gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid‐State Solar Thermal Fuels for Heat Release Applications (2015)

Closed cycle systems offer an opportunity for solar energy harvesting and storage all within the same material. Photon energy is stored within the chemical conformations of molecules and is retrieved by a triggered release in the form of heat. Until now, such solar thermal fuels (STFs) have been largely unavailable in the solid‐state, which would enable them to be utilized for a multitude of applications. A polymer STF storage platform is synthesized employing STFs in the solid‐state. This approach enables uniform films capable of appreciable heat storage of up to 30 Wh kg −1 and that can withstand temperature of up to 180 °C. For the first time a macroscopic energy release is demonstrated using spatial infrared heat maps with up to a 10 °C temperature change. These findings pave the way for developing highly efficient and high energy density STFs for applications in the solid‐state.
Development of a Synthetic Receptor for the Food Toxin Beauvericin: A Tale of Carbazole and Steroids (2018)

The synthesis of the first synthetic receptor showing high affinity for the toxic ionophoric cyclodepsipeptide beauvericin is described. Binding results in a pronounced increase in fluorescence intensity of the receptor, while this increase is not observed for a very similar ionophore such as valinomycin. Experiments that shed light on the nature of this selectivity are discussed.
AA-HMM: An Anti-Adversarial Hidden Markov Model for Network-Based Intrusion Detection (2018)

In the field of network intrusion, malware usually evades anomaly detection by disguising malicious behavior as legitimate access. Therefore, detecting these attacks from network traffic has become a challenge in this an adversarial setting. In this paper, an enhanced Hidden Markov Model, called the Anti-Adversarial Hidden Markov Model (AA-HMM), is proposed to effectively detect evasion pattern, using the Dynamic Window and Threshold techniques to achieve adaptive, anti-adversarial, and online-learning abilities. In addition, a concept called Pattern Entropy is defined and acts as the foundation of AA-HMM. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach employing two well-known benchmark data sets, NSL-KDD and CTU-13, in terms of the common performance metrics and the algorithm’s adaptation and anti-adversary abilities.
An Alternative Technique for Dielectrophoretic (DEP) Cell Manipulation: Contact-Less DEP (2009)

Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the motion of a particle due to its polarization in the presence of a non-uniform electric field, can be used as an alternative to current sample enrichment techniques [1]. While the technique has been proven effective, most DEP devices must be manufactured using complicated processes. Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is a practical method to obtain the selectivity of dielectrophoresis while overcoming the robustness issues associated with traditional dielectrophoresis platforms [2]. While both of these methods allow for the differentiation of cells based upon their intrinsic electrical properties, they require direct contact between electrodes and a sample fluid, which can induce fouling, bubble formation and unwanted electrochemical effects [3]. We have developed an alternative method to provide the spatially non-uniform electric field required for DEP in which electrodes are not in direct contact with the biological sample. In this method, an electric field is created in the sample microchannel using electrodes inserted into two other microchannels (filled with conductive solution), which are separated from the sample microchannel by thin insulating barriers. These insulating barriers exhibit a capacitive behavior and therefore an electric field can be produced in the main channel by applying an AC field across them. The absence of contact between electrodes and the sample fluid inside the channel prevents bubble formation and avoids any contaminating effects the electrodes may have on the sample.
Interleukin-15:Interleukin-15 receptor   scaffold for creation of multivalent targeted immune molecules (2010)

Human interleukin-15 (hIL-15) and its receptor α (hIL-15Rα) are co-expressed in antigen presenting cells allowing trans-presentation of the cytokine to immune effector cells. We exploited the high-affinity interactions between hIL-15 and the extracellular hIL-15Rα sushi domain (hIL-15RαSu) to create a functional scaffold for the design of multispecific fusion protein complexes. Using single-chain T cell receptors (scTCRs) as recognition domains linked to the IL-15:IL-15Rα scaffold, we generated both bivalent and bispecific complexes. In these fusions, the scTCR domains retain the antigen-binding activity and the hIL-15 domain exhibits receptor binding and biological activity. As expected, bivalent scTCR fusions exhibited improved antigen binding due to increased avidity, whereas fusions comprising two different scTCR domains were capable of binding two cognate peptide/MHC complexes. Bispecific molecules containing scTCR and scCD8αβ domains also exhibit enhanced binding to peptide/MHC complexes, demonstrating that the IL-15:IL-15Rα scaffold displays flexibility necessary to support multi-domain interactions with a given target. Surprisingly, functional heterodimeric molecules could be formed by co-expressing the TCR α and β chains separately as fusions to the hIL-15 and hIL-15RαSu domains. Together, these properties indicate that the hIL-15 and hIL-15RαSu domains can be used as versatile, functional scaffold for generating novel targeted immune molecules.
Noninvasive assessment of bone architecture by magnetic resonance micro-imaging-based virtual bone biopsy (2003)

The mechanical competence of trabecular bone, the type of bone constituting the vertebrae and ends of the long bones, is largely determined by the bone's volume fraction and architectural make-up. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that up to 50% of trabecular bone strength is determined by parameters characterizing the network's architecture. Although rarely clinically indicated because of its invasiveness, a bone biopsy can provide detailed insight into the bone's structural arrangement. Recent advances in magnetic resonance micro-imaging (/spl mu/MRI), in conjunction with new image processing and feature extraction approaches, now allow detailed structural information to be obtained by what we refer to as "virtual bone biopsy" (VBB). Governed by signal-to-noise, the voxel size achievable in vivo is of the same order as trabecular thickness (100-150 /spl mu/m). Therefore, methods had to be conceived to deal with the inherently fuzzy nature of the objects to be extracted. It is shown that a cascade of image processing steps, starting with noise deconvolution of the images to yield bone volume fraction maps, followed by what we refer to as "subvoxel processing" for resolution enhancement, are essential for evaluating topology and scale of the trabecular network. Digital topological analysis of the binarized and skeletonized images can provide a detailed picture of network connectivity and the nature of the structural elements (plate and strut architecture). In addition to its complicated topological make-up, trabecular bone is highly anisotropic since bone adapts to the stresses to which it is subjected (Wolff's law). Therefore, evaluation of structural orientation or fabric is of interest as well. Several methods are discussed to quantify structural anisotropy, including digital topological analysis. Although connectivity is an important determinant of the bone's mechanical behavior, the thickness of the structural elements is equally relevant. Here again, the limited spatial resolution achievable in vivo precludes the use of the classical histomorphometric approaches for thickness measurement. A method conceived recently in the authors' laboratory is the fuzzy distance transform, which obviates the need for binarization and which is shown to provide accurate measurements of structural thickness. Excerpts are provided from applications of the VBB to the study of postmenopausal osteoporosis, male hypogonadism, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Finally, the serial reproducibility achievable suggests the VBB to be suited for assessing treatment efficacy longitudinally.
Selecting metal alloy electric contact materials for MEMS switches (2004)

This paper presents a method for selecting metal alloys as the electric contact materials for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) metal contact switches. This procedure consists of reviewing macro-switch lessons learned, utilizing equilibrium binary alloy phase diagrams, obtaining thin film material properties and, based on a suitable model, predicting contact resistance performance. After determining a candidate alloy material, MEMS switches were designed, fabricated and tested to validate the alloy selection methodology. Minimum average contact resistance values of 1.17 and 1.87 Ω were measured for micro-switches with gold (Au) and gold–platinum (Au–(6.3%)Pt) alloy electric contacts, respectively. In addition, 'hot-switched' life cycle test results of 1.02 × 108 and 2.70 × 108 cycles were collected for micro-switches with Au and Au–(6.3%)Pt contacts, respectively. These results indicate increased wear with a small increase in contact resistance for MEMS switches with metal alloy electric contacts.
Expression pattern and localization of β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase in different tissues (2001)

β,β-Carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase cleaves β,β-carotene into two molecules of retinal, and is the key enzyme in the metabolism of β,β-carotene to vitamin A. The enzyme has been known for more than 40 years, yet all attempts to purify the protein to homogeneity have failed. Recently, the successful cloning and sequencing of an enzyme with β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity from chicken, as well as from Drosophila, has been reported. Here, we describe in detail our attempt to enrich the chicken β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase to such an extent as to allow determination of partial amino acid sequences, which were then used to design degenerate oligonucleotides. Screening of a chicken duodenal expression library yielded a full-length clone containing a coding sequence of 1578bp. Functional expression in Escherichia coli and in eukaryotic cell lines confirmed that we had cloned the first vertebrate dioxygenase that cleaves β,β-carotene at the central 15,15′-double bond. By performing a sequence homology search, the cDNA sequence of the mouse homologue was found as an expressed sequence tag (EST) in the gene bank. At the amino-acid level, the degree of homology between the chicken and mouse sequences is 81%. Thus β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase can be considered as being an enzyme that is evolutionarily rather well conserved. We established the expression pattern of β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase in chicken and mouse tissues with a combination of Northern blots and in situ hybridization. The mRNA for β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase was localized primarily in duodenal villi, as well as in liver and in tubular structures of lung and kidney. These new findings demonstrate that β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase is also expressed in epithelial structures, where it serves to provide the tissue-specific vitamin A supply.
Antimalarials. 14. 5-(Aryloxy)-4-methylprimaquine analogs. A highly effective series of blood and tissue schizonticidal agents (1982)

A series of five 5-(aryloxy)-4-methylprimaquine analogues has been prepared and evaluated for antimalarial activity. The compounds were tested for suppressive activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice and for radical curative activity against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. The compounds were not only significantly superior to primaquine as radical curative agents but also were suprisingly highly effective as suppressive agents.
1060 nm single‐mode vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser operating at 50 Gbit/s data rate (2017)

An energy efficient 1060 nm GaAs‐based oxide‐confined vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser designed for high‐speed modulation and single‐mode emission has been developed. A record data rate of 50 Gbit/s at an energy dissipation of 100 fJ/bit is demonstrated for a device with >50 dB side‐mode‐suppression and 0.2 mA threshold current, making this laser a promising light source for long‐reach optical interconnects.
Forward-Private Dynamic Searchable Symmetric Encryption with Efficient Search (2018)

Dynamic Searchable Symmetric Encryption (DSSE) allows to delegate keyword search and file update over an encrypted database via encrypted indexes, and therefore provides opportunities to mitigate the data privacy and utilization dilemma in cloud storage platforms. Despite its merits, recent works have shown that efficient DSSE schemes are vulnerable to statistical attacks due to the lack of forward-privacy, whereas forward-private DSSE schemes suffers from practicality concerns as a result of their extreme computation overhead. Due to significant practical impacts of statistical attacks, there is a critical need for new DSSE schemes that can achieve the forward-privacy in a more practical and efficient manner. We propose a new DSSE scheme that we refer to as Forward-private Sublinear DSSE (FS-DSSE). FS-DSSE harnesses special secure update strategies and a novel caching strategy to reduce the computation cost of repeated queries. Therefore, it achieves forward-privacy, sublinear search complexity, low end-to-end delay, and parallelization capability simultaneously. We fully implemented our proposed method and evaluated its performance on a real cloud platform. Our experimental evaluation results showed that the proposed scheme is highly secure and highly efficient compared with state-of-the-art DSSE techniques. Specifically, FS-DSSE is up to three magnitude of times faster than forward-secure DSSE counterparts, depending on the frequency of the searched keyword in the database.
Gating, enhanced gating, and beyond: information utilization strategies for motion management, applied to preclinical PET (2013)

Raw PET data contain information about motion that is not currently utilized. In our work, we showed that through automated processing of standard (ungated) PET acquisitions, (motion-) information-rich images can be constructed with minimal risk of noise introduction. Such methods have the potential for implementation with current PET technology in a robust and reproducible way.
Transport-based Quantitative Photoacoustic Tomography (2010)

A method based on the radiative transfer equation (RTE) coupled with the photoacoustic equation is presented. It provides quantitatively and significantly improved image reconstruction for the cases where the photon diffusion approximation may fail.
Turbo equalization: adaptive equalization and channel decoding jointly optimized (2001)

This paper deals with a receiver scheme where adaptive equalization and channel decoding are jointly optimized in an iterative process. This receiver scheme is well suited for transmissions over a frequency-selective channel with large delay spread and for high spectral efficiency modulations. A low-complexity soft-input soft-output M-ary channel decoder is proposed. Turbo equalization allows intersymbol interference to be reduced drastically. For most time-invariant discrete channels, the turbo-equalizer performance is close to the coded Gaussian channel performance, even for low signal-to-noise ratios. Finally, results over a time-varying frequency-selective channel proves the excellent behavior of the turbo equalizer.
Formation of rotation-induced superlattices and their observation by tunneling spectroscopy (1991)

We show that superlattices can be formed in the ternary and quaternary In(GaAl)As alloys on InP by molecular beam epitaxy without mechanical shuttering. Periodic ordering is produced by rotation of the substrate through the naturally nonuniform distribution of beam fluxes at the rotating substrate. The growth rate and substrate rotation rate together determine the superlattice period which is measured by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Tunneling density-of-states measurements on resonant tunneling diodes, interpreted by a one-dimensional theoretical calculation of the miniband-structure, reveal the electrical properties of the superlattice.
Design and preclinical evaluation of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C DNA vaccine for clinical trial (2006)

In this study, the design and preclinical development of a multigene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C DNA vaccine are described, developed as part of the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative (SAAVI). Genetic variation remains a major obstacle in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine and recent strategies have focused on constructing vaccines based on the subtypes dominant in the developing world, where the epidemic is most severe. The vaccine, SAAVI DNA-C, contains an equimolar mixture of two plasmids, pTHr.grttnC and pTHr.gp150CT, which express a polyprotein derived from Gag, reverse transcriptase (RT), Tat and Nef, and a truncated Env, respectively. Genes included in the vaccine were obtained from individuals within 3 months of infection and selection was based on closeness to a South African subtype C consensus sequence. All genes were codon-optimized for increased expression in humans. The genes have been modified for safety, stability and immunogenicity. Tat was inactivated through shuffling of gene fragments, whilst maintaining all potential epitopes; the active site of RT was mutated; 124 aa were removed from the cytoplasmic tail of gp160; and Nef and Gag myristylation sites were inactivated. Following vaccination of BALB/c mice, high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced against multiple epitopes and the vaccine stimulated strong CD8+ gamma interferon responses. In addition, high titres of antibodies to gp120 were induced in guinea pigs. This vaccine is the first component of a prime-boost regimen that is scheduled for clinical trials in humans in the USA and South Africa.
3D-QSAR Studies of Arylpyrazole Antagonists of Cannabinoid Receptor Subtypes CB1 and CB2. A Combined NMR and CoMFA Approach (2005)

The present work focuses on the study of the three-dimensional (3D) structural requirements for selective antagonist activity of arylpyrazole compounds at the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Initially, a combined high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) NMR and computer modeling approach was carried out to study the solution structure of the key pyrazole derivative N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-phenyl-1-(n-pentyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM263). By using the NMR-determined molecular conformers as templates, the 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed with the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) approach on a set of arylpyrazole cannabinoid receptor antagonists. Molecular alignments suitable for deriving valuable pharmacophoric features for this series of compounds were determined. Such systematic 3D-QSAR/CoMFA analyses of 29 molecules and their receptor affinities gave guidance for understanding the binding affinities of arylpyrazoles at the CB1 and CB2 binding sites, respectively. Comparison of CoMFA steric and potential contour maps for affinity at the two cannabinoid receptor subtypes helps to differentiate structural requirements for each subtype and serves as a basis for the design of later-generation analogues.
Optimal control of force microscope cantilevers. II. Magnetic coupling implementation (1996)

We describe the implementation of optimal controllers for damping the motion of cantilevers used in magnetic resonance force microscopy. We demonstrate that optimal control is achievable and that torsional magnetic coupling provides an effective actuation method. Cantilever Brownian vibrational amplitude was reduced from 2 to 0.16 Å and resonant quality was reduced from 2000 to 5. Applied control fields were sufficiently small that they would not affect magnetic resonance phenomena.
Image enhancement and segmentation of fluid-filled structures in 3D ultrasound images (2003)

Segmentation of fluid-filled structures, such as the urinary bladder, from three-dimensional ultrasound images is necessary for measuring their volume. This paper describes a system for image enhancement, segmentation and volume measurement of fluid-filled structures on 3D ultrasound images. The system was applied for the measurement of urinary bladder volume. Results show an average error of less than 10% in the estimation of the total bladder volume.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thiophosphoramidate Morpholino Oligonucleotides and Chimeras (2020)

This Article outlines the optimized chemical synthesis and preliminary biochemical characterization of a new oligonucleotide analogue called thiophosphoramidate morpholinos (TMOs). Their rational design hinges upon integrating two well-studied pharmacophores, namely, phosphorothioates (pS) and morpholinos, to create morpholino-pS hybrid oligonucleotides. Our simple synthesis strategy enables the easy incorporation of morpholino-pS moieties and therapeutically relevant sugar modifications in tandem to create novel oligonucleotide (ON) analogues that are hitherto unexplored in the oligotherapeutics arena. Exclusively TMO-modified ONs demonstrate high stability toward 3'-exonuclease. Hybridization studies show that TMO chimeras consisting of alternating TMO and DNA-pS subunits exhibit higher binding affinity toward complementary RNA relative to the canonical DNA/RNA duplex (∼10 °C). Oligonucleotides that consist entirely of TMO linkages also show higher RNA binding affinity but do not recruit ribonuclease H1 (RNase H1). Chimeric TMO analogues demonstrate high gene silencing efficacy, comparable to that of a chimeric 2'-OMe-pS/pO control, during <i>in vitro</i> bioassay screens designed to evaluate their potential as microRNA inhibitors of hsa-miR-15b-5p in HeLa cells.
Preparation of novel, water-soluble porphyrin platinum amine compounds with high tumor selectivity and their use for the treatment of benign and malignant tumor diseases (2003)

The invention relates to the prepn. of novel, water-sol. porphyrin platinum compds. of the tetraarylporphyrin platinum type or of the hematoporphyrin platinum type in which a platinum diamine is bonded to pendant arm/arms of the porphyrin. with high tumor selectivity and their use for the treatment of benign and malignant tumor diseases. These compds. have high tumor selectivity and are proposed for use in the treatment of benign and malignant tumor diseases. In particular, the compds. are suitable for photodynamic antitumor therapy. Thus, the tetraarylporphyrin platinum complex (I) and the hematoporphyrin platinum complex (II) and related complexes were prepd. and cytotoxic/phototoxic antiproliferative activity against model bladder cancer cell lines TCC-SUP and J82 measured.
A 2.2¿W 94nV/Hz, Chopper-Stabilized Instrumentation Amplifier for EEG Detection in Chronic Implants (2007)

A chopper-stabilized instrumentation amplifier is targeted for "deep-brain" human implants and consumes 2.2muW from a 1.8V supply. The integrated noise from 0.5 to 100 Hz is 0.94muV, providing a noise efficiency factor of 4.9. The use of chopper stabilization provides rail-to-rail inputs and 105dB CMRR. An integrated 0.5Hz HPF is used to suppress electrode offsets. The circuit is also used in micropower bridge interfaces for impedance measurement and pressure sensing.