gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Raman chemical imaging using flexible fiberscope technology</title> (2000)

Raman chemical imaging microscopy has been proven to be a powerful methodology for analyzing a wide range of solid state materials. For biomedical applications, Raman chemical imaging has been shown to be effective in assessing clinical samples including breast tissue lesions and arterial plaques. With Raman chemical imaging systems based on microscopes, materials can be analyzed with molecular specificity, without labor intensive sample preparation or the use of dyes and stains at diffraction limited spatial resolution (< 250 nm). However, microscopes cannot readily be used to perform in vivo measurements. With the recent development of flexible fiberscope technology, Raman chemical imaging can be applied within remote and confined environments and the potential exists for in vivo use. This manuscript provides the first description of novel Raman chemical imaging fiberscope technology, including data analysis strategies for extracting information from Raman chemical imaging data sets.
Cylinder Liner in Ductile Cast Iron for High Loaded Combustion Diesel Engines (2012)

With the increase of combustion loading and the trend to reduce engine size, there is a need for thinner but stronger wet cylinder liners. While most of the current cylinder liners are made of gray cast iron, due to its good tribological behavior, machinability performance, and competitive price, alternative casting materials such as compact graphite iron, ductile iron, and even steel are being considered to address future engine demands. In this paper, a new ductile iron (DI) cast material for wet cylinder liners is presented. The material has about 60 and 70% higher limits, respectively, for tensile stress and fatigue resistance as compared to conventional gray cast irons, but without a penalty on the tribological properties. There is also a potential improvement to avoid cavitation on the outside surface due to its higher young modulus, which also equates to a higher stiffness. The tested cylinder liners were induction hardened on the running surface and a slide hone process was used to improve wear and scuffing resistance. The liners were tested in a heavy duty diesel (HDD) engine with a peak cylinder pressure (PCP) of 245 bar and showed similar wear as observed with conventional cylinder liners of gray cast iron material. The DI cylinder liners were also tested in an abusive scuffing engine test without any concern. The improved mechanical properties of the described new DI material introduce possibilities to reduce the liner wall thickness or increase specific output. The preliminary evaluation in this paper showed that this new material is feasible for HDD diesel engines with a PCP up to 250 bar. In cases where the customer needs to increase the bore diameter for output reasons there is the potential to reduce the liner wall thickness by up to 25% based on high mechanical properties (UTS, Young’s modulus and fatigue strength). In both cases, a FEA analysis to support the new component design is recommended.
Multiwavelength excimer laser studies (1986)

The simultaneous generation of both UV and blue‐green coherent radiation in electron beam pumped high pressure argon buffered Kr, Xe, NF3, F2 mixtures is reported. In the case of the XeF(B→X) at 351 nm and XeF(C→A) centered at 480 nm the relative output of the two lasers can be adjusted by variation of the krypton partial pressure. In these studies, a total output of more than 0.5 J/1 was realized, corresponding to an efficiency of ∼0.5%.
Overview of multiple antenna designs for handheld devices and base stations (2011)

Multiple antennas in conjunction with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems offer significant increases in capacity without increasing transmit power or spectrum and are becoming an integral part of all modern wireless communication systems. For example multiple antenna technology is already used in wireless communication systems such as in IEEE 802.11n, WiMAX and LTE. This paper reviews some recent topologies of multiple antennas for handheld devices and base stations. We will focus on the basic concerns and constraints when designing a multiple antenna system. In particular low mutual coupling between antenna elements should be addressed to attain high radiation efficiency and sufficient MIMO capacity gain. Furthermore the number of ports in the multiple antenna systems works against the devices' size constraint. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve a very compact antenna solution for handheld devices with more than 4 ports. In contrast, the base station antenna design can sustain tens of ports building on a cubic structure employing both spatial and polarization diversities.
<title>Multispectral confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope for retinal vessel oximetry</title> (2000)

Scanning laser microscopy is a widely used technique in ophthalmoscopy for providing high-resolution real time images of the retina. We describe a scanning laser ophthalmoscope that acquires retinal images at four wavelengths for the purpose of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood in retinal arteries and veins. Images at all four wavelengths are obtained across a single video frame using a temporal interlacing technique. An extraction procedure then permits analysis of four monochromatic images. A technique for calculating oxygen saturation from a multi-spectral image set is presented, along with preliminary measurements. The choice of wavelengths dramatically affects the oxygen saturation calculation accuracy and we present an optimized wavelength set and the calculated oxygen saturation results. The potential applications for this technology range from the diagnosis of various ophthalmic diseases to the detection of blood loss in trauma victims.
Harmonic Partitioning of a colliding pulse modelocked erbium fiber laser cavity for the generation of high repetition rate pulse trains (1993)

Passively modelocked fiber lasers [1-3] are a potentially very attractive source of ultrashort pulses for ultra-high bit rate communications. However, despite the large variety of suggested cavity configurations, passively modelocked fiber lasers have to date been limited to operation at low repetition rates. The reason is the low gain cross section of rare-earth doped fibers and their tendency to energy loss via cross relaxations at high rare-earth doping levels. As a result useful active fiber lengths are typically not shorter than about 1 m for the case of erbium ions 4 (neodymium fibers can be substantially shorter, but fiber lengths shorter than 1 m are still uncommon due to handling difficulties). Thus passive mode-locking in fibers at the fundamental cavity frequency is typically limited to about 100 MHz. Higher repetition rates may in principle be obtained by the insertion of sub-cavities 5 ; however, the laser then becomes sensitive to phase fluctuations between the major and the sub-cavity, which makes stable operation nearly impossible. Therefore, to date, higher-harmonic modelocking was only possible by resorting to active modulating schemes, which are phase insensitive and hence can provide stable pulse trains at repetition rates up to a few GHz.
Co-expression of CD39 and CD103 identifies tumor-reactive CD8 T cells in human solid tumors (2018)

Identifying tumor antigen-specific T cells from cancer patients has important implications for immunotherapy diagnostics and therapeutics. Here, we show that CD103<sup>+</sup>CD39<sup>+</sup> tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells (CD8 TIL) are enriched for tumor-reactive cells both in primary and metastatic tumors. This CD8 TIL subset is found across six different malignancies and displays an exhausted tissue-resident memory phenotype. CD103<sup>+</sup>CD39<sup>+</sup> CD8 TILs have a distinct T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, with T-cell clones expanded in the tumor but present at low frequencies in the periphery. CD103<sup>+</sup>CD39<sup>+</sup> CD8 TILs also efficiently kill autologous tumor cells in a MHC-class I-dependent manner. Finally, higher frequencies of CD103<sup>+</sup>CD39<sup>+</sup> CD8 TILs in patients with head and neck cancer are associated with better overall survival. Our data thus describe an approach for detecting tumor-reactive CD8 TILs that will help define mechanisms of existing immunotherapy treatments, and may lead to future adoptive T-cell cancer therapies.
Rapid Histotripsy Treatment Using Protocol of Fundamental and Second Harmonic Superposition Combined with Hundred-Microsecond Ultrasound Pulses with Sector Array Approach: Initial Experiments (2018)

In this study, we propose a strategy of using a 4-element sector array, fundamental and second harmonic pressure superposition, and waveform of hundred-microsecond pulses and two stages. Hopefully, the rapid histotripsy process can be achieved through increasing one-spot lesion volume, enhancing pressure from cavitation reflection and multi boiling bubbles. A custom-designed 4-element sector array operated at 1.2 and 2.4 MHz with 146 mm aperture, 100 mm geometric focal length. In our initial experiments, we used the one focus pattern with acoustic focus dimension of 0.7 mm by 3 mm (lateral by axial length) and the peak negative pressure of each frequency exceeding -10 MPa. The histotripsy waveform scheme of hundred-microsecond pulses and two stages was used: stage 1, pulses with a pulse duration (PD) of 350 μs and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 100 Hz; stage 2, same PD and PRF as those in stage 1 and 1 % duty factor. The experiments were implemented in gel-phantom with bovine serum albumin (BSA), ex vivo porcine kidneys, monitored via high speed camera or passive cavitation detection (PCD). As expected, the experiments achieved successfully the disintegrated lesions with typical dimension of 5.5 mm by 7.5 mm (lateral by axial length) in porcine kidneys. The slide of H&E stained shows the lesion region where tissue fractionates into acellular debris with sharp boundary. The filtered-PCD mean square waveform indicates the enhanced inertial cavitation energy. The selected images from high speed imaging show the cavitation cloud structure and cavitation-bubble-layer reflection effects toward to transducer in prefocal region. The large sized lesion with wider 5.5-mm lateral dimension generated in prefocal region can attribute to dual-frequency parallel beams with shock waves, strong cavitation-bubble-layer reflection effects, and the parallel boiling bubbles of two frequencies.
Eliminating Doppler Effects in Synthetic-Aperture Radar Optical Processors (1984)

Pair of photodetectors generates correction signals. Instrument detects Doppler shifts in radar and corrects processing parameters so ambiguities caused by shifts not manifested as double or overlapping images.
Advanced single-stream HDR coding using JVET JEM with backward compatibility options (2017)

This paper presents a state of the art approach in HDR/WCG video coding developed at FastVDO called FVHDR, and based on the JEM 6 Test Model of the Joint Exploration Team, a joint committee of ITU|ISO/IEC. A fully automatic adaptive video process that differs from a known HDR video processing chain (analogous to HDR10, herein called “anchor”) developed recently in the standards committee JVET, is used. FVHDR works entirely within the framework of JEM software model, but adds additional tools. These tools can become an integral part of a future video coding standard, or be extracted as additional pre- and post-processing chains. Reconstructed video sequences using FVHDR show a subjective visual quality superior to the output of the anchor. Moreover the resultant SDR content generated by the data adaptive grading process is backward compatible. Representative objective results for the system include: results for DE100, and PSNRL100, were -13.4%, and -3.8% respectively.
E PluriBus Unum: High Performance Connectivity on Buses — Extended version (2009)

We present PluriBus, a system to provide high performance Internet access on-board moving vehicles. It seamlessly combines multiple wide-area wireless paths with disparate loss and delay characteristics. PluriBus employs opportunistic erasure coding, a novel technique to use spare capacity along any path to mask losses from end hosts. It sends erasure coded packets only when there is an instantaneous opening in a path’s spare capacity, so that coded packets do not steal capacity from data packets. Packets are coded using a new erasure code that we have developed to greedily maximize the amount of data recovered with each opportunity to send a coded packet. We have deployed PluriBus on two buses. Our experiments show that it reduces the median flow completion time by a factor of 2.5, compared to an existing method for spreading traffic across multiple paths.
A PARTIAL CONDITIONING APPROACH TO ACHIEVE MIXED CHIMERISM IN THE RAT: DEPLETION OF HOST NATURAL KILLER CELLS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION REQUIRED FOR ENGRAFTMENT1 (1999)

Specific targeting of radioresistant host NK cells allows for a significant reduction of the TBI dose required for allogeneic bone marrow engraftment.
A Heterobivalent Ligand Inhibits Mast Cell Degranulation via Selective Inhibition of Allergen–IgE Interactions In Vivo (2014)

Current treatments for allergies include epinephrine and antihistamines, which treat the symptoms after an allergic response has taken place; steroids, which result in local and systemic immune suppression; and IgE-depleting therapies, which can be used only for a narrow range of clinical IgE titers. The limitations of current treatments motivated the design of a heterobivalent inhibitor (HBI) of IgE-mediated allergic responses that selectively inhibits allergen-IgE interactions, thereby preventing IgE clustering and mast cell degranulation. The HBI was designed to simultaneously target the allergen binding site and the adjacent conserved nucleotide binding site (NBS) found on the Fab of IgE Abs. The bivalent targeting was accomplished by linking a hapten to an NBS ligand with an ethylene glycol linker. The hapten moiety of HBI enables selective targeting of a specific IgE, whereas the NBS ligand enhances avidity for the IgE. Simultaneous bivalent binding to both sites provided HBI with 120-fold enhancement in avidity for the target IgE compared with the monovalent hapten. The increased avidity for IgE made HBI a potent inhibitor of mast cell degranulation in the rat basophilic leukemia mast cell model, in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mouse model of allergy, and in mice sensitized to the model allergen. In addition, HBI did not have any observable systemic toxic effects even at elevated doses. Taken together, these results establish the HBI design as a broadly applicable platform with therapeutic potential for the targeted and selective inhibition of IgE-mediated allergic responses, including food, environmental, and drug allergies.
Solvent Effects on an Enzymatic Ester Synthesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (1993)

Abstract The ester synthesis from oleic acid and (±)-citronellol by lipase was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO2). In the near-critical region, the rate of reaction was considerably enhanced and (S)-(−)-oleic acid 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenyl ester was stereoselectively formed. The results were discussed with taking account of solvent properties of SC-CO2 and aggregation phenomenon about reacting species at high pressures.
Recent Developments of Engineered Translational Machineries for the Incorporation of Non-Canonical Amino Acids into Polypeptides (2015)

Genetic code expansion and reprogramming methodologies allow us to incorporate non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) bearing various functional groups, such as fluorescent groups, bioorthogonal functional groups, and post-translational modifications, into a desired position or multiple positions in polypeptides both in vitro and in vivo. In order to efficiently incorporate a wide range of ncAAs, several methodologies have been developed, such as orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase (AARS)-tRNA pairs, aminoacylation ribozymes, frame-shift suppression of quadruplet codons, and engineered ribosomes. More recently, it has been reported that an engineered translation system specifically utilizes an artificially built genetic code and functions orthogonally to naturally occurring counterpart. In this review we summarize recent advances in the field of ribosomal polypeptide synthesis containing ncAAs.
Genetic structure, gene flow pattern, and association analysis of superior germplasm resources in domesticated upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (2020)

Gene flow patterns and the genetic structure of domesticated crops like cotton are not well understood. Furthermore, marker-assisted breeding of cotton has lagged far behind that of other major crops because the loci associated with cotton traits such as fiber yield and quality have scarcely been identified. In this study, we used 19 microsatellites to first determine the population genetic structure and patterns of gene flow of superior germplasm resources in upland cotton. We then used association analysis to identify which markers were associated with 15 agronomic traits (including ten yield and five fiber quality traits). The results showed that the upland cotton accessions have low levels of genetic diversity (polymorphism information content = 0.427), although extensive gene flow occurred among different ecological and geographic regions. Bayesian clustering analysis indicated that the cotton resources used in this study did not belong to obvious geographic populations, which may be the consequence of a single source of domestication followed by frequent genetic introgression mediated by human transference. A total of 82 maker-trait associations were examined in association analysis and the related ratios for phenotypic variations ranged from 3.04% to 47.14%. Interestingly, nine SSR markers were detected in more than one environmental condition. In addition, 14 SSR markers were co-associated with two or more different traits. It was noteworthy that NAU4860 and NAU5077 markers detected at least in two environments were simultaneously associated with three fiber quality traits (uniformity index, specific breaking strength and micronaire value). In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the population structure and genetic exchange pattern of cultivated cotton accessions. The quantitative trait loci of domesticated cotton identified will also be very useful for improvement of yield and fiber quality of cotton in molecular breeding programs.
Multi-User Scheduling in the 3GPP LTE Cellular Uplink (2012)

In this paper, we consider resource allocation in the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular uplink, which will be the most widely deployed next generation cellular uplink. The key features of the 3GPP LTE uplink (UL) are that it is based on a modified form of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based multiple access (OFDMA) which enables channel dependent frequency selective scheduling, and that it allows for multi-user (MU) scheduling wherein multiple users can be assigned the same time-frequency resource. In addition to the considerable spectral efficiency improvements that are possible by exploiting these two features, the LTE UL allows for transmit antenna selection together with the possibility to employ advanced receivers at the base-station, which promise further gains. However, several practical constraints that seek to maintain a low signaling overhead, are also imposed. In this paper, we show that the resulting resource allocation problem is APX-hard and then propose a local ratio test (LRT) based constant-factor polynomial-time approximation algorithm. We then propose two enhancements to this algorithm as well as a sequential LRT based MU scheduling algorithm that offers a constant-factor approximation and is another useful choice in the complexity versus performance tradeoff. Further, user pre-selection, wherein a smaller pool of good users is pre-selected and a sophisticated scheduling algorithm is then employed on the selected pool, is also examined. We suggest several such user pre-selection algorithms, some of which are shown to offer constant-factor approximations to the pre-selection problem. Detailed evaluations reveal that the proposed algorithms and their enhancements offer significant gains.
Ultraviolet surprise: Efficient soft x-ray high-harmonic generation in multiply ionized plasmas (2015)

High-harmonic generation is a universal response of matter to strong femtosecond laser fields, coherently upconverting light to much shorter wavelengths. Optimizing the conversion of laser light into soft x-rays typically demands a trade-off between two competing factors. Because of reduced quantum diffusion of the radiating electron wave function, the emission from each species is highest when a short-wavelength ultraviolet driving laser is used. However, phase matching--the constructive addition of x-ray waves from a large number of atoms--favors longer-wavelength mid-infrared lasers. We identified a regime of high-harmonic generation driven by 40-cycle ultraviolet lasers in waveguides that can generate bright beams in the soft x-ray region of the spectrum, up to photon energies of 280 electron volts. Surprisingly, the high ultraviolet refractive indices of both neutral atoms and ions enabled effective phase matching, even in a multiply ionized plasma. We observed harmonics with very narrow linewidths, while calculations show that the x-rays emerge as nearly time-bandwidth-limited pulse trains of ~100 attoseconds.
Principal Component Analysis of Gamma-Ray Spectra for Radiation Portal Monitors (2012)

The scanning of cargo for radiological and nuclear material is vital in detecting the illicit trafficking of such materials. The deployment of technologies such as Radiation Portal Monitors (RPMs) has enabled screening for the presence of gamma and neutron emitting radionuclides. Although the development of radionuclide detection algorithms is vital to the development of RPMs, only a small amount of the work exists in the published literature. This paper describes the development of an anomalous signature detection algorithm based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA involves the eigen decomposition of the correlation matrix of a training data set. The distance of an unknown observed spectrum from Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), in a 14 dimensional space, was used to assess the algorithm performance. The PCA algorithm showed an excellent 'anomaly detection' performance for a number of threat sources including Special Nuclear Materials (SNM's). The PCA algorithm has also demonstrated an improved performance over that of a commercially available peak search algorithm. The discrimination of the SNM's sources, from the NORM, consistently improved with increased counts, which is not always true for peak search based algorithms. The algorithm also performed well in count starved spectra, which is of relevance to border security applications of RPMs.
Dysregulation of anti-tumor immunity by the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (2012)

The matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), overexpressed in most cancers, induces TH2 polarization by conditioning dendritic cells to over-express OX40L and downregulate IL-12p70 through the degradation of the type-I IFN receptor IFNAR1. Elucidating mechanisms underlying detrimental tumor-associated type-2 responses represent a crucial step in designing effective immune therapies to treat cancer patients.