gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of central and peripheral intravenous injections of capsaicin in man: Evidence for pulmonary chemosensitivity (1986)

The respiratory and cardiovascular effects of capsaicin injection into the superior vena cava and an arm vein were studied in three normal subjects. No changes were seen in tidal volume, inspiratory time or expiratory time after capsaicin injection. Instantaneous heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Central and peripheral intravenous injections of capsaicin but not control solution above a threshold of 0.5 micrograms/kg produced dose-dependent sensations sequentially in the chest, face, rectum and extremities. The chest sensation, a 'raw, burning' feeling, occurred 3-4 s after central capsaicin injection. No subject reported feeling breathless. In one subject the maximum tolerable dose of capsaicin (4 micrograms/kg) produced paroxysmal coughing 3.9 s after a central injection. In two of the subjects capsaicin injection was repeated after inhalation of a 5% bupivacaine aerosol (aerodynamic mass median diameter 4.8 micron), sufficient to block the cough reflex to a 5% citric acid aerosol. Prior inhalation of local anaesthetic aerosol abolished the chest sensation after capsaicin injection; the other sensations were unaffected. This study demonstrates that stimulation of receptors accessible from the pulmonary vascular bed does not evoke the pulmonary chemoreflex in conscious man but can produce coughing. It provides evidence for the existence of a nociceptive system of nerve endings in the lung parenchyma that can be blocked by inhaled local anaesthetic aerosol.
Performance of methane fermentation pits in advanced integrated wastewater pond systems (1994)

Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPSs) involve a series consisting of Advanced Facultative Ponds with internally located fermentation pits; secondary ponds with either photosynthetic oxygenation or mechanical aeration; tertiary ponds for sedimentation of either algae or aeration solids; and, quaternary ponds for controlled discharge, irrigation storage, aquaculture, or other beneficial uses of reclaimed wastewater. This paper deals mainly with design and performance of Advanced Facultative Ponds containing internally located fermentation pits. Experiences with a 1,894 m3 day−1 (0.5 MGD) AIWPS and a 7,576 m3 day−1 (2.0 MGD) AIWPS indicate that primary facultative ponds with internal fermentation pits require less land than do conventional anaerobic ponds and that sludge removal is postponed for many years. New, more detailed, and controlled scientific studies on a 133 m3 day−1 (0.035 MGD) demonstration AIWPS at the University of California, Berkeley, Environmental Engineering and Health Sciences Laboratory in Richmond, California provide evidence that these simple pits remove suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand more effectively than do comparably loaded conventional anaerobic ponds and produce much less odor. In addition they improve removal of parasites, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and halogenated hydrocarbons. The reliability and cost effectiveness of AIWPS is compared with more conventional ponds and with mechanical wastewater treatment systems.
Human Pose Estimation Using a Joint Pixel-wise and Part-wise Formulation (2013)

Our goal is to detect humans and estimate their 2D pose in single images. In particular, handling cases of partial visibility where some limbs may be occluded or one person is partially occluding another. Two standard, but disparate, approaches have developed in the field: the first is the part based approach for layout type problems, involving optimising an articulated pictorial structure, the second is the pixel based approach for image labelling involving optimising a random field graph defined on the image. Our novel contribution is a formulation for pose estimation which combines these two models in a principled way in one optimisation problem and thereby inherits the advantages of both of them. Inference on this joint model finds the set of instances of persons in an image, the location of their joints, and a pixel-wise body part labelling. We achieve near or state of the art results on standard human pose data sets, and demonstrate the correct estimation for cases of self-occlusion, person overlap and image truncation.
Precise measurements of capsule mechanical properties using indentation (2017)

Application of elastic theory to experimental data of capsule and particle compression under-predicts the value of material properties such as the Young's modulus by up to 100% when the effect of the rigid substrate is neglected, as is commonly done in the literature. Results of numerical simulations, spanning the range from thin-shelled capsules to solid particles, are presented in terms of correction factors that account for the substrate. In addition, the scaling relationship between indentation force and displacement is characterised for arbitrary shell thicknesses and indenter radii.
Lithium Recovery from Brines Including Seawater, Salt Lake Brine, Underground Water and Geothermal Water (2020)

Demand to lithium rising swiftly as increasing due to its diverse applications such as rechargeable batteries, light aircraft alloys, air purification, medicine and nuclear fusion. Lithium demand is expected to triple by 2025 through the use of batteries, particularly electric vehicles. The lithium market is expected to grow from 184,000 TPA of lithium carbonate to 534,000 TPA by 2025. To ensure the growing consumption of lithium, it is necessary to increase the production of lithium from different resources. Natural lithium resources mainly associate within granite pegmatite type deposit (spodumene and petalite ores), salt lake brines, seawater and geothermal water. Among them, the reserves of lithium resource in salt lake brine, seawater and geothermal water are in 70-80% of the total, which are excellent raw materials for lithium extraction. Compared with the minerals, the extraction of lithium from water resources is promising because this aqueous lithium recovery is more abundant, more environmentally friendly and cost-effective.
Air-Stable, Nanostructured Electronic and Plasmonic Materials from Solution-Processable, Silver Nanocrystal Building Blocks (2014)

Herein we describe a room-temperature, chemical process to transform silver nanocrystal solids, deposited from colloidal solutions, into highly conductive, corrosion-resistant, optical and electronic materials with nanometer-scale architectures. After assembling the nanocrystal solids, we treated them with a set of simple, compact, organic and inorganic reagents: ammonium thiocyanate, ammonium chloride, potassium hydrogen sulfide, and ethanedithiol. We find that each reagent induces unique changes in the structure and composition of the resulting solid, giving rise to films that vary from insulating to, in the case of thiocyanate, conducting with a remarkably low resistivity of 8.8×10(-6) Ω·cm, only 6 times that of bulk silver. We show that thiocyanate mediates the spontaneous sintering of nanocrystals into structures with a roughness of less than 1/10th of the wavelength of visible light. We demonstrate that these solution-processed, low-resistivity, optically smooth films can be patterned, using imprint lithography, into conductive electrodes and plasmonic mesostructures with programmable resonances. We observe that thiocyanate-treated solids exhibit significantly retarded atmospheric corrosion, a feature that dramatically increases the feasibility of employing silver for electrical and plasmonic applications.
A new approach to service provisioning in ATM networks (1993)

The authors formulate and solve a problem of allocating resources among competing services differentiated by user traffic characteristics and maximum end-to-end delay. The solution leads to an alternative approach to service provisioning in an ATM network, in which the network offers directly for rent its bandwidth and buffers and users purchase freely resources to meet their desired quality. Users make their decisions based on their own traffic parameters and delay requirements and the network sets prices for those resources. The procedure is iterative in that the network periodically adjusts prices based on monitored user demand, and is decentralized in that only local information is needed for individual users to determine resource requests. The authors derive the network's adjustment scheme and the users' decision rule and establish their optimality. Since the approach does not require the network to know user traffic and delay parameters, it does not require traffic policing on the part of the network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic Pancreas Segmentation via Coarse Location and Ensemble Learning (2019)

Automatic and reliable segmentation of the pancreas is an important but difficult task for various clinical applications, such as pancreatic cancer radiotherapy and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). The main challenges for accurate CT pancreas segmentation lie in two aspects: (1) large shape variation across different patients, and (2) low contrast and blurring around the pancreas boundary. In this paper, we propose a two-stage, ensemble-based fully convolutional neural network (FCN) to solve the challenging pancreas segmentation problem in CT images. First, candidate region generation is performed by classifying patches generated by superpixels. Second, five FCNs based on the U-Net architecture are trained with different objective functions. For each network, 2.5D slices are used as the input to provide 3D image information complementarily without the need for computationally expensive 3D convolutions. Then, an ensemble model is utilized to combine the five output segmentation maps and achieve the final segmentation. The proposed method is extensively evaluated on a publicly available dataset of 82 manually segmented CT volumes via 4-fold cross-validation. Experimental results show its superior performance compared with several state-of-the-art methods with a Dice coefficient of 84.10±4.91% and Jaccard coefficient of 72.86±6.89%.
Thermodynamics of Fluids at Meso and Nano Scales (2010)

In contemporary process and product design, engineers often deal with systems or phenomena for which traditional thermodynamics may be insufficient, as in strongly fluctuating and nano-size systems, system with nano-scale heterogeneities, or mesoscopic dissipative structures. However, many such case...
A two-fold reduction in measurement time for neutron assay: Initial tests of a prototype dual-gated shift register (1996)

Neutron coincidence counting (NCC) is used routinely around the world for nondestructive mass assay of uranium and plutonium in many forms, including waste. Compared with other methods, NCC is generally the most flexible, economic, and rapid. Many applications of NCC would benefit from a reduction in counting time required for a fixed random error. We have developed and tested the first prototype of a dual- gated, shift-register-based electronics unit that offers the potential of decreased measurement time for all passive and active NCC applications.
Metal waste forms from treatment of EBR-II spent fuel. (1998)

Demonstration of Argonne National Laboratory's electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel is currently being conducted on irradiated, metallic driver fuel and blanket fuel elements from the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) in Idaho. The residual metallic material from the electrometallurgical treatment process is consolidated into an ingot, the metal waste form (MWF), by employing an induction furnace in a hot cell. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analyses have been performed on irradiated cladding hulls from the driver fuel, and on samples from the alloy ingots. This paper presents the microstructures of the radioactive ingots and compares them with observations on simulated waste forms prepared using non-irradiated material. These simulated waste forms have the baseline composition of stainless steel - 15 wt % zirconium (SS-15Zr). Additions of noble metal elements, which serve as surrogates for fission products, and actinides are made to that baseline composition. The partitioning of noble metal and actinide elements into alloy phases and the role of zirconium for incorporating these elements is discussed in this paper.
Batchwise Patching of Classifiers (2018)

In this work we present classifier patching, an approach for adapting an existing black-box classification model to new data. Instead of creating a new model, patching infers regions in the instance space where the existing model is error-prone by training a classifier on the previously misclassified data. It then learns a specific model to determine the error regions, which allows to patch the old model’s predictions for them. Patching relies on a strong, albeit unchangeable, existing base classifier, and the idea that the true labels of seen instances will be available in batches at some point in time after the original classification. We experimentally evaluate our approach, and show that it meets the original design goals. Moreover, we compare our approach to existing methods from the domain of ensemble stream classification in both concept drift and transfer learning situations. Patching adapts quickly and achieves high classification accuracy, outperforming state-of-the-art competitors in either adaptation speed or accuracy in many scenarios.
Application of liposomes in medicine and drug delivery (2014)

Liposomes provide an established basis for the sustainable development of different commercial products for treatment of medical diseases by the smart delivery of drugs. The industrial applications include the use of liposomes as drug delivery vehicles in medicine, adjuvants in vaccination, signal enhancers/carriers in medical diagnostics and analytical biochemistry, solubilizers for various ingredients as well as support matrices for various ingredients and penetration enhancers in cosmetics. In this review, we summarize the main applications and liposome-based commercial products that are currently used in the medical field.
A novel single stage AC-DC self-oscillating series parallel resonant converter (2005)

This paper presents an improved self-sustained oscillating controller (SSOC) suitable for the single stage single-phase power factor correction circuits. It has a modified active controller, which improves the performance from no load up to full load. The steady state characteristics are developed, and a design example is given. The modified controller allows zero voltage switching (ZVS) at any loading condition with a reasonable power factor that satisfies the IEC standards together with a promising efficiency. MATLAB and PSIM simulation results assure the fulfillment of the design specifications.
Current position of 5HT3 antagonists and the additional value of NK1 antagonists; a new class of antiemetics (2003)

The advent of the 5HT(3) receptor antagonists (5HT(3) antagonists) in the 1990 s and the combination with dexamethasone has resulted in acute emesis protection in 70% of patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Despite complete protection in the acute phase, however, 40% of patients as yet have symptoms in the delayed phase. 5HT(3) antagonists and dexamethasone are only modestly effective in this delayed phase. Moreover, the antiemetic protection over repeated cycles is not sustained. Neurokinine 1 receptor antagonists (NK(1) antagonists) belong to a new class of antiemetic agents that specifically target the NK(1) receptor, which is involved in both the acute and, particularly, the delayed phase of emesis. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the addition of NK(1) antagonists to dual therapy with a 5HT(3) antagonist plus dexamethasone improves the acute emesis protection by a further 10-15%. In the delayed phase, the proportion of patients remaining free of emesis increases by even 20-30%. Since the effectiveness of this triplet combination was found to be sustained over six cycles of chemotherapy, the chance for an individual patient to remain completely protected during both the acute and the delayed phase over six chemotherapy cycles is nearly doubled.
MIL-53(Al): An Efficient Adsorbent for the Removal of Nitrobenzene from Aqueous Solutions (2011)

MIL-53(Al), hydrothermally synthesized and purified by solvent extraction, was used as adsorbent for the removal of nitrobenzene from aqueous solution. Pristine MIL-53(Al) and MIL-53(Al) loaded with various amounts of nitrobenzene were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis with cell indexation study, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and BET surface area. A simulation study of nitrobenzene adsorption on MIL-53(Al) was performed. The adsorption study of nitrobenzene on MIL-53(Al) was carried out at 30 ± 1 °C using batch experiments. The amount of nitrobenzene adsorbed decreases with an increase in the temperature from 30° to 60 °C and pH from 8 to 11, whereas no significant difference was observed in acidic pH. The adsorption data were fitted to Sips and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. The adsorption capacity of nitrobenzene on MIL-53(Al) obtained was 610 mg/g, higher than that of zeolites (267.2 mg/g) and organoclays (100 mg/g), but, lower than that of modified commercial activated carbons (1443.53 mg/g).
<sup>99m</sup> Tc-Ethylenedicysteine-Folate: A New Tumor Imaging Agent. Synthesis, Labeling and Evaluation in Animals (1998)

It is known that membrane folic acid receptors are responsible for cellular accumulation of folate and folate analogs such as methotrexate and overexpressed on various tumor cells. However, these receptors are highly restricted in normal differentiated tissues. Results of limited in vitro and in vivo animal studies suggest that folate receptors could be a potential target for tumor imaging. This study aimed to develop a 99mTc-labeled folic acid using ethylenedicysteine (EC) as a chelator and evaluate its labeling efficiency and potential use as a tumor seeking agent. Tissue distribution of 99mTc-EC-folate was determined in breast tumor-bearing rats at 20 min, 1, 2, and 4 h (n = 3/time interval, 370 KBq/rat, i.v.). Blocking study was employed to determine receptor-mediated process; 99mTc-EC-folate was co-administrated with 50 and 150 mumol/kg of cold folic acid to tumor-bearing rats. Planar imaging and whole-body autoradiograms were performed. The data was compared to that using 99mTc-EC (control). In animal studies, tumor/blood count density ratios at 20 min-4 h increased from 0.81 +/- 0.09 to 1.23 +/- 0.13 with 99mTc-EC-folate. Conversely, these values showed time-dependent decrease from 0.77 +/- 0.32 to 0.65 +/- 0.01 with 99mTc-EC in the same time period. Tumor/muscle and tumor/blood count density ratios significantly decreased with folic acid co-administrations. Planar images and autoradiograms confirmed that the tumors could be visualized clearly with 99mTc-EC-folate.
Initial clinical experience with real‐time transrectal ultrasonography‐magnetic resonance imaging fusion‐guided prostate biopsy (2008)

The fusion of real-time TRUS and prior MR images of the prostate is feasible and enables MRI-guided interventions (like prostate biopsy) outside of the MRI suite. The technique allows for navigation within dynamic contrast-enhanced maps, or T2-weighted or MR spectroscopy images. This technique is a rapid way to facilitate MRI-guided prostate therapies such as external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, cryoablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation, or direct injection of agents, without the cost, throughput, or equipment compatibility issues that might arise with MRI-guided interventions inside the MRI suite.
Multitasking in Tissues and Materials (2008)

Insights into the role played by a modified amino acid residue in structural biological tissues are helping to develop biomimetic materials.
Handbook of cardiovascular interventions (1996)

I PERCUTANEOUS DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT Section 1 Angiography Section 2 Ultrasound Section 3 Angioscopy Section 4 Pressure Recording Section 5 Lesion Compliance II INTERVENTIONS Section 1 Circulatory Support Section 2 Myocardial Interventions III VALVULAR INJECTIONS Section 1 Pulmonary Valve Section 2 Mistral Valve Section 3 Aortic Valve Section 4 Tricuspid Valve IV VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS Section 1 Coronary Arteries Section 2 Myocardial Infarction Section 3 Chronic Occlusions Section 4 Complications and Rehabilitation Section 5 Stenting Section 6 Laser Angioplasty Section 7 Atherectomy Section 8 Ultrasound Angioplasty V PERIPHERAL ARTERIES and VEINS Section 1 Aorta Section 2 Other Large Vessels Section 3 Shunts
Tocotrienols : Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols, Second Edition (2012)

The first 90 years of vitamin E research has produced prolific and notable discoveries, but until the last few decades, attention has been given mostly to the biological activities and underlying mechanisms of alpha-tocopherol, which we now know is one of more than eight vitamin E isomers. Currently, the non-tocopherol vitamin E molecule tocotrieno
Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal and glaucomatous Cocker Spaniels by scanning laser polarimetry (2007)

Using scanning laser polarimetry it was possible to detect changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucomatous dogs at early stages of the disease. Therefore, this instrument has the potential to improve the clinical management of canine glaucoma by detecting progressive changes to the retinal nerve fiber layer.
Measurement of Echoes Due to Spurious TE<sub>On</sub>Modes in a Long-Distance 60-mm Waveguide Communication System (1978)

To estimate the seriousness of spurious TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</inf> mode generation in a long-distance millimeter waveguide communication system requires a measurement of small echoes in the impulse response with delays up to about 500 ns. We report the results of such a measurement made as part of a recent 14-km field test of the WT4 communication system with a novel test set operating near 41 GHz. The results show that the WT4 system can perform satisfactorily without any filters of spurious TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</inf> modes.
Performance analysis of elliptic curve cryptography for SSL (2002)

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is emerging as an attractive public-key cryptosystem for mobile/wireless environments. Compared to traditional cryptosystems like RSA, ECC offers equivalent security with smaller key sizes, which results in faster computations, lower power consumption, as well as memory and bandwidth savings. This is especially useful for mobile devices which are typically limited in terms of their CPU, power and network connectivity. However, the true impact of any public-key cryptosystem can only be evaluated in the context of a security protocol. This paper presents a first estimate of the performance improvements that can be expected in SSL (Secure Socket Layer), the dominant security protocol on the Web today, by adding ECC support.