gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fermented Milks and Milk Products as Functional Foods—A Review (2013)

Fermented foods and beverages possess various nutritional and therapeutic properties. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a major role in determining the positive health effects of fermented milks and related products. The L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria spp are known for their use in probiotic dairy foods. Cultured products sold with any claim of health benefits should meet the criteria of suggested minimum number of more than 106 cfu/g at the time of consumption. Yoghurt is redefined as a probiotic carrier food. Several food powders like yoghurt powder and curd (dahi) powder are manufactured taking into consideration the number of organisms surviving in the product after drying. Such foods, beverages and powders are highly acceptable to consumers because of their flavor and aroma and high nutritive value. Antitumor activity is associated with the cell wall of starter bacteria and so the activity remains even after drying. Other health benefits of fermented milks include prevention of gastrointestinal infections, reduction of serum cholesterol levels and antimutagenic activity. The fermented products are recommended for consumption by lactose intolerant individuals and patients suffering from atherosclerosis. The formulation of fermented dietetic preparations and special products is an expanding research area. The health benefits, the technology of production of fermented milks and the kinetics of lactic acid fermentation in dairy products are reviewed here.
“Footprint-Free” Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes for In Vivo Cell-Based Therapy (2014)

The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) from somatic cells has enabled the possibility to provide patient-specific hiPSC for cell-based therapy, drug discovery, and other translational applications. Two major obstacles in using hiPSC for clinical application reside in the risk of genomic modification when they are derived with viral transgenes and risk of teratoma formation if undifferentiated cells are engrafted. In this study, we report the generation of "footprint-free" hiPSC-derived astrocytes. These are efficiently generated, have anatomical and physiological characteristics of fully differentiated astrocytes, maintain homing characteristics typical of stem cells, and do not give rise to teratomas when engrafted in the brain. Astrocytes can be obtained in sufficient numbers, aliquoted, frozen, thawed, and used when needed. Our results show the feasibility of differentiating astrocytes from "footprint-free" iPSC. These are suitable for clinical cell-based therapies as they can be induced from patients' specific cells, do not require viral vectors, and are fully differentiated. "Footprint-free" hiPSC-derived astrocytes represent a new potential source for therapeutic use for cell-based therapy, including treatment of high-grade human gliomas, and drug discovery.
Bayesian Multiscale Modeling of Spatial Infrastructure Performance Predictions with an Application to Electric Power Outage Forecasting (2014)

A number of models have been developed to estimate the spatial distribution of infrastructure impact during a natural hazard event. For example, statistical approaches have been developed to estimate the percentage of customers without power attributable to a hurricane, with the estimates made at a local geography level such as census tracts. Whereas some statistical infrastructure performance models use extensive covariate data that captures a significant amount of the spatial information, others use a limited number of covariates to enhance model simplicity and to reduce the cost and time associated with obtaining these data. However, in these simpler models, the omitted covariates result in loss of spatial information in the model, leading to a situation in which predictions from adjacent regions are more dissimilar than would be expected. In this paper, a tree-based statistical mass-balance multiscale model is developed to smooth the outage predictions at granular levels by allowing spatially similar areas to inform one another with the goals of: (1) reducing spatial error in simplified prediction models, and (2) yielding estimates at other levels of aggregation in addition to the native model resolution. A generalized density-based clustering algorithm is used to extract the hierarchical spatial structure. The noise regions (i.e., those regions located in sparse areas) are then aggregated using a distance-based clustering approach. The authors demonstrate this approach using outage predictions from Hurricane Ivan and develop outage prediction maps at different levels of granularity.
Trillion Cell CAD-Based Cartesian Mesh Generator for the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method on a Single-Processor 4-GB Workstation (2008)

In this paper, a robust, computer-aided design (CAD)-based, highly accurate and fast Cartesian mesh generation technique for a colossal number of cells capacity using a minimal single-processor computing resource is presented. The cells are generated in Yee format for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. There are three key techniques presented that achieve this capability: a highly efficient data storage ray tracing method, a highly accurate ray-facet intersection test, and a novel exact arithmetic tie-breaking algorithm for rays intersecting facet edges and vertices.
Improved filter method for urine sediment detection of urothelial carcinoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization. (2007)

The improved filter method was faster, easier, and less expensive than published results with the conventional cytospin method with better sensitivity and equivalent specificity.
Effects of Combining Rapamycin and Resveratrol on Apoptosis and Growth of TSC2-Deficient Xenograft Tumors (2015)

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic metastatic disease affecting women of childbearing age. LAM is caused by hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) as a consequence of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1/2 inactivation. Clinically, LAM results in cystic lung destruction. mTORC1 inhibition using rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) is partially effective in reducing disease progression and improving lung function. However, cessation of treatment results in continued progression of the disease. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of the combination of rapamycin treatment with resveratrol, an autophagy inhibitor, in the TSC2-null xenograft tumor model. We determined that this combination inhibits phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling and activates apoptosis. Therefore, the combination of rapamycin and resveratrol may be an effective clinical strategy for treatment of LAM and other diseases with mTORC1 hyperactivation.
Regioselectivity of the Mannich Reaction on Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Nucleosides Related to 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine or 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine (1997)

Mannich reactions were performed on 7-deazapurine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides and the regioselectivity was studied. 7-Deaza-2'-dioxyadenosine (2'-deoxytubercidin, 4a) furnished the 7-substituted Mannich base 5a. The side chain was introduced in the 8-position when 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine was used (Mannich base 7a). The regioselectivity changed back from position 8 to 7 when the reaction was performed on 4-methoxy-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (12). Thus a 7-substituted Mannich product of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine could be obtained after demethylation and oxidation of the methylthio group followed by displacement of the oxidized 2-substituent with ammonia.
Electrolytic ablation of the rat pancreas: a feasibility trial (2001)

Electrolysis in the rat pancreas produced localised necrosis and appears both safe, and reproducible. This novel technique could offer significant advantages for patients with unresectable pancreatic tumours. The next stage of the study is to assess pancreatic electrolysis in a pig model, prior to human pilot studies.
Realtime Photoacoustic Microscopy of Murine Cardiovascular Dynamics (2008)

Non-invasive visualization of cardiovascular dynamics in small animals is challenging due to their rapid heart-rates. We present a realtime photoacoustic imaging system consisting of a 30-MHz ultrasound array transducer, receive electronics, a high-repetition-rate laser, and a multicore-computer, and demonstrate its ability to image optically-absorbing structures of the beating hearts of young athymic nude mice at rates of ~50 frames per second with 100 µm×25 µm spatial resolution. To our knowledge this is the first report of realtime photoacoustic imaging of physiological dynamics.
Barrierless Electron Transfer Bond Fragmentation Reactions (2004)

The ultrafast N-O bond fragmentation in a series of N-methoxypyridyl radicals, formed by one-electron reduction of the corresponding N-methoxypyridiniums, has been investigated as potentially barrierless electron-transfer-initiated chemical reactions. A model for the reaction involving the electronic and geometric factors that control the shape of the potential energy surface for the reaction is described. On the basis of this model, molecular structural features appropriate for ultrafast reactivity are proposed. Femtosecond kinetic measurements on these reactions are consistent with a kinetic definition of an essentially barrierless reaction, i.e., that the lifetime of the radical is a few vibrational periods of the fragmenting bond, for the p-methoxy-N-methoxypyridyl radical.
Genomic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Isolates Revealed by Deep Sequencing (2014)

Most studies on PRRSV evolution have been limited to a particular region of the viral genome. A thorough genome-wide understanding of the impact of different mechanisms on shaping PRRSV genetic diversity is still lacking. To this end, deep sequencing was used to obtain genomic sequences of a diverse set of 16 isolates from a region of Hong Kong with a complex PRRSV epidemiological record. Genome assemblies and phylogenetic typing indicated the co-circulation of strains of both genotypes (type 1 and type 2) with varying Nsp2 deletion patterns and distinct evolutionary lineages ("High Fever"-like and local endemic type). Recombination analyses revealed genomic breakpoints in structural and non-structural regions of genomes of both genotypes with evidence of many recombination events originating from common ancestors. Additionally, the high fold of coverage per nucleotide allowed the characterization of minor variants arising from the quasispecies of each strain. Overall, 0.56-2.83% of sites were found to be polymorphic with respect to cognate consensus genomes. The distribution of minor variants across each genome was not uniform indicating the influence of selective forces. Proportion of variants capable of causing an amino acid change in their respective codons ranged between 25-67% with many predicted to be non-deleterious. Low frequency deletion variants were also detected providing one possible mechanism for their sudden emergence as cited in previous reports.
FedFast: Going Beyond Average for Faster Training of Federated Recommender Systems (2020)

Federated learning (FL) is quickly becoming the de facto standard for the distributed training of deep recommendation models, using on-device user data and reducing server costs. In a typical FL process, a central server tasks end-users to train a shared recommendation model using their local data. The local models are trained over several rounds on the users' devices and the server combines them into a global model, which is sent to the devices for the purpose of providing recommendations. Standard FL approaches use randomly selected users for training at each round, and simply average their local models to compute the global model. The resulting federated recommendation models require significant client effort to train and many communication rounds before they converge to a satisfactory accuracy. Users are left with poor quality recommendations until the late stages of training. We present a novel technique, FedFast, to accelerate distributed learning which achieves good accuracy for all users very early in the training process. We achieve this by sampling from a diverse set of participating clients in each training round and applying an active aggregation method that propagates the updated model to the other clients. Consequently, with FedFast the users benefit from far lower communication costs and more accurate models that can be consumed anytime during the training process even at the very early stages. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach across a variety of benchmark datasets and in comparison to state-of-the-art recommendation techniques.
On the analytical evaluation of closed-loop power-control error statistics in DS-CDMA cellular systems (2000)

This paper proposes an analytical study that aims at evaluating the power-control error statistics in wireless direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) cellular systems based on an ideal variable step closed-loop power-control scheme. In particular, the cumulative distribution function and the correlation coefficient of the power-control error are derived through a first-order Taylor expansion of the received signal envelope. A novel power-control scheme that exploits the autocorrelation properties of the fading is also proposed, and its performance is analyzed in terms of power-control error statistics. Rayleigh and Rice frequency-selective channel models, which involve the use of a diversity RAKE receiver at the base station, have been taken into account. The proposed analytical approach specifically applies to CDMA systems. A method that aims at estimating the capacity of a DS-CDMA cellular network is also given.
Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis:  Kinetics and Effect of Water for a Co/SiO<sub>2</sub>Catalyst (2005)

The addition of water during Fischer−Tropsch synthesis over a 12.4 wt % Co/SiO2 catalyst led to a significant increase in CO conversion. A positive reversible impact of water on catalyst activity was observed at partial pressures of water of <25 vol % added H2O. The CO conversion recovered to the reference activity after the termination of water addition. Therefore, this enhanced reversible activity for Co/SiO2 catalysts seems to be due to a kinetic effect of water. The catalyst was characterized using different techniques, including temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and H2 chemisorption. The rate expression has been obtained over the catalyst, using a 1-L continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) that was operated at a temperature of 483 K, a pressure of 2.21 MPa (21.42 atm), H2/CO feed ratios of 1.0−2.4, and 10%−70% CO conversion over a range of reactant partial pressures. The data of this study are fitted by a power-law expression of the form rCO = /(1 + mPH2O/PH2), where k = 0.89 mol h-1 gcat-1 and m = −0.155.
Continuous WNT Control Enables Advanced hPSC Cardiac Processing and Prognostic Surface Marker Identification in Chemically Defined Suspension Culture (2019)

Aiming at clinical translation, robust directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), preferentially in chemically defined conditions, is a key requirement. Here, feasibility of suspension culture based hPSC-cardiomyocyte (hPSC-CM) production in low-cost, xeno-free media compatible with good manufacturing practice standards is shown. Applying stirred tank bioreactor systems at increasing dimensions, our advanced protocol enables routine production of about 1 million hPSC-CMs/mL, yielding ∼1.3 × 10<sup>8</sup> CM in 150 mL and ∼4.0 × 10<sup>8</sup> CMs in 350-500 mL process scale at >90% lineage purity. Process robustness and efficiency is ensured by uninterrupted chemical WNT pathway control at early stages of differentiation and results in the formation of almost exclusively ventricular-like CMs. Modulated WNT pathway regulation also revealed the previously unappreciated role of ROR1/CD13 as superior surrogate markers for predicting cardiac differentiation efficiency as soon as 72 h of differentiation. This monitoring strategy facilitates process upscaling and controlled mass production of hPSC derivatives.
Accurate face alignment and adaptive patch selection for heart rate estimation from videos under realistic scenarios (2018)

Non-contact heart rate (HR) measurement from facial videos has attracted high interests due to its convenience and cost effectiveness. However, accurate and robust HR estimation under various realistic scenarios remain a very challenging problem. In this paper, we develop a novel system which can achieve a robust and accurate HR estimation under those challenging scenarios. First, to minimize tracking-artifacts arising from large head motions and facial expressions, we propose a joint face detection and alignment method which can produce alignment-friendly facial bounding boxes with reliable initial facial shapes, facilitating accurate and robust face alignment even in the presence of large pose variations and expressions. Second, different from most existing methods [1-5] which derive pulse signals from predetermined grid cells (i.e. local patches), our patches are varying-sized triangles generated adaptively to exclude negative effects from non-rigid facial motions. Third, we propose an adaptive patch selection method to choose patches which contain skin regions and are more likely to contain useful information, followed by an independent component analysis, for an accurate HR estimate. Extensive experiments on both public datasets and our own dataset demonstrated that, comparing with the state-of-the-art methods [1-3], our method reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by a large margin, ranging from 12% to 63%, and can provide a robust and accurate estimation under various challenging scenarios.
Stability of DNA-containing interpolyelectrolyte complexes in water-salt solutions (1999)

Destruction of interpolyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) formed by DNA and different poly(N-alkyl-4-vinylpyridinium) cations was achieved by addition of low molecular weight electrolytes. Monitoring of PEC dissociation was carried out by fluorescence quenching using the ability of the cationic dye ethidium bromide to intercalate into free sites of the DNA double helix accompanied by fluorescence. Degree of polymerization and charge density of the polycations as well as their N-alkyl substituentes (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, and propyl) were shown to be factors influencing the stability of PEC. The ability of added cations and anions to dissociate PEC decreases in the order Ca++ > Mg++ ≫ Li+ > Na+ > K+ ≫ (CH3)4N+ and I– > Br– > Cl– ≫ F– which coincides with a decrease of affinity of the same counterions to DNA and to the polycation. The data obtained indicate that the change of the stability of DNA-containing PEC shows the same regularities as revealed for the stability of interpolyelectrolyte complexes formed by oppositely charged flexible synthetic polyelectrolytes in water-salt solutions.
High Dynamic Range Image Capture with Plenoptic 2.0 Camera (2009)

We demonstrate high dynamic range (HDR) imaging with the Plenoptic 2.0 camera. Multiple exposure capture is achieved with a single shot using microimages created by microlens array that has an interleaved set of different apertures.
Facile preparation of in situ coated Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>composites and their electromagnetic performance (2017)

Novel accordion structure Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>–Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>composites with nice electromagnetic wave absorption properties.
Anionic Water-Soluble Poly(phenylenevinylene) Alternating Copolymer:  High-Efficiency Photoluminescence and Dual Electroluminescence (2006)

A facile chemical approach to enhance the photoluminescence of poly(2-methoxy-5-propyloxysulfonate-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MPS-PPV) by alternately incorporating the rigid p-phenylenevinylene comonomer units into the conjugated backbone is reported. In dilute aqueous solution the resulting anionic conjugated copolymer, poly[(2-methoxy-5-propyloxysulfonate-1,4-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(1,4-phenylenevinylene)] (CO-MPS-PPV), has a fluorescence quantum yield of 51.6%, about an order of magnitude higher than that of the homopolymer. Because of their amphiphilic nature, CO-MPS-PPV chains self-organize into micelle-like aggregates in water. The structure changes of the aggregates can be perceived through monitoring photoluminescence spectra at different solvent compositions and pH values. The fluorescence of the conjugated copolymer solution is highly sensitive to the cationic surfactant, and emission can be drastically quenched to about 5% of original intensity in the presence of extremely low concentration (26 μmol/L) of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Such behavior is totally different from its homopolymer counterpart, whose emission is increased by the same surfactant. Water-soluble conjugated polymers with tunable hydrophobic/hydrophilic characteristics afford the diversity of these fluorescence sensory materials. CO-MPS-PPV is also an ideal material for electroluminescence application. The ionic conductivity of CO-MPS-PPV leads to a nearly balanced hole and electron injection from ITO and metal electrodes to the active layer. A light-emitting device fabricated from a composite of CO-MPS-PPV and ionic conducting polyurethane distinguishes from conventional LED by fetching performances like lower turn-on voltage (2 V), light emission under both forward and reverse bias (dual electroluminescence), and fast on/off kinetics (less than 80 ms) under ambient conditions.
500 W, class E 27.12 MHz amplifier using a single plastic MOSFET (2003)

In this paper, we report on the design and evolution of a 500 W, 27 MHz Class E amplifier. It doubles the operating frequency of previous high efficiency amplifiers using MOSFET transistors in the TO-247 package. Device criteria, circuit design, and amplifier performance characteristics are presented and compared to a HEPA computer model.
Materials with Giant Mechanocaloric Effects: Cooling by Strength (2016)

The search for materials with large caloric effects has become a major challenge in material science due to their potential in developing near room-temperature solid-state cooling devices, which are both efficient and clean, and that can successfully replace present refrigeration technologies. There are three main families of caloric materials: magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, and mechanocaloric. While magnetocaloric and electrocaloric materials have been studied intensively in the last few decades, mechanocaloric materials are only very recently receiving a great deal of attention. The mechanocaloric effect refers to the reversible thermal response of a solid when subjected to an external mechanical field, and encompasses both the elastocaloric effect, corresponding to a uniaxial force, and the barocaloric effect, which corresponds to the response to hydrostatic pressure. Here, the state of the art in giant mechanocaloric effects is reviewed and a critical analysis of the thermodynamic quantities that characterize the major families of barocaloric and elastocaloric materials is provided. Finally perspectives for further development in this area are given.
Effects of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Contralesional Primary Motor Cortex on Movement Kinematics and Neural Activity in Subcortical Stroke (2008)

The functional magnetic resonance imaging data suggest that rTMS of the contralesional M1 may normalize neural activation within the cortical motor network after subcortical stroke. Identifying patients suitable for rTMS intervention based on individual patterns of cortical activation may help to implement rTMS in motor rehabilitation after stroke.