gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absolute calibration of small-angle neutron scattering data (1987)

Absolute calibration forms a valuable diagnostic tool in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments, and allows the parameters of a given model to be restricted to the set which reproduces the observed intensity. Discrepancies between the observed and calculated intensities may arise from potential artifacts or even new physical processes and absolute calibration methods are useful in delineating these circumstances. General methods which are available for absolute scaling are discussed along with estimates of the degree of internal consistency which may be achieved between the various standards. In order to minimize the time devoted to calibration in a given experimental program, emphasis is placed on developing a set of precalibrated strongly scattering standards which may be run in the chosen experimental geometry. Comparison of such a set developed at the National Center for Small-Angle Scattering Research (Oak Ridge) with independent determinations by SANS users indicates consistency to within ± 5%.
Measurement Science Needs for Real-time Control of Additive Manufacturing Powder Bed Fusion Processes (2015)

Additive Manufacturing is increasingly used in the development of new products: from conceptual design to functional parts and tooling. However, today, variability in part quality due to inadequate dimensional tolerances, surface roughness, and defects, limits its broader acceptance for highvalue or mission-critical applications. While process control in general can limit this variability, it is impeded by a lack of adequate process measurement methods. Process control today is based on heuristics and experimental data, yielding limited improvement in part quality. The overall goal is to develop the measurement science 1 necessary to make in-process measurement and real-time control possible in additive manufacturing. Traceable dimensional and thermal metrology methods must be developed for real-time closed-loop control of additive manufacturing processes. As a precursor, this report presents a review on the additive manufacturing control schemes, process measurements, and modeling and simulation methods as it applies to the powder bed fusion process, though results from other processes are reviewed where applicable. The aim of the review is to identify and summarize the measurement science needs that are critical to real-time process control. We organize our research findings to identify the correlations between process parameters, process signatures, and product quality. The intention of this report is to serve as a background reference and a go-to place for our work to identify the most suitable measurement methods and corresponding measurands for real-time control.
Bioethics: Past and Future (2006)

The academic field of bioethics has a strong influence on public policy. Founded in the late 1960s, it is now experiencing growing pains and a conflict between its liberals and conservatives on “culture wars” issues. Renée C. Fox, the Annenberg Professor Emerita of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, was working in the field well before the invention of bioethics. In this interview, she looks back on the field she helped define.
Scale out for large minibatch SGD: Residual network training on ImageNet-1K with improved accuracy and reduced time to train (2017)

For the past 5 years, the ILSVRC competition and the ImageNet dataset have attracted a lot of interest from the Computer Vision community, allowing for state-of-the-art accuracy to grow tremendously. This should be credited to the use of deep artificial neural network designs. As these became more complex, the storage, bandwidth, and compute requirements increased. This means that with a non-distributed approach, even when using the most high-density server available, the training process may take weeks, making it prohibitive. Furthermore, as datasets grow, the representation learning potential of deep networks grows as well by using more complex models. This synchronicity triggers a sharp increase in the computational requirements and motivates us to explore the scaling behaviour on petaflop scale supercomputers. In this paper we will describe the challenges and novel solutions needed in order to train ResNet-50 in this large scale environment. We demonstrate above 90\% scaling efficiency and a training time of 28 minutes using up to 104K x86 cores. This is supported by software tools from Intel's ecosystem. Moreover, we show that with regular 90 - 120 epoch train runs we can achieve a top-1 accuracy as high as 77\% for the unmodified ResNet-50 topology. We also introduce the novel Collapsed Ensemble (CE) technique that allows us to obtain a 77.5\% top-1 accuracy, similar to that of a ResNet-152, while training a unmodified ResNet-50 topology for the same fixed training budget. All ResNet-50 models as well as the scripts needed to replicate them will be posted shortly.
The role of BaTiO/sub 3/ in modifying the dc breakdown strength of LDPE (2000)

In the present paper, the effect of the addition of fine particles 1%wt BaTiO/sub 3/ to plain low-density polyethylene (LDPE) on the short-term dc breakdown strength of LDPE is investigated. The Weibull plots are used to analyze the breakdown test results. This indicates that the addition of BaTiO/sub 3/ to LDPE has reduced the short-term dc breakdown strength of the doped material by /spl sim/16% and increased the dispersion of the breakdown data. The results also indicate that the Weibull exponent b has been reduced significantly for the doped material. Earlier measurements on the effects of the incorporation of BaTiO/sub 3/ in LDPE on dc current transients and space charge formation in LDPE are presented and correlated with the present results. Results from a variety of measurements using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy are used in order to establish the effects of the incorporation of the additive in the polymer on its structure and morphology. The multiple role of BaTiO/sub 3/ additive in modifying the dc breakdown strength of LDPE is discussed in general terms of the existing breakdown theories in solid dielectrics. The combined effects of the additive on the different factors which influence the breakdown process in solids such as charge carrier mobility, charge carrier injection at the electrodes, space charge formation, polymer structure and morphology is explained and discussed. The present work introduces some novel elements in explaining breakdown processes in polymeric solid dielectrics by using an additive of known effects to provide an insight into the breakdown in LDPE. Moreover, an attempt is made to integrate results from different measurements using a multitude of techniques to yield a meaningful picture of the breakdown mechanism of LDPE.
Covalent attachment of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to enzymes: The current state of affairs (1998)

The first identified covalent flavoprotein, a component of mammalian succinate dehydrogenase, was reported 42 years ago. Since that time, more than 20 covalent flavoenzymes have been described, each possessing one of five modes of FAD or FMN linkage to protein. Despite the early identification of covalent flavoproteins, the mechanisms of covalent bond formation and the roles of the covalent links are only recently being appreciated. The main focus of this review is, therefore, one of mechanism and function, in addition to surveying the types of linkage observed and the methods employed for their identification. Case studies are presented for a variety of covalent flavoenzymes, from which general findings are beginning to emerge.
NBR Vulcanizates Resistant to High Temperature and “Sour” Gasoline (1979)

Abstract NBR compounded in a conventional fuel hose tube formulation is markedly degraded by “sour” gasoline or “sour” ASTM Fuel C within 7 days at 40°C. Furthermore, the conventional NBR compound is not resistant to aging at 125°C. Use of an NBR designed for heat resistant compounding and an appropriate choice of compound greatly improve resistance to fuel which contains hydroperoxides. The preferred system for “sour” gasoline resistance and resistance to long term aging at 125°C is a cadmium oxide activated low sulfur-sulfur donor compound with silica as the principal filler. This vulcanizate is not much more affected after 7 days at 40°C by gasoline of peroxide number 50 than by clean gasoline, and is less affected by gasoline of peroxide number 200 than are other NBR vulcanizates. The balance of high and low temperature properties can be optimized by appropriate choice of plasticizer and acrylonitrile level. Aging resistance is somewhat improved by increase in acrylonitrile content, and fuel permeability is markedly decreased. Permeability to gasoline with 30 aromatic content can be changed appreciably by compounding, but the resistance to Fuel C with 50% aromatic content does not appear to respond to compounding changes. The stability of NBR vulcanizates in “sour” gasoline is reduced by copper salts and, to a lesser extent, by metallic copper. Bound antioxidant NBR does not appear to offer an advantage in “sour” gasoline resistance over heat resistant NBR compounded in a comparable formulation.
Silicon Capacitors with extremely high stability and reliability ideal for high temperature applications (2012)

With the wide range of existing capacitors, the end user's requirements are roughly met but most of the capacitors see their performances largely impacted when they are submitted to high temperature. In this paper we present the Silicon Capacitors highly recommended for applications in the geothermal, oil well logging, automotive and military. They can operate in a wide operating temperature range and they withstand temperature up to 250°C, with extremely high insulation resistance and very good stability. These capacitors, already extensively used for years in miniaturized equipment and computers, feature high miniaturization with a large capacitance to volume ratio, thanks to the IPDiA 3D Silicon technology, extremely stable and reliable even at 100μm thickness. Available in hundreds or thousands of nanofarads, in various sizes and custom configurations, these capacitors are usable at low frequencies but they are also appropriate for RF applications. The recent progress in the 3D Silicon Capacitor IPDIA technology, which moves the world wide record from 250nF/mm2 up to 550nF/mm2, will give even more room to higher integration. This is an ultra key driver to growth for High reliability applications.
Depression Vulnerabilities in Patients with Different Levels of Depressive Symptoms after Acute Coronary Syndromes (2006)

This is the first study to show that cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal depression vulnerabilities are uniquelyassociated with concurrent depressive symptoms. There appeared to be only modest overlap between vulnerabilities, supporting the idea that depression in medically ill patients is a multifaceted phenomenon, even in the presence of minimally elevated depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are required before causality and treatment implications can be addressed.
New three-dimensional fiber probe for multisensor coordinate measurement (2012)

Increasing manufacturing accuracy requirements enforce the development of innovative and highly sensitive measuring tools. Especially for measurement with submicrometer accuracy, the sensor principle has to be chosen appropriately for each measurement surface. Modern multisensor coordinate measurement systems allow automatic selection of different sensor heads to measure different areas or properties of a sample. As an example, different types of optical sensors as well as tactile sensors can be used within the same measuring system. I describe different principles of optical sensors used in multisensor coordinate measurement systems as well as a new approach for tactile measurement with submicrometer accuracy. A special fiber probe has been developed. The tip of the fiber probe is formed as a sphere. The lateral position of this sphere is observed by a microscope objective and can be determined within a fraction of a micrometer. Additionally, a novel optical setup now allows the determination of the z-position of the fiber tip with submicrometer accuracy. For this purpose, an interferometer setup is used. The laser light is coupled into the optical fiber. The light exiting the fiber tip is collected by the microscope objective and superposed with a reference wave, generated directly from the laser. The result is an interference signal that is recorded by the camera and processed by a computer. With this setup, the z-displacement of the fiber sphere can be measured with an accuracy of a fraction of the laser wavelength used.
The interaction of methoctramine and himbacine at atrial, smooth muscle and endothelial muscarinic receptors<i>in vitro</i> (1988)

1. The action of methoctramine and himbacine at muscarinic receptors has been studied using guinea-pig isolated trachea, oesophageal muscularis mucosae, paced left atria, and rat aortic preparations. 2. Methoctramine (1 x 10(-6)-3.2 x 10(-4) M), but not himbacine, elicited positive inotropic responses. These responses were enhanced by pretreating the animals with reserpine. The responses in reserpine-treated animals were not antagonized by phentolamine (1 x 10(-6) M) but were antagonized by propranolol (1 x 10(-6) M). 3. Methoctramine, but not himbacine, exhibited allosteric inhibitory effects at cardiac muscarinic receptors, resulting in a curvilinear Schild plot. Deviations from competitive antagonism were also observed in combination dose-ratio experiments using atropine and methoctramine. At 1 x 10(-6) M, the pKB value for methoctramine was 7.88 +/- 0.15 (mean +/- s.e.mean, n = 5). The pA2 value for himbacine at cardiac muscarinic receptors was 8.52 +/- 0.06 (n = 3). 4. At tracheal and oesophageal muscularis mucosal smooth muscle receptors, the Schild plots for both antagonists were linear. The pA2 values for methoctramine at receptors in these two preparations were similar (6.08 +/- 0.05 and 6.03 +/- 0.09 respectively, n = 4) and were approximately 60 fold less than those values observed at atrial receptors. Himbacine, also exhibited similar values at muscarinic receptors in the trachea and oesophageal muscularis mucosae (7.61 +/- 0.05 and 7.57 +/- 0.04 respectively, n = 4). 5. Muscarinic receptors mediating relaxation of the rat aortic endothelium exhibited pA2 values for methoctramine (5.87 +/- 0.12, n = 6) which were similar to those observed in the smooth muscle, but not the atria. The pA2 values for himbacine at endothelial muscarinic receptors were approximately 0.5 pA2 units lower than those observed at muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle (6.92 + 0.80, n = 6). In addition, the Schild slopes for methoctramine and himbacine at these receptors were significantly (P < 0.05) less than unity. 6. Methoctramine, and to a lesser extent himbacine, are potent and selective antagonists for cardiac muscarinic receptors. However, caution should be used in interpretation of the data with methoctramine in view of the inhibitory allosteric properties and direct inotropic actions of this compound.
A new Early Jurassic Lobster (Decapoda: Glypheoidea: Glypheidae) from Lyme Regis, England (2013)

Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, no. 39 (2013), p.1–5, 1 fig., 1 table. © 2013, Mizunami Fossil Museum Examination of a single specimen of glypheoid lobster from the collections of The Natural History Museum, London, warrants designation of a new species, Glyphea macromuscula. The specimen, collected from Lyme Regis, Dorset, UK, increases the number of Early Jurassic glypheids to eleven, and the number of species of Glyphea from the United Kingdom to six.
Polycapillary conic collimator for micro-XRF (1998)

In this paper a new method of micro-XRF will be presented. A polycapillary conic structure was used for collimation of the fluorescence radiation emitted by the sample. In spite of the usual method for realization of local analysis, in which the primary beam has to be collimated on the sample surface, the polycapillary conic collimator takes the fluorescence radiation from a local area and transports it to the detector. Under these conditions the primary beam may irradiate a large surface area at the sample. Therefore, also X-ray sources of moderate brilliance may be used in such an experimental set-up. A spatial resolution of about 20 micrometers can be achieved.
Machine Learning Based Ransomware Detection Using Storage Access Patterns Obtained From Live-forensic Hypervisor (2019)

With the rapid increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, mobile devices, cloud services, and cyber-physical systems, the large-scale cyber attacks on enterprises and public sectors have increased. In particular, ransomware attacks damaged UK's National Health Service and many enterprises around the world in 2017. Therefore, researchers have proposed ransomware detection and prevention systems. However, manual inspection in static and dynamic ransomware analysis is time-consuming and it cannot cope with the rapid increase in variants of ransomware family. Recently, machine learning has been used to automate ransomware analysis by creating a behavioral model of same ransomware family. To create effective behavioral models of ransomware, we first obtained storage access patterns of live ransomware samples and of a benign application by using a live-forensic hypervisor called WaybackVisor. To distinguish ransomware from a benign application that has similar behavior to ransomware, we carefully selected five dimensional features that were extracted both from actual ransomware's Input and Output (I/O) logs and from a benign program's I/O logs. We created and evaluated machine learning models by using Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and K-Nearest Neighbors. Our experiments using the proposed five features of storage access patterns achieved F-measure rate of 98%.
e-EVN detection of AGN activity in NGC 2617 (2013)

NGC 2617 is a Seyfert 1.8 spiral galaxy at z=0.0142 (~60 Mpc, 1 mas = 0.3 pc) that is currently in outburst. We carried out European VLBI Network real-time e-VLBI observations at 1.6 GHz on 2013 June 7.
Expression and inducibility in Staphylococcus aureus of the mecA gene, which encodes a methicillin-resistant S. aureus-specific penicillin-binding protein (1989)

A beta-lactam-sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus could be converted to methicillin resistance by the introduction of a plasmid carrying the 4.3-kilobase HindIII chromosomal DNA fragment which encoded the mecA gene from a methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Transformant cells produced methicillin-resistant S. aureus-specific penicillin-binding protein constitutively, and additional insertion of an inducible penicillinase plasmid caused production of the pencillin-binding protein to become inducible.
Substituted Quinazolines, Part 2. Synthesis and In‐Vitro Anticancer Evaluation of New 2‐Substituted Mercapto‐3<i>H</i>‐quinazoline Analogs (2003)

A new series of 2-substituted mercapto-3H-quinozolines bearing 6-iodo and 2-heteroarylthio functions was synthesized and screened for their in vitro antitumor activity. Eighteen compounds were identified as active anticancer agents. N'-[(3-Benzyl-4-oxo-6-iodo-3H-quinazoline-2-yl)thioacetyl]-N(3)-ethylthiosemicarbazide (10), N-benzoyl-N'-[2-(3-benzyl-4-oxo-6-iodo-3H-quinozolin-2-yl)thioacetyl]hydrazine (12), and 2-[(3, 6-dioxo-pyridazin-4-yl)thio]-3-benzyl-4-oxo-6-iodo-3H-quinazoline (20) proved to be the most active members in this study. They showed MG-MID, GI(50) values of 12.8, 11.3, and 13.8 microM, respectively. The detailed synthesis and biological screening data are reported.
Supercritical Gas Extraction of a Soil with Solvents of Increasing Polarities (1987)

Abstract The surface horizon of the Bainsville soil, an Aquoll, was extracted by supercritical gas (SCG) extraction with solvents of increasing polarities. These included n ‐pentane, ethanol, and mixtures of ethanol and acetone with water. Each extract was analyzed by chemical and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Proportions of alkanes, alkanoic acids, and carbohydrates in the extracts decreased as the polarity of the solvent increased. Conversely, proportions of aromatics increased with increasing polarity of the solvent. The presence of carbohydrates and amino acids in the SCG extracts, as indicated by 13 C NMR, was confirmed by chemical methods. As the polarity of the solvent increased, concentrations of hexoses increased while those of pentoses, except for arabinose, decreased. Similarly, concentrations of basic amino acids increased under these conditions. Hydrolyzates of SCG extracts contained high concentrations of NH 3 . A mixture of acetone and water (40:60 v/v%) was found to be the most efficient supercritical gas extractant under the experimental conditions employed. Carbon‐13 NMR spectra of the SCG extracts were exceptionally well‐defined with sharp and distinct peaks revealing fine chemical structure. The distortion‐less enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) NMR technique was used to determine C multiplicity and to further enhance resolution. The combination of supercritical gas extraction with 13 C NMR provides soil scientists with a powerful tool for generating important information on the chemical composition and structure of soil organic matter.
Rationale for considering that propargylamines might be neuroprotective in Parkinson’s disease (2006)

A neuroprotective therapy that slows or stops disease progression is the major unmet medical need in Parkinson's disease (PD). Current evidence indicates that cell death in PD occurs, at least in part, by way of a signal-mediated apoptotic process. This raises the possibility that anti-apoptotic agents might be neuroprotective in PD. Propargylamines have been demonstrated to be potent anti-apoptotic agents in both in vitro and in vivo studies, presumably by maintaining glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a dimer and thereby preventing its nuclear translocation where it blocks upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Selegiline is a monamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor that incorporates a propargyl ring within its molecular structure. It was shown to delay the need for symptomatic therapy in untreated PD patients in the DATATOP study, but interpretation is confounded by its symptomatic effects. Rasagiline is another MAO-B inhibitor that contains a propargyl ring and has protective effects in laboratory models. A clinical trial utilizing a delayed start design demonstrated that patients initiated on rasagiline at baseline are improved at one year in comparison to patients initiated on placebo and switched to rasagiline at 6 months even though both groups were on the same treatment for the last 6 months of the study. These results argue against the benefit being due to a symptomatic effect and are consistent with rasagiline having a protective effect.
Analysis of Cross-Platform Mobile App Development Tools (2019)

With the emergence of different cross-platform alternatives, there is a need to explore the various approaches the developer must take. We perform this study in the hopes of shedding more light on their differences and highlighting the critical aspects which make them unique. The examination of these WORA (Write Once, Run Anywhere) mobile App tools is done on the basis of different approaches, i.e., Native apps, Web apps, Hybrid apps, Interpreted apps and Widget-based apps. The study performed shall enable us to illustrate the results on the basis of these categories.