gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lubricity Properties of Asphalt Binders Used in Hot-Mix and Warm-Mix Asphalt Pavements (2012)

The more common science used in determination of a materials coefficient of friction is known as Tribology. Tribiology is defined as the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including the study of friction, wear, and lubrication and is derived from the Greek tribo (to rub) and the Latin – logia (study or learning). The coefficient of friction of a material is empirical – it has to be measured experimentally, and cannot be calculated. Rough surfaces like hot-mix aggregates tend to have higher coefficients than smooth surfaces. Boundary fluids (like asphalt binders) can serve to reduce the coefficient of friction of aggregates during production of asphalt mixtures. Reinke and Baumgardner first introduced the concept of testing asphalt binders in thin films and suggested lubricity and internal friction reduction as a potential explanation of the mechanism allowing production of asphalt mixtures at reduced temperature, warm-mix asphalt (WMA), at the warm-mix technical working group (WMA TWG) in Baltimore, MD, December 2007. Further work in this area was later reported by Hanz, Faheem, Hahmoud and Bahia at the 89 th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January, 2010. This paper presents a continuation of the work of Reinke et al. and Hanz et al. moving from gap-dependent rheology to tribology utilizing a standard tribology fixture and new methods for testing asphalt binders with a dynamic shear rheometer. The work consists of evaluations of various asphalts used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA)mixtures and the effect they might have on friction characteristics, allowing production of warm-mix asphalt through non-chemical techniques such as foaming; and evaluation of Lubricity Optimized Asphalts™ (LOA) and the effect additives have on friction characteristics in asphalt mixtures produced with LOA asphalt binders.
Multi-microphone voice activity and single-talk detectors based on steered-response power output entropy (2018)

Voice activity detection (VAD), namely determining whether a speech signal is active or inactive, and single talk detector (STD), namely detecting that only one speaker is active, are important building blocks in many speech processing applications. A speaker-localization stage (such as the steered response power (SRP)) is often concurrently implemented on the same device.In this paper, the spatial properties of the SRP are utilized for improving the performance of both the voice activity detector (VAD) and the STD. We propose to measure the entropy at the SRP output and compare with the typical entropy of noise-only frames. This feature utilizes spatial information and may therefore become advantageous in nonstationary noise environments. The STD can then be implemented by determining local minimum values of the entropy measure of the SRP.The proposed VAD was tested for a single speaker with two cases, directional background noise with changing level and with a background music source. The proposed STD was tested using real recordings of two concurrent speakers.
Electrochemical cell with alkali and alkaline earth metal containing electrolyte. [paste electrolyte] (1977)

Lightweight electrodes and their method of manufacture for disposition in an electrochemical cell are described. The electrodes comprise a catalytic layer made up of a substantially uniform admixture of metal containing electrocatalyst particles and a fluorocarbon polymer. The manufacture is such that an open pore structure is obtained having porosity sufficient to permit diffusion of gases into the catalytic layer. There is further described electrolytes comprising a eutectic mixture of at least two alkali metal hydroxides substantially free of water and electrolytes which are mobile and have a pastelike consistency at a temperature below about 300/sup 0/C. 1 claim, 5 figures.
<title>Virtual endoscopy: quicker and easier disease evaluation</title> (1997)

The advent of spiral computed tomography (CT) has created the potential to image continuous anatomical volumes during a single breath-hold. The ability to reconstruct overlapping spiral CT images has improved through-plane resolution and contributed to improved diagnostic accuracy. When spiral CT is used to image organ systems such as the colon or airways, it is common to generate up to 500 CT images. We have developed a virtual endoscopy (VE) software system that couples computer-assisted diagnosis capabilities with volume visualization techniques to aid in the analysis of these large datasets. Despite its potential to assist in disease diagnosis, VE faces several important technical and nontechnical challenges that must be addressed before it becomes a clinical reality.
One‐Step Catalytic Transformation of Carbohydrates and Cellulosic Biomass to 2,5‐Dimethyltetrahydrofuran for Liquid Fuels (2010)

Existing technologies to produce liquid fuels from biomass are typically energy-intensive, multistep processes. Many of these processes use edible biomass as starting material. Carbohydrates, such as mono- and polysaccharides and cellulose, typically constitute 50-80% of plant biomass. Herein, we report that hexose from a wide range of biomass-derived carbohydrates, cellulose, and even raw lignocellulose (e.g., corn stover) can be converted into 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF) in one step, in good yields and under mild conditions in water. Under the same conditions, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran is formed from pentose. The reaction employs a soluble rhodium catalyst, dihydrogen, and HI/HCl+NaI. The catalytic system is robust and can be recycled repeatedly without loss of activity. DMTHF is superior to ethanol and has many of the desirable properties currently found in typical petroleum-derived transportation fuels.
OpSecure: A Secure Unidirectional Optical Channel for Implantable Medical Devices (2017)

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are opening up new opportunities for holistic healthcare by enabling continuous monitoring and treatment of various medical conditions, leading to an ever-improving quality of life for patients. Integration of radio frequency (RF) modules in IMDs has provided wireless connectivity and facilitated access to on-device data and post-deployment tuning of essential therapy. However, this has also made IMDs susceptible to various security attacks. Several lightweight encryption mechanisms have been developed to prevent well-known attacks, e.g., integrity attacks that send malicious commands to the device, on IMDs. However, lack of a secure key exchange protocol (that enables the exchange of the encryption key while maintaining its confidentiality) and the immaturity of already-in-use wakeup protocols (that are used to turn on the RF module before an authorized data transmission) are two fundamental challenges that must be addressed to ensure the security of wireless-enabled IMDs. In this paper, we introduce OpSecure, an optical secure communication channel between an IMD and an external device, e.g., a smartphone. OpSecure enables an intrinsically user-perceptible unidirectional data transmission, suitable for physically-secure communication with minimal size and energy overheads. Based on OpSecure, we design and implement two protocols: (i) a low-power wakeup protocol that is resilient against remote battery-draining attacks, and (ii) a secure key exchange protocol to share the encryption key between the IMD and the external device. We evaluate the two protocols using a human body model.
Curcumin-ER Prolonged Subcutaneous Delivery for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2016)

Non-small-cell lung cancer therapy is a challenge due to poor prognosis and low survival rate. There is an acute need for advanced therapies having higher drug efficacy, low immunogenicity and fewer side effects which will markedly improve patient compliance and quality of life of cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel hybrid curcumin nanoformulation (Curcumin-ER) and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of this formulation on a non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model. Use of curcumin, a natural anticancer agent, is majorly limited due to its poor aqueous solubility and hence it's low systemic bioavailability. In this paper, we carried out the nanoformulation of Curcumin-ER, optimized the formulation process and determined the anticancer effects of Curcumin-ER against human A549 non-small cell lung cancer using in vitro and in vivo studies. Xenograft tumors in nude mice were treated with 20 mg/kg subcutaneous injection of Curcumin-ER and liposomal curcumin (Lipocurc) twice a week for seven weeks. Results showed that tumor growth was suppressed by 52.1% by Curcumin-ER treatment and only 32.2% by Lipocurc compared to controls. Tumor sections were isolated from murine xenografts and histology and immunohistochemistry was performed. A decrease in expression of NFκB-p65 subunit and proliferation marker, Ki-67 was observed in treated tumors. In addition, a potent anti-angiogenic effect, characterized by reduced expression of annexin A2 protein, was observed in treated tumors. These results establish the effectiveness of Curcumin-ER in regressing human non-small cell lung cancer growth in the xenograft model using subcutaneous route of administration. The therapeutic efficacy of Curcumin-ER highlights the potential of this hybrid nanoformulation in treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Trade-offs in resource management for virtual private networks (2005)

Virtual private networks (VPNs) feature notable characteristics in structure and traffic patterns that can be exploited by the service provider to achieve significant capacity savings. Efficient provisioning of point-to-point connections using statistical admission control is well understood. However, provisioning a VPN involves provisioning a set of point-to-multipoint connections and features an additional dimension in the form of a traffic matrix. Consequently we have multiple network mechanisms that are important for efficient operation: a) admission control, b) signaling-based per-link reservations, c) traffic matrix estimation. In this paper we examine the relative importance of mechanisms that positively affect the operational efficiency in the context of VPN provisioning. Using insights from our extensive measurement based study on the structural properties usually observed in VPNs, we build a simulation framework to quantify the trade-offs in opting for one mechanism over the other. We arrive at our conclusions with the help of simulations featuring a variety of VPN structures and network topologies. We find that the structural characteristics of VPNs cause traffic matrix estimation to be a dominant factor in determining the utilization gains. Consequently, we find that deploying statistical techniques might not be worth the effort if the traffic matrix is not incorporated. While signaling-based reservation mechanisms lead to higher utilization, edge-based techniques prove to be lot more scalable and simpler to realize. We explore the means to reduce the performance penalty associated with such simpler techniques.
Compound Linear Ultrasonic Motor Based on Shaking Beam (2004)

The transformation of high-frequency vibrations of piezoelectric elements into continuous linear motion of a slider is one of the main tasks of a linear piezoelectric motor. To produce a high thrust force in the piezoelectric linear actuator, we proposed the compound piezoelectric linear actuator based on a “shaking beam” excited by two sources of longitudinal mechanical vibrations shifted by π/2. The compound actuator consists of two shaking beams and is rigidly fastened. The finite element method (FEM) was used to define structural and electrical boundary conditions for the compound piezoelectric actuator. FEM analysis showed that the compound actuator's trajectory was elliptical. Experimental research has shown that the compound piezoelectric actuator has high thrust force.
Precise design technique for a SAW-resonator-coupled filter on 36° YX-LiTaO/sub 3/ for use in a GSM SAW duplexer module for satisfying all GSM system specifications (2002)

A miniature low-loss high-performance surface acoustic wave (SAW) duplexer module consisting of a receiver top filter (R1), transmitter final stage filter (T1), lumped matching-circuit elements and lumped phase-shift circuits has been developed, and its use in the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is described as a design example. The complete duplexer module has an insertion loss of less than 1.3 dB (890 to 915 MHz) in the Tx-to-antenna path and of less than 2.9 dB (935 to 960 MHz) in the antenna-to-Rx path. The size of the duplexer module is 14/spl times/8/spl times/1.8 mm and it weighs 0.4 g. This module satisfies the various required frequency characteristics specified in GSM standard and provides sufficiently high power handling capabilities under burst-mode operation.
Parallel RF transmission with eight channels at 3 Tesla (2006)

Spatially selective RF waveforms were designed and demonstrated for parallel excitation with a dedicated eight-coil transmit array on a modified 3T human MRI scanner. Measured excitation profiles of individual coils in the array were used in a low-flip-angle pulse design to achieve desired spatial target profiles with two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) k-space excitation with simultaneous transmission of RF on eight channels. The 2D pulse excited a high-resolution spatial pattern in-plane, while the 3D trajectory produced high-quality slice selection with a uniform in-plane excitation despite the highly nonuniform individual spatial profiles of the coil array. The multichannel parallel RF excitation was used to accelerate the 2D excitation by factors of 2-8, and experimental results were in excellent agreement with simulations based on the measured coil maps. Parallel RF transmission may become critical for robust and routine human studies at very high field strengths where B(1) inhomogeneity is commonly severe.
Optical determination of dental pulp vitality (1991)

In this preliminary study, we explored the feasibility of employing photoplethysmography and pulse oximetry to assess the status of the blood circulation in the dental pulp. A simple photometer that measures diffuse light transmission at 575 nm was built to record tooth plethysmograms, and the ability to distinguish vital from surgically devitalized teeth of a dog using plethysmography was demonstrated. As an extension of the photoplethysmographic technique, red-infrared pulse oximetry applied to the measurement of the oxygen saturation (SO2) of blood in the pulp was also examined using an in vitro test setup. Results suggest that the measurement of relative SO2 changes is feasible, but standard dual-wavelength pulse oximetry does not enable determination of SO2 independent of tooth geometry and sensor placement.
A load-aware handoff and cell-site selection scheme in multi-cell packet data systems (2005)

Handoff and cell site selection schemes in multi-cell cellular systems are traditionally developed for mobile stations (MS) of dedicated (circuit-switched) channels to/from base stations (BS). The schemes usually only consider physical-layer signal quality in decision making. In high-speed packet access systems, where a downlink channel is being shared by multiple users within each cell, those schemes are subject to local congestion and asymmetric packet call blocking across multiple cells. A way to reduce the hot-spots and alleviate asymmetry loading in such systems is the target of our study. To do so, we formulate the handoff and cell site selection procedures into a problem of iterative optimal channel assignment in multiple cells, and approximately solve the issue by incorporating a distributed load-awareness scheme into the procedures in order to keep the complexity low but practicality high. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our scheme and its advantages over the legacy schemes in load balancing and congestion reduction. With our scheme, a multi-cell wireless system in support of high-speed packet data access can accommodate more satisfied users and be more robust to asymmetric load dynamics across the whole system.
Polymer-Encased Nanodiscs and Polymer Nanodiscs: New Platforms for Membrane Protein Research and Applications (2020)

Membrane proteins (MPs) are essential to many organisms' major functions. They are notorious for being difficult to isolate and study, and mimicking native conditions for studies <i>in vitro</i> has proved to be a challenge. Lipid nanodiscs are among the most promising platforms for MP reconstitution, but they contain a relatively labile lipid bilayer and their use requires previous protein solubilization in detergent. These limitations have led to the testing of copolymers in new types of nanodisc platforms. Polymer-encased nanodiscs and polymer nanodiscs support functional MPs and address some of the limitations present in other MP reconstitution platforms. In this review, we provide a summary of recent developments in the use of polymers in nanodiscs.
Immobilized Proanthocyanidins for the Capture of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (2008)

Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are an abundant class of compounds found in a variety of plant materials. Here we demonstrate the application of these materials as capture molecules for the removal of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from solution. PACs from whole cranberries, grape juice, black tea, and cranberry juice were purified and immobilized onto thiol-activated Sepharose beads. This material was used in pull-down type assays for the capture of LPS. The binding of LPS by PACs has been shown to compete with that of polymyxin B which is known to bind the lipid A component of LPS. Assays conducted in the presence of lipid A verified that at least some component of the LPS binding activity of the PACs is via the lipid A moiety. Molar comparison of polymyxin B to proanthocyanidins indicated that the Sepharose immobilized PACs have a binding affinity for LPS similar to that of polymyxin B.
Recent progress toward understanding the molecular biology of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (1992)

The gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) was recently identified by positional cloning and found to code for a large, ubiquitously expressed protein. This protein has both structural and functional similarity to a family of proteins with guanosine triphosphatase-activating properties, involved in the regulation of the protooncogene ras. One of the postulated functions of the NF1 gene product may relate to its ability to regulate ras-mediated cell proliferation. Selective pharmacotherapy directed at downregulating ras may be of benefit to patients with NF1.
MRI-guided laser thermal therapy in the prostate: preliminary results (2004)

Minimally invasive thermal therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer offer potential to reduce cost, treatment time, and patient trauma. A drawback to such therapies is that it is often difficult or impossible to know the exact volume of which is being destroyed. In this work, we report on the use of magnetic resonance (MR) thermal imaging to provide real-time feedback control over laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) in an in vivo canine prostate model.
Data Selection for Federated Learning with Relevant and Irrelevant Data at Clients (2020)

Federated learning is an effective way of training a machine learning model from data collected by client devices. A challenge is that among the large variety of data collected at each client, it is likely that only a subset is relevant for a learning task while the rest of data has a negative impact on model training. Therefore, before starting the learning process, it is important to select the subset of data that is relevant to the given federated learning task. In this paper, we propose a method for distributedly selecting relevant data, where we use a benchmark model trained on a small benchmark dataset that is task-specific, to evaluate the relevance of individual data samples at each client and select the data with sufficiently high relevance. Then, each client only uses the selected subset of its data in the federated learning process. The effectiveness of our proposed approach is evaluated on multiple real-world datasets in a simulated system with a large number of clients, showing up to $25\%$ improvement in model accuracy compared to training with all data.
Experimental results on indoor electromagnetic wave absorber using magnetic wood (2002)

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new type of indoor electromagnetic wave absorber using magnetic wood. This magnetic wood has good electromagnetic wave absorbing characteristics, a low specific gravity, a wood texture and other wood characteristics and can be easily processed. Electromagnetic wave absorbing characteristics were measured for four types of magnetic wood. The sandwich-type magnetic wood demonstrated the best wave absorbing characteristics among the four types of magnetic wood that were studied. The experimental results showed that the proposed indoor electromagnetic wave absorber can be used to suppress the transmission and reception of cellular phone and Personal Handy Phone System (PHS) signals and can be used as a cross protection for indoor wireless Local Area Networks (LAN). This wood can be processed for use in furniture, building materials, and other applications.
Nitrogen Fixation in the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Wastewaters (1999)

Pulp and paper wastewaters are generally low in the key nutrient, nitrogen. Nitrogen supplementation is often practised to ensure effective BOD removal. Maintaining consistently low effluent discharge concentrations of nitrogen from nitrogen supplemented biological treatment systems is very difficult. Matching nitrogen addition rates to load variations is effective, but requires accurate flow and organic load measurements. By manipulating treatment conditions to select for the growth of nitrogen fixing microorganisms, it is possible to achieve good BOD removals without the addition of nitrogen. As the organisms only fix the nitrogen required for growth, very low soluble nitrogen discharge concentrations are possible. This concept has been explored in the development of a new technology for the treatment of nitrogen deficient wastewaters.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acids and Peptides. Part 19. Synthesis of β‐1‐ and β‐2‐Adamantyl Aspartates and Their Evaluation for Peptide Synthesis. (1988)

Abstract Both the title compounds are synthesized and the protecting properties of the adamantyl groups are investigated.