gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Efficient and Cost-Effective Synthesis of 3-Ethoxy-4-ethoxycarbonyl-phenylacetic Acid:  A Key Acid Synthon of Repaglinide (2002)

This report describes an efficient and commercially viable synthesis of 3-ethoxy-4-ethoxy-carbonyl-phenylacetic acid (1), a key intermediate for the preparation of repaglinide, an oral hypoglycemic agent, from 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid in two steps. Thus, 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid was first alkylated with ethyl bromide in a polar aprotic solvent and in the presence of an inorganic base to afford ethyl 2-ethoxy-4-methylbenzoate; deprotonation with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and quenching the resulting carbanion with carbon dioxide provided the desired compound with improved yield and excellent purity. This procedure is significantly better than a previously published synthesis which involves five steps and requires use of expensive and hazardous reagents.
Evaluation of modified Vaccinia Ankara-based vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease serotype A24 in cattle (2019)

To prepare foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) recombinant vaccines in response to newly emerging FMD virus (FMDV) field strains, we evaluated Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN®) as an FMD vaccine vector platform. The MVA-BN vector has the capacity to carry and express numerous foreign genes and thereby has the potential to encode antigens from multiple FMDV strains. Moreover, this vector has an extensive safety record in humans. All MVA-BN-FMD constructs expressed the FMDV A24 Cruzeiro P1 capsid polyprotein as antigen and the FMDV 3C protease required for processing of the polyprotein. Because the FMDV wild-type 3C protease is detrimental to mammalian cells, one of four FMDV 3C protease variants were utilized: wild-type, or one of three previously reported mutants intended to dampen protease activity (C142T, C142L) or to increase specificity and thereby reduce adverse effects (L127P). These 3C coding sequences were expressed under the control of different promoters selected to reduce 3C protease expression. Four MVA-BN-FMD constructs were evaluated in vitro for acceptable vector stability, FMDV P1 polyprotein expression, processing, and the potential for vaccine scale-up production. Two MVA-BN FMD constructs met the in vitro selection criteria to qualify for clinical studies: MVA-mBN360B (carrying a C142T mutant 3C protease and an HIV frameshift for reduced expression) and MVA-mBN386B (carrying a L127P mutant 3C protease). Both vaccines were safe in cattle and elicited low to moderate serum neutralization titers to FMDV following multiple dose administrations. Following FMDV homologous challenge, both vaccines conferred 100% protection against clinical FMD and viremia using single dose or prime-boost immunization regimens. The MVA-BN FMD vaccine platform was capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The demonstration of the successful application of MVA-BN as an FMD vaccine vector provides a platform for further FMD vaccine development against more epidemiologically relevant FMDV strains.
42.7-Gb/s Modulation with a Compact InP Mach-Zehnder Transmitter (2006)

We demonstrate 42.7-Gb/s operation of a compact InP Mach-Zehnder transmitter designed for 10.7 Gb/s. Despite the modulator's steep frequency roll-off beyond 15 GHz, both optical duobinary modulation and optically equalized non return-to-zero yield excellent performance.
QoS-aware optical burst switching in OpenFlow based Software-Defined Optical Networks (2013)

OBS over WSON is one of the promising paradigms for future optical networks, which offers statistical multiplexing over high speed optical networks while eliminating electronic bottlenecks. In such legacy IP/WDM networks, control planes at IP and WDM layers are independently operated and managed, which may not optimize network performance. Recently, OpenFlow-based Software Defined Network (SDN) architecture is introduced, which enables unified control protocols for multi-layer networks to improve network agility and automation while reducing capital and operational expenditures. In this paper, we introduce a Software Defined Optical Network (SDON) architecture and develop a QoS-aware unified control protocol for optical burst switching in OpenFlow-based software-defined optical networks. A novel adaptive-burst assembling algorithm, a latency-aware burst routing and scheduling algorithm, and an effective OpenFlow-based signaling protocol are investigated. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated with a well-known GMPLS-based distributed protocol. The proposed QoS-aware unified control protocol significantly improves burst blocking, network throughput, and packet latency while offering better quality of service (QoS) to different classes of traffic with heterogeneous delay requirements compared to the GMPLS-based distributed protocol.
An efficient method based on the electromagnetic time reversal to locate faults in power networks (2014)

This paper presents a new method based on the electromagnetic time-reversal (EMTR) theory for locating faults in power networks. The applicability of the EMTR technique to locate faults is first discussed. Using the classical transmission-line equations in the frequency domain, analytical expressions are derived to infer the location of the fault. The accuracy of the proposed method is then discussed in relation to the number of observation points adopted to record the fault-originated electromagnetic transients. Then, this paper illustrates the extension of the proposed method to the time domain. The experimental validation of the proposed method is presented by making reference to a reduced-scale coaxial cable system where real faults are hardware-emulated. Finally, the application of the proposed EMTR-based fault-location method to Electromagnetic Transients Program-simulated cases is presented. The simulated test cases are: a mixed overhead/coaxial cable transmission system and the IEEE 34-bus distribution test feeder. Compared to other transient-based fault-location techniques, the proposed method presents a number of advantages, namely, its straightforward applicability to inhomogeneous media (mixed overhead and coaxial power cable lines), the use of a single observation (measurement) point, and robustness against fault type and fault impedance.
Experimental Study on Over 10 Meters Magnetic Resonance Wireless Power Transfer under Sea with Coils (2018)

It is difficult to power the object wirelessly under the sea because sea has the property of high conductivity [1]. We study on electromagnetic field in lossy media. We make experiments on magnetic resonance wireless power transfer system with multiple coils which are sunk into sea completely and measure the parameters of coils, coupling coefficient, efficiency and wattage. As a result, we confirm over 10 metric wireless power transfer under sea.
Histone 3.3 Participates in a Self-Sustaining Cascade of Apoptosis That Contributes to the Progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2013)

Our data indicate that there is an uncontrolled positive feedback loop in which the damaged cells release acetylated H3.3, which causes more damage, adds H3.3 release, and contributes toward the disease progression.
Transcutaneous Immunization: An Emerging Route of Immunization and Potent Immunostimulation Strategy (2001)

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) has emerged recently as a new method of vaccination that uses the skin. The simplicity of a patch-based immunization may obscure the potency of this strategy for immunostimulation because TCI allows the safe use of a wide variety of potent adjuvants. It is thought that these adjuvants activate Langerhans cells in the skin, which migrate to the draining lymph to orchestrate robust systemic immune responses. TCI represents a novel combination using established knowledge relating to skin penetration, the potency of adjuvant-based immunostimulation, and data showing that Langerhans cells are highly desirable targets because of their antigen-presenting cell function. The near-term challenge will be to take this promising insight into successful product development.
From Boolean to probabilistic Boolean networks as models of genetic regulatory networks (2002)

Mathematical and computational modeling of genetic regulatory networks promises to uncover the fundamental principles governing biological systems in an integrative and holistic manner. It also paves the way toward the development of systematic approaches for effective therapeutic intervention in disease. The central theme in this paper is the Boolean formalism as a building block for modeling complex, large-scale, and dynamical networks of genetic interactions. We discuss the goals of modeling genetic networks as well as the data requirements. The Boolean formalism is justified from several points of view. We then introduce Boolean networks and discuss their relationships to nonlinear digital filters. The role of Boolean networks in understanding cell differentiation and cellular functional states is discussed. The inference of Boolean networks from real gene expression data is considered from the viewpoints of computational learning theory and nonlinear signal processing, touching on computational complexity of learning and robustness. Then, a discussion of the need to handle uncertainty in a probabilistic framework is presented, leading to an introduction of probabilistic Boolean networks and their relationships to Markov chains. Methods for quantifying the influence of genes on other genes are presented. The general question of the potential effect of individual genes on the global dynamical network behavior is considered using stochastic perturbation analysis. This discussion then leads into the problem of target identification for therapeutic intervention via the development of several computational tools based on first-passage times in Markov chains. Examples from biology are presented throughout the paper.
Renewable high density fuels containing tricyclic sesquiterpanes and alkyl diamondoids (2017)

High density fuels are prepared from bio-derived tricyclic sesquiterpenes. Acid catalyzed isomerization lowers the viscosity and increases the cetane number.
Tomographic imaging of three-phase flow experiments (1987)

The medical x-ray computerized tomography (CT) scanner has proved to be a useful tool for studies of fluid flow in porous media, with particular applications in reservoir engineering and enhanced oil recovery. This paper explains how CT is used to measure the volume fraction of pore space occupied by up to three discrete phases, such as oil, water, and gas. The image processing system, x-ray transparent high-pressure flow equipment, choice of fluid dopants, and x-ray energies are described for scanning of core flood experiments. Examples are given of tertiary miscible carbon dioxide displacements in Berea sandstone.
A miniature Fabry-Perot interferometer with a corrugated silicon diaphragm support (1990)

The techniques of silicon micromachining are used to fabricate a second-generation Fabry-Perot interferometer for use in the near-infrared spectral region. The device consists of two silicon wafers with deposited, highly reflective dielectric mirrors. The wafers are bonded together with a small gap between the mirrors and sawed into individual devices. The wavelength tuning and parallelism control of the mirror elements are achieved electrostatically by varying the voltage between control electrodes. This second-generation device includes a thin, etch-stopped corrugated diaphragm as the suspension element, which allows increased travel in a device occupying only 13% of the previous die area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A strong magnetoelectric voltage gain effect in magnetostrictive-piezoelectric composite (2004)

A magnetoelectric laminate composite consisting of magnetostrictive Terfenol-D (Tb1–xDyxFe2–y) and piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 layers has an extremely high voltage gain effect of ≈300 at its resonant state, offering potential for high-voltage miniature transformer applications.
Pyrometry for Laser Annealing (2006)

Laser annealing is one of the process solutions to enable ultra shallow junction (USJ) formation for the 45 nm technology node. However, variations in the front-side optical properties of device wafers cause large temperature variations on the wafer surface which, in turn, cause large variations in activation of the dopants that form the junction. As a result, pyrometry and closed loop temperature control are critical to establish process uniformity and repeatability for laser annealing. Pyrometry results are presented along with the correlation between the process results (dopant activation) and the pyrometer signal. Closed loop control and future technical challenges are discussed
Magnetically transduced surface acoustic wave devices (2000)

A type of surface acoustic wave (SAW) device is introduced in which coupling between the transducer and the acoustic medium is achieved using a magnetostrictive thin film. These magnetically transduced SAW devices have several advantages over conventional piezoelectric SAWs, and may expand the functionality of SAW devices in general. Several possible designs are presented, along with data from two prototypes. Results from these devices are promising, and they indicate that several acoustic modes, both surface and bulk, can be stimulated.
Inactivation of viruses in blood with aluminum phthalocyanine derivatives (1991)

The inactivation of viruses added to whole blood and a red cell concentrate with aluminum phthalocyanine and its sulfonated derivatives was studied. A cell-free form of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), used as a model, was completely inactivated (greater than 10(4) infectious units; TCID50) on treatment of whole blood with 10 microM (10 mumol/L) aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AIPs) and visible light dosage of 88 to 176 J per cm2. At 44 J per cm2, complete VSV inactivation was achieved on raising the concentration of AIPc to 25 microM (25 mumol/L). Results at least as good were achieved on similar treatment of a red cell concentrate. Also inactivated were a cell-associated form of VSV and both cell-free and cell-associated forms of human immunodeficiency virus; encephalomyocarditis virus, used as a model for non-lipid-enveloped viruses, was not inactivated by this procedure. This inactivation of cell-free VSV suggests that a similar degree of inactivation could be achieved with a lower concentration of the sulfonated forms of aluminum phthalocyanine. Throughout the above studies, red cell integrity was well maintained, as judged by the absence of hemoglobin release (less than or equal to 2%) during the course of treatment or on subsequent storage. Red cell osmotic fragility was decreased on treatment of whole blood with AIPc. This study indicates that AIPc may be a promising method for the inactivation of viruses in cellular blood products.
Design and analysis of handoff algorithms in mobile networks (2003)

The handoff algorithms employed in a cellular network have a significant impact on overall network performance, but evaluation of handoff performance has for the most part been done using only brute-force computer simulation or approximations. We introduce a new discrete-time approach to analyze the performance of handoff algorithms based on pilot signal strength measurements. We derive closed-form expressions and develop numerical procedures to evaluate handoff performance metrics for a mobile station moving along straight-line trajectories in a cellular network employing hard and soft handoff. The numerical procedures provide computational solutions for the open problem of modeling the discrete-time level crossing probabilities determined by hysteresis and drop-timer margins used in hard and soft handoff algorithms. 
Our discrete-time approach provides valuable analytical insight into the performance impact of handoff algorithms. Moreover our numerical procedures for discrete-time handoff analysis provide accurate and efficient tools for the design and dimensioning of high performance handoff algorithms. The accuracy of the numerical procedures are validated by simulation results. 
We develop a new local averaging technique for processing signal strength measurements in a wireless network. The local averaging technique removes the fast fading component of the received signal strength without altering the shadowing and path loss components, unlike conventional averaging techniques. Application of the local averaging technique provides better hard handoff performance particularly when the mobile station turns around the corners. We introduce a new hard handoff algorithm that employs local averaging, a drop timer, and hysteresis. The proposed algorithm achieves better performance than conventional hysteresis-based handoff algorithms that employ exponential averaging. Also, the local averaging technique simplifies the statistical properties of the processed signal measurements. This can be exploited to derive more efficient computational procedures for evaluating handoff performance when local averaging technique is used.
Interference Cancellation and Detection for More than Two Users (2011)

In multiple access channels, when users know each other's channels, precoders can be designed utilizing channel information to cancel the interference at the receiver without sacrificing the diversity or the complexity of the system. Recently, it was shown that when there are only two users, a receiver can completely cancel the interference of the two users and provide full diversity for each user. Unfortunately, the scheme only works for two users. In this paper, we extend the scheme to more than 2 users. In other words, we propose a system to achieve interference cancellation and full diversity with low complexity for any number of users. Then, we extend the results to any number of users with any number of transmit and receive antennas. Our main idea is to design precoders, using the channel information, to make it possible for different users to transmit over orthogonal directions. Then, using the orthogonality of the transmitted signals, the receiver can separate them and decode the signals independently. We also analytically prove that our system provides full diversity to each user. Simulation results confirm our analytical proof and show that our proposed scheme outperforms other existing interference cancellation schemes.
Measuring and Estimating Normalized Contrast in Infrared Flash Thermography (2013)

Infrared flash thermography (IRFT) is used to detect void-like flaws in a test object. The IRFT technique involves heating up the part surface using a flash of flash lamps. The post-flash evolution of the part surface temperature is sensed by an IR camera in terms of pixel intensity of image pixels. The IR technique involves recording of the IR video image data and analysis of the data using the normalized pixel intensity and temperature contrast analysis method for characterization of void-like flaws for depth and width. This work introduces a new definition of the normalized IR pixel intensity contrast and normalized surface temperature contrast. A procedure is provided to compute the pixel intensity contrast from the camera pixel intensity evolution data. The pixel intensity contrast and the corresponding surface temperature contrast differ but are related. This work provides a method to estimate the temperature evolution and the normalized temperature contrast from the measured pixel intensity evolution data and some additional measurements during data acquisition.
Molecular cloning and expression of GRK6. A new member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family. (1993)

GRKGtional members of the GRK family.Here we report the cloning, expression, and initial characterization of GRK6, a new member of the GRK gene family.
MHD (magnetohydrodynamics) seed recovery and regeneration based on the Formate Process: Quarterly technical progress report, September 18, 1987--December 31, 1987 (1987)

Phase I of a two phase study using the Formate Process as the preferred option for seed regeneration is discussed. On a bench scale level, efforts will be made to evaluate and determine the formate reactor configuration, overall reaction rate and conversion, optimum operating conditions, etc., that will be necessary to design a Proof-of-Concept (POC) scale reactor. Efforts will also be made to evaluate the need for the proper type of dryers, and solid-liquid separation devices that may be required in the POC plant. We also plan to assess the potassium recovery from various spent seed containing fractions to determine the potential of recovering over 90% of the potassium. By analyzing the product and gas streams resulting from the formate reactor, we will also evaluate the possible environmental impacts. Efforts were made in refining/re-evaluating the process configuration and feed stream definitions; designing, procuring and constructing bench scale test equipment, developing an overall test plan for bench scale testing; and performing some initial shakedown tests. 4 figs.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation Modulates Current Amplitude and Kinetics of a Neuronal Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel (1997)

The modulation of the Kv1.3 potassium channel by tyrosine phosphorylation was studied. Kv1.3 was expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, and its activity was measured by cell-attached patch recording. The amplitude of the characteristic C-type inactivating Kv1.3 current is reduced by >95%, in all cells tested, when the channel is co-expressed with the constitutively active nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, v-Src. This v-Src-induced suppression of current is accompanied by a robust tyrosine phosphorylation of the channel protein. No suppression of current or tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.3 protein is observed when the channel is co-expressed with R385A v-Src, a mutant with severely impaired tyrosine kinase activity. v-Src-induced suppression of Kv1.3 current is relieved by pretreatment of the HEK 293 cells with two structurally different tyrosine kinase inhibitors, herbimycin A and genistein. Furthermore, Kv1.3 channel protein is processed properly and targeted to the plasma membrane in v-Src cotransfected cells, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy using an antibody directed against an extracellular epitope on the channel. Thus v-Src-induced suppression of Kv1.3 current is not mediated through decreased channel protein expression or interference with its targeting to the plasma membrane. v-Src co-expression also slows the C-type inactivation and speeds the deactivation of the residual Kv1.3 current. Mutational analysis demonstrates that each of these modulatory changes, in current amplitude and kinetics, requires the phosphorylation of Kv1.3 at multiple tyrosine residues. Furthermore, a different combination of tyrosine residues is involved in each of the modulatory changes. These results emphasize the complexity of signal integration at the level of a single ion channel.