gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coupling a fluid flow simulation with a geomechanical model of a fractured reservoir (2013)

Improving the reliability of integrated reservoir development planning and addressing subsidence, fault reactivation and other environmental impacts, requires increasingly sophisticated geomechanical models, especially in the case of fractured reservoirs where fracture deformation is strongly coupled with its permeability change. Reservoir simulation has historically treated any geomechanical effects by means of a rock compressibility term/table, which can be improved by simulating the actual geomechanical response and their coupled effects. A coupled model should successfully reproduce how the complex fractured reservoir behavior (dual porosity/permeability model) impacts fluid flow and permeability change, as well as how the flow state affects the deformation of fractures. This work presents the coupling strategy in the framework of a smeared approach to link a
dual-porosity model as a means to treat flow in the fractures and the rock matrix, with a geomechanical model that incorporates fractured media via multi-laminate constitutive relations. The numerical results for two benchmark examples are presented.
Speech recognition for wireless applications (2002)

Future wireless multimedia terminals will have a variety of applications that require speech recognition capabilities. We consider a robust distributed speech recognition system where representative parameters of the speech signal are extracted at the wireless terminal and transmitted to a centralized automatic speech recognition (ASR) server. We propose several unequal error protection schemes for the ASR bit stream and demonstrate the satisfactory performance of these schemes for typical wireless cellular channels. In addition, a "soft-feature" error concealment strategy is introduced at the ASR server that uses "soft-outputs" from the channel decoder. This soft-feature error concealment techniques reduces the ASR error rate by up to four times for certain channels. Also considered is a channel decoding technique with source information that improves ASR performance.
Single-Photon Single-Flux Coupled Detectors (2019)

In this work, we present a novel device that is a combination of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector and a superconducting multilevel memory. We show that these devices can be used to count the number of detections through single-photon to single-flux conversion. Electrical characterization of the memory properties demonstrates single-flux quantum (SFQ) separated states. Optical measurements using attenuated laser pulses with different mean photon number, pulse energies and repetition rates are shown to differentiate single-photon detection from other possible phenomena, such as multiphoton detection and thermal activation. Finally, different geometries and material stacks to improve device performance, as well as arraying methods, are discussed.
A Detailed Model for High-Frequency Impedance Characterization of Ovarian Cancer Epithelial Cell Layer Using ECIS Electrodes (2008)

We report on the electrical impedance spectroscopy characterization of OVCA429 ovarian cancer cells. A commercially available eight-well cell culture impedance array (ECIS-8W1E), commonly used in electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS), was used for OVCA429 characterization. Impedances of ECIS-8W1E array were recorded with cell culture medium (without cells) and with OVCA429 cell layer in the culture medium between 100 Hz and 10 MHz frequency. Physiological and interfacial components of experimental impedance data were modeled by equivalent circuit fitting, using a newly developed model. Impedance measurements with cell culture medium show only two semicircles in the admittance plane, which are identified as: 1) low-frequency semicircle due to impedance of gold electrode in contact with the electrolyte and 2) high-frequency semicircle due to impedance of polymer-coated region of the gold electrode in contact with the electrolyte. In the presence of OVCA429 cell layer, three convolved semicircles are observed in the Cole-Cole plane, which are identified as the interfacial impedance in series with the cell layer impedance. The average resistance and capacitance of the OVCA429 cell layer was found to be 152+/-59 ohm x cm(2) and 8.5+/-2.4 microF/cm(2), respectively.
Neural network for maximum entropy restoration of nuclear medicine images (1993)

A modified neural network which uses maximum entropy as a constrained condition is proposed to restore the degraded images obtained by the detection of bremsstrahlung radiation from beta emitters. The restoration consists of two steps: estimation of the parameter of the neural network and reconstruction of the image. In the first step, the neural network is modified so that the neuron states can represent the image gray level directly. In the second step, the energy function minimization procedure is modified to get the maximum approach. The restoration performance and stability of the method are evaluated by applying it to simulated images and clinical studies acquired with a gamma camera. The restoration obtained proved to be more stable compared with other approaches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transplantation of three-dimensional artificial human vascular tissues fabricated using an extracellular matrix nanofilm-based cell-accumulation technique (2015)

We have established a novel three-dimensional (3D) tissue-constructing technique, referred to as the 'cell-accumulation method', which is based on the self-assembly of cultured human cells. In this technique, cells are coated with fibronectin and gelatin to construct extracellular matrix (ECM) nanofilms and cultured to form multi-layers in vitro. By using this method, we have successfully fabricated artificial tissues with vascular networks constructed by co-cultivation of human umbilical vein-derived vascular endothelial cells between multi-layers of normal human dermal fibroblasts. In this study, to assess these engineered vascular tissues as therapeutic implants, we transplanted the 3D human tissues with microvascular networks, fabricated based on the cell-accumulation method, onto the back skin of nude mice. After the transplantation, we found vascular networks with perfusion of blood in the transplanted graft. At the boundary between host and implanted tissue, connectivity between murine and human vessels was found. Transmission electron microscopy of the implanted artificial vascular tubules demonstrated the ultrastructural features of blood capillaries. Moreover, maturation of the vascular tissues after transplantation was shown by the presence of pericyte-like cells and abundant collagen fibrils in the ECM surrounding the vasculature. These results demonstrated that artificial human vascular tissues constructed by our method were engrafted and matured in animal skin. In addition, the implanted artificial human vascular networks were connected with the host circulatory system by anastomosis. This method is an attractive technique for engineering prevascularized artificial tissues for transplantation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite neutron gamma detector (2015)

In recent years, a number of new inorganic scintillating materials have been discovered that offer simultaneous thermal neutron and gamma ray detection. One of the first such scintillators is Cs <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> LiYCl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> (CLYC) [1], which offers (1) efficient thermal neutron detection (2 x higher cross section than <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He at 10 atmospheres); and (2) excellent separation between gamma and neutron events (>10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> ). However, the cost of the new single-crystal scintillators is still relatively high, compared to traditional scintillators, such as NaI and CsI. Significant progress in the development of organic scintillators with neutron and gamma sensitivity has also been recently achieved [2]. They have very low production cost, but have relatively low detection and photopeak efficiencies due to the low density and low-Z constituents. They also do not provide thermal neutron detection.
Array technology for binaural hearing aid applications (1999)

An increasing number of people have great difficulties in understanding speech in noisy environments. These difficulties can be resolved with a directional microphone array which attenuates the background noise while it transmits the desired signals unaltered to the hearing aid. A highly directional endfire array has been developed containing only four omnidirectional microphones which are integrated into the arm of a pair of spectacles. Two endfire arrays, one per ear, devise a binaural hearing aid which further increases the speech intelligibility and also enables localization. The arrays realize maximum directivity with a least-squares optimization of the array processing which also takes into account the diffraction effects due to the presence of the head. The microphone signals are processed with FIR filters to obtain maximum control over both the amplitude and phase of the transfer functions of the filters, thereby achieving maximum directivity. The microphone array attenuates the background noise of a diffuse sound field from 5 dB at 500 Hz to 10 dB at 4 kHz. The improvement in speech reception threshold (SRT) of 16 normal hearing and 26 hearing-impaired subjects will be measured and presented in this paper.
ANL Doppler flowmeter (1985)

A flowmeter has been developed for measuring flow velocity in hot slurries. The flowmeter works on an ultrasonic Doppler principle in which ultrasound is injected into the flowing fluid through the solid pipe wall. Isolating waveguides separate the hot pipe from conventional ultrasonic transducers. Special clamp-on high-tempreature transducers also can be adapted to work well in this application. Typical flows in pilot plants were found to be laminar, giving rise to broad-band Doppler spectra. A special circuit based on a servomechanism sensor was devised to determine the frequency average of such a broad spectrum. The device was tested at different pilot plants. Slurries with particulates greater than 70 m (0.003 in.) yielded good signals, but slurries with extremely fine particulates were unpredictable. Small bubbles can replace the coarse particles to provide a good signal if there are not too many. Successful operation with very fine particulate slurries may have been enhanced by the presence of microbubbles. 11 refs., 46 figs., 3 tabs.
Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet (1998)

A new retransmission-based error control technique is presented that does not incur any additional latency in frame playout times, and hence are suitable for interactive applications. It takes advantage of the motion prediction loop employed in most motion compensation-based codecs. By correcting errors in a reference frame caused by earlier packet loss, it prevents error propagation. The technique rearranges the temporal dependency of frames so that a displayed frame is referenced for the decoding of its succeeding dependent frames much later than its display time. Thus, the delay in repairing lost packets can be effectively masked out. The developed technique is combined with layered video coding to maintain consistently good video quality even under heavy packet loss. Through the results of extensive Internet experiments, the paper shows that layered coding can be very effective when combined with the retransmission-based error control technique for low-bit rate transmission over best effort networks where no network-level mechanism exists for protecting high priority data from packet loss.
Degradation of oxynitride gate dielectric reliability due to boron diffusion (1996)

In this letter, we report on the impact of the suppression of boron diffusion via nitridation of SiO2 on gate oxide integrity and device reliability. SiO2 subjected to rapid thermal nitridation in pure nitric oxide (NO) is used to fabricate thin oxynitride gate dielectrics. Both n+ polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) gated n-MOS (metal–oxide semiconductor) and p+-polysilicon gated p-MOS devices were subjected to anneals of different times to study the effect of dopant diffusion on gate oxide integrity. As expected, an advanced oxynitride gate dielectric will effectively alleviate the boron-penetration-induced flatband voltage instability in p+-polysilicon gated p-MOS capacitors due to the superior diffusion barrier properties. However, such improvements are observed in conjunction with some degradation of the oxide reliability due to the boron-blocking/accumulation inside the gate dielectric. Results show that even though the oxide quality is slightly degraded for NO-nitrided SiO2 with p+-polysilicon gates, p-MOSFETs (metal–oxide semiconductor field effect transistors) with these dielectrics still show improved interface stability as compared to conventional SiO2 due to the reduced boron penetration into the Si/SiO2 interface and underlying channel region.
Gold aggregating gold: A novel nanoparticle biosensor approach for the direct quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA in clinical samples (2016)

The affordable and reliable detection of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA is a cornerstone in the management and control of infection, affecting approximately 3% of the global population. However, the existing technologies are expensive, labor intensive and time consuming, posing significant limitations to their wide-scale exploitation, particularly in economically deprived populations. Here, we utilized the unique optical and physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to develop a novel assay platform shown to be rapid and robust in sensing and quantifying unamplified HCV RNA in clinical samples. The assay is based on inducing aggregation of citrate AuNPs decorated with a specific nucleic acid probe. Two types of cationic AuNPs, cysteamine and CTAB capped, were compared to achieve maximum assay performance. The technology is simple, rapid, cost effective and quantitative with 93.3% sensitivity, high specificity and detection limit of 4.57IU/µl. Finally, our data suggest that RNA folding impact the aggregation behavior of the functionalized AuNPs, with broader applications in other nucleic acid detection technologies.
IBM Db2 Graph: Supporting Synergistic and Retrofittable Graph Queries Inside IBM Db2 (2020)

To meet the challenge of analyzing rapidly growing graph and network data created by modern applications, a large number of graph databases have emerged, such as Neo4j and JanusGraph. They mainly target low-latency graph queries, such as finding the neighbors of a vertex with certain properties, and retrieving the shortest path between two vertices. Although many of the graph databases handle the graph-only queries very well, they fall short for real life applications involving graph analysis. This is because graph queries are not all that one does in an analytics workload of a real life application. They are often only a part of an integrated heterogeneous analytics pipeline, which may include SQL, machine learning, graph, and other analytics. This means graph queries need to be synergistic with other analytics. Unfortunately, most existing graph databases are standalone and cannot easily integrate with other analytics systems. In addition, many graph data (data about relationships between objects or people) are already prevalent in existing non-graph databases, although they are not explicitly stored as graphs. None of existing graph databases can retrofit graph queries onto these existing data without transferring or transforming data. In this paper, we propose an in-DBMS graph query approach, IBM Db2 Graph, to support synergistic and retrofittable graph queries inside the IBM Db2 relational database. It is implemented as a layer inside Db2, and thus can support integrated graph and SQL analytics efficiently. Db2 Graph employs a novel graph overlay approach to expose a graph view of the relational data. This approach flexibly retrofits graph queries to existing graph data stored in relational tables, without expensive data transfer or transformation. In addition, it enables efficient execution of graph queries with the help of Db2 relational engine, through sophisticated compile-time and runtime optimization strategies. Our experimental study, as well as our experience with real customers using Db2 Graph, showed that Db2 Graph can provide very competitive and sometimes even better performance on graph-only queries, compared to existing graph databases. Moreover, it optimizes the overall performance of complex analytics workloads.
Heteroannulated‐9,10‐anthracenediones. The synthesis of substituted 5‐ and 7‐chloroanthra[1,9‐<i>cd</i>]pyrazol‐6(2<i>H</i>)‐ones, precursors to anticancer anthrapyrazoles (1986)

Abstract Synthetic methodologies to a number of 5‐ and 7‐chloroanthra[1,9‐ cd |pyrazol‐6(2 H )‐ones, 4 and 37 respectively, optionally substituted with side chains at N‐2 and dioxy substituents in the A ring, are reported. Reported also are detailed uv, ir and 1 H‐nmr spectroscopy for representative compounds.
Disulfide Bond Engineering to Trap Peptides in the MHC Class I Binding Groove (2007)

Abstract Immunodominant peptides in CD8 T cell responses to pathogens and tumors are not always tight binders to MHC class I molecules. Furthermore, antigenic peptides that bind weakly to the MHC can be problematic when designing vaccines to elicit CD8 T cells in vivo or for the production of MHC multimers for enumerating pathogen-specific T cells in vitro. Thus, to enhance peptide binding to MHC class I, we have engineered a disulfide bond to trap antigenic peptides into the binding groove of murine MHC class I molecules expressed as single-chain trimers or SCTs. These SCTs with disulfide traps, termed dtSCTs, oxidized properly in the endoplasmic reticulum, transited to the cell surface, and were recognized by T cells. Introducing a disulfide trap created remarkably tenacious MHC/peptide complexes because the peptide moiety of the dtSCT was not displaced by high-affinity competitor peptides, even when relatively weak binding peptides were incorporated into the dtSCT. This technology promises to be useful for DNA vaccination to elicit CD8 T cells, in vivo study of CD8 T cell development, and construction of multivalent MHC/peptide reagents for the enumeration and tracking of T cells—particularly when the antigenic peptide has relatively weak affinity for the MHC.
Low <i>T</i><sub>g</sub>, Stretchable Polyaniline of Metallic-Type Conductivity:  Role of Dopant Engineering in the Control of Polymer Supramolecular Organization and in the Tuning of Its Properties (2003)

Doping of polyaniline with a new family of protonating agents, namely sulfosuccinates with alkyl or alkoxy substituents, is discussed. The resulting polyaniline-sulfosuccinates exhibit a lamellar type structural organization in which stacks of polymer chains are separated by dopant anions. Although structurally similar to previously studied polyaniline-sulfophthalates, polyaniline-sulfosuccinates are better ordered and exhibit better physical properties. In particular, they exhibit metallic-type conductivity down to 210 K and they can be stretched at room temperature to elongations at break, Δl/lo, approaching 200%. Mechanical stretching does not affect the temperature range of the metallic conductivity, however, it does induce a 4-fold increase in the room-temperature conductivity of the polymer. Low Tg of polyaniline-sulfosuccinates is also the origin of the low temperature thermochromism a phenomenon reported so far only for polyaniline-sulfosuccinates and polyaniline-sulfophthalates. Finally, accelerated aging tests carried out at a temperature of 408 K, in ambient conditions, have shown that polyaniline doped with di-(2-butoxyethyl) ester of sulfosuccinic acid is thermally more stable than poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with ferric tosylate (FeIII(Tos)3) the system considered so far as the most stable of all conducting polymers.
Long-period fibre gratingas a wavelength selective polarisation element (1997)

For the first time, long period fibre gratings for the coupling of fundamental and cladding modes written on polarisation-maintaining fibre are investigated. It is shown that in this case, loss spectra exhibit polarisation splitting depending on polarisation states of light. This type of long period grating can be proposed as a wavelength selective polarisation filter.
A novel electrical test to differentiate gate-to-source/drain silicide short from gate oxide short (2002)

A novel method that differentiates gate oxide failures from silicide bridging between gate and source/drain is presented. The method can be incorporated into Voltage Ramp Dielectric Breakdown test (VRDB) or as a stand-alone test to detect silicide bridging. It requires the test structure to have gate, source/drain and well terminals. The gate and substrate currents must be monitored during the test at a low gate voltage in accumulation mode. This method uses two criteria, one for the gate current, Ig, and one for the well (substrate) current, Iw. The silicide short was initially simulated by connecting a shunt resistor between the gate and the drain of the device. Actual data are also presented for MOS devices with silicide bridging along with TEM cross-sections.
Renal cell-urinary crystal interactions (2000)

Crystals of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate bind to anionic molecules on the apical surface of renal collecting duct cells. Atomic arrays on crystal faces interact stereospecifically with cell-surface anions to bind crystals that nucleate in tubular fluid, or those that nucleate directly on the plasma membrane. The internalization of adherent crystals, changes in gene expression, and secretion of specific proteins ensue, and appear to be important processes in crystal retention and kidney stone pathogenesis.
A MAPK gene from Dead Sea fungus confers stress tolerance to lithium salt and freezing–thawing: Prospects for saline agriculture (2005)

The Dead Sea is one of the most saline lakes on earth ( approximately 340 g/liter salinity) and is approximately 10 times saltier than the oceans. Eurotium herbariorum, a common fungal species, was isolated from its water. EhHOG gene, encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that plays an essential role in the osmoregulatory pathway in yeast and many other eukaryotes, was isolated from E. herbariorum. The deduced amino acid sequences of EhHOG indicated high similarity with homologous genes from Aspergillus nidulans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe and contained a TGY motif for phosphorylation by MAPK kinase. When EhHOG was expressed in S. cerevisiae hog1Delta mutant, the growth and aberrant morphology of hog1Delta mutant was restored under high osmotic stress condition. Moreover, intracellular glycerol content in the transformant increased to a much higher level than that in the mutant during salt-stress situations. hog1Delta mutant complemented by EhHOG outperformed the wild type or had higher genetic fitness under high Li(+) and freezing-thawing conditions. The present study revealed the putative presence of a high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway in E. herbariorum and the significance of EhHOG in osmotic regulation, heat stress, freeze stress, and oxidative stress. The Dead Sea is becoming increasingly more saline while the fungi living in it evolutionarily adapt to its high-saline environment, particularly with the extraordinarily high Li(+) concentration. The Dead Sea is potentially an excellent model for studies of evolution under extreme environments and is an important gene pool for future agricultural genetic engineering prospects.