gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal oxide heteroepitaxy: Stranski-Krastanov growth for iron oxides on Pt(111) (1999)

The epitaxial growth of iron oxide films on Pt(111) substrates was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. The film growth was accomplished by repeated cycles of iron deposition and subsequent oxidation at $p({\mathrm{O}}_{2}{)=10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}\mathrm{mbar}.$ For oxidation temperatures of 870 K second and third FeO(111) layers grow layer by layer, whereas for oxidation temperatures of 1000 K only one FeO(111) monolayer is formed. On top of the FeO(111) films a homogeneous nucleation of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}(111)$ islands takes place, resulting in a Stranski-Krastanov growth for iron oxides on Pt(111). The islands grow in the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ bulk structure laterally much faster than vertically, forming flat platelets with heights up to 100 \AA{} and hexagonal and triangular basal planes 1000--5000 \AA{} in diameter. The islands only expose low index ${1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}11}$ and ${21\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}$ facet planes, and their growth can be described by an Ostwald ripening mechanism that takes place during each oxidation cycle. Eventually the islands coalesce and form smooth ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}(111)$ films at least 150 \AA{} thick. The atomic and mesoscopic surface roughness of these films depends on the growth temperature, where the latter ranges between 40 and 100 \AA{} on a length scale of 1 \ensuremath{\mu}m. By a high-pressure oxidation at $p({\mathrm{O}}_{2}{)=10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\mathrm{mbar}$ the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}(111)$ films were transformed into well-ordered $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ films with similar surface morphologies. In all oxide phases formed the hexagonal oxygen (111) planes are aligned to the Pt(111) substrate surface lattice. The film growth is discussed in terms of surface and interfacial energies, oxidation and growth kinetics, as well as thermodynamic stability ranges of the different oxide phases.
Magnetic resonance angiography- an advanced technique in MRI using flow imaging (2007)

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) produces images of flowing blood. The intensity in these images is proportional to the velocity of the flow. It produces an image, which distinguishes between static and flowing blood. There are three general types of MRA, time-of-flight, phase contrast angiography, and contrast enhanced angiography.
Polymer-based optical fiber sensors for health monitoring of engineering structures (2005)

This paper describes the design of an extrinsic optical fibre sensors based on poly(methamethycrylate) for structural health monitoring applications. This polymer-based optical fiber sensor relies on the modulation of light intensity and is capable of monitoring the response of the host structure subjected to either static or dynamic load types. A series of mechanical tests have been conducted to assess the response of the plastic optical fiber (POF) sensor. The readings of the sensors attached to an aluminium bar were found to compare well to electrical strain gauge response. The POF sensors were also attached to rebar concrete beams and exhibited encouraging response under flexural loading. Static and cyclic loading tests were also performed and the sensor was shown to exhibit excellent strain linearity and repeatability. Free vibration tests on a cantilever beam set-up in which the POF sensor was surface-bonded to a composite beam were also conducted. The results obtained highlight the capability of the sensor to accurately monitor the dynamic response of the beam. Impulse-type dynamic response of the sensor was also conducted and the POF sensor demonstrated potential for detecting the various modal frequencies of the host structure. POF sensors were also attached to a series of impacted composite beams with varying degree of damage to assess their potential to detect and quantify the damage in the host structure. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using the sensor for structural health monitoring applications.
The relationship among electromigration, passivation thickness, and common-emitter current gain degradation within shallow junction NPN bipolar transistors (1982)

In very large-scale integration, the trend towards smaller horizontal dimensions and shallower doping profiles within NPN bipolar devices aggravates degradation mechanisms affecting common-emitter current gain (beta). It is experimentally shown for shallow junction NPN bipolar transistors operating in the conduction mode that the degradation of beta is electromigration related. Increasing the passivation thickness simultaneously improves metal conductor lifetime and aggravates beta degradation. Both increases are attributed to the electromigration-induced compressive stress. The complete recovery of beta after a 400 °C anneal indicates that the electromigration-induced compressive stress is relieved by creep in an aluminum-based metallization. The experimental results for beta degradation are consistent with an existing theory that takes into account the effects of stress on the effective mass of light and heavy holes.
Performance Analysis and Optimal Selection of Large Minimum Variance Portfolios Under Estimation Risk (2012)

We study the realized variance of sample minimum variance portfolios of arbitrarily high dimension. We consider the use of covariance matrix estimators based on shrinkage and weighted sampling. For such improved portfolio implementations, the otherwise intractable problem of characterizing the realized variance is tackled here by analyzing the asymptotic convergence of the risk measure. Rather than relying on less insightful classical asymptotics, we manage to deliver results in a practically more meaningful limiting regime, where the number of assets remains comparable in magnitude to the sample size. Under this framework, we provide accurate estimates of the portfolio realized risk in terms of the model parameters and the underlying investment scenario, i.e., the unknown asset return covariance structure. In-sample approximations in terms of only the available data observations are known to considerably underestimate the realized portfolio risk. If not corrected, these deviations might lead in practice to inaccurate and overly optimistic investment decisions. Therefore, along with the asymptotic analysis, we also provide a generalized consistent estimator of the out-of-sample portfolio variance that only depends on the set of observed returns. Based on this estimator, the model free parameters, i.e., the sample weighting coefficients and the shrinkage intensity defining the minimum variance portfolio implementation, can be optimized so as to minimize the realized variance while taken into account the effect of estimation risk. Our results are based on recent contributions in the field of random matrix theory. Numerical simulations based on both synthetic and real market data validate our theoretical findings under a non-asymptotic, finite-dimensional setting. Finally, our proposed portfolio estimator is shown to consistently outperform a widely applied benchmark implementation.
Dichloro(<scp>D</scp>-methionine-<i>N</i>,<i>S</i>)platinum(II) at 130 K (2001)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [PtCl2(C5H11NO2S)], a D-methionine derivative, contains two molecules with opposite chirality at the S atoms. The amino acid acts as a bidentate ligand and coordinates simultaneously through the N (amino) and S (thioether) atoms. The molecules are packed in pairs which are connected through two hydrogen bonds between the protonated carboxyl groups, with O.O distances of 2.633 (10) and 2.663 (12) A.
SP23 Gene Expression (2007)

Conventional diagnostics could benefit greatly from the high-throughput genomics technologies that have arisen over the past 10 years in basic research. Whether it is for DNA analysis (CGH arrays, SNP analysis) or RNA analysis (gene-expression arrays), information at the molecular level would undoubtedly improve the accuracy of diagnoses and prognoses. In the past 3 years, several efforts have been made to standardize assays, experimental procedures, and data processing, and governmental institutions such as the FDA, microarray manufacturers, and the scientific community have worked diligently to bring genomics into daily medicine. This talk will review the recent developments in molecular classification, prognostication, and treatments.
Past, Present, and Future of Augmentation of Monocyte Function in the Surgical Patient (2016)

Early studies have been promising in identifying patients who are likely to benefit from monocyte augmentation; i.e., those with low HLA-DR or ex-vivo tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. The surgeon remains incompletely equipped to enhance monocyte function consistently and specifically in order to reduce the mortality rate. Although there is little evidence to support the routine use of any of these immunotherapies, the issues of patient selection, timing of administration, and treatment duration have hampered any true answers to this important clinical problem. The challenge remains in identifying the right patients, at the right time, to receive the right therapy.
Abstract 2791: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations to estimate the efficacious dose of the CEACAM6 function-blocking antibody BAY 1834942 (2018)

Abstract BAY 1834942 is an immunostimulatory function-blocking (fb) antibody (Ab) against the target carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) expressed on tumor cells in multiple cancer indications. The suggested mode of action of BAY 1834942 is the blockade of the immunosuppressive effect of CEACAM6 on activated T cells which restores the immune response against cancer cells. Available preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) and in vitro pharmacodynamic (PD) data, target receptor density information and tumor (patho-)physiology were used to create a model framework taking into account the three most essential ‘pillars' (target exposure, target binding and drug activity) to estimate the human efficacious dosing of BAY 1834942. For this purpose, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model considering target binding of BAY 1834942 in tumor tissue and on blood granulocytes has been developed. The aim of the PBPK model was to estimate the dose range and regimen for humans leading to exposure level at the tumor site that allows sufficient target binding. The PBPK simulations were based on 1) an analysis of PD in vitro data in order to estimate the degree of saturation needed for maximum drug activity, 2) the assessment of CEACAM6 receptor numbers on tumor cells and blood granulocytes and 3) in vivo PK data in order to develop and evaluate the PBPK model. For the latter, plasma PK data of BAY 1834942 in monkeys were used as well as known tumor concentration-time profiles of the antibodies MOPC21 (non-targeting Ab) and ZCE025 (anti-CEA Ab) in mice and humans. Uncertainty of parameters which are relevant for CEACAM6 target saturation was considered by stochastic in silico simulations to estimate the CEACAM6 saturation at the tumor vs. dosing. This analysis revealed that the predicted human efficacious dose strongly depends on CEACAM6 density. Thus, a low CEACAM6 density scenario (25,000 CEACAM6/tumor cell) and a high CEACAM6 density scenario (250,000 CEACAM6/tumor cell) were simulated and used to support dose selection for the first-in-man (FIM) study of BAY 1834942. The FIM study is currently under preparation. Citation Format: Sabine Wittemer-Rump, Christoph Niederalt, Joerg Willuda, Mark Trautwein, Merlin Luetke-Eversloh, Wolf-Dietrich Doecke, Clemens Guenther, Christian Scheerans. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations to estimate the efficacious dose of the CEACAM6 function-blocking antibody BAY 1834942 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2791.
Serum Biomarker Signature-Based Liquid Biopsy for Diagnosis of Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer (2018)

This serum biomarker signature might represent a tenable approach to detecting early-stage, localized PDAC if these findings are supported by a prospective validation study.
Path Analysis: An Introduction and Analysis of a Decade of Research (2004)

The authors review the use and interpretations of path analyses in articles published in The Journal of Educational Research from 1992 to 2002 and discuss related issues. This article provides (a) a brief introduction to path analysis, (b) suggested guidelines and recommendations for reporting results, (c) a sample of a model path analysis, (d) evaluation of the JER path analysis articles, and (e) concluding remarks.
Cisd2 Protects the Liver from Oxidative Stress and Ameliorates Western Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2021)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. However, drugs to treat NAFLD and NASH are an unmet clinical need. This study sought to provide evidence that Cisd2 is a molecular target for the development of treatments targeting NAFLD and NASH. Several discoveries are pinpointed. The first is that Cisd2 dosage modulates the severity of Western diet-induced (WD-induced) NAFLD. Specifically, Cisd2 haploinsufficiency accelerates NAFLD development and exacerbates progression toward NASH. Conversely, an enhanced Cisd2 copy number attenuates liver pathogenesis. Secondly, when a WD is fed to mice, transcriptomic analysis reveals that the major alterations affecting biological processes are related to inflammation, lipid metabolism, and DNA replication/repair. Thirdly, among these differentially expressed genes, the most significant changes involve Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress, cholesterol biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism. Finally, increased Cisd2 expression protects the liver from oxidative stress and reduces the occurrence of mitochondrial DNA deletions. Taken together, our mouse model reveals that Cisd2 plays a crucial role in protecting the liver from WD-induced damages. The development of therapeutic agents that effectively enhance Cisd2 expression is one potential approach to the treatment of WD-induced fatty liver diseases.
Optical regeneration at 40 Gb/s and beyond (2003)

As optical amplifiers have opened new perspectives for optical communication systems with ultrahigh capacities and long-haul transmission distances (more than 1 Tb/s over 10 000 km), fundamental limits are being felt. In order to overcome these propagation impairments, another technology revolution is soon required. Promising developments concern in-line all-optical regeneration, which makes it possible to transmit optical data over virtually unlimited distances. In this paper, we recall the basic principles of optical regeneration in optical communication systems and review the current technology alternatives foreseen for future 40-Gb/s transmission system implementation, as investigated in Alcatel Research and Innovation. The alternative offered by optoelectronic regeneration is also discussed, so as to identify and highlight the advantages of the all-optical approach.
Thermal, Conductivity, Density, Viscosity, and Prandtl‐Numbers of Ethylene Glycol‐Water Mixtures (1984)

Abstract Thermal conductivity, density, and viscosity of ethylene glycol – water mixtures have been measured. The measurements have been performed in the temperature range from ‐−20°C to 180°C for thermal conductivity, from ‐−10°C to 150°C for density, and from – 10°C to 100°C for viscosity. Prandtl‐Numbers calculated with the own experimental data and literature values of specific heat capacity are presented in dependence of temperature and concentration.
Completeness Modeling and Context Separation for Weakly Supervised Temporal Action Localization (2019)

Temporal action localization is crucial for understanding untrimmed videos. In this work, we first identify two underexplored problems posed by the weak supervision for temporal action localization, namely action completeness modeling and action-context separation. Then by presenting a novel network architecture and its training strategy, the two problems are explicitly looked into. Specifically, to model the completeness of actions, we propose a multi-branch neural network in which branches are enforced to discover distinctive action parts. Complete actions can be therefore localized by fusing activations from different branches. And to separate action instances from their surrounding context, we generate hard negative data for training using the prior that motionless video clips are unlikely to be actions. Experiments performed on datasets THUMOS'14 and ActivityNet show that our framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods. In particular, the average mAP on ActivityNet v1.2 is significantly improved from 18.0% to 22.4%. Our code will be released soon.
Solid-Phase Polarization Matrixes for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization from Homogeneously Distributed Radicals in Mesostructured Hybrid Silica Materials (2013)

Mesoporous hybrid silica-organic materials containing homogeneously distributed stable mono- or dinitroxide radicals covalently bound to the silica surface were developed as polarization matrixes for solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR experiments. For TEMPO-containing materials impregnated with water or 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, enhancement factors of up to 36 were obtained at ∼100 K and 9.4 T without the need for a glass-forming additive. We show that the homogeneous radical distribution and the subtle balance between the concentration of radical in the material and the fraction of radicals at a sufficient inter-radical distance to promote the cross-effect are the main determinants for the DNP enhancements we obtain. The material, as well as an analogue containing the poorly soluble biradical bTUrea, is used as a polarizing matrix for DNP NMR experiments of solutions containing alanine and pyruvic acid. The analyte is separated from the polarization matrix by simple filtration.
The Effect of Tibial Stem Design on Component Micromotion in Knee Arthroplasty (1997)

Rigid body mechanics with computer data acquisition and analysis techniques were used to determine the three-dimensional motions of any point on the tibial component of a total knee arthroplasty. Three stem configurations were compared: (1) no stem; (2) short stem (40 mm); and (3) long stem (75 mm). In addition, three loading conditions were analyzed for each stem configuration: (1) central loading; (2) posterior loading; and (3) medial loading. The longer stem implants were associated with increased micromotion, especially under eccentric loading. Cemented implants seemed to have more stable fixation, compared with noncemented implants. It was thought that the increased motion was secondary to a toggling of the implant under load, secondary to uneven medullary cortical contact. Overall, the results indicated that short and long stems do not enhance initial fixation with cemented or cementless implantation in routine knee arthroplasty.
AgNb1−<i>x</i>Ta<i><sub>x</sub></i>O<sub>3</sub>solid solutions‐dielectric properties and phase transitions (1983)

Abstract Dielectric investigations (65 K – 900K) and DTA investigations (300 K - 900K) have been carried out for AgNb, -Ta solid solutions. A series of anomalies were found in the temperature-dependence of the dielectric constant and loss tangent, as well as anomalies in the DTA curves associated with phase transitions. From the results a phase diagram has been prepared for AgNb, -Ta,O, solid solutions.
Neuroprotective effect of melatonin on experimental spinal cord injury in rats (2011)

Objective To observe the neuroprotective effect of different doses of melatonin on early lipid peroxidation level and ultra-structure in experimental spinal cord injury(SCI) rats.Methods The SCI model of rat was established by an aneurysm clip at the level of T10.Sixty model rats were randomly divided into 6 groups(10 each): model I group received only laminectomy;model II group received laminectomy and aneurysm clip;the SCI rats in control group were given 0.2ml of 5% ethanol immediately after injury;the SCI rats in methylprednisolone treatment group were given 30mg/kg of methylprednisolone;melatonin treatment I and II group received melatonin with dosage of 50 and 100 mg/kg,respectively.The malonaldehyde(MDA) level at the injured sites of the spinal cord at 24 hours after trauma was detected,and the score of ultrastructural histopathological changes was also made.Results The MDA levels in model I and all treatment groups were significantly lower than those in model II and control group(P 0.05),and the same was between the two melatonin treatment groups(P > 0.05).The scoring of ultrastructural histopathological changes showed that melatonin treatment II group had the same neuroprotective effect as in methylprednisolone group(P > 0.05),while the effect of melatonin treatment II group was significantly better than that of melatonin treatment I group(P < 0.05).Conclusions Melatonin can inhibit the early lipid peroxidation of experimental spinal cord injury,and possess the neuroprotective effect on the ultra-structure.
Configurational and Constitutional Information Storage: Multiple Dynamics in Systems Based on Pyridyl and Acyl Hydrazones (2010)

The C=N group of hydrazones can undergo E/Z isomerization both photochemically and thermally, allowing the generation of a closed process that can be tuned by either of these two physical stimuli. On the other hand, hydrazine-exchange reactions enable a constitutional change in a given hydrazone. The two classes of processes: 1) configurational (physically stimulated) and 2) constitutional (chemically stimulated) give access to short-term and long-term information storage, respectively. Such transformations are reported herein for two hydrazones (bis-pyridyl hydrazone and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde phenylhydrazone) that undergo a closed, chemically or physically driven process, and, in addition, can be locked or unlocked at will by metal-ion coordination or removal. These features also extend to acyl hydrazones derived from 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. Similarly to the terpydine-like hydrazones, such acyl hydrazones can undergo both constitutional and configurational changes, as well as metal-ion coordination. All these types of hydrazones represent dynamic systems capable of acting as multiple state molecular devices, in which the presence of coordination sites furthermore allows the metal ion-controlled locking and unlocking of the interconversion of the different states.
Preparing and Using M13‐Derived Vectors (1987)

Many vectors in current use are derived from filamentous phages. These vectors are used because DNA inserted into them can be recovered in two forms: double-stranded circles and single-stranded circles. This overview unit describes the lifecycle of filamentous phages along with the development and use of filamentous phage vectors.