gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Optical and electrochemical diffusion-based detection of analytes in complex samples using microfabricated flow structures (T-Sensors)</title> (1999)

T-Sensors have been demonstrated to allow both absorption- and fluorescence-based detection of analytes directly in complex samples such as whole blood and contaminated environmental samples, without prior separation of blood cells or other soluble and insoluble components. In this paper, we present the implementation of electrochemical detection methods in T- Sensors, as well as their optical validation. Microelectrodes integrated with etched microfluidic flow channels allow traditional electroanalytical techniques to be performed on microliter and smaller volumes and also enable new detection techniques which are based upon the interaction between the microelectrodes and the diffusional mixing that occurs between flow lamina at low Reynolds numbers. Conductivity versus mixing measurements, anodic stripping voltammetry, and isolation of microelectrodes by sheath flow are demonstrated for an experimental device. In a T-Sensor, a sample solution, a receptor solution, and, optionally, a reference solution (a known analyte standard) are introduced in a common channel (T- SensorTM), and laminarly flow next to each other until the exit the structure. Smaller particles such as ions or small proteins diffuse rapidly across the fluid boundaries, whereas larger molecules diffuse more slowly. Large particles show no significant diffusion within the time the two flow streams are in contact. Two interface zones are formed between the fluid layers. The ratio of a property (e.g., fluorescence intensity, stripping voltammetry signal) of the two interface zones is a function of the concentration of the analyte, and is largely free of cross-sensitivities to other sample components and instrument parameters.
Realization of vertically-aligned GaN n-p core-shell nanoscale structures using top-down fabrication (2011)

Vertically aligned core-shell p-n nanostructures are technologically significant due to their potential applications in a variety of devices such as light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells. Such structures developed in III-Nitride material system are expected to increase device efficiency, partially due to mitigating detrimental effects of spontaneous electrical polarization. Despite significant progress in the synthesis of nitride core-sell nanostructures using both bottom-up and top-down paradigms, fabrication of large arrays of these nanostructures with controlled morphology, orientation, dopant incorporation, and site-specific nucleation is still a challenge. One of the most challenging aspects of making high quality GaN nanopillar arrays using top-down approach is to design an etching protocol for producing high-aspect ratio structures while inducing minimal damage to the sidewalls and preventing the etch-mask erosion.[1]
Dual‐affinity avidin molecules (2005)

A recently reported dual-chain avidin was modified further to contain two distinct, independent types of ligand-binding sites within a single polypeptide chain. Chicken avidin is normally a tetrameric glycoprotein that binds water-soluble d-biotin with extreme affinity (K(d) approximately 10(-15) M). Avidin is utilized in various applications and techniques in the life sciences and in the nanosciences. In a recent study, we described a novel avidin monomer-fusion chimera that joins two circularly permuted monomers into a single polypeptide chain. Two of these dual-chain avidins were observed to associate spontaneously to form a dimer equivalent to the wt tetramer. In the present study, we successfully used this scaffold to generate avidins in which the neighboring biotin-binding sites of dual-chain avidin exhibit two different affinities for biotin. In these novel avidins, one of the two binding sites in each polypeptide chain, the pseudodimer, is genetically modified to have lower binding affinity for biotin, whereas the remaining binding site still exhibits the high-affinity characteristic of the wt protein. The pseudotetramer (i.e., a dimer of dual-chain avidins) has two high and two lower affinity biotin-binding sites. The usefulness of these novel proteins was demonstrated by immobilizing dual-affinity avidin with its high-affinity sites. The sites with lower affinity were then used for affinity purification of a biotinylated enzyme. These "dual-affinity" avidin molecules open up wholly new possibilities in avidin-biotin technology, where they may have uses as novel bioseparation tools, carrier proteins, or nanoscale adapters.
Carbon purification process. [5 claims] (1976)

Crayfish motor axons remain excitable for over 100 days after severance from their central cell bodies, and continue to store and release normal amounts of transmitter substance. Evidence indicates that regeneration occurs by fusion of the central process with its surviving peripheral segment.
Monolithic supply modulated RF power amplifier and DC-DC power converter IC (2003)

Mobile communication systems require highly efficient, linear, and integrated power amplifiers. This paper reports the results of a monolithic envelope following system implemented in a 0.18 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process technology. The monolithic envelope following system consists of a synchronous buck DC-DC converter, which is integrated with and provides the power supply for a 900 MHz power amplifier while tracking the envelope of the RF input signal.
Macrocyclization of a Ligand Targeting a Toxic RNA Dramatically Improves Potency (2020)

RNA molecules both contribute to and are causative of many human diseases. One method to perturb RNA function is to target its structure with small molecules. However, discovering bioactive ligands for RNA targets is challenging. Here, we show that the bioactivity of a linear dimeric ligand that inactivates the RNA trinucleotide repeat expansion that causes myotonic dystrophy type 1 [DM1; r(CUG)<sup>exp</sup> ] can be improved by macrocyclization. Indeed, the macrocyclic compound is ten times more potent than the linear compound for improving DM1-associated defects in cells, including in patient-derived myotubes (muscle cells). This enhancement in potency is due to the macrocycle's increased affinity and selectively for the target, which inhibit r(CUG)<sup>exp</sup> 's toxic interaction with muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1), and its superior cell permeability. Macrocyclization could prove to be an effective way to enhance the bioactivity of modularly assembled ligands targeting RNA.
Synthesis of time-constrained multitasking embedded software (2006)

In modern embedded systems, software development plays a vital role. Many key functions are being migrated to software, aiming at a shorter time to market and easier upgrades. Multitasking is increasingly common in embedded software, and many of these tasks incorporate real-time constraints. Although multitasking simplifies coding, it demands an operating system and imposes significant overhead on the system. The use of serializing compilers, such as the Phantom compiler, allows the synthesis of a monolithic code from a multitasking C application, eliminating the need for an operating system. In this article, we introduce the synthesis of multitasking applications that execute in a timely manner. We incorporate the notion of timing constraints into the Phantom compiler, and show that our approach is effective in meeting such constraints, allowing fine-grained concurrency among the tasks. As an additional case study, we present the implementation of a software-based modem and show that real-time applications such as the modem have guaranteed performance in the serialized code generated by the Phantom compiler.
Lifetime Performance of Nanocomposite Scandate Tungsten Cathodes (2020)

Nano-composite scandate tungsten cathodes have shown superior performance to other thermionic cathodes. Lifetime emission data is an essential evaluation metric of powder quality for use in vacuum electron devices. Commercially viable large batch scale production of NST powder with lifetime data meeting industry demands will be essential to the vacuum electron device industry. Comparing commercially fabricated NST powder to laboratory NST powder is an evaluation metric for determining powder quality.
Lookback:a new way of exploiting parallelism in discrete event simulation (2002)

Lookback is defined as the ability of a logical process to change its past locally (without involving other logical processes). Logical processes with lookback are able to process out-of-timestamp order events, enabling new synchronization protocols for the parallel discrete event simulation. Two of such protocols, LB-GVT (LookBack-Global Virtual Time) and LB-EIT (LookBack-Earliest Input Time), are presented and their performance on the Closed Queuing Network (CQN) simulation is discussed. We also discuss in detail the relation between lookahead and lookback. Finally, we demonstrate that lookback allows conservative simulations to circumvent the speedup limit imposed by the critical path.
Bias optimization for switched capacitor amplifiers (1997)

Bias optimization is one of the most important design issues in many low power applications. Several biasing schemes for switched capacitor applications are analyzed in this paper from the settling time point of view. A bias circuit is described that provides the best tradeoff between the slew-rate and the unity gain bandwidth of a single dominant-pole opamp over process and temperature variations. Theoretical analysis and simulations confirm a quasi-constant settling time with minimal process dependence.
Context-adaptive hybrid variable length coding in H.264/AVC (2009)

It is well observed that the nonzero transform coefficients for block-based hybrid video coding is more clustered in the low frequency region while more scattered in the high frequency region. Based on this observation, hybrid variable length coding (HVLC) was recently proposed, which divides each transform block into low frequency (LF) region and high frequency (HF) region by a pre-defined breakpoint and encodes the clustered low frequency coefficients with new coding schemes, such as two dimensional position and one-dimensional amplitude coding (2DP1DA) or three-dimensional position and amplitude coding (3DPA). However, the transition between clustered and scattered nonzero coefficients varies with different blocks and sequences. In this paper, we propose a context-adaptive hybrid variable length coding (CAHVLC) scheme, where multiple code tables are used and the code table is adaptively chosen based on the derivable context information from coded neighboring blocks or from the coded portion of the currently being coded block. The experimental results show that CAHVLC achieves about 6.5% ∼ 8% bit rate reduction for a wide range of quantization parameters (QP) compared with CAVLC in H.264.
Influence of cooling rate in planar thermally assisted magnetic random access memory: Improved writeability due to spin-transfer-torque influence (2015)

This paper investigates the effect of a controlled cooling rate on magnetic field reversal assisted by spin transfer torque (STT) in thermally assisted magnetic random access memory. By using a gradual linear decrease of the voltage at the end of the write pulse, the STT decays more slowly or at least at the same rate as the temperature. This condition is necessary to make sure that the storage layer magnetization remains in the desired written direction during cooling of the cell. The influence of the write current pulse decay rate was investigated on two exchange biased synthetic ferrimagnet (SyF) electrodes. For a NiFe based electrode, a significant improvement in writing reproducibility was observed using a gradual linear voltage transition. The write error rate decreases by a factor of 10 when increasing the write pulse fall-time from ∼3 ns to 70 ns. For comparison, a second CoFe/NiFe based electrode was also reversed by magnetic field assisted by STT. In this case, no difference between sharp and linear write pulse fall shape was observed. We attribute this observation to the higher thermal stability of the CoFe/NiFe electrode during cooling. In real-time measurements of the magnetization reversal, it was found that Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) coupling in the SyF electrode vanishes for the highest pulse voltages that were used due to the high temperature reached during write. As a result, during the cooling phase, the final state is reached through a spin-flop transition of the SyF storage layer.
Regulation of flowering time in wheat and barley (2005)

Vernalization is the requirement of a long exposure to cold temperatures to induce flowering.In wheat and barley, the VRN-1 and VRN-2 genes are mainly responsible for this requirement.The alleles for winter growth habit are the ancestral forms of these genes in the Triticeae, and independent mutations in both genes have resulted in the recurrent generation of spring forms in the temperate cereals.The VRN-1 gene is a meristem identity gene ( APETALA1) and is dominant for spring growth habit.Reduction of VRN-1 transcript levels by RNA interference (RNAi) result in a delay in flowering of 2-3 weeks, suggesting that the transcript level of VRN-1 is critical for the determination of flowering time in wheat.In the wheat and barley lines characterized so far deletions in the promoter or the first intron of VRN-1 result in a dominant spring growth habit, suggesting that these are important regulatory regions.Mutations in a single VRN-1 copy in polyploid wheat are sufficient to determine a spring growth habit, but different combinations of dominant Vrn-1 alleles result in different effects on flowering time.We propose that these mutations interfere with the recognition of a repressor coded or regulated by VRN-2.The VRN-2 gene is a zinc-finger CCT transcription factor and is dominant for the winter growth habit.This gene is down-regulated by vernalization, releasing the transcription of the VRN-1 genes and promoting flowering.Mutations in the CCT domain or deletions of the VRN-2 gene are associated with a spring growth habit in both barley and diploid wheat.Reduction of VRN-2 transcript levels by RNAi in winter wheat variety Jagger resulted in the increase of VRN-1 transcript levels and in a significant acceleration of flowering time.In plants showing different combinations of dominant and recessive alleles we observed that the dominant Vrn-1 alleles are expressed first and that the recessive vrn-1 alleles are transcribed later.We have recently proposed the existence a feedback regulatory loop between VRN-1 and VRN-2 to explain these results.This coordinated regulation of dominant and recessive VRN-1 alleles influences the timing of meristem differentiation and final flowering time.We found here that the induction of the recessive alleles is mediated by the downregulation of VRN-2 after the initiation of transcription of the dominant Vrn-1 allele.Once VRN-2 is repressed, the recessive vrn-1 alleles can be transcribed.Three experiments supporting this hypothesis are discussed.
High-speed 1-frame/ms scanning confocal microscope with a microlens and Nipkow disks (2002)

We have developed a high-speed confocal laser microscope. A microlens-array disk set in front of a pinhole-array disk improved optical efficiency more than ten times compared with that of conventional Nipkow confocal microscopy. This new microscope achieves a high-speed measurement of 1 frame/ms. We expect that it will be used for measuring biological and industrial active samples.
Pig endogenous retroviruses and xenotransplantation (2002)

Xenotransplantation of porcine organs might provide an unlimited source of donor organs to treat endstage organ failure diseases in humans. However, pigs harbour retroviruses with unknown pathogenic potential as an integral part of their genome. While until recently the risk of interspecies transmission of these porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) during xenotransplantation has been thought to be negligible, several reports on infection of human cells in vitro and spread of PERV from transplanted porcine islets in murine model systems have somewhat challenged this view. Here, we compile available data on PERV biology and diagnostics, and discuss the significance of the results with regard to the safety of clinical xenotransplantation.
2-D Pattern of Nerve Fiber Bundles in Glaucoma Emerging from Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (2012)

A two-dimensional (2-D) spatial NFB map of the retina can be developed using structure-structure relationships from SD-OCT. Such SD-OCT-based NFB maps may enhance glaucoma detection and contribute to monitoring change in the future.
n-type diamond growth by phosphorus doping on (0 0 1)-oriented surface (2007)

The properties of phosphorus incorporation for n-type doping of diamond are discussed and summarized. Doping of (0 0 1)-oriented diamond is introduced and compared with results achieved on (1 1 1) diamond. This review describes detailed procedures and conditions of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth and characteristics of electrical properties of phosphorus-doped diamond. The phosphorus incorporation was characterized by SIMS analysis including mapping. n-type conductivity is evaluated by Hall-effect measurements over a temperature regime of 300–1000 K. The crystal perfection of (0 0 1)-oriented n-type diamond is also evaluated by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, reflection high-energy electron diffraction and cathodoluminescence analyses. The results show that phosphorus atoms are incorporated into the diamond network during (0 0 1) CVD diamond growth and that phosphorus acts as a donor as in (1 1 1)-oriented diamond. This result eliminates the restriction on substrate orientation, which had previously created a bottleneck in the development of diamond electronic devices.
Preparation of Void‐Free Calcium Phosphate Glass‐Ceramics (1989)

Voids frequently form on crystallization of calcium phosphate glasses because of the density difference between the original glass and the resulting glass‐ceramic. However, the calcium phosphate glass‐ceramic with a composition of 40CaO · 50P 2 O 5 · 10Al 2 O 3 (mol%) has a density nearly equal to that of the original glass; this is caused by the formation of AlPO 4 , which has a lower density than Ca(PO 3 ) 2 . The glass‐ceramic, being void‐free, shows improved mechanical properties.
Antiproliferative and antiviral effects of mutated IFN-alpha with increased IFN receptor binding affinity (2011)

Background: IFN receptors located on the cellular membrane transduce IFN dependent signals and activate antiviral and antiproliferative effects. In this project we characterized the antiviral and antiproliferative action of mutated IFN-alpha (IFN-HEQ), which shows an increased affinity to IFNR1 compared to wild type IFN-alpha.
<title>Method for detection of explosives based on nuclear resonance absorption of gamma rays in <formula><sup><roman>14</roman></sup></formula>N</title> (1994)

The physical principles of the nuclear resonance absorption method and its application to explosives detection are described. In this method, the object to be tested is scanned by a beam of 9.17 MeV gamma rays, which undergoes resonant attenuation whenever the beam encounters regions of nitrogen concentration. This resonant component of attenuation is detected using an array of gamma ray detectors containing a nitrogen-rich medium. From the reconstructed spatial distribution of nitrogen density obtained in multiview scanning, the presence of an explosive can be determined.
Multiscale Wireless Communications Using Compactly-Parametrized Wavelets (2006)

Wireless communications has traditionally involved single-scale modulation, usually involving either time or frequency conditioning of the transmitted signal. In this paper multiscale modulation, wherein time-frequency conditioning of the transmitted signal is used, is considered with respect to typical wireless communications systems. Multipath channels require equalization, which can be complex in the time-frequency domain. In this work, a different approach in which the modulating wavelet is matched to a specific channel condition is proposed. Specifically, compactly supported wavelet bases are employed, and based on their parameterization a wavelet is selected that best characterizes the wireless channel conditions
Method for the synthesis of <i>para</i>‐aramid nanofibers (2016)

ABSTRACT The synthesis and electrospinning of novel N ‐substituted aramid nanofibers (ANFs) prepared from basic dispersions of commercial microscale Kevlar fibers are herein reported. The functionalized ANFs were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13 C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction to confirm proper N ‐substitution of the side groups and to determine changes to the polymer crystallinity and stability. These analyses suggested that the electrospun ANFs consisted of numerous crystalline domains in the transverse fiber direction with large amorphous regions that were void of defects commonly found in commercial Kevlar fibers. A semi‐empirical study of the variations in the solubility parameter due to various side chain moieties was conducted to facilitate solvent selection and to elucidate the enhanced solubility effects with selected organic solvents. These initial findings suggest a promising route for obtaining a new class of nanofibers with ultrahigh strength and stiffness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 , 44082.
Rapid in Situ Generation of Benzene Diazonium Ions under Basic Aqueous Conditions from Bench-Stable Triazabutadienes (2017)

Aryl diazonium ions are useful across a range of chemical/biochemical areas. These species are generally made using strongly acidic conditions, which can be detrimental to acid-sensitive functional groups. The ability to generate benzene diazonium ions under basic aqueous conditions is reported herein along with newfound understanding on the aqueous reactivity of solubilized triazabutadienes whereby π-interactions appear to confer a large degree of stability.
Comparative secretome analyses of two Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and CL847 hypersecretory strains (2008)

This study provides the most complete mapping of the proteins secreted by T. reesei to date. We report on the first use of proteomics to compare secretome composition between two cellulase-overproducing strains Rut-C30 and CL847 grown under similar conditions. Comparison of protein patterns in both strains highlighted many unexpected differences between cellulase cocktails. The results demonstrate that 2D electrophoresis is a promising tool for studying cellulase production profiles, whether for industrial characterization of an entire secretome or for a more fundamental study on cellulase expression at genome-wide scale.