gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Interpretation Technology for New Multi-Laterolog Array Logging Tool (2006)

Abstract Real-time array resistivity data interpretation is normally performed by means of 1D radial inversion. Such an approach may lead to errors in thin formations and cause productive zones to be overlooked. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time 2D interpretation technology developed for the new Multi-Laterolog instrument. The technology is based on a new method called Localized Rapid Inversion (LRI). LRI substantially reduces computing time by partitioning the 2D inverse problem into a sequence of 1D problems. In addition, it allows for simultaneous data correction for borehole, invasion, and shoulder-bed effects in the close vicinity of a logging point. This interpretation process is able to run in real-time by relying on a set of pre-calculated look-up tables of tool responses and a hands-off LRI-based interpretation procedure. The technology is general and applicable to different array resistivity logging instruments. We test it on two complex benchmark models and a case study based on test field data acquired by the Multi-Laterolog tool in Odessa (West Texas). Synthetic and field examples demonstrate the capability of the technology to deliver in real-time high quality results now achievable only with the interpretation capabilities of a log analysis center.
Tuned emission from organic light-emitting devices based upon divalent osmium complexes (2004)

Electrophosphorescence tuned from the green to red (522 nm - 650 nm) was achieved from double-layer light emittng devices using osmium (Os) complexes doped blend of either poly(vinylcarbazole) and 2-<i>tert</i>-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PVK:PBD), or poly(vinyl naphthalene) and 2-<i>tert</i>-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PVN:PBD) as the emitting layer. Blending PVN with PBD greatly suppresses the electromer emission of PVN. The PVN:PBD blend emanates a short wavelength EL emission peaking at around 375 nm, which well overlaps with the absorption spectra of the Os complexes and ensures very efficient energy transfer to the Os complex dopants. PVK:PBD has an EL emission around 450 nm which does not overlap the absorption bands of the osmium complexes and also produces devices of lower efficiency, but PVK is a better transport layer and therefore produces brighter devices. The best external quantum efficiency, of the double-layer devices was 2.2%, with a photometric efficiency of 1.9 cd/A. The brightest device achieved was 1,600 cd/m<sup>2</sup>.
Treatment plan optimization incorporating respiratory motion (2004)

Similar to conventional conformal radiotherapy, during lung tomotherapy, a motion margin has to be set for respiratory motion. Consequently, large volume of normal tissue is irradiated by intensive radiation. To solve this problem, we have developed a new motion mitigation method by incorporating target motion into treatment optimization. In this method, the delivery-breathing correlation is determined prior to treatment plan optimization. Beamlets are calculated by using the CT images at the corresponding breathing phases from a dynamic (four-dimensional) image sequence. With the displacement vector fields at different breathing phases, a set of deformed beamlets is obtained by mapping the dose to the primary phase. Optimization incorporating motion is then performed by using the deformed beamlets obtained by dose mapping. During treatment delivery, the same breathing-delivery correlation can be reproduced by instructing the patient to breathe following a visually displayed guiding cycle. This method was tested using a computer-simulated deformable phantom and a real lung case. Results show that treatment optimization incorporating motion achieved similar high dose conformality on a mobile target compared with static delivery. The residual motion effects due to imperfect breathing tracking were also analyzed.
Lentiviral vectors for gene therapy (1998)

Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of several inherited and acquired diseases in clinical medicine. However, despite substantial advances in gene delivery technology, the promise that gene therapy could have a significant role to play in developing therapeutic strategies has yet to be fully realised. The challenges facing gene therapists is to develop more effective gene delivery systems to overcome the current inadequacies of existing gene transfer systems, particularly in the area of direct in vivo delivery. An ideal vector would have the ability to integrate and sustain expression of the transgene while eliciting no immunological consequences attributed to the vector and without mediating adverse pathological consequences to the recipient. These features have been demonstrated for lentiviral vectors derived from lentiviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. However, several concerns have been raised pertaining to the biosafety of vectors derived from a human pathogenic virus. Recently, much progress has been made in the design and functional analysis of lentiviral vectors and this, coupled to remarkable advances in biosafety, is rapidly making lentiviral vectors one of the most exciting and promising prospects for gene delivery.
Fe-Doping-Induced Magnetism in Nano-Hydroxyapatites (2017)

Doping of biocompatible nanomaterials with magnetic phases is currently one of the most promising strategies for the development of advanced magnetic biomaterials. However, especially in the case of iron-doped magnetic hydroxyapatites, it is not clear if the magnetic features come merely from the magnetic phases/ions used as dopants or from complex mechanisms involving interactions at the nanoscale. Here, we report an extensive chemical-physical and magnetic investigation of three hydroxyapatite nanocrystals doped with different iron species and containing small or no amounts of maghemite as a secondary phase. The association of several investigation techniques such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Mössbauer, magnetometry, and TEM allowed us to determine that the unusual magnetic properties of Fe<sup>2+/3+</sup>-doped hydroxyapatites (FeHA) occur by a synergy of two different phenomena: i.e., (i) interacting superparamagnetism due to the interplay between iron-doped apatite and iron oxide nanoparticles as well as to the occurrence of dipolar interactions and (ii) interacting paramagnetism due to Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions present in the superficial hydrated layer of the apatite nanophase and, to a lesser extent, paramagnetism due to isolated Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions in the apatite lattice. We also show that a major player in the activation of the above phenomena is the oxidation of Fe<sup>2+</sup> into Fe<sup>3+</sup>, as induced by the synthesis process, and their consequent specific positioning in the FeHA structure.
Specific Structural Features of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Potentiate Neuregulin-1 Signaling (2004)

Neuregulins are a family of growth and differentiation factors that act through activation of cell-surface erbB receptor tyrosine kinases and have essential functions both during development and on the growth of cancer cells. One alternatively spliced neuregulin-1 form has a distinct heparin-binding immunoglobulin-like domain that enables it to adhere to heparan sulfate proteoglycans at key locations during development and substantially potentiates its activity. We examined the structural specificity needed for neuregulin-1-heparin interactions using a gel mobility shift assay together with an assay that measures the ability of specific oligosaccharides to block erbB receptor phosphorylation in L6 muscle cells. Whereas the N-sulfate group of heparin was most important, the 2-O-sulfate and 6-O-sulfate groups also contributed to neuregulin-1 binding in these two assays. Optimal binding to neuregulin-1 required eight or more heparin disaccharides; however, as few as two disaccharides were still able to bind neuregulin-1 to a lesser extent. The physiological importance of this specificity was shown both by chemical and siRNA treatment of cultured muscle cells. Pretreatment of muscle cells with chlorate that blocks all sulfation or with an siRNA that selectively blocks N-sulfation significantly reduced erbB receptor activation by neuregulin-1 but had no effect on the activity of neuregulin-1 that lacks the heparin-binding domain. These results suggest that the regulation of glycosaminoglycan sulfation is an important biological mechanism that can modulate both the localization and potentiation of neuregulin-1 signaling.
Luminescence and Mechanical Properties of Photoluminescent Core Bicomponent Fibers (2004)

Photoluminescent fibers with a sheath-core morphology are produced to impart good mechanical properties. Both photoluminescent and mechanical properties are examined for these fibers with respect to photoluminescent pigment concentrations in the core, draw ratios, and polymer types. The photoluminescent pigment concentration in the core of the fibers directly influences their luminance intensity and afterglow properties as well as their mechanical properties.
Ocular pharmacokinetics of 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine (2010)

The CMC-containing formulation of 0.45% ketorolac, pH 6.8, increased ketorolac bioavailability by 2-fold in aqueous humor and by 3-fold in iris-ciliary body in comparison to the 0.4% ketorolac, pH 7.4, allowing a reduced dosing schedule from 4 times daily to twice daily.
Time-resolved Three-dimensional Contrast-enhanced MR Angiography of the Peripheral Vessels (2002)

Contrast-enhanced TRICKS MR angiography is a feasible and minimally invasive means of acquiring angiograms of the peripheral vasculature with high sensitivity and specificity.
Splicing Wires Permanently With Explosives (1990)

Explosive joining process developed to splice wires by enclosing and metallurgically bonding wires within copper sheets. Joints exhibit many desirable characteristics, 100-percent conductivity and strength, no heat-induced annealing, no susceptibility to corrosion in contacts between dissimilar metals, and stability at high temperature. Used to join wires to terminals, as well as to splice wires. Applicable to telecommunications industry, in which millions of small wires spliced annually.
Design of a Universal Laparoscopic Suturing Device (2011)

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) or laparoscopic surgery has changed the focus of surgery and has become an alternative to open surgical procedures. Operations are performed through small incisions in the abdomen thus avoiding the need for large incisions. This results in less tissue trauma, less scarring, and faster post-operative recovery time. However, the inherent challenges of laparoscopic procedures include limited visibility, constrained working space and the need for advanced surgical tools to safely and efficiently perform the surgical procedure. It is also necessary for surgeons to obtain advanced surgical training to perform these procedures.
Tunnel-injected sub 290 nm ultra-violet light emitting diodes with 2.8% external quantum efficiency (2018)

We report on the high efficiency tunnel-injected ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) emitting at 287 nm. Deep UV LED performance has been limited by the severe internal light absorption in the p-type contact layers and low electrical injection efficiency due to poor p-type conduction. In this work, a polarization engineered Al0.65Ga0.35N/In0.2Ga0.8N tunnel junction layer is adopted for non-equilibrium hole injection to replace the conventionally used direct p-type contact. A reverse-graded AlGaN contact layer is further introduced to realize a low resistance contact to the top n-AlGaN layer. This led to the demonstration of a low tunnel junction resistance of 1.9 × 10−3 Ω cm2 obtained at 1 kA/cm2. Light emission at 287 nm with an on-wafer peak external quantum efficiency of 2.8% and a wall-plug efficiency of 1.1% was achieved. The measured power density at 1 kA/cm2 was 54.4 W/cm2, confirming the efficient hole injection through interband tunneling. With the benefits of the minimized internal absorption and efficient hole injection, a tunnel-injected UV LED structure could enable future high efficiency UV emitters.
New Type of Ultra-Fine Grained Microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy for Enhancing Superplasticity (2012)

This work presents a formation of ultrafine-grained microstructure (d ~ 0.2 μm) with high fraction of high-angle boundary in industrial Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by the hot compression of a sample with the acicular α′martensite starting microstructure . It is found that heterogeneous nucleation becomes dominant in the case of the α’ starting microstructure.α
Evolutionary optimization of fuzzy decision systems for automated insurance underwriting (2003)

A robust method for automating the tuning and maintenance of fuzzy decision-making systems is presented. A configurable multi-stage mutation-based evolutionary algorithm optimally tunes the decision thresholds and internal parameters of fuzzy rule-based and case-based systems that decide the risk categories of insurance applications. The tunable parameters have a critical impact on the coverage and accuracy of. decision-making, and a reliable method to optimally tune these parameters is critical to the quality of decision-making and maintainability of these systems.
Simplified description of asymmetric right‐handed composite right/left‐handed coupler in microstrip chip technology (2007)

Abstract The coupling frequency range of the asymmetric coupler composed of a conventional microstrip right‐handed (RH) transmission line and a composite right/left‐handed (CRLH) transmission line with lumped‐elements is investigated. It shows theoretically that the coupling frequency range can be explicitly determined by the given formulas. In the coupling frequency range, the effective permittivity and permeability of the CRLH transmission lines are both negative, at the same time the product of the average permittivity and the average permeability is negative, i.e., ϵ L < 0, μ L < 0, and $\bar{\varepsilon}$ · $\bar{\mu}$ < 0. Two types of RH‐CRLH couplers are designed, simulated, and measured. The coupling frequency range obtained from the simulated and the experimental results confirms the theoretical results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2063–2068, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22643
<title>Microfabricated magnetometer using Young's modulus changes in magnetoelastic materials</title> (1992)

Recent advances in tunneling-tip technology, magnetic materials, and microfabrication techniques allow development of a new class of improved magnetometers. The sensor utilizes changes in Young's modulus of amorphous magnetic alloys resulting from their excellent magnetoelastic properties. Changes in applied magnetic field cause resonant frequency changes of a sputtered, electrostatically excited Metglass cantilever. Resonant cantilever position is measured by a second, electrostatically controlled cantilever holding a tunneling-tip that tracks the Metglas cantilever. The phase relationship between the exciting signal and the position is fed back to maintain the excitation frequency at the moving resonant peak. In this way the resonant frequency is measured, and the field is inferred from the frequency. The 'Q' of the Metglas cantilever is increased to very high levels using closed loop control of cantilever dynamics, producing extraordinary resolution.
Aerothermodynamics of pulsed detonation engines (2000)

Abstract : With no moving parts in the power production section and a thermodynamically efficient cycle, the Pulsed Detonation Engine (PDE) offers a low-cost alternative to turbojet and liquid-propellant rocket engines. Both air-breathing and pure rocket modes of engine operation offer substantial system, materials, and cycle advantages that will allow us to bypass the scalability, operational range, efficiency, and cost limitations of existing engines. We introduced the modern PDE concept in 19861 and experimentally demonstrated its operation in 1986, 1994, and 1998. The concept was subsequently treated extensively in a number of analytical and experimental studies? This paper examines the thermal balance of the PDE as a function of engine length, cycle frequency, external flow Mach number and other parameters. The results indicate that PDEs will have thermal characteristics that are drastically different from conventional engines. The results of the study have important implication for PDE design and analysis.
Infrared-laser interferometric thermometry: A nonintrusive technique for measuring semiconductor wafer temperatures (1990)

We report an optical, interferometric technique for measuring the temperature of semiconductor substrates during heating or cooling, which is applicable in vacuum. The technique circumvents many of the problems associated with thermocouple or pyrometer measurements. A low-power infrared (IR) laser (e.g., λ=1.15-μm He–Ne laser) having an energy below the band gap is directed at a wafer that is polished on both sides, where either reflected or transmitted laser light is detected by a photodiode. Interference results between reflections off the front and back surfaces of the wafer. As the temperature of the wafer is either increased or decreased, the temperature dependence of the refractive index, along with a smaller contribution from thermal expansion, causes the optical path within the wafer to change by λ/2n (i.e., a full interference cycle) for every ∼3 K for a typical Si, GaAs, or InP wafer thickness of 500 μm. Consequently, temperature changes of ±0.2 K are easily detected. This technique, has been used between room temperature and 600 °C on GaAs substrates in a low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system, and in an ultrahigh vacuum thermal desorption experiment. This method can be used well below room temperature, as well as at temperatures above 650 °C with the optimum choice in laser wavelength. Application of this method to other processes such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), reactive ion etching, and rapid thermal processing should be straightforward. We also describe a refinement of the method for measuring the sign, as well as magnitude of temperature changes for typical, slightly tapered wafers during heating or cooling cycles. In this case the reflected laser beam contains a series of parallel lines that move toward the thinner end of the region probed by the laser beam as the temperature increases. Sensing the direction that these spatial interference fringes move can be used to determine whether the sample is heating or cooling.
Mass Spectrometric DNA Diagnostics (1998)

Abstract Mass spectrometry was employed to analyze gene expression of cancer cells by RT-PCR, to determine polymorphisms within short tandem repeat regions of the human genome and to derive sequence information from diagnostic PCR products by solid-phase Sanger sequencing.
Linear Precoding for MIMO Channels with Outdated Channel State Information in Multiuser Space-Time Block Coded Systems with Multi-Packet Reception (2008)

We propose a joint set of linear precoder designs for single cell uplink multiuser space-time block coded multiple- input multiple-output systems with multi-packet reception by exploiting outdated channel state information. By deriving the pairwise error probability with respect to both minimum and average codeword distance design metrics, we formulate the design as an optimization problem subject to transmit power constraint for each user. Due to the non-convex nature of the optimization problem, we devise an iterative algorithm to solve for linear precoding structure for general space-time block code. For orthogonal space-time block code, we also propose a simplified distributed algorithm to solve for a closed-form solution. Asymptotic analysis on the effect of quality of the outdated channel state information (CSI) on the precoder structure is also presented. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed designs for different space-time block codes at various CSI qualities.
Human retina model for laser safety during corneal surgery with a femtosecond laser (2016)

In the present study a numerical simulation was developed to quantify the temperature rise in the retina during femtosecond corneal surgery. Additionally, ex-vivo retinal heating due to femtosecond laser irradiation was measured with an infrared thermal camera as a validation of the simulation. Thermal camera measurements are in agreement with the simulation. During routine femtosecond corneal surgery with normal clinical parameters, the procedure is safe.
Implementation of non-invasive brain physiological monitoring concepts (2003)

The paper presents innovative methods and technology for non-invasive intracranial hemodynamics monitoring based on the measurement of brain parenchyma acoustic properties. The clinical investigation of new technology shows the similarity between the invasively recorded intracranial pressure (ICP) and non-invasively recorded intracranial blood volume (IBV) pulse waves, slow waves and slow trends under intensive care unit (ICU) conditions. Also, the applicability of the non-invasive IBV slow wave monitoring technique for cerebrovascular autoregulation non-invasive long-term monitoring is demonstrated by theoretical and experimental studies.
Toward Polyethylene–Polyester Block and Graft Copolymers with Tunable Polarity (2016)

The synthesis and characterization of polyethylene–polyester block and graft copolymers and their potential as compatibilizers in polyethylene-based polymer blends are being described. The various routes to functionalized polyethylenes and the corresponding block/graft copolymers have been compared and evaluated for their scalability to industrial scale production. Hydroxyl chain-end and randomly OH-functionalized HDPE as well as randomly OH-functionalized LLDPE were employed as macroinitiators for producing the corresponding block and graft copolymers. These materials were prepared using two different strategies. The grafting from approach entails catalytic ring-opening polymerization of lactones, i.e., ε-caprolactone and ω-pentadecalactone and hydroxyl-functionalized polyethylenes as macroinitiator. The alternative grafting onto approach involves the preparation of block and graft copolymers via simple and convenient transesterification of polycaprolactone or polypentadecalactone with OH-functionalized polyethylenes. The copolymers were characterized in terms of their molecular weight (SEC), chemical structure (liquid state NMR), topology (MALDI-ToF-MS), supramolecular assembly (solid state NMR), and thermal properties (DSC analysis). The applied techniques for synthesizing the copolymers allow preparation of the products with sufficiently high molecular weight of the final materials. The copolymers were tested as compatibilizers for polyethylene/polycarbonate blends. As proven by SEM analysis, addition of the compatibilizers resulted in a significant improvement of the blend morphology.