gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increasing EUV source efficiency via recycling of radiation power (2018)

EUV source power is critical for advanced lithography, for achieving economical throughput performance and also for minimizing stochastic patterning effects. Power conversion efficiency can be increased by recycling plasma-scattered laser radiation and other out-of-band radiation back to the plasma via retroreflective optics. Radiation both within and outside of the collector light path can potentially be recycled. For recycling within the collector path, the system uses a diffractive collection mirror that concomitantly filters all laser and out-of-band radiation out of the EUV output. In this paper we review the optical design concept for power recycling and present preliminary plasma-physics simulation results showing a potential gain of 60% in EUV conversion efficiency.
Heuristic tree searching for pose-independent 3D/2D rigid registration of vessel structures (2020)

The 3D/2D registration of pre-operative computed tomography angiography (CTA) and intra-operative x-ray angiography (XRA) images in vascular intervention is imperative for guiding surgical instruments and reducing the dosage of toxic contrast agents. In this study, 3D/2D vascular registration is formulated as a search tree problem on the basis of the topological continuity of vessels and the fact that matching can be decomposed into continuous states. In each node of the tree, a closed-solution of 3D/2D transformation is used to obtain the registration results based on the dense correspondences of vessel points, and the results of matching and registration are calculated and recorded. Then, a hand-crafted score that quantifies the qualities of matching and registration of vessels is used, and the remaining problem focuses on finding the highest score in the search tree. An improved heuristic tree search strategy is also proposed to find the best registration. The proposed method is evaluated and compared with four state-of-the-art methods. Experiments on simulated data demonstrate that our method is insensitive to initial pose and robust to noise and deformation. It outperforms other methods in terms of registering real model data and clinical coronary data. In the 3D/2D registration of uninitialized and initialized coronary arteries, the average registration errors are 1.85 and 1.79 mm, respectively. Given that the proposed method is independent of the initial pose, it can be used to navigate vascular intervention for clinical practice.
Tolerance, Mixed Chimerism, and Graft Survival in HLA Matched and Mismatched Recipients of Kidney and Hematopoietic Cell Transplants. (2014)

Purpose: The establishment of persistent mixed chimerism, immune tolerance and the withdrawal of maintenance immunosuppressive (IS) drugs (mycophenolate mofetil and a calcineurin inhibitor) without kidney graft loss or dysfunction in clinical kidney transplantation. Methods: Thirty-seven patients were conditioned with a post-kidney transplant regimen of total lymphoid irradiation and antithymocyte globulin followed by an infusion of purified CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells mixed with a defined number of CD3+ T cells collected from G-CSF “mobilized” donor blood mononuclear cells. Results: Twenty-two HLA-matched and 15 HLA-mismatched patients were enrolled, and all patients have maintained good graft function at the last observation point, with follow-up to 13 years. All HLA-matched patients received an infusion of 1x106 T cells/kg, along with at least 4x106 CD34+ cells/kg, from the donors. The criteria for IS drug withdrawal were persistent mixed chimerism for at least 6 months, no clinical rejection and no subclinical rejection on surveillance biopsy, and no evidence of graft versus host disease. Of these patients, 16 have discontinued IS drugs for up to 5 years (median 3 years) without subsequent evidence of acute or chronic rejection. Five are maintained on IS drugs due to failure to meet drug withdrawal criteria (4) or relapse of lupus (1), and one is in IS drug taper. One patient off IS drugs with a history of coronary disease died during vigorous exercise. Immune monitoring of these patients showed a marked transient decrease in conventional T and B cells, an increase in the percentage of CD11b+ myeloid cells, and increase of Tregs and NKT cells among all T cells in the blood, and donor-specific unresponsiveness in the MLR indicative of tolerance. In the HLA-mismatched patients, the dose of donor T cells was escalated in order to achieve the persistent mixed chimerism observed in the HLA-matched patients. This required a marked increase in the infused dose of cells in comparison to the matched patients. Tapering of IS drugs in the HLA-mismatched patients with mixed chimerism is underway. Conclusion: Persistent mixed chimerism was achieved in both HLA-matched and HLA-mismatched patients, all kidney grafts are functioning, and thus far IS drugs were successfully withdrawn in the majority of HLA-matched patients.
The NFS Version 4 Protocol (2000)

The Network File System (NFS) Version 4 is a new distributed file system similar to previous versions of NFS in its straightforward design, simplified error recovery, and independence of transport protocols and operating systems for file access in a heterogeneous network. Unlike earlier versions of NFS, the new protocol integrates file locking, strong security, operation coalescing, and delegation capabilities to enhance client performance for narrow data sharing applications on high-bandwidth networks. Locking and delegation make NFS stateful, but simplicity of design is retained through well-defined recovery semantics in the face of client and server failures and network partitions. This paper describes the new features of the protocol, focusing on the security enhancements, integrated locking support, changes to fully support Windows file sharing semantics, support for high performance data sharing, and the design points that enhance performance on the Internet.
A 2.4 GHz ZigBee Receiver Exploiting an RF-to-BB-Current-Reuse Blixer + Hybrid Filter Topology in 65 nm CMOS (2014)

A 2.4 GHz ZigBee receiver unifying a balun-LNA-I/Q-mixer (Blixer) and a baseband (BB) hybrid filter in one cell is fabricated in 65 nm CMOS. Without any external components, wideband input matching and passive pre-gain are concurrently achieved via co-optimizing an integrated low-Q network with a balun-LNA. The latter also features active-gain boosting and partial-noise canceling to enhance the gain and noise figure (NF). Above the balun-LNA are I/Q double-balanced mixers driven by a 4-phase 25% LO for downconversion and gain-phase balancing. The generated BB currents are immediately filtered by an IF-noise-shaping current-mode Biquad and a complex-pole load, offering first-order image rejection and third-order channel selection directly atop the Blixer. Together with other BB and LO circuitries, the receiver measures 8.5 dB NF, 57 dB gain and -6-dBm IIP3 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">out-band</sub> at 1.7 mW power and 0.24 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> die size. The S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> -bandwidth (<;-10 dB) covers 2.25 to 3.55 GHz being robust to packaging variations. Most performance metrics compare favorably with the state-of-the-art.
MicroRNA expression profiling of male breast cancer (2009)

Our results suggest that specific miRNAs may be directly involved in male breast cancer development and that they may represent a novel diagnostic tool in the characterization of specific cancer gene targets.
Preparation of CdS/InP solar cells by chemical vapor deposition of CdS (1977)

CdS/InP heterojunctions are grown by chemical vapor deposition of CdS on InP in an open-tube H2S/H2 flow system. The importance of H2S admixture for the etching and cleaning of the InP surface is demonstrated. The solar cell has an open-circuit voltage of 0.78 V, fill factor of 0.75, and a power conversion efficiency of 13.5% for AM2 conditions.
Comet: odel-Based Reasoning to Accounting Systems (1996)

An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the accounting systems that process millions of transactions to produce the numbers summarized in a company’s financial statements. Accounting systems contain internal controls, procedures designed to detect and correct errors and irregularities that may occur in the processing of transactions. In a complex accounting system, it can be an extremely difficult task for the auditor to anticipate the possible errors that can occur and to evaluate the effectiveness of the controls at detecting them. An accurate analysis must take into account the unique features of each company’s business processes. To cope with this complexity and variability, the Comet system applies a model-based reasoning approach to the analysis of accounting systems and their controls. An auditor uses Comet to create a hierarchical flowchart model that describes the intended processing of business transactions by an accounting system and the operation of its controls. Comet uses the constructed model to automatically analyze the effectiveness of th&lt; controls in detecting potential errors. Price Waterhouse auditors have used Comet on a variety of real audits in several countries around the world. Auditors have the task of determining whether the financial statements of a company are a fair presentation of the company’s financial position. An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the accounting systems that produce the numbers summarized in the financial statements. Accounting systems contain internal controls, procedures designed to detect and correct errors and irregularities that may occur in the processing of transactions. In a complex accounting system, it can be an extremely difficult task for the auditor to anticipate the possible errors that can occur, to determine their downstream effects in the accounting system, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the controls at detecting them. An accurate analysis must take into account the unique features of each company’s business processes. To cope with this complexity and variability,
Density based co-location pattern discovery (2008)

Co-location pattern discovery is to find classes of spatial objects that are frequently located together. For example, if two categories of businesses often locate together, they might be identified as a co-location pattern; if several biologic species frequently live in nearby places, they might be a co-location pattern. Most existing co-location pattern discovery methods are generate-and-test methods, that is, generate candidates, and test each candidate to determine whether it is a co-location pattern. In the test step, we identify instances of a candidate to obtain its prevalence. In general, instance identification is very costly. In order to reduce the computational cost of identifying instances, we propose a density based approach. We divide objects into partitions and identifying instances in dense partitions first. A dynamic upper bound of the prevalence for a candidate is maintained. If the current upper bound becomes less than a threshold, we stop identifying its instances in the remaining partitions. We prove that our approach is complete and correct in finding co-location patterns. Experimental results on real data sets show that our method outperforms a traditional approach.
Optical eigenmodes for imaging applications (2012)

We decompose the light field in the focal plane of an imaging system into a set of optical eigenmodes. Subsequently, the superposition of these eigenmodes is identified, that optimizes certain aspects of the imaging process. In practice, the optical eigenmodes modes are implemented using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The optical eigenmodes of a system can be determined fully experimentally, taking aberrations into account. Alternatively, theoretically determined modes can be encoded on an aberration corrected spatial light modulator. Both methods are shown to be feasible for applications. To achieve subdiffractive light focussing, optical eigenmodes are superimposed to minimize the width of the focal spot within a small region of interest. In conjunction with a confocal-like detection process, these spots can be utilized for laser scanning imaging. With optical eigenmode engineered spots we demonstrate enhanced two-point resolution compared to the diffraction limited focus and a Bessel beam. Furthermore, using a first order ghost imaging technique, optical eigenmodes can be used for phase sensitive indirect imaging. Numerically we show the phase sensitivity by projecting optical eigenmodes onto a Laguerre-Gaussian target with a unit vortex charge. Experimentally the method is verified by indirect imaging of a transmissive sample.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Peptide Deformylase Inhibitors (2000)

Peptide deformylase catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal formyl group from newly synthesized polypeptides in eubacteria. Its essential character in bacterial cells makes it an attractive target for antibacterial drug design. In this work, we have rationally designed and synthesized a series of peptide thiols that act as potent, reversible inhibitors of purified recombinant peptide deformylase from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The most potent inhibitor has a K(I) value of 11 nM toward the B. subtilis enzyme. These inhibitors showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as low as 5 microM ( approximately 2 microg/mL). The PDF inhibitors induce bacterial cell lysis and are bactericidal toward all four bacterial strains that have been tested, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and E. coli. Resistance evaluation of one of the inhibitors (1b) against B. subtilis showed that no resistant clone could be found from >1 x 10(9) cells. Quantitative analysis using a set of inhibitors designed to possess varying potencies against the deformylase enzyme revealed a linear correlation between the MIC values and the K(I) values. These results suggest that peptide deformylase is the likely molecular target responsible for the antibacterial activity of these inhibitors and is therefore a viable target for antibacterial drug design.
Fast and distributed Brillouin time domain analysis of optical fibers (2012)

We present two recently developed new methods for fast and distributed strain/temperature sensing in optical fibers, based on Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA). Both methods make use of very fast (<1ns) and controlled tuning of the optical frequency of a light wave. In the Fast BOTDA (F-BOTDA) method the complete Brillouin gain spectrum is scanned, while in the Slope-Assisted technique (SA-BOTDA) only a single frequency point on the slope of the Brillouin gain spectrum is probed. A sensing speed of a few hundred Hz is experimentally demonstrated, limited only by the fiber length and the need for averaging.
Optical polarization tractography based on polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (2016)

Fibrous tissues exist in many parts of the body, where the directional fiber organization is critical in maintaining their normal functions. Disruption of the normal fibrous structure is often linked to tissue dysfunction. An imaging tool that can reveal the detailed fiber architecture will be valuable for our understanding of the structure-function relationship in these tissues. Here, we described a new high-resolution tractography method developed from Jones matrix polarizationsensitive optical coherence tomography. We demonstrated its applications for visualization of fibrous structures in several different animal tissues.
Programmable Scan-Based Logic Built-In Self Test (2007)

This paper presents a programmable approach for performing scan-based logic built-in self test. This approach combines the techniques of reseeding and weighted random patterns testing. Reseeding is used to encode the bias cube and weighted patterns are used to fine tune the weight set. Experimental results show fault coverage comparable to ATPG can be achieved. Most importantly, the scheme fits well in the system test environment and high fault coverage can be obtained with a small number of reconfigurations on the BIST controller.
A system for the continuous generation of simulated human breath supplemented with trace gases (2012)

A system was developed to simulate the relative humidity (RH) and temperature characteristics of human breath at a constant human volume flow rate. The system was also designed to allow supplementation of the artificial breath with known concentrations of a trace gas; in this case, ammonia. The system was assembled from several components including an air pump, respiratory humidifier, mass flow controllers and additional valves and sensors to monitor and verify the system variables. Flow rates were measured as maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and could be set to standards within human levels. The desired temperature (i.e. 32 to 37 °C) and relative humidity (i.e. 91 to 96%) ranges could be achieved over defined operational periods. Good agreement for the concentration of ammonia in the simulated breath matrix was obtained between the theoretically calculated concentration and with photoacoustic spectroscopy in the clinically relevant range of 18 to 2993 ppb (r2 = 0.9978). The system can be used for the calibration of sensors being developed for breath monitoring applications.
Synthesis Tuning for Manufacturing Carbon Hybrid Materials (2022)

The overall hypothesis for this paper is that accurately tuning the gas phase pyrolysis synthesis process and using appropriate raw materials will enable manufacturing different types of carbon hybrid materials (CHM). Optimizing multiple variables including particle melting and vaporization temperatures, fuel flow rate, gas flow rates, gas velocity, and sock wind-up speed is needed to achieve reliability of the synthesis process. Results from our specific reactor are presented to show how the process variables interact and how they affect CNT sock yield and stability. Metal nanoparticle (NP) injection enables the formation of hybrid materials. Several types of CHM materials created by incorporating different types of NPs into the carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis process and CNT sock are discussed. Many possible combinations of metal NPs can be used in the process to customize the properties of CHM. However, it is a complex problem to determine what metal compounds can chemically join with CNT. Some of the first results testing the new CHM process are presented in this paper.
Endostatin inhibits tumour lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis via cell surface nucleolin on lymphangiogenic endothelial cells (2010)

Endostatin has potent anti-endothelial and anti-angiogenic functions. Endostatin was reported to reduce lymphangiogenesis by down-regulating the level of VEGF-C in tumour tissues. However, there is little evidence for the direct function of endostatin on lymphangiogenic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenic vessels. Here, we report that cell surface nucleolin, which was reported as an endostatin receptor mediating its anti-angiogenic and anti-tumour functions, is also selectively expressed on the cell surface of lymphangiogenic endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of primary mouse lymphatic endothelial cells (mLECs) by endostatin inhibits mLEC migration, tubule formation, and activation of the Erk pathway in mLECs, while neutralization of cell surface nucleolin or nucleolin knockdown results in loss of the anti-lymphatic endothelial activities of endostatin. Also, anti-nucleolin antibody or lentivirus delivered nucleolin siRNA abolishes the anti-lymphangiogenic function of endostatin in the Matrigel plug assay. Endostatin remarkably inhibits tumour-associated lymphangiogenesis, leading to reduced lymphatic metastasis. Systemic blockade of nucleolin notably abolishes the anti-lymphangiogenic and anti-lymphatic metastatic functions of endostatin. Importantly, endostatin does not affect quiescent lymphatics in normal organs, which is consistent with the lack of expression of cell surface nucleolin in quiescent lymphatics. Taken together, our results demonstrate that endostatin directly acts on lymphangiogenic endothelial cells via cell surface nucleolin, which provides a novel mechanism for the inhibition of tumour lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis by endostatin.
Hemizona assay using salt‐stored human oocytes: Evaluation of zona pellucida capacity for binding human spermatozoa (1989)

Human oocytes were stored (25 degrees C) in 1.5 M MgCl2 for 6-30 days, then utilized in the new hemizona assay (HZA) for tight binding of human spermatozoa [Burkman et al.: Fertil Steril 49:688-697, 1988]. We have compared 1) the ability of matching salt-treated hemizonae or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-treated hemizonae to distinguish between sperm from semen having normal versus subnormal characteristics and, 2) the kinetics of fertile sperm binding to salt-treated or DMSO-treated hemizonae. After sperm preparation one salt-treated hemizona was incubated with normal spermatozoa and the matching hemizona was placed with sperm from the subnormal group. As a control, DMSO-treated hemizonae were incubated in additional sperm droplets. After 4 hours, the number of sperm tightly bound to each hemizona was counted. Within the normal semen group, there was equivalent binding to salt- or DMSO-treated hemizonae (54.0 +/- 12 and 49 +/- 14, respectively, mean +/- SEM). Similarly, tight binding of sperm from the subnormal group was not affected by the zona storage method (21 +/- 8 and 17 +/- 5, respectively). For either storage approach, binding of subnormal sperm was significantly less (P less than 0.01) compared with the number of normal sperm attached to the matching hemizona. For the kinetics study, the hemizona binding of proven fertile spermatozoa was followed throughout 8.5 hours. The shape of the binding curve was the same for zonae stored by either method and was consistent with our published kinetics data. Salt storage offers a simple and inexpensive means for accumulating and transporting human zonae pellucida; the resulting hemizonae function effectively in the HZA for estimating sperm binding potential.