gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How recombinant insulin analogs improve insulin therapy of diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology, clinical practice and recommendations. (2001)

According to the latest prognoses, 300 million people are expected to suffer from diabetes (particularly type 2) in 2025; diabetes will become a new epidemics of the coming century. Therefore it is so important to get acquainted with the pathomechanism of diabetes-related disorders and the possibilities of effective treatment. During the last decade, numerous prospective epidemiological studies have been completed, which have considerably extended our knowledge of the pathomechanism of disturbances and their effect on late complications of diabetes. Resistance to insulin has an important role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. However, there is substantial evidence indicating that impairment or regression of rapid insulin secretion phase at the early stage of the disease is a factor of no lesser importance. The lack of appropriate insulin concentration after the stimulation by food ingestion (first 30 min after the meal), leads to permanent, treatment-resistant hyperglycemia. The postulated attempts to obtain a 'nearly normoglycemic' condition, as well as the results of prospective epidemiological studies proving that achieving this aim improves the prognosis of diabetic patients, prompt the researchers to search for the drugs or treatment schedules, which could effectively restore the impaired insulin secretion, and its early phase in particular, in type 2 diabetes. Human insulin analogs and their pre-formulated commercially available mixtures seem very promising in this respect.
Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1β, tumour necrosis factor α and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder (2015)

Cumulative meta-analyses are used to evaluate the extent to which further studies are needed to confirm or refute a hypothesis. We used this approach to assess observational evidence on systemic inflammation in individuals with major depressive disorder. We identified 58 studies of four common inflammatory markers in a literature search of PubMed, Embase and PsychInfo databases in May 2014. Pooled data from the earliest eight studies already showed an association between interleukin-6 concentrations and major depression; 23 more recent studies confirmed this finding (d=0.54, p<0.0001). A significant association between C-reactive protein levels and major depression was noted after 14 studies and this did not change after addition of six more studies (d=0.47, p<0.0001). For these two inflammatory markers, there was moderate heterogeneity in study-specific estimates, subgroup differences were small, and publication bias appeared to be an unlikely explanation for the findings. Sensitivity analyses including only high-quality studies and subjects free of antidepressant medication further verified the associations. While there was a link between tumour necrosis factor-α levels and major depression (d=0.40, p=0.002), the cumulative effect remained uncertain due to the extensive heterogeneity in study-specific estimates and inconsistencies between subgroups. No evidence was found for the association between interleukin-1β levels and major depression (d=-0.05, p=0.86). In conclusion, this cumulative meta-analysis confirmed higher mean levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in patients with major depression compared to non-depressed controls. No consistent association between tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and major depression was observed. Future studies should clarify the specific immune mechanisms involved as well as continue testing anti-inflammatory therapies in patients suffering from major depression.
Robust Identification of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastics through Bayesian Decision (2014)

Recycling is one of the most efficient methods for environmental friendly waste management. Among municipal wastes, plastics are the most common material that can be easily recycled and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of its major types. PET material is used in consumer goods packaging such as drinking bottles, toiletry containers, food packaging and many more. Usually, a recycling process is tailored to a specific material for optimal purification and decontamination to obtain high grade recyclable material. The quantity and quality of the sorting process are limited by the capacity of human workers that suffer from fatigue and boredom. Several automated sorting systems have been proposed in the literature that include using chemical, proximity and vision sensors. The main advantages of vision based sensors are its environmentally friendly approach, non-intrusive detection and capability of high throughput. However, the existing methods rely heavily on deterministic approaches that make them less accurate as the variations in PET plastic waste appearance are too high. We proposed a probabilistic approach of modeling the PET material by analyzing the reflection region and its surrounding. Three parameters are modeled by Gaussian and exponential distributions: color, size and distance of the reflection region. The final classification is made through a supervised training method of likelihood ratio test. The main novelty of the proposed method is the probabilistic approach in integrating various PET material signatures that are contaminated by stains under constant lighting changes. The system is evaluated by using four performance metrics: precision, recall, accuracy and error. Our system performed the best in all evaluation metrics compared to the benchmark methods. The system can be further improved by fusing all neighborhood information in decision making and by implementing the system in a graphics processing unit for faster processing speed.
The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals (2014)

Consuming 5.5 times the recommended daily allowance of protein has no effect on body composition in resistance-trained individuals who otherwise maintain the same training regimen. This is the first interventional study to demonstrate that consuming a hypercaloric high protein diet does not result in an increase in body fat.
Optimal routing in circuit switched communication networks (1989)

Consideration is given to the optimal circuit routing problem in an existing circuit-switched network. The objective is to find circuit routing which accommodates a given circuit demand while maximizing the residual capacity of the network. In addition, the cost of accommodating the circuit demand should not exceed a given amount. Practical considerations require that a solution be robust to the variations in circuit demand and cost. The objective function for the optimal circuit routing problem is not a smooth one. In order to overcome the difficulties of nonsmooth optimization, the objective function is approximated by smooth concave functions. The optimization algorithm for the circuit routing problem is obtained as a limiting case of the sequence of optimal routing strategies for the corresponding smooth convex optimization problems, and the proof of its convergence to the optimal solution is given. An approach to calculating the optimal multicommodity flow is presented. The optimization algorithm efficiently handles networks with a large number of commodities, satisfies the robustness requirements, and can be used to solve circuit routing problems for large networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Micro-photodiode arrays as artificial retina implant: electrical properties (2002)

Micro-photodiode arrays have been developed and are intended to serve as a replacement for degenerated photoreceptor cells in the retina. The chips are implanted into the sub-retinal space. Electric current generated in tiny micro-photodiodes is delivered to the neuronal network in the retina via micro-electrodes. Since the coupling between electrode and tissue is capacitive of nature, only transient signals may be used for stimulation. Accordingly, a high capacitance of the interface between electrodes and tissue is an important prerequisite for efficient charge transfer. In addition, the electric properties of the micro-photodiodes as are reflected in current/voltage traces have a profound influence on the overall charge delivery. Therefore, the entire system made up of micro-photodiode array, electrode/electrolyte interface and tissue has to be taken into consideration. Current delivery has been both calculated and measured based on current/voltage traces and electrode capacitance data. The authors' results indicate charged balanced operation of the device and a non-zero electrode polarization. The latter may be avoided, if an active current sink is employed in order to draw backward current.
Neural-net based multi-steps nonlinear adaptive model predictive controller design (2005)

Concerns nonlinear model predictive control, and particularly the nonlinear optimization problem. Usually the control sequence can be determined by using some effective numerical iteration approaches, especially for multistep predictive control. This work focuses on the multistep adaptive NMPC controller design using neural-net. The main ideas are (A) initialisation of the multistep control laws by using one-step ahead predictive control law; (B) linearization of the neural-net predictor at every operating point; and (C) tuning of the neural-net predictor through online learning using teacher signals generated by closed-loop system input-output data. As an illustrative example of our approach, an explicit control laws are derived for the control horizon Nu=2 case.
Cisplatin-lnduced peripheral neurotoxicity is dependent on total-dose intensity and single-dose intensity (1992)

The authors prospectively evaluated the effects of three different schedules of cisplatin (DDP) administration in 60 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. The individual total dose of DDP was 450 mg/m2 in all three groups, and the anti-cancer response at the end of treatment was similar for the different regimens. The clinical and neurophysiologic results confirmed that axonal sensory neuropathy occurred after the standard administration of DDP (75 mg/m2 in 3-week cycles) and probably not only the peripheral, but also the central sensory pathway, was involved. Although the total dose of the drug was identical, the two less conventional schedules were less neurotoxic. These results suggest that not only the total-dose intensity, but also the single-dose intensity are relevant in the onset of DDP-induced sensory neuropathy; therefore, the use of less neurotoxic schedules may prevent or reduce sensory nerve damage.
Possible role of insulin status in the increased lipogenic enzyme activity by dietary medium-chain triglyceride in rat liver. (1987)

The possible role of insulin status in the increase in liver lipogenic enzyme activities upon feeding medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) was investigated with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Rats were fed synthetic diets that contained either 2% corn oil (control), fat free, 13% MCT +2% corn oil, or 13% lard +2% corn oil, respectively. Feeding the MCT diet for 3 days increased serum ketone bodies in both the normal and diabetic rats. Insulin levels of MCT-fed rats tended to be higher than in normal animals. MCT feeding caused an enhancement of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) in the liver of normal rats, whereas diabetic rats failed to register an increase in those activities due to MCT feeding. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats resulted in a recovery of the level of those enzyme activities to about the same degree as in each of the normal rat groups. It was interesting that diabetic MCT-fed rats with insulin treatment maintained higher enzyme activities in comparison to the lard and control groups. These results suggest that the increase in lipogenic enzyme activities caused by dietary MCT is presumably dependent on differences in insulin status.
Amour et parenté adoptive : l'integration familiale des enfants de l'assistance publique au pays de Sault (1900-1940) (1984)

Quels sont les signes de l'intégration familiale des enfants abandonnés à l'hospice de Carcassonne, placés dans les familles du Pays de Sault ? Le discours recueilli auprès des personnes âgées sur ces enfants placés autour des années 1900-1940 est très contradictoire. Marqués généralement d'une identité négative, ils sont au contraire l'objet d'un discours très positif lorsqu'ils sont considérés comme des fils ou des filles par la famille d'adoption. Sont énoncés alors tous les signes qui prouvent ce statut de fils ou de fille, et d'abord les termes d'adresse à la parenté employés par l'enfant. De plus, de manière inattendue parce qu'il est question d'enfants qui n'ont pas de lien de sang avec leurs parents, une parole émerge, très expressive, sur les sentiments d'amour qui les lient.
Peptide analogs to a fibronectin receptor inhibit attachment of Staphylococcus aureus to fibronectin-containing substrates (1990)

Binding of cells of Staphylococcus aureus to fibronectin has been proposed as a mechanism of bacterial adhesion to host tissues. In this study, we have attempted to define the role of a recently identified fibronectin receptor in the adhesion of staphylococcal cells to fibronectin-containing substrates by using different receptor analogs as potential inhibitors of bacterial adherence. The results showed that synthetic peptides D1, D2, and D3, corresponding to variations of a repeated unit in the fibronectin-binding domain of the receptor, and ZZ-FR, a chimeric protein containing the fibronectin-binding domain of the receptor with the D1, D2, and D3 sequences, inhibited the attachment of staphylococcal cells to microtiter wells coated with intact fibronectin or with the 29-kilodalton amino-terminal fragment of fibronectin. The chimeric protein ZZ-FR also partially inhibited the adherence of staphylococci to human plasma clots formed in vitro but had no effect on bacterial adhesion to clots formed from fibronectin-depleted plasma. These data confirm previous reports suggesting that fibronectin may serve as a substrate for adhesion of staphylococcal cells and indicate that bacterial adhesion is mediated by the identified fibronectin receptor. Furthermore, analogs to the fibronectin receptor can be used to inhibit the adhesion of bacterial cells to these model substrates, and these analogs may be of clinical use.
Pharmacology, Dosing, and Side Effects of Rifabutin as a Possible Therapy for Antibiotic-Resistant Acinetobacter Infections (2020)

<i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> has among the highest rates of antibiotic resistance encountered in hospitals. New therapies are critically needed. We found that rifabutin has previously unrecognized hyperactivity against most strains of <i>A. baumannii.</i> Here we review the pharmacology and adverse effects of rifabutin to inform potential oral dosing strategies in patients with <i>A. baumannii</i> infections. Rifabutin demonstrates dose-dependent increases in blood levels up to 900 mg per day, but plateaus thereafter. Furthermore, rifabutin induces its own metabolism after prolonged dosing, lowering its blood levels. Pending future development of an intravenous formulation, a rifabutin oral dose of 900-1200 mg per day for 1 week is a rational choice for adjunctive therapy of <i>A. baumannii</i> infections. This dosage maximizes AUC<sub>24</sub> to drive efficacy while simultaneously minimizing toxicity. Randomized controlled trials will be needed to definitively establish the safety and efficacy of rifabutin to treat <i>A. baumannii</i> infections.
Differential effects of oxygen on human dermal fibroblasts: acute versus chronic hypoxia (1996)

The observation that many chronic wounds are ischemic has spurred a series of studies evaluating the response of cells exposed to hypoxia. To date, these studies have shown largely beneficial effects from hypoxia, such as increased cellular replication and procollagen synthesis. These findings are counter-intuitive from a clinical standpoint because cellular growth and synthetic function are known to be retarded in chronic ischemic wounds. We have established an in vitro system in which human dermal fibroblasts grown chronically at 5 +/- 3 mm Hg will proliferate at a rate three times slower than those fibroblasts grown under standard culture conditions (namely an oxygen partial pressure of 150 mm Hg). No phenotypic changes are noted in chronically hypoxic cells, and the growth-retarding effects are reversible when the cells are returned to standard oxygen conditions. Competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that acute exposure to hypoxia (up to 1 week) results in a 6.3-fold increase in the relative expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 messenger RNA, whereas chronic exposure to hypoxia leads to a 3.1-fold decrease in this message. Collagen production measured at both the mRNA and protein level is also decreased in the setting of chronic hypoxia. We propose that this system may be the most appropriate setting for studying the role of oxygen on dermal fibroblasts in ischemic, nonhealing wounds.
Performance analysis of the random access channel (RACH) in WCDMA (2002)

In addition to call origination and registration messages, the random access channel (RACH) in 3GPP will carry traffic including short messaging service (SMS) packets and possibly short data bursts in the absence of a dedicated traffic channel. Because of this increase in traffic volume it is important to accurately predict performance of this channel and size the resources appropriately. It has commonly been assumed that RACH throughput is comparable to that of slotted ALOHA. Using the infinite user assumption we show that the resource utilization at node B is significantly higher than e/sup -1/. This analysis provides a close estimate of the RACH capacity when the actual protocol is in place. We present physical layer results that provide preamble detection probability at the receiver and use these results in a detailed MAC layer simulation with finite number of mobiles. We analyze the capacity per resource in node B for two message sizes and we investigate performance impacts of power capture and the maximum number of preamble cycles.
An automated approach for retrieving hierarchical data from HTML tables (1999)

Among the HTML elements, HTML tables [RHJ98] encapsulate hierarchically structured data (hierarchical data in short) in a tabular structure.
A vasculo-protective circuit centered on lipoxin A4 and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 operative in murine microcirculation (2013)

Endogenous protective pathways mitigate the overshooting of inflammation after sterile or infectious injury. Here we report that formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2/3) null mice display a major phenotype with exacerbated vascular inflammation observed postischemia reperfusion (IR) injury of the mesenteric artery, characterized by marked neutrophil adhesion and extravasation as visualized by intravital microscopy. Analysis of endogenous agonists for Fpr2/3 revealed that lipoxin A4 (LXA4) was generated by platelet/neutrophil aggregates during ischemia: this cellular response was attenuated in Fpr2/3(-/-) mice; hence, LXA4 levels were lower after 30 minutes' ischemia, and associated with augmented vascular inflammation in the reperfusion (45-180 minutes) phase. Exogenous delivery of LXA4 attenuated IR-mediated inflammation in Fpr2/3(+/+) but not Fpr2/3(-/-) mice; conversely, an Fpr2/3 antagonist skewed the vascular phenotype of Fpr2/3(+/+) mice to that of Fpr2/3(-/-) animals. Such LXA4-based circuit could be activated by aspirin (30-100 mg/kg), which triggered formation of 15-epi-LXA4 in wild-type mice, yet it was effective in Fpr2/3(-/-) mice. In summary, we propose that during ischemia, neutrophil Fpr2/3 controls platelet/neutrophil aggregates with the rapid generation of circulating LXA4, which in turn modulates downstream vascular inflammatory responses evident during the reperfusion phase.
Anemia of cancer: pathogenesis and treatment with recombinant erythropoietin. (1996)

The anemia of malignancy is common and is related to several etiologic factors, a major one being relative erythropoietin (Epo) deficiency. Blood transfusions, the traditional therapy, provides a quick solution but is associated with complications. This was the rationale for recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) in the treatment of anemia of cancer. Over the past few years, about 20 publications have reported the results of rHuEpo in the treatment of cancer-associated anemia in more than 850 patients with a variety of malignancies. In general, more than half of the patients responded with a significant increase in their hemoglobin level, a decrease in blood transfusion requirements, and an improved performance status and quality of life. About 4 weeks are required till the onset of effect. The hormone is well tolerated with minimal adverse effects and subcutaneous injections appear to be the preferred method of administration. Additional studies will hopefully answer several questions including optimal dosage and duration of treatment, Epo resistance, and the possibility of predicting the response.
A Fraud Detection Method for Low-Frequency Transaction (2020)

The effectiveness of transaction fraud detection methods directly affects the loss of users in online transactions. However, for low-frequency users with small transaction volume, the existing methods cannot accurately describe their transaction behaviors for each user, or lead to a high misjudgment rate. So we propose a new method for individual behavior construction, which can make the behavior of low-frequency users more accurate by migrating the current transaction group behavior and transaction status. Firstly, we consider the user's only historical transactions, combined with the optimal risk threshold determination algorithm, to form the user's own transaction behavior benchmark. Secondly, through the DBSCAN clustering algorithm, the behavior characteristics of all current normal samples and fraud samples are extracted to form the common behavior of the current transaction group. Finally, based on historical transaction records, the current transaction status is extracted using a sliding window mechanism. The combination of the three constitutes a new transaction behavior of the user. On this basis, a multi-behavior detection model based on new transaction behavior is proposed. According to the result of each behavior, Naive Bayes model is used to calculate the probability that current transaction belongs to fraud, and finally determine whether current transaction is fraud. Experiments prove that the method proposed in this paper can have a good effect on low-frequency users, which can accurately identify fraud transactions and has a low misjudgment rate for normal transactions.
Evolutionary Theory (2015)

Abstract This article explores how biological theories of evolution have been applied to the area of organizations. We review the processes of selection, adaptation, learning, retention, co‐evolution, and strategic intent and how they fit together to determine both organizational success and change at the level of populations and communities.