gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Miniature Optical Atomic Clock: Stabilization of a Kerr Comb Oscillator (2013)

Mechanical clocks consist of a pendulum and a clockwork that translates the pendulum period to displayed time. The most advanced clocks utilize optical transitions in atoms in place of the pendulum and an optical frequency comb generated by a femtosecond laser as the clockwork. The comb must be stabilized at two points along its frequency spectrum: one with a laser to lock a comb line to a transition in the atom, and another through self referencing to stabilize the frequency interval between the comb lines. This approach requires advanced techniques, so optical atomic clocks are currently laboratory devices in specialized labs. In this paper we leverage unique properties of Kerr comb oscillators for realization of optical atomic clocks in miniature form factors. In particular, we describe a clock based on D1 transition of 87Rb that fits in the palm of the hand, and can be further miniaturized to chip scale.
Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 4, 5, and 6: biological and physiochemical characterization. (1993)

We have recently cloned cDNAs encoding human insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP)-4, -5 and -6 and have now expressed these BPs in yeast as ubiquitin (Ub)-IGFBP fusion proteins. Western ligand blotting with 125I-IGF II under nonreducing conditions of recombinant human (rh) IGFBP-containing yeast lysates revealed specific binding bands for IGFBP-4, -5, and -6 at apparent molecular masses of 24-26, 30-32, and 24-26 kDa, respectively, indicating expression and processing of the fusion proteins. HPLC purified rhIGFBPs had virtually the same amino acid composition, amino acid number, and NH2-terminal sequences as the native BPs. Rabbit antiserum directed against each rhIGFBP-4, -5 and -6 reacted specifically with the respective rhIGFBP as well as with the native human counterpart and displayed very low cross-reactivity with other IGFBPs. Except for the affinity of rhIGFBP-6 for IGF I (Ka = 8.5 x 10(8) M-1), the affinity constants of the three IGFBPs for IGF I and II lie between 1.7 and 3.3 x 10(10) M-1. When present in excess, rhIGFBP-4, -5, and -6 inhibited IGF I- and II-stimulated DNA and glycogen synthesis in human osteoblastic cells, although rh-IGFBP-6 had only a weak inhibitory effect on IGF I in agreement with its relatively lower IGF I affinity constant.
Conjugated dendrimers: a modular approach to materials for full-color displays (2004)

Conjugated dendrimers provide an excellent molecular architecture for tuning material properties for organic light emitting diodes. Here we demonstrate a modular approach allowing highly efficient fluorescent and phosphorescent emissive chromophores to be used to make red, green and blue solution-processed light emitting diodes. The choice of a common dendritic architecture ensures good solubility and film forming properties irrespective of the choice of core unit. In addition, this architecture allows blending of dendrimers with different cores without phase separation. We show that blending provides a simple but powerful way of tuning the color of dendrimer LEDs from deep blue to blue-green, and from green to red with little impact on the device properties.
Preclinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Hexadecyl-Treprostinil (C16TR), a Pulmonary Vasodilator Prodrug (2017)

This article describes the preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (PK) of hexadecyl-treprostinil (C16TR), a prodrug of treprostinil (TRE), formulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) for inhalation as a pulmonary vasodilator. C16TR showed no activity (>10 <i>µ</i>M) in receptor binding and enzyme inhibition assays, including binding to prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> receptor 2, prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> receptor 1, prostaglandin I<sub>2</sub> receptor, and prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> receptor 4; TRE potently bound to each of these prostanoid receptors. C16TR had no effect (up to 200 nM) on platelet aggregation induced by ADP in rat blood. In hypoxia-challenged rats, inhaled C16TR-LNP produced dose-dependent (0.06-6 <i>µ</i>g/kg), sustained pulmonary vasodilation over 3 hours; inhaled TRE (6 <i>µ</i>g/kg) was active at earlier times but lost its effect by 3 hours. Single- and multiple-dose PK studies of inhaled C16TR-LNP in rats showed proportionate dose-dependent increases in TRE <i>C</i><sub>max</sub> and area under the curve (AUC) for both plasma and lung; similar results were observed for dog plasma levels in single-dose PK studies. In both species, inhaled C16TR-LNP yielded prolonged plasma TRE levels and a lower plasma TRE <i>C</i><sub>max</sub> compared with inhaled TRE. Inhaled C16TR-LNP was well tolerated in rats and dogs; TRE-related side effects included cough, respiratory tract irritation, and emesis and were seen only after high inhaled doses of C16TR-LNP in dogs. In guinea pigs, inhaled TRE (30 <i>µ</i>g/ml) consistently produced cough, but C16TR-LNP (30 <i>µ</i>g/ml) elicited no effect. These results demonstrate that C16TR-LNP provides long-acting pulmonary vasodilation, is well tolerated in animal studies, and may necessitate less frequent dosing than inhaled TRE with possibly fewer side effects.
HDAC inhibitors in kidney development and disease (2012)

The discovery that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) can attenuate acute kidney injury (AKI)-mediated damage and reduce fibrosis in kidney disease models has opened the possibility of utilizing HDACis as therapeutics for renal injury. Studies to date have made it abundantly clear that HDACi treatment results in a plethora of molecular changes, which are not always linked to histone acetylation, and that there is an essential need to understand the specific target(s) of any HDACi of interest. New lines of investigation are beginning to delve more deeply into target identification of specific HDACis and to address the relative toxicity of different HDACi classes. This review will focus on the utilization of HDACis during kidney organogenesis, injury, and disease, as well as on the development of these compounds as therapeutics.
Concept for a transmissive, large angle, light steering device with high efficiency (2015)

A device concept is presented to allow very large angle deflection of light passing through a transmissive device. Deflection of light, switchable between angles larger than ±60 deg, is shown to be possible with efficiencies approaching 100%.
Autonulling ac bridge for accurate measurement of small impedance variations using MOS components (1991)

A self-contained prototype of an autonulling ac bridge based on phase-sensitive detection is discussed. The bridge nulling circuit uses an analog feedback network to establish a stable null for a wide range of resistive and capacitive values and requires minimal supporting hardware. Changes in resistance and capacitance in one arm of the bridge are compensated independently using a discrete voltage-variable resistor and capacitor in the alternate arm for nulling. The feedback voltage to the discrete control elements can be used to transduce signals from pressure, temperature, or chemical sensors. This bridge is especially well suited for microfabrication and is readily compatible with silicon-based sensors. It offers high noise rejection due to the phase-sensitive measurement taken differentially across the bridge nodes. State-space analysis is used to demonstrate the stability of this feedback network design.
Selection of Additive Elements Focusing on Impact Resistance in Practical TiAl Cast Alloys (2022)

Despite the widespread use of TiAl alloys in many fields, their poor impact resistance has recently emerged again as a major issue. Therefore, in this study, the practical effects of additive elements were examined by considering impact resistance as the most important property of practical TiAl cast alloys. The impact resistance was evaluated via the Charpy impact test, which has been rarely applied to TiAl alloys, revealing that only V, Cr, Mn, and B slightly improved the impact resistance, compared to that of the Ti–Al binary alloy, both in the as-cast and heat-treated states. In contrast, Nb, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Si, C, and N decreased the impact resistance. If a slight decrease in impact resistance is permitted, then only Si and C can improve the creep strength, and Nb and W can improve the anti-oxidation resistance. These results confirm the excellence of practical TiAl cast alloys developed a considerable time ago, containing these elements in addition to Cr, Mn, and B.
Core Selection for Capacity on Demand in Multi-Core Fiber Transmission System (2022)

We propose and validate a core selection method on coupled-based MCF transmission system. This method allows to answer the question of capacity on demand of future application, without sacrificing the performance.
Crosswind Measurements through Pattern Recognition Techniques (1975)

Optical devices currently used for crosswind measurements are calibrated and results interpreted on the basis of theoretical predictions. However, under strong turbulence conditions, the experimental observations do not compare well with the theoretical predictions. This deficiency can be overcome by use of a learning machine which utilizes a pattern recognition technique. Basically this approach substitutes observed experience for a detailed knowledge of the physical model. The technique utilizes a minicomputer to process observed spectral profiles. In the training phase spectral features, which are weakly intercorrelated but strongly correlated with the crosswind, are selected and classified with known winds. These data are stored in the machine. During the execution phase, the observed spectral features are compared with the previously stored classifications to yield a best estimate of the crosswind. Experimental results are presented which quantify the performance of this method.
Simultaneous actuation and displacement sensing for electrostatic drives (2008)

This paper presents a method for driving a MEMS electrostatic actuator, while simultaneously sensing the resulting displacement/capacitance without the use of an additional physical sensing structure. The approach superposes the sensing and actuation signals into a single input into the system and obtains its mechanical (displacement) response from the modulation (amplitude or phase) it produces on the sensing input. The approach is analyzed and experimentally shown to produce an amplitude modulation of 0.1857 mV µm−1 of displacement on electrostatic drive that produces a displacement of 14 µm at 100 V and a 0.55 pF capacitance change from a nominal capacitance of 0.35 Pico farads. The approach enables a very cost-effective and convenient approach to detect the displacement of MEMS devices for a variety of applications in the laboratory environment, and provide a potential feedback signal for closed-loop control of electrostatically driven MEMS devices.
A novel site-specific chemical conjugation of IgG antibodies by affinity peptide for immunoassays (2020)

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in site-specific modifications of antibodies used in immunoassays for disease diagnosis and as antibody therapeutics, such as antibody-drug conjugates. Previously, we established a site-specific chemical conjugation system using an IgG-Fc binding chemical conjugation affinity peptide (CCAP). CCAP could be used only for the modification of human IgG owing to the lack of affinity of CCAP to rodent IgG molecules. In this study, novel CCAP reagents are proposed, which can be used for both human and mouse IgG, based on the Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain-derived affinity peptides Z34C and Z33. Compared with the activity of a conventional randomly modified antibody, mouse IgG modified using this method had favourable features in two immunoassays, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed CCAP method in preserving antibody functionality during conjugation.
Mass Sensing With Optomechanical Oscillation (2012)

We demonstrate the application of an optomechanical oscillator (OMO) as a high-resolution mass sensor. The coupling between high-Q optical and mechanical modes of a single optical microcavity results in narrow linewidth mechanical oscillation driven by the radiation pressure of the circulating optical power. The oscillation frequency can be monitored upon detection of the modulated transmitted optical power. Therefore the optical wave plays a dual role as both the driving power and a sensitive probe. The narrow oscillation linewidth, combined with the sensitivity of the mechanical resonance to mass changes, makes OMO an excellent candidate for all-optical mass sensing. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that OMO can function as a compact, low-power mass sensor with sub-pg sensitivity.
Annular Spin-Transfer Memory Element (2009)

An annular magnetic memory that uses a spin-polarized current to switch the magnetization direction or helicity of a magnetic region is proposed. The device has magnetic materials in the shape of a ring (1-5 nm in thickness, 20-250 nm in mean radius, and 8-100 nm in width), comprising a reference magnetic layer with a fixed magnetic helicity and a free magnetic layer with a changeable magnetic helicity. These are separated by a thin nonmagnetic layer. Information is written using a current flowing perpendicular to the layers, inducing a spin-transfer torque that alters the magnetic state of the free layer. The resistance, which depends on the magnetic state of the device, is used to read out the stored information. This device offers several important advantages compared with conventional spin-transfer magnetic random access memory devices. First, the ring geometry offers stable magnetization states, which are, nonetheless, easily altered with short current pulses. Second, the ring geometry naturally solves a major challenge of spin-transfer devices: writing requires relatively high currents and a low impedance circuit, whereas readout demands a larger impedance and magnetoresistance. The annular device accommodates these conflicting requirements by performing reading and writing operations at separate read and write contacts placed at different locations on the ring.
TEM study of nanofinger structures for surface enhanced Raman scattering (2013)

Chemical sensing applications utilizing surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have drawn significant attention recently. However, developing a reliable, high performance SERS platform remains a challenge. A novel SERS substrate based on nanofingers was successfully demonstrated to provide large enhancement reliably and showed great promise for practical applications. Capillary forces bring the gold caps on the nanofingers into close proximity upon exposure to a solution containing molecules of interest, trapping molecules within the gaps and producing greatly enhanced Raman signals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the structure of the nanofingers, in particular the gaps between finger tips to improve the fundamental understanding of the structural-performance relationship.
Synthesis of para‐Methoxybenzyl (PMB) Ethers under Neutral Conditions. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Activity of Small Molecule GPR40 Agonists. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cryopreservation of <i>In Vitro</i> -Produced Early-Stage Porcine Embryos in a Closed System (2015)

Cryostorage of porcine embryos in a closed pathogen-free system is essential for the maintenance and safeguard of swine models. Previously, we reported a protocol for the successful cryopreservation of porcine embryos at the blastocyst stage in 0.25 mL ministraws. In this experiment, we aimed at developing a protocol to apply the same concept for the cryopreservation of early-stage porcine embryos. Porcine embryos from day 2 through day 4 were delipidated by using a modified two-step centrifugation method and were then cryopreserved in sealed 0.25 mL straws by using a slow cooling method. Control groups included open pulled straw (OPS) vitrified embryos after delipidation and noncryopreserved embryos without delipidation. There were no significant differences in cryosurvival between embryos frozen in 0.25 mL straws and OPS vitrified embryos across all the stages (two cell to morula) examined (p>0.05). Similarly, in all groups examined, the blastocyst rates were not different between the two cryopreserved groups. However, the blastocyst rates from the cryopreserved groups were significantly lower than the noncryopreserved controls (p<0.05). This experiment demonstrated that early-stage porcine embryos can survive cryopreservation in a closed system by using a slow cooling method at a comparable rate to those vitrified by using an ultrarapid cooling method (p>0.05). However, the developmental competence was significantly reduced after cryopreservation compared to noncryopreserved embryos. Further research is needed to optimize the protocol to improve the developmental potential of cryopreserved early-stage porcine embryos in sealed straws.
Enhanced multimode fiber link performance using a spatially resolved photodetector (2003)

Summary form only given. We demonstrate enhanced bit error-rate performance using spatially diverse detection, where multiple photodetector segments are used to detect separate regions of the emitted optical power. The low loss multimode fiber retains significant modal diversity which appears as a spatial diversity in the far field. The weighted electrical signals are recombined in a simple fashion to compensate for differential mode delay.
Green’s functions, including scatterers, for photonic crystals and metamaterials (2017)

The Green’s functions are physical responses due to a single point source in a periodic lattice. The single point source can also correspond to an impurity or a defect. In this paper, the Green’s functions, including the scatterers, for periodic structures such as in photonic crystals and metamaterials are calculated. The Green’s functions are in terms of the multiband solutions of the periodic structures. The Green’s functions are broadband solutions so that the frequency or wavelength dependences of the physical responses can be calculated readily. They are obtained by integrating the periodic Green’s function including the scatterers in the Brillouin zone. Low wavenumber extraction methods are used to accelerate the convergence rate of the multiband expansions. The low wavenumber component represents the reactive near field. The band solutions of the periodic structure are obtained from a surface integral equation solution, which is effectively converted to a linear eigenvalue problem, giving multiple band solutions simultaneously. Numerical results are illustrated for the band modal fields, the periodic Green’s functions, and the single point source Green’s functions for two-dimensional (2D) perfect-electric-conductor (PEC) scatterers in a 2D lattice.
Coherent beam combining of high power broad-area laser diode array with a closed-V-shape external Talbot cavity (2010)

We have coherently combined a high-power broad-area laser diode array by using a feedback loop closed off-axis external Talbot cavity. The off-axis feedback from two gratings provides transverse-mode control of broad-area lasers. The Talbot configuration of the external cavity implements diffractive coupling among laser diodes. Feedback from two gratings increases external cavity quality factor and spectrum selection capability. As a result, spatial coherence was improved and spectral linewidth was narrowed down. The high visibility of the far-field profile indicates that high spatial coherence was achieved. We also observed symmetric far-field profiles indicating that laser array was phase locked to in-phase and out-of-phase super-modes, respectively. Transition between these super-modes was observed by tuning one grating's tilted angle.
<title>Correcting radiance data for randomly occurring nonuniform illumination of the IFOV of individual detectors in arrays</title> (1998)

This paper discusses the nonuniform illumination of individual pixels in an array that is intrinsic to the scene viewed, as opposed to turbulence or platform motion as an error source in quantitative imagery. It describes two classes of algorithms to treat this type of problem. It points out that this problem can be viewed as a type of inverse problem with a corresponding integral equation unlike those commonly treated in the literature. One class allows estimation of the spatial variation of radiance within pixels using the single digital number irradiances produced by the measurements of the detectors within their instantaneous-fields-of-view (IFOVs). Usually it is assumed without discussion that the intrapixel radiance distribution is constant. Results are presented showing the improvements obtained by the methods discussed.
Analysis of Uplink Inter-Carrier-Interference Observed at Femtocell Networks (2011)

In a typical macrocell network, all macrocell mobile stations (mMSs) are synchronized to the macrocell base station (mBS) during the uplink. The mMSs that are closer to the mBS transmit their signals at a later time instant so that signals of all the all mMSs arrive at the mBS at the same time. However, signals of the mMSs reach at the femtocell base stations (fBSs) with different delays, which may cause interference problems for femtocell users. For orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based networks, interference due to delays larger than the cyclic prefix of the desired signal will appear as inter-carrier interference (ICI) and inter-symbol-interference (ISI). In this paper, statistics of the ICI power received from the mMSs at the fBSs is derived considering different locations of the fBSs in the macrocell network. The concept of zero-ICI region is introduced and its implications for coexisting macrocell/femtocell networks are presented. Theoretical findings are verified via simulation results.
Phase‐contrast MRI with hybrid one and two‐sided flow‐encoding and velocity spectrum separation (2016)

The proposed HOTSPA technique achieved nearly two-fold acceleration of PC-MRI while maintaining accuracy for total volumetric flow and peak velocity quantification by separating the paired acquisitions in the Fourier velocity spectrum domain. Magn Reson Med 78:182-192, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
A New Approach to Improving Multilingual Summarization Using a Genetic Algorithm (2010)

Automated summarization methods can be defined as language-independent, if they are not based on any language-specific knowledge. Such methods can be used for multilingual summarization defined by Mani (2001) as processing several languages, with summary in the same language as input. In this paper, we introduce MUSE, a language-independent approach for extractive summarization based on the linear optimization of several sentence ranking measures using a genetic algorithm. We tested our methodology on two languages---English and Hebrew---and evaluated its performance with ROUGE-1 Recall vs. state-of-the-art extractive summarization approaches. Our results show that MUSE performs better than the best known multilingual approach (TextRank) in both languages. Moreover, our experimental results on a bilingual (English and Hebrew) document collection suggest that MUSE does not need to be retrained on each language and the same model can be used across at least two different languages.