gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure of sperm activating protein (1997)

Serum is used as an additive in the preparation of human spermatozoa for fertilization in vitro, as it is superior to other body fluids in supporting sperm motility. We recently purified the major sperm activating macromolecule present in serum and showed it to be a complex of immunoglobulin and apolipoprotein A-I. This complex, which we named sperm activating protein (SPAP), has now been further characterized using partial proteolysis in combination with different immunological methods. SPAP was shown to interact only with antibodies against immunoglobulin G and more specifically with those against IgG4. The bacterial expression products C23 and ZZ-T (which bind to specific sites on the IgG molecule) bound in similar ways to SPAP as to IgG4 and did not hinder proteolytic cleavage of SPAP, indicating that apolipoprotein A-I is not bound closely to the binding sites of these proteins. Purified F(ab')2 fragment from SPAP was also shown to contain apolipoprotein A-I, and had a higher MW than the corresponding fragment from IgG4. Taken together, the most plausible (and in our view only possible) structure of SPAP shows an apolipoprotein A-I molecule bound in the pocket formed between the Fab arms of an IgG4 molecule. Anti-SPAP antibodies visualized by secondary fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled antibodies were bound to the postacrosomal part of the spermatozoa, indicating that SPAP is specifically bound to this area, and directly interacts with the spermatozoa. Based on these and earlier experiments it is speculated that SPAP acts in the lower part of the female genital tract. The benefit of SPAP should be at its greatest in these regions, and it is also possible that SPAP exerts a selection mechanism, as those spermatozoa affected by SPAP acquire increased motility, which might be important in order to reach the upper part of the female genital tract. Further exploration of the biological role of SPAP may indicate its diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.
Direct methods for estimation of structure and motion from three views (1996)

We describe a new direct method for estimating structure and motion from image intensities of multiple views. We extend the direct methods of [7] to three views. Adding the third view enables us to solve for motion, and compute a dense depth map of the scene, directly from image spatio-temporal derivatives in a linear manner without first having to find point correspondences or compute optical flow. We describe the advantages and limitations of this method which are then verified through simulation and experiments with real images. Copyright c fl Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996 This report describes research done at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Support for this research was provided in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under Office of Naval Research contract N00014-94-01-0994. G.P.S. is supported by Alphatech/ DARPA &quot;Automatic Target Recognition&quot; project 95009-5381 and TASC/ DAR...
Phosphate glasses for high-average-power lasers (1998)

This paper summaries our effort to develop new Nd<SUP>3+</SUP>, Er<SUP>3+</SUP> and Yb<SUP>3+</SUP> doped phosphate laser glasses, which exhibit high strength and low thermal expansion coefficient as well as acceptable optical athermal behavior. Ion-exchange chemical strengthening processes and laser performances of these glasses are presented.
Validation of Na,K-ATPase Pump Function of Corneal Endothelial Cells for Corneal Regenerative Medicine (2013)

Tissue-engineering approaches to cultivate corneal endothelial cells (CECs) or induce CECs from stem cells are under investigation for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction. Before clinical application, a validation method to determine the quality of these cells is required. In this study, we quantified the endothelial pump function required for maintaining the corneal thickness using rabbit CECs (RCECs) and a human CEC line (B4G12). The potential difference of RCECs cultured on a permeable polyester membrane (Snapwell), B4G12 cells on Snapwell, or B4G12 cells on a collagen membrane (CM6) was measured by an Ussing chamber system, and the effect of different concentrations of ouabain (Na,K-ATPase specific inhibitor) was obtained. A mathematical equation derived from the concentration curve revealed that 2 mM ouabain decreases pump function of RCECs to 1.0 mV, and 0.6 mM ouabain decreases pump function of B4G12 on CM6 to 1.0 mV. Ouabain injection into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes at a concentration of <2 mM maintained the corneal thickness, while those over 3 mM significantly increased the corneal thickness. B4G12 cell sheets transplanted into rabbit eyes treated with 0.6 mM ouabain maintained the corneal thickness, while 3.5 mM ouabain significantly increased the corneal thickness. Taken together, pump function >1.0 mV is required to maintain the corneal thickness. These results can be used for standardization of CEC pump function and validation of tissue-engineered CEC sheets for clinical use.
Ultrasound Hyperthermia : Matching The Isotherms To Asymmetric Tumour Volumes (1986)

Studies were made here at Aberdeen using plane' and focussed- transducers to generate ultrasound hyperthermia in vivo. Having encountered problems of heating normal tissue along with the tumour tissue using plane and overlapping ultrasound fields-the clinical system' comprised of an array of seven focussed ultrasound transducers. The usefulness of this system to elevate the temperature of the malignant tissue selectively has been proved in trials phantoms and during one clinical trial. The collective heating of the entire tumour mass simultaneously was not very easy. This Jed to the development of a system which would overcome the above problems. A system comprising of individually driven transducers, the angles of which can be varied about its vertical axis, has been developed. The power to the individual transducers in the array can be varied independently. This system when used in trials on phantoms and during one clinical trial. The collective heating of the entire tumour mass simultaneously was not would overcome the above problems. A system comprising of individually driven transducers, the angles of which can be varied about, its vertical axis, has been developed. The power to the individual transducers in the array can be varied independently. This system when used in trials on phantoms showed its capability of heating larger areas simultaneously. Qualitative studies made using liquid crystal displays and also liquid surface levitation showed the flexibility of the system to generate tumour contour dependent, isotherms. Temperature measurements were made using a multijunction thermocouple array. As many as six to sixteen thermocouples spaced over 6cms to 10cms were used. The reference junction being in an ice water medium. The thermocouples were made, calibrated and tested prior to each trial. However, the disadvantage of this system is its inability to treat large tumour volumes. The volume to be treated is limited by the size of the transducer array, of the tumour volume not being resorted.
Large-Scale Multilingual Speech Recognition with a Streaming End-to-End\n Model (2019)

Multilingual end-to-end (E2E) models have shown great promise in expansion of\nautomatic speech recognition (ASR) coverage of the world's languages. They have\nshown improvement over monolingual systems, and have simplified training and\nserving by eliminating language-specific acoustic, pronunciation, and language\nmodels. This work presents an E2E multilingual system which is equipped to\noperate in low-latency interactive applications, as well as handle a key\nchallenge of real world data: the imbalance in training data across languages.\nUsing nine Indic languages, we compare a variety of techniques, and find that a\ncombination of conditioning on a language vector and training language-specific\nadapter layers produces the best model. The resulting E2E multilingual model\nachieves a lower word error rate (WER) than both monolingual E2E models (eight\nof nine languages) and monolingual conventional systems (all nine languages).\n
Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor Treatment of Low‐Strength Wastewater at Low Temperatures (2001)

The feasibility of the compartmentalized anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) was studied for the treatment of low-strength soluble wastewater under low-temperature conditions. During an operating period of 186 days, a 20-L AMBR was fed nonfat dry milk substrate as a synthetic wastewater at low temperatures (15 and 20 degrees C). The concentration of the influent was constant at chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations of 600 and 285 mg/L, respectively. The soluble COD (SCOD) removal efficiency was 73% at the end of the operating period (15 degrees C) at a 4-hour hydraulic retention time (HRT), while the total COD (TCOD) removal efficiency was 59%. At a 4-hour HRT, staged conditions promoted complete removal of propionic acid in the final compartments of the reactor. The specific methanogenic activity of granules increased slowly until the end of the operating time, improving the removal rate. Biomass was retained effectively, as evidenced by the solids retention time (SRT) that was always greater than 50 days even during step decreases of the reactor HRT from 12 hours to 4 hours. A long SRT also promoted system stability during changes in flow, which was observed by SCOD removal efficiencies staving greater than 70%. During a hydraulic stress test, the HRT was reduced from 4 hours to 1 hour for one day (24 HRTs) in which volatile suspended solids (VSS) in the effluent increased from an average background level of 8.7 g/d to 35 g/d and the SRT decreased from 50.5 days to 12.6 days. However, mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration decreased only by 1 g/L, and hence a similar COD removal efficiency and biogas production was found one day after the hydraulic stress (as compared to one day before the hydraulic stress).
Design, implementation, and evaluation of a client characterization driven web server (2003)

In earlier work we proposed a way for a Web server to detect connectivity information about clients accessing it in order to take tailored actions for a client request.This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of such a working system.A Web site has a strong incentive to reduce the 'time-to-glass' to retain users who may otherwise lose interest and leave the site.We have performed a measurement study from multiple client sites around the world with various levels of connectivity to the Internet communicating with modified Apache Web servers under our control.The results show that clients can be classified in a correct and stable manner and that user-perceived latency can be reduced via tailored actions.Our measurements show that classification and determination of server actions are done without significant overhead on the Web server.We explore a variety of modified actions ranging from selecting a lower quality version of the resource to altering the manner of content delivery.By studying numerous performance related factors in a single unified framework and examining both individual actions as well as combination of actions, our modified Web server implementation shows the efficacy of various server actions.
Nonlinear Power Flow Control design of high penetration renewable sources for AC inverter based microgrids (2016)

This paper presents a control design methodology that begins to address high penetration of renewable energy sources into networked AC microgrid systems. To bring about high performing microgrid systems that contain large amounts of stochastic sources and loads is a major goal for the future of electric power systems. Alternative methods for controlling and analyzing AC microgrid systems will provide understanding into tradeoffs that can be made during the design phase. This paper utilizes a control design methodology, based on Hamiltonian Surface Shaping and Power Flow Control (HSSPFC) [1] that regulates renewable energy sources, loads and identifies energy storage requirements for an AC microgrid system. Both static and dynamic stability conditions are derived for the AC microgrid system. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate stability and performance. Two scenarios are considered; i) simple random stochastic renewable source and load AC Microgrid example and ii) a random variable pulse load application for Navy ship AC microgrid systems.
A thin film head for perpendicular magnetic recording (1982)

A thin film head of new probe type was fabricated, applicable to perpendicular recording on Co-Cr rigid disks. The head consists of a magnetic film for the main pole and multiturn spiral coils (2 layers, 10 turns) were fabricated on a ferrite substrate. The recording characteristics were measured on 14-in. sputtered Co-Cr disks having a high permeable Ni-Fe back layer. The magnetomotive force for saturation recording was 2 A-T and the output voltage was 0.65 mV at a pole thickness of 4 μm and pole width of 70 μm, at a head to medium spacing of 0.3 μm. The recording density was measured to be 17 kFRPI at a pole thickness of 0.7 μm.
Hepatitis B virus replication in human HepG2 cells mediated by hepatitis B virus recombinant baculovirus (1998)

A novel transient mechanism for studying hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression and replication using recombinant HBV baculovirus to deliver the HBV genome to HepG2 cells was generated. In HBV baculovirus infected HepG2 cells, HBV transcripts, and intracellular and secreted HBV antigens are produced; replication occurs as evidenced by the presence of high levels of intracellular replicative intermediates and protected HBV DNA in the medium. Density-gradient analysis of extracellular HBV DNA indicated that the DNA was contained predominantly in enveloped HBV virions. Covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA is present indicating that, in this system, HBV core particles are capable of delivering newly synthesized HBV genomes back into the nuclei of infected cells. HBV gene expression is driven exclusively from endogenous promoters. Levels of HBV gene expression and replication can be achieved in HBV baculovirus-infected HepG2 cells which far exceed levels found in HepG2 2.2.15 cells. HBV baculovirus infection of HepG2 cells lends itself readily to experimental manipulation as follows: 1) HBV expression can be initiated any time relative to seeding of HepG2 cells; 2) levels of HBV replication can be regulated over a wide range simply by changing the baculovirus multiplicity of infection; 3) HBV replication is readily detectable by one day post infection with HBV baculovirus and persists at least through day eleven post infection; and (4) the transient nature of the infection can be extended and/or enhanced by superinfecting the cultures. We conclude that infection of HepG2 cells by HBV recombinant baculovirus represents a simple to use and highly flexible system for studying the effects of antivirals and/or cytokines on HBV production and for understanding HBV replication and pathogenesis at the molecular level.
<title>Absolute Distance Interferometry</title> (1980)

A basis for making absolute distance measurements to an accuracy of 0.025 μm over 0-1.5 m intervals is reported. Extensions of this technology will permit distances of 50 m and greater to be measured to the same accuracy. Two-color, synthetic Michelson interferometry using a CO<sub>2 </sub> laser source capable of generating four sets of R- and P-line pairs is employed. This allows reduction of the very large ambiguity exhibited by conventional Michelson interferometers as well as the resolution of difficulties which would otherwise arise due to instabilities in the measurement arm of the interferometer. This latter effect is a practical rather than a fundamental consideration, but is nonetheless important if the interferometer is to emerge from the laboratory as an effective, workable instrument. Distance is determined in terms of a denumerable number of precisely known wavelengths and fractions thereof.
Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging – Modern techniques and applications (2010)

Abstract Over the past three decades a new spectroscopic technique with unique possibilities has emerged. Based on coherent and time‐resolved detection of the electric field of ultrashort radiation bursts in the far‐infrared, this technique has become known as terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS). In this review article the authors describe the technique in its various implementations for static and time‐resolved spectroscopy, and illustrate the performance of the technique with recent examples from solid‐state physics and physical chemistry as well as aqueous chemistry. Examples from other fields of research, where THz spectroscopic techniques have proven to be useful research tools, and the potential for industrial applications of THz spectroscopic and imaging techniques are discussed.
Avoiding spurious TCP timeouts in wireless networks by delay injection (2005)

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has been designed to provide reliable transport of packets by adjusting the transmission rate to the network congestion level. While TCP can adapt to small fluctuations in the delay between the sender and the receiver, adverse affects (most importantly, spurious timeouts) have been observed under large delay variability. We exhibit the presence of such delay spikes in wireless networks and discuss their possible origins. We then investigate a new methodology for avoiding spurious TCP timeouts by appropriately injecting additional random delay along the communication path. Different algorithms for the delay injection are presented and we assess their relative performances and merits through simulations. In particular, we show, by numerical examples, that the delay injection methodology can significantly decrease the number of timeouts and increase the achieved TCP throughput by about 8% in the network scenario considered. One of the attractive features of the new methodology is that it does not require any changes to the TCP and can be applied independently of the TCP version used.
Development of Advanced Environmental Barrier Coatings for SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites: Path Toward 2700 F Temperature Capability and Beyond (2017)

Advanced environmental barrier coating systems for SiC-SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) turbine and combustor hot section components are currently being developed to meet future turbine engine emission and performance goals. One of the significant coating development challenges is to achieve prime-reliant environmental barrier coating systems to meet the future 2700F EBC-CMC temperature stability and environmental durability requirements. This presentation will emphasize recent NASA environmental barrier coating system testing and down-selects, particularly the development path and properties towards 2700-3000F durability goals by using NASA hafnium-hafnia-rare earth-silicon-silicate composition EBC systems for the SiC-SiC CMC turbine component applications. Advanced hafnium-based compositions for enabling next generation EBC and CMCs capabilities towards ultra-high temperature ceramic coating systems will also be briefly mentioned.
Protective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the development of hippocampal kindling in the rat (1995)

Recent data have suggested the involvement of neurotrophins in the cascade of events occurring during seizure development. In particular, expression of both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor mRNAs increases in different brain structures after convulsive seizures. The physiological significance of this increase was investigated by chronic intrahippocampal perfusion of BDNF in the model of dorsal hippocampal kindling in the rat. A 7 day perfusion of BDNF, in the region of the stimulating electrode, blocked the development of kindling during the perfusion period and for the following 15 days. These results provide in vivo evidence for a protective role of BDNF in the regulation of plasticity involved in epileptogenesis in adult brain.
Modulating Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence in Response to Specific Molecular Adsorption (2005)

We report the synthesis and successful testing of solution phase, near‐infrared sensors, using single walled carbon nanotubes that modulate their emission in response to the adsorption of specific biomolecules. Non‐covalent functionalization using electron withdrawing molecules are shown to provide sites for transferring electrons in and out of the nanotube, and can be used as chemical mediators in the detection of β‐D‐glucose. We also demonstrate that two distinct mechanisms, fluorescence quenching and charge transfer, are responsible for the observed fluorescence modulation. The results demonstrate new opportunities for nanoparticle optical sensors that operate in strongly absorbing media of relevance to medicine or biology.
Cathelicidins and Innate Defense Against Invasive Bacterial Infection (2003)

Cathelicidins are small cationic peptides that possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. These gene-encoded 'natural antibiotics' are produced by several mammalian species on epithelial surfaces and within the granules of phagocytic cells. Since their discovery over a decade ago, cathelicidins have been speculated to function within the innate immune system, contributing to a first line of host defense against an array of microorganisms. Consequently, cathelicidins have captured the interest of basic investigators in the diverse fields of cell biology, immunology, protein chemistry and microbiology. A burgeoning body of experimental research now appears to confirm and extend the biological significance of these fascinating molecules. This article reviews the latest advances in the knowledge of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides, with particular emphasis on their role in defense against invasive bacterial infection and associations with human disease conditions.
Direct modulation of excited state quantum dot lasers (2009)

The use of the excited state quantum dot lasers for high speed direct modulation is proposed and demonstrated. A direct comparison of lasers utilizing the ground state and excited state from the same laser material reveals a factor of two increase in the K-factor limited bandwidth. This is attributed to an increase in the saturated gain and reduced carrier scattering time of the excited state compared to the ground state.
Very fast adaptation with a compact context-dependent eigenvoice model (2002)

The "eigenvoice" technique achieves rapid speaker adaptation by employing prior knowledge of speaker space obtained from reference speakers to place strong constraints on the initial model for each new speaker. It has previously been shown to yield very fast adaptation for a large-vocabulary system. In this paper, we describe a new way of applying the eigenvoice technique to context-dependent acoustic modeling, called the "eigencentroid plus delta trees" (EDT) model. Here, the context-dependent model is defined so that it consists of a speaker-dependent component with a small number of parameters linked to a speaker-independent component with far more parameters. The eigenvoice technique can then be applied to the speaker-dependent component alone to attain very fast adaptation of the entire context-dependent model (e.g., 10% relative reduction in error rate after 3 sentences). EDT requires only a small number of parameters to represent speaker space and works even if only a small amount of data is available per reference speaker.