gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scanning tip microwave near-field microscope (1996)

A near-field microscope which operates in the rf/microwave frequency range is described. In this microscope, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-like tip rather than an aperture is used as a point-like evanescent field emitter. A spatial resolution of ∼5 μm (∼λ/100 000) is achieved in the current version. The design of the microscope as well as the principal factors which affect its performance are discussed.
Transfructosylation Catalyzed by β-Fructofuranosidase I from<i>Arthrobacter</i>sp. K-1 (1990)

Transfructosylation of the β-fructofuranosidase I from Arthrobacter sp. K-1 was investigated. This enzyme catalyzed both transfructosylation and hydrolytic action, when it was incubated with sucrose alone. But in the presence of a suitable acceptor such as d-xylose and lactose, the enzyme catalyzed mostly transfructosylation and transferred the fructose residue preferentially to the acceptor. The enzyme had broad acceptor specificities. d-Xylose, d-galactose, l-sorbose, d- and l-fucose, d- and l-arabinose, maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose, lactose, melibiose, xylobiose, maltotriose, methyl β-glucoside, and galactoside were efficient acceptors in the transfructosylation. On the other hand, d-ribose, l-rhamnose, d-mannose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, d-galactosamine, d-galacturonic acid, and 1-kestose were not efficient acceptors. Various primary alcohols, polyhydric alcohols including some sugar alcohols, and some glycosides acted as acceptors, but secondary alcohols with one hydroxyl group such as 2-propanol and 2-butanol were not effective as acceptors.
Differential Binding to Human Mammary and Nonmammary Tumors of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with Carcinoembryonic Antigen (1983)

Splenic lymphocytes of mice immunized with membrane enriched fractions of human mammary carcinomas were fused with the NS-1 nonsecretory++ myeloma cell line. The resulting hybridomas were screened for the synthesis of immunoglobulins reactive with human mammary tumor associated antigens, and two IgG monoclonal antibodies (B1.1 and F5.5) were identified as being reactive with purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These antibodies were shown to bind to different epitopes on CEA based on their differential reactivities to five different purified CEA preparations, and their differential binding to the surface of tumor cells derived from various organ sites. Monoclonal B1.1 bound equally to the surface of human breast, colon, and melanoma cell lines. Monoclonal F5.5, on the other hand, did not react with the surface of melanoma cell lines, and showed a differential binding to breast carcinoma versus colon carcinoma cells. Monoclonals F5.5 and B1.1 were both used in immunoperoxidase studies with fixed tissue sections of a variety of histologic types of human mammary carcinomas and were shown to be reactive with 55% and 66%, respectively, of tumor masses.
Association of the Host Immune Response with Protection Using a Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus Model (2016)

African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease of swine caused by a double-stranded DNA virus, ASF virus (ASFV). There is no vaccine to prevent the disease and current control measures are limited to culling and restricting animal movement. Swine infected with attenuated strains are protected against challenge with a homologous virulent virus, but there is limited knowledge of the host immune mechanisms generating that protection. Swine infected with Pretoriuskop/96/4 (Pret4) virus develop a fatal severe disease, while a derivative strain lacking virulence-associated gene <i>9GL</i> (Pret4Δ9GL virus) is completely attenuated. Swine infected with Pret4Δ9GL virus and challenged with the virulent parental virus at 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days post infection (dpi) showed a progressive acquisition of protection (from 40% at 7 dpi to 80% at 21 and 28 dpi). This animal model was used to associate the presence of host immune response (ASFV-specific antibody and interferon (IFN)-γ responses, or specific cytokine profiles) and protection against challenge. With the exception of ASFV-specific antibodies in survivors challenged at 21 and 28 dpi, no association between the parameters assessed and protection could be established. These results, encompassing data from 65 immunized swine, underscore the complexity of the system under study, suggesting that protection relies on the concurrence of different host immune mechanisms.
High-molecular weight star conjugates containing docetaxel with high anti-tumor activity and low systemic toxicity in vivo (2014)

The star polymer-docetaxel conjugates exert a much higher therapeutic activity and yet a lower systemic toxicity than free DTX.
P01.091 A robust method for rapidly simulating TTFields distributions within patient-specific computational head models (2018)

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are delivered to the brain through two pairs of transducer arrays placed on the patient’s scalp. TTFields distribution in the brain depends on the array’s position, patient anatomy and the electric properties of the tissues and tumor. We aim to create realistic computational patient models in order to understand how field distribution influences disease progression. However, preparation of such models is a highly time consuming task. In addition, in clinical scenarios, MRI acquisition time is often reduced by increased slice spacing, limited field of view, or increased scan speed, leading to difficulties in creating automated models. Our method is designed to enable model creation under those restrictions. It does so by using a realistic head model of a healthy individual used as a deformable template with which the patient model is derived. A highly detailed healthy head model serves as a deformable template from which patient models are created. The first step is pre-processing, involving denoising and background noise reduction, as well as super-resolution algorithms when needed. To create the patient model, the tumor is first segmented manually and masked, leaving only healthy tissues in the MRI, which is then registered to the template space to yield the transformation from patient space to template space. The template is then deformed into the patient space using the inverse transformation, and the tumor is placed back creating a full patient model. Next, automatic identification of landmarks on the patient’s head is used to position the transducer arrays on the head, which are then introduced into the model. Finally, boundary conditions are set, and field distribution is simulated using Finite Differences Time Domain (FDTD) method (Sim4Life V3.0, ZMT-Zurich). We have simulated TTFields distribution of 317 patients treated with TTFields as part of the EF-14 trial. Our method is optimized for accurate contouring of tissues highly influencing the distribution of electric field (Scalp, skull, CSF, ventricles), and it is robust, having the ability to give sufficient results even when MRI data quality is low. Thus enabling a study correlating the spatial distribution of TTFields and patient outcome. Our process for rapidly creating patient models presents a breakthrough that enables the first study in which the spatial distribution of therapeutic electric fields correlates with patient outcome. In the future this method can be used for clinical studies investigating other clinical indications of large datasets.
Peptide vaccine against canine parvovirus: identification of two neutralization subsites in the N terminus of VP2 and optimization of the amino acid sequence (1995)

The N-terminal domain of the major capsid protein VP2 of canine parvovirus was shown to be an excellent target for development of a synthetic peptide vaccine, but detailed information about number of epitopes, optimal length, sequence choice, and site of coupling to the carrier protein was lacking. Therefore, several overlapping peptides based on this N terminus were synthesized to establish conditions for optimal and reproducible induction of neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. The specificity and neutralizing ability of the antibody response for these peptides were determined. Within the N-terminal 23 residues of VP2, two subsites able to induce neutralizing antibodies and which overlapped by only two glycine residues at positions 10 and 11 could be discriminated. The shortest sequence sufficient for neutralization induction was nine residues. Peptides longer than 13 residues consistently induced neutralization, provided that their N termini were located between positions 1 and 11 of VP2. The orientation of the peptides at the carrier protein was also of importance, being more effective when coupled through the N terminus than through the C terminus to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The results suggest that the presence of amino acid residues 2 to 21 (and probably 3 to 17) of VP2 in a single peptide is preferable for a synthetic peptide vaccine.
Single-Mask Double-Patterning Lithography for Reduced Cost and Improved Overlay Control (2010)

We propose shift-trim double-patterning lithography (ST-DPL), a cost-effective double-patterning technique for achieving pitch relaxation with a single photomask. The mask is re-used for the second exposure by applying a translational mask-shift. An additional non-critical trim exposure is applied to remove extra printed features. ST-DPL can be used to pattern critical layers and is very suitable for regular and gridded layouts, where redesign effort and area overhead are minimal. In this paper, the viability of ST-DPL is demonstrated through a design implementation at the poly and contacts layers in bidirectional layouts. Standard-cell layouts are constructed so as to avoid layout decomposition conflicts, which are found to be the limiting factor for the pitch relaxation that can be achieved with double patterning (ST-DPL as well as standard DPL). 2× pitch relaxation being associated with a considerable area overhead, 1.8 × pitch relaxation is achieved in our implementation while ensuring no layout decomposition conflicts and a small area overhead. Specifically, in comparison to layouts assumed to be feasible with a hypothetical single-patterning process, we observe virtually no area overhead when ST-DPL is applied to the poly layer (<; 0.3% cell-area overhead) and no more than 4.7% cell-area overhead when ST-DPL is applied at both the poly and contacts layers. The proposed method has many benefits over standard pitch-split double patterning: 1) cuts mask-cost to nearly half; 2) reduces overlay errors between the two patterns; 3) alleviates the bimodal line-width distribution problem in double patterning; and 4) slightly enhances the throughput of critical-layer scanners.
High efficiency semimetal/semiconductor nanocomposite thermoelectric materials (2010)

Rare-earth impurities in III–V semiconductors are known to self-assemble into semimetallic nanoparticles which have been shown to reduce lattice thermal conductivity without harming electronic properties. Here, we show that adjusting the band alignment between ErAs and In0.53Ga0.47−XAlXAs allows energy-dependent scattering of carriers that can be used to increase thermoelectric power factor. Films of various Al concentrations were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, and thermoelectric properties were characterized. We observe concurrent increases in electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient with increasing temperatures, demonstrating energy-dependent scattering. We report the first simultaneous power factor enhancement and thermal conductivity reduction in a nanoparticle-based system, resulting in a high figure of merit, ZT=1.33 at 800 K.
Robust, angstrom level circularity profilometry (1990)

The measurement of circularity of cylindrical grazing incidence optics is a formidable task, because required fabrication accuracies are typically on the order of several micro-inches, with resulting measurement accuracies on the order of a micro-inch or less. Such demanding accuracy requirements have evolved as the need for high resolution extreme ultraviolet and X-ray systems has increased. Current measurement approaches involve rotating the element (or one or more measurement probes) about the element's axis, and sensing the surface runout. Sensing can be mechanical or interferometric, but in either case the approach is clearly sensitive to runout in the rotation itself. Even when multiple probes are used to eliminate repeatable runout errors, nonrepeatable runout errors or drifts in probe position can severely degrade accuracy. In this paper we discuss a new, noncontacting approach (patent pending) that involves measuring the local circumferential curvature of the test piece by simultaneously measuring its circumferential slope at two slightly displaced locations. As the pair of sensing beams is scanned along the circumference, a profile of curvature is built, from which the circularity profile is deduced. The sensing of curvature not only makes the approach insensitive to all types ofvibration and drift (both in surface height and in surface slope), but also makes it insensitive to runout errors in the relative rotation. Thus, one can achieve absolute accuracies that are orders of magnitude smaller than typical drifts and runouts. We summarize the special qualities of this approach which make it well suited to measuring cylindrical optics, and which make it able to accommodate radii as small as twenty millimeters, working on either the inside (concave) or the outside (convex) surface. Finally, we discuss some preliminary experimental results and compare them with typical accuracy requirements.
Catalytic combustion of low heat value gas. 2. Reduction of carbon monoxide produced under substoichiometric combustion (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic combustion of low heat value gas. 2. Reduction of carbon monoxide produced under substoichiometric combustionAjay M. Madgavkar, Roger F. Vogel, and Harold E. SwiftCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1981, 20, 4, 637–644Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i300004a010https://doi.org/10.1021/i300004a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views52Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Point Diffraction Interferometry: A EUV Projection Lithography System Alignment and Qualification Tool (1998)

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography is currently being developed to achieve sub-100 nm critical dimension pattern transfer. Such severe performance requirements place unprecedented demands on phase measuring interferometry which must provide a measurement accuracy of ~ 1 Å based on acceptable wavefront tolerances of ~2 Å. Furthermore, since these lithography systems utilize resonant reflective structures, the interferometry must be performed at the operational wavelength, which is in the 5 nm to 15 nm range.
A scanning echelle monochromator for ICP-OES with dynamic wavelength stabilization and CCD detection (2000)

The design and evaluation of a scanning spectrometer with CCD detection are described. The spectrometer is a double monochromator employing a CaF2 prism to pre-select a spectral region equivalent to a single order for admission into an echelle grating monochromator. This design makes possible unambiguous wavelength selection without a restriction in entrance slit height. All wavelengths between 165 and 900 nm can be accessed by rotation of the dispersing elements within a range of ±2.4°. A novel approach is taken to provide dynamic wavelength stabilization based on the simultaneous measurement of a neon reference spectrum. A dual back illuminated CCD was custom designed to match the characteristics of the spectrometer, provide for the simultaneous measurement of background in the vicinity of the analyte line and to facilitate the measurement of the reference spectrum. The detector exhibits a quantum efficiency greater than 50% throughout the UV range and a very low specific dark current so that cooling to −8 °C is sufficient for ICP-OES applications. This temperature is maintained by means of an integrated single stage Peltier cooling element. The spectrometer has a measured spectral bandpass of 0.007 nm at 200 nm. The dual monochromator design results in very low levels of diffuse stray light: with axial viewing in an ICP, a 10 000 mg L−1 Ca solution causes a shift in baseline at 193.696 nm equivalent to the peak height measured for a solution containing 75 µg L−1 As. The dynamic approach to wavelength stabilization is demonstrated to function effectively over a wide ambient temperature range. As a result, measured spectral line intensity was stable to within ±2% over a period of several days during which ambient temperature was varied cyclically between 15 and 35 °C. The analytical performance in both axial and radial viewing modes is in keeping with the design and is limited by plasma background shot noise when simultaneous background correction is used. The high geometric radiation throughput provides for high measurement quality in short integration times. With axial viewing of the plasma and 5 s integration time, 3σ detection limits measured for P (177.434 nm), Tl (190.801 nm ) and Se (196.026 nm) using a cross-flow nebulizer were 3.0, 2.2 and 2.7 µg L−1, respectively.
The Impact of Finite Element Analysis on the Design of Quartz Resonators (2006)

A review of the finite element method for the analysis and design of quartz resonators is presented. Finite element analysis of the factors which impact on the performance of high quality quartz resonators are discussed. Novel techniques for the visualization of frequency spectra, calculation of resonator Q, and modeling of the effects of thermal stresses on the f-T behavior are presented. Good comparisons of simulated finite element results with their respective experimental results were found
Gradient porous fibrous scaffolds: a novel approach to improving cell penetration in electrospun scaffolds (2018)

Electrospinning is an increasingly popular technique to generate 3D fibrous tissue scaffolds that mimic the submicron sized fibers of extracellular matrices. A major drawback of electrospun scaffolds is the small interfibrillar pore size, which normally prevents cellular penetration in between fibers. In this study, we introduced a novel process, based on electrospinning, to manufacture a unique gradient porous fibrous (GPF) scaffold from soy protein isolate (SPI). The pore sizes in the GPF scaffolds gradually increase from one side of the scaffold to the other, ranging from 7.8 ± 2.5 μm in the small pore side, 21.4 ± 10.3 μm in the mid layer to 58.0 ± 23.6 μm in the large pore side. The smallest pores of the GPF scaffolds appeared to be somewhat larger than those in conventionally electrospun SPI scaffolds (4.2 ± 1.3 μm). Hydrated GPF scaffolds exhibited J-shaped stress-strain curves, reminiscent of those for soft biological scaffolds. Attachment, spreading, and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFB) were supported on both the small and the large pore sides of the GPF scaffolds. Cultured HDFB and murine RAW 264.7 macrophages penetrated significantly deeper (98.7 ± 24.2 μm and 53.3 ± 9.6 μm, respectively) into the larger pores than when seeded onto the small pore side of GPF scaffolds (22.8 ± 6.2 μm and 25.7 ± 7.3 μm) and control SPI scaffolds. (11.3 ± 3.8 μm and 15.3 ± 3.1 μm). This study introduces a novel fabrication technique, which, by convergence of several biofabrication technologies, produces scaffolds with enhanced cellular penetration.
Fast H.264 to HEVC transcoder based on post-order traversal of quadtree structure (2015)

In this paper, we propose a fast mode decision framework and a fast motion estimation algorithm for H.264 to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) transcoding. The fast mode decision framework employs a post-order (bottom-up) traversal of the coding tree unit (CTU) quadtree. Based on this traversal and H.264 information, several strategies are proposed to reduce HEVC modes to be tested and a rate-distortion (RD) cost prediction model is used to terminate the processing of a tested mode early. The proposed fast motion estimation algorithm selects the best candidate from a list of H.264 motion vectors (MVs) and previously encoded HEVC MVs. Compared to a full re-encoding, experimental results show that the proposed solution achieves speed-ups of up to 12.75x, for an average BD-Rate of 3.28%.
A Segmented Ion-Propulsion Engine (1992)

New design approach for high-power (100-kW class or greater) ion engines conceptually divides single engine into combination of smaller discharge chambers integrated to operate as single large engine. Analogous to multicylinder automobile engine, benefits include reduction in required accelerator system span-to-gap ratio for large-area engines, reduction in required hollow-cathode emission current, mitigation of plasma-uniformity problem, increased tolerance to accelerator system faults, and reduction in vacuum-system pumping speed.
Interface Jacobian‐based Co‐Simulation (2014)

SUMMARY Co‐simulation is a prominent method to solve multi‐physics problems. Multi‐physics simulations using a co‐simulation approach have an intrinsic advantage. They allow well‐established and specialized simulation tools for different fields and signals to be combined and reused with minor adaptations in contrast to the monolithic approach. However, the partitioned treatment of the coupled system poses the drawback of stability and accuracy challenges. If several different subsystems are used to form the co‐simulation scenario, these issues are especially important. In this work, we propose a new co‐simulation algorithm based on interface Jacobians. It allows for the stable and accurate solution of complex co‐simulation scenarios involving several different subsystems. Furthermore, the Interface Jacobian‐based Co‐Simulation Algorithm is formulated such that it enables parallel execution of the participating subsystems. This results in a high‐efficient procedure. Furthermore, the Interface Jacobian‐based Co‐Simulation Algorithm handles algebraic loops as the co‐simulation scenario is defined in residual form. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.