gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organocatalytic enantioselective conjugate addition of nitromethane to alkylidenemalonates: asymmetric synthesis of pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives (2013)

A highly enantioselective nitromethane addition to alkylidene malonates catalyzed by cinchona-alkaloid derived thiourea based organocatalyst has been developed that offers a new route to the synthesis of substituted pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives and 3-arylpyrrolidines/pyrrolidones.
Polyethylene Glycol 에 의한 수록한지의 광 변색 억제 (2000)

Classified handmade Korean paper which has been commonly used as the material for the paper cultural assets divide into four classes. We irradiated xenon arc lamp, which has almost the same spectrum distribution as natural sunlight, to test photo-induced of discoloration according to PEG molecular weight and concentration. So, we reach the followings. 1) Unbleached handmade Korean paper with PEG showed rapid decrease of brightness for 10 hours after photo-irradiation, regardless of molecular weight of PEG, but, after 10 hours, it showed gradual increase of brightness. From this, it proved that there was an effect of preventing discoloration of photo-irradiation. 2) Chemical bleached handmade Korean paper showed increase of brightness after 20 hours. Though time was delayed in increase of brightness, there was also an effect of preventing discoloration of photo-irradiation in chemical bleached paper. 3) Handmade Korean paper made with abet-mosk showed the lowest of brightness when it was tested on 400-20% PEG. Before photo-irradiation, the brightness of paper, applied it, was the lowest, but it showed the least difference of brightness after photo-irradiation. From this, it proved that there was the greatest effect of preventing discoloration in this paper. 4) Preventing yellowish, the first phenomena by photo-irradiation ageing with applying PEG was proved that there was the decrease of value of b^* +, and increase value of L^*, which could fairly prevent decrease of brightness.
Space fusion energy conversion using a field reversed configuration reactor: A new technical approach for space propulsion and power (1991)

The fusion energy conversion design approach, the Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) - when burning deuterium and helium-3, offers a new method and concept for space transportation with high energy demanding programs, like the Manned Mars Mission and planetary science outpost missions require. FRC's will increase safety, reduce costs, and enable new missions by providing a high specific power propulsion system from a high performance fusion engine system that can be optimally designed. By using spacecraft powered by FRC's the space program can fulfill High Energy Space Missions (HESM) in a manner not otherwise possible. FRC's can potentially enable the attainment of high payload mass fractions while doing so within shorter flight times.
Improved Conversion of Adenosine to 3′-Deoxyadenosine (1991)

An improved procedure is presented for the synthesis of 3′-deoxyadenosine starting from 2′ ,5′ -O-di-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)adenosine via the thiocarbonylation/reduction pathway.
Human CD36 is a high affinity receptor for the native lipoproteins HDL, LDL, and VLDL (1998)

Mouse and hamster SR-BI glycoproteins and their putative human counterpart CLA-I are so far the only scavenger receptors known to bind both native and modified lipoproteins. CD36, a multigland glycoprotein structurally related to SR-BI and CLA-1, has been reported to bind oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and acetylated LDL (AcLDL). In this report, we have studied the ability of CD36 to bind native lipoproteins. By transient expression of human CD36 in mammalian and insect cells, we demonstrate that CD36 is a high affinity receptor for the native lipoproteins HDL, LDL, VLDL, and, as previously reported, for OxLDL and AcLDL. The specificity of these interactions is supported by the dose-dependent inhibiton, effect of a monoclonal antibody against CD36. Furthermore, at least for HDL, binding to CD36 does not require the presence of apoE. These findings, together with preferential expression of CD36 in tissues performing very active fatty acid metabolism (skeletal muscle, heart, mammary epithelium, and adipose tissue) and its involvement in foam cell formation (macrophages), suggest that binding of lipoproteins to CD36 might contribute to the regulation of lipid metabolism, and to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Certification with Multiple Signatures (2015)

Certificate Authority (CA) is a single point of failure in the design of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). A single compromised CA breaks the entire infrastructure. The disclosed CA key can be used by adversaries to issue rogue certificates for any domains without the consent of the domain owners. These rogue certificates have been used in Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks. Studies have been conducted to prevent and reduce the damages of breached CAs and rogue certificates in different ways. However, few have a mechanism to fully and efficiently verify whether a CA or a certificate can be trusted or not. There is a need to develop new methods to ensure certificates with a high level of trustworthy in order for the PKI to be more resistant to compromised CAs and rogue certificates.
Real‐Time Manipulation with Magnetically Tunable Structures (2014)

Magnetically tunable micropillar arrays with uniform, continuous and extreme tilt angles for real-time manipulation are reported. We experimentally show uniform tilt angles ranging from 0° to 57°, and develop a model to accurately capture the behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the flexible uniform responsive microstructures (μFUR) can dynamically manipulate liquid spreading directionality, control fluid drag, and tune optical transmittance over a large range.
Measurement of spatial charge distribution in thick dielectrics using the pulsed electroacoustic method (1988)

Measurement techniques of volume charge distribution within insulating materials are developed using a pulsed electroacoustic method. The fundamental equation of the relation between the charge distribution in the insulating material and the signal voltage from the electroacoustic transducer is presented along with the typical measured charge profiles in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) during and after electron-beam irradiation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dual Calibration for Coupled Flow and Transport Models of Water Distribution Systems (2011)

The operation of drinking water supply networks is generally assessed using two complementary computer models. Firstly, the flow rates in the system are predicted from a hydraulic model with given input parameters and a network graph. Then the calculated pipe velocities are used in a transport reaction solver to determine various indicators for water quality, such as residence times, source tracings, and disinfectant concentrations. High parameter uncertainties require parameter estimations to be made to improve the predictions of the two coupled models. The objective of this paper is to assess if a dual calibration for these coupled models is possible through the use of a gradient method. Based on field data measurements, such as tank levels, pressures, flow rates and chlorine concentrations, a weighted least-squares problem is defined for an over-determined system to minimize the residuals between observed and model values. A direct solution based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method is proposed. The dual calibration was tested on two real networks and was shown to be effective even with inevitable unexpected circumstances. The parameter uncertainty, or even the observability, was found to be strongly linked to measuring device placement. Selecting measuring devices that are more sensitive may drastically improve the conditioning of the calibration problem.
CRF–CRF<sub>1</sub>system activation mediates withdrawal-induced increases in nicotine self-administration in nicotine-dependent rats (2007)

Nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco, induces negative emotional symptoms during abstinence that contribute to a profound craving for nicotine. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying how nicotine produces dependence remains poorly understood. We demonstrate one mechanism for both the anxiety-like symptoms of withdrawal and excessive nicotine intake observed after abstinence, through recruitment of the extrahypothalamic stress peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system and activation of CRF(1) receptors. Overactivation of the CRF-CRF(1) system may contribute to nicotine dependence and may represent a prominent target for investigating the vulnerability to tobacco addiction.
Modern High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (1994)

Journal Article Modern High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Get access Joseph Sherma Joseph Sherma Lafayette College, Department of Chemistry, Easton, PA 18042-1782 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Volume 77, Issue 2, 1 March 1994, Pages 297–306, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.2.297 Published: 14 January 2020 Article history Received: 25 August 1993 Accepted: 22 November 1993 Published: 14 January 2020
Object segmentation in the deep neural network feature domain from highly cluttered natural scenes (2017)

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) offer an effective hierarchical representation of images for various vision analysis tasks, including classification and detection. In this paper, we propose to study background modeling and object segmentation from highly cluttered natural scenes in the DCNN feature domain instead of traditional pixel domain. Specifically, we first design and train a DCNN for animal-human-background object classification, which is used to analyze the input image to generate multi-layer feature maps, representing the responses of different image regions to the animal-human-background classifier. From these feature maps, we construct the so-called deep objectness graph for accurate animal-human object segmentation with graph cut. The segmented object regions from each image in the sequence are then verified and fused in the temporal domain using background modeling. Recognizing that the DCNN is very computation-intensive, we explore a fast and efficient design of the DCNN which finds a good trade-off between complexity and the classification-segmentation performance. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on the camera-trap dataset with highly cluttered natural scenes.
An exploratory study of co-located collaborative visual analytics around a tabletop display (2010)

Co-located collaboration can be extremely valuable during complex visual analytics tasks. This paper presents an exploratory study of a system designed to support collaborative visual analysis tasks on a digital tabletop display. Fifteen participant pairs employed Cam-biera, a visual analytics system, to solve a problem involving 240 digital documents. Our analysis, supported by observations, system logs, questionnaires, and interview data, explores how pairs approached the problem around the table. We contribute a unique, rich understanding of how users worked together around the table and identify eight types of collaboration styles that can be used to identify how closely people work together while problem solving. We show how the closeness of teams' collaboration influenced how well they performed on the task overall. We further discuss the role of the tabletop for visual analytics tasks and derive novel design implications for future co-located collaborative tabletop problem solving systems.
The impact of different types of incentives on re-enrolment into health management programs (2004)

The Australian Health Management Group (AHMG) offers disease- and risk-management programs for members, aimed at improving health status and reducing health care costs. As an incentive to re-enrol, members are posted a small gift upon receipt of their completed enrolment form. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the provision of an incentive has a measurable effect on re-enrolment rates. Members were allocated to one of three conditions: “gift”; “competition”; or “no incentive”. We found that the provision of an incentive resulted in an increase in re-enrolment rates, with little difference between the “competition” and “gift” conditions. However, the cost per additional re-enrollee is considerable, thus a more detailed analysis of the costs and benefits of offering incentives need to be undertaken.
Extending the Brewer-Nash model to a multilevel context (1990)

It is shown how the Brewer-Nash Chinese wall model can be extended to a policy for handling the aggregation problem in a multilevel context. A lattice-based information flow policy that can be integrated into both the multilevel and Drewer-Nash context is derived. This information flow policy is used to develop a security policy described in terms of labeled subjects accessing labeled objects that will make it possible to construct a system that prevents users from accessing aggregates that they are not cleared to see.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CISGENESIS IS A PROMISING APPROACH FOR FAST, ACCEPTABLE AND SAFE BREEDING OF PIP FRUIT (2009)

Introgression of traits from wild germplasm into pip fruit cultivars by means of classical breeding is painstakingly slow. Introgression of e.g., the apple scab resistance gene Vf from Malus floribunda 821 into marketable high quality apple cultivars took approximately 50 years. In the mean time the Vf resistance is being broken down in Europe. For durable resistance, different resistance genes should be accumulated. However, this may take another series of decades. This slow tempo is caused mainly by the long juvenile period of apple and the phenomenon that not only the allele of interest is inherited by the progeny, but also hundreds of unwanted alleles. The process would be much faster if only the allele of interest was inserted, without unwanted alleles. This can be achieved by cisgenesis. We defined cisgenesis as genetic modification of plants, inserting alleles of the plant itself or from crossable relatives. The allele should contain its native introns and should be flanked by its native promoter and terminator in sense-orientation. If the plant is equipped with foreign genes from outside the gene pool of the conventional breeder, the plant is named transgenic. Inquiries indicate that cisgenic plants are more acceptable to consumers than transgenic plants. As the phenotypic result of cisgenesis can, in principle, also be obtained by means of conventional breeding or translocation breeding, cisgenic plants are as safe as plants from conventional breeding or mutation breeding. Therefore we have proposed to treat cisgenic plants like conventionally bred plants, by exempting cisgenic plants from the GMO regulation. The number of isolated, functionally analysed genes and their alleles from fruit tree crops is increasing. Also technologies are available for introduction of these alleles without leaving selection genes behind. Cisgenesis is combining the knowledge of native alleles with marker free technologies. Cisgenesis is a promising path for utilizing the wealth of knowledge on plant genes to the benefit of the society in a fast, safe, and acceptable way.
Mapping Physical Formats to Logical Models to Extract Data and metadata: The Defuddle Parsing Engine (2012)

Abstract. Scientists, motivated by the desire for systems-level understanding of phenomena, increasingly need to share their results across multiple disciplines. Accomplishing this requires data to be annotated, contextualized, and readily searchable and translated into other formats. While these requirements can be addressed by custom programming or obviated by community standardization, neither approach has ‘solved ’ the problem. In this paper, we describe a complementary approach – a general capability for articulating the format of arbitrary textual and binary data using a logical data model, expressed in XML-Schema, which can be used to provide annotation and context, extract metadata, and enable translation. This work is based on the draft specification for the Data Format Description Language and our open source “Defuddle ” parser. We present an overview of the specification, detail the design of Defuddle, and discuss the benefits and challenges of this general approach to enabling discovery, sharing, and interpretation of diverse data sets. 1
Cloning and analysis of mRNAs expressed specifically in the human epididymis (1990)

Differential cDNA screening identified four new genes that are expressed specifically in the human epididymis. Their corresponding mRNAs are relatively short, ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 kb, and belong to a class of abundant or moderately abundant transcripts. Tissue-specific expression was pronounced for all four sequences, which showed no hybridization signals with RNA from eight different human tissues. Cross-hybridization with epididymal RNAs from some non-rodent mammalian species was observed with two cDNAs; the remaining two transcripts failed to cross-hybridize with any of the animal epididymal RNAs tested.
Human herpesvirus 6 (1997)

Human herpesvirus 6 variant A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6 variant B (HHV-6B) are two closely related yet distinct viruses. These visuses belong to the Roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily; they are most closely related to human herpesvirus 7 and then to human cytomegalovirus. Over 95% of people older than 2 years of age are seropositive for either or both HHV-6 variants, and current serologic methods are incapable of discriminating infection with one variant from infection with the other. HHV-6A has not been etiologically linked to any human disease, but such an association will probably be found soon. HHV-6B is the etiologic agent of the common childhood illness exanthem subitum (roseola infantum or sixth disease) and related febrile illnesses. These viruses are frequently active and associated with illness in immunocompromised patients and may play a role in the etiology of Hodgkin's disease and other malignancies. HHV-6 is a commensal inhabitant of brains; various neurologic manifestations, including convulsions and encephalitis, can occur during primary HHV-6 infection or in immunocompromised patients. HHV-6 and distribution in the central nervous system are altered in patients with multiple sclerosis; the significance of this is under investigation.
Saliency-guided region proposal network for CNN based object detection (2017)

Robust sensing of the environment is fundamental for driver assistance systems performing safe maneuvers. While approaches to object detection have experienced tremendous improvements since the introduction and combination of region proposal and convolutional neural networks in one framework, the detection of distant objects occupying just a few pixels in images can be challenging though. The convolutional and pooling layers reduce the image information to feature maps; yet, relevant information may be lost through pooling and convolution for small objects. In order to address this challenge, a new approach to proposing regions is presented that extends the architecture of a region proposal network by incorporating priors to guide the proposals towards regions containing potential target objects. Moreover, inspired by the concept of saliency, a saliency-based prior is chosen to guide the RPN towards important regions in order to make efficient use of differences between objects and background in an unsupervised fashion. This allows the network not only to consider local information provided by the convolutional layers, but also to take into account global information provided by the saliency priors. Experimental results based on a distant vehicle dataset and different configurations including three priors show that the incorporation of saliency-inspired priors into a region proposal network can improve its performance significantly.
Antiproliferative Effects of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-3 in Mesenchymal Chondrogenic Cell Line RCJ3.1C5.18 (2001)

Chondrogenesis results from a complex equilibrium between chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have a crucial role in chondrogenesis, but their mechanisms of action are not well defined. IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is the major carrier for circulating IGFs in postnatal life, and has been shown to have IGF-independent effects on proliferation of several cancer cell lines. In this study, we have evaluated the IGF-independent and -dependent effects of IGFBP-3 on chondrocyte proliferation and the relationship of these effects with chondrocyte differentiation stage. We used the RCJ3.1C5.18 nontransformed mesenchymal chondrogenic cell line, which, over 2 weeks of culture, progresses through the differentiation pathway exhibited by chondrocytes in the growth plate. We demonstrated that IGFBP-3 inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner (1-30 nm), the proliferation of chondroprogenitors and early differentiated chondrocytes, stimulated by des-(1-3)-IGF-I and longR(3)-IGF-I (IGF-I analogs with reduced affinity for IGFBP-3), and by insulin and IGF-I. In terminally differentiated chondrocytes, IGFBP-3 retained the ability to inhibit cell proliferation stimulated by IGF-I, but had no effect on cell growth stimulated by insulin, or des-(1-3)-IGF-I or longR(3)IGF-I. By monolayer affinity cross-linking, we demonstrated a specific IGFBP-3-associated cell-membrane protein of approximately 20 kDa. We determined that IGFBP-3 has an antiproliferative effect on chondrocytes and, that this effect is related to the differentiation process. In chondroprogenitors and early differentiated chondrocytes, antiproliferative effect of IGFBP-3 is mainly IGF-independent, whereas, following terminal differentiation this effect is IGF-dependent.
Commensurability oscillations in the surface-acoustic-wave-induced acoustoelectric effect in a two-dimensional electron gas (2005)

We study the acoustoelectric effect generated by surface acoustic waves (SAW) in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas with isotropic and especially small-angle impurity scattering. In both cases the acoustoelectric effect exhibits Weiss oscillations periodic in ${B}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ due to the commensurability of the SAW period with the size of the cyclotron orbit and resonances at the SAW frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}=k{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ multiple of the cyclotron frequency. We describe how oscillations in the acoustoelectric effect are damped in low fields where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{*}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$ (with the time scale ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{*}$ dependent on the type of scattering) and find its nonoscillatory part, which remains finite to the lowest fields.