congestion window after a congestion episode by taking into account the end-to-end estimation of available bandwidth. The advantage of the proposed mechanism is that the TCP sender recovers faster after losses especially over connections with large round trip times, or running over wireless links where sporadic losses are due to unreliable links rather than congestion. The proposed modifications follow the end-to-end design principle of TCP. They require only slight modifications at the sender side and are backward-compatible. Simulation results show a considerable throughput increment in comparison with TCP Reno and TCP SACK over wired networks and even more over wireless networks. I.
A Highly Efficient Runtime and Graph Library for Large Scale Graph Analytics (2014)

Graph analytics on big data is currently a very active area of research in both industry and academia. To support graph analytics efficiently a large number of graph processing systems have emerged targeting various perspectives of a graph application such as in memory and on disk representations, persistent storage, database capability, runtimes and execution models for exploiting parallelism, etc.
Structural and Kinetic Characterization of Guinea Pig <scp>l</scp>-Asparaginase Type III (2014)

We investigated whether an uncharacterized protein from guinea pig could be the enzyme behind Kidd's serendipitous discovery, made over 60 years ago, that guinea pig serum has cell killing ability. It has been long known that an enzyme with l-asparaginase activity is responsible for cell killing, although astonishingly, its identity remains unclear. Bacterial asparaginases with similar cell killing properties have since become a mainstay therapy of certain cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. By hydrolyzing asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, these drugs deplete the asparagine present in the blood, killing cancer cells that rely on extracellular asparagine uptake for survival. However, bacterial asparaginases can elicit an adverse immune response. We propose that replacement of bacterial enzymes with the guinea pig asparaginase responsible for serum activity, by its virtue of being more closely related to human enzymes, will be less immunogenic. To this goal, we investigated whether an uncharacterized protein from guinea pig with putative asparaginase activity, which we call gpASNase3, could be that enzyme. We examined its self-activation process (gpASNase3 requires autocleavage to become active), kinetically characterized it for asparaginase and β-aspartyl dipeptidase activity, and elucidated its crystal structure in both the uncleaved and cleaved states. This work reveals that gpASNase3 is not the enzyme responsible for the antitumor effects of guinea pig serum. It exhibits a low affinity for asparagine as measured by a high Michaelis constant, KM, in the millimolar range, in contrast to the low KM (micromolar range) required for asparaginase to be effective as an anticancer agent.
Stationary chest tomosynthesis using a CNT x-ray source array (2013)

Chest tomosynthesis is an imaging modality that provides 3D sectional information of a patients thoracic cavity using limited angle x-ray projections. Studies show that tomosynthesis can improve the detection of subtle lung nodules comparing to conventional radiography at a lower radiation dose than CT. In the conventional design, the projection images are collected by mechanically moving a single x-ray source to different viewing angles. We investigated the feasibility of stationary chest tomosynthesis using the distributed CNT x-ray source array technology, which can generate a scanning x-ray beam without any mechanical motion. A proof-of-concept system was constructed using a short linear source array and a at panel detector. The performance of the source including the flux was evaluated in the context of chest imaging. The bench-top system was characterized and images of a chest phantom were acquired and reconstructed. The preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of stationary chest tomosynthesis using the CNT x-ray source array technology.
Mixed-Metal Cu-BTC Metal–Organic Frameworks as a Strong Adsorbent for Molecular Hydrogen at Low Temperatures (2020)

The advancement of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies hinges on the development of hydrogen storage methods. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most favorable materials for hydrogen storage. In this study, we synthesized a series of isostructural mixed-metal metal-organic frameworks (MM-MOFs) of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (BTC), M-Cu-BTC, where M = Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>2+</sup> using the post-synthetic exchange (PSE) method with metal ions. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of MM-MOFs were similar with those of single-metal Cu-BTC. Scanning electron microscopy indicates the absence of amorphous phases. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy of the MM-MOFs shows successful metal exchanges using the PSE method. The N<sub>2</sub> adsorption measurements confirmed the successful synthesis of porous MM-MOFs. The metal exchanged materials Ni-Cu-BTC, Zn-Cu-BTC, Fe-Cu-BTC, and Co-Cu-BTC were studied for hydrogen storage and showed a gravimetric uptake of 1.6, 1.63, 1.63, and 1.12 wt %; respectively. The increase in hydrogen adsorption capacity for the three metal exchanged materials is about 60% relative to that of the parent MOF (Cu-BTC). The improvement of gravimetric uptake in M-Cu-BTC (where M = Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>2+</sup>) is probably due to the increase in binding enthalpy of H<sub>2</sub> with the unsaturated metal sites after the partial exchange from Cu<sup>2+</sup> to other metal ions. The higher charge density of metal ions strongly polarizes hydrogen and provides the primary binding sites inside the pores of Cu-BTC and subsequently enhances the gravimetric uptake of hydrogen.
Optimizing PEG-Extended Apelin Analogues as Cardioprotective Drug Leads: Importance of the KFRR Motif and Aromatic Head Group for Improved Physiological Activity (2020)

Apelin is an important contributor to the renin-angiotensin axis, regulating cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological functions. Apelin-17 has especially potent cardio-physiological effects but is rapidly degraded in human blood (<i>t</i><sub>0.5</sub> ∼ 4 min). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neprilysin (NEP), and plasma kallikrein (KLKB1) cleave and inactivate it, with the latter cutting within the arginine-arginine site. Here, we show that analogues with an N-terminal polyethylene glycol (PEG) extension as well as peptide bond isosteres resist KLKB1 cleavage but that only the PEG-extended analogues significantly improve physiologically activity. The PEGylated analogues feature comparatively high log <i>D</i><sub>7.4</sub> values and high plasma protein binding, adding to their stability. An alanine scan of apelin-17 reveals that the integrity and conformational flexibility of the KFRR motif are necessary for cardio-physiological activity. An optimized Cbz-PEG<sub>6</sub> analogue is presented that is stable in blood (<i>t</i><sub>0.5</sub> ∼ 18 h), has significant blood-pressure lowering effect, and shows fast recovery of heart function in Langendorff assay.
Privacy and Fairness in Recommender Systems via Adversarial Training of\n User Representations (2018)

Latent factor models for recommender systems represent users and items as low\ndimensional vectors. Privacy risks of such systems have previously been studied\nmostly in the context of recovery of personal information in the form of usage\nrecords from the training data. However, the user representations themselves\nmay be used together with external data to recover private user information\nsuch as gender and age. In this paper we show that user vectors calculated by a\ncommon recommender system can be exploited in this way. We propose the\nprivacy-adversarial framework to eliminate such leakage of private information,\nand study the trade-off between recommender performance and leakage both\ntheoretically and empirically using a benchmark dataset. An advantage of the\nproposed method is that it also helps guarantee fairness of results, since all\nimplicit knowledge of a set of attributes is scrubbed from the representations\nused by the model, and thus can't enter into the decision making. We discuss\nfurther applications of this method towards the generation of deeper and more\ninsightful recommendations.\n
Thermal Decomposition Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Diminished Magnetic Dead Layer by Controlled Addition of Oxygen (2017)

Decades of research focused on size and shape control of iron oxide nanoparticles have led to methods of synthesis that afford excellent control over physical size and shape but comparatively poor control over magnetic properties. Popular synthesis methods based on thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors in the absence of oxygen have yielded particles with mixed iron oxide phases, crystal defects, and poorer than expected magnetic properties, including the existence of a thick "magnetically dead layer" experimentally evidenced by a magnetic diameter significantly smaller than the physical diameter. Here, we show how single-crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles with few defects and similar physical and magetic diameter distributions can be obtained by introducing molecular oxygen as one of the reactive species in the thermal decomposition synthesis. This is achieved without the need for any postsynthesis oxidation or thermal annealing. These results address a significant challenge in the synthesis of nanoparticles with predictable magnetic properties and could lead to advances in applications of magnetic nanoparticles.
Image detail enhancement using a dictionary technique (2012)

We present a novel approach to detail enhancement using a dictionary-based technique. For each low-resolution input image patch, we seek a sparse representation from an over-complete dictionary and use that to estimate the high-resolution patch. We modify an existing dictionary-based super-resolution method in several ways to achieve enhancement of fine detail without introduction of new artifacts. These modifications include adaptive enhancement of reconstructed detail patches based on edge analysis to avoid halo artifacts and using an adaptive regularization term to enable noise suppression while enhancing detail. We compare with state-of-the-art methods and show better results in terms of enhancement with suppression of noise.
Inflammasome Activation Contributes to Interleukin-23 Production in Response to Clostridium difficile (2015)

Clostridium difficile is among the leading causes of death due to health care-associated infection, and factors determining disease severity are not well understood. C. difficile secretes toxins A and B, which cause inflammation and tissue damage, and recent findings suggest that some of this tissue damage may be due to an inappropriate host immune response. We have found that toxins A and B, in combination with both bacterium- and host-derived danger signals, can induce expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-23. Our results demonstrate that IL-1β signaling enhances IL-23 production and could lead to increased pathogenic inflammation during CDI.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction:  A Technique for Sample Preparation (1996)

We describe a new technique for sample preparation, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), that combines elevated temperatures and pressures with liquid solvents. The effects of various operational parameters (i.e., temperature, pressure, and volume of solvent used) on the performance of ASE were investigated. The solvents used are those normally used for standard liquid extraction techniques like Soxhlet or sonication. We found the recoveries of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and total petroleum hydrocarbons from reference materials using ASE to be quantitative. The extraction time for 1−30-g samples is less than 15 min, and the volume of solvent is 1.2−1.5 times that of the extraction cell containing the sample. No evidence was seen for thermal degradation during the extraction of temperature-sensitive compounds.
Design of Extendable Chord Sections for Morphing Helicopter Rotor Blades (2010)

Chord extension in helicopter rotors allows for expansion of the flight envelope, with the helicopter capable of flying at higher gross weights, altitudes and maximum speeds. A fixed large chord, however, results in a penalty when the helicopter is well within the envelope (for example, at low to moderate gross weight, sea level, and at moderate speed cruise). Chord morphing allows the helicopter to perform optimally in these diverse conditions. In this paper, the authors present a morphing mechanism to extend the chord of a section of the helicopter rotor blade. The region aft of the leading-edge spar contains a morphing cellular structure. In the “compact” state the edge of the cellular structure aligns with the trailing-edge of the rest of the blade. When the morphing cellular structure is in the “extended” state the chord of that section of the blade is increased by close to 30% (with the trailing-edge extending beyond that of the rest of the blade). In transitioning from compact to extended states, the cellular structure slides along ribs which define the boundaries of the morphing section in the span-wise direction. The cellular section has mini-spars running along the span-wise direction to attach the flexible skin and provide stiffness against camber-like deformations due to aerodynamic loads. The paper presents a finite element analysis and a design study of the morphing cellular structure, ensuring that the local strains in the cellular structure do not exceed maximum allowables even as the section undergoes large global strain. On the other hand, the morphing cellular structure is required to be stiff enough so that the pre-stretched skin that is attached to the surfaces does not result in deformation. Another question that is considered in detail is various methods of attachment of the flexible skin to the morphing substructure, the levels of pre-strain required, and their ramifications. A model of a blade section is fabricated and shown to undergo chord morphing, as designed.
Polymerization of Benzene Catalyzed by Aluminium Chloride-Copper(I) Chloride under Oxygen (1987)

Abstract Polymerization of benzene to poly(1,4-phenylene) has been succeeded under oxygen using an aluminium chloride-copper(I) chloride catalyst. Treatment of benzene with aluminium chloride/copper(I) chloride (3/1 molar ratio) under oxygen at 70 °C gave poly(1,4-phenylene) in 187% yield based on the molar quantity of copper(I) chloride. Extra addition of aluminium chloride in the course of the reaction increased the yield dramatically from 187% to more than 600%.
Development of Ni-based Single Crystal Superalloys for Power-generation Gas-turbine Blades (2004)

In advanced industrial gas-turbine systems, there has been a great demand for new single crystal (SC) superalloys with an excellent combination of high-temperature creep strength, hot-corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. In this study, ten nickel-based SC superalloys were designed with the aid of the d-electrons concept. Their chemical compositions were in the range of 1.2-1.5% Ti, 3.8-6.5% Cr, 11% Co, 0-1.4% Mo, 6.5-7.4% Ta, 5.0-6.0% W, 3.6-5.4% Re, 5.1-5.5% Al, 0.12-0.14% Hf and balanced Ni in mass% units. A series of experiments such as creep rupture tests, burner rig tests and cyclic oxidation tests was conducted with the heat-treated SC specimens of these alloys. All the designed alloys were found to be superior in the creep rupture life to a second generation superalloy, CMSX-4. In the hot-corrosion resistance estimated from the barner rig tests, any designed alloys were comparable or even superior to CMSX-4. The oxidation resistance was very different amount the designed alloys, but some of them showed higher resistance than CMSX-4. Thus the SC alloys containing about 4-5 mass% Re had about 20 K higher temperature capability than CMSX-4, while exhibiting excellent hot-corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance.
Depth control afocal lens array for integral imaging (2004)

An afocal lens array is proposed to form three-dimensional (3D) images. The array, which is composed of many afocal optical units, can form an image whose depth position is dependent on the angular magnification of the unit. The point of an image formed by the whole array differs from that where an image is formed by an afocal unit, except in the case that the angular magnification is 1.0. Especially, when the angular magnification has a negative value, an optical image has a negative longitudinal magnification, i.e., a 3D image with inverted depth. When used for integral imaging, the array can control the depth position and avoid pseudoscopic images with reversed depth.