gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-endoscopic immunocytological screening test for Barrett’s oesophagus (2007)

We read the interesting paper by Pardi et al on the epidemiology of microscopic colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA (Gut 2007; 56: 504-8). They concluded that the incidence of microscopic colitis increased significantly over time, and by the end of the study, the incidence and prevalence were significantly higher than reported previously. In fact, compared with other epidemiological studies, in the last years of the study period they describe the highest incidence figures of microscopic colitis ever reported.
Large scale nanolaminate deformable mirror (2006)

This work concerns the development of a technology that uses Nanolaminate foils to form light-weight, deformable mirrors that are scalable over a wide range of mirror sizes. While MEMS-based deformable mirrors and spatial light modulators have considerably reduced the cost and increased the capabilities of adaptive optic systems, there has not been a way to utilize the advantages of lithography and batch-fabrication to produce large-scale deformable mirrors. This technology is made scalable by using fabrication techniques and lithography that are not limited to the sizes of conventional MEMS devices. Like many MEMS devices, these mirrors use parallel plate electrostatic actuators. This technology replicates that functionality by suspending a horizontal piece of nanolaminate foil over an electrode by electroplated nickel posts. This actuator is attached, with another post, to another nanolaminate foil that acts as the mirror surface. Most MEMS devices are produced with integrated circuit lithography techniques that are capable of very small line widths, but are not scalable to large sizes. This technology is very tolerant of lithography errors and can use coarser, printed circuit board lithography techniques that can be scaled to very large sizes. These mirrors use small, lithographically defined actuators and thin nanolaminate foils allowing them to produce deformations over a large area while minimizing weight. This paper will describe a staged program to develop this technology. First-principles models were developed to determine design parameters. Three stages of fabrication will be described starting with a 3x3 device using conventional metal foils and epoxy to a 10-across all-metal device with nanolaminate mirror surfaces.
Breeding for specialty oil types in sunflower (2007)

Oil quality in vegetable oils is a relative concept that depends on the enduse of the oil. Vegetable oils are intended for food applications (salads and cooking oils, margarines, shortenings, etc) and nonfood industrial applications (biodiesel, lubricants, surfactants, etc). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil has been traditionally appreciated in the world oil market. However, new emerging markets are demanding changes in oil quality for both food and nonfood applications. Nutritional and functional properties determining oil quality are primarily determined by the fatty acid composition of oil and the total content and composition of natural antioxidants, especially tocopherols. During the last 30 years these components have been extensively modified in sunflower through conventional selection from naturally occurring variation and trough mutagenesis. As a result, together with the standard sunflower oil whose fatty acid profile is made up of 11% saturated fatty acids, 20% oleic acid, and 69% linoleic acid, there is currently available a vast diversity of other sunflower oil types, for example low saturated (&amp;amp;lt;7%), high palmitic (&amp;amp;gt;25%), high stearic (&amp;amp;gt;25%), high oleic (&amp;amp;gt;85%), high linoleic (&amp;amp;gt;75%) as well as a number of oils with intermediate levels and combinations among them. Similarly, the standard sunflower oil with 95% of the tocopherols in the alpha-tocopherol form has been modified to produce oils with high levels of betatocopherol (&amp;amp;gt;75%), gamma-tocopherol (&amp;amp;gt;95%), and delta-tocopherol (&amp;amp;gt;65%). The novel fatty acid and tocopherol traits are in all cases governed by a reduced number of genes, which facilitates considerably their management in plant breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars with improved oil quality. .
Kinin B<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonists with multi-enzymatic resistance properties (2002)

The kinin B, receptor has been implicated in a variety of pathological states; therefore, potent, selective, and specific antagonists with prolonged duration of action in vivo are needed. Using R-715 (AcLys[D-beta-Nal(7),Ile(8)] desArg9BK) as a template, new peptides containing alpha-MePhe in position 5, Oic in position 2, and AcOrn instead of AcLys at the N-terminal were prepared and tested for their antagonist potency, their selectivity, and their specificity for the kinin B1 receptor. In vitro metabolic stabilities toward aminopeptidase M (from human plasma), aminopeptidase P (from human platelets), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (purified from rabbit lung) were also investigated. The results of this study indicate that the three modifications applied separately are as well tolerated as they are when present conjointly in the template R-715. Indeed, pA2 values of R-715 (ranging from 8.40 to 8.5) do not differ significantly from the analogues R-954 and R-955 (both ranging from 8.4 to 8.6) when measured at kinin B1 receptors from rabbit aortas and human umbilical veins. Moreover, the chemical modifications utilized in the peptides R-954 and R-955 have provided resistance against aminopeptidases M and P, as well as the angiotensin-converting enzyme, unlike the early (e.g., Lys[Leu8]desArg9BK) and more recent (e.g., R-715, B-9858) generations of B, receptor antagonists. Ongoing in vivo assays will validate the assumption that the analogues R-954 and R-955 have a prolonged duration of action.
Development of Novel Vitamin D Receptor–Coactivator Inhibitors (2014)

Nuclear receptor coregulators are master regulators of transcription and selectively interact with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to modulate cell differentiation, cell proliferation and calcium homeostasis. Herein, we report the syntheses and evaluation of highly potent and selective VDR-coactivator inhibitors based on a recently identified 3-indolylmethanamine scaffold. The most active compound, PS121912, selectively inhibited VDR-mediated transcription among eight other nuclear receptors tested. PS121912 is also selectively disrupting the binding between VDR and the third nuclear receptor interaction domain of the coactivator SRC2. Genetic studies revealed that PS121912 behaves like a VDR antagonist by repressing 1,25-(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub> activated gene transcription. In addition, PS121912 induced apoptosis in HL-60.
Azo Polymers for Reversible Optical Storage. 4. Cooperative Motion of Rigid Groups in Semicrystalline Polymers (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAzo Polymers for Reversible Optical Storage. 4. Cooperative Motion of Rigid Groups in Semicrystalline PolymersA. Natansohn, P. Rochon, M. Pezolet, P. Audet, D. Brown, and S. ToCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 9, 2580–2585Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00087a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00087a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views497Altmetric-Citations138LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Continuous Microwave-Assisted Gas–Liquid Segmented Flow Reactor for Controlled Nucleation and Growth of Nanocrystals (2014)

Hot-injection techniques are currently the state-of-the-art method for the synthesis of high-quality colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) but have typically been limited to small batch reactors. The nature of this method leads to local fluctuations in temperature and concentration where inhomogeneity due to mixing makes precise control of reaction conditions very challenging at a large scale. Therefore, development of methods to produce high-quality colloidal NCs with high-throughput is necessary for many technological applications. Herein, we report a high-quality and high-throughput NC synthesis method via a continuous microwave-assisted flow reactor where separation of nucleation and growth is demonstrated. A significant issue of microwave heating in a single-phase continuous flow microwave reactor is the deposition of in situ generated NCs on the inner wall of the reactor in the microwave zone. This deposited material leads to significantly enhanced microwave absorption and rapid heating and can result in sparking in the reactor. A gas–liquid segmented flow is used to avoid this problem and also results in improved residence time distributions. The use of this system allows for finely tuned parameters to achieve a high level of control over the reaction by separating the nucleation and growth stages.
Array set addressing: enabling technology for the efficient processing of hexagonally sampled imagery (2011)

It has long been known that there are numerous advantages to sampling images hexagonally rather than rectangularly. However, due to various shortcomings of the addressing schemes, hexagonal sampling for digital images has not been embraced by the mainstream digital imaging community. The idea of using hexagonal sampling for digital imaging applications has been around since the early 1960s, yet no efficient addressing method for hexagonal grids has been developed in that time. This paper introduces a new hexagonal addressing approach, called array set addressing (ASA), that solves the problems exhibited by other addressing methods. The ASA approach uses three coordinates to represent the hexagonal grid as a pair of rectangular arrays. This representation supports efficient linear algebra and image processing manipulation. ASA-based implementations of several basic image processing operations are presented and shown to be efficient. A hexagonal fast Fourier transform, based on the fact that the Fourier kernel becomes separable when using ASA coordinates, is also presented.
Scalable Attentive Sentence Pair Modeling via Distilled Sentence Embedding (2020)

Recent state-of-the-art natural language understanding models, such as BERT and XLNet, score a pair of sentences (A and B) using multiple cross-attention operations – a process in which each word in sentence A attends to all words in sentence B and vice versa. As a result, computing the similarity between a query sentence and a set of candidate sentences, requires the propagation of all query-candidate sentence-pairs throughout a stack of cross-attention layers. This exhaustive process becomes computationally prohibitive when the number of candidate sentences is large. In contrast, sentence embedding techniques learn a sentence-to-vector mapping and compute the similarity between the sentence vectors via simple elementary operations. In this paper, we introduce Distilled Sentence Embedding (DSE) – a model that is based on knowledge distillation from cross-attentive models, focusing on sentence-pair tasks. The outline of DSE is as follows: Given a cross-attentive teacher model (e.g. a fine-tuned BERT), we train a sentence embedding based student model to reconstruct the sentence-pair scores obtained by the teacher model. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of DSE on five GLUE sentence-pair tasks. DSE significantly outperforms several ELMO variants and other sentence embedding methods, while accelerating computation of the query-candidate sentence-pairs similarities by several orders of magnitude, with an average relative degradation of 4.6% compared to BERT. Furthermore, we show that DSE produces sentence embeddings that reach state-of-the-art performance on universal sentence representation benchmarks. Our code is made publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/Distilled-Sentence-Embedding.
<title>Video mining using combinations of unsupervised and supervised learning techniques</title> (2003)

We discuss the meaning and significance of the video mining problem, and present our work on some aspects of video mining. A simple definition of video mining is unsupervised discovery of patterns in audio-visual content. Such purely unsupervised discovery is readily applicable to video surveillance as well as to consumer video browsing applications. We interpret video mining as content-adaptive or "blind" content processing, in which the first stage is content characterization and the second stage is event discovery based on the characterization obtained in stage 1. We discuss the target applications and find that using a purely unsupervised approach are too computationally complex to be implemented on our product platform. We then describe various combinations of unsupervised and supervised learning techniques that help discover patterns that are useful to the end-user of the application. We target consumer video browsing applications such as commercial message detection, sports highlights extraction etc. We employ both audio and video features. We find that supervised audio classification combined with unsupervised unusual event discovery enables accurate supervised detection of desired events. Our techniques are computationally simple and robust to common variations in production styles etc.
Test-Time Detection of Backdoor Triggers for Poisoned Deep Neural Networks (2021)

Backdoor (Trojan) attacks are emerging threats against deep neural networks (DNN). A DNN being attacked will predict to an attacker-desired target class whenever a test sample from any source class is embedded with a backdoor pattern; while correctly classifying clean (attack-free) test samples. Existing backdoor defenses have shown success in detecting whether a DNN is attacked and in reverse-engineering the backdoor pattern in a "post-training" regime: the defender has access to the DNN to be inspected and a small, clean dataset collected independently, but has no access to the (possibly poisoned) training set of the DNN. However, these defenses neither catch culprits in the act of triggering the backdoor mapping, nor mitigate the backdoor attack at test-time. In this paper, we propose an "in-flight" defense against backdoor attacks on image classification that 1) detects use of a backdoor trigger at test-time; and 2) infers the class of origin (source class) for a detected trigger example. The effectiveness of our defense is demonstrated experimentally against different strong backdoor attacks.
Preparation of Electrode Coated with Activated Carbon for Dust Removal (2013)

The purpose of this research is to prepare the aluminum electrode coated with activated carbon for removing air pollution dust. The experiments were studied on the selection of optimal polymer for binding aluminum plate with powdered activated carbon, preventing the pore blocking of activated carbon from polymer binder, and the dust treatability for the prepared activated carbon electrode. The optimal adhesive for coating activated carbon on an electric aluminum plate was polyvinyl acetate (PVA) with vinyl functional group. For the opening of the blocked pore with polymer, it was very effective to embed polymer solvent in pore of activated catbon firstly before mixing activated carbon with PVA, and then to devolatilize the embedded solvent of carbon pore at high temperature. The mass of trapped dust on aluminum electrode coated with activated carbon was about double of the trapped one on just aluminum electrode.
Plasmin Activates the Lymphangiogenic Growth Factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D (2003)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C and VEGF-D stimulate lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in tissues and tumors by activating the endothelial cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2 and VEGFR-3. These growth factors are secreted as full-length inactive forms consisting of NH2- and COOH-terminal propeptides and a central VEGF homology domain (VHD) containing receptor binding sites. Proteolytic cleavage removes the propeptides to generate mature forms, consisting of dimers of the VEGF homology domain, that bind receptors with much greater affinity than the full-length forms. Therefore, proteolytic processing activates VEGF-C and VEGF-D, although the proteases involved were unknown. Here, we report that the serine protease plasmin cleaved both propeptides from the VEGF homology domain of human VEGF-D and thereby generated a mature form exhibiting greatly enhanced binding and cross-linking of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in comparison to full-length material. Plasmin also activated VEGF-C. As lymphangiogenic growth factors promote the metastatic spread of cancer via the lymphatics, the proteolytic activation of these molecules represents a potential target for antimetastatic agents. Identification of an enzyme that activates the lymphangiogenic growth factors will facilitate development of inhibitors of metastasis.
Nerve growth factor deprivation results in the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus in vitro (1987)

Primary sympathetic neuronal cultures were maintained for up to 5 weeks after inoculation with herpes simplex virus (HSV) without evidence of viral infection. Upon deprivation of nerve growth factor, the cultures produced infectious HSV, indicating that the cultures harbored latent HSV. This study demonstrates a function of nerve growth factor in the maintenance of HSV latency.
Space-Time Codes for Mode-Multiplexed Optical Fiber Transmission Systems (2014)

We propose space-time codes to mitigate mode dependent loss in spatial division multiplexed optical transmission systems using multi-mode fibers. The codes can replace or complement mode scrambling used to reduce loss disparities between the modes.
Extensive Genetic Variation at the <i>Sr22</i> Wheat Stem Rust Resistance Gene Locus in the Grasses Revealed Through Evolutionary Genomics and Functional Analyses (2020)

In the last 20 years, severe wheat stem rust outbreaks have been recorded in Africa, Europe, and Central Asia. This previously well controlled disease, caused by the fungus <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i>, has reemerged as a major threat to wheat cultivation. The stem rust (<i>Sr</i>) resistance gene <i>Sr22</i> encodes a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor which confers resistance to the highly virulent African stem rust isolate Ug99. Here, we show that the <i>Sr22</i> gene is conserved among grasses in the Triticeae and Poeae lineages. Triticeae species contain syntenic loci with single-copy orthologs of <i>Sr22</i> on chromosome 7, except <i>Hordeum vulgare</i>, which has experienced major expansions and rearrangements at the locus. We also describe 14 <i>Sr22</i> sequence variants obtained from both <i>Triticum boeoticum</i> and the domesticated form of this species, <i>T. monococcum</i>, which have been postulated to encode both functional and nonfunctional <i>Sr22</i> alleles. The nucleotide sequence analysis of these alleles identified historical sequence exchange resulting from recombination or gene conversion, including breakpoints within codons, which expanded the coding potential at these positions by introduction of nonsynonymous substitutions. Three <i>Sr22</i> alleles were transformed into wheat cultivar Fielder and two postulated resistant alleles from Schomburgk (hexaploid wheat introgressed with <i>T. boeoticum</i> segment carrying <i>Sr22</i>) and <i>T. monococcum</i> accession PI190945, respectively, conferred resistance to <i>P. graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> race TTKSK, thereby unequivocally confirming <i>Sr22</i> effectiveness against Ug99. The third allele from accession PI573523, previously believed to confer susceptibility, was confirmed as nonfunctional against Australian <i>P. graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> race 98-1,2,3,5,6.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Expression of Wnt-3a in Myeloma Cells Inhibits the Osteolytic Phenotype In-Vivo. (2006)

Wnt signaling is a highly conserved signal transduction pathway involved in embryonic development. Inappropriate canonical Wnt signaling resulting in beta-catenin stabilization, is associated with several types of human cancers. Multiple myeloma plasma cells express Wnt receptors, Wnt ligands and soluble Wnt inhibitors. Wnt signaling is central to osteoblast and osteoclasts development and secretion of Wnt signaling inhibitors by myeloma cells is thought to contribute to the osteolytic phenotype seen in this disease and prostate cancer. While it is now clear that MM cells can signal through both canonical and non-canonical mechanisms, there are conflicting data as to the direct role of Wnt signaling in myeloma cell biology. Others have shown that Wnts cause proliferation of myeloma cells; while we have shown that canonical Wnts cause morphological changes and migration, but not cell proliferation. To further elucidate the role of canonical Wnt signaling in myeloma and myeloma bone disease we used limiting dilutions in the presence of G418 to create two independent stable clones of the myeloma cell line NCI-H929 expressing Wnt-3A (H929/W3A), which is not expressed in myeloma, and an empty vector (H929/EV). Because Wnt antibodies are not available we cloned Wnt-3A as a fusion protein with hemagglutinin (HA). Western blots against HA revealed a positive band of the expected size only in the H929/W3A clones. GST-E-cadherin binding assay and Western blot analysis revealed elevated levels of total and free beta-catenin in H929/W3A relative to H929/EV, however, there this was not associated with increased growth or proliferation by MTT assay. To determine the in-vivo growth characteristics and effects on bone resorption of Wnt-3A producing cells, we transplanted the lines into a human bone implanted the flank of SCID mice. Tumor growth rate as determined by increased production of human immunoglobulin in mice serum was significantly slower in the Wnt-3A transfected cells relative to controls (P < .05). Loss of bone mineral density (BMD) of the implanted bones engrafted with H929/W3A cells was lower than in bones engrafted with H929/EV cells (P < .05). Reduced tumor burden and BMD loss was also visualized on x-ray radiographs. Taken together these data indicate that all factors promoting bone resorption produced by or elicited by the myeloma cell line H929 are subordinate to canonical Wnt signaling and that prevention of bone destruction may help control myeloma progression.
Region-of-Interest Detection and its Application to Image Segmentation and Compression (2007)

In many intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) applications, it is desirable to detect potential targets or regions of interest (ROIs) within various types of digital imagery. These ROIs can then be used to automatically cue sensors and assets, to control intelligent region-of-interest-based image compression algorithms, and to direct further analysis for target identification and recognition. In this article, we present our hierarchical region-of-interest detection (HROID) algorithm that can quickly identify and isolate critical regions within low-quality imagery