gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel process for diethylacetal synthesis (2005)

Abstract This work presents the development of a novel process for the production of diethylacetal from the reaction between ethanol and acetaldehyde catalyzed by the acid resin Amberlyst® 15 using simulated moving‐bed reactor (SMBR) technology. The methodology used combines modeling/simulation with laboratory‐ and pilot‐scale experiments. The kinetic law of the reaction was measured from experiments in a batch catalytic reactor. The adsorption parameters were obtained from experiments performed in a fixed‐bed adsorption column. Laboratory experiments in fixed‐bed adsorptive reactors were performed and used to validate model and simulation tools. The SMBR technology was applied for diethylacetal production and separation with 87% purity and the acetaldehyde conversion was about 98%. The influence of feed composition, switching time, and mass‐transfer resistance on the SMBR performance was analyzed by simulation. The reaction/separation region was determined using separation zone methodology. Simulated results show that high acetal purities can be achieved for 100% acetaldehyde conversion. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Internal Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures with Novel Intramedullary Implants (2006)

Level IV (expert opinion).
Low-resolution Raman spectroscopy: instrumentation and applications in chemical analysis (1999)

It is shown that low-resolution Raman spectroscopy (LRRS) satisfies the need for a highly useful, low-cost spectroscopic approach to both qualitative and quantitative analyses of organic systems. Until now, the disadvantage of using Raman spectroscopy has been the cost of the instrumentation. It is shown that when the application does not require high spectral resolution for analysis, LRRS can be used and implemented with low-cost multimode lasers and miniature low-resolution spectrometers, thus lowering the size, weight and cost of the instrumentation by an order of magnitude. First the implementation of LRRS is discussed, emphasizing a small portable instrument, then four applications are presented, each representative of a wide range of applications where LRRS is applicable. These results show that the use of LRRS provides the potential to bring Raman analyses out of the laboratory to the process floor and into the field for near real-time, on-site and, in many cases, in situ measurements, monitoring and identification. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving medical predictive models via Likelihood Gamble Pricing (2008)

A combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is often the treatment of choice for cancer patients. Recent developments in the treatment of patients have lead to improved survival. However, traditionally used clinical variables have poor accuracy for the prediction of survival and radiation treatment side effects. The objective of this work is to develop and validate improved predictive model for a large group of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and a group of rectal cancer patients. The main goal is to predict survival for both groups of patients and radiation induced side-effects for the NSCLC patients. Given sufficiently accurate predictions of these models, they can then be used to optimize the treatment of each individual patient, which is the goal of personalized medicine. Our improved predictive models are obtained by using the recently proposed Likelihood gamble pricing (LGP), which is a decision-theoretic approach to statistical inference that marries the likelihood principle of statistics with Von Neumann-Morgensterns axiomatic approach to decision making. The regularization induced by the LPG approach produces better probabilistic predictions than both the unregularized and the regularized (by the standard 2-norm regularization) widely used logistic regression approaches.
External Cavity Semiconductor Laser Optimized for Frequency Metrology (2015)

We report on the development of a frequency modulatable 795 nm semiconductor laser based on self-injection locking to a whispering gallery mode microresonator. The laser is characterized with residual amplitude modulation below −80 dB and frequency noise better than 300 Hz/Hz1/2 at offset frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 10 MHz.
Automatic Generation of Cued Speech for The Deaf: Status and Outlook. (1998)

Manual Cued Speech is a system of hand gestures designed to help deaf speechreaders distinguish among ambiguous speech elements. We have developed a computerized cueing system that uses automatic speech recognition to determine and display cues to the cue receiver. Keyword scores of 66% in low-context sentences have been obtained with this system, almost double the speechreading-alone scores. We describe the design issues with the largest impact on the cuer’s performance, concentrating on the characteristics of cue display and cue timing. Enhancing cue images with color is found to improve their discriminability and may lead to improved speech reception by cue receivers.
Unraveling the contributions of hydrogen-bonding interactions to the activity of native and non-native ligands in the quorum-sensing receptor LasR (2014)

Quorum sensing (QS) via the synthesis and detection of N-acyl L-homoserine lactone (AHL) signals regulates important pathogenic and mutualistic phenotypes in many bacteria. Over the past two decades, the development of non-native molecules that modulate this cell-cell signaling process has become an active area of research. The majority of these compounds were designed to block binding of the native AHL signal to its cognate LuxR-type receptor, and much effort has focused on LasR in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite a small set of reported LasR structural data, it remains unclear which polar interactions are most important for either (i) activation of the LasR receptor by its native AHL signal, N-(3-oxo)-dodecanoyl L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL), or (ii) activation or inhibition of LasR by related AHL analogs. Herein, we report our investigations into the activity of OdDHL and five synthetic analogs in wild-type LasR and in nine LasR mutants with modifications to key polar residues in their ligand binding sites. Our results allowed us to rank, for the first time, the relative importance of each LasR:OdDHL hydrogen bond for LasR activation and provide strong evidence for the five synthetic ligands binding LasR in a very similar orientation as OdDHL. By delineating the specific molecular interactions that are important for LasR modulation by AHLs, these findings should aid in the design of new synthetic modulators of LasR (and homologous LuxR-type receptors) with improved potencies and selectivities.
Synergistic Effect of Nitazoxanide with Neuraminidase Inhibitors against Influenza A Viruses <i>In Vitro</i> (2014)

The emergence of drug-resistant influenza A virus (IAV) strains represents a serious threat to global human health and underscores the need for novel approaches to anti-influenza chemotherapy. Combination therapy with drugs affecting different IAV targets represents an attractive option for influenza treatment. We have previously shown that the thiazolide anti-infective nitazoxanide (NTZ) inhibits H1N1 IAV replication by selectively blocking viral hemagglutinin maturation. Herein we investigate the anti-influenza activity of NTZ against a wide range of human and avian IAVs (H1N1, H3N2, H5N9, H7N1), including amantadine-resistant and oseltamivir-resistant strains, in vitro. We also investigate whether therapy with NTZ in combination with the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir exerts synergistic, additive, or antagonistic antiviral effects against influenza viruses. NTZ was effective against all IAVs tested, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 0.9 to 3.2 μM, and selectivity indexes (SIs) ranging from >50 to >160, depending on the strain and the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Combination therapy studies were performed in cell culture-based assays using A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1), A/WSN/1933 (H1N1), or avian A/chicken/Italy/9097/1997 (H5N9) IAVs; dose-effect analysis and synergism/antagonism quantification were performed using isobologram analysis according to the Chou-Talalay method. Combination index (CI) analysis indicated that NTZ and oseltamivir combination treatment was synergistic against A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) and A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) IAVs, with CI values ranging between 0.39 and 0.63, independently of the MOI used. Similar results were obtained when NTZ was administered in combination with zanamivir (CI=0.3 to 0.48). NTZ-oseltamivir combination treatment was synergistic also against the avian A/chicken/Italy/9097/1997 (H5N9) IAV (CI=0.18 to 0.31). Taken together, the results suggest that regimens that combine neuraminidase inhibitors and nitazoxanide exert synergistic anti-influenza effects.
A rotifer-derived paralytic compound prevents transmission of schistosomiasis to a mammalian host (2019)

Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that infect over 200 million people, causing the neglected tropical disease, schistosomiasis. A single drug, praziquantel, is used to treat schistosome infection. Limitations in mass drug administration programs and the emergence of schistosomiasis in nontropical areas indicate the need for new strategies to prevent infection. It has been known for several decades that rotifers colonizing the schistosome's snail intermediate host produce a water-soluble factor that paralyzes cercariae, the life cycle stage infecting humans. In spite of its potential for preventing infection, the nature of this factor has remained obscure. Here, we report the purification and chemical characterization of Schistosome Paralysis Factor (SPF), a novel tetracyclic alkaloid produced by the rotifer Rotaria rotatoria. We show that this compound paralyzes schistosome cercariae and prevents infection and does so more effectively than analogous compounds. This molecule provides new directions for understanding cercariae motility and new strategies for preventing schistosome infection.
Characterization of fading of a MOS-based sensor for occupational radiation dosimetry (2016)

Herein, we study the stability over time after irradiation ('fading') of our recently-presented sensor for occupational radiation dosimetry. This accumulating radiation sensor, suitable for the measurement of low-dose, long-term exposure, is a custom MOS capacitor that traps holes generated by ionizing radiation. The resulting shifts in the capacitance-voltage curves are recorded and used for the dose level determination. The dose level accuracy is paramount to the sensor's reliability, and thus the fading characteristics need to be characterized. A variety of environmental and bias conditions were applied and fading was studied for over 2200 hours after irradiation.
Studies on organic fluorine compounds. L Synthesis and biological activity of 2.ALPHA.-fluorovitamin D3. (1986)

Reaction of 3, 6β-diacetoxycholest-2-ene (2) with cesium fluoroxysulfate gave 6β-acetoxy-2α-fluorocholestan-3-one (3), which was successfully converted to 2α-fluorovitamin D3 (10). A single dose of 500 ng of 10 produced an intestinal calcium transport response and a bone calcium mobilization response in vitamin D-deficient rats equivalent to those of vitamin D3.
Delineating breast ductal carcinoma using combined dye‐enhanced wide‐field polarization imaging and optical coherence tomography (2012)

Intra-operative delineation of breast cancer is a challenging problem. We used dye-enhanced wide-field polarization imaging for rapid demarcation of en face cancer margins and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for cross-sectional evaluation. Ductal carcinoma specimens were stained with methylene blue. Wide-field reflectance images were acquired at 440 and 640 nm. Wide-field fluorescence images were excited at 640 nm and registered between 660 nm and 750 nm. OCT images were acquired using a 1310 nm swept-source system. The results were validated against histopathology. Both imaging modalities provided diagnostic information on cancer margins. Combined OCT and wide-field polarization imaging shows promise for intra-operative detection of ductal breast carcinoma.
Organic superconductors: structure—property relations and new materials design (1985)

Abstract Most known organic materials are electrical insulators having extremely low electrical conductivities of δ &lt; 10-10 Ω-1 cm-1. A small number of organic materials are semiconductors having, for classification purposes, conductivities of δ ≈ 10-10-1 Ω-1 cm-1. A very small, but growing, number of organic substances are metallic in nature, i.e. having conductivities that rise with decreasing tem perature (δ ≈ 1−1010 Ω-1 cm-1). The latter systems comprise a class of intensely studied materials known as ‘organic metals’ of which fewer than ten can display the complete absence of electrical resistance at low temperatures, i.e. superconductivity (δ ≈ infinity). The known organic superconductors are novel, being derived from radical-cation donors and monovalent anions, X. The donors are derived from two kinds of molecules, neither of which contain any metallic elements. These are TMTSF (tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene) and BED T-TTF (bis-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene, or ‘ET’ in abbreviated form). Most of the (TMTSF)2X and (ET)2X conducting materials require applied pressure to induce superconductivity that is thus far observed at very low temperatures (Te ≈ 1–2 K). However, two materials, (TMTSF)2ClO4 and (ET)2I3 are ambient pressure organic superconductors (Te = 1.2 and 1.4 K, respectively). Within each class the crystal structures have many similarities, the most important being a complex ‘infinite sheet networkߣ of short Se-Se interactions in (TMTSF)2X and a ‘corrugated sheet network’ of short S-S interactions in ET 2X. In this paper we discuss structure-property relations of the (TMTSF)2X salts, and of the (ET)2X salts as far as is known. In addition, we attempt to provide insight and guidelines for the synthesis of new highly conducting anionic derivatives of TMTSF and ET. It appears that while highly conducting (TMTSF)2X materials can be designed before synthesis, the onset of superconductivity depends heavily on the presence of anion order in the crystal, which is a parameter not easily controlled. For the (ET)2X systems the structural disorder apparent at 298 and 125 K may persist to very low tem perature, making it difficult to correlate structural order with superconductivity as is the case for (TMTSF)2X systems.
Quantifying lens elastic properties with optical coherence elastography as a function of intraocular pressure (2019)

Normal intraocular pressure (IOP) is crucial for proper maintaining of eye-globe geometry, ocular tissue health, and visual acuity. An elevated IOP is associated with diseases such as glaucoma and uveitis. While the effects of an elevated IOP on the delicate tissues of the optic nerve head and retina are well-studied, the changes in lenticular biomechanical properties as a function of IOP are not as clear. Moreover, changes in lenticular biomechanical properties have been implicated in conditions and diseases such as presbyopia and cataract. However, measuring the biomechanical properties of the lens as it sits inside the eye-globe is a challenge, but it is necessary to correctly understand the interplay between lenticular biomechanical properties and IOP. In this work, we utilized optical coherence elastography (OCE) to measure the biomechanical properties of the porcine lens in situ.
An accurate model for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (2002)

Modeling of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) is based on a two-port network with an electrical and a mechanical side. To obtain a distributed model, a solution of the differential equation of motion of the diaphragm for each element of the transducer has to be found. Previous works omit the mechanical load of the cavity behind the diaphragm, i.e., the effect of the gas inside. In this paper, we propose a distributed model for cMUTs that takes this effect into account. A closed-form solution of the mechanical impedance of the membranes has been obtained, including the effect of the restoring forces because of the stiffness of the membrane and because of the compression of the air in the cavity. Simulation results based on the presented model are compared with the experimental data for two types of cMUTs reported in the recent literature. It is demonstrated that the compression of the air has a significant effect on the fundamental frequency of the air transducer, with a deviation of about 22% from the prediction of a model that does not consider the interaction between the vibrating diaphragm and the air cushion.
The production of chemicals from food processing wastes using a novel fermenter separator (1990)

A range of chemicals can be made from fermentation processes, and most fermentations are characterized by product inhibition. As product concentration increases, inhibitory products can substantially limit the rate of fermentation processes. Product recovery costs are a strong function of concentration. It is expensive to recover low levels of product from a fermentation broth. Thus, fermentation costs (which increase with higher product concentration) traditionally must be balanced against product recovery costs (which decrease with product concentration). A novel reactor-separator process has been developed at Purdue University to minimize product inhibition of fermentation rates. This reactor has been shown to exhibit very high productivities --- simultaneously producing and removing a inhibitory product while maintaining a high viable cell concentration in the reactor. The basic objective of this study is to develop an energy efficient and economical process to convert food wastes to usable fuels and chemicals. The work is divided into two major efforts: an applied phase which involves design and building of a whey to ethanol process as well as process design and optimization; and a basic phase which involves investigating alternative fermentation systems and fundamental research on immobilized cell reactor systems. This document discusses the study and its results.
Rotating-detector ellipsometer for measurement of the state of polarization of light (1985)

A polarization-state detector that consists only of a photodetector and no other optical elements is described. The detector surface is partially specularly reflecting and intercepts the light beam of unknown polarization at oblique incidence. The absorbed fraction of incident radiation is modulated by synchronous rotation of the detector, and the corresponding electrical output signal readily determines the elliptic polarization of light except for handedness. A simple calibration procedure for this rotating-detector ellipsometer is given.
Cost evaluation of coverage directed test generation for the IBM mainframe (2002)

Test generation and simulation tools have input stimuli that can direct them to cover specific events. However, the cost of completely covering a verification plan is still very high. While coverage analysis tools can find events that have not been covered, they do not provide an automated covering method. This paper presents the first implementation of a generation framework that uses feedback from coverage analysis to direct microarchitecture simulation. This framework uses a coverage analysis tool to find events that have not been simulated and then utilizes information about the design to determine which directives should be given to the simulation environment. This paper describes, in detail, the system and its operation process, an experiment that uses the system, and the results of the experiment. This system was shown to reduce the machine time and person time required to cover the test plan. Implications of this work suggest the types of verification plans appropriate for the utilization of this system and the further experiments and developments required.
High Efficiency, High Power 2.097-μm Ho:YAG Laser (2010)

Maximum power of 18.6 W has been measured at pump power of 23.7 W in Tm:fiber laser pumped adhesive-free bonded YAG/Ho:YAG/YAG composite. The corresponding slope efficiency is over 81% for both cw and Q-switched operations.
Generation dispatch in a smart grid environment (2010)

This paper proposes a new generation dispatch system for the smart grid environment. As distributed generation, demand response and renewable energy resources become significant portions of overall system installed capacity, a better system dispatch tool for system control centers is required in order to cope with the increasing amount of uncertainties being introduced by the new resources. A Smart Dispatch (SD) framework for regional transmission organizations and transmission system operators to manage large power grids is proposed. In particular, the ability of the new dispatch system to provide a better holistic and forward-looking view of system conditions and generation patterns will be discussed in detail. Such features are deemed critical for the success of efficient system operations in the future. A practical example of applying the SD framework to a modern grid control center is provided.
The Missing Link in the Fungal <scp>l</scp>-Arabinose Catabolic Pathway, Identification of the <scp>l</scp>-Xylulose Reductase Gene<sup>,</sup> (2002)

The fungal L-arabinose pathway consists of five enzymes, aldose reductase, L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase, L-xylulose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase. All the genes encoding the enzymes of this pathway are known except for that of L-xylulose reductase (EC 1.1.1.10). We identified a gene encoding this enzyme from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). The gene was named lxr1. It was overexpressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the enzyme activity was confirmed in a yeast cell extract. Overexpression of all enzymes of the L-arabinose pathway in S. cerevisiae led to growth of S. cerevisiae on L-arabinose; i.e., we could show that the pathway is active in a heterologous host. The lxr1 gene encoded a protein with 266 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 28 428 Da. The LXRI protein is an NADPH-specific reductase. It has activity with L-xylulose, D-xylulose, D-fructose, and L-sorbose. The highest affinity is toward L-xylulose (K(m) = 16 mM). In the reverse direction, we found activity with xylitol, D-arabinitol, D-mannitol, and D-sorbitol. It requires a bivalent cation for activity. It belongs to the protein family of short chain dehydrogenases. The enzyme is catalytically similar and homologous in sequence to a D-mannitol:NADP 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.138).