gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical studies of cylindrical Hall thrusters (2007)

The Hall thruster is a mature electric propulsion device that holds considerable promise in terms of the propellant saving potential. The annular design of the conventional Hall thruster, however, does not naturally scale to low power. The efficiency tends to be lower and the lifetime issues are more aggravated. Cylindrical geometry Hall thrusters have lower surface-to-volume ratio than conventional thrusters and, thus, seem to be more promising for scaling down. The cylindrical Hall thruster (CHT) is fundamentally different from the conventional design in the way the electrons are confined and the ion space charge is neutralized. The performances of both the large (9-cm channel diameter, 600–1000W) and miniaturized (2.6-cm channel diameter, 50–300W) CHTs are comparable with those of the state-of-the-art conventional (annular) design Hall thrusters of similar sizes. A comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the CHT physics has been conducted, addressing the questions of electron cross-field transport, propellant ionization, plasma-wall interaction, and formation of the electron distribution function. Probe measurements in the harsh plasma environment of the microthruster were performed. Several interesting effects, such as the unusually high ionization efficiency and enhanced electron transport, were observed. Kinetic simulations suggest the existence of the strong fluctuation-enhanced electron diffusion and predict the non-Maxwellian shape of the electron distribution function. Through the acquired understanding of the new physics, ways for further optimization of this means for low-power space propulsion are suggested. Substantial flexibility in the magnetic field configuration of the CHT is the key tool in achieving the high-efficiency operation.
PTFE/Polyphosphazene Composite Fuel Cell Membranes (2000)

Polyphosphazene-based cation-exchange membranes were fabricated and evaluated for possible use in proton exchange membrane (PEM), direct liquid methanol fuel cells. Two types of membranes were prepared: (1) A composite PTFE/sulfonated-polyphosphazene membrane; and (2) homogeneous membranes composed of either a single sulfonated phosphazene polymer or blends of a sulfonated polyphosphazene and a non-sulfonated polymer. The phosphazene polymer used for all membranes was polyBIS(3-METHYLPHENOXY)PHOSPHAZENE, which was sulfonated with SO3. To control water/methanol swelling and methanol crossover, the polymer was either chemically crosslinked (using UV light and a photo-initiator or electron beam radiation) or blended with a hydrophobic polymer. Methanol crossover was high in membrane-electrode-assemblies with PTFE/polyphosphazene composite membranes (that were fabricated at W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc.) due to pore impregnation of the polyphosphazene in the PTFE matrix. Homogeneous crosslinked and blended membranes with sulfonated polyphosphazene exhibited an acceptably.
Recent progress in the development of anion exchange membranes for electrochemical devices (2017)

Fuel cells are widely thought of as an environmental friendly energy conversion platform for the 21st century. Unlike proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells (APEFCs) that use anion exchange membranes (AEMs) as electrolytes have drawn tremendous research attention Compared with acidic fuel cells, they have enhanced oxygen reduction reaction kinetics and use non-precious metal catalysts. In the recent years, there has been extensive research toward the development of AEMs for APEFCs, redox flow batteries (RFBs), and solid alkaline water electrolyzers. This chapter summarizes selected advances in this domain.
Thin film magnetic head having magnetic layers of different thickness and manufacturing method therefor (1987)

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Automatic Profiling of Network Event Sequences: Algorithm and Applications (2008)

The behavior of network entities, such as flows, sessions, hosts, and users, can often be described by communication event sequences in the time domain. For the purpose of many network measurement and monitoring tasks, it is desirable to have an accurate yet information-compact profiling of the behavior of massive event sequences. This paper proposes a new method to achieve this goal. On a given set of event sequences, the proposed method automatically learns a mixture model which fully captures the sequence behavior including both event pattern and duration between events. The learned mixture model is information-compact as it classifies sequences into a set of behavior templates, each of which is described by a Markov Chain. The model parameters are estimated in an iterative procedure which is developed from the Expectation Maximization algorithm. Two network management applications are proposed based on the method: a visualization tool for network administrators to conduct exploratory traffic analysis, and an efficient anomaly detection mechanism. In the evaluation, we validate the method accuracy as well as the usefulness of the two applications by using three networking datasets with different types: TCP packet traces, VoIP calls, and syslog traces in wireless networks.
Mixed-mode ESD protection circuit simulation-design methodology (2003)

The trial-and-error approach still dominates on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit design. We present a new predictive mixed-mode ESD protection simulation-design methodology, which involves multiple-level electro-thermal-process-device-circuit-layout coupling in an ESD protection simulation that solves complex electro-thermal equations self-consistently at process, device and circuit levels, in a coupled fashion. In this way, we can investigate ESD protection circuit behavior without any pre-assumption. Practical design examples in commercial 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS are presented.
A Simple Method for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Trisubstttuted Guanidines (1992)

Abstract A simple method for the synthesis of sweet tasting N, N′, N″-trisubstituted guanidines is described. The key intermediate, carbonimidoyl dichloride 6 was prepared using a known method. Reaction of 6 with cydooctylamine followed by the sodium salt of 5-aminomethyltetrazole or the sodium salt of glycine afforded the desired guanidine. When the carbonimidoyl dichloride was allowed to react with (S)-α-phenethylamine followed by the sodium salt of glycine, the guanidine sweetener 2 was obtained.
MICROFABRICATED SLITS IN SERIES: A SIMPLE PLATFORM TO PROBE DIFFERENCES IN CELL DEFORMABILITY (2008)

Change in cell stiffness is a characteristic of blood cell diseases, such as sickle cell anemia, malaria, and leukemia. Often, increases in blood cell stiffness lead to loss of the cells’ ability to squeeze through capillaries, resulting in organ failure, coma, and ultimately death. The goal of this project is to create a microfluidic device that can quickly and accurately screen, diagnose, and treat disorders involving cell deformability. We report the creation of a microfabricated device consisting of a series of 1-2 µm wide polymeric slits. Using this device, we demonstrate unambiguous mobility differences between cells differing solely in stiffness. This device can potentially be used to screen and diagnose disorders involving cell deformability.
Excellent dye fixation on cotton dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide using fluorotriazine reactive dyes (2005)

Development of a water-free dyeing process for cotton is essential for the textile industry due to ecological and economical reasons. In this study, a dyeing method is described where cotton has been effectively dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Excellent dye fixation of 100%, and colour strength (K/S) values up to 30, were achieved in a small batch reactor and in a scale-up vessel. A series of non-polar reactive dyes with fluorotriazine as reactive group were synthesised at our laboratory. Fluorotriazines were found to be the best dyes for dyeing cotton and their reaction with cotton was improved by adding small quantities of acids to the reaction medium. H3PO4 and HAc were tested at different concentrations on cotton dyed with fluorotriazines. Evenly dyed pieces of cotton without any damage to the cotton fibres were observed in all experiments. An important step forward has been made for the future commercialization of a green process for industrially dying cotton in scCO2. Elimination of water and its costly treatment can be now achieved in the cotton dyeing process.
SUCCESSFUL MYOBLAST TRANSPLANTATION IN FIBROTIC MUSCLES: NO INCREASED IMPAIRMENT BY THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE1 (1999)

Therefore these results demonstrated that myoblast transplantation can be successful even when there is abundant fibrosis.
The Wheat <i>VRN2</i> Gene Is a Flowering Repressor Down-Regulated by Vernalization (2004)

Plants with a winter growth habit flower earlier when exposed for several weeks to cold temperatures, a process called vernalization. We report here the positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN2, a dominant repressor of flowering that is down-regulated by vernalization. Loss of function of VRN2, whether by natural mutations or deletions, resulted in spring lines, which do not require vernalization to flower. Reduction of the RNA level of VRN2 by RNA interference accelerated the flowering time of transgenic winter-wheat plants by more than a month.
On the Application of Multiuser Detection in Multibeam Satellite Systems (2015)

We study the achievable rates by a single user in multibeam satellite scenarios. We show alternatives to the conventional symbol-by-symbol detection applied at user terminals. Single user detection is known to suffer from strong degradation when the terminal is located near the edge of the coverage area, and when aggressive frequency reuse is adopted. For this reason, we consider multiuser detection, and take into account the strongest interfering signal. Moreover, we analyze a different transmission strategy, where the signals from two adjacent beams jointly serve two users in a time division multiplexing fashion. We describe an information-theoretic framework to compare different transmission/detection strategies by computing the information rate of the user in the reference beam.
Space-dependent color gamut mapping: a variational approach (2005)

Gamut mapping deals with the need to adjust a color image to fit into the constrained color gamut of a given rendering medium. A typical use for this tool is the reproduction of a color image prior to its printing, such that it exploits best the given printer/medium color gamut, namely the colors the printer can produce on the given medium. Most of the classical gamut mapping methods involve a pixel-by-pixel mapping and ignore the spatial color configuration. Recently proposed spatial-dependent approaches for gamut mapping are either based on heuristic assumptions or involve a high computational cost. In this paper, we present a new variational approach for space-dependent gamut mapping. Our treatment starts with the presentation of a new measure for the problem, closely related to a recent measure proposed for Retinex. We also link our method to recent measures that attempt to couple spectral and spatial perceptual measures. It is shown that the gamut mapping problem leads to a quadratic programming formulation, guaranteed to have a unique solution if the gamut of the target device is convex. An efficient numerical solution is proposed with promising results.
Novel concept for converting waste carbon monoxide into methane (1982)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether ginsenoside Rg1 could be transported into rat pulmonary epithelial cells and its transport behavior and efflux through the cells. A high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with 2487 UV-vis detector at 203 nm was applied. The mobile phase was 0.05% phosphate-acetonitrile (75:25, v/v). Cells were incubated with Rg1 (100 microg/mL) for a specific time, then lysed and sonicated in methanol to extract intracellular Rg1. Cells incubated with Rg1 and verapamil or KCN were processed by the same method. A 20 microL aliquot of sample was injected into the HPLC system to determine Rg1 concentration. The results showed that Rg1 could be transported into the epithelial cells with peak concentration of 1.28 microg/10(5) cells at 0.5 h. Metabolic inhibitor KCN and P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil could increase Rg1 concentration within the cells, indicating that efflux of Rg1 was energy-dependent and P-gp was likely to be involved. This is the first time that the transport behavior and efflux of Rg1 through rat pulmonary epithelial cells has been demonstrated. The phenomenon that Rg1 concentration in the cells decreased whereas that in the medium remained high indicated that a more effective means of drug administration should be found.
An Enriched Shell Finite Element for Progressive Damage Simulation in Composite Laminates (2016)

A formulation is presented for an enriched shell nite element capable of progressive damage simulation in composite laminates. The element uses a discrete adaptive splitting approach for damage representation that allows for a straightforward model creation procedure based on an initially low delity mesh. The enriched element is veri ed for Mode I, Mode II, and mixed Mode I/II delamination simulation using numerical benchmark data. Experimental validation is performed using test data from a delamination-migration experiment. Good correlation was found between the enriched shell element model results and the numerical and experimental data sets. The work presented in this paper is meant to serve as a rst milestone in the enriched element's development with an ultimate goal of simulating three-dimensional progressive damage processes in multidirectional laminates.
Time reversed electromagnetic wave propagation as a novel method of wireless power transfer (2016)

We investigate the application of time reversed electromagnetic wave propagation to transmit energy to a moving target in a reverberant environment. “Time reversal” is a signal focusing method that exploits the time reversal invariance of the lossless wave equation to focus signals on a small region inside a complex scattering environment. In this work, we explore the properties of time reversed microwave pulses in a low-loss ray-chaotic chamber. We measure the spatial profile of the collapsing wavefront around the target antenna, and demonstrate that time reversal can be used to transfer energy to a receiver in motion. We discuss the results of these experiments, and explore their implications for a wireless power transmission system based on time reversal.
A versatile wide dynamic range pixel with an improved low-light sensitivity (2008)

A novel CMOS pixel will be described that combines the sensitivity and speed of response at low light levels of an integrating pixel with the wide dynamic range of a logarithmic response. However, as with all pixels, the low-light sensitivity of this novel pixel is ultimately limited by the dark current that flows through the pixel in parallel with the photocurrent. Since the dark current increases rapidly with temperature, this effect is particularly important for cameras that operate in hot environments. Results are reported that show that the dark current in these novel pixels and the temperature dependence of the dark current can both be reduced by careful pixel layout. Alternatively, the user generated function that controls the response of the pixel can be changed to accommodate the dark current and significantly increase the low-light sensitivity of the pixel.
Distributed Traffic Signal Control for Maximum Network Throughput (2012)

We propose a distributed algorithm for controlling traffic signals. Our algorithm is adapted from backpressure routing, which has been mainly applied to communication and power networks. We formally prove that our algorithm ensures global optimality as it leads to maximum network throughput even though the controller is constructed and implemented in a completely distributed manner. Simulation results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms SCATS, an adaptive traffic signal control system that is being used in many cities.
Ar ion implantation into resist for etching resistance improvement (2001)

Argon (Ar) ion implantation into resist pattern was investigated and the remarkable improvement of the etching resistance was confirmed on various films such as tungsten, aluminum copper, silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The possibility to make resist thickness thinner was proven. Ion dose more than 1E15/cm<SUP>2</SUP> was necessary to obtain a sufficient effect, so that shrinking of resist thickness and pattern width occurred simultaneously. The dependence of pattern shrinking on the line width was observed. Line width uniformity within a wafer was improved because of high etching resistance by ion implantation process. Line edge roughest (LER) or resist pattern was also reduced by ion implantation and smooth etched pattern could be formed. Although same effects were obtained for ArF resist, the shrinkage of ArF resist after ion implantation was more than that of KrF resists. The improvements in etching resistance and critical dimension (CD) control will be discussed in this article.
Long-Term Treatment with the Combination of Rivaroxaban and Aspirin in Patients with Chronic Coronary or Peripheral Artery Disease: Outcomes During the Open Label Extension of the COMPASS trial (2022)

In patients with chronic CAD and/or PAD, extended combination treatment for a median of 1 year and a maximum of 3 years was associated with incidence rates for efficacy and bleeding that were similar to or lower than those seen during the randomized treatment phase, without any new safety signals.
A BIST scheme for RTL controller-data paths based on symbolic testability analysis (1998)

This paper introduces a novel scheme for testing register-transfer level controller/data paths using built-in self-test (BIST). The scheme uses the controller netlist and the data path of a circuit to extract a test control/data flow (TCDF) which consists of operations mapped to modules in the circuit and variables mapped to registers. This TCDF is used to derive a set of symbolic justification and propagation paths (known as test environment) to test some of the operations and variables present in it. If it becomes difficult to generate such test environments with the derived TCDFs, a few test multiplexers are added at suitable points in the circuit to increase its controllability and observability. This test environment can then be used to exercise a module or register in the circuit with pseudorandom pattern generators which are placed only at the primary inputs of the circuit. The test responses can be analyzed with signature analyzers which are only placed at the primary outputs of the circuit. Every module in the module library is made random-pattern testable, whenever possible, using gate-level testability insertion techniques. Finally, a BIST controller is synthesized to provide the necessary control signals to form the different test environments during testing, and a BIST architecture is superimposed on the circuit. Experimental results on a number of industrial and university benchmarks show that high fault coverage (>99%) can be obtained with our scheme in a small number of test cycles at an average area (delay) overhead of only 6.4% (2.5%).
Towards modeling the traffic data on road networks (2009)

A spatiotemporal network is a spatial network (e.g., road network) along with the corresponding time-dependent weight (e.g., travel time) for each edge of the network. The design and analysis of policies and plans on spatiotemporal networks (e.g., path planning for location-based services) require realistic models that accurately represent the temporal behavior of such networks. In this paper, for the first time we propose a traffic modeling framework for road networks that enables 1) generating an accurate temporal model from archived temporal data collected from a spatiotemporal network (so as to be able to publish the temporal model of the spatiotemporal network without having to release the real data), and 2) augmenting any given spatial network model with a corresponding realistic temporal model custom-built for that specific spatial network (in order to be able to generate a spatiotemporal network model from a solely spatial network model). We validate the accuracy of our proposed modeling framework via experiments. We also used the proposed framework to generate the temporal model of the Los Angeles County freeway network and publish it for public use.
An effective power mode transition technique in MTCMOS circuits (2005)

The large magnitude of supply/ground bounces, which arise from power mode transitions in power gating structures, may cause spurious transitions in a circuit. This can result in wrong values being latched in the circuit registers. We propose a design methodology for limiting the maximum value of the supply/ground currents to a user-specified threshold level while minimizing the wake up (sleep to active mode transition) time. In addition to controlling the sudden discharge of the accumulated charge in the intermediate nodes of the circuit through the sleep transistors during the wake up transition, we can eliminate short circuit current and spurious switching activity during this time. This is in turn achieved by reducing the amount of charge that must be removed from the intermediate nodes of the circuit and by turning on different parts of the circuit in a way that causes a uniform distribution of current over the wake up time. Simulation results show that, compared to existing wakeup scheduling methods, the proposed techniques result in a one to two orders of magnitude improvement in the product of the maximum ground current and the wake up time.
New Adamantane-Based Spiro 1,2,4-Trioxanes Orally Effective against Rodent and Simian Malaria (2007)

New 6-arylvinyl- and 6-adamantylvinyl-substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes (13a−g and 14a,b) have been prepared and evaluated for antimalarial activity against multidrug resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in mice by both oral and intramuscular routes. While all the 6-arylvinyl-substituted trioxanes, 13a−f, showed promising activity, none of the 6-adamantylvinyl-substituted trioxanes, 13g and 14a,b, exhibited significant activity. Trioxane, 13f, the most active compound of the series, provided 100% and 80% protection to malaria-infected mice at 48 mg/kg × 4 days and 24 mg/kg × 4 days, respectively, by oral route. In this model, β-arteether (3) provided 100% protection at 48 mg/kg × 4 days and only 20% protection at 24 mg/kg × 4 days. Trioxane 13f also showed complete suppression of parasitaemia at 10 mg/kg × 4 days by oral route in rhesus monkeys infected with P. cynomolgi. None of these trioxanes, except 13f, showed significant activity by the intramuscular route.
Dependence of the anhysteretic magnetization on uniaxial stress in steel (1985)

As part of an investigation into the effects of stress on magnetic properties, the stress dependence of the anhysteretic magnetization of three samples of ferromagnetic constructional steel was measured. Measurements were taken using a specially designed apparatus which enabled small samples to be subjected to uniaxial stresses of up to 3.2×108 Pa while held between the pole pieces of a conventional 2T laboratory electromagnet with a pole gap of 70 mm. In each case, the anhysteretic magnetization decreased under compressive stress but increased slightly under tensile stress at low fields. Compared with hysteresis curves, the anhysteretic has a particularly simple form which can be modeled using an equation given previously. The results allowed the stress dependence of three of the four parameters governing hysteresis to be determined.