gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Process flow sheet synthesis: Reaching targets for idealized coal gasification (2014)

The gasification of coal is a process that has been commonly used to produce a mixture of gases containing primarily carbon dioxide and hydrogen, called syngas. This syngas is used as an intermediate in the production of many chemicals such as ammonia, synthetic hydrocarbons, and methanol (to name a few). Coal gasification has a reputation for being “dirty” in terms of its emissions in comparison with other syngas creation technologies, such as methane reforming. However, there is remarkably little information on what the “best case” for coal gasification could actually be and how existing process perform relative to that “best case.” The goal of this article is to formulate a preliminary and conceptual flow sheet for the gasification process; this flow sheet is not intended to be a finalized design or a definitive solution. It is intended to illustrate the method of setting and achieving design objectives and provide a basis of comparison for either new or existing processes. Thermodynamics can be used to describe any process, or system of processes. Of particular interest are the properties of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy. Using these two thermodynamic properties together as vectors on a diagram of free energy (ΔG) against enthalpy (ΔH), it becomes possible to develop better process flow sheets that combine the thermodynamics of chemical reactions and the dynamics of physical operations on a single diagram. This article will discuss the selection of the independent mass balances that best describe the process as a whole, then the choosing of design objectives, how these objectives might be achieved, and their implications for the process as a whole. Using these ideas one is able to show how to improve the carbon and operating efficiency of a gasification process, making the process more reversible. It was found that there will always be a price to pay for using coal as the feedstock for creating synthesis gas but there is room for improvement, most notably in how combustion is carried out and how energy is used internally within a process. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 60: 3258–3266, 2014
Low-Power Race-Free Programmable Logic Arrays (2009)

Conventional programmable logic arrays (PLAs) implement both the AND and OR logic planes with dynamic NOR gates. They are fast, regular in structure and easy to program. However, they have high power dissipation and suffer from an inherent timing race that increases design effort, reduces circuit robustness in the presence of variations, and adversely impacts performance. In this paper, a PLA which implements the AND plane as a hierarchical combination of dynamic NAND gates and retains the dynamic NOR gate based OR plane is presented. The NAND-NOR PLA architecture completely eliminates the critical timing race between the logic planes and has significantly lower power dissipation than the conventional PLA. Simulated energy-delay product of an optimized design on a foundry 130 nm low standby power process shows that the proposed circuit architecture has 43% lower energy-delay product than the conventional PLA design. The fabricated circuits have been tested fully functional on silicon demonstrating a maximum operating frequency of 1.61 GHz at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> = 1.6 V.
Conducting Wall Hall Thrusters (2013)

A unique configuration of the magnetic field and channel geometry near the wall of Hall thrusters, called magnetic shielding, has recently demonstrated the ability to significantly reduce the erosion of the boron nitride (BN) walls and extend the life of Hall thrusters by orders of magnitude. The ability of magnetic shielding to minimize interactions between the plasma and the discharge chamber walls in regions where erosion typically occurs has for the first time enabled the replacement of insulating walls with conducting materials without loss in Hall thruster performance. It is important to note that this is not a thruster with anode layer (TAL) where the walls are at or near cathode potential, but is a Hall thruster configuration where the walls are near the anode potential. The BN rings in the 6-kW H6 Hall thruster were replaced with graphite that self-biased to near the anode potential during operation. The thruster efficiency remained over 60% (within 2% of the baseline BN configuration) with a small decrease in thrust and increase in Isp typical of magnetically shielded Hall thrusters. The graphite wall temperatures decreased significantly compared with both shielded and unshielded BN configurations, leading to the potential for higher power operation. Eliminating ceramic walls makes it simpler and less expensive to fabricate a thruster to survive launch loads, and the graphite discharge chamber radiates more efficiently, which increases the power capability of the thruster compared with conventional Hall thruster designs.
The role of osteoactivin-derived peptides in osteoblast differentiation. (2007)

Collectively, these data showed that both OA-D and OA-E peptides significantly induced osteoblast differentiation in vitro and that effect is RGD independent.
Steering Phased Array Antenna Beams to the Horizon Using a Buckyball NIM Lens (2011)

In this paper, we present the design, optimization, fabrication, and measurement of a negative index metamaterial (NIM) buckyball shell lens to steer phased array antenna (PAA) beams to the horizon. The conformal mapping technique of transformation optics is utilized in the design process to facilitate with lens fabrication. A new dual polarization unit cell is designed to avoid the issues associated with short cut wires, were a split ring resonator (SRR) and wire design to be used. The lens is measured using an actual PAA and it demonstrates to-the-horizon scanning as designed, although the material loss is high. An improved unit cell design is proposed to reduce several known loss mechanisms. A new lens design methodology using Bezier curves as seed surfaces is also described.
Apparatus and method for quantitatively evaluating total fissile and total fertile nuclide content in samples. [Patent application] (1982)

Simultaneous photon and neutron interrogation of samples for the quantitative determination of total fissile nuclide and total fertile nuclide material present is made possible by the use of an electron accelerator. Prompt and delayed neutrons produced from resulting induced fission are counted using a single detection system and allow the resolution of the contributions from each interrogating flux leading in turn to the quantitative determination sought. Detection limits for /sup 239/Pu are estimated to be about 3 mg using prompt fission neutrons and about 6 mg using delayed neutrons.
Cell death and longevity: implications of Fas‐mediated apoptosis in T‐cell senescence (1997)

Two prominent features of immune senescence are altered T-cell phenotype and reduced T-cell response. We have previously shown that T-cell senescence is greatly reduced in CD2-fas transgenic mice, in which the Fas apoptosis molecule is constantly expressed on T cells. Using a different experimental approach, the relationship between T-cell senescence and apoptosis was analyzed on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The results indicate that there was increased apoptosis of CD45RO- (CD45RA+) T cells upon activation. We propose that this could account for the increase in CD45RO+ "memory" T cells with aging in humans. T-cell responsiveness remained high in CD2-fas transgenic aged mice, but there was no increase in overall life span of these mice. Increased T-cell responsiveness was associated with an increased acute-phase response and serum amyloid A deposition in the glomerulus of aged CD2-fas transgenic mice. Therefore, restoration of the T-cell immune function using a CD2-fas transgene produced undesirable side-effects to aged transgenic mice. In addition to its role in activation-induced cell death, Fas-mediated apoptosis may be important in deleting T cells in response to DNA damage. It may also inhibit cell-cycle progression by cleaving various kinases and DNA repair enzymes. We observed that cell lines derived from human premature aging diseases have a higher sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The implications of these observations are discussed.
New method for measuring inter-core crosstalk in multi-core fibers using near-infrared camera (2016)

A new method using a near-infrared camera for measuring inter-core crosstalk in multi-core fibers is presented. We show that an appropriate evaluation of output power enables good estimation of crosstalk in dual-core and 7-core fibers.
On estimation in real-time microarrays (2008)

Conventional fluorescent-based microarrays acquire data after the hybridization phase. During this phase, the target analytes bind to the capturing probes on the array and, by the end of it, supposedly reach a steady state. Therefore, conventional microarrays attempt to detect and quantify the targets with a single data point taken in the steady-state. On the other hand, a novel technique, the so-called real-time microarray, capable of recording the kinetics of hybridization in fluorescent-based microarrays has recently been proposed in (Hassibi, 2007). The richness of the information obtained therein promises higher signal-to-noise ratio, smaller estimation error, and broader assay detection dynamic range compared to conventional microarrays. In the current paper, we develop a probabilistic model for real-time microarrays and describe a procedure for the estimation of target amounts therein. Moreover, leveraging on system identification ideas, we propose a novel technique for the elimination of cross-hybridization.
Chemical Patterns from Surface Grafted Resists for Directed Assembly of Block Copolymers (2012)

We demonstrate a direct e-beam patternable one-component block copolymer (BCP) resist to fabricate a chemical pattern for the directed assembly of a symmetric block copolymer. The resist consists of a low molecular weight poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) with a hydroxyl group at the PMMA chain end (PS-b-PMMA-OH), which anchors the chains to the surface. This short-tethered PMMA block provided sufficient sensitivity to allow scission by e-beam. The length of the untethered PS block was fine-tuned to impart the required contrast between the patterned and the unpatterned region for 1:1 assembly of an overlying BCP blend. Two BCP resists with a PS fraction of 0.25 (16SM) and 0.34 (18SM), with a total molecular weight less than 20K, were synthesized, and the assembly of a ternary BCP blend was studied. 16SM- and 18SM-anchored substrates showed nonpreferential and PS preferential surfaces, respectively. Both 18SM and 16SM could be patterned by e-beam to fabricate a 1:1 chemical pattern with a line pitch of 70 nm for the assembly of a BCP ternary blend. 18SM gave fewer defects than 16SM due to an increased contrast in interfacial energies between adjacent stripes in the chemical surface pattern. Two additional PS-b-PMMA-OH polymers with a molecular weight of 39K (F(PS) = 0.76) and 69K (F(PS) = 0.83) were synthesized to study the effect of PS cross-linking upon exposure to e-beam. As the PS fraction increases, the line pattern becomes blurred and ultimately ineffective in guiding the BCP assembly. The blurring is attributed to cross-linking of adjacent PS chains.
Liquid Metal Thermal Electric Converter bench test module (1988)

This report describes the design, fabrication, and test of a Liquid Metal Thermal Electric Converter Bench Test Module. The work presented in this document was conducted as a part of Heat Engine Task of the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Solar Thermal Technology Program. The objective of this task is the development and evaluation of heat engine technologies applicable to distributed receiver systems, in particular, dish electric systems.
Rapid beam shaping using tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lenses (2008)

A MHz-rate device employing acoustic waves within a fluid is used to modulate an incident laser beam and form patterns including focal spots, Bessel beams, and doughnut beams. Theory, experiment, and applications are presented.
Blurred/Non-Blurred Image Alignment using Sparseness Prior (2007)

Aligning a pair of blurred and non-blurred images is a prerequisite for many image and video restoration and graphics applications. The traditional alignment methods such as direct and feature-based approaches cannot be used due to the presence of motion blur in one image of the pair. In this paper, we present an effective and accurate alignment approach for a blurred/non-blurred image pair. We exploit a statistical characteristic of the real blur kernel - the marginal distribution of kernel value is sparse. Using this sparseness prior, we can search the best alignment which produces the sparsest blur kernel. The search is carried out in scale space with a coarse-to-fine strategy for efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm for image deblurring, video restoration, and image matting.
Can arterial elasticity be estimated from heart rate variability response to paced 0.066 Hz sighing? (2020)

Arterial elasticity is an important indicator of risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is influenced by both gradual vessel wall damage due to aging and disease and vascular tone that responds, at the moment, to system loading. Measuring changes in arterial elasticity are critical to early detection of CVD but can be time and resource intensive. This study proposes and tests a new method to approximate arterial elasticity from heart rate variability (HRV). ECG and pulse were simultaneously recording in 71 young healthy adults during three rhythmical sighing tasks paced at 0.02, 0.033, and 0.066 Hz. We evaluated arterial elasticity by measuring the reaction of pulse transit time (PTT) and RRI to each task specifically at the pacing frequency. The goal of the study was to describe our method, ground the methodology in current theory and mechanisms, and scientifically justify and validate this method by assessing differences in arterial elasticity in groups of healthy adults who differed in drinking behaviors. The amplitude PTT and HR oscillation responses at the pacing frequency were significantly correlated only when sighing was paced at 0.066 Hz. Both amplitudes also significantly correlated with power in the very low-frequency range of the baseline HRV spectrum. Abnormalities in these measures were observed among binge drinking healthy adults compared to non-drinkers and social drinkers. These preliminary results support using the HRV response to paced 0.066 Hz sighing as a correlate of arterial elasticity and warrant further study.
Autologous Cord Blood Infusions Are Safe and Feasible in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of a Single-Center Phase I Open-Label Trial (2017)

Abstract Despite advances in early diagnosis and behavioral therapies, more effective treatments for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are needed. We hypothesized that umbilical cord blood-derived cell therapies may have potential in alleviating ASD symptoms by modulating inflammatory processes in the brain. Accordingly, we conducted a phase I, open-label trial to assess the safety and feasibility of a single intravenous infusion of autologous umbilical cord blood, as well as sensitivity to change in several ASD assessment tools, to determine suitable endpoints for future trials. Twenty-five children, median age 4.6 years (range 2.26–5.97), with a confirmed diagnosis of ASD and a qualified banked autologous umbilical cord blood unit, were enrolled. Children were evaluated with a battery of behavioral and functional tests immediately prior to cord blood infusion (baseline) and 6 and 12 months later. Assessment of adverse events across the 12-month period indicated that the treatment was safe and well tolerated. Significant improvements in children's behavior were observed on parent-report measures of social communication skills and autism symptoms, clinician ratings of overall autism symptom severity and degree of improvement, standardized measures of expressive vocabulary, and objective eye-tracking measures of children's attention to social stimuli, indicating that these measures may be useful endpoints in future studies. Behavioral improvements were observed during the first 6 months after infusion and were greater in children with higher baseline nonverbal intelligence quotients. These data will serve as the basis for future studies to determine the efficacy of umbilical cord blood infusions in children with ASD.
Mesocellular Foam‐Supported Catalysts: Enhanced Activity and Recyclability for Ring‐Closing Metathesis (2007)

Abstract Although ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) has been one of the most powerful methodologies for creating cyclic compounds, the pharmaceutical industry has not yet widely adopted this process commercially due to the high costs and leaching problems of homogeneous ruthenium catalysts. To circumvent these problems, we have immobilized the second‐generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst effectively onto siliceous mesocellular foam (MCF). The open and interconnected pores of MCF facilitated ligand immobilization and substrate diffusion. We have observed that the ligand and metal loadings significantly affected the catalytic activity and recyclability. Enhanced recyclability by suppression of ruthenium leaching was achieved by using excess immobilized ligands. The resulting novel heterogenized catalysts demonstrated excellent activity and reusability for the RCM of various types of substrates.
Tailored Nanoporous Coatings Fabricated on Conformable Polymer Substrates (2012)

Nanoporous coatings have become the subject of intense investigation, in part because they have been shown to have unique and tailorable physical properties that can depart greatly from their dense or macroscopic counterparts. Nanoporous coatings are frequently fabricated utilizing oblique-angle or glancing-angle physical vapor-phase deposition techniques. However, a significant limitation for such coatings exists; they are almost always deposited on smooth and rigid planar substrates, such as silicon and glass. This limitation greatly constrains the applicability, tailorability, functionality and even the economic viability, of such nanoporous coatings. Here, we report our findings on nanoporous/polymer composite systems (NPCS) fabricated by utilizing oblique-angle electron-beam methodology. These unique composite systems exhibit several favorable characteristics, namely, (i) fine-tuned control over coating nanoporosity and thickness, (ii) excellent adhesion between the nanoporous coating and polymer substrate, (iii) the ability to withstand significant and repeated bending, and (iv) the ability to be molded conformably on two and three-dimensional surfaces while closely retaining the composite system's designed nanoporous film structure and, hence, properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Processes for Constructing Homogeneous Antibody Drug Conjugates (2016)

Abstract Review: 91 refs.
The Phase Change Optical Disc with the Data Recording Rate of 140 Mbps (2002)

We have been developing a new phase change optical disc on the base of the recording system (DVR) with a blue laser (405 nm) and dual objective lens with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.85. We have achieved the data recording rate of 140 Mbps. The significant techniques to achieve the recording rate as follows: rearrangement of the AgInSbTeGe composition for the rate of 140 Mbps and controlling the re-crystallization by SRC structure (the super-rapid cooling structure) and development of Write Strategy for the high data recording. As a result of the techniques, less than 10% jitter value and more than 1,000 times overwriting possibility at 140 Mbps have been achieved.
An Effective Timing-Driven Detailed Placement Algorithm for FPGAs (2017)

In this paper, we propose a new timing-driven detailed placement technique for FPGAs based on optimizing critical paths. Our approach extends well beyond the previously known critical path optimization approaches and explores a significantly larger solution space. It is also complementary to single-net based timing optimization approaches. The new algorithm models the detailed placement improvement problem as a shortest path optimization problem, and optimizes the placement of all elements in the entire timing critical path simultaneously, while minimizing the costs of adjusting the placement of adjacent non-critical elements. Experimental results on industrial circuits using a modern FPGA device show an average placement clock frequency improvement of 4.5%.
A Working Hypothesis for Broadening Framework Types of Zeolites in Seed-Assisted Synthesis without Organic Structure-Directing Agent (2012)

Recent research has demonstrated a new synthesis route to useful zeolites such as beta, RUB-13, and ZSM-12 via seed-assisted, organic structure-directing agent (OSDA)-free synthesis, although it had been believed that these zeolites could be essentially synthesized with OSDAs. These zeolites are obtained by adding seeds to the gels that otherwise yield other zeolites; however, the underlying crystallization mechanism has not been fully understood yet. Without any strategy, it is unavoidable to employ a trial-and-error procedure for broadening zeolite types by using this synthesis method. In this study, the effect of zeolite seeds with different framework structures is investigated to understand the crystallization mechanism of zeolites obtained by the seed-assisted, OSDA-free synthesis method. It has been found that the key factor in the successful synthesis of zeolites in the absence of OSDA is the common composite building unit contained both in the seeds and in the zeolite obtained from the gel after heating without seeds. A new working hypothesis for broadening zeolite types by the seed-assisted synthesis without OSDA is proposed on the basis of the findings of the common composite building units in zeolites. This hypothesis enables us to design the synthesis condition of target zeolites. The validity of the hypothesis is experimentally tested and verified by synthesizing several zeolites including ECR-18 in K-aluminosilicate system.