gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis and experimental validation of a modular multilevel converter with 3-level T-type submodules (2017)

Modular multilevel converters (MMC) have become an attractive solution for high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission applications due to its scalability, reliability and easy maintenance. Considerable work has been around the conventional 2-level half-bridge submodule. Use of multilevel submodules can result in smaller overall footprint, reduced components and lower losses. This paper presents the analysis and experimental validation of a MMC based HVDC system using 3-level T-type submodule. A hybrid modulation scheme, modified voltage balancing algorithm and circulating current control is presented. For practical implementation, an intelligent commutation technique is proposed that results in 66% of the switching transitions to be soft switched. The working principle is validated by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results on a scaled down laboratory prototype.
Regional absolute conductivity reconstruction using projected current density in MREIT (2012)

Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) is a non-invasive technique for imaging the internal conductivity distribution in tissue within an MRI scanner, utilizing the magnetic flux density, which is introduced when a current is injected into the tissue from external electrodes. This magnetic flux alters the MRI signal, so that appropriate reconstruction can provide a map of the additional z-component of the magnetic field (B(z)) as well as the internal current density distribution that created it. To extract the internal electrical properties of the subject, including the conductivity and/or the current density distribution, MREIT techniques use the relationship between the external injection current and the z-component of the magnetic flux density B = (B(x), B(y), B(z)). The tissue studied typically contains defective regions, regions with a low MRI signal and/or low MRI signal-to-noise-ratio, due to the low density of nuclear magnetic resonance spins, short T(2) or T*(2) relaxation times, as well as regions with very low electrical conductivity, through which very little current traverses. These defective regions provide noisy B(z) data, which can severely degrade the overall reconstructed conductivity distribution. Injecting two independent currents through surface electrodes, this paper proposes a new direct method to reconstruct a regional absolute isotropic conductivity distribution in a region of interest (ROI) while avoiding the defective regions. First, the proposed method reconstructs the contrast of conductivity using the transversal J-substitution algorithm, which blocks the propagation of severe accumulated noise from the defective region to the ROI. Second, the proposed method reconstructs the regional projected current density using the relationships between the internal current density, which stems from a current injection on the surface, and the measured B(z) data. Combining the contrast conductivity distribution in the entire imaging slice and the reconstructed regional projected current density, we propose a direct non-iterative algorithm to reconstruct the absolute conductivity in the ROI. The numerical simulations in the presence of various degrees of noise, as well as a phantom MRI imaging experiment showed that the proposed method reconstructs the regional absolute conductivity in a ROI within a subject including the defective regions. In the simulation experiment, the relative L₂-mode errors of the reconstructed regional and global conductivities were 0.79 and 0.43, respectively, using a noise level of 50 db in the defective region.
Post-Embryonic Transcriptomes of the Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Multigenic Succession through Metamorphosis (2013)

Like many metazoans, the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii begins its post-embryonic life with a set of morphologically distinct planktonic larval stages, followed by a benthic post-larval stage during which the maturing organism differs from the larvae both ecologically and physiologically. Understanding of the molecular basis underlying morphogenesis in crustaceans is limited to the observation that methyl farnesoate, the non-epoxidated form of the insect juvenile hormone, acts as the active crustacean juvenoid. Molt steroids were also linked to morphogenesis and several other molecular pathways, such as Hedgehog and Wnt, are known to underlie morphogenesis in all metazoans examined and, as such, are thought to do the same in crustaceans. Using next generation sequencing, we deep-sequenced the transcriptomes of several larval and post-larval stages. De novo assembly, followed by bioinformatics analysis, revealed that many novel transcripts are over-expressed in either larvae-or post-larvae-stage prawn, shedding light on the molecular basis underlying M. rosenbergii metamorphosis. Fast larval molting rates and periodic morphological changes were reflected in over-expression of transcripts annotated to the cell cycle, DNA replication and morphogenic pathways (i.e., Hedgehog and Wnt). Further characterization of transcripts assigned to morphogenic pathways by real-time RT-PCR reconfirmed their over-expression in larvae, albeit with a more complex expression pattern when examined in the individual developmental stages. The expression level of an orthologue of cytochrome P450, 15A1, known to epoxidize methyl farnesoate in insects, was increased in the late larval and early post-larval stages, in accordance with the role of methyl farnesoate in crustacean metamorphosis. This study exemplifies the applicability of a high-throughput sequencing approach for studying complex traits, including metamorphosis, providing new insight into this unexplored area of crustacean research.
Silicon photonic evanescent field molecular sensor using resonant grating interrogation (2009)

A silicon waveguide evanescent field molecular sensor interrogated by reflection from a surface grating is demonstrated. The sensor is probed by a beam of light incident at θ = 45º through the backside of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The reflected power shows a strong resonant feature near λ = 1532 nm, arising from resonant coupling of incident beam, guided mode, and the reflected beam. The resonant wavelength is very sensitive to molecular surface coverage. We have measured a Δλ = 1.0 nm resonance shift when a monolayer of streptavidin protein is bound to the sensor surface, or a 60% reflectivity change when measured at a fixed wavelength.
Liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface with continuous sample preconcentration (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface with continuous sample preconcentrationRichard G. Christensen, Harry S. Hertz, Stanley. Meiselman, and Edward. WhiteCite this: Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 2, 171–174Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00225a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00225a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Short communication: Comparison of the GreenFeed system with the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique for measuring enteric methane emissions from dairy cows (2016)

The objective of this study was to compare 2 commonly used techniques for measuring methane emissions from ruminant animals: the GreenFeed (GF) system and the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique. The study was part of a larger experiment in which a methane inhibitor, 3-nitrooxypropanol, fed at 4 application rates (0, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg of feed dry matter) decreased enteric methane emission by an average of 30% (measured by both GF and SF6) in a 12-wk experiment with 48 lactating Holstein cows fed a total mixed ration. The larger experiment used a randomized block design and was conducted in 2 phases (February to May, phase 1, and June to August, phase 2), with 2 sets of 24 cows in each phase. Using both GF and SF6 techniques, methane emission data were collected simultaneously during experimental wk 2, 6, and 12 (phase 1) and 2, 9, and 12 (phase 2), which corresponded to a total of 6 sampling periods. During each sampling period, 8 spot samples of gas emissions (staggered over a 3-d period) were collected from each cow using GF, as well as 3×24-h collections using the SF6 technique. Methane emission data were averaged per cow for the statistical analysis. The mean methane emission was 373 (standard deviation=96.3) and 405 (standard deviation=156) g/cow per day for GF and SF6, respectively. Coefficients of variation for the 2 methods were 25.8 and 38.6%, respectively; correlation and concordance between the 2 methods were 0.40 and 0.34, respectively. The difference in methane emission between the 2 methods (SF6 - GF) within treatment was from 46 to 144 and 24 to 27 g/d for phases 1 and 2, respectively. In the conditions of this experiment, the SF6 technique produced larger variability in methane emissions than the GF method. The overall difference between the 2 methods was on average about 8%, but was not consistent over time, likely influenced by barn ventilation and background methane and SF6 concentrations.
Biochemistry of Human Alpha Amylase Isoenzymes (1985)

The purpose of this article is to review recent literature on the isoenzymes of alpha amylase. Although some studies are cited from the literature of fields other than clinical biochemistry, the aim is to bring together findings that may be of interest to clinical laboratory physicians and scientists. It is hoped that this will be useful in suggesting further studies of amylase. To this end, the review is more selective than exhaustive. The review will discuss the history and chemistry alpha amylases, the measurement of amylase and amylase isoenzymes, posttranslational modifications of human amylases, and the genetics of human pancreatic and salivary amylases. Finally, we will discuss other tissue sources of amylase with emphasis on "genital" amylases and their relationship to the amylase found in serous ovarian tumors.
Semi-Automatic Road Extraction Algorithm from IKONOS Images Using Template Matching (2001)

According to the study results, sleepiness affects school performance and QSL, and on the other hand, daytime sleepiness is under the effect of sleep quality.
Analogs of 3-Hydroxy-1<i>H-</i>1-benzazepine-2,5-dione:  Structure−Activity Relationship at<i>N</i>-Methyl-<scp>d</scp>-aspartate Receptor Glycine Sites (1996)

A series of aromatic and azepine ring-modified analogs of 3-hydroxy-1H-1-benzazepine-2,5-dione (HBAD) were synthesized and evaluated as antagonists at NMDA receptor glycine sites. Aromatic ring-modified HBADs were generally prepared via a Schmidt reaction with substituted 2-methoxynaphthalene-1,4-diones followed by demethylation. Electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzazepine 3-methyl ethers gave 7-substituted analogs. The preparation of multiply substituted 2-methoxynaphthalene-1,4-diones was effected via Diels-Alder methodology utilizing substituted butadienes with 2-methoxybenzoquinones followed by aromatization. Structural modifications, such as elimination of the aromatic ring, removal of the 3-hydroxyl group, and transfer of the hydroxyl group from C-3 to C-4, were also studied. An initial evaluation of NMDA antagonism was performed using a [3H]MK801 binding assay. HBADs demonstrating NMDA antagonist activity as indicated by inhibition of [3H]MK801 binding were further evaluated employing a [3H]-5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (DCKA) glycine site binding assay. Selected HBADs were characterized for functional antagonism of NMDA and AMPA receptors using electrophysiological assays in Xenopus oocytes and cultured rat cortical neurons. Antagonist potency of HBADs showed good correlation between the different assay systems. HBADs substituted at the 8-position possessed the highest potency with the 8-methyl (5), 8-chloro (6), and 8-bromo (7) analogs being the most active. For HBAD 6, the IC50 in [3H]-DCKA binding assays was 0.013 microM and the Kb values for antagonism of NMDA receptors in oocytes (NR1a/2C) and cortical neurons were 0.026 and 0.048 microM, respectively. HBADs also antagonized AMPA-preferring non-NMDA receptors expressed in oocytes but at a lower potency than corresponding inhibition of NMDA receptors. HBADs demonstrating a high potency for NMDA glycine sites showed the highest steady-state selectivity index relative to AMPA receptors. Substitution at the 6-, 7-, and 9-positions generally reduced or eliminated glycine site affinity. Moving the hydroxyl group from C-3 to C-4 reduced receptor affinity, and potency was eliminated by the removal of the aromatic ring or the hydroxyl group. These data indicate that the HBAD series has specific structural requirements for high receptor affinity. With the exception of substitution at C-8, modified HBADs generally have a lower affinity at NMDA receptor glycine sites than the parent compound 3. Mouse maximum electroshock-induced seizure studies show that the three HBADs selected for testing have in vivo potency with the 6,8-dimethyl analog (52) being the most potent (ED50 = 3.9 mg/kg, iv).
What Can Learned Intrinsic Rewards Capture? (2019)

The objective of a reinforcement learning agent is to behave so as to maximise the sum of a suitable scalar function of state: the reward. These rewards are typically given and immutable. In this paper, we instead consider the proposition that the reward function itself can be a good locus of learned knowledge. To investigate this, we propose a scalable meta-gradient framework for learning useful intrinsic reward functions across multiple lifetimes of experience. Through several proof-of-concept experiments, we show that it is feasible to learn and capture knowledge about long-term exploration and exploitation into a reward function. Furthermore, we show that unlike policy transfer methods that capture "how" the agent should behave, the learned reward functions can generalise to other kinds of agents and to changes in the dynamics of the environment by capturing "what" the agent should strive to do.
Characterization of the murine interleukin 5 receptor by using a monoclonal antibody (1990)

Murine interleukin 5 (IL-5), a lymphokine produced by helper T cells, is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation of B cells and other hematopoietic cells. The receptor for IL-5 has been identified as two cross-linked complexes on T88-M cells (a murine IL-5-dependent early B cell line). In this study the IL-5 receptor was directly characterized by utilizing an immobilized IL-5 column and a rat monoclonal antibody, designated H7, directed against the IL-5 receptor. H7 completely inhibited specific binding of 35S-labeled IL-5 to T88-M cells, and bound to IL-5-responsive cells, e.g. T88-M, BCL1-B20 (a chronic B-cell leukemia), and MOPC104E (a myeloma), whereas H7 did not bind to IL-5-non-responsive cells, e.g. X5563 (a myeloma), FDC-P1 (an IL-3-dependent line), and MTH (an IL-2-dependent CTLL). H7 could barely bind to T88-M cells in the presence of IL-5, and immunoprecipitated a major band with an Mr of approximately 60 kd from the extract of surface-radioiodinated T88-M cells. The precipitation of this 60 kd molecule was inhibited by the addition of IL-5. Analysis with immobilized IL-5 also revealed that a 60 kd molecule bound specifically to IL-5-coupled beads compared with control beads. Furthermore, no additional molecule with a higher Mr that was recognized by H7 appeared under non-reducing, compared with reducing, conditions. The 60 kd molecule recognized by H7 could be digested with N-glycanase to yield a protein band of approximately 55 kd.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
7. Industrialisation of surface treatment with electrodeposition processes from deep eutectic solvents (2019)

Methods for electrochemical deposition of a metal coating on a metal substrate are described. The method may use an ionic liquids or DESs. as electrolyte, and the substrate may comprise a first metallic element. In this paper, a first intensive technology evaluation of a trivalent chromium electrodeposition from DESs was reported as the upscaling process consisting in the designing and constructing a semiindustrial electrodeposition pilot line.
Electrical detection of pathogenic bacteria via immobilized antimicrobial peptides (2010)

The development of a robust and portable biosensor for the detection of pathogenic bacteria could impact areas ranging from water-quality monitoring to testing of pharmaceutical products for bacterial contamination. Of particular interest are detectors that combine the natural specificity of biological recognition with sensitive, label-free sensors providing electronic readout. Evolution has tailored antimicrobial peptides to exhibit broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic bacteria, while retaining a high degree of robustness. Here, we report selective and sensitive detection of infectious agents via electronic detection based on antimicrobial peptide-functionalized microcapacitive electrode arrays. The semiselective antimicrobial peptide magainin I--which occurs naturally on the skin of African clawed frogs--was immobilized on gold microelectrodes via a C-terminal cysteine residue. Significantly, exposing the sensor to various concentrations of pathogenic Escherichia coli revealed detection limits of approximately 1 bacterium/μL, a clinically useful detection range. The peptide-microcapacitive hybrid device was further able to demonstrate both Gram-selective detection as well as interbacterial strain differentiation, while maintaining recognition capabilities toward pathogenic strains of E. coli and Salmonella. Finally, we report a simulated "water-sampling" chip, consisting of a microfluidic flow cell integrated onto the hybrid sensor, which demonstrates real-time on-chip monitoring of the interaction of E. coli cells with the antimicrobial peptides. The combination of robust, evolutionarily tailored peptides with electronic read-out monitoring electrodes may open exciting avenues in both fundamental studies of the interactions of bacteria with antimicrobial peptides, as well as the practical use of these devices as portable pathogen detectors.
RECORD: Temporarily Randomized Encoding of COmbinational Logic for Resistance to Data Leakage from hardware Trojan (2016)

Many design companies have gone fabless and rely on external fabrication facilities to produce chips due to increasing cost of semiconductor manufacturing. However, not all of these facilities can be considered trustworthy; some may inject hardware Trojans and jeopardize the security of the system. One common objective of hardware Trojans is to a establish side channel for data leakage. While extensive literature exists on various defensive measures, almost all of them focus on preventing the establishment of side channels, and can be compromised if attackers gain access to the physical chip and can perform reverse engineering between multiple fabrication runs. In this paper, we propose RECORD: Temporarily Randomized Encoding of COmbinational Logic for Resistance to Data Leakage. RECORD a novel scheme of temporarily randomized encoding for combinational logic that, with the aid of Quilt Packaging, aims to prevent attackers from interpreting the data. Experimental results on a 45 nm 8-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Substitution Box (Sbox) showed that RECORD can effectively hide information with 2.3× area overhead, 2.77× dynamic power increase and negligible delay overhead.
P‐93: Highly Reliable Mobile Liquid Crystal Display using AIO<sub>x</sub> Deposited By Atomic Layer Deposition for Side Sealing Structure (2015)

A side sealing structure including, outside a sealant, AlOx deposited using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) apparatus was employed. This structure can prevent the entry of external moisture. A liquid crystal display (LCD) with this type of structure can have long‐term high reliability as a low‐frequency driving LCD.
Invariant features-based automated registration and montage for wide-field OCT angiography (2018)

The field of view of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images of the retina can be increased by montaging consecutive scans acquired at different retinal regions. Given the dramatic variation in aberrations throughout the entire posterior pole region, it is challenging to achieve seamless merging with apparent capillary continuity across the boundaries between adjacent angiograms. For this purpose, we propose herein a method that performs automated registration of contiguous OCTA images based on invariant features and uses a novel montage algorithm. The invariant features were used to register the overlapping areas between adjacently located scans by estimating the affine transformation matrix needed to accurately stitch them. Then, the flow signal was compensated to homogenize the angiograms with different brightness and the joints were blended to generate a seamless, montaged wide-field angiogram. We evaluated the algorithm on normal and diabetic retinopathy eyes. The proposed method could montage the angiograms seamlessly and provided a wide-field of view of retinal vasculature.
Blind wideband spectrum sensing using cluster analysis (2010)

This paper presents a spectrum sensing algorithm for wideband interferers to be used within a cognitive radio. A two staged approach is proposed for the problem of wideband interferer detection. The first step requires that the frequency domain samples received are classified probabilistically amongst a number of possible statistical distributions, i.e. each sample is given a probability rating that reflects the likelihood that a specific sample was obtained using some specified distribution. The second stage of interferer detection uses these probabilities in a hidden Markov model to group highly likely samples into common interferer groups. This means that given a sample is highly likely to be an interferer, the surrounding frequency bins are also very likely to be an interferer since the interferers are wideband. Similarly, frequency bins contiguously surrounding a bin which is classified as noise only are more likely to be noise only bins as well. It is shown through simulation that this technique exhibits Receiver Operating Characteristics which are superior to other methods for wideband spectrum sensing.