gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings XV: An Investigation of Polysiloxane Anti-Fouling/Fouling-Release Coatings Containing Tethered Quaternary Ammonium Salt Groups (2011)

As part of ongoing efforts aimed at the development of extensive structure–property relationships for moisture-curable polysiloxane coatings containing tethered quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) moieties for potential application as environmental friendly coatings to combat marine biofouling, a combinatorial/high-throughput (C/HT) study was conducted that was focused on four different compositional variables. The coatings that were investigated were derived from solution blends of a silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HO-PDMS-OH), QAS-functional alkoxysilane, and methyltriacetoxysilane. The compositional variables investigated were alkoxysilane functionality of the QAS-functional silane, chain length of the monovalent alkyl group attached to the QAS nitrogen atom, concentration of the QAS-functional alkoxysilane, and molecular weight of the HO-PDMS-OH. Of these variables, the composition of the alkoxysilane functionality of the QAS-functional silane was a unique variable that had not been previously investigated. The antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) characteristics of the 24 unique coating compositions were characterized using HT assays based on three different marine microorganisms, namely, the two bacteria, Cellulophaga lytica and Halomonas pacifica, and the diatom, Navicula incerta. Coatings surfaces were characterized by surface energy, water contact angle hysteresis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A wide variety of responses were obtained over the compositional space investigated. ANOVA analysis showed that the compositional variables and their interactions significantly influenced AF/FR behaviors toward individual marine microorganisms. It was also found that utilization of the ethoxysilane-functional QASs provided enhanced AF character compared to coatings based on methoxysilane-functional analogues. This was attributed to enhanced surface segregation of QAS groups at the coating-air interface and confirmed by phase images using AFM.
pH-sensitive membrane peptides (pHLIPs) as a novel class of delivery agents (2010)

Abstract Here we review a novel class of delivery vehicles based on pH-sensitive, moderately polar membrane peptides, which we call pH (Low) Insertion Peptides (pHLIPs), that target cells located in the acidic environment found in many diseased tissues, including tumours. Acidity targeting by pHLIPs is achieved as a result of helix formation and transmembrane insertion. In contrast to the earlier technologies based on cell-penetrating peptides, pHLIPs act as monomeric membrane-inserting peptides that translocate one terminus across a membrane into the cytoplasm, while the other terminus remains in the extracellular space, locating the peptide in the membrane lipid bilayer. Therefore pHLIP has a dual delivery capability: it can tether cargo molecules or nanoparticles to the surfaces of cells in diseased tissues and/or it can move a cell-impermeable cargo molecule across the membrane into the cytoplasm. The source of energy for moving polar molecules attached to pHLIP through the hydrophobic layer of a membrane bilayer is the membrane-associated folding of the polypeptide. A drop in pH leads to the protonation of negatively charged residues (Asp or Glu), which enhances peptide hydrophobicity, increasing the affinity of the peptide for the lipid bilayer and triggering peptide folding and subsequent membrane insertion. The process is accompanied by the release of energy that can be utilized to move cell-impermeable cargo across a membrane. That the mechanism is now understood, and that targeting of tumours in mice has been shown, suggest a number of future applications of the pHLIP technology in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Solid propellant sound generator for coagulation of aerosols (1985)

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Detection of prostate-specific antigen mRNA and protein in breast tumors (1996)

We have developed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) methods for detecting prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA. Using these methods, and a highly sensitive immunofluorometric assay for measuring PSA protein, we have assessed the concentrations of PSA mRNA and PSA protein in 30 primary breast tumors and a few other control tissues. We found good agreement between presence of PSA protein and PSA mRNA in breast tumors. We thus propose that, in women, detection of PSA protein or PSA mRNA in tissues and tumors offers equivalent information. Because PSA protein is present in male blood and thus could contaminate extracts from tumors and tissues from men, we propose that the RT-PCR methods we describe be used to assess nonprostatic expression of the PSA gene in men.
Guided test generation for web applications (2013)

We focus on functional testing of enterprise applications with the goal of exercising an application's interesting behaviors by driving it from its user interface. The difficulty in doing this is focusing on the interesting behaviors among an unbounded number of behaviors. We present a new technique for automatically generating tests that drive a web-based application along interesting behaviors, where the interesting behavior is specified in the form of Business rules are a general mechanism for describing business logic, access control, or even navigational properties of an application's GUI. Our technique is black box, in that it does not analyze the application's server-side implementation, but relies on directed crawling via the application's GUI. To handle the unbounded number of GUI states, the technique includes two phases. Phase 1 creates an abstract state-transition diagram using a relaxed notion of equivalence of GUI states without considering rules. Next, Phase 2 identifies rule-relevant abstract paths and refines those paths using a stricter notion of state equivalence. Our technique can be much more effective at covering business rules than an undirected technique, developed as an enhancement of an existing test-generation technique. Our experiments showed that the former was able to cover 92% of the rules, compared to 52% of the rules covered by the latter.
Beat frequency quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for fast and calibration-free continuous trace-gas monitoring (2017)

Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is a sensitive gas detection technique which requires frequent calibration and has a long response time. Here we report beat frequency (BF) QEPAS that can be used for ultra-sensitive calibration-free trace-gas detection and fast spectral scan applications. The resonance frequency and Q-factor of the quartz tuning fork (QTF) as well as the trace-gas concentration can be obtained simultaneously by detecting the beat frequency signal generated when the transient response signal of the QTF is demodulated at its non-resonance frequency. Hence, BF-QEPAS avoids a calibration process and permits continuous monitoring of a targeted trace gas. Three semiconductor lasers were selected as the excitation source to verify the performance of the BF-QEPAS technique. The BF-QEPAS method is capable of measuring lower trace-gas concentration levels with shorter averaging times as compared to conventional PAS and QEPAS techniques and determines the electrical QTF parameters precisely.
P3‐416: Differential TGF‐β‐Smad 2/3 and BMP‐Smad 1/5/8 pathway activation promotes macrophage Aβ phagocytosis (2010)

The amyloid cascade hypothesis holds that mismetabolism and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides as β-amyloid plaques sets a cascade of events into motion that perpetrate Alzheimer disease (AD). Based on this hypothesis, anti-Aβ strategies continue to be a primary AD therapeutic focus. One such strategy is “Aβ immunotherapy,” which involves harnessing the immune system to disrupt and clear cerebral β-amyloid deposits. We have shown that blockade of TGF-β-Smad 2/3 innate immune signaling in peripheral mononuclear phagocytes promotes brain trafficking and infiltration of these cells in AD model mice. We have developed a peripheral mononuclear phagocyte model system using thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. This system relies on Aβ pulse-chase assays and in-gel kinase analyses to evaluate the relative contribution(s) of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-Smad 2/3 and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-Smad 1/5/8 signaling pathways to macrophage Aβ uptake. We show that blood-born professional phagocytes demonstrate the capacity to engulf cerebral β-amyloid deposits without inducing deleterious bystander inflammation. Interestingly, following inhibition of classical TGF-β-Smad 2/3 signaling, peripheral macrophages show concomitant hyper-activation of alternative BMP-Smad 1/5/8 signaling and increased uptake and clearance of Aβ. We also show that direct stimulation with either BMP-2 or BMP-4 results in elevated Smad 1/5/8 signaling and PAK2 phosphorylation. This shift in favor of BMP-Smad signaling seems to initiate cytoskeletal remodeling required for enhanced Aβ uptake and clearance in this scenario. Taken together, our results suggest that shifting from TGF-β-Smad 2/3 to BMP-Smad 1/5/8 signaling is essential for efficient macrophage Aβ phagocytosis. Pharmacologic strategies targeting these pathways in peripheral mononuclear phagocytes would, in principle, have significant potential for treatment of AD.
Virion Attachment and Entry: HIV gp120 Env Biotinylation, gp120 Env, or Integrin Ligand-Binding Assay (2013)

The HIV-1 entry receptors are CD4 and a chemokine receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). In addition it has recently been demonstrated that HIV-1 gp120 binds to and signals through integrin α4β7, the gut-homing receptor (Arthos et al., Nat Immunol 9(3):301-309, 2008). Integrin α4β7 is not an entry receptor for HIV-1, although it can facilitate virion attachment to target cells (Arthos et al., Nat Immunol 9(3):301-309, 2008; Cicala et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:20877-20882, 2009). Recombinant HIV-1 gp120s bind to integrin α4β7 in a manner similar to its natural ligands (MAdCAM-1, V-CAM-1, fibronectin) (Andrew et al., J Immunol 153:3847-3861, 1994). gp120-α4β7 interactions are detected in a manner similar to assays developed for the natural ligands of α4β7. In this chapter we describe a method for the analysis of integrin-gp120 binding via a cell-based binding assay. In vitro ligand-integrin affinity can be modified by the presence of divalent cations (Mn(2+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+)) (Leitinger et al., Leitinger Biochim Biophys Acta 1498:91-98, 2000). Here we describe a protocol to detect biotinylated recombinant HIV-1 gp120 binding to integrin α4β7 in both primary cells and cell lines expressing the gut-homing receptor.
Dual-wavelength emission from optically cascaded intersubband transitions (1998)

Dual-wavelength intersubband emission at 8 and 10 microm is reported in a three-level quantum-well system in which one electronic state is at the same time the lower level of the first optical transition and the upper level of the second. Results are presented for two different AlInAs/GaInAs quantum cascade structures featuring single-well active regions with two vertical transitions or double-well active regions with one diagonal and one vertical transition. Laser action has been achieved between the excited states of the single-well device and on the diagonal transition of the double-well structure. In the latter case the wavelength can be electric-field tuned by means of the Stark effect also above threshold.
Magnetite in Freshwater Magnetotactic Bacteria (1979)

A previously undescribed magnetotactic spirillum isolated from a freshwater swamp was mass cultured in the magnetic as well as the nonmagnetic state in chemically defined culture media. Results of Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis applied to whole cells identifies magnetite as a constituent of these magnetic bacteria.
Compound dichroic polarizers with wavelength-dependent transmission axes (2015)

Compound dichroic polarizers using liquid crystal polymers and dichroic dyes have been studied for their variation of polarization with wavelength. Compound dichroic polarizers are composed of multilayer polarizers, where each layer has a different orientation and absorption spectrum. Several wavelength-dependent transmission axes configurations are proposed and investigated. Polarization properties, such as linear and circular diattenuation of the compound dichroic polarizers, for different wavelengths are measured and compared with simulation. Depending on the configuration, the compound dichroic polarizers can convert polarization signatures into color coding in unique ways.
Leveraging aggregate constraints for deduplication (2007)

We show that aggregate constraints (as opposed to pairwise constraints) that often arise when integrating multiple sources of data, can be leveraged to enhance the quality of deduplication. However, despite its appeal, we show that the problem is challenging, both semantically and computationally. We define a restricted search space for deduplication that is intuitive in our context and we solve the problem optimally for the restricted space. Our experiments on real data show that incorporating aggregate constraints significantly enhances the accuracy of deduplication.
Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Forest Interfaces Using Time Domain Thermoreflectance (2015)

Forests comprised of nominally vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are excellent candidates for thermal interface materials (TIMs) due to their theoretically predicted outstanding thermal and mechanical properties. Unfortunately, due to challenges in the synthesis and characterization of these materials reports of the thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of CNT forests have varied widely and typically fallen far short of theoretical predictions. In particular, the micro- and nano-length scales characteristic of the heat transfer in CNT forests pose significant challenges and may lead to misreported results. Here we examine the ability of a popular and well-established thermal metrology technique, time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR), to resolve the properties of CNT forest TIMs. The characteristic heating frequencies of TDTR (1–10 MHz) are used to probe heat transfer at length scales spanning ∼0.1–1 μm, applicable for measuring the contact resistance between the CNT forest free tips and an opposing substrate. We identify the range of CNT forest-opposing substrate interface resistances that can be resolved with TDTR, and simultaneously demonstrate the effectiveness of several processes developed to reduce the resistance of these interfaces. The limitations of characterizing CNT forests with TDTR are discussed in terms of uncertainty and sensitivity to parameters of interest.
Joint Decoding of Multiple Video Streams (2007)

Due to the storage limit, the original raw video may not exist after compressing it into multiple video bitstreams using different compression parameters. In this paper, we suggest a least square error (LSE) algorithm to jointly decode the multiple video bitstreams, aiming to achieve better quality of the reconstructed video. The experimental results by joint decoding of multiple H.263 streams show that the proposed algorithm can significantly enhance the decoded video quality.
Acoustic char flow monitor for the BI-GAS pilot plant (1979)

The BI-GAS coal gasification pilot plant at Homer City, PA has an urgent need for monitoring char flow to the gasifier. An undetected flow stoppage can very quickly cause a dangerous temperature excursion in the gasifier. At the request of BI-GAS, the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has developed and installed acoustic monitors which will give rapid indication of blockages or other flow perturbations in the char lines. These monitors use a high temperature microphone, developed at ANL, for measuring the acoustic attenuation caused by the presence of char in the line. Such a measurement gives a sensitive indication of the amount of char flowing in the line and can be used for both process control and rapid detection of blockages.
Hot gas, regenerative, supported H.sub.2 S sorbents (1993)

Efficient, regenerable sorbents for removal of H.sub.2 S from moderately high temperature (usually 200.degree. C.-550.degree.C.) gas streams comprise a porous, high surface area aluminosilicate support, suitably a zeolite, and most preferably a sodium deficient zeolite containing 1 to 20 weight percent of binary metal oxides. The binary oxides are a mixture of a Group VB or VIB metal oxide with a Group IB, IIB or VIII metal oxide such as V-Zn-O, V-Cu-O, Cu-Mo-O, Zn-Mo-O or Fe-Mo-O contained in the support. The sorbent effectively removes H.sub.2 S from the host gas stream in high efficiency and can be repetitively regenerated at least 10 times without loss of activity.
Three-dimensional optical data storage by two-photon excitation (1991)

We have demonstrated high density (>10 11 bits/cc) optical recording of information in a 3-D multilayer format. Information is written in a homogeneous negative photoresist as volume elements of increased index of refraction. The index increase results from crosslinking and shrinkage of the polymer induced by two-photon excitation of the photosensitizer at the waist of a highly focused beam of subpicosecond colliding pulse mode-locked laser. Quadratic dependence of two-photon excitation on incident instantaneous intensity confines crosslinking to the focal volume; therefore bit array layers may be written with thicknesses of the order of the confocal parameter. We have succeeded in writing eight well resolved bit planes in a ~30-µm thick polymer film. Information may be read by differential interference contrast or confocal microscopy. The potential for employing this technique in multilayered write-once-read-many optical storage disks is compared with other schemes for implementing 3-D optical data storage including two-photon fluorescence methods.
Scanning system design for large scan depth anterior segment optical coherence tomography (2010)

In telecentric scanning a large lateral scan area leads to an increase in the angle of incidence on each of the four anterior ocular surfaces (two for the cornea and two for the crystalline lens), causing significant reduction in the signal obtained from regions farther from the optical axis. We propose an optical coherence tomography scanning system, which achieves nearly normal incidences across the lateral locations of the four ocular surfaces. This provides an increase in the amount of light scattered back to the system, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The images of a model eye obtained with the proposed scan and conventional telecentric scan were compared. SNR improvement of 5dB and 12dB was observed for the anterior and the posterior lens surfaces, respectively. For the posterior corneal surface SNR improvement of 4dB was observed, while the SNR improvement for the anterior corneal surface was 0.7dB.
Semi-automated logging of contact center telephone calls (2008)

Modern businesses use contact centers as a communication channel with users of their products and services. The largest factor in the expense of running a telephone contact center is the labor cost of its agents. IBM Research has built a new system, Contact-Center Agent Buddies (CAB), which is designed to help reduce the average handle time (AHT) for customer calls, thereby also reducing their cost. In this paper, we focus on the call logging subsystem, which helps agents reduce the time they spend documenting those calls. We built a Template CAB and a Call Logging CAB, using a pipeline consisting of audio capture of a telephone conversation, automatic speech recognition, text analysis, and log generation. We developed techniques for ASR text cleansing, including normalization of expressions and acronyms, domain terms, capitalization, and boundaries for sentences, paragraphs, and call segments. We found that simple heuristics suffice to generate high-quality logs from the normalized sentences. The pipeline yields a candidate call log which the agents can edit in less time than it takes them to generate call logs manually. Evaluation of the Call Logging CAB in an industrial contact center environment shows that it reduces the amount of time agents spend logging calls by at least 50% without compromising the quality of the resulting call documentation.
Thermal stability and magnetic properties of Fe-Al-Ga-P-C-B-Si amorphous thick sheets (1997)

The structure and magnetic properties of melt-spun multicomponent Fe/sub 72/Ga/sub 2/Al/sub 5/P/sub 11-x/C/sub 6/B/sub 4/Si/sub x/ (x=0-10) alloy sheets were investigated. The increases in the thermal stability and glass forming ability, and the improvement of the soft magnetic properties were recognized with the replacement of P by 1-2 at% Si. The supercooled liquid region (/spl Delta/T/sub x/) defined by the difference between crystallization temperature (T/sub x/) and glass transition temperature (T/sub g/) increases from 51 K for the Fe/sub 72/Al/sub 5/Ga/sub 2/P/sub 11/C/sub 6/B/sub 4/ alloy to 65 K for the Fe/sub 72/Al/sub 5/Ga/sub 2/P/sub 9/C/sub 6/B/sub 4/Si/sub 2/ alloy, and then decreases with increasing Si content. The maximum thickness for glass formation (t/sub max/) also increases from 140 /spl mu/m for the Fe/sub 72/Al/sub 5/Ga/sub 2/P/sub 11/C/sub 6/B/sub 4/ alloy to 190 /spl mu/m for the Fe/sub 72/Al/sub 5/Ga/sub 2/P/sub 9/C/sub 6/B/sub 4/Si/sub 2/ alloy. The increases in /spl Delta/T/sub x/ and t/sub max/ are presumably because of increased agreement with three empirical rules for glass formation. The soft magnetic properties at the thickness of over 70 /spl mu/m are also improved by the replacement of 1-2 at% Si. The magnetic properties for the Fe/sub 72/Al/sub 5/Ga/sub 2/P/sub 9/C/sub 6/B/sub 4/Si/sub 2/ amorphous alloy with the thickness of 190 /spl mu/m after optimum annealing (623 K/spl times/1.8 ks) are 169/spl times/10/sup -6/ Wbmkg/sup -1/ for saturation magnetization (/spl sigma//sub s/), 1.0 A/m for coercive force (H/sub c/), and 9000 for permeability (/spl mu//sub e/) at 1 kHz. It is therefore expected that the Fe-based amorphous alloy containing 2 at% Si is widely used as a bulk amorphous material with good soft magnetic properties.
A green-yellow emitting oxyfluoride solid solution phosphor Sr2Ba(AlO4F)1−x(SiO5)x:Ce3+ for thermally stable, high color rendition solid state white lighting (2012)

A near-UV excited, oxyfluoride phosphor solid solution Sr1.975Ce0.025Ba(AlO4F)1−x(SiO5)x has been developed for solid state white lighting applications. An examination of the host lattice, and the local structure around the Ce3+ activator ions through a combination of density functional theory, synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction and total scattering, and electron paramagnetic resonance, points to how chemical substitutions play a crucial role in tuning the optical properties of the phosphor. The maximum emission wavelength can be tuned from green (λem = 523 nm) to yellow (λem = 552 nm) by tuning the composition, x. Photoluminescent quantum yield is determined to be 70 ± 5% for some of the examples in the series. Excellent thermal properties were found for the x = 0.5 sample, with the photoluminescence intensity at 160 °C only decreased to 82% of its room temperature value. Phosphor-converted LED devices fabricated using an InGaN LED (λmax = 400 nm) exhibit high color rendering white light with Ra = 70 and a correlated color temperature near 7000 K. The value of Ra could be raised to 90 by the addition of a red component, and the correlated color temperature lowered to near 4000 K.