gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radical Formation in the Oxidation of 2,2‘-Azo-2-methyl-6-heptene by Thianthrene Cation Radical (1996)

Reaction of 2,2'-azo-2-methyl-6-heptene (1) with thianthrene cation radical perchlorate (Th(*)(+)ClO(4)(-)) in CH(2)Cl(2) solution containing 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (DTBMP) gave a mixture of nine C(8) hydrocarbons, namely, 1,1,2-trimethylcyclopentane (4, 2.2%), 6-methyl-1-heptene (5, 2.2%), 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene (6, 9.8%), 2,2-dimethyl-1-methylenecyclopentane (7, 2.9%), 6-methyl-1,5-heptadiene (8, 39%), 3,3-dimethyl- (9, 7.6%), 4,4-dimethyl- (10, 11%), 1,2-dimethyl- (11, 5.4%), and 1,6-dimethylcyclohexene (12, 1.5%). The amounts of acyclic dienes (6, 8) fell and of cyclohexenes (9, 10) rose when DTBMP was omitted from or diminished in the solution. The results provide firm evidence (products 4, 5, and 7) for the formation of the 2-methyl-6-hepten-2-yl radical (2), although the major fate of 2 is its oxidation to the corresponding cation 13, the origin of the bulk of the other products.
Spin pumping and spin transfer (2012)

This chapter discusses the interaction between currents and magnetisation, which can cause undesirable effects such as enhanced magnetic noise in read heads made from magnetic multilayers. While most research has been carried out on metallic structures, current-induced magnetisation dynamics in semiconductors or even insulators has been pursued as well. These issues have attracted many physicists because, on top of the practical aspects, the underlying phenomena are fascinating. Berger and Slonczewski are acknowledged to have started the field in general through their introduction of the concept of current-induced magnetisation dynamics by the transfer of spin. The reciprocal effect, i.e. spin pumping, was expected long ago, but it took some time before Tserkovnyak et al. developed a rigorous theory of spin pumping for magnetic multilayers, including the associated increased magnetisation damping.
ERK1 is important for Th2 differentiation and development of experimental asthma (2012)

The ERK1/2 signaling pathway regulates a variety of T-cell functions. We observed dynamic changes in the expression of ERK1/2 during T-helper cell differentiation. Specifically, the expression of ERK1/2 was decreased and increased by IL-12 and IL-4, respectively. To address this subject further, we examined the specific role of ERK1 in Th2 differentiation and development of experimental asthma using ERK1(-/-) mice. ERK1(-/-) mice were unable to mount airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in two different models of asthma, acute and chronic. ERK1(-/-) mice had reduced expression of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 but not IL-17A or IFN-γ. They had reduced levels of allergen-specific IgE and blood eosinophils. T cells from immunized ERK1(-/-) mice manifested reduced proliferation in response to the sensitizing allergen. ERK1(-/-) T cells had reduced and short-lived expression of JunB following TCR stimulation, which likely contributed to their impaired Th2 differentiation. Immunized ERK1(-/-) mice showed reduced numbers of CD44(high) CD4 T cells in the spleen. In vitro studies demonstrated that Th2 but not Th1 cells from ERK1(-/-) mice had reduced numbers of CD44(high) cells. Finally, CD4 T cells form ERK1(-/-) mice expressed higher levels of BIM under growth factor-deprived conditions and reduced Mcl-1 on stimulation. As a result, the survival of CD4 T cells, especially CD44(high) Th2 cells, was much reduced in ERK1(-/-) mice. We conclude that ERK1 plays a nonredundant role in Th2 differentiation and development of experimental asthma. ERK1 controls Th2 differentiation and survival through its effect on JunB and BIM, respectively.
<title>Tracking in the presence of range deception ECM and clutter by decomposition and fusion</title> (1999)

Range deception, such as range-gate-pull-off (RGPO) is a common electronic countermeasure (ECM) technique used to defeat or degrade tracking radars. Although a variety of heuristic approaches/tricks have been proposed to mitigate the impact of this type of ECM on the target tracking algorithms, none of them involve a systematic means to reject the countermeasure signals. This paper presents a general and systematic approach, called Decomposition and Fusion (DF) approach, for target tracking in the presence of range deception ECM and clutter. It is effective against RGPO, range-gate-pull-in, and range false target ECM techniques for a radar system where the deception measurements have virtually the same angles as the target measurement. This DF approach has four fundamental components: (a) decomposing the validated measurements by determination of range deception measurements using hypothesis testing; (b) running one or more tracking filters using the detected range deception measurements only; (c) running a conventional tracking-in-clutter filter using the remaining measurements; (d) fusing the tracking filters by a probabilistically weighted sum of their estimates. Several algorithms within the DF approach are discussed.
Hand hygiene in an intensive care unit (2008)

Aim: To understand the importance and priority assigned to hand hygiene by the health team of an intensive care unit at a university hospital.Materials and methods: A qualitative methodology, with an ethnographic approach, was used. The figures were constructed through participatory observation and interviews with the doctors, nurses and auxiliary nurses who took part in the study, which was conducted inside an intensive care unit at a university hospital.Results: Hand hygiene is a contextualized practice that hinges on the patent, the procedure and the surrounding environment. Those elements determine its value and priority for the hospital staff. Nursing professionals have been given responsibility for ensuring compliance with hand hygiene practices. However, this has sparked conflict with other professionals in the work place.Conclusions: Hand hygiene is an episodic, temporary and contextualized practice with restrictions and demands. The weight and importance assigned to it by the participants depends on the type of patient, the procedure and physical setting.
Falls Aren't Us (2009)

Fall prevention modalities may facilitate achievement of the ninth goal of The Joint Commission namely, to "reduce the risk of patient harm resulting form falls" and achievement of Healthy People 2010 15th goal namely, to "reduce death from falls."
Aminodiol HIV Protease Inhibitors. Synthesis And Structure−Activity Relationships Of P<sub>1</sub>/P<sub>1</sub>‘ Compounds:  Correlation between Lipophilicity and Cytotoxicity (1996)

A series of novel aminodiol inhibitors of HIV protease based on the lead compound 1 with structural modifications at P1‘ were synthesized in order to reduce the cytotoxicity of 1. We have observed a high degree of correlation between the lipophilicity and the cytotoxicity of this series of inhibitors. It was found that appropriate substitution at the para position of the P1‘ phenyl group of 1 resulted in the identification of equipotent (both against the enzyme and in cell culture) compounds (10l, 10m, 10n, and 15c) which possess significantly decreased cytotoxicity.
Benchmarking of FFT algorithms (2002)

A large number of fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms have been developed over the years. Among these, the most promising are the radix-2, radix-4, split-radix, fast Hartley transform (FHT), quick Fourier transform (QFT), and the decimation-in-time-frequency (DITF) algorithms. We present a rigorous analysis of these algorithms that includes the number of mathematical operations, computational time, memory requirements, and object code size. The results of this work will serve as a framework for creating an object-oriented, poly-functional FFT implementation which will automatically choose the most efficient algorithm given user-specified constraints.
Effects of optical polarization in reflection-mode near-field optical microscopy (2002)

The polarization dependence of reflection-mode SNOM observation is characterized. An Al/glass grating with a fine structure is observed by SNOM. SNOM images observed with parallel- and perpendicular-polarized light show different feature each other. The difference is also studied by means of computer simulations.
Epigenetic Regulation of <i>miR-17∼92</i> Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis (2013)

This study provides insight into the pathobiology of IPF and identifies a novel epigenetic feedback loop between miR-17~92 and DNMT-1 in lung fibrosis.
A Novel Single-Stage AC/DC Converter Used in Battery Charger Applications (2018)

In this paper, a novel single-stage AC/DC converter for battery charging applications is introduced. The proposed topology uses only two active switches to perform a Power Factor Correction (PFC) AC/DC conversion and a DC/DC conversion at the same time. The PFC AC/DC conversion maintains a DC voltage across two storage capacitors. The DC/DC converter is a half-bridge DC/DC topology which regulates the output voltage for the load and provides galvanic isolation. One of the important advantages of the proposed single-stage AC/DC coverer is that it inherently provides Zero-Voltage-Switching (ZVS) in DCM. Moreover, it can achieve high PFC while having low output current ripple, which is essential for Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) batteries. Simulation and experimental results are provided to show the superior performance of the converter in achieving ZVS, PFC, and low output current ripple.
The Molecular Basis of Ligand Interaction at Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) (2014)

The long-chain fatty acid receptor FFA4 (previously GPR120) is receiving substantial interest as a novel target for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory disease. This study examines for the first time the detailed mode of binding of both long-chain fatty acid and synthetic agonist ligands at FFA4 by integrating molecular modeling, receptor mutagenesis, and ligand structure-activity relationship approaches in an iterative format. In doing so, residues required for binding of fatty acid and synthetic agonists to FFA4 have been identified. This has allowed for the refinement of a well validated model of the mode of ligand-FFA4 interaction that will be invaluable in the identification of novel ligands and the future development of this receptor as a therapeutic target. The model reliably predicted the effects of substituent variations on agonist potency, and it was also able to predict the qualitative effect of binding site mutations in the majority of cases.
Color based road detection in urban traffic scenes (2003)

Road detection is a key issue for autonomous driving in urban traffic. In this paper, after a brief overview of existing methods, we present a road area detection algorithm based on color images. This algorithm is composed of two modules: boundaries are first estimated based on the intensity image and road areas are subsequently detected based on the full color image. In the first module, an edge image of the scene is analyzed to obtain the candidates for the left and right road borders and to delimit the area that will subsequently be used to compute the mean and variance of the Gaussian distribution, assumed to be obeyed by the color components of road surfaces. The second module effectively extracts the road area and reinforces boundaries that the most appropriate fit the road-extraction result. The combination of these modules can overcome basic problems due to inaccuracies in edge detection based on the intensity image alone and due to the computational complexity of segmentation algorithms based on color images. Experimental results on real road scenes have substantiated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Ubiquitous Model for Wireless Sensor Networks Monitoring (2012)

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) belong to emerging technologies where network devices can interact with the surrounding environment by sensing physical parameters. Recently, with the dissemination of mobile devices to Internet connectivity, users can interact with sensor networks and collect environmental data, anytime, anywhere using user-friendly mobile applications. Following the Internet of Things vision, the integration of all sorts of Internet-based devices is considered a big challenge. New infrastructures are required in order to interconnect these devices independently of the used technologies. This paper proposes a model for WSNs monitoring based on a REST Web service and XML messages to provide a mobile ubiquitous approach for WSN monitoring. Data collected from a WSN is stored in a database. Then, mobile clients send XML based messages to a HTTP server through a well-defined REST interface, requesting WSN collected data. A WSN laboratory test bed was used to perform the evaluation, demonstration, and validation of the proposed model. Results show that proposed solution is able to collect and present data in a mobile environment, and it is ready for use.
Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate???albumin conjugates in tumor-bearing rats (1997)

Linking chemotherapeutic drugs to a macromolecular carrier system may enhance tumor targeting, reduce toxicity and overcome drug resistance mechanisms. As an elementary model to evaluate the pharmacological properties of macromolecular drug carrier systems we chose rat serum albumin (RSA) for carrier and methotrexate (MTX) as antineoplastic drug. The conjugation procedure yielded conjugates with an approximate 1:1 molar loading rate (MTX(1)-RSA). In the first part of the study a residualizing [111In]DTPA protein label was used for mapping in vivo the catabolic sites of the native carrier protein and of the MTX(1)-RSA drug conjugate in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma bearing rats. The tumor accumulation was about 14% of the injected dose for the RSA and MTX(1)-RSA tracers after 24 h. Tracer entrapment by organs with an active mononuclear phagocyte system was low (liver below 7% and spleen below 1.5% of the injected dose after 24 h). The 1:1 conjugation of MTX to RSA did not decisively alter the pharmacokinetic properties nor the tumor or tissue distribution of the native carrier protein RSA. In the second part of the study the different properties of the MTX(1)-RSA conjugate were compared with MTX in vivo. About 2 mg MTX/kg body weight either of the drug conjugate or of the original drug were injected after being additionally spiked with radiolabeled tracers. Plasma concentrations were simultaneously determined by immunological and radioactive means. After 24 h about 12% MTX(1)-RSA was found in circulation compared to 0.03% MTX. Favorable tumor accumulation rates of about 14% were achieved for MTX(1)-RSA versus 0.04% for MTX. About 45-fold more of the injected dose of [3H]MTX accumulated in the liver as compared to the tumor (1.5 versus 0.03%) after 24 h. Conjugation of MTX to RSA reversed this ratio in favor of the tumor to 1:1.4 (13.6 versus 9.6%). In conclusion, the potential therapeutic benefit of the MTX(1)-RSA conjugate lies in its very long tumor exposure time and its improved tumor accumulation rate compared to conventional MTX. In addition the conjugation to albumin might enhance the therapeutic effects over those achieved by long-term continuous infusion of MTX, as MTX(1)-RSA enters the cells by a different uptake mechanism. This might also help to circumvent MTX resistance mechanisms, such as a reduction in folate receptor numbers or impaired MTX polyglutamylation.
Supervision of real-time software systems using optimistic path prediction and rollbacks (2002)

Real time supervision is a technique for automatically detecting and reporting failures in the external behaviour of real time software systems. Failure detection is achieved by monitoring the target system's external inputs and outputs, in a 'black box' manner and comparing its behaviour with the formally specified behaviour of the system. The paper presents the Optimistic Path Prediction and Rollbacks (OPPR) approach to real time supervision. In this technique, the supervisor predicts a single likely behaviour of the target system and, if the observed behaviour does not match the prediction, rolls back and creates a new prediction of the legal behaviour. A failure is detected when the supervisor has explored all valid behaviours without matching the observed behaviour. The paper opens by introducing the field of real time supervision and examining existing techniques. The core of the paper presents the basic algorithm of the OPPR method, with an example to illustrate its operation. The paper closes by describing an evaluation system, summarizing the experimental results and examining the performance of the OPPR scheme.
Dietary shifts affect the gastrointestinal microflora of the giant panda (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) (2012)

Giant pandas exhibit seasonal changes in bamboo plant part preference. The influences on the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) microbial populations were evaluated during a 14-month period for a pair of adult male and female giant pandas housed at the Memphis Zoo using traditional culturing methods to enumerate eight bacterial groups (total anaerobes, total aerobes (TAR), streptococci (STR), total enterics, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides spp., lactobacilli and Clostridium spp.). Both the male and female pandas altered bamboo consumption behaviours, with a sharp decrease in leaf preference in April 2010 and returning to high levels of leaf preference from June to October, corresponding to significant shifts in the densities of TAR, STR, and lactobacilli and Bacteroides spp. These findings indicate seasonal changes in food preference affect the assemblages of microbial populations within the GIT of the giant panda and contribute to a better understanding of the importance of bamboo in this species' foraging strategy.
Application of transmission-mode ultrasonic tomography to identify multiphase flow regime (2011)

This paper presents an application of ultrasonic tomography where the main objective is to identify the multiphase flow regime which is liquid, gas and solid at once. The system was designing non-invasively by using offline method. The transmission mode with fan shaped beam back projection had been implemented for sensing purposes where 8×8 projections were produced. Beside, the linear back projection (LBP) algorithm was implemented in the software system for the image reconstruction part. Experiments show that the multiphase flow regime for liquid, gas and solid at once can be identifying by using ultrasonic tomography. The results of experiments and possible future improvement were also discussed.
Panipenem does not alter the pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of irinotecan SN-38 and inactive metabolite SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G) in rats. (2011)

The present study has investigated the effect of panipenem, a widely used antibiotic, on the pharmacokinetics of an active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11), 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) and SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G) produced by uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A isoform-mediated glucuronidation in rats. Rats received a 1 h infusion with panipenem at a loading dose of 10 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 15 mg/min/kg once a day for 5 days. When the effect of pretreatment with panipenem on glucuronidation activities of substrates for hepatic UGT1A isoforms was investigated using substrates 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU), estradiol and SN-38, the rate of 4MU glucuronide formation was significantly increased, but that of estradiol glucuronide formation was unchanged. However, the rate of SN-38G formation showed a tendency to increase. One hour after the final infusion of panipenem or saline, SN-38 (2 mg/kg) was administered intravenously in rats with or without bile duct cannulation. Pretreatment with panipenem had no effect on the plasma concentration-time curves and biliary excretion of SN-38 and SN-38G in rats with and without bile duct cannulation. There were also no significant differences in the relative extent of glucuronidation of SN-38 to SN-38G (AUC(2 h, SN-38G)/AUC(2 h, SN-38)) between panipenem-treated and untreated rats. These findings suggest that pretreatment with panipenem does not alter the pharmacokinetics of SN-38 and SN-38G, suggesting the possibility that panipenem can be used safely for cancer patients undergoing irinotecan chemotherapy.
An 8 $\Omega$ 2.5 W 1%-THD 104 dB(A)-Dynamic-Range Class-D Audio Amplifier With Ultra-Low EMI System and Current Sensing for Speaker Protection (2012)

Class-D amplifiers for portable devices are now demanding more than 2 W 1% THD output power on 8 Ω speakers in smartphone and tablet for a better multi-media user experience. However higher acoustic power brings a lot of additional constraints such as speaker damage, more EMI energy and battery reset. The presented paper demonstrates a 2.5 W 1% THD into 8 Ω Class-D amplifier with 104 dB(A) dynamic range using a new power stage architecture to reduce silicon area. The design includes a ULEMI system to reduce high frequency energy without impact on audio band noise and an embedded load current sensing for speaker protection algorithm.
New human papillomavirus sequences in female genital tumors from Japanese patients. (1987)

Tissues from 52 cervical carcinomas, 15 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias III (CINs III), and 3 vulvar carcinomas were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences by Southern blot hybridization with HPV 16 or 18 DNA as the probe. HPV 16 or 18 DNA was detected in only 17 cervical carcinomas (33%), 5 CINs III (33%), and 1 vulvar carcinoma (33%). These frequencies are lower than those reported by others. However, new, as yet unidentified, HPVs were also detected at rather high frequency under less stringent conditions of hybridization using HPV 16 and 18 DNAs as probes. These HPVs did not hybridize with HPV 6, 11, 16, or 18 under stringent conditions, and were different from two other known types of genital tumor-associated HPVs, HPV 31 and HPV 33, judging from the patterns of their restriction enzyme digests. The total frequencies of HPV sequences were 48% (25/52) for cervical carcinomas, 53% (8/15) for CINs III, and 67% (2/3) for vulvar carcinomas.
Wearable Sensors for Measuring Movement in Short Sessions of Mindfulness Sitting Meditation: A Pilot Study (2018)

Mindfulness techniques are useful tools in health and well-being. To improve and facilitate formal training, beginners need to know if they are in a stable sitting posture and if they can hold it. Previous monitoring studies did not consider stability during sitting meditation or were specific for longer traditional practices. In this paper, we have extended and adapted previous studies to modern mindfulness practices and posed two questions: (a) Which is the best meditation seat for short sessions? In this way, the applications of stability measures are expanded to meditation activities, in which the sitting posture favors stability, and (b) Which is the most sensitive location of an accelerometer to measure body motion during short meditation sessions? A pilot study involving 31 volunteers was conducted using inertial sensors. The results suggest that thumb, head, or infraclavicular locations can be chosen to measure stability despite the habitual lumbar or sacral region found in the literature. Another important finding of this study is that zafus, chairs, and meditation benches are suitable for short meditation sessions in a sitting posture, although the zafu seems to allow for fewer postural changes. This finding opens new opportunities to design very simple and comfortable measuring systems.
Ability of the Bispectral Index, Autoregressive Modelling with Exogenous Input-derived Auditory Evoked Potentials, and Predicted Propofol Concentrations to Measure Patient Responsiveness during Anesthesia with Propofol and Remifentanil (2003)

Although BIS, AAI, and CePROP were influenced by remifentanil during propofol administration, their ability to detect OAA/S and LORlash remained accurate. Improved performance is obtained when BIS and AAI are measured in conjunction with drug targeted effect-site concentrations. Remifentanil decreases the ability of these independent variables to detect LORnoxious.