gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle‐mediated delivery of superoxide dismutase to the brain: an effective strategy to reduce ischemia‐reperfusion injury (2009)

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion is implicated in brain damage through different cellular and molecular mechanisms, and it is further aggravated by impaired cellular antioxidant defense systems under ischemic conditions. Therapeutic strategies based on exogenous delivery of the native form of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a free radical scavenger, are limited because of its short half-life (approximately 6 min) in vivo and poor permeability across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). We encapsulated SOD in biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide co-glycolide) nanoparticles (SOD-NPs) and tested their efficacy in a rat focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model. We hypothesized that localized brain delivery of SOD-NPs would sustain the protective effect of SOD by neutralizing the deleterious effects of ROS formed following ischemia-reperfusion. SOD-NPs were administered at the time of reperfusion via the intracarotid route to maximize their localization in the brain. Animals receiving SOD-NPs (10,000 U of SOD/kg) demonstrated a 65% reduction in infarct volume, whereas an equivalent dose of SOD in solution (SOD-Sol) increased it by 25% over saline control (P<0.001; data at 6 h following reperfusion). Control NPs alone or mixed with SOD-Sol were ineffective in reducing infract volume, with results similar to saline control, indicating the protective effect of the encapsulated enzyme. SOD-NPs maintained BBB integrity, thereby preventing edema, reduced the level of ROS formed following reperfusion, and protected neurons from undergoing apoptosis. Animals treated with SOD-NPs demonstrated greater survival than those with saline control (75% vs. 0% at 28 days) and later regained most vital neurological functions. SOD-NPs may be an effective treatment option in conjunction with a thrombolytic agent for stroke patients.
Peptide Inhibitors of Renin (1983)

Three experiments are described using new substrate analogue inhibitors of renin. The first experiment shows that introduction of a reduced isostere in the scissile peptide bond of an analogue greatly increases its ability to inhibit renin of a particular species. However, different species of renin substrate have different amino acids in their scissile bond and variation here also greatly influences the affinity of renin and substrate and hence of renin and substrate analogues. Finally, substitution of amino acids in the C-terminal adjacent to the scissile bond influences the affinity and efficacy of substrate analogues as inhibitors. In our second experiment a peptide inhibitor of dog renin, H.77, was used in an affinity column to produce a one-stage, 2000-fold, and complete purification of human renin. In our third experiment infusion of H.77 was used to lower circulating concentrations of angiotensin I and angiotensin II in conscious sodium-deplete dogs. Captopril was then given in addition to H.77 but blood pressure did not fall further, suggesting that captopril lowers blood pressure wholly or partly by reducing angiotensin II within the circulation and in extravascular sites.
PLA2G5 regulates transglutaminase activity of human IL-4-activated M2 macrophages through PGE2 generation (2016)

Phospholipases A2 are enzymes that liberate membrane-bound lipids in a tissue and cell-specific fashion. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 is necessary for the development of M2 macrophages and their effector functions in a mouse model of the T-helper-2 allergic airway inflammation. However, the function of group V phospholipase A2 in human M2 activation and T-helper-2 inflammation is ill-defined. Transglutaminase-2, a protein cross-linking enzyme, is a newly identified marker of both human and mouse interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages and is also found in the lungs of patients with asthma. We report that group V phospholipase A2 and transglutaminase-2 colocalized in macrophages of human nasal polyp tissue obtained from patients with T-helper-2 eosinophilic inflammation, and their coexpression positively correlated with the number of eosinophils in each tissue specimen. We demonstrate that in human monocyte-derived macrophages activated by interleukin-4, group V phospholipase A2 translocated and colocalized with transglutaminase-2 in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of macrophages. Moreover, knocking down group V phospholipase A2 with small interfering ribonucleic acid reduced macrophage transglutaminase activity, whereas mass spectrometry analysis of lipids also showed reduced prostaglandin E2 production. Finally, exogenous prostaglandin E2 restored transglutaminase activity of group V phospholipase A2-small interfering ribonucleic acid-treated macrophages. Thus, our study shows a novel function of group V phospholipase A2 in regulating the transglutaminase activity of human interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages through prostaglandin E2 generation and suggests that group V phospholipase A2 is a functionally relevant enzyme that may have therapeutic value for the treatment of human T-helper-2 inflammatory disorders.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Binds, S-Nitrosylates, and Activates Cyclooxygenase-2 (2005)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are two major inflammatory mediators. Here we show that iNOS specifically binds to COX-2 and S-nitrosylates it, enhancing COX-2 catalytic activity. Selectively disrupting iNOS-COX-2 binding prevented NO-mediated activation of COX-2. This synergistic molecular interaction between two inflammatory systems may inform the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Palladium‐Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Tosylates. (2010)

Abstract The present new general palladium‐catalyzed procedure for the cross‐coupling of (hetero)aryl tosylates provides a facile access to various functionalized (hetero)aryl alkynes tolerating many functional groups.
Nanostructure-based EO/IR focal plane array development for unattended ground sensor applications (2011)

Next Generation EO/IR focal plane arrays using nanostructure materials are being developed for a variety of Defense Applications including Unattended Ground Sensor Applications. Several different nanomaterials are being evaluated for these applications. These include ZnO nanowires that have demonstrated large signal to noise ratio as a wide band gap nanostructure material in the UV band. Similarly, the work is under way using Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) for a high speed detector and focal plane array as bolometer for IR bands of interest, which can be implemented for the unattended ground sensor applications. In this paper, we will discuss the sensor design and model predicting performance of an EO/IR focal plane array that can cover the UV to IR bands of interest. The model can provide a robust means for comparing performance of the EO/IR FPA's and Sensors that can operate in the UV, Visible-NIR (0.4-1.8μ), SWIR (2.0-2.5μ), MWIR (3-5μ), and LWIR bands (8-14μ). This model can be used as a tool for predicting performance of nanostructure arrays under development. We will also discuss our results on growth and characterization of ZnO nanowires and CNT's for the next generation sensor applications. Several approaches for compact energy harvesting using nanostructures will be discussed.
Improved Photoluminescence of InGaN Quantum Wells Grown on Nano-Patterned AGOG Sapphire Substrate by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (2007)

Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of InGaN quantum wells on GaN template grown on nano-patterned AGOG sapphire substrate leads to improved luminescence intensity by 1.89-2.21-times, presumably due to the reduced defect density.
High‐toughness Spider Silk Fibers Spun from Soluble Recombinant Silk Produced in Mammalian Cells (2003)

Abstract Introduction Historical Outline Production of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins Over‐expression of Soluble rc‐Spider silk Proteins in Mammalian Cells Secretion of rc‐Dragline Spider Silk proteins Large‐scale Production of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins Purification and Characterization of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins Production of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic Animals Generation of Transgenic Mice for the Spider Dragline Silk Genes Mammary Gland Production of Spider Dragline Silk Proteins Recombinant Spider Silk‐based Fiber Spinning Spin Dope Preparation, Fiber Spinning and Characterization Fiber Post‐Spinning Treatment Perspective on the Formation of Silk Fibers and the Spinning Process Applications of rc‐Spider Silk Fibers, and Prospects Patents Chronological Summary of Patents Conclusions Acknowledgments
The role of microvesicles in tissue repair (2011)

Microvesicles (MVs) are released by almost all cells in resting and activated conditions. First described several years ago, it is only recently that their mechanisms of action are being elucidated, and their potential role in health and disease is drawing increasing attention. The main function of MVs is signaling through specific interactions with target cells and the transferring of gene products. Gaining further insights into the molecular specificity of MVs has allowed identification of the cellular source and may provide new diagnostic tools in the future. Indeed, an increasing body of evidence indicates that MVs are capable of mediating tissue repair in models of acute kidney and liver injury. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms through which MVs from stem cells may act on target cells and may modify the response to injury. Furthermore, MVs from inflammatory cells are suspected to be involved in various diseases, such as cardiovascular and renal diseases, pathological pregnancy, tumors and sepsis. MVs are no doubt also involved in modulating immunity, and future studies will clarify their functional role in negatively modulating the cell response. Their role in physiological and pathological processes is increasingly appreciated. Depending on the cell source and the condition, MVs may be either beneficial or detrimental to the host. The recognition of their pathogenetic role may suggest new approaches to future therapies.
Prospects for Development of a Rotavirus Vaccine Against Rotavirus Diarrhea in Infants and Young Children (1989)

Major advances have been made in elucidating the etiologic agents of severe infantile diarrhea, and it is clear that rotaviruses are the single most important etiologic agents. Progress in the development of rotavirus vaccine candidates has also moved swiftly with the "Jennerian" approach, in which a related live, attenuated rotavirus strain from a nonhuman host is used as the immunizing antigen. If this strategy is not effective against all rotavirus serotypes, reassortant rotaviruses hold great promise for the development of a multivalent vaccine. Field trials with the "Jennerian" approach vaccines are under way, and phase 1 trials with the reassortants have been initiated.
Reliability of power GaAs field-effect transistors (1982)

The first report on a comprehensive study of the reliability of power GaAs FET's with aluminum gates and silicon-nitride passivation is presented. A total of 265 standard 6-mm-wide devices has been aged under dc-bias conditions with and without RF drive at channel temperatures of 250, 210, and 175°C. One-million device-hours have been accumulated with no catastrophic failure. A very conservative estimate predicts that the failure rate for burnout at a maximum channel temperature in normal operation of 110°C would be below 100 FIT's. Degradation in the electrical parameters has been very slow even at 250°C channel temperature. It is estimated that the failure rate for gradual degradation at 110°C would be well below 100 FIT's and most likely lower than 10 FIT's. No deterioration in the properties of gates and ohmic contacts have been observed. Diagnostic characterization has revealed that gradual degradation in the sample devices is caused by deterioration in the channel material. There has been no noticeable difference in gradual degradation between devices aged with and without RF drive at the same channel temperature for more than 3000 h. The present study has already demonstrated that the power GaAs FET's used as the samples are very reliable.
ATPS-13AROMATASE EXPRESSION IN HIGH GRADE GLIOMAS: A POTENTIAL NEW TARGET FOR THERAPY (2015)

The prognosis for patients with malignant gliomas remains dismal and novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed. We investigated the potential role of aromatase (CYP19A1), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens in peripheral tissues, as a target for the treatment of CNS malignancies, as well as brain disposition and anti-tumor efficacy of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor. Two recent discoveries from our lab have immediate clinical import. First, we analyzed the expression of aromatase in 67 human biopsy samples obtained from the University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute Tumor bank. De-identified frozen tissue samples (containing at least 50 % tumor cells, confirmed by HE i.p. injections) had long term suppression with overall survival exceeding 65 days and no signs of overt toxicity. In contrast, control untreated rats (N = 6, 2ml/kg vehicle i.p. injections) developed significant morbidity/mortality in 15-20 days. Overall, our studies strongly suggest that aromatase is a new “druggable target” for treatment of HGGs and that letrozole can potentially be readily used for this purpose.
Platelet-associated antibody to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients often binds to divalent cation- dependent antigens (1993)

Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a syndrome of destructive thrombocytopenia due to autoantibodies against platelet-associated antigens. These antigens are most commonly located on the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex. In the present studies, we show that many platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa autoantibodies from chronic ITP patients depend on conformationally intact GPIIb/IIIa for maximal binding. We studied anti-GPIIb/IIIa autoantibodies from 19 ITP patients (15 platelet-associated, 8 plasma) and alloantibodies from three patients with posttransfusion purpura (anti-PIA1). Antibodies were preincubated with purified intact GPIIb/IIIa, EDTA-dissociated GPIIb/IIIa, GPIIIa, or GPIIb for 2 hours and then residual antibody was measured in an antigen capture assay. The binding results were compared with those obtained using antibody preincubated in buffer. Of the 15 platelet-associated autoantibodies studied, the intact GPIIb/IIIa complex resulted in greater inhibition of antibody binding than the EDTA-dissociated complex, with a mean inhibition ratio (intact/dissociated) of 7.9 (range, 1.4 to 30.3). Little inhibition was noted using either GPIIb or GPIIIa. Conversely, plasma anti-PIA1 alloantibodies or plasma autoantibodies from ITP patients against the c-terminal region of GPIIIa were more efficiently inhibited by the dissociated complex or purified GPIIIa. We conclude that platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa autoantibodies in chronic ITP are frequently directed to cation-dependent conformational antigens.
Realizable reduction for RC interconnect circuits (1999)

Interconnect reduction is an important step in the design and analysis of complex interconnects found in present-day integrated circuits. This paper presents techniques for obtaining realizable and accurate reduced models for two-port and multi-port RC circuits. The proposed method is also particularly suitable for interconnect reduction for nonlinear circuit simulation and for interconnect post-processing in a parasitic extractor. The method has two limitations. First, it only considers the first few moments of the transfer function; however, that is accurate enough for RC circuits. Second, the amount of interconnect reduction is topology dependent. Although, most on-chip interconnect topologies are well suited for the method proposed. Accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated for various realistic examples.
Biomanufacturing of Axon-Based Tissue Engineered Nerve Grafts Using Porcine GalSafe Neurons (2021)

Existing strategies for repair of major peripheral nerve injury (PNI) are inefficient at promoting axon regeneration and functional recovery and are generally ineffective for nerve lesions >5 cm. To address this need, we have previously developed tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) through the process of axon stretch growth. TENGs consist of living, centimeter-scale, aligned axon tracts that accelerate axon regeneration at rates equivalent to the gold standard autograft in small and large animal models of PNI, by providing a newfound mechanism-of-action referred to as axon-facilitated axon regeneration (AFAR). To enable clinical-grade biomanufacturing of TENGs, a suitable cell source that is hypoimmunogenic, exhibits low batch-to-batch variability, and able to tolerate axon stretch growth must be utilized. To fulfill these requirements, a genetically engineered, FDA-approved, xenogeneic cell source, GalSafe<sup>®</sup> neurons, produced by Revivicor, Inc., have been selected to advance TENG biofabrication for eventual clinical use. To this end, sensory and motor neurons were harvested from genetically engineered GalSafe day 40 swine embryos, cultured in custom mechanobioreactors, and axon tracts were successfully stretch-grown to 5 cm within 25 days. Importantly, both sensory and motor GalSafe neurons were observed to tolerate established axon stretch growth regimes of ≥1 mm/day to produce continuous, healthy axon tracts spanning 1, 3, or 5 cm. Once stretch-grown, 1 cm GalSafe TENGs were transplanted into a 1 cm lesion in the sciatic nerve of athymic rats. Regeneration was assessed through histological measures at the terminal time point of 2 and 8 weeks. Neurons from GalSafe TENGs survived and elicited AFAR as observed when using wild-type TENGs. At 8 weeks postrepair, myelinated regenerated axons were observed in the nerve section distal to the injury site, confirming axon regeneration across the lesion. These experiments are the first to demonstrate successful harvest and axon stretch growth of GalSafe neurons for use as starting biomass for bioengineered nerve grafts as well as initial safety and efficacy in an established preclinical model-important steps for the advancement of clinical-grade TENGs for future regulatory testing and eventual clinical trials. Impact statement Biofabrication of tissue engineered medical products requires several steps, one of which is choosing a suitable starting biomass. To this end, we have shown that the clinical-grade, genetically engineered biomass-GalSafe<sup>®</sup> neurons-is a viable option for biomanufacturing of our tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) to promote regeneration following major peripheral nerve injury. Importantly, this is a first step in clinical-grade TENG biofabrication, proving that GalSafe TENGs recapitulate the mechanism of axon-facilitated axon regeneration seen previously with research-grade TENGs.
Sulfonation as a new technique of fabricating polymeric gradient-index lenses (2002)

Gradient-index (GRIN) lenses, whose refractive index varies continuously within the medium, have been useful as focusing elements, such as a connector and coupler of optical fibers, in optical communication systems. Glasses and polymers have been widely used in forming GRIN media, of which the polymers have milder processing condition and wider versatility in materials. Various copolymerization techniques have been used to form the gradient profiles of refractive index. Here, we report a new technique of fabricating GRIN medium in aromatic polymers using sulfonation method.
Near bulk-limited R0A of long-wavelength infrared type-II InAs∕GaSb superlattice photodiodes with polyimide surface passivation (2007)

Effective surface passivation of type-II InAs∕GaSb superlattice photodiodes with cutoff wavelengths in the long-wavelength infrared is presented. A stable passivation layer, the electrical properties of which do not change as a function of the ambient environment nor time, has been prepared by a solvent-based surface preparation, vacuum desorption, and the application of an insulating polyimide layer. Passivated photodiodes, with dimensions ranging from 400×400to25×25μm2, with a cutoff wavelength of ∼11μm, exhibited near bulk-limited R0A values of ∼12Ωcm2, surface resistivities in excess of 104Ωcm, and very uniform current-voltage behavior at 77K.
“Actinic-only” Defects in Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography Mask Blanks –Native Defects at the Detection Limit of Visible-Light Inspection Tools (2002)

We present recent experimental results from an actinic defect inspection system for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography mask blanks. The current actinic inspection system has demonstrated the ability to detect 50 nm defect in cross correlation experiments with visible-light inspection tools. We found that native defects as small as 60 nm with only 3 nm height were detectable by the actinic tool. These defects are just below the detection limit of current commercial visible-light inspection tools. A new class of defect was discovered, which is quite large, in the several micrometer range, and shows suppressed non-specular EUV scattering intensity as compared to the intrinsic background scatter from the multilayer blanks. Despite their large physical dimensions, these defects are also near the detection limit of current visible-light inspection tools.
Challenges in the patterning of RRAM devices for analog computing applications (Conference Presentation) (2020)

Emerging memory technologies such as Resistive Memory (RRAM) have gained a lot of attention to meet the requirements of a potential analog computing element, due to its non-volatile characteristics, scalability and energy efficiency. An RRAM device typically consists of a resistive switching layer (e.g. HfO2) sandwiched between two metal electrodes. Since oxygen vacancies are critical to the functioning of the device, it is desirable to achieve residue free etching using oxygen-less plasmas, and preferably minimize exposure to ambient environment. In this work, we discuss the RRAM patterning challenges and their impact on the device characteristics including the switching/forming voltage.
Query by document via a decomposition-based two-level retrieval approach (2011)

Retrieving similar documents from a large-scale text corpus according to a given document is a fundamental technique for many applications. However, most of existing indexing techniques have difficulties to address this problem due to special properties of a document query, e.g. high dimensionality, sparse representation and semantic concern. Towards addressing this problem, we propose a two-level retrieval solution based on a document decomposition idea. A document is decomposed to a compact vector and a few document specific keywords by a dimension reduction approach. The compact vector embodies the major semantics of a document, and the document specific keywords complement the discriminative power lost in dimension reduction process. We adopt locality sensitive hashing (LSH) to index the compact vectors, which guarantees to quickly find a set of related documents according to the vector of a query document. Then we re-rank documents in this set by their document specific keywords. In experiments, we obtained promising results on various datasets in terms of both accuracy and performance. We demonstrated that this solution is able to index large-scale corpus for efficient similarity-based document retrieval.