gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wire bonding in microelectronics (2010)

Wire Bonding in Microelectronics, Third Edition, has been thoroughly revised to help you meet the challenges of today's small-scale and fine-pitch microelectronics. This authoritative guide covers every aspect of designing, manufacturing, and evaluating wire bonds engineered with cutting-edge techniques. In addition to gaining a full grasp of bonding technology, you'll learn how to create reliable bonds at exceedingly high yields, test wire bonds, solve common bonding problems, implement molecular cleaning methods, and much more. Coverage includes: Ultrasonic bonding systems and technologies, including high-frequency systems Bonding wire metallurgy and characteristics, including copper wire Wire bond testing Gold-aluminum intermetallic compounds and other interface reactions Gold and nickel-based bond pad plating materials and problems Cleaning to improve bondability and reliability Mechanical problems in wire bonding High-yield, fine-pitch, specialized-looping, soft-substrate, and extreme-temperature wire bonds Copper, low-dielectric-constant (Cu/Lo-k) technology and problems Wire bonding process modeling and simulation CD includes all of the book's full-color figures plus animations.
Comb-Generator Characterization (2008)

We characterize a 50-GHz comb generator with a sampling oscilloscope. With careful control of the input power, input harmonics, and comb generator temperature, we measure the output spectrum with a standard uncertainty of 0.1 dB and 0.5deg. We correct the measurements for time-base distortion, impedance mismatch, an inline attenuator, and the complex frequency response of the oscilloscope's sampler. We also report on the stability of the comb-generator spectrum and the effects of the recorded time windows, drive levels, and temperature. These results provide general guidelines for practioners of high-speed measurements and a benchmark for future inter-laboratory comparisons of harmonic phase-reference calibrations.
Wheel/rail profile studies (2002)

The subject of determining the proper profile to use with either the wheel or rail has long been a discussion of controversy. Practices have evolved and become common in monitoring the rail profile and keeping in conformance with researched profiles that offer maximum rail life. However, with the wheel, preventative measures to maintain the accepted profile have not been widely adopted. Railroad companies and Loram Maintenance of Way have joined forces to develop an "Automatic Wheel Inspection System" (AWIS). This paper demonstrates the benefits of monitoring as well as profiling wheels in order to extend their useful life.
A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Women (1996)

Cigarette smoking is an independent and avoidable risk factor for AMD among women. Because AMD is the most common cause of severe visual impairment among the elderly and treatment is not available or is ineffective for most patients, reducing the risk of this disease is another important reason to avoid smoking.
Break Detection Systems (1997)

This paper discusses a subclass of fraud detection systems known as break detection systems. A number of AI techniques have proven effective in fraud detection; however break detection systems address more complex problems than have typically been reported. Problems addressed by break detection systems are characterized not only by dynamic data with complicated temporal and other relationships, but also by changing types of fraudulent behavior. Furthermore, the available data usually does not provide the appropriate representation for direct search. In particular, we note the essential role of consolidation and linkage in these systems to build abstractions that can support break detection. The authors have had experience designing and building two break detection systems in related domains of financial transactions - one to discover occurrences of money laundering involving large cash transactions reported to the U.S. Treasury, the other to discover potentially violative behavior of stock broker/dealers in the Nasdaq Stock Market. We discuss problem domain characteristics, AI techniques, and lessons learned about break detection in the context of the architectures of these systems.
Hydrogels having tubular α-cyclodextrin structure: effect of nano-tube structure on long alkyl chain partitions (2003)

New hydrogels having the tubular structure of a-cyclodextrins (a-CDs) crosslinked by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (MT-PEG hydrogels) were prepared by using a hydrolyzable polyrotaxane. The hydrolyzable polyrotaxane, in which many a-CDs are threaded onto a PEG chain capped by a hydrolyzable ester moiety, was used to form a tubular structure in the hydrogel. After crosslinking with another PEG chain, the ester linkage in the polyrotaxane was hydrolyzed in 1N NaOH. This led to exposing hydrophobic cavity of a-CDs. The tubular-structured hydrogel incorporated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) much faster than normally crosslinked a-CDs hydrogel (a-CD-PEG hydrogel). Furthermore, partition coefficient (K) of SDS to the MT-PEG hydrogel was two times larger than the a-CD-PEG hydrogel. These results suggest that the tubular structure of a-CDs, made from a template of the polyrotaxane, is much more attractive to include SDS in the a-CD cavities. Unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and oleic acid (C18:1)) were also effectively incorporated into the tubular-structured hydrogel during 6 days. The K value of C16:1 was as the same order in magnitude as C18:1. Thus, the tubular structure of a-CDs was advantageous to incorporate long alkyl chains into the hydrophobic cavity of a-CDs in aqueous conditions.
Adaptation of an Automated Assay for Determination of β‐Hydroxybutyrate in Dogs Using a Random Access Analyzer (1992)

An automated method for measuring beta-hydroxybutyrate was adapted to the Ciba-Corning 550 Express trade mark random access analyzer. The assay was based on a kinetic reaction utilizing hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase. Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration (mmol/L) was calculated ratiometrically using a 1.0 mmol/l standard. Canine serum, plasma, and urine were used without prior deproteinization and only a 30-microliter sample was required. The method demonstrated good linearity between 0 to 2 mmol/l of beta-hydroxybutyrate. Analytical recovery (accuracy) within these concentrations ranged from 85.8 to 113.3%. Both within-run and day-to-day precision were determined, as was specificity of the assay in the presence of a variety of interfering substances. The automated assay was rapid and economical, with reagent stability maintained for at least 2 weeks at 4 degrees C. This assay can readily be applied toward the assessment of ketoacidosis in dogs, and with further validation, other species.
Neuromuscular Blockade of Mivacurium Following the Duration of Isepamicin Intramuscular Injection in Rabbits (2002)

Background: Iseparnicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was usually administered to patients for prophylactic use. Mivacurium has a short duration of action. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the neuromuscular blockade of mivacurium following the duration of an intramuscular injection of isepamicin 20 mg/kg/d in rabbits. Methods: In the first study, the dose-response relations of mivacurium were studied in forty rabbits during thiopental anesthesia. Rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups; group 1: normal saline 2 ml/d IM for 7 days; group 2: isepamicin 20 mg/kg/d IM for 1 day; group 3: isepamicin 20 mg/kg/d IM for 3 days; group 4: isepamicin 20 mg/kg/d IM for 7 days. They received mivacurium 10, 20 and 30 /kg in groups 1, 2 and 3; mivacurium 20, 30 and 40 /kg in group 4, respectively. In the second study, time courses of action of mivacurium 0.18 mg/kg in forty rabbits were evaluated in each group. Results: The calculated EDso for mivacurium in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 19.2 3.1 /kg, 15.4 3.7 /kg, 20.1 3.5 /kg and 31.2 4.4 /kg, respectively and corresponding ED95 was 29.9 3.7 /kg, 22.1 4.5 /kg, 30.1 5.9 /kg and 43.4 5.1 /kg, respectively. There were significant differences between group 4 and the others (P 5.1 min, 42.2 6.2 min, 32.8 4.9 min and 24.9 3.6 min, respectively. There were significant differences between group 2 and others, and between group 4 and group 1 or 3, respectively (P
Cyclophosphamide Combined with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Protects against Bleomycin-induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice. (2015)

It was concluded that CP alone does not improve PF and may be harmful. In contrast, combined application of BM-MSCs with CP provided better protection against PF and may serve as an effective therapy.
Recombinant Human Hemoglobin with Reduced Nitric Oxide–scavenging Capacity Restores Effectively Pancreatic Microcirculatory Disorders in Hemorrhagic Shock (2004)

rHb2.0 was effectively able to restore pancreatic microcirculation after hemorrhagic shock. This may be related to the compound's effective lack of nitric oxide-scavenging properties. This hemoglobin solution or ones similar to it might be uniquely valuable for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock.
E-logistics as an Element of the Business Model Maturity in Enterprises of the TFL Sector (2017)

The aim of the paper is to compare the maturity of business models in two groups of companies in the TFL sector (transport-forwarding-logistics). The division into two groups was based on the use (or non-use) of e-logistics. The maturity of the model is assessed based on the financial ratios of the surveyed companies. To achieve the research objective, the ANOVA method was used. Statistical tests dedicated to this method made it possible to assess the presence of statistically significant differences in the assessment of the maturity of business models used in companies of the TFL sector, depending on the utilization or non-utilization of e-logistics in their business.
Clustering of time series using hybrid symbolic aggregate approximation (2017)

Clustering of time series is one of the best-known grand challenges in time series analysis because of its application potentialities and difficulty. It is like data clustering and the task of partitioning time series into several groups based on their similarities, such that time series in a cluster are similar and they are not similar to other clusters. In the last decade, symbolic aggregate approximation (SAX), which is a high-level symbolic representation for time series, has attracted the attention of many data mining researchers. SAX enables time series analysis to be applied to sequence mining techniques. In this study, we propose a new approach for clustering time series that utilizes a moving average convergence divergence (MACD)-histogram-based SAX (MHSAX) and the k-medoids method. MHSAX is a hybrid symbolic aggregate approximation combining the SAX strings of a time series and its MACD histogram. By utilizing MHSAX, we can calculate the more accurate distance between time series compared with other approaches. This improves the affinity with the k-medoids method and improves the accuracy of clustering. We actually implemented the proposed clustering method and conducted experiments using the whole UCR Time Series Archive data sets. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to other state-of-the-art methods.
Preparation of D-limonene Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion from an Optimum Formulation (2014)

D-limonene in water nanoemulsion is prepared from an optimum formulation by low energy process at room temperature. The phase behavior of d-limonene/isotridecanol ethoxylate-6/ isopropyl alcohol /water system is systematically investigated to identify the optimum formulation. The microstructure of intermediate phases has been characterized by optical microscope and small angle X-ray diffraction. The microstructure of formulation concentrate has been further determined by means of electrical conductivity. The droplet size of nanoemulsion has been determined by light scattering and correlated with their microstructure. The results show that d-limonene nanoemulsion with droplet size of ca. 40 nm is obtained via the addition of the optimum formulation, which is a microemulsion, directly into water. This process involves composition change from a bicontinuous structure.
Enhancing Multimodal Annotations with Pen-Based Information (2007)

Ubiquitous computing aims at providing services to users without taking their attention from their main task. Considering that, when users watch a video with someone else, they are used to make comments with respect to its contents, we propose the capture of typical video watching- and-commenting tasks to automatically generate a corre- sponding annotated interactive video. In this project we first revisit our previous experiences with multimodal annotations and ink playback. Next, we discuss our work in progress toward building a prototype that supports the authoring by watching-and-commenting paradigm, in which users can add audio or pen-based com- ments to digital video or to a sequence of images.
Structure determination of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes by nanoarea electron diffraction (2003)

In this letter, we report an electron diffraction determination of chiral vectors (n,m) of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Electron diffraction patterns from individual SWNTs were recorded on imaging plates using a parallel electron beam over a section of tube of ∼50 nm long. Using two tubes of 1.39 and 3.77 nm in diameter, we show that the details of electron diffuse scattering can be detected for both the small and large tubes. The quality of diffraction patterns allows the accurate measurement of both the diameters and chiral angles of SWNTs for a direct determination of chiral vectors. The electron diffraction technique is general and applicable to other forms of individual nanostructures.
Comparative performance of different skin chrominance models and chrominance spaces for the automatic detection of human faces in color images (2002)

This paper presents an analysis of the performance of two different skin chrominance models and of nine different chrominance spaces for the color segmentation and subsequent detection of human faces in two-dimensional static images. For each space, we use the single Gaussian model based on the Mahalanobis metric and a Gaussian mixture density model to segment faces from scene backgrounds. In the case of the mixture density model, the skin chrominance distribution is estimated by use of the expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm. Feature extraction is performed on the segmented images by use of invariant Fourier-Mellin moments. A multilayer perceptron neural network (NN), with the invariant moments as the input vector, is then applied to distinguish faces from distractors. With the single Gaussian model, normalized color spaces are shown to produce the best segmentation results, and subsequently the highest rate of face detection. The results are comparable to those obtained with the more sophisticated mixture density model. However, the mixture density model improves the segmentation and face detection results significantly for most of the un-normalized color spaces. Ultimately, we show that, for each chrominance space, the detection efficiency depends on the capacity of each model to estimate the skin chrominance distribution and, most importantly, on the discriminability between skin and "non-skin" distributions.
Characterization and utilization of a novel triflate ionic liquid stationary phase for use in comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (2008)

A novel triflate (trifluoromethylsulfonate) ionic liquid (IL) thin film (0.08 microm) stationary phase was implemented for use within the second column of a comprehensive GC x GC configuration. The first column in the configuration had a 5% phenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane (DMPS) stationary phase with a 0.4 microm film. The DMPS x IL column configuration was used to separate a mixture of 32 compounds of various chemical functional classes. The GC x GC results for the IL column were compared with a commercially available polar column (with a 0.1 microm PEG stationary phase film) used as the second column instead. Additional studies focused on the rapid and selective separation of four phosphorous-oxygen (P-O) containing compounds from the 32-compound matrix: dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl methylphosphonate (DEMP), diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP). van't Hoff plots (plots of ln k vs. 1/T) demonstrated the difference in retention between the P-O containing compounds (with DMMP reported in detail) and other classes of compounds (i. e., 2-pentanol and n-dodecane as representative) using either the IL column or the commercial PEG column. The selectivity (alpha) of the triflate IL column and the commercially available PEG column were also compared. The IL column provided significantly larger selectivities between DMMP and the other two compounds (2-pentanol and n-dodecane) than the commercial PEG column. The alpha for DMMP relative to n-dodecane was 3.0-fold greater for the triflate IL column, and the alpha for DMMP relative to 2-pentanol was 1.7-fold greater for the triflate IL column than for the PEG column.
A Clean-air Operating Enclosure (1986)

A little over 100 years ago Joseph Lister attempted to control the conditions about the wound during his operations by using a fine spray of dilute carbolic acid. He believed that the spray reduced the incidence of wound infection by killing the “germs” in the air, on the surfaces of the drapes, and on the clothing of the surgeon and his assistants. As aseptic surgical technique was perfected, the emphasis remained on reducing the number of bacteria in the immediate environment by destroying them. It was John Charnley who, cognizant of the importance of airborne infection, conceived the idea of reducing the number of bacteria suspended in the air of the operating room by filtration and dilution. Perhaps he remembered that Colebrook at the Birmingham Accident Center had reduced the incidence of noscomial infection on his burn wards by forced ventilation and air exchange, or was stimulated by the knowledge that dust-free environments were being created for the manufacturing of computers and other delicate bits of intricate machinery, in which a speck of dust could not be tolerated. If dust particles could be removed, why not bacteria? Utilizing this approach, he achieved the success in reducing his infection rate, described in this paper.
A greatly extended PPARGC1A genomic locus encodes several new brain-specific isoforms and influences Huntington disease age of onset† (2012)

PGC-1α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in two separate haplotype blocks of PPARGC1A have shown associations with Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease, but causative SNPs have not been identified. One SNP (rs7665116) was located in a highly conserved 233 bp region of intron 2. To determine whether rs7665116 is located in an alternative exon, we performed 5'-RLM-RACE from exon 3 and discovered multiple new transcripts that initiated from a common novel promoter located 587 kb upstream of exon 2, but did not contain the conserved region harboring rs7665116. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, RNase protection assays and northern blotting, we show that the majority of these transcripts are brain specific and are at least equally or perhaps more abundant than the reference sequence PPARGC1A transcripts in whole brain. Two main transcripts containing independent methionine start codons encode full-length brain-specific PGC-1α proteins that differ only at their N-termini (NTs) from PGC-1α, encoded by the reference sequence. Additional truncated isoforms containing these NTs that are similar to NT-PGC-1α exist. Other transcripts may encode potential dominant negative forms, as they are predicted to lack the second LXXLL motif that serves as an interaction site for several nuclear receptors. Furthermore, we show that the new promoter is active in neuronal cell lines and describe haplotypes encompassing this region that are associated with HD age of onset. The discovery of such a large PPARGC1A genomic locus and multiple isoforms in brain warrants further functional studies and may provide new tissue-specific targets for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Seroneutralization of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Correlates with Antibody Response to the GP<sub>5</sub> Major Envelope Glycoprotein (1999)

To determine the structural protein of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) involved in the production of neutralizing antibodies following clinical infection, correlation was studied between virus neutralization capability of convalescent pig sera and antibody response to the open reading frames (ORFs) 3-, 4-, 5-, and 7-encoded proteins GP3, GP4, GP5, and N, respectively. Individual virus genes were cloned into the pGEX-4T-1 vector, and the recombinant viral proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli fused to the glutathione S-transferase (GST) protein. The resulting GST-ORF3, GST-ORF4, GST-ORF5, and GST-ORF7 recombinant fusion proteins were purified by electroelution and used as antigens for serologic testing by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western immunoblotting. The overall antibody (IgG and IgM) titers to PRRSV of pooled convalescent pig sera were first determined by indirect immunofluorescence, and then sera with specific IgG titers > 1:1,024 were tested for their specific virus neutralization activity and reactivity to individual recombinant fusion proteins. Except for the early immune response (as revealed by the presence of specific IgM), neutralizing titers were correlated with anti-GP5 titers but not with anti-GP3 and anti-GP4 titers. The correlation between virus neutralization and anti-GP5 titers was significant (r = 0.811, P < or = 0.001).
Document image understanding: integrating recovery and interpretation (1993)

Many document image understanding problems require a more comprehensive examination of document features than is typically deemed necessary for recognition tasks. We believe that these problems require a detailed analysis of and sub-stroke features in the document image with the goal of obtaining information about the environment or process which created the document and establishing a context for understanding.
We introduce the concept of recovery into the document domain. We provide a stroke representation which establishes a verifiable link to the pixels and demonstrate its usefulness for recovery tasks. This representation allows us to overcome many of the problems associated with the rapid, irreversible abstraction associated with traditional document processing methods and provides the basic framework for our analysis of handwritten documents. By obtaining a detailed description of the document and its properties, we are able to establish a context for analysis and validate assumptions about the domain. This dissertation presents our work on several document image understanding problems: (1) demonstrating the successful use of the platform for the problem of interpreting and reconstructing junctions and endpoints, (2) exploring the effects of the handwriting process on the document by the development of a model for instrument grasp and a study of its effects on pressure features, (3) posing and providing an approach to the problem of recovering temporal information from static images of handwriting, (4) addressing various sub-tasks of the problem of processing form documents, and (5) extending the detailed analysis philosophy to demonstrate its feasibility in related document domains.