gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Change in cholesterol awareness and action. Results from national physician and public surveys (1991)

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md, sponsored national telephone surveys of practicing physicians and the adult public in 1983, 1986, and 1990 to assess attitudes and practices regarding high serum cholesterol levels. Each time, approximately 1600 physicians and 4000 adults were interviewed. Trends show continuing change in medical practice and public health behavior relating to serum cholesterol. In 1990, physicians reported treating serum cholesterol at considerably lower levels than in 1986 and 1983. The median range of serum cholesterol at which diet therapy was initiated was 5.17 to 5.66 mmol/L (200 to 219 mg/dL) in 1990, down from 6.21 to 6.70 mmol/L (240 to 259 mg/dL) in 1986 and 6.72 to 7.21 mmol/L (260 to 279 mg/dL) in 1983. The median ranges for initiating drug therapy were 6.21 to 6.70 mmol/L (240 to 259 mg/dL) in 1990, 7.76 to 8.25 mmol/L (300 to 319 mg/dL) in 1986, and 8.79 to 9.28 mmol/L (340 to 359 mg/dL) in 1983. The number of adults who reported having had their cholesterol level checked rose from 35% to 46% to 65% in 1983, 1986, and 1990, respectively. Between 1983 and 1990, the number of adults reporting a physician diagnosis of high serum cholesterol increased from 7% to 16%; the number reporting a prescribed cholesterol-lowering diet increased from 3% to 9%. Reports of self-initiated diet efforts reached a high of 19% in 1986 and decreased to 15% in 1990. Two percent of adults reported drug prescriptions in 1990 compared with 1% in earlier years. In 1990, over 90% of physicians reported awareness and use of the recommendations from the Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, and the public reported marked increases in awareness of dietary methods to lower serum cholesterol. These changes suggest educational gains; the data also suggest areas for continued cholesterol educational initiatives. (<i>Arch Intern Med.</i>1991;151:666-673)
<title>Optical beam steering using surface micromachined gratings and optical phased arrays</title> (1997)

Two categories of optical beam steering micro-electro- mechanical systems (MEMS) were investigated: variable blaze gratings (VBGs) and linear optical phased arrays. All devices were surface micromachined using the multi-user MEMS processes (MUMPs). VBGs use an adjustable blaze angle to direct the majority of reflected light into a selectable diffraction order. Diffraction efficiencies greater than 50% were demonstrated. Linear optical phased arrays use a single row of piston micromirrors to create a far-field pattern with a steerable main lobe along one axis. All devices were constructed of polysilicon and gold and were actuated with electrostatic force. Electrostatic actuation provides high speed operation at a very low drive power. These optical beam steering devices discussed in this work are less optically efficient than a single pivoting mirror, but they require no post-fabrication assembly and can handle large beam diameters. Also, the low individual mass of the elements in surface micromachined VBGs and optical phased arrays yield faster system response times than a single macroscale pivoting mirror.
Acid rock drainage and metal leaching from mine waste material (tailings) of a Pb-Zn-Ag skarn deposit: environmental assessment through static and kinetic laboratory tests (2007)

"In this work, the processes and products involved in the generation of acid rock drainage  metalleaching (ARD-ML) from mine waste material (tailings) derived from the exploitation of an ore type Pb-Zn-Ag skarn were characterized. Laboratory tests (static and kinetic) of historic and recent tailings wereconducted along with the mineralogical characterization of solids, and chemical analyses of solids andleachates. Pyrite (FeS2) is the most abundant sulfi de phase, and one of the main minerals promoting ARDMLgeneration, followed by pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS). Carbonates are present as calcite(CaCO3) and lesser amounts of ankerite [Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2]. Also, smaller concentrations of quartz andfeldspar were identified. Results of the static tests (acid base accounting: ABA) indicate that both, recentand historic tailings, have a likely ARD-ML potential (neutralization potential, NP <1). Kinetic tests wereperformed in humidity cells to simulate the natural oxidation of primary mineral samples; the obtainedleachates had circum-neutral pH values (4.57.9) and relatively low heavy metals contents. Nevertheless,oxidation-neutralization curves suggest that oxidation capacity in both sample types is higher than theirneutralizing capacity, and that sulfi de oxidation is more important in historic than in recent tailings. Theobtained information, along with statistical tests (F ratio and t-student), demonstrated that the tailingshave a strong capacity to generate ARD-ML, and that the particular characteristics of the historic andrecent mine waste materials created different conditions for the generation of ARD-ML"
Sources of Resistance to Soybean Rust in Perennial<i>Glycine</i>Species (1992)

Accessions of 12 perennial Glycine species were evaluated for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of soybean rust. A total of 23% of the accessions were resistant, 18% were moderately resistant, and 58% were susceptible. In two experiments, 59 and 40% of the accessions of G. tabacina (2n=80) were resistant. Resistance to P. pachyrhizi was identified in accessions of G. argyrea, G. canescens, G. clandestina, G. latifolia, G. microphylla, and G. tomentella, but not in accessions of G. arenaria, G. cyrtoloba, G. curvata, and G. falcata
Induced Immune Tolerance for Kidney Transplantation (2011)

In this study, patients who received HLA-matched kidney transplants received a donor-cell infusion of highly enriched CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells mixed with CD3+ T cells, and a conditioning regimen of total lymphoid irradiation and anti–T-cell antibodies.
Precoded Spatial Multiplexing MIMO for Inhome Power Line Communications (2008)

Inhome power line communications (PLC) enables new and highly convenient networking functions without any additional wires to mains-powered devices. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) methods can significantly increase the PLC channel throughput and the link reliability. In this paper precoded spatial multiplexing is considered in more detail since it offers the best possible data throughput in the PLC channel. Precoded spatial multiplexing requires channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. CSI feedback possibilities as well as appropriate quantization methods to reduce the amount of feedback data are investigated. We also present a new power allocation algorithm in conjunction with adaptive modulation.
ELEMENTAL SULFUR REACTIONS WITH 3-PICOLINE (1991)

Abstract A study of the reaction of the elemental sulfur with 3-picoline is reported. The process was carried out at the boiling point of the 3-picoline under argon. After removing unreacted solids, the reaction products were identified by means of LC, GC and GC-MS. The following products have been identified: 1,2di-(3-pyridyl)-ethane, Z-1,2-di(3-pyridyl)-ethene, E-1,2-di(pyridyl)-ethene, 6-(3-pyridyl)-thieno[2,3b]pyridine, 4,5-di(3-pyridyl)-4H-cyclopenta[c]pyridine, 4,5-di(3-pyridyl)-6H-cyclopenta[c]pyridine, 6,7di(3-pyridyl)-7H-cyclopenta[b]pyridine, 6,7-di(3-pyridyl)-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridine, tetra(3-pyridyl)cyclobutene, 6,7,8-tri(3-pyridyl)-thiepino[3,2-c]pyridine, 6,7,8-tri(3-pyridyi)-thiepino[2,3-b]pyridine and tetra(3-pyridyl)-thiophene. Key Words: SulfurSulfuration3-picolinemass spectrometry-gas chromatography.
Recovery and Separation of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Solvent‐Impregnated Resins (2016)

Abstract The recovery and separation of metals from aqueous solutions is one of the research hotspots in hydrometallurgy, environment protection, analytical chemistry, etc. Much attention has been paid to solvent‐impregnated resins (SIRs) since these were firstly proposed for the extraction of metals. SIRs are characterized by high efficiency and selectivity, convenient preparation, and easy operation because they combine the unique advantages of solvent extraction and ion exchange. The preparation and features of SIRs are summarized and their applications in the extraction of various metals from solutions are reviewed. In addition, the equilibrium, thermodynamics, and sorption kinetics of the metals onto SIRs are elucidated in detail.
INVITED REVIEW: Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances (2006)

Microbial ecology examines the diversity and activity of micro-organisms in Earth's biosphere. In the last 20 years, the application of genomics tools have revolutionized microbial ecological studies and drastically expanded our view on the previously underappreciated microbial world. This review first introduces the basic concepts in microbial ecology and the main genomics methods that have been used to examine natural microbial populations and communities. In the ensuing three specific sections, the applications of the genomics in microbial ecological research are highlighted. The first describes the widespread application of multilocus sequence typing and representational difference analysis in studying genetic variation within microbial species. Such investigations have identified that migration, horizontal gene transfer and recombination are common in natural microbial populations and that microbial strains can be highly variable in genome size and gene content. The second section highlights and summarizes the use of four specific genomics methods (phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA, DNA-DNA re-association kinetics, metagenomics, and micro-arrays) in analysing the diversity and potential activity of microbial populations and communities from a variety of terrestrial and aquatic environments. Such analyses have identified many unexpected phylogenetic lineages in viruses, bacteria, archaea, and microbial eukaryotes. Functional analyses of environmental DNA also revealed highly prevalent, but previously unknown, metabolic processes in natural microbial communities. In the third section, the ecological implications of sequenced microbial genomes are briefly discussed. Comparative analyses of prokaryotic genomic sequences suggest the importance of ecology in determining microbial genome size and gene content. The significant variability in genome size and gene content among strains and species of prokaryotes indicate the highly fluid nature of prokaryotic genomes, a result consistent with those from multilocus sequence typing and representational difference analyses. The integration of various levels of ecological analyses coupled to the application and further development of high throughput technologies are accelerating the pace of discovery in microbial ecology.
Comparative Document Analysis for Large Text Corpora (2017)

This paper presents a novel research problem, Comparative Document Analysis (CDA), that is, joint discovery of commonalities and differences between two individual documents (or two sets of documents) in a large text corpus. Given any pair of documents from a (background) document collection, CDA aims to automatically identify sets of quality phrases to summarize the commonalities of both documents and highlight the distinctions of each with respect to the other informatively and concisely. Our solution uses a general graph-based framework to derive novel measures on phrase semantic commonality and pairwise distinction, where the background corpus is used for computing phrase-document semantic relevance. We use the measures to guide the selection of sets of phrases by solving two joint optimization problems. A scalable iterative algorithm is developed to integrate the maximization of phrase commonality or distinction measure with the learning of phrase-document semantic relevance. Experiments on large text corpora from two different domains---scientific papers and news---demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework on comparing documents. Analysis on a 10GB+ text corpus demonstrates the scalability of our method, whose computation time grows linearly as the corpus size increases. Our case study on comparing news articles published at different dates shows the power of the proposed method on comparing sets of documents.
Mechanics with variable-order differential operators (2003)

This work presents the novel concept of Variable-Order (VO) Calculus through the description of a simple problem in Mechanics. A mathematical definition for the VO-differential operator that is suitable to mechanical modelling is proposed, and an example concerning the effect of nonuniform viscoelastic frictional forces is described. A numerical method for the solution of Variable Order Differential Equations (VODEs) is proposed. The physical model under study requires mathematical tools that lie beyond the traditional methods of Constant-Order (CO) differential equations. The VO-Calculus formulation is compared to a CO-Calculus model in order to show the limitations of the latter in resolving the transition between the relevant dynamic regimes.
Studies on the interaction between sodium lauryl sulfate and hydroxyapatite using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. (1988)

The interaction between sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and hydroxyapatite (HA) was studied by using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption isotherms to HA and enamel were also established. The results obtained by infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that there was no direct evidence of hydrocarbon interactions between the two compounds since the (CH2)n signal remained unchanged. In contrast reacted mixtures of SLS and HA showed a disappearance of absorption bands between 1220 and 1260 due to stretching of S = 0 bonds. This indicates that the sulfate groups interacted with the HA-crystal surface. Treatment of HA-powder and dental enamel with different concentrations of 35S-labelled SLS showed saturation patterns with a maximum of 3.5 micrograms/mg HA and a maximum of 0.68 microgram/mm2 enamel. This study showed that SLS binds to HA through the sulphate groups and that the binding is most likely electrostatic in nature; the interaction mediated between SLS molecules and calcium ions distributed in the hydration layer of the enamel.
A study on hill climbing algorithms for neural network training (2003)

This study empirically investigates variations of hill climbing algorithms for training artificial neural networks on the 5-bit parity classification task. The experiments compare the algorithms when they use different combinations of random number distributions, variations in the step size and changes of the neural networks' initial weight distribution. A hill climbing algorithm which uses inline search is proposed. In most experiments on the 5-bit parity task it performed better than simulated annealing and standard hill climbing.
A hierarchical approach to story segmentation of large broadcast news video corpus (2005)

A multi-modal two-level framework for news story segmentation was proposed in Chaisorn et al. (2002). This paper presents our extended work scaled to cope with a large news video corpus used in TRECVID 2003 evaluation. We divided our system into two levels: the shot level that classifies input video shots into one of the predefined categories using a hybrid of heuristic and learning based approaches; and story level that performs story segmentation using the HMM framework based on the output of shot level and other temporal features. A heuristic rule-based technique is then employed to classify each detected story into "news" or "miscellaneous". We evaluated our system on over 120 hours of news video and showed that our system could achieve an accuracy of more than 77%. Our system came first in the TRECVID 2003 story segmentation task
Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK)1/2, but Not p38 and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, Is Involved in Signaling of a Novel Cytokine, ML-1 (2002)

A novel cytokine, ML-1, was recently discovered, which shares a similar sequence homology with, but is functionally distinct from, IL-17 (Kawaguchi, M., Onuchic, L., Li, X. D., Essayan, D. M., Schroeder, J., Xiao, H. Q., Liu, M. C., Krishnaswamy, G., Germino, G., and Huang, S. K. (2001) J. Immunol. 167, 4430-4435). To determine the signaling mechanisms of ML-1, we investigated activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases induced by ML-1. Results show that ML-1 induces in a time-dependent fashion the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in both primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ML-1 activated a MAP kinase and an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 but not p38 or the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in both cell types. Selective MAP kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, ML-1-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8. These findings suggest that ML-1-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production is mediated through the activation of ERK1/2 in both cell types.
High-dose cisplatin as neoadjuvant organ-preserving chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. (2006)

In conclusion, this strategy with fractionated high-dose cisplatin given on an outpatient basis is an attractive approach that produces a high rate of complete response and larynx preservation with an advantageous toxicity profile.
Yin–Yang of costimulation: crucial controls of immune tolerance and function (2009)

In addition to signals from the T-cell receptor complex, it has been recognized for many years that a 'second' signal, most notably from CD28, is also important in T-cell activation. In the recent years, many new members of CD28 family as well as the molecules that share structural homology to CD28 ligands CD80 and CD86 have been discovered. Interestingly, some of these proteins function to dampen T-cell activation and regulate the induction of T-cell tolerance. Therefore, positive and negative costimulation are the two sides of the coin to fine tune T-cell receptor signaling to determine the outcome of T-cell receptor engagement-tolerance versus function.
Scalable routing for tag-based information-centric networking (2014)

Routing in information-centric networking remains an open problem. The main issue is scalability. Traditional IP routing can be used with name prefixes, but it is believed that the number of prefixes will grow too large. A related problem is the use of per-packet in-network state (to cut loops and return data to consumers). We develop a routing scheme that solves these problems. The service model of our information-centric network supports information pull and push using tag sets as information descriptors. Within this service model, we propose a routing scheme that supports forwarding along multiple loop-free paths, aggregates addresses for scalability, does not require per-packet network state, and leads to near-optimal paths on average. We evaluate the scalability of our routing scheme, both in terms of memory and computational complexity, on the full Internet AS-level topology and on the internal networks of representative ASes using realistic distributions of content and users extrapolated from traces of popular applications. For example, a population of 500 million users requires a routing information base of 3.8GB with an almost flat growth and, in this case, a routing update (one content descriptor) can be processed in 2ms on commodity hardware. We conclude that information-centric networking is feasible, even with (or perhaps thanks to) addresses consisting of expressive content descriptors.
Phosphatidylinositol kinase or an associated protein is a substrate for the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. (1990)

The tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the insulin receptor is thought to be important in eliciting the intracellular responses to insulin; however, it has been difficult to determine the biochemical functions of the proteins which are substrates for this receptor. Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing the human insulin receptor (CHO.T) with insulin results in a 38 +/- 11 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9)-fold increase in a phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) kinase activity in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates of whole cell lysates. One minute of treatment of cells with insulin causes a dramatic increase in the PtdIns kinase activity in the anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates; the activity peaks within 5 min and remains elevated for at least 60 min after addition of insulin to the cells. This response is only slightly delayed compared with the time course we observe for activation of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. The insulin dose-response curves are also very similar for the activation of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and for the appearance of PtdIns kinase in the anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates. Stimulation of the endogenous insulin receptor of CHO cells also results in the association of PtdIns kinase activity with phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. However, CHO cells are less sensitive to insulin than CHO.T cells, and the maximal PtdIns kinase activity in antiphosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates from CHO cells is one-sixth that of CHO.T cells. In contrast, immunoprecipitates from CHO.T cells made with anti-insulin receptor antibodies do not contain significant levels of PtdIns kinase activity. This demonstrates that the PtdIns kinase is either a substrate for the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase or is tightly associated with another tyrosine phosphoprotein, which is not the insulin receptor.
Achieving Near-Uniform Fluid and Proppant Placement in Multistage Fractured Horizontal Wells: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Approach (2021)

Summary Multistage plug-and-perforate fracturing of horizontal wells has proved to be an effective method to develop unconventional reservoirs. Various studies have shown uneven fluid and proppant distributions across all perforation clusters. It is commonly believed that both fracturing fluid and proppant contribute to unconventional well performance. Achieving uniform fluid and proppant placement in all perforation clusters is an important step toward optimal stimulation. This paper discusses how to achieve such uniform placement in each fracturing stage by means of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling approach. A laboratory-scale CFD model was built and calibrated using experimental data of proppant transport through horizontal pipes available from several laboratory configurations. A field-scale model was then built and validated using perforation erosion data from downhole camera observations. With the field-scale model validated, CFD simulations were performed to evaluate the impact of key parameters on fluid and proppant placement in individual perforations and clusters. Some key parameters investigated in this study included perforation variables (orientation, size, and number), cluster variables (count and spacing), fluid properties, proppant properties, pumping rates, and stress shadow effects. Both laboratory and CFD results show that bottom-side perforations receive significantly more proppant than top-side perforations because of gravitational effects. Laboratory and CFD results also show that proppant distribution is increasingly toe-biased at higher rates. Proppant concentration along the wellbore from heel to toe varies significantly. Gravity, momentum, viscous drag, and turbulent dispersion are key factors affecting proppant transport in horizontal wellbores. This study demonstrates that near-uniform fluid and proppant placement across all clusters in each stage is achievable by optimizing perforation/cluster variables and other treatment design factors. CFD modeling plays an important role in this design-optimization process.