gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ATTRITION RESISTANT IRON-BASED FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSTS (1998)

The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) reaction provides a way of converting coal-derived synthesis gas (CO+H{sub 2}) to liquid fuels. Since the reaction is highly exothermic, one of the major problems in control of the reaction is heat removal. Recent work has shown that the use of slurry bubble column reactors (SBCRs) can largely solve this problem. Iron-based (Fe) catalysts are preferred catalysts for F-T when using low CO/H{sub 2} ratio synthesis gases derived from modern coal gasifiers. This is because in addition to reasonable F-T activity, the F-T catalysts also possess high water gas shift (WGS) activity. However, a serious problem with the use of Fe catalysts in a SBCR is their tendency to undergo attrition. This can cause fouling/plugging of downstream filters and equipment, making the separation of catalyst from the oil/wax product very difficult if not impossible, and results in a steady loss of catalyst from the reactor. The objectives of this research are to develop a better understanding of the parameters affecting attrition resistance of Fe F-T catalysts suitable for use in SBCRs and to incorporate this understanding into the design of novel Fe catalysts having superior attrition resistance. Catalyst preparations will be based on the use of spray drying and will be scalable using commercially available equipment. The research will employ among other measurements, attrition testing and F-T synthesis, including long duration slurry reactor runs in order to ascertain the degree of success of the various preparations. The goal is to develop an Fe catalyst which can be used in a SBCR having only an internal filter for separation of the catalyst from the liquid product, without sacrificing F-T activity and selectivity. The effect of silica addition via coprecipitation and as a binder to a doubly promoted Fischer-Tropsch synthesis iron catalyst (100 Fe/5 Cu/4.2 K) was studied. The catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation, followed by binder addition and drying in a 1 m diameter, 2 m tall spray dryer. The binder silica content was varied from 0 to 20 wt %. A catalyst with 12 wt % binder silica was found to have the highest attrition resistance. F-T reaction studies over 100 hours in a fixed-bed reactor showed that this catalyst maintained around 95 % CO conversion with a methane selectivity of less than 7 wt % and a C{sub 5}{sup +} selectivity of greater than 73 wt %. The effect of adding precipitated silica from 0 to 20 parts by weight to this catalyst (containing 12 wt % binder silica) was also studied. Addition of precipitated silica was found to be detrimental to attrition resistance and resulted in increased methane and reduced wax formation.
A Low-Cost Color-Television Film-Recording System (1979)

A wide variety of low-cost television equipment is in use today to generate videotape material — mainly for training and educational purposes. Although the storage of video information on tape has some advantages, difficulties in distribution and display to large groups are definite drawbacks. For these reasons, there is an increasing desire to convert these video images to film. This paper describes a method whereby shadow-mask recordings on 16mm color film with sound can be made utilizing low-cost video equipment. The quality of these film transfers should be adequate for many applications.
Semiconductor three-dimensional photonic crystals operating at infrared wavelength region (2003)

Summary form only given. Recently, much attention has been paid to photonic crystals (PCs) for novel scientific and engineering applications such as the inhibition of spontaneous emission, threshold-less lasers, very compact optical circuits, and so on. The realization of complete photonic band gap and the introduction of the defect states are very important for such applications. However, there are very few reports on the complete three-dimensional (3D) PCs at optical wavelength region due to the difficulty of wavelength-order micro processes. In this work, we have developed complete 3D PCs with an asymmetric face-centered cubic (FCC) structure operating at infrared wavelength region (5/spl sim/10 /spl mu/m) and show that the considerable attenuation as large as 30 dB has been achieved for the first time.
Condensed silica fume in concrete (1988)

A balanced view is presented of the effect of condensed silica fume on the physical, chemical, mechanical, and durability aspects with respect to cement pase, mortar and concrete. It discusses the nature and types of condensed silica fume, physical characteristics, product variation and problems involved in its handling and transportation. The book covers the hydration and microstructural changes occuring in cement paste, the effect of silica fume on the physical properties of mortar, and its influence on the aggregate-cement paste interface. The properties of fresh and hardened concrete containing superplasticizers are covered, as well as fly ash and blast furnace slag, and the durability of silica fume concrete. The applications and curent standards, and the health and environmental hazards are also considered.
Dual‐bolus approach to quantitative measurement of pulmonary perfusion by contrast‐enhanced MRI (2006)

A dual-bolus approach to pulmonary perfusion MRI is feasible and may reduce the problem of lacking linear relationship between the contrast-agent concentration and signal intensity.
Pervasive informatics: theory, practice and future directions (2010)

Pervasive informatics as an emerging interdisciplinary study focuses on how information affects human interaction with built environments. Pervasive informatics is different from pervasive computing in that its focus is on ICT-enhanced physical and social spaces, called intelligent pervasive spaces, rather than on the technology itself. An information-rich social interaction taking place within intelligent pervasive spaces offers a complex domain of study. Many theoretical approaches are relevant to the design of effective pervasive spaces. For example, a socio-technical systems (STS) approach is helpful to understand and support the provision and use of intelligent spaces and pervasive technologies. This article reviews some related contributing theories, including STS, computer-supported cooperative work and semiotics. Semiotics, the study of signs, symbols and information, is used to examine the efficacy of a built environment on physical, empirical, syntactical, semantic, pragmatic and social levels. The prototypical expression of ‘agent-in-environment’ allows analysis of the ontological dependency (or affordance) between the space and its capability. With an empirical example, the article illustrates how the semiotic approach is used in the design of pervasive spaces, which would lead to the further conceptual development of a pervasive informatics approach, including new methods and techniques.
Normalising Medical Concepts in Social Media Texts by Learning Semantic Representation (2016)

Automatically recognising medical concepts mentioned in social media messages (e.g. tweets) enables several applications for enhancing health quality of people in a community, e.g. real-time monitoring of infectious diseases in population. However, the discrepancy between the type of language used in social media and medical ontologies poses a major challenge. Existing studies deal with this challenge by employing techniques, such as lexical term matching and statistical machine translation. In this work, we handle the medical concept normalisation at the semantic level. We investigate the use of neural networks to learn the transition between layman's language used in social media messages and formal medical language used in the descriptions of medical concepts in a standard ontology. We evaluate our approaches using three different datasets, where social media texts are extracted from Twitter messages and blog posts. Our experimental results show that our proposed approaches significantly and consistently outperform existing effective baselines, which achieved state-of-the-art performance on several medical concept normalisation tasks, by up to 44%.
Structure-Function Relationships of Glucansucrase and Fructansucrase Enzymes from Lactic Acid Bacteria (2006)

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) employ sucrase-type enzymes to convert sucrose into homopolysaccharides consisting of either glucosyl units (glucans) or fructosyl units (fructans). The enzymes involved are labeled glucansucrases (GS) and fructansucrases (FS), respectively. The available molecular, biochemical, and structural information on sucrase genes and enzymes from various LAB and their fructan and alpha-glucan products is reviewed. The GS and FS enzymes are both glycoside hydrolase enzymes that act on the same substrate (sucrose) and catalyze (retaining) transglycosylation reactions that result in polysaccharide formation, but they possess completely different protein structures. GS enzymes (family GH70) are large multidomain proteins that occur exclusively in LAB. Their catalytic domain displays clear secondary-structure similarity with alpha-amylase enzymes (family GH13), with a predicted permuted (beta/alpha)(8) barrel structure for which detailed structural and mechanistic information is available. Emphasis now is on identification of residues and regions important for GS enzyme activity and product specificity (synthesis of alpha-glucans differing in glycosidic linkage type, degree and type of branching, glucan molecular mass, and solubility). FS enzymes (family GH68) occur in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and synthesize beta-fructan polymers with either beta-(2-->6) (inulin) or beta-(2-->1) (levan) glycosidic bonds. Recently, the first high-resolution three-dimensional structures have become available for FS (levansucrase) proteins, revealing a rare five-bladed beta-propeller structure with a deep, negatively charged central pocket. Although these structures have provided detailed mechanistic insights, the structural features in FS enzymes dictating the synthesis of either beta-(2-->6) or beta-(2-->1) linkages, degree and type of branching, and fructan molecular mass remain to be identified.
Hybrid Collaborative And Content-Based Music Recommendation Using Probabilistic Model With Latent User Preferences. (2006)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Multifunctional Resistive-Heating and Color-Changing Monofilaments Produced by a Single-Step Coaxial Melt-Spinning Process (2012)

Multifunctional coaxial monofilaments were successfully produced by melt-spinning several polymer composites in a single-step. The external layer of the monofilaments was a thermochromic composite having a color-transition at 40 °C (above the ambient temperature) in order to avoid control interferences by the external temperature. The core layer of the monofilaments was a conductive polymer nanocomposite whose resistive heating properties were used to control the monofilament's temperature and therefore its color using electrical current. The careful selection of the materials and adequate formulation allowed to obtain a trilayer structure with enhanced compatibility between the layers. The mechanical properties of the monofilaments were improved by a solid-state stretching step while also decreasing their diameter. A 64 cm(2) prototype fabric was woven to characterize the resistive-heating and color-changing properties of the monofilaments. Exceptional thermal output levels were reached, with a temperature rising up to over 100 °C at voltages above 110 V. The reversible color change properties were also successfully demonstrated.
Colloidal silver fabrication using the spark discharge system and its antimicrobial effect on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2008)

Nanoscale techniques for silver production may assist the resurgence of the medical use of silver, especially given that pathogens are showing increasing resistance to antibiotics. Traditional chemical synthesis methods for colloidal silver (CS) may lead to the presence of toxic chemical species or chemical residues, which may inhibit the effectiveness of CS as an antibacterial agent. To counter these problems a spark discharge system (SDS) was used to fabricate a suspension of colloidal silver in deionized water with no added chemical surfactants. SDS-CS contains both metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag(0)) and ionic silver forms (Ag(+)). The antimicrobial affect of SDS-CS on Staphylococcus aureus was studied. The results show that CS solutions with an ionic silver concentration of 30 ppm or higher are strong enough to destroy S. aureus. In addition, it was found that a solution's antimicrobial potency is directly related to its level of silver ion concentration.
Biological activities of phenolic compounds isolated from galls of<i>Terminalia chebula</i>Retz. (Combretaceae) (2010)

The aqueous extract of galls from Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) was fractionated on Diaion and refractionated on octadecyl silica column. Six phenolic compounds were isolated and identified as gallic acid (1), punicalagin (2), isoterchebulin (3), 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (4), chebulagic acid (5) and chebulinic acid (6). All of the compounds showed stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and melanin inhibitory activities than ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, α-tocopherol, arbutin and kojic acid, the reference compounds. Gallic acid (1) exhibited inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. However, all isolated compounds exhibited less activity than the reference compounds in mushroom tyrosinase inhibition and human tumour cytotoxicity assays. This study has demonstrated that the phenolic compounds isolated from galls of T. chebula might contribute significantly due to their antioxidant and whitening activities.
Correct Estimation of Preferential Chromosome Pairing in Autotetraploids (2004)

In recent work, a statistical model was proposed for the purpose of estimating parameters associated with quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and preferential pairing within a polyploidy framework. The statistical model contained several parameters that, when estimated from experimental data, supplied information about QTL, including a preferential pairing factor. Among the results reported were estimates of preferential pairing, many of which indicated high levels of preferential pairing (p = 0.60) that were inconsistent with biological expectations. By using the biological inconsistencies as our motivation, we present a reformulated statistical method for estimating preferential pairing, and use this method to reanalyze the same autotetraploid alfalfa data and to conduct a simulation study. Our results directly contradict the current findings of significant preferential pairing and affirm the traditional view of random chromosome segregation in alfalfa.
Speed Planning for an Autonomous Vehicle with Conflict Moving Objects (2019)

One challenging problem about autonomous vehicles (AV) is to optimize vehicle trajectories with considering the conflict moving objects (e.g. left and right turns, car following). This paper investigates an AV speed planning problem where the AV follows a given spatial path and the possible conflict regions of the moving objects are known. This problem converts the two-dimensional (2D) trajectory planning problem to a one-dimensional (1D) speed planning problem that decides the optimal speeds and accelerations of the AV along the spatial path. This paper first analyzes the feasibility region of the AV movements for a general conflict avoidance application (e.g., following a car, or passing an intersection). This analysis reveals the upper and lower bounds for a feasible trajectory. With that, a customized dynamic-programming- (DP)-based algorithm is developed to solve the optimal trajectory. In the end, a numerical experiment is conducted to demonstrate the performance of the customized DP-based algorithm. The result shows that the proposed model and algorithm can solve the studied speed planning problem effectively.
Study of heat transfer in a 7-element bundle cooled with the upward flow of supercritical Freon-12 (2012)

Experimental data on SuperCritical-Water (SCW) cooled bundles are very limited. Major problems with performing such experiments are: 1) small number of operating SCW experimental setups and 2) difficulties in testing and experimental costs at very high pressures, temperatures and heat fluxes. However, SuperCritical Water-cooled nuclear Reactor (SCWRs) designs cannot be finalized without such data. Therefore, as a preliminary approach experiments in SCW-cooled bare tubes and in bundles cooled with SC modeling fluids can be used. One of the SC modeling fluids typically used is Freon-12 (R-12) where the critical pressure is 4.136 MPa and the critical temperature is 111.97??C. These conditions correspond to a critical pressure of 22.064 MPa and critical temperature of 373.95??C in water.\nA set of experimental data obtained in a Freon-12 cooled vertical bare bundle at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE, Obninsk, Russia) was analyzed. This set consisted of 20 cases of a vertically oriented 7-element bundle installed in a hexagonal flow channel. To secure the bundle in the flow channel 3 thin spacers were used. The dataset was obtained at equivalent parameters of the proposed SCWR concepts. Data was collected at pressures of about 4.65 MPa for several different combinations of wall and bulk-fluid temperatures that were below, at, or above the pseudocritical temperature. Heat fluxes ranged from 9 kW/m2 to 120 kW/m2 and mass fluxes ranged from 440 kg/m2s to 1320 kg/m2s. Also inlet temperatures ranged from 70??C ??? 120??C. The test section consisted of fuel elements that were 9.5 mm in diameter with the total heated length of 1 m. Bulk-fluid and wall temperature profiles were recorded using a combination of 8 different thermocouples.The data was analyzed with respect to its temperature profile and heat transfer coefficient along the heated length of the test section. In a previous study it was confirmed that there is the existence of three distinct regimes for forced convention with supercritical fluids. (1) Normal heat transfer; (2) Deteriorated heat transfer, characterized by higher than expected temperatures; and (3) Improved heat transfer, characterized by lower than expected temperatures. All three regions were observed for the 7 rod bundle experiments. This work compares the experimental data to predictions based upon current 1-D correlations for heat transfer in supercritical fluids. Results show that no current 1-D correlation was able to accurately predict heat transfer coefficients within ??50%.\nA parametric analysis of the data was also completed to determine if continuity in the experiment was present. Results of this study show that two distinct regions are present in the data. For cases with a mass flux below 1200 kg/m2s wall temperature profiles appear to be normal while in cases with mass flux above 1200 kg/m2s temperature given by the wall thermocouples were higher than normal. This phenomenon occurred regardless of heat flux-to-mass flux ratios.
Water Vapor Adsorption by Porous Materials: From Chemistry to Practical Applications (2022)

In recent years, the deployment of chemically stable physisorbents in various water sorption-related applications has received significant attention. Depending on their structural features, different types of porous sorbents manifest distinct shapes of water sorption isotherms. The translation of water sorption profiles of adsorbents into appropriate practical applications is yet to be established. This Review gives an overview of the water adsorption studies conducted on different hydrolytically stable porous solids selected from different classes of solid-state materials (organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials). Brief analyses of the water sorption behavior and the relations to materials’ intrinsic structural features are made. Based on adsorbents’ observed water sorption characteristics, the prospects of their practical/commercial deployment in chosen sectors are also commented. The criteria for using porous adsorbents in specific water-related technologies, which can help guide the design and assembly of suitable water adsorbents, are also reviewed. In addition, the challenges that need to be overcome in developing efficient water vapor adsorbents for a given application are also discussed.
MJBlocker: A Lightweight and Run-Time Malicious JavaScript Extensions Blocker (2013)

We propose MJBlocker, a lightweight and run-time malicious JavaScript Extensions (JSEs) blocker for preventing them from hurting user security. MJBlocker can identify and block malicious JSEs whenever they are executed. It is motivated by the observation that most attack goals of malicious JSEs are accomplished via invoking Cross-Platform Component Object Model (XPCOM) calls, and the XPCOM call sequences acquired from malicious JSEs have distinct traits that are different from regular ones. We use simple regular expressions to capture these distinct traits. MJBlocker is interposed into Fire fox between JSEs and XPCOMs, and intercepts all XPCOM calls made by JSEs. Whenever a JSE invokes an XPCOM call, the call is appended to its call sequence, and the sequence is checked against several regular-expression-based signatures to identify the suspicious call sequence patterns. If some suspicious patterns are found, an alarm is triggered and the XPCOM call which triggers the alarm is blocked from executing. However, some innocent JSEs may have suspicious call sequence patterns. To avoid false positives, a verifier utilizes several heuristics to filter off suspicious patterns generated by innocent JSEs. We have implemented MJBlocker atop Fire fox. According to our experiments on 10 different malicious JSEs and 260 legitimate ones, MJBlocker causes negligible overhead (no more than 5%) and has zero false negative and very few false positives.
Evaluation of Landslide Susceptibility Using Scientific Investigation and Quantitative Evaluation (2013)

Landslide disasters in steep slopes in urban areas are increasing due to climate change. In Korea most of the steep-slope disasters are induced by typhoons and torrential rains in the Summer time, causing many casualties, property damages, and recovery costs. In order to response this disaster it is imperative to implement the scientific site investigation on potential slope areas and evaluate their vulnerability quantitatively. The efficient maintenance and management of steep slopes often require excessive professional resources and quantitative investigations. Therefore, it is important to develop a technology for the objective scientific site investigation and quantitative evaluation for steep slopes. In this study we proposed Evaluation system which evaluates the stability analysis of steep slopes and provides a vulnerability level.
Research on the Bit Computation Model for Time Variable Channel Bandwidth (2007)

为在 H.264 无线录像通讯的编码小点率问题，这篇论文分析小点率计算模型和均方差失真模型，建立在编码小点率的量子化参数和宏块的 intraframe 刷新率之间的关系，并且根据一般二项式的计算模型理论关于编码的率提出了新理想。而且，这个方法不仅罐头 adaptivelyadjust 位分配和量子化参数并且阻止缓冲区在给定的网络带宽，而且罐头下面向下或向上溢出使用率失真优化解决方案方法，精确地控制编码的位并且优化在 theintraand 之间的分配内部框架编码宏块。
Comparative Study of Noise-tolerant Texture Classification (1994)

Tlic effectiveness of four types of texture features arc compared in performing noise-tolerant texture classification. The four types of texture features investigated arc cdgc separation texture features [7] [8] standard cooccurrence matrix features [4]. cooccurrcncc matrix features of directionallysniootlicd texture samples, and the Fourier power and phase spectrum features of Liu and Jernigan [9]. All methods except standard cooccurrence matrix features performed well.