gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decoupling level (2016)

Despite decades of research on software metrics, we still cannot reliably measure if one design is more maintainable than another. Software managers and architects need to understand whether their software architecture is "good enough", whether it is decaying over time and, if so, by how much. In this paper, we contribute a new architecture maintainability metric---Decoupling Level (DL)---derived from Baldwin and Clark's option theory. Instead of measuring how coupled an architecture is, we measure how well the software can be decoupled into small and independently replaceable modules. We measured the DL for 108 open source projects and 21 industrial projects, each of which has multiple releases. Our main result shows that the larger the DL, the better the architecture. By "better" we mean: the more likely bugs and changes can be localized and separated, and the more likely that developers can make changes independently. The DL metric also opens the possibility of quantifying canonical principles of single responsibility and separation of concerns, aiding cross-project comparison and architecture decay monitoring.
Built-In Test of Phased Arrays Using Code-Modulated Interferometry (2018)

This paper presents a built-in self-test technique for phased arrays that applies code modulation to each element within the array to allow parallel in situ measurements and a built-in distribution network to allow injection or extraction of test signals. The aggregated test response is downconverted from radio-frequency or millimeter-wave frequencies using a direct (power) detector, resulting in a baseband interference signal composed of code-modulated complex cross correlations between all elemental signals. Using orthogonal code products, each cross correlation can be extracted from the interference signal, and then the full set of cross correlations can be used to obtain amplitude and phase data of each element. A four-element 60-GHz phased-array receiver front end that includes this code-modulated embedded test (CoMET) infrastructure has been fabricated in SiGe BiCMOS technology. The BIST overhead is less than 2% of the total die area. Comparisons between our built-in test technique and measurements using a vector network analyzer show that CoMET can be used to extract amplitude with 1 dB accuracy and phase with four degree accuracy. Furthermore, measurements confirm that CoMET can be used to extract the phase-step response of each element in parallel across all settings as well as phase offset introduced by the built-in test network.
Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of recombinant α1-microglobulin and its potential use in radioprotection of kidneys. (2015)

Peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a systemically administrated molecular targeted radiation therapy for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Fifteen years of clinical use show that renal toxicity, due to glomerular filtration of the peptides followed by local generation of highly reactive free radicals, is the main side-effect that limits the maximum activity that can be administrated for efficient therapy. α1-microglobulin (A1M) is an endogenous radical scavenger shown to prevent radiation-induced in vitro cell damage and protect non-irradiated surrounding cells. An important feature of A1M is that, following distribution to the blood, it is equilibrated to the extravascular compartments and filtrated in the kidneys. Aiming at developing renal protection against toxic side-effects of PRRT, we have characterized the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of intravenously (i.v.) injected (125)I- and non-labelled recombinant human A1M and the (111)In- and fluorescence-labelled somatostatin analogue octreotide. Both molecules were predominantly localized to the kidneys, displaying a prevailing distribution in the cortex. A maximum of 76% of the injected A1M and 46% of the injected octreotide were present per gram kidney tissue at 10 to 20 minutes, respectively, after i.v. injection. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy revealed a dominating co-existence of the two substances in proximal tubules, with a cellular co-localization in the epithelial cells. Importantly, analysis of kidney extracts displayed an intact, full-length A1M at least up to 60 minutes post-injection (p.i.). In summary, the results show a highly similar pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of A1M and octreotide, thus enabling the use of A1M to protect the kidneys tissue during PRRT.
Ultrasound Probe and Needle-Guide Calibration for Robotic Ultrasound Scanning and Needle Targeting (2013)

Image-to-robot registration is a typical step for robotic image-guided interventions. If the imaging device uses a portable imaging probe that is held by a robot, this registration is constant and has been commonly named probe calibration. The same applies to probes tracked by a position measurement device. We report a calibration method for 2-D ultrasound probes using robotic manipulation and a planar calibration rig. Moreover, a needle guide that is attached to the probe is also calibrated for ultrasound-guided needle targeting. The method is applied to a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe for robot-assisted prostate biopsy. Validation experiments include TRUS-guided needle targeting accuracy tests. This paper outlines the entire process from the calibration to image-guided targeting. Freehand TRUS-guided prostate biopsy is the primary method of diagnosing prostate cancer, with over 1.2 million procedures performed annually in the U.S. alone. However, freehand biopsy is a highly challenging procedure with subjective quality control. As such, biopsy devices are emerging to assist the physician. Here, we present a method that uses robotic TRUS manipulation. A 2-D TRUS probe is supported by a 4-degree-of-freedom robot. The robot performs ultrasound scanning, enabling 3-D reconstructions. Based on the images, the robot orients a needle guide on target for biopsy. The biopsy is acquired manually through the guide. In vitro tests showed that the 3-D images were geometrically accurate, and an image-based needle targeting accuracy was 1.55 mm. These validate the probe calibration presented and the overall robotic system for needle targeting. Targeting accuracy is sufficient for targeting small, clinically significant prostatic cancer lesions, but actual in vivo targeting will include additional error components that will have to be determined.
A Robust Random Number Generator Based on a Differential Current-Mode Chaos (2008)

This paper demonstrates a differential current-mode chaos-based circuit used to generate random number sequences, which was implemented on 90-nm CMOS-SOI technology. The proposed design is more suitable for circuit implementation of a chaotic map, and diminishes non-idealities such as asymmetry, offset and low slope values. The differential design also exhibits superior robustness to supply voltage, temperature, and process variations. Behavioral and SPICE simulations are used to show the advantages of the differential chaos circuit in comparison to a single ended version. Furthermore, to validate that the circuit can serve as a white noise generator, a statistical random number generator test, as suggested by the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), was conducted on the simulation results and verified on the hardware. The results of the test demonstrated that the circuit functions with very high robustness.
Byproducts Emissions in Reburning and Advanced ReburningTechnologies (1998)

Abstract Natural gas reburning is a mature, commercial NOx control technology involving combustion of a fuel in two stages that has been successfully demonstrated at full scale. In a specific range of process conditions NOx concentrations can typically be reduced by 60%. The Advanced Reburning (AR) process, a combination of basic reburning and Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR), can provide up to 85% NO reduction. Recent reburning research has focused on developing improved AR techniques to obtain up to 95% NOx control. Novel AR methods incorporate injection of N-agent promoters (sodium salts), N-agent injection into the reburning zone, and two stages of N-agent injection for deeper NOx, control. An important consideration with these innovative reburning technologies is whether they generate toxic byproducts. An experimental program to evaluate byproduct emissions from different reburning technologies was conducted in a 250kW Boiler Simulator Facility. Species evaluated included CO, CO2, NOx, N2O, SO2, SO3, total hydrocarbons, NH3, HCN, and fly ash. The goal of the program was to compare byproducts emissions from AR methods to those from existing commercial NOx control technologies. Experimental data are presented on byproduct emissions for different innovative AR technologies. The results show that AR technologies can be applied without significant adverse environmental impacts. In most cases, emissions from AR are lower than those from commercial technologies. Keywords: Coal combustionreburningbyproductsNOx control
Multi-lingual phoneme recognition exploiting acoustic-phonetic similarities of sounds (2002)

The aim of the work is to exploit the acoustic-phonetic similarities between several languages. In recent work cross-language HMM-based phoneme models have been used only for bootstrapping the language-dependent models and the multi-lingual approach has been investigated only on very small speech corpora. The author introduces a statistical distance measure to determine the similarities of sounds. Further, he presents a new technique to model multi-lingual phonemes. The experiments are conducted with the OGI Multi-Language Telephone Speech Corpus for the languages American English, German and Spanish. In the first experiment phoneme recognition rates between 39.0% and 53.9% are achieved using language-dependent models. Using cross-language models yields improvement for some phonemes, but on average a degradation of recognition performance is observed. However, cross-language models speeds up the cross-language transfer and reduce the size of the phoneme inventory of multi-lingual speech recognition systems. Finally, a new method of modelling multi-lingual phonemes, which can be used for a variety of languages, is presented. This technique reduces the number of phoneme-based units in a multi-lingual speech recognition system.
Egocentric Vision-based Future Vehicle Localization for Intelligent\n Driving Assistance Systems (2018)

Predicting the future location of vehicles is essential for safety-critical\napplications such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous\ndriving. This paper introduces a novel approach to simultaneously predict both\nthe location and scale of target vehicles in the first-person (egocentric) view\nof an ego-vehicle. We present a multi-stream recurrent neural network (RNN)\nencoder-decoder model that separately captures both object location and scale\nand pixel-level observations for future vehicle localization. We show that\nincorporating dense optical flow improves prediction results significantly\nsince it captures information about motion as well as appearance change. We\nalso find that explicitly modeling future motion of the ego-vehicle improves\nthe prediction accuracy, which could be especially beneficial in intelligent\nand automated vehicles that have motion planning capability. To evaluate the\nperformance of our approach, we present a new dataset of first-person videos\ncollected from a variety of scenarios at road intersections, which are\nparticularly challenging moments for prediction because vehicle trajectories\nare diverse and dynamic.\n
Biological Activity of Pyrethroid Analogs in Pyrethroid-Susceptible and -Resistant Tobacco Budworms, <i>Heliothis virescens </i>(F.) (1997)

The phenoxybenzyl moiety of conventional pyrethroids is a major site of oxidative metabolism in resistant tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.). In this study, this group was replaced with known P450 monooxygenase-inhibiting or oxidatively blocked groups. A variety of isomers (1R/1S, cis/trans) of the resulting chrysanthemates were tested as insecticides or synergists against tobacco budworms that were insecticide-susceptible (LSU) or that expressed metabolic resistance to cypermethrin (Pyr-R). A number of compounds with pentafluorophenyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, and propargyloxyphenyl groups were insecticidal, and activity was dependent on both geometric and stereochemical configuration of the acid moiety. Both trans and cis isomers of 1(R)-fenfluthrin, which contains a pentafluorophenyl group, suppressed resistance to cypermethrin in Pyr-R insects, confirming that oxidative metabolism of the phenoxybenzyl moiety is a major mechanism of resistance in this strain. Of the methylenedioxyphenyl compounds, 1R, trans, and cis isomers were toxic and partially suppressed resistance in Pyr-R larvae. Similarly, both trans and cis isomers of α(S),1(R)-propargyloxyphenyl-containing compounds were insecticidal. Finally, α(R),1(R)-cis-methylenedioxyphenyl- and -propargyloxyphenyl- containing compounds were nontoxic but significantly enhanced toxicity of cypermethrin. Keywords: Tobacco budworm; pyrethroid analogs; Heliothis virescens
A Phase I trial of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) in patients with advanced malignancy. (1999)

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone best known for its activity in regulating calcium and bone metabolism. Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D may play a role in inhibiting the development of colon and prostate cancer. Vitamin D receptors are expressed in many types of malignant cells; in vitro and in vivo vitamin D and vitamin D analogues are active in suppressing the development and inhibiting the growth of numerous human and animal tumors. The major toxicity of the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol), is the induction of hypercalcemia. There are no data indicating the maximum tolerated dose of calcitriol administered every other day (QOD) s.c. We hypothesized that this route and schedule would permit administration of higher doses of calcitriol, which might have anticancer activity. We conducted a Phase I trial of calcitriol given s.c. QOD in patients with advanced solid tumors. Thirty-six patients were entered at doses ranging from 2 to 10 microg QOD; dose-limiting toxicity (hypercalcemia) occurred in three of three patients entered at the 10-microg QOD dose. Hypercalciuria occurred at all dose levels examined. No other toxicity was seen. Assessment of serum calcitriol concentrations by a RIA revealed a decrease in concentration-time curves on day 7 compared to day 1 of therapy. A dose-dependent increase in peak serum level and estimated area under the concentration-time curve was seen. The maximum serum levels occurred at the 10-microg QOD dose: 288 +/- 74 and 321 +/- 36 pg/ml at days 1 and 7, respectively. The normal range of calcitriol serum concentration, determined using this assay, is 16-56 pg/ml. Serum calcitriol levels were maintained at near peak concentrations for at least 8 h following s.c. injection. This study indicates that substantial doses of calcitriol can be administered via this route with tolerable toxicity. Studies to explore approaches to ameliorate the hypercalcemia induced by calcitriol and to explore alternative schedules and interactions with other agents are warranted.
Solar-grade silicon from metallurgical-grade silicon via iodine chemical vapor transport purification (2003)

In an atmospheric-pressure "open" reactor, SiI/sub 2/ transfers from a hot (>1100/spl deg/C) Si source to a cooler (>750/spl deg/C) Si substrate and decomposes easily via 2SiI/sub 2/ /spl rarr/ Si + SiI/sub 4/ with up to 5/spl mu/m/min deposition rate. Sil/sub 4/ returns to cyclically transport more Si. When the source is metallurgical-grade Si, impurities can be effectively removed by three mechanisms: (1) differing free energies of formation in forming silicon and impurity iodides; (2) distillation; and (3) differing standard free energies of formation during deposition. Distillation has been previously reported. Here, we focused on mechanisms (1) and (3). We made feedstock, analyzed the impurity levels, grew Czochralski single crystals, and evaluated crystal and photovoltaic properties. Cell efficiencies of 9.5% were obtained. Incorporating distillation (step 2) should increase this to a viable level.
Behavior of La<sub>0.6</sub>sr <sub>0.4</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> Cathode Powders Surface Modified by Atomic Layer Deposition for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2016)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been used to modify the surfaces of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.2 O 3-δ (LSCF) cathode powders with gadolinium doped ceria (GDC), zirconia, and cobalt doped zirconia (CDZ). Sintered porosities were ~41% for uncoated LSCF and 37-39% for surface modified powders. Mercury probe analysis showed similar pore size distributions. Symmetrical electrochemical cells showed marked improvements in polarization for the surface modified powders. GDC and CDZ coatings decreased polarization by up to 51 and 61%, respectively, at 800°C. Equivalent circuit modeling suggested little effect on gas diffusion through the porous structure, consistent with similar porosity values. Intermediate and high frequency contributions were significantly affected, suggesting a strong positive impact of the surface modification on both non-charge-transfer properties and charge-transfer properties. A pre-fabricated symmetrical cell treated with GDC via ALD showed very similar behavior to a symmetrical cell fabricated from surface modified GDC.
CURE (1998)

Clustering, in data mining, is useful for discovering groups and identifying interesting distributions in the underlying data. Traditional clustering algorithms either favor clusters with spherical shapes and similar sizes, or are very fragile in the presence of outliers. We propose a new clustering algorithm called CURE that is more robust to outliers, and identifies clusters having non-spherical shapes and wide variances in size. CURE achieves this by representing each cluster by a certain fixed number of points that are generated by selecting well scattered points from the cluster and then shrinking them toward the center of the cluster by a specified fraction. Having more than one representative point per cluster allows CURE to adjust well to the geometry of non-spherical shapes and the shrinking helps to dampen the effects of outliers. To handle large databases, CURE employs a combination of random sampling and partitioning. A random sample drawn from the data set is first partitioned and each partition is partially clustered. The partial clusters are then clustered in a second pass to yield the desired clusters. Our experimental results confirm that the quality of clusters produced by CURE is much better than those found by existing algorithms. Furthermore, they demonstrate that random sampling and partitioning enable CURE to not only outperform existing algorithms but also to scale well for large databases without sacrificing clustering quality.
30 Geminivirus DNA Replication (1996)

Diseases caused by geminiviruses have long been recognized as a limitation to the cultivation of several important crops, including maize, cassava, bean, squash, cucurbits, and tomato, in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. More recently, geminivirus diseases, particularly those transmitted by whiteflies, have become an even greater threat to agriculture due to the appearance of a new and more aggressive whitefly biotype (Brown et al. 1995). This has renewed interest in the study of geminivirus pathogenesis and epidemiology and has stimulated work on the development of virus-resistant crop plants. For quite different reasons, geminiviruses have also attracted the attention of researchers concerned with fundamental aspects of plant molecular biology. In particular, their small DNA genomes and extensive reliance on host biosynthetic machinery make these viruses ideal model systems for the study of plant DNA replication and gene expression. Geminivirus genomes also have considerable potential as vectors for the expression of foreign genes in plants, although this potential has yet to be fully exploited. Because of their significance to plant pathology, plant molecular biology, and plant biotechnology, it is not surprising that geminiviruses have become the subjects of intensive research. As a result of efforts concentrated on a few model viruses, remarkable progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenesis in the dozen years or so since the first molecular studies were initiated. Several recent reviews of this progress are available (Stanley 1991; Lazarowitz 1992; Mullineaux et al. 1992; Bisaro 1994). In this review, I...
Low Velocity Impact Testing of Laminated Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotube Composites (2015)

Carbon fiber laminated thermoset composites have become the industry standard for applications dictating a high strength-to-weight ratio. However, the brittle nature of the carbon fiber composite structure limits its energy dissipation characteristics, often leading to catastrophic failure under low energy impact loadings. This research examines the potential effects of including vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube forests within a layered laminate structure with the goal being to increase the energy dissipation of the structure with attention given to the increase in the aerial density as a result of including the insert. These nanotube forests are of interest due to their broader application in coupled scenarios requiring tenability of structural, thermal and electrical properties. These nanotube forests have unique energy dissipative effects due to their hierarchical architecture (see e.g., Dario et al. (2006), Zeng et al. (2010) and Raney et al. (2011)). We synthesize vertically aligned nanotubes (VACNTs) on a single crystalline silicon wafer. After separation with the wafer, the VACNTs are placed within a carbon fiber laminated structure prior to resin infusion using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Drop tower tests similar to ASTM D7136 are performed on carbon fiber laminates, carbon fiber laminates with nanotube forests, and carbon fiber laminates with several alternative materials. Results show an improved damage tolerance of the laminate with each of the investigated inserts, with the CNT system showing an increase of 13% in mean peak force. These results show a similar improvement to the alternative inserts while maintaining the potential for their broader application as a multifunctional material.
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKADE: A NOVEL STRATEGY TO PREVENT IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT ASSOCIATED CANCER PROGRESSION. (2000)

Maluccio, Mary1; Konijn, Gunnar1; Lagman, Milagros1; Suthanthiran, Manikkam1 Author Information
Advanced Pad Conditioner Design for Oxide/Metal CMP (2006)

Advanced CMP conditioner design requires investigations of key conditioner manufacturing parameters and their effects on pad surface and then wafer performance. In the present investigation, diamond shape, concentration, distribution, and other key manufacturing parameters are considered to improve CMP process stability and conditioner life. Self avoiding random distribution (<TEX>$SARD^{TM}$</TEX>) of diamond abrasives has been developed and both numerical simulation and experimental results show very stable and reliable polishing performance.
ChemInform Abstract: New 7‐Substituted Quinolone Antibacterial Agents. The Synthesis of 1‐Ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(2‐thiazolyl and 4‐thiazolyl)‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic Acids. (1988)

Abstract The title compounds are prepared by cyclocondensation of bromoacetylquinolone derivatives such as (II) with thioamides or ring closure of thiocarbamoylquinolones such as (VI) with α‐halo ketones.