gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in the reduction and compensation of film stress in high-reflectance multilayer coatings for extreme ultraviolet lithography applications (1998)

Due to the stringent surface figure requirements for the multilayer-coated optics in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography system, it is desirable to minimize deformation due to the multilayer film stress. However, the stress must be reduced or compensated without reducing EUV reflectivity, since the reflectivity has a strong impact on the throughput of a EUV lithography tool. In this work we identify and evaluate several leading techniques for stress reduction and compensation as applied to Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayer films. The measured film stress for Mo/Si films with EUV reflectances near 67.4% at 13.4 nm is approximately - 420 MPa (compressive), while it is approximately +330 MPa (tensile) for Mo/Be films with EUV reflectances near 69.4% at 11.4 nm. Varying the Mo-to-Si ratio can be used to reduce the stress to near zero levels, but at a large loss in EUV reflectance (> 20%). The technique of varying the base pressure (impurity level) yielded a 10% decrease in stress with a 2% decrease in reflectance for our multilayers. Post-deposition annealing was performed and it was observed that while the cost in reflectance is relatively high (3.5%) to bring the stress to near zero levels (i.e., reduce by 1 00%), the stress can be reduced by 75% with only a 1.3% drop in reflectivity at annealing temperatures near 200{degrees}C. A study of annealing during Mo/Si deposition was also performed; however, no practical advantage was observed by heating during deposition. A new non-thermal (athermal) buffer-layer technique was developed to compensate for the effects of stress. Using this technique with amorphous silicon and Mo/Be buffer-layers it was possible to obtain Mo/Be and Mo/Si multilayer films with a near zero net film stress and less than a 1% loss in reflectivity. For example a Mo/Be film with 68.7% reflectivity at 11.4 nm and a Mo/Si film with 66.5% reflectivity at 13.3 nm were produced with net stress values less than 30 MPa.
Differential Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Cross-Linker: A New Approach for High Confidence in Identifying Protein Cross-Linking (2016)

Chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry are now widely used to analyze large-scale protein-protein interactions. The major challenge in cross-linking approaches is the complexity of the mass spectrometric data. New approaches are required that can identify cross-linked peptides with high-confidence and establish a user-friendly analysis protocol for the biomedical scientific community. Here, we introduce a novel cross-linker that can be selectively cleaved in the gas phase using two differential tandem mass-spectrometric fragmentation methods, such as collision-induced or electron transfer dissociation (CID and ETD). This technique produces two signature mass spectra of the same cross-linked peptide, thereby producing high confidence in identifying the sites of interaction. Further tandem mass spectrometry can also give additional confidence on the peptide sequences. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept for this method using standard peptides and proteins. Peptides and proteins were cross-linked and their fragmentation characteristics were analyzed using CID and ETD tandem mass spectrometry. Two sequential cleavages unambiguously identified cross-linked peptides. In addition, the labeling efficiency of the new cross-linker was evaluated in macrophage immune cells after stimulation with the microbial ligand lipopolysaccharide and subsequent pulldown experiments with biotin-avidin affinity chromatography. We believe this strategy will help advance insights into the structural biology and systems biology of cell signaling.
Decapeptide Agonists of Human C5a: The Relationship between Conformation and Spasmogenic and Platelet Aggregatory Activities (1994)

A series of decapeptide analogues corresponding to the C-terminal region of human C5a anaphylatoxin (C5a65-74) was synthesized with residue substitutions to restrict conformational flexibility in the C-terminus. These conformationally constrained peptides behaved as agonists of C5a in spasmogenic assays (smooth muscle contraction in human fetal artery, guinea pig ileum, and guinea pig lung parenchyma) as well as guinea pig platelet aggregation. There were significant correlations in the potencies of these peptides between the various assays. A structure-function analysis led to the identification of a preferred backbone conformation that correlated with the expression of these biological responses. These backbone structural motifs were consistent with a helix-like conformation for residues 65-69, an elongated structure for residues 70-71, and a beta-turn of either type II or type V for residues (71)72-74. The most potent of these agonists expressed almost 5% of the potency of natural C5a.
Feature extraction of finger vein patterns based on iterative line tracking and its application to personal identification (2004)

Abstract The research group of which the authors are members has proposed a scheme based on finger vein patterns as a scheme of biometric identification utilizing biological information. Since the finger vein images taken to obtain finger vein patterns are obtained by irradiating the fingers with infrared rays, fluctuations in brightness due to variations in the light power or the thickness of the finger occur. This paper proposes a scheme for extracting global finger vein patterns by iteratively tracking local lines from various positions to robustly extract finger vein patterns from such unclear images. The proposed scheme is robust against brightness fluctuations as compared with the conventional feature extraction schemes and the results of evaluating the proposed scheme by applying it to a personal identification system showed an effective error rate of 0.145%. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(7): 61–71, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.10596
Large-Area Fabrication of Droplet Pancake Bouncing Surface and Control of Bouncing State (2017)

Superhydrophobic pillar arrays, which can generate the droplet pancake bouncing phenomenon with reduced liquid–solid contact time, have huge application prospects in anti-icing of aircraft wings from freezing rain. However, the previously reported pillar arrays, suitable for obtaining pancake bouncing, have a diameter ≤100 μm and height–diameter ratio >10, which are difficult to fabricate over a large area. Here, we have systematically studied the influence of the dimension of the superhydrophobic pillar arrays on the bouncing dynamics of water droplets. We show that the typical pancake bouncing with 57.8% reduction in contact time with the surface was observed on the superhydrophobic pillar arrays with 1.05 mm diameter, 0.8 mm height, and 0.25 mm space. Such pillar arrays with millimeter diameter and <1 height–diameter ratio can be easily fabricated over large areas. Further, a simple replication-spraying method was developed for the large-area fabrication of the superhydrophobic pillar arrays to induce pancake bouncing. No sacrificial layer was needed to reduce the adhesion in the replication processes. Since the bouncing dynamics were rather sensitive to the space between the pillars, a method to control the contact time, bouncing shape, horizontal bouncing direction, and reversible switch between pancake bouncing and conventional bouncing was realized by adjusting the inclination angle of the shape memory polymer pillars.
Statistical analysis of defect-caused laser damage in thin films (1977)

An analysis of the statistics of laser-induced damage to thin films is carried out for the commonly assumed single-defect model, in which damage is caused by irradiation of identical, randomly distributed defects in the film. The probability for damage due to a single irradiation with a beam of Gaussian spatial profile is calculated, and it is shown that observed variations with beam size of the intensity required to maintain a constant high probability for damage are accounted for by this expression. The multiple-shot damage probability is then calculated, assuming that irradiation is started at a low value of energy and increased stepwise, for two cases, an N-on-1 experiment where the beam irradiates the same site each time and a 1-on-1 experiment where the beam is moved to a new site with each shot. The damage thresholds, defined to be the median values of the distribution functions for these two cases, are compared to one another and to the thresholdfor a single-shot experiment. Moreover, the dependence of the threshold on the size of the pulse-to-pulse energy increment is determined. Finally, the effect of a second damage mechanism involving damage to the host material is determined by calculating the mean and variance of the probability density function. These results are shown to be in good agreement with prior measurements of the beam-size dependence of threshold.
Hazardous material analysis using mid-wave infrared hyperspectral imaging techniques (2013)

The detection and identification of hazardous material is required in a wide range of application environments including military and civilian. Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy is a technique that can be used for material identification through comparing absorption spectra with reference data from a spectral library. The absorption spectrum of a compound is the result of light at certain wavelengths being absorbed through molecular vibrations of the compound. To build on this phenomenon, hyperspectral imaging can be used to add spatial information of the absorber. In this case, the IR source output, an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) operating at 1.5 to 1.7 μm in the short wave IR (SWIR) and 2.7 to 3.6 μm in the mid wave IR (MWIR), is raster scanned using a galvanometric mirror pair across a scene of interest. The resulting backscattered light is de-scanned through the same mirror pair and focussed onto point detectors and images in the IR are generated. This hyperspectral imaging instrument is a prototype that is currently being developed for a wide range of applications. If an absorber is present and the OPO wavelength is tuned to an absorption feature of this absorber, this interaction will appear as a dark area in the generated image. With the broad tunability of the OPO, a detailed absorption spectrum of the target compound can be recorded and used to aid material identification. This work presents a selection of results where explosive simulants and materials were investigated and analysed using the prototype instrument.
Broadband terahertz modulation using reconfigurable mesh filters (2013)

A broadband terahertz intensity modulator based on MEMS-reconfigurable mesh filters is presented and experimentally demonstrated. Modulator operation is based on reconfiguring the geometry of a multi-layer mesh filter from a capacitive configuration to an inductive configuration, which alters device scattering parameters from a low-pass filter to a high-pass filter, respectively. The geometry of the multi-layer mesh filter is chosen to allow cut-off frequencies beyond 3 THz, enabling terahertz modulation over a broad range of frequencies. Additionally, arrays of multi-contact electrostatic MEMS switches are integrated with the multi-layer mesh filter, enabling the required geometry reconfiguration within a fully integrated and high-speed device solution. We experimentally demonstrate more than 65% modulation depth over 1.5 THz frequency band, under a modulation voltage of 30 V and modulation speeds exceeding 20 KHz.
PinDr0p (2010)

The recent diversification of telephony infrastructure allows users to communicate through landlines, mobile phones and VoIP phones. However, call metadata such as Caller-ID is either not transferred or transferred without verification across these networks, allowing attackers to maliciously alter it. In this paper, we develop PinDr0p, a mechanism to assist users in determining call provenance - the source and the path taken by a call. Our techniques detect and measure single-ended audio features to identify all of the applied voice codecs, calculate packet loss and noise profiles, while remaining agnostic to characteristics of the speaker's voice (as this may legitimately change when interacting with a large organization). In the absence of verifiable call metadata, these features in combination with machine learning allow us to determine the traversal of a call through as many as three different providers (e.g., cellular, then VoIP, then PSTN and all combinations and subsets thereof) with 91.6% accuracy. Moreover, we show that once we identify and characterize the networks traversed, we can create detailed fingerprints for a call source. Using these fingerprints we show that we are able to distinguish between calls made using specific PSTN, cellular, Vonage, Skype and other hard and soft phones from locations across the world with over 90% accuracy. In so doing, we provide a first step in accurately determining the provenance of a call.
Phase-compensated ultra-bright source of entangled photons (2005)

By compensating for a phase-based decoherence effect, we produce the brightest high quality source of polarization entangled photons to date: 2.01*10/sup 6/ measured pairs per second.
Some reactions at a mercury(II) sulphide photoanode (1980)

The photoelectrochemical reactions of pigmentary mercury(II) sulphide have been investigated using electrochemical cells having a platinum electrode coated with the sulphide. E.m.f. and current measurements show that the sulphide behaves as an n-type semiconductor and when sodium nitrate is used as electrolyte the photoanode is stable. Use of other electrolytes can lead to solubilisation and a change of colour of the sulphide. The darkened form of the sulphide so produced is more photoreactive than the red form. The sulphide photoassists the electrolysis of water and this is rationalised on the basis of an energy level diagram drawn up from experimental data.
Interactive relighting with dynamic BRDFs (2007)

We present a technique for interactive relighting in which source radiance, viewing direction, and BRDFs can all be changed on the fly. In handling dynamic BRDFs, our method efficiently accounts for the effects of BRDF modification on the reflectance and incident radiance at a surface point. For reflectance, we develop a BRDF tensor representation that can be factorized into adjustable terms for lighting, viewing, and BRDF parameters. For incident radiance, there exists a non-linear relationship between indirect lighting and BRDFs in a scene, which makes linear light transport frameworks such as PRT unsuitable. To overcome this problem, we introduce precomputed transfer tensors (PTTs) which decompose indirect lighting into precomputable components that are each a function of BRDFs in the scene, and can be rapidly combined at run time to correctly determine incident radiance. We additionally describe a method for efficient handling of high-frequency specular reflections by separating them from the BRDF tensor representation and processing them using precomputed visibility information. With relighting based on PTTs, interactive performance with indirect lighting is demonstrated in applications to BRDF animation and material tuning.
Interfacing Microfluidics with Negative Stain Transmission Electron Microscopy (2015)

A microfluidic platform is presented for preparing negatively stained grids for use in transmission electron microscopy (EM). The microfluidic device is composed of glass etched with readily fabricated features that facilitate the extraction of the grid poststaining and maintains the integrity of the sample. Utilization of this device simultaneously reduced environmental contamination on the grids and improved the homogeneity of the heavy metal stain needed to enhance visualization of biological specimens as compared to conventionally prepared EM grids. This easy-to-use EM grid preparation device provides the basis for future developments of systems with more integrated features, which will allow for high-throughput and dynamic structural biology studies.
Interworking of addressing schemes in an internetwork (2002)

We examine the problem of address interworking that arises when two networks of the same type (that use the same addressing format) are interconnected by a different type of network (one that uses a different addressing format). Solutions to this problem fall broadly into four categories: (i) schemes that send address resolution messages when a call/packet arrives ("pull" information), (ii) schemes in which address resolution information is sent in routing or routing-like protocols ("push" information), (iii) schemes that use administered cross-office address translation tables at gateways, and (iv) schemes that use encapsulated/mapped addresses. Internetworking problems that are of interest today include PSTN/ATM, IP/ATM and PSTN/IP internetworking. The PSTN uses 8-byte E.164 addresses (telephone numbers), IP networks use 4-byte IPv4 addresses, and ATM networks use 20-byte ATM End System Addresses (AESAs). Current solutions to the address interworking problem for these internetworks fall into the first three categories of solutions. We propose use of the last solution category for these three internetworking problems. We provide a comparison of our proposed scheme with other solutions.
A Review on Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converters for Medium Voltage Applications (2022)

The medium-voltage dc (MVDC) distribution network is gaining interest due to the increasing demand for electrical vehicles, medium voltage motor drives, onboard electrical systems for electric ships, and distributed generations. The conventional two and three-level converters face challenges with high filter requirements and series connection of power switches. To overcome these challenges and improve the converter performance, the modular multilevel converter and its derived topologies are the best suitable choice. This paper discusses different major multilevel converters for medium voltage applications, which include modular multilevel converter (MMC), alternate arm converter (AAC), parallel hybrid converter (PHC), and modular embedded multilevel converter (MEMC). The comparative analysis of these converters based on their structure, device count, energy storage requirement, and semiconductor losses are performed in this paper. The working principle of the converters is validated using the simulation studies in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Mixed-Signal Transmitter Leakage Cancellation for PMCW MIMO Radar (2018)

PMCW (Phase-Modulated Continuous Wave) radar is an effective solution for large (Multiple Input Multiple Output) MIMO radars. But, as for every continuous wave radar, the performances of PMCW radars can be strongly degraded by the leakage of the transmitted signal to the receiver. This paper proposes a mixed-signal solution which aims at cancelling the transmitter leakage in the receiver chain, just after the mixer, in order to improve the radar sensitivity. For that purpose, we need, first, to estimate the spillover from each transmitter. Then, a cancellation signal is computed digitally for each receiver and injected, through a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC), in baseband. We show by simulation that a significant sensitivity gain is achievable.
Abstract 3831: 131I-CLR1404 and CLR1404: Broad spectrum, cancer-targeted molecular radio- and chemotherapeutic phospholipid ether analogs (2012)

Abstract The effectiveness of current approaches to cancer therapy is often limited by off-target toxicity or, if relatively selective, by lack of drug target expression in tumors. To address these shortcomings, structure-activity relationship studies were undertaken and identified a series of iodophenyl-containing phospholipid ether (PLE) analogs that selectively accumulate in cancer cells/cancer stem cells compared to normal cells/stem cells, in vitro and in vivo. Isosteric iodine substitution in CLR1404 affords either a diagnostic/imaging agent (e.g. using 124I for cancer-selective PET imaging) or a molecular radiotherapeutic agent (e.g. using 131I for cancer-selective cytotoxicity), both of which are in clinical development. We suggest the term “diapeutic” to describe such drugs which can be used in one form to identify and characterize patients who will benefit from a specific therapy and, in another form, to effect that therapy. Here we describe the broad-spectrum efficacy of the 131I-labeled homolog of one such diapeutic compound (CLR1404) in human tumor xenograft models in mice including Caki-2 (renal; clear cell carcinoma), HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma), Ovcar-3 (ovarian adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (triple negative mammary gland adenocarcinoma, MES-SA/Dx5 (uterine sarcoma), U87 (glioma), Mia Paca-2 (pancreatic carcinoma) and PC-3 (prostate carcinoma). In these models, a single i.v. injection of 131I-CLR1404 (100 αCi, 3.8 μg/mouse) resulted in significant tumor growth suppression and extension of survival. A separate radiotoxicology study in normal rats followed for six months or until death after a single dose of 131I-CLR1404 did not find significant radiation toxicity below 5 mCi suggesting that 131I-CLR1404 may display an acceptable therapeutic index in man. At 100-fold higher mass dose (380 μg/mouse, i.v.) CLR1404, the non-radioactive, 127I-containing homolog, was also highly efficacious in human tumor mouse xenograft models including MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer) and A549 (non-small cell lung cancer). CLR1404 inhibited proliferation of multiple human cancer cell lines in vitro with an IC50 of ∼5 μM compared to ∼50 μM for growth suppression of normal fibroblasts. Similar concentrations inhibited the PI3K/Akt cell signaling pathway and stimulated pro-apoptotic caspases in human cancer cell lines but not in normal fibroblasts. Thus, 131I-CLR1404 and CLR1404 each combine wide-ranging, cancer cell-selective targeting with cytotoxicity mechanisms known be broadly effective (intracellular radiation or PI3K/Akt inhibition, respectively). As such, both agents have the potential to provide effective, well-tolerated therapy across numerous cancer types. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3831. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3831
tRNA requirements for <i>glyQS</i> antitermination: A new twist on tRNA (2003)

Transcription antitermination of the Bacillus subtilis glyQS gene, a member of the T box gene regulation family, can be induced during in vitro transcription in a minimal system using purified B. subtilis RNA polymerase by the addition of unmodified T7 RNA polymerase-transcribed tRNA(Gly). Antitermination was previously shown to depend on base-pairing between the glyQS leader and the tRNA at the anticodon and acceptor ends. In this study, variants of tRNA(Gly) were generated to identify additional tRNA elements required for antitermination activity, and to determine the effect of structural changes in the tRNA. We find that additions to the 3' end of the tRNA blocked antitermination, in agreement with the prediction that uncharged tRNA is the effector in vivo, whereas insertion of 1 nucleotide between the acceptor stem and the 3' UCCA residues had no effect. Disruption of the D-loop/T-loop tertiary interaction inhibited antitermination function, as was previously demonstrated for tRNA(Tyr)-directed antitermination of the B. subtilis tyrS gene in vivo. Insertion of a single base pair in the anticodon stem was tolerated, whereas further insertions abolished antitermination. However, we find that major alterations in the length of the acceptor stem are tolerated, and the insertions exhibited a pattern of periodicity suggesting that there is face-of-the-helix dependence in the positioning of the unpaired UCCA residues at the 3' end of the tRNA for interaction with the antiterminator bulge and antitermination.