gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of (4S,5R)-(–)-4-methyl-5-phenyloxazolidine-2-selone: a chiral auxiliary reagent capable of detecting the enantiomers of (R,S)-lipoic acid by<sup>77</sup>Se nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1991)

(4S,5R)-(–)-4-Methyl-5-phenyloxazolidine-2-selone was constructed in 5 steps on the 10-gram scale. 77Se NMR spectroscropic studies revealed that this selone served as a remarkably sensitive chiral auxiliary agent which readily distinguished the selone-coupled (R,S)-lipoic acid (Δδ 0.119 ppm), even though its chiral centre was separated by 8 bonds from the observed nucleus.
Deep Neural Network Media Noise Predictor Turbo-Detection System for 1-D and 2-D High-Density Magnetic Recording (2020)

This article presents a concatenated Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) detector, low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder, and deep neural network (DNN) architecture for a turbo-detection system for 1-D and 2-D magnetic recording (1DMR and TDMR). The input readings first are fed to a partial response (PR) equalizer. Two types of the equalizer are investigated: a linear filter equalizer with a 1-D/2-D PR target and a convolutional neural network (CNN) PR equalizer that is proposed in this work. The equalized inputs are passed to the BCJR to generate the log-likelihood-ratio (LLR) outputs. We input the BCJR LLRs to a CNN noise predictor to predict the signal-dependent media noise. Two different CNN interfaces with the channel decoder are evaluated for TDMR. Then, the second pass of the BCJR is provided with the estimated media noise, and it feeds its output to the LDPC decoder. The system exchanges LLRs between BCJR, LDPC, and CNN iteratively to achieve higher areal density. The simulation results are performed on a grain flipping probabilistic (GFP) model with 11.4 Teragrains per square inch (Tg/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). For the GFP data with 18 nm track pitch (TP) and 11 nm bit length (BL), the proposed method for TDMR achieves 27.78% areal density gain over the 1-D pattern-dependent noise prediction (PDNP). The presented BCJR-LDPC-CNN turbo-detection system obtains 3.877 Terabits per square inch (T/bin <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) areal density for 11.4 Tg/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> GFP model data, which is among the highest areal densities reported to date.
Benefits from using high thermal conductivity tool steels in the hot forming of steels (2010)

Hot stamping is a fairly novel technology where tool steels play a capital role, they strongly influence the properties of the obtained component, the die has a strong contribution to investment and maintenance costs and above all, the influence on produced component cost is unusually high.This is so because productivity is a capital cost factor in this technology, and tool material together with cooling strategy has a great effect on attainable cycle time.In stationary regime, the heat has to be transported from the produced piece to the cooling fluid as fast as possible.Here the cooling strategy and even more the tool material thermal conductivity are the determinant factors, taking for granted that the sheet-tool contact and the cooling fluid turbulence are sufficient.Moreover the thermal conductivity of the tool material influences the aggressiveness of the cooling strategy that can be employed, since it's one of the main determining factors in the thermal shock resistance.The tribological behaviour of the tools is strongly dependant on the sheet coating employed.AAAIn this work the requirements on press hardening dies have been precisely determined through simulation and experimentation.Then several hot work tool steels have been developed with extreme thermal conductivity and with the wear resistance adapted to every specific sheet coating.In the evaluation of these tool steels it has been seen that the predicted tool material requirements were indeed the necessary ones.
Feedback cancellation in hearing aids (2002)

Feedback cancellation in hearing aids is discussed. It involves estimating the feedback signal and subtracting it from the microphone input signal. The system described updates the estimated feedback path whenever changes are detected in the feedback behavior. The normal hearing-aid processing is then interrupted, a probe signal is injected into the system, and a set of filter coefficients is adjusted to give an estimate and the feedback path. Both LMS adaptive filter and Wiener filter approaches were simulated, with the Wiener filter giving better performance at poor signal-to-noise ratios. The simulation results indicate that feedback suppression in excess of 10 dB is possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of downhole geothermal heat flux and thermal conductivity transducers (1978)

Two new transducers were developed which can be used in exploration holes to measure downhole geothermal heat fluxes and earth thermal conductivities. The first step in this effort consisted of analytically describing the performance characteristics of the transducers. Next, models of the transducers were built and tested in the laboratory, verifying the measurement concepts involved. Then a survey was made of possible sites where full-scale transducers could be tested in exploration holes. The two transducers were then fabricated and the test plan developed. Although some technical background material is outlined for the two transducers, the report primarily describes (1) the transducer field test effort at Middletown, (2) the downhole measurements made, and (3) the geothermal heat flux and thermal conductivity data derived from the transducer measurements. The results obtained by the two transducers are compared to each other and to other pertinent data.
NIMG-55. SIMULTANEOUS QUANTITATIVE PH MAPPING AND HYPOXIA IMAGING USING FAST MULTI-ECHO AMINE CEST-EPI IN HUMAN GLIOMAS (2016)

Extracellular acidosis and significant amino acid uptake are hallmarks of gliomas. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI targeted the amine protons on amino acids can serve as a combined amino acid and pH-weighted biomarker with a high specificity for active tumor. We have recently developed a fast, multi-echo CEST-EPI sequence that can provide quantitative T2 maps and hypoxia-weighted images simultaneously with pH-weighted data. This new technique, combined with a comprehensive simulation of the MR physics, allows for estimation of quantitative pH values and relative oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF). We hypothesize this approach will be useful for therapeutic monitoring in patients with glioma. A comprehensive clinical CEST simulation was used to obtain optimal scan parameters for pH-weighted CEST-EPI in glioma tissues. Using these parameters, multi-echo amine CEST-EPI data was collected in 12 glioma patients. Quantitative pH maps were calculated for these patients and compared to perfusion and rOEF maps. Optimization of CEST simulation parameters indicated short saturation pulse trains of high amplitude Gaussian pulses are ideal for obtaining fast pH-weighted contrast when focusing on amine protons. Quantitative pH maps provided complimentary information to perfusion, PET, and rOEF images and reflected underlying pathophysiology. Multi-echo amine CEST-EPI provides simultaneous information about acidity, hypoxia, and water concentration (T2) from a single image acquisition in patients with gliomas. This information may be valuable for non-invasive characterization of tumor biology in human gliomas.
Highly reliable low-energy writing of bits in non-volatile multiferroic memory based on 180-degree magnetization switching with voltage-generated stress (2014)

Rotating the magnetization of a magnetostrictive nanomagnet with electrically generated mechanical strain dissipates miniscule amount of energy compared to any other rotation method and would have been the ideal method to write bits in nonvolatile magnetic memory, except strain cannot ordinarily rotate the magnetization of magnet by more than 90 degrees and "flip" it. Here, we describe a scheme to achieve complete 180 degree rotation of the magnetization of a nanomagnet with strain that will enable writing of binary bits in non-volatile magnetic memory implemented with magneto-tunneling junctions whose soft layers are two-phase magnetostrictive/piezoelectric multiferroics. At room temperature, this writing method results in: (1) energy dissipation < 6200 kT per bit, (2) write error probability < 10^-6, (3) write time of ~ 1 ns, and (4) low read error. This could potentially lead to a new genre of non-volatile memory that is extremely reliable, fast and, at the same time, ultra-energy-efficient.
Geometrical Analysis of Machine Learning Security in Biometric Authentication Systems (2017)

Feature extraction and Machine Learning (ML) techniques are required to reduce high variability of biometric data in Biometric Authentication Systems (BAS) toward improving system utilization (acceptance of legitimate subjects). However, reduction in data variability, also decreases the adversary’s effort in manufacturing legitimate biometric data to break the system (security strength). Typically for BAS design, security strength is evaluated through variability analysis on data, regardless of feature extraction and ML, which are essential for accurate evaluation. In this research, we provide a geometrical method to measure the security strength in BAS, which analyzes the effects of feature extraction and ML on the biometric data. Using the proposed method, we evaluate the security strength of five state-of-the-art electroencephalogram-based authentication systems, on data from 106 subjects, and the maximum achievable security strength is 83 bits.
Enhanced Interference Rejection Bluetooth Low-Energy Back-Channel Receiver With LO Frequency Hopping (2019)

Two prototypes of low-power back-channel (BC) Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) wake-up receivers are presented. The receivers scan the BLE advertising channels for modulated advertising channel patterns by hopping the local oscillator (LO) frequency. The BC message is modulated in the sequence of the three advertising channels in each advertising event. This makes the wake-up via BC messaging compatible with the BLE standard, so it can be generated by a commercial offthe-shelf device. The first proposed receiver uses a dual mixer to downconvert the RF input to reduce the ring-based LO power consumption by operating it at half the RF frequency. The second prototype aims to achieve faster channel hopping using a more stable and lower noise LC-based oscillator. The receivers have -57.5-dBm/-82.2-dBm sensitivity while consuming 150 μW/1.2 mW.
Degradation of TNT, RDX, and TATP using Microscale Mechanically Alloyed Bimetals (2009)

Microscale mechanically alloyed bimetals, particularly Mg/Pd, are being explored as alternative remediation methods for the catalytic reduction of energetic materials triacetone triperoxide (TATP), a peroxide explosive, and environmental contaminants: trinitrotoluene (TNT), and cyclo-trimethylenetrinitramine (RDX). TNT and RDX have been found to contaminate soil and water near industrial production sites, therefore a method for rapid and cost effective remediation is needed. Mg/Pd, as well as other bimetals, Fe/Ni, and Fe/Pd, were shown to reduce TNT and RDX contamination in water samples with varying reactivities. For the degradation of TNT using the microscale mechanically alloyed bimetals, the normalized rate constants obtained were 5.6 x 10-4, 5.0 x 10-3, and 2.7 x 10-4 L g-1 min-1 for Mg/Pd, Fe/Pd, and Fe/Ni, respectively. The normalized rate constants for the degradation of RDX obtained from the vial studies were as follows 1.5 x 10-4, 4.4 x 10-5, and 3.2 x 10-5 L g-1 min-1 for Mg/Pd, Fe/Pd, and Fe/Ni, respectively. Another explosive that has become more prevalent is triacetone triperoxide (TATP). TATP although not environmentally recalcitrant has proved difficult to treat due to its sensitivity to heat and friction. Mechanically alloyed Mg/Pd was shown to degrade TATP in a methanol and water solution with a normalized rate constant of 1.2 x 10-3 L g-1 min-1, and acetone was observed as the major product.
Enhancement of <scp>SMN</scp> protein levels in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy using novel drug‐like compounds (2013)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive muscle weakness, which primarily targets proximal muscles. About 95% of SMA cases are caused by the loss of both copies of the SMN1 gene. SMN2 is a nearly identical copy of SMN1, which expresses much less functional SMN protein. SMN2 is unable to fully compensate for the loss of SMN1 in motor neurons but does provide an excellent target for therapeutic intervention. Increased expression of functional full-length SMN protein from the endogenous SMN2 gene should lessen disease severity. We have developed and implemented a new high-throughput screening assay to identify small molecules that increase the expression of full-length SMN from a SMN2 reporter gene. Here, we characterize two novel compounds that increased SMN protein levels in both reporter cells and SMA fibroblasts and show that one increases lifespan, motor function, and SMN protein levels in a severe mouse model of SMA.
Acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography for ocular biomechanics (2021)

The mechanical properties of the cornea, limbus, and sclera provide important information regarding eye health. Optical coherence elastography (OCE) is highly suitable for assessing ocular tissues' mechanical properties due to its high resolution and superior displacement sensitivity. Typically, elastography involves an external mechanical excitation of the tissue. We recently adopted a method of Air-Coupled Acoustic Radiation Force for the generation of elastic waves in ocular tissues. This method shows several clear advantages other than the traditionally used air-puff excitation. However, the safety of this method needs to be studied before its clinical applications. Also, there is increased interest in passive elastography, where the mechanical response to natural physiological forces like heartbeat and respiration is measured. I will also demonstrate examples of using heartbeat for quantification of tissues' mechanical properties in vivo.
Kinetic analysis of biomolecular interactions by surface plasmon enhanced ellipsometry (2011)

We present the application of ellipsometry to the phase measurement of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in biomolecular detection. In this work, the experimental setup for the SPR sensor was based on a custom-built rotating analyzer ellipsometer, which was equipped with a SPR cell and a microfluidic system. We investigate the sensitivity of SPR sensor which is dependent on the thickness and roughness of metal film, alignment of optical system, and stability of microfluidics. In the drug discovery process, to directly monitor the interaction of small molecule-protein, it is necessary to design a high-sensitivity SPR sensor with a sensitivity of greater than 1 pg/mm<sup>2</sup>. Our sensor demonstrates a much better sensitivity in comparison to other SPR sensors based on reflectometry or phase measurements. The results of calibration indicate that the phase change, δ▵, had an almost linear response to the concentration of ethanol in the double-distilled water solutions. A quantitative analysis of refractive index variation was possible using the results of the ellipsometric model fits for the multilayered thin film on the gold film. Thus, this method is applicable not only to sensor applications, such as affinity biosensors, but also to highly sensitive kinetics for drug discovery. In this paper, we demonstrate how a custom-built rotating analyzer ellipsometer in the SPR condition can be used to directly obtain the interactions and binding kinetics of analytes (biotins, peptides) with immobilized ligand (streptavidin, antibody). We achieved a detection limit of lower than 1.0 x10<sup>-7</sup> RIU, which is the equivalent of 0.1 pg/mm<sup>2</sup>.
Robust Exact Distance Queries on Massive Networks (2014)

We present a versatile and scalable algorithm for computing exact distances on real-world networks with tens of millions of arcs in real time. Unlike existing approaches, preprocessing and queries are practical on a wide variety of inputs, such as social, communication, sensor, and road networks. We achieve this by providing a unified approach based on the concept of 2-hop labels, improving upon existing methods. In particular, we introduce a fast sampling-based algorithm to order vertices by importance, as well as effective compression techniques.
Experimental results confirming improved efficiency of thermoelectric power generation systems with alternate thermodynamic cycles (2004)

Results are presented of a design verification study demonstrating the system efficiency increase in thermoelectric power generation systems that utilize heat content extracted from heated circulating fluids. Devices with electrical outputs ranging from 1 to 5 watts are described. Test results for these devices are compared to the theoretical best values for conventional thermoelectric power generation systems having a single fixed hot side temperature and a single fixed cold side temperature, by extracting heat from a hot side working fluid. Demonstrated efficiency gains are factors of two to four greater than the theoretical best efficiencies of conventional systems.
Hierarchical and High-Girth QC LDPC Codes (2013)

We present an approach to designing capacityapproaching high-girth low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes that are friendly to hardware implementation, and compatible with some desired input code structure defined using a protograph. The approach is based on a mapping of any class of codes defined using a protograph into a family of hierarchical quasicyclic (HQC) LDPC codes. Whereas the parity check matrices of standard quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes are composed of circulant sub-matrices, those of HQC LDPC codes are composed of a hierarchy of circulant sub-matrices that are in turn constructed from circulant sub-matrices, and so on, through some number of levels. Next, we present a girth-maximizing algorithm that optimizes the degrees of freedom within the family of codes to yield a high-girth HQC LDPC code, subject to bounds imposed by the fact that that HQC codes are still quasi-cyclic. Finally, we discuss how certain characteristics of a code protograph will lead to inevitable short cycles, and show that these short cycles can be eliminated using a squashing procedure that results in a high-girth QC LDPC code, although not a hierarchical one. We illustrate our approach with three design examples of QC LDPC codes two girth-10 codes of rates 1/3 and 0.45 and one girth-8 code of rate 0.7 all of which are obtained from protographs of one-sided spatially-coupled codes.
Shape from parallel geodesics for distortion correction of digital camera document images (2007)

Distortion correction methods for digital camera document images of thick volumes or curved papers become important for camera-based document recognition technologies. In this paper we propose a novel distortion correction method for digital camera document images based on "shape from parallel geodesics." This method considers the following features: parallel lines corresponding to character strings or ruled lines of tables on extended surface become parallel geodesics on a curved paper surface and a smoothly curved paper can be modeled by a ruled surface, which is sweep surface of rulings. The projected geodesics and rulings exist in the input image derived from perspective transformation. The presented method extracts the projected geodesics, estimates the projected rulings in the input image, estimates the ruled surface that models the curved paper, and generates the corrected image, in this order. The projected rulings are estimated by the condition derived from only parallelism of geodesics without the requirements for equal spacing. This method can estimate the ruled surface model directly by numerical operations of differentiation, integration and matrix inversion without any iterative calculation. We also report on experiments that show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fast, accurate 2D-MR relaxation exchange spectroscopy (REXSY): Beyond compressed sensing (2016)

Previously, we showed that compressive or compressed sensing (CS) can be used to reduce significantly the data required to obtain 2D-NMR relaxation and diffusion spectra when they are sparse or well localized. In some cases, an order of magnitude fewer uniformly sampled data were required to reconstruct 2D-MR spectra of comparable quality. Nonetheless, this acceleration may still not be sufficient to make 2D-MR spectroscopy practicable for many important applications, such as studying time-varying exchange processes in swelling gels or drying paints, in living tissue in response to various biological or biochemical challenges, and particularly for in vivo MRI applications. A recently introduced framework, marginal distributions constrained optimization (MADCO), tremendously accelerates such 2D acquisitions by using a priori obtained 1D marginal distribution as powerful constraints when 2D spectra are reconstructed. Here we exploit one important intrinsic property of the 2D-MR relaxation exchange spectra: the fact that the 1D marginal distributions of each 2D-MR relaxation exchange spectrum in both dimensions are equal and can be rapidly estimated from a single Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) or inversion recovery prepared CPMG measurement. We extend the MADCO framework by further proposing to use the 1D marginal distributions to inform the subsequent 2D data-sampling scheme, concentrating measurements where spectral peaks are present and reducing them where they are not. In this way we achieve compression or acceleration that is an order of magnitude greater than that in our previous CS method while providing data in reconstructed 2D-MR spectral maps of comparable quality, demonstrated using several simulated and real 2D T<sub>2</sub> - T<sub>2</sub> experimental data. This method, which can be called "informed compressed sensing," is extendable to other 2D- and even ND-MR exchange spectroscopy.