gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Transport in Graphene/Copper Hybrid Nano Ribbon Interconnect: A First Principle Study (2016)

Recent studies have shown superior thermal transport of graphene on copper as a potential candidate for the next generation interconnects. Using density function theory (DFT) we have studied the current transport of graphene/copper (G/Cu) hybrid-nano wire interconnect system and compared with graphene interconnect. From the first principle calculation, band structure and density of states have been calculated. Using Landauer-Buttiker (LB) formalism, electrical transport is calculated. For this presented G/Cu system, we found resistivity as 1.25x10 -6 Ω-m, which is one tenth of Cu-bulk resistivity. G/Cu hybrid interconnect shows more conductive than graphene only interconnect for low bias applications.
Possible mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the aqueous extracts of Ceiba pentandra Gaertn (Bombacaceae) and Chromolaena odorata L (King and Robinson) (Astéraceae) in rat (2018)

The aim of this study was to investigate the probable mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the aqueous extracts of C. pentandra and C. odorata. The possible mechanisms of inflammatory effect were investigated in rat by the local administration into the plantar aponeurosis of the histamine, serotonin and the arachidonic acid. The results obtained show that the aqueous extracts of C. pentandra (400 and 800 mg/kg) and of C. odorata (400 and 800 mg/kg) inhibit the histamine, serotonin and the arachidonic acid inflammation. This suggests that these two aqueous extracts could interfere with their inflammatory mechanisms. The probable mechanisms of analgesic effect were investigated in rat by the localadministration into the plantar aponeurosis of formaldehyde solution in the naloxone presence. The results obtained showed an inhibiting pain of the two extracts at the doses used on the two phases (neurogenic response and inflammatory response) of pain in spite of the preliminary administration of naloxone. This result suggests that these two extracts could act by not opioid mechanism.
The diagnosis and classification of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. (1994)

Although the typical subtypes of embryonal, botryoid, alveolar, and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma are easily recognized by simple light microscopic examination, poorly differentiated forms are difficult to diagnose and classify. The availability of markers connoting simple myogenous or skeletal muscle differentiation has contributed tremendously to the diagnosis of even poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma. Definition of typical and minimal ultrastructural criteria has also been instrumental. Proper classification of rhabdomyosarcoma into subtypes with prognostic significance has been a difficult task. Although most pathologists have accepted the original classification scheme of embryonal, botryoid, alveolar, and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, they have used variable histologic criteria to define the various subtypes. Most of the major discrepancies occurred in the definition of embryonal versus alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, especially in those cases that required establishment of minimal criteria. For example, poorly differentiated round-cell rhabdomyosarcoma has frequently been erroneously classified as embryonal, because of the absence of an alveolar pattern. This variety has been recognized as a form of alveolar (solid alveolar) rhabdomyosarcoma by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) scheme. Comparative analysis of several proposed classification schemes has led to the establishment of well-defined criteria for the major subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma and to the recognition of subtypes with prognostic significance.
Physicochemical characterization of indomethacin polymorphs and the transformation kinetics in ethanol. (1985)

Methods for the preparation of polymorphs of indomethacin (IMC) were studied in order to obtain the pure polymorphs. The physicochemical properties of IMC polymorphs were measured by using X-ray diffraction analysis. infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and two polymorphs (α and γ forms) and one benzene solvate (β form) were identified. The pure α form was obtained when distilled water at room temperature was poured into IMC ethanol solution at about 80°C, and the precipitated crystals were filtered off and dried. The pure β and γ forms were obtained by recrystallization from benzene and ethyl ether, respectively, at room temperature. The melting points of the α and γ forms were 148 and 154°C, respectively, and their heats of fusion were 7.49±0.27 and 8.64±0.13kcal/mol, respectively, as determined by DSC. A mixture of α and γ forms was obtained by the method previously reported for α form preparation ("recrystallization method"), since the pure α form was transformed to the γ form in ethanol at room temperature. The transformation of α form to γ form in ethanol was analyzed by the kinetic method using 9 kinds of kinetic models. It was concluded that the transformation followed kinetics corresponding to two-dimensional growth of nuclei (Avrami equation), and the activation energy was calculated to be 14.2 kcal/mol from the Arrhenius plot. The solubilities of the α and γ forms in distilled water were 0.87 and 0.69mg/100ml, respectively.
5-Aminolevulinic Acid, but not 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Esters, is Transported into Adenocarcinoma Cells by System BETA Transporters (2000)

5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and its ester derivatives are used in photodynamic therapy as precursors for the formation of photosensitizers. This study relates to the mechanisms by which 5-ALA is transported into cells. The transport of 5-ALA has been studied in a human adenocarcinoma cell line (WiDr) by means of [14C]-labeled 5-ALA. The rate of uptake was saturable following Michaelis-Menten kinetics (K(m) = 8-10 mM and Vmax = 18-20 nmol.(mg protein x h)-1), and Arrhenius plot of the temperature-dependent uptake of 5-ALA was characterized by a single discontinuity at 32 degrees C. The activation energy was 112 kJ.mol-1 in the temperature range 15 degrees-32 degrees C and 26 kJ.mol-1 above 32 degrees C. Transport of 5-ALA was Na+ and partly Cl(-)-dependent. Stoichiometric analysis revealed a Na+:5-ALA coupling ratio of 3:1. With the exception of valine, methionine and threonine, zwitterionic and basic amino acids inhibited the transport of 5-ALA. 5-ALA methyl ester was not an inhibitor of 5-ALA uptake. The transport was most efficiently inhibited, i.e. by 65-75%, by the beta-amino acids, beta-alanine and taurine and by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Accordingly, 5-ALA, but not 5-ALA methyl ester, was found to inhibit cellular uptake of [3H]-GABA and [14C]-beta-alanine. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation in the presence of 5-ALA (0.3 mM) was attenuated 85% in the presence of 10 mM beta-alanine, while PpIX formation in cells treated with 5-ALA methyl ester (0.3 mM) or 5-ALA hexyl ester (4 microM) was not significantly influenced by beta-alanine. Thus, 5-ALA, but not 5-ALA esters, is transported by beta-amino acid and GABA carriers in this cell line.
GENETIC VARIATION AMONG STRAINS OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE <i>GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM</i> (DINOPHYCEAE) (1999)

The toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham has formed recurrent toxic blooms in southeastern Tasmanian waters since its discovery in the area in 1986. Current evidence suggests that this species might have been introduced to Tasmania prior to 1973, possibly in cargo vessel ballast water carried from populations in Japan or Spain, followed by recent dispersal to mainland Australia. To examine this hypothesis, cultured strains from G. catenatum populations in Australia, Spain, Portugal, and Japan were examined using allozymes and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Allozyme screening detected very limited polymorphism and was not useful for population comparisons; however, Australian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Japanese strains showed considerable RAPD diversity, and all strains examined represented unique genotypes. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) of RAPD genetic distances between strains showed clear separation of strains into three nonoverlapping regional clusters: Australia, Japan, and Spain/Portugal. Analysis of genetic distances between strains from the three regional populations indicated that Australian strains were almost equally related to both the Spanish/Portuguese population and the Japanese population. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) found that genetic variation was partitioned mainly within populations (87%) compared to the variation between the regions (8%) and between populations within regions (5%). The potential source population for Tasmania’s introduced G. catenatum remains equivocal; however, strains from the recently discovered mainland Australian population (Port Lincoln, South Australia, 1996) clustered with Tasmanian strains, supporting the notion of a secondary relocation of Tasmanian G. catenatum populations to the mainland via a shipping vector. Geographic and temporal clustering of strains was evident among the Tasmanian strains, indicating that genetic exchange between neighboring estuaries is limited and that Tasmanian G. catenatum blooms are composed of localized, estuary‐bound subpopulations.
Epithelial membrane polarity: a stable, differentiated feature of an established human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. (1987)

Carcinoma cells typically show little or no polarity as compared to normal, differentiated epithelial cells. We have studied polarity in two established human breast carcinoma cell lines, T47D and MCF-7, by various techniques (electron microscopic enzyme- and immunocytochemistry, freeze-fracture) and show that one of them (MCF-7) is characterized by a high degree of polarity. Thus, in contrast to T47D cells, MCF-7 cells in monolayer culture form apical tight junctions, do not allow a ricin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, which binds to terminal galactose residues on the apical surface, to stain the basolateral membrane domain, and express a surface antigen (MFGM-A) only in the apical surface membrane domain, as do normal mammary epithelial cells in vivo. This polarization is independent of a basement membrane, since it is maintained when MCF-7 cells, which do not deposit type IV collagen themselves, are grown directly on plastic. Moreover, even though MCF-7 cells express estrogen receptors rather homogeneously, estrogen has no effect on this polarity, neither in vitro nor after transplantation to nude mice. We conclude that polarity is a stable, differentiated feature of MCF-7 cells.
Classifying Business Types from Twitter Posts Using Active Learning. (2010)

<i>Purpose</i>. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is reported to be associated with Hirschsprung disease (HD). The aim was to evaluate any differences between children with HD with and without CHD, respectively, with regard to patient characteristics, medical care, and patient reported bowel function. <i>Method</i>. This is a retrospective chart study and a cross-sectional long-term follow-up of patients older than 4 years old, including all children with HD operated on with transanal endorectal pull-through (TERPT) at a tertiary center of pediatric surgery. Information about patient characteristics, diagnostics, surgery, and medical care was compiled. At long-term follow-up, bowel function was assessed by Bowel Function Score. <i>Results</i>. Included were 53 HD-patients, 13 with CHD and 40 without CHD. Children with CHD more commonly presented with failure to thrive; 4 (23%) compared to those without CHD (0%) (<i>p</i> < 0.01). In the long-term follow-up, including 32 patients (6 with CHD), constipation was more commonly reported by children with CHD 5 (83%) than by children without CHD 4 (27%) (<i>p</i> = 0.01). No differences were shown in the other parameters such as fecal control and incontinence. <i>Conclusion</i>. HD-patients with CHD more commonly presented with failure to thrive and more frequently reported constipation than HD-patients without CHD. The findings indicate that HD-patients with CHD might need special consideration in their initial care and long-term follow-up.
The trefoil gene family are coordinately expressed immediate-early genes: EGF receptor– and MAP kinase–dependent interregulation (1999)

The trefoil gene family of mucus cell-secreted proteins is a critical mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal restitution. Transcription of trefoil genes is induced during mucosal repair, but the regulatory mechanisms involved are unknown. Mice deficient in the intestine-specific peptide intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), in which colonic restitution is lethally impaired, showed reduced expression of the gastric trefoil genes SP and pS2, suggesting that trefoil peptides may individually regulate transcription of the entire family. In gastric cell lines, the trefoils were shown to act in a manner suggestive of immediate-early genes capable of auto- and cross-induction through cis-acting regulatory regions. Trefoil-mediated transcriptional regulation required activation of the Ras/MEK/MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. EGF receptor (EGF-R) activation was also necessary for trefoil auto- and cross-induction, and both spasmolytic polypeptide (SP) and ITF stimulation of gastric cell lines led to phosphorylation of EGF-R. Nevertheless, ITF and ITF-thioredoxin cell surface binding at 4 degrees C colocalized not with EGF-R, but with CD71, which is found in clathrin-coated pits, suggesting that integration of trefoil peptide responses may occur after internalization. As EGF-R expression is itself strongly induced after mucosal damage, the trefoil/EGF-R relationship may be pivotal in the generation and maintenance of the mucosal repair phenotype.
A compiler-automated array compression scheme for optimizing memory intensive programs (2010)

This paper proposes a compiler-automated array compression scheme to reduce the memory bandwidth consumption of programs and thereby to improve their execution speed. Three encoding methods are developed for such compression. Formulas are derived to analyze the cost and benefit of such methods. To ease the programmer's effort for writing and maintaining complex source code that utilizes compression, we implement our technique in a compiler which automatically transforms the program into different versions corresponding to different encoding methods. The compiler also inserts operations to adaptively invoke the preferred version at run time, including the original version which performs no compression. Results show that our compiler-automated adaptive scheme improves the execution speed over the original version by an average of 9% for a set of benchmark programs which perform memory-intensive sparse matrix-vector multiplications (SpMV). These results take into account of overhead to make the adaptive decision. When tested separately, the individual encoding methods speed up program execution by as high as 41%, which compares favorably against previous compression methods manually applied to SpMV.
Properties of Procoagulant Platelets (2010)

The ability of activated platelets to support thrombin generation is defined by a subpopulation of platelets expressing a nondissociable pool of platelet-derived FVa and increased adhesive receptor density. This subpopulation is hypothesized to play a significant role in regulating both normal hemostasis and pathological thrombus formation because the adherent properties of platelets and their ability to mount and sustain a procoagulant response are crucial steps in both of these processes.
Review—Investigation and Review of the Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical, and Structural Properties of Atomic Layer Deposited High-<i>k</i>Dielectrics: Beryllium Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Hafnium Oxide, and Aluminum Nitride (2017)

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) high-dielectric-constant (high-k) materials have found extensive applications in a variety of electronic, optical, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic devices. While electrical, optical, and interfacial properties have been the primary consideration for such devices, thermal and mechanical properties are becoming an additional key consideration for many new and emerging applications of ALD high-k materials in electromechanical, energy storage, and organic light emitting diode devices. Unfortunately, a clear correspondence between thermal/mechanical and electrical/optical properties in ALD high-k materials has yet to be established, and a detailed comparison to conventional silicon-based dielectrics to facilitate optimal material selection is also lacking. In this regard, we have conducted a comprehensive investigation and review of the thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, and structural properties for a series of prevalent and emerging ALD high-k materials including aluminum oxide (Al2O3), aluminum nitride (AlN), hafnium oxide (HfO2), and beryllium oxide (BeO). For comparison, more established silicon-based dielectrics were also examined, including thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO2) and plasma-enhanced chemically vapor deposited hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiN:H). We find that in addition to exhibiting high values of dielectric permittivity and electrical resistance that exceed those of SiO2 and SiN:H, the ALD high-k materials exhibit equally exceptional thermal and mechanical properties with coefficients of thermal expansion ≤ 6 × 10−6 /°C, thermal conductivites (κ) of 3–15 W/m K, and Young's modulus and hardness values exceeding 200 and 25 GPa, respectively. In many cases, the observed extreme thermal/mechanical properties correlate with the presence of crystallinity in the ALD high-k films. In contrast, some of the electrical and optical properties correlate more strongly with the percentage of ionic vs. covalent bonds present in the high-k film. Overall, the ALD high-k dielectrics investigated concurrently exhibit compelling thermal/mechanical and electrical/optical properties.
The Economics of Bitcoin Mining, or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries (2013)

The Bitcoin digital currency depends for its correctness and stability on a combination of cryptography, distributed algorithms, and incentivedriven behavior. We examine Bitcoin as a consensus game and determine that it relies on separate consensus about the rules and about game state. An important aspect of Bitcoin’s design is the mining mechanism, in which participants expend resources on solving computational puzzles in order to collect rewards. This mechanism purportedly protects Bitcoin against certain technical problems such as inconsistencies in the system’s distributed log data structure. We consider the economics of Bitcoin mining, and whether the Bitcoin protocol can survive attacks, assuming that participants behave according to their incentives. We show that there is a Nash equilibrium in which all players behave consistently with Bitcoin’s reference implementation, along with infinitely many equilibria in which they behave otherwise. We also show how a motivated adversary might be able to disrupt the Bitcoin system and “crash ” the currency. Finally, we argue that Bitcoin will require the emergence of governance structures, contrary to the commonly held view in the Bitcoin community that the currency is ungovernable. 1
Modernidad y tradición en el arte colombiano de mediados del siglo XX : El Dorado de Eduardo Ramírez-Villamizar (2013)

En 1958, Eduardo Ramirez-Villamizar realiza la obra de arte publico mas ambiciosa de Colombia hasta el momento: El Dorado, moderno mural monumental que se instalaria en el igualmente moderno rascacielos del Banco de Bogota. El presente ensayo es un primer esfuerzo por estudiar en detalle este mural y discutir en profundidad la manera como el artista integra motivos precolombinos en el lenguaje internacional de la abstraccion geometrica y las implicaciones de esta yuxtaposicion en su programa estetico, considerando El Dorado como la institucionalizacion de la abstraccion geometrica como simbolo de modernidad y progreso en el arte colombiano, al mismo tiempo que revive tradiciones artisticas locales.
Forced Draft Cooling Tower Performance with Diesel Power Stations (1988)

Abstract A prototype cooling tower was used to explore the potential of using cooling towers compared with radiator cooling systems with 3 MW diesel engines. The working parameters were the water mass flow rate, water inlet temperature, air mass flow rate, and humidity ratio. The water mass flow rate was relatively the most effective. Three methods of calculation were used to evaluate performance—namely, heat and mass balance, psychrometric chart, and the heat and mass transfer method. The first was the best in comparison with experiments. The economic analysis of both the cooling tower and radiator systems showed that it would be more economical in the long run to use cooling towers for diesel engines.
Design for Production: A Tool for Reducing Manufacturing Cycle Time (2000)

Abstract This paper describes a decision support tool that can help a product development team reduce manufacturing cycle time during product design. This design for production (DFP) tool determines how manufacturing a new product design affects the performance of the manufacturing system by analyzing the capacity requirements and estimating the manufacturing cycle times. Performing these tasks early in the product development process can reduce product development time. The paper presents a comprehensive DFP approach and describes the components of the DFP tool, which gives feedback that can be used to eliminate manufacturing cycle time problems. We present an example that illustrates the tool’s functionality.
PI3K Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Disease (2010)

Cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic disease and its thrombotic complications are one main cause of hospitalization and mortality in the world. The family of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases by regulating essential cellular functions, such as cell migration, translational responses, and cell survival, and thereby, modulating several essential biologic processes, such as metabolism, vascular homeostasis and thrombogenicity. PI3Ks can be divided into three classes, of which the class I-group is the best characterized. This group consists of four isoforms, named PI3Kα, β, δ, and γ. Each isoform has distinct functions under normal as well as pathophysiologic conditions. The development of several pharmacologic isoform-selective, isoform-preferring, and pan-PI3K inhibitors enlarged and potentiated the knowledge about the effect of the different PI3K isoforms on specific biologic processes as well as their role under pathophysiologic conditions. Moreover, this offered the possibility for novel therapeutic strategies targeting PI3K isoforms in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this review will focus on the pathophysiologic role of class I PI3Ks in cardiovascular diseases as well as on the therapeutic potential of pharmacological PI3K inhibitors for the treatment of this scourge of humanity.