gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacotherapy Of The Ion Transport Defect In Cystic Fibrosis (2001)

1. More than 1300 different mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cause cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease characterized by deficient epithelial Cl- secretion and enhanced Na+ absorption. The clinical course of the disease is determined by the progressive lung disease. Thus, novel approaches in pharmacotherapy are based primarily on correction of the ion transport defect in the airways. 2. The current therapeutic strategies try to counteract the deficiency in Cl- secretion and the enhanced Na+ absorption. A number of compounds have been identified, such as genistein and xanthine derivatives, which directly activate mutant CFTR. Other compounds may activate alternative Ca2+-activated Cl- channels or basolateral K+ channels, which supply the driving force for Cl- secretion. Apart from that, Na+ channel blockers, such as phenamil and benzamil, are being explored, which counteract the hyperabsorption of NaCl in CF airways. 3. Clinical trials are under way using purinergic compounds such as the P2Y(2) receptor agonist INS365. Activation of P2Y(2) receptors has been found to both activate Cl- secretion and inhibit Na+ absorption. 4. The ultimate goal is to recover Cl- channel activity of mutant CFTR by either enhancing synthesis and expression of the protein or by activating silent CFTR Cl- channels. Strategies combining these drugs with compounds facilitating Cl- secretion and inhibiting Na+ absorption in vivo may have the best chance to counteract the ion transport defect in cystic fibrosis.
Modeling Ambiguity, Subjectivity, and Diverging Viewpoints in Opinion Question Answering Systems (2016)

Product review websites provide an incredible lens into the wide variety of opinions and experiences of different people, and play a critical role in helping users discover products that match their personal needs and preferences. To help address questions that can't easily be answered by reading others' reviews, some review websites also allow users to pose questions to the community via a question-answering (QA) system. As one would expect, just as opinions diverge among different reviewers, answers to such questions may also be subjective, opinionated, and divergent. This means that answering such questions automatically is quite different from traditional QA tasks, where it is assumed that a single `correct' answer is available. While recent work introduced the idea of question-answering using product reviews, it did not account for two aspects that we consider in this paper: (1) Questions have multiple, often divergent, answers, and this full spectrum of answers should somehow be used to train the system; and (2) What makes a `good' answer depends on the asker and the answerer, and these factors should be incorporated in order for the system to be more personalized. Here we build a new QA dataset with 800 thousand questions---and over 3.1 million answers---and show that explicitly accounting for personalization and ambiguity leads both to quantitatively better answers, but also a more nuanced view of the range of supporting, but subjective, opinions.
A Study of the Effect of Borehole Thermal Resistance on the Borehole Length (2009)

The effect of borehole thermal resistance on the borehole length is studied. In performing this work a new concept BLRR(borehole length reduction rate) is developed based on the line source model. The solution of line source model is shown to be valid through the comparison with the data of thermal response test. It is shown that BLRR is a function of soil thermal conductivity(k) and borehole thermal resistance(). The value of BLRR increases with increasing k, which means reducing is more effective when k is high. The reduction of borehole length with change of is easily estimated with BLRR. The validity of BLRR is also examined with EED analysis.
Male Breast Carcinoma: Review of a Multicenter Series of 150 Cases (1990)

The authors report on a consecutive retrospective series of 150 male breast cancers. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features are compared over time and with respect to a large consecutive series of female breast cancers. Both age at diagnosis and tumor stage were more advanced in males than in females. Poor alertness of both men and doctors for this infrequent disease may account for such a delay in diagnosis. The use of mammography increased over time and sonography or cytology were frequently and successfully employed in the last decade. Unfortunately no improvement of tumor stage at diagnosis was observed over time in the present series. A time trend was also evident for the type of surgical and postoperative treatment. Modified radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemo- or hormone therapy were increasingly adopted, although Halsted operation and postoperative radiotherapy were still common in the last decade due to the relatively high proportion of locally advanced T3-4 cancers. Both disease-free and overall survival were worse in men than in women, even after adjustment by stage at diagnosis. This study suggests that male breast cancer has a worse prognosis with respect to female breast cancer and provides no complete explanation of this finding, except for an intrinsic higher aggressivity. No evidence was found which may justify a different diagnostic or therapeutic approach with respect to female breast cancer.
Long-Term, High-Dose Disulfiram in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse (1993)

A patient who had experienced most of the standard methods of managing alcohol abuse found that during 11 years of treatment, the most consistently effective intervention has been the taking of disulfiram under family supervision. He has received 600 mg daily almost continuously for over six years without side-effects. Smaller doses do not have an adequate deterrent effect.
High-fidelity <i>in vivo</i> replication of DNA base shape mimics without Watson–Crick hydrogen bonds (2003)

We report studies testing the importance of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding, base-pair geometry, and steric effects during DNA replication in living bacterial cells. Nonpolar DNA base shape mimics of thymine and adenine (abbreviated F and Q, respectively) were introduced into Escherichia coli by insertion into a phage genome followed by transfection of the vector into bacteria. Genetic assays showed that these two base mimics were bypassed with moderate to high efficiency in the cells and with very high efficiency under damage-response (SOS induction) conditions. Under both sets of conditions, the T-shape mimic (F) encoded genetic information in the bacteria as if it were thymine, directing incorporation of adenine opposite it with high fidelity. Similarly, the A mimic (Q) directed incorporation of thymine opposite itself with high fidelity. The data establish that Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding is not necessary for high-fidelity replication of a base pair in vivo. The results suggest that recognition of DNA base shape alone serves as the most powerful determinant of fidelity during transfer of genetic information in a living organism.
Evaluation of in-flight trajectory optimisation with time constraints in a moving base flight simulator (2015)

• Time and Energy managed operations (TEMO) as a solution for environmentally friendly procedures in high-density TMAs • Importance of wind and real atmosphere accurate modeling to achieve very demanding time accuracies, specially at lower altitudes and speeds. • Some improvements still needed: avoiding to intercept ILS glideslope from above, improve estimation of initial position, model engine dynamics in final approach, … • Flight trials with Cessna C550 scheduled in October 2015.
Content-Oriented User Modeling for Personalized Response Ranking in Chatbots (2017)

Automatic chatbots (also known as chat-agents) have attracted much attention from both researching and industrial fields. Generally, the semantic relevance between users' queries and the corresponding responses is considered as the essential element for conversation modeling in both generation and ranking based chat systems. By contrast, it is a nontrivial task to adopt the users' information, such as preference, social role, etc., into conversational models reasonably, while users' profiles play a significant role in the procedure of conversations by providing the implicit contexts. This paper aims to address the personalized response ranking task by incorporating user profiles into the conversation model. In our approach, users' personalized representations are latently learned from the contents posted by them via a two-branch neural network. After that, a deep neural network architecture is further presented to learn the fusion representation of posts, responses, and personal information. In this way, the proposed model could understand conversations from the users' perspective; hence, the more appropriate responses are selected for a specified person. The experimental results on two datasets from social network services demonstrate that our approach is hopeful to represent users' personal information implicitly based on user generated contents, and it is promising to perform as an important component in chatbots to select the personalized responses for each user.
THE USE OF RAPID ON-FARM MILK PROGESTERONE TESTS AS AN AID TO REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY CATTLE (1990)

A field study was conducted in 11 commercial dairy herds to test the accuracy and ease of use of a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for on-farm milk progesterone analysis. Milk samples were collected at milking following detection of estrus and on day 21 postbreeding. Progesterone was measured on-farm by producers using an ELISA kit and by a technician in the laboratory using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Of the 256 samples collected at suspected estrus, estrual concentrations of progesterone (≤ 2 ng mL −1 ) were detected in 246 samples by the farmer and in 253 samples by laboratory analysis. Nonestrual concentrations (> 2 ng mL −1 ) were detected in 10 samples by the farmer and in three samples by RIA. At 21 d, there was 94% agreement between the two methods in detecting high (> 2 ng mL −1 ) milk progesterone concentrations (n = 149). The corresponding figure for low (≤ 2 ng mL −1 ) milk progesterone was 88% (n = 73). Seventy-two percent of the cows with high milk progesterone (by RIA) at 21 d were subsequently diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation. The overall agreement between ELISA and RIA was 96.6% (453/469 samples). No significant differences were observed among farmers in their ability to perform ELISA tests on-farm. The results indicate that the ELISA kits can be used with ease by producers and are comparable in accuracy to RIA performed in the laboratory for detection/confirmation of estrus and diagnosis on nonpregnant/possibly pregnant cows at 21 d postbreeding. Key words: On-farm tests, progesterone, reproductive management, dairy cattle
Desgaste de cúspides de esmalte antagonistas a composites posteriores (1995)

El uso de composites posteriores ha aumentado considerablemente en los ultimos 5 anos. Mientras que la mayoria de los esfuerzos de investigacion se han aplicado a mejorar la resistencia al desgaste, se ha hecho poco para determinar el posible desgaste de las cuspides de los dientes antagonistas. Se empleo un sistema de valoracion del desgaste in vitro recientemente desarrollado para evaluar unas series de composites en cuanto a su capacidad de abrasion de las cuspides de esmalte antagonistas. Cuando se evaluaron las resinas en condiciones identicas, se observo un considerable rango de desgaste de esmalte. Representando los puntos opuestos de la escala, los composites que contenian cuarzo produjeron un desgaste de esmalte diez veces superior al de los composites de microrrelleno.
IoT Security Techniques Based on Machine Learning: How Do IoT Devices Use AI to Enhance Security? (2018)

The Internet of things (IoT), which integrates a variety of devices into networks to provide advanced and intelligent services, has to protect user privacy and address attacks such as spoofing attacks, denial of service (DoS) attacks, jamming, and eavesdropping. We investigate the attack model for IoT systems and review the IoT security solutions based on machine-learning (ML) techniques including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning (RL). ML-based IoT authentication, access control, secure offloading, and malware detection schemes to protect data privacy are the focus of this article. We also discuss the challenges that need to be addressed to implement these ML-based security schemes in practical IoT systems.
E-beam-induced fabrication of microstructures (1993)

E-beam-induced deposition of tungsten, W, from a metal-organic gas has been used for the formation of microstructures of various geometries. Three examples have been selected for demonstration: line deposition, needle growth, and bridge formation. Important parameters of the W deposition process from W(CO)/sub 6/ gas are given, among them minimum feature size, positional accuracy, and growth rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Identification and Characterization of a Human Coronavirus 229E Nonstructural Protein 8-Associated RNA 3′-Terminal Adenylyltransferase Activity (2019)

Coronavirus nonstructural protein 8 (nsp8) has been suggested to have diverse activities, including noncanonical template-dependent polymerase activities. Here, we characterized a recombinant form of the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) nsp8 and found that the protein has metal ion-dependent RNA 3'-terminal adenylyltransferase (TATase) activity, while other nucleotides were not (or very inefficiently) transferred to the 3' ends of single-stranded and (fully) double-stranded acceptor RNAs. Using partially double-stranded RNAs, very efficient TATase activity was observed if the opposite (template) strand contained a short 5' oligo(U) sequence, while very little (if any) activity was detected for substrates with other homopolymeric or heteropolymeric sequences in the 5' overhang. The oligo(U)-assisted/templated TATase activity on partial-duplex RNAs was confirmed for two other coronavirus nsp8 proteins, suggesting that the activity is conserved among coronaviruses. Replacement of a conserved Lys residue with Ala abolished the <i>in vitro</i> RNA-binding and TATase activities of nsp8 and caused a nonviable phenotype when the corresponding mutation was introduced into the HCoV-229E genome, confirming that these activities are mediated by nsp8 and critical for viral replication. In additional experiments, we obtained evidence that nsp8 has a pronounced specificity for adenylate and is unable to incorporate guanylate into RNA products, which strongly argues against the previously proposed template-dependent RNA polymerase activity of this protein. Given the presence of an oligo(U) stretch at the 5' end of coronavirus minus-strand RNAs, it is tempting to speculate (but remains to be confirmed) that the nsp8-mediated TATase activity is involved in the 3' polyadenylation of viral plus-strand RNAs.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Previously, coronavirus nsp8 proteins were suggested to have template-dependent RNA polymerase activities resembling those of RNA primases or even canonical RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, while more recent studies have suggested an essential cofactor function of nsp8 (plus nsp7) for nsp12-mediated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. In an effort to reconcile conflicting data from earlier studies, the study revisits coronavirus nsp8-associated activities using additional controls and proteins. The data obtained for three coronavirus nsp8 proteins provide evidence that the proteins share metal ion-dependent RNA 3' polyadenylation activities that are greatly stimulated by a short oligo(U) stretch in the template strand. In contrast, nsp8 was found to be unable to select and incorporate appropriate (matching) nucleotides to produce cRNA products from heteropolymeric and other homooligomeric templates. While confirming the critical role of nsp8 in coronavirus replication, the study amends the list of activities mediated by coronavirus nsp8 proteins in the absence of other proteins.
Mitigating egregious ACK delays in cellular data networks by eliminating TCP ACK clocking (2013)

It is not uncommon for the uplink buffers of cellular data networks to be saturated when the uplink bandwidths are low. This can cause the ACK packets for a downlink TCP flow to be severely delayed. Since existing TCP implementations are ACK-clocked, the downstream flow will suffer significant degradation, causing the downlink to be under-utilized. We present a new TCP variant, called TCP Receiver-Rate Estimation (TCP-RRE), that addresses this problem directly by eliminating ACK clocking. Instead, it uses TCP timestamps to estimate the receiving rate at the receiver, which it then uses to determine the sending rate. We show that TCP-RRE is able to improve download speeds by 2 to 4 times compared to existing TCP variants in both simulation and on real commercial cellular data networks. Our solution is practical because it is compatible with existing TCP implementations, requires no modifications to existing mobile devices, and is thus immediately deployable in existing ISP proxies.
Artificial Neutral Network Predicting Model of TNT Biodegradation Time Series (2000)

An artificial neutral network model was established based on the time series of TNT concentration data coming from TNT packing wastewater biodegradation process by white rot fungi, using the varied pace back propagation (BP) algorithm. The model was then used in the study on the changing rule of TNT concentration and the developing trend. The results showed high accuracy both for the present data and for the predicting data, which showed that the established ANN model had reflected the rule of TNT packing wastewater biodegradation process. The study proved that ANN is a novel and proper approach for the study of TNT biodegradation.
A Highly Flexible LDPC Decoder using Hierarchical Quasi-Cyclic Matrix with Layered Permutation (2012)

Hardware implementation of partially-parallel Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) decoders using unstructured random matrices is very complex and requires huge hardware resources. To alleviate the complexity and minimize resource requirements, structured LDPC matrices are used. This paper presents a novel technique for constructing a multi-level Hierarchical Quasi-Cyclic (HQC) structured matrix for LDPC decoder. A unique multi-level structure of the proposed matrix provides flexibility in generating different code lengths and code rates for various applications such as WiMAX, WLAN and DVB-S2. In addition, different combinations of permuted sub-matrices are inserted in layers at different levels of matrix hierarchy to provide virtual randomness in the LDPC matrix. Simulation results show that the HQC matrices generated using the proposed technique have a marginal loss of less than 0.1 dB at a bit error rate (BER) performance 10-5 compared to unstructured random matrices. A hardware model of the proposed matrix structure has been developed and synthesized on Xilinx FPGA to verify the flexibility features, hardware requirements and to analyze the performance of the LDPC decoder.
Quantitative-Electrogram-Based Methods for Guiding Catheter Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation (2016)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in humans, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 25%. It is characterized by irregular and disorganized electrical activation of the atria. In the past decade, catheter ablation, i.e., focally burning targeted areas of cardiac muscle, has emerged as a potentially curative therapy for AF. Accompanying this development there has been an increasing interest in quantitative intraprocedural signal analysis to guide the selection of ablation targets. In this review, we provide an overview of quantitative signal processing approaches for mapping and ablation of AF.
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay: An Alternative to RIA (1990)

Radioimmunoassay (RIA), since its introduction almost 30 years ago, has been an extremely valuable diagnostic tool due to its excellent sensitivity and specificity. Its main drawback has been the limitations of its radioactive tracer component℄short reagent life, licensing, and disposal problems. Most of the proposed alternatives to RIA have failed to replace it completely, however, due to lack of sensitivity, stability, or molecular size restrictions. Chemiluminescence immumunoassay (CLIA), using acridinium esters as direct replacements for l25I or other isotopes in classic competitive and immunometric assays, shows promise in all respects as a practical alternative. Long shelf-life, simple technology, sensitivity at least as good as RIA, and wide analyte applicability are some of the major advantages of CLIA. To our knowledge, the MAGIC ® Lite System of Ciba-Corning Diagnostics is the first example of such a CLIA system.
A Global Analysis of Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B and Landsat-8 Data Revisit Intervals and Implications for Terrestrial Monitoring (2017)

Combination of different satellite data will provide increased opportunities for more frequent cloud-free surface observations due to variable cloud cover at the different satellite overpass times and dates. Satellite data from the polar-orbiting Landsat-8 (launched 2013), Sentinel-2A (launched 2015) and Sentinel-2B (launched 2017) sensors offer 10 m to 30 m multi-spectral global coverage. Together, they advance the virtual constellation paradigm for mid-resolution land imaging. In this study, a global analysis of Landsat-8, Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B metadata obtained from the committee on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS) Visualization Environment (COVE) tool for 2016 is presented. A global equal area projection grid defined every 0.05° is used considering each sensor and combined together. Histograms, maps and global summary statistics of the temporal revisit intervals (minimum, mean, and maximum) and the number of observations are reported. The temporal observation frequency improvements afforded by sensor combination are shown to be significant. In particular, considering Landsat-8, Sentinel-2A, and Sentinel-2B together will provide a global median average revisit interval of 2.9 days, and, over a year, a global median minimum revisit interval of 14 min (±1 min) and maximum revisit interval of 7.0 days.
High Altitude, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Subjective Observations and Objective Data (2013)

We report observations made by one of the authors who ascended to the Thorang La pass (5416 m) in the Nepal Himalaya in October 2010, despite moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea. We report the first recorded use of nasal CPAP to treat high altitude pulmonary edema (progressively severe dyspnea at rest and severe orthopnea, with tachycardia and tachypnea) that occurred at 4400 meters, when snow and darkness made safe evacuation difficult. We also present objective longitudinal data of the effects of altitude on auto-adjusting CPAP delivered via a portable nasal CPAP device, and on the apnea hypopnea index measured during sleep while using the device. OSA may be a risk factor for the development of high altitude pulmonary edema and we suggest that a nasal CPAP device located in high altitude trekking stations may provide an additional or alternative treatment option for managing high altitude pulmonary edema until evacuation is possible.
A Novel and Facile Synthesis of N-Substituted 8-hydroxybenzo[g] chromeno[4, 3-b]indol-6(13H)-ones by a Nenitzescu Reaction (2014)

N-Substituted 8-hydroxybenzo[g]chromeno[4,3-b]indol-6(13H)-ones have been efficiently synthesized via a Nenitzescu reaction of naphthoquinone (or benzoquinone) and N-substituted 4-aminocoumarins in the presence of a catalytic amount of KHSO4 with a [bmim][BF4]/toluene system. Keywords: Coumarins, Nenitzescu reaction, quinones, ionic liquid.