gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
16 years research on lactic acid production with yeast – ready for the market? (2010)

The use of plastic produced from non-renewable resources constitutes a major environmental problem of the modern society. Polylactide polymers (PLA) have recently gained enormous attention as one possible substitution of petroleum derived polymers. A prerequisite for high quality PLA production is the provision of optically pure lactic acid, which cannot be obtained by chemical synthesis in an economical way. Microbial fermentation is therefore the commercial option to obtain lactic acid as monomer for PLA production. However, one major economic hurdle for commercial lactic acid production as basis for PLA is the costly separation procedure, which is needed to recover and purify the product from the fermentation broth. Yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast) offer themselves as production organisms because they can tolerate low pH and grow on mineral media what eases the purification of the acid. However, naturally yeasts do not produce lactic acid. By metabolic engineering, ethanol was exchanged with lactic acid as end product of fermentation. A vast amount of effort has been invested into the development of yeasts for lactic acid production since the first paper on this topic by Dequin and Barre appeared 1994. Now yeasts are very close to industrial exploitation - here we summarize the developments in this field.
Simultaneous chromatic dispersion and PMD compensation by using coded-OFDM and girth-10 LDPC codes (2008)

Low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is studied as an efficient coded modulation scheme suitable for simultaneous chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensation. We show that, for aggregate rate of 10 Gb/s, accumulated dispersion over 6500 km of SMF and differential group delay of 100 ps can be simultaneously compensated with penalty within 1.5 dB (with respect to the back-to-back configuration) when training sequence based channel estimation and girth-10 LDPC codes of rate 0.8 are employed.
Orthogonal code hopping multiplexing for downlink statistical multiplexing (2003)

For orthogonal downlink and statistical multiplexing, three modes of orthogonal code hopping multiplexing (OCHM) are proposed to accommodate more orthogonal downlink channels than orthogonal codewords for downlink channels, and they are compared. The performance comparison shows that the hybrid mode OCHM outperforms both the division mode and the hopping mode.
Imaging of tissue microstructures using a multimodal microscope design (2005)

We investigate a microscope design that offers high signal sensitivity and hyperspectral imaging capabilities and allows for implementation of various optical imaging approaches while its operational complexity is minimized. This system uses long working distance microscope objectives that enable for off-axis illumination of the tissue, thereby allowing for excitation at any optical wavelength and nearly eliminating spectral noise from the optical elements. Preliminary studies using human and animal tissues demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for real-time imaging of intact tissue microstructures using autofluorescence and light scattering imaging methods.
High temperature piezoelectric drill (2009)

The current NASA Decadal mission planning effort has identified Venus as a significant scientific target for a surface in-situ sampling/analyzing mission. The Venus environment represents several extremes including high temperature (460°C), high pressure (~9 MPa), and potentially corrosive (condensed sulfuric acid droplets that adhere to surfaces during entry) environments. This technology challenge requires new rock sampling tools for these extreme conditions. Piezoelectric materials can potentially operate over a wide temperature range. Single crystals, like LiNbO3, have a Curie temperature that is higher than 1000°C and the piezoelectric ceramics Bismuth Titanate higher than 600°C. A study of the feasibility of producing piezoelectric drills that can operate in the temperature range up to 500°C was conducted. The study includes the high temperature properties investigations of engineering materials and piezoelectric ceramics with different formulas and doping. The drilling performances of a prototype Ultrasonic/Sonic Drill/Corer (USDC) using high temperate piezoelectric ceramics and single crystal were tested at temperature up to 500°C. The detailed results of our study and a discussion of the future work on performance improvements are presented in this paper.
Digital hardware for pitch detection (1974)

A pitch detection algorithm, designed for robust performance and hardware simplicity, has been studied by simulation and has been implemented in digital hardware. The speech signal is low-pass filtered at about 900 Hz and sampled at a 10-kHz rate. A value of +1 is assigned to a speech sample if that sample value is above a positive threshold; likewise, a value of −1 is assigned if the sample is below a negative threshold. Otherwise, a value of 0 is assigned to the sample. The clipping thresholds are adapted to the speech level within a 30-msec analysis interval. The short-time autocorrelation function of this infinitely center clipped speech signal exhibits a strong peak at the pitch period for voiced speech and no peak for unvoiced speech. The peak location serves as the estimate of pitch period. A similar approach was proposed by Sondhi [IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust. (June 1968)]. Since only two data bits per sample are required to represent the infinitely center clipped speech, memory requirements are minimized and the computation of the autocorrelation function is reduced to a simple logical combination. The algorithm is easily implemented with standard TTL logic for real-time operation. The system performs well on bandpass speech (missing fundamental) and under conditions of low signal-to-noise ratio. The hardware was constructed for use in a speaker verification system, but can be easily adapted to any application where pitch detection is required.
Neural Audio Synthesis of Musical Notes with WaveNet Autoencoders (2017)

Generative models in vision have seen rapid progress due to algorithmic improvements and the availability of high-quality image datasets. In this paper, we offer contributions in both these areas to enable similar progress in audio modeling. First, we detail a powerful new WaveNet-style autoencoder model that conditions an autoregressive decoder on temporal codes learned from the raw audio waveform. Second, we introduce NSynth, a large-scale and high-quality dataset of musical notes that is an order of magnitude larger than comparable public datasets. Using NSynth, we demonstrate improved qualitative and quantitative performance of the WaveNet autoencoder over a well-tuned spectral autoencoder baseline. Finally, we show that the model learns a manifold of embeddings that allows for morphing between instruments, meaningfully interpolating in timbre to create new types of sounds that are realistic and expressive.
Design, Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of α-L-Arabinofuranosyl Derivatives of 2-Substituted-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazoles (1998)

Abstract A number of 2-substituted-5,6-dichloro-l-(α-L-arabinofuranosyl)benzimidazoles have been prepared by condensation of 2-bromo-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole or 2,5,6-trichlorobenzimidazole with tetra-O-acetyl-L-arabinofuranose. 2-Alkylamino derivatives were prepared by a substitution of the 2-chloro group with the appropriate amines. All target compounds were evaluated for activity against HCMV and HSV-1. The 2-chloro and 2-bromo derivatives showed moderate activity against HCMV at non-cytotoxic concentrations.
Incorporation of regional information in optimal 3-D graph search with application for intraretinal layer segmentation of optical coherence tomography images (2007)

We present a method for the incorporation of regional image information in a 3-D graph-theoretic approach for optimal multiple surface segmentation. By transforming the multiple surface segmentation task into finding a minimum-cost closed set in a vertex-weighted graph, the optimal set of feasible surfaces with respect to an objective function can be found. In the past, this family of graph search applications only used objective functions which incorporated “on-surface” costs. Here, novel “in-region” costs are incorporated. Our new approach is applied to the segmentation of seven intraretinal layer surfaces of 24 3-D macular optical coherence tomography images from 12 subjects. Compared to an expert-defined independent standard, unsigned border positioning errors are comparable to the inter-observer variability (7.8 ± 5.0 μm and 8.1 ± 3.6 μm, respectively).
Visible-infrared (0.4–20 <i> <b>μ</b> </i>m) ultra-broadband absorber based on cascade film stacks (2021)

In this paper, we present a glass-based double-side cascade film stack structure for visible-infrared ultrabroadband absorption. The proposed structure demonstrates an average absorption as high as ∼95% over an ultrawide range of wavelengths from 0.4 μm to 20 μm. The high absorption feature of the different bandgap materials is applied in this absorption device to realize the ultrabroadband absorption, combining with the metal-dielectric-like configuration for those unmatched-admittance wavelengths and the graded index profile arrangement for the 0.4–2.5 μm band. The proposed ultrabroadband absorber shows a great angular tolerance up to 60° with the average absorption of 90% remaining. The proposed approach can have tremendous potential in fields of optical sensing, camouflage, optical imaging, passive cooling, and sustainable power generation, profiting from the good mechanical characteristics of this compact multilayer film structure and the low manufacture costs with the simple physical vapor deposition.
Update on Rotavirus Vaccines (2005)

Rotavirus was discovered in 1973, and 10 years later the first report of a rotavirus vaccine clinical trial appeared. This update reviews the epidemiology of rotavirus infections, assesses past and current vaccines and presents ideas for implementation of vaccination programs in developed and developing countries.
ChemInform Abstract: AN ALTERNATE ROUTE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOPENTANO(H)‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES (1975)

Abstract 5‐Hydroxy‐isochinolin (I) wird nach Methylierung zu (II) zum Tetrahydroderivat (III) reduziert und nach Rieche mit Dichlormethylmethyläther und TiCl 4 zu (IV) formyliert.
A multilayer approach to fabricate bioactive glass coatings on Ti alloys (1998)

Glasses in the system Si-Ca-Na-Mg-P-K-O with thermal expansion coefficients close to that of Ti6Al4V were used to coat the titanium alloy by a simple enameling technique. Firings were done in air at temperatures between 800 and 840 C and times up to 1 minute. Graded compositions were obtained by firing multilayered glass coatings. Hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were mixed with the glass powder and the mixture was placed on the outer surface of the coatings to render them more bioactive. Coatings with excellent adhesion to the substrate and able to form apatite when immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) can be fabricated by this methodology.
Selective Inhibition of EZH2 by EPZ-6438 Leads to Potent Antitumor Activity in <i>EZH2</i> -Mutant Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (2014)

Mutations within the catalytic domain of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 have been identified in subsets of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). These genetic alterations are hypothesized to confer an oncogenic dependency on EZH2 enzymatic activity in these cancers. We have previously reported the discovery of EPZ005678 and EPZ-6438, potent and selective S-adenosyl-methionine-competitive small molecule inhibitors of EZH2. Although both compounds are similar with respect to their mechanism of action and selectivity, EPZ-6438 possesses superior potency and drug-like properties, including good oral bioavailability in animals. Here, we characterize the activity of EPZ-6438 in preclinical models of NHL. EPZ-6438 selectively inhibits intracellular lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27) methylation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in both EZH2 wild-type and mutant lymphoma cells. Inhibition of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27Me3) leads to selective cell killing of human lymphoma cell lines bearing EZH2 catalytic domain point mutations. Treatment of EZH2-mutant NHL xenograft-bearing mice with EPZ-6438 causes dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition, including complete and sustained tumor regressions with correlative diminution of H3K27Me3 levels in tumors and selected normal tissues. Mice dosed orally with EPZ-6438 for 28 days remained tumor free for up to 63 days after stopping compound treatment in two EZH2-mutant xenograft models. These data confirm the dependency of EZH2-mutant NHL on EZH2 activity and portend the utility of EPZ-6438 as a potential treatment for these genetically defined cancers.
Video querying via compact descriptors of visually salient objects (2014)

We consider the problem of extracting descriptors that represent visually salient portions of a video sequence. Most state-of-the-art schemes generate video descriptors by extracting features, e.g., SIFT or SURF or other keypoint-based features, from individual video frames. This approach is wasteful in scenarios that impose constraints on storage, communication overhead and on the allowable computational complexity for video querying. More importantly, the descriptors obtained by this approach generally do not provide semantic clues about the video content. In this paper, we investigate new feature-agnostic approaches for efficient retrieval of similar video content. We evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of retrieval when k-means clustering is applied to image features extracted from video frames. We also propose a new approach in which the extraction of compact video descriptors is cast as a Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) problem. Initial experiments on video-based matching suggest that compact descriptors obtained via low-rank matrix factorization improve discriminability and robustness to parameter selection compared to k-means clustering.
SystemML: Declarative machine learning on MapReduce (2011)

MapReduce is emerging as a generic parallel programming paradigm for large clusters of machines. This trend combined with the growing need to run machine learning (ML) algorithms on massive datasets has led to an increased interest in implementing ML algorithms on MapReduce. However, the cost of implementing a large class of ML algorithms as low-level MapReduce jobs on varying data and machine cluster sizes can be prohibitive. In this paper, we propose SystemML in which ML algorithms are expressed in a higher-level language and are compiled and executed in a MapReduce environment. This higher-level language exposes several constructs including linear algebra primitives that constitute key building blocks for a broad class of supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms. The algorithms expressed in SystemML are compiled and optimized into a set of MapReduce jobs that can run on a cluster of machines. We describe and empirically evaluate a number of optimization strategies for efficiently executing these algorithms on Hadoop, an open-source MapReduce implementation. We report an extensive performance evaluation on three ML algorithms on varying data and cluster sizes.
HEC (2013)

Flash memory is widely used for its fast random I/O access performance in a gamut of enterprise storage applications. However, due to the limited endurance and asymmetric write performance of flash memory, minimizing writes to a flash device is critical for both performance and endurance. Previous studies have focused on flash memory as a candidate for primary storage devices; little is known about its behavior as a Solid State Cache (SSC) device. In this paper, we propose HEC, a High Endurance Cache that aims to improve overall device endurance via reduced media writes and erases while maximizing cache hit rate performance. We analyze the added write pressures that cache workloads place on flash devices and propose optimizations at both the cache and flash management layers to improve endurance while maintaining or increasing cache hit rate. We demonstrate the individual and cumulative contributions of cache admission policy, cache eviction policy, flash garbage collection policy, and flash device configuration on a) hit rate, b) overall writes, and c) erases as seen by the SSC device. Through our improved cache and flash optimizations, 83% of the analyzed workload ensembles achieved increased or maintained hit rate with write reductions up to 20x, and erase count reductions up to 6x.
Boron nitride mask structure for x-ray lithography (1979)

Properties of a new boron nitride mask structure for x-ray lithography are described. Of particular importance is that this structure does not suffer from excessive mask distortion as did the Kapton x-ray mask. Average pattern distortions less than 0.2 μm are achieved routinely.
RNAi and CRISPR–Cas silencing E3-RING ubiquitin ligase AIP2 enhances soybean seed protein content (2022)

The majority of plant protein in the world's food supply is derived from soybean (Glycine max). Soybean is a key protein source for global animal feed and is incorporated into plant-based foods for people, including meat alternatives. Soybean protein content is genetically variable and is usually inversely related to seed oil content. ABI3-interacting protein 2 (AIP2) is an E3-RING ubiquitin ligase that targets the seed-specific transcription factor ABI3. Silencing both soybean AIP2 genes (AIP2a and AIP2b) by RNAi enhanced seed protein content by up to seven percentage points, with no significant decrease in seed oil content. The protein content enhancement did not alter the composition of the seed storage proteins. Inactivation of either AIP2a or AIP2b by a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutation increased seed protein content, and this effect was greater when both genes were inactivated. Transactivation assays in transfected soybean hypocotyl protoplasts indicated that ABI3 changes the expression of glycinin, conglycinin, 2S albumin, and oleosin genes, indicating that AIP2 depletion increased seed protein content by regulating activity of the ABI3 transcription factor protein. These results provide an example of a gene-editing prototype directed to improve global food security and protein availability in soybean that may also be applicable to other protein-source crops.
Two-dimensional magnetic switching of micron-size films in magnetic tunnel junctions (2000)

The magnetic switching behavior of micron-size magnetic tunnel junctions has been studied in two-dimensional magnetic fields. By measuring junction resistance, we obtain information about the magnetization state of the free ferromagnetic layer. Magnetic properties of this layer are explored using the Stoner–Wohlfarth rotational model as a starting point. We use geometric parameters of the critical curves to obtain information about interlayer coupling and domain structure effects in the free layer.
ILK Induces Cardiomyogenesis in the Human Heart (2012)

In the human fetal heart ILK activation is instructive to the specification of mesodermal precursor cells towards a cardiomyogenic lineage. Induction of cardiomyogenesis by ILK overexpression bypasses the requirement of proximal PI3K activation for transduction of growth factor- and β1-integrin-mediated differentiation signals. Altogether, our data indicate that ILK represents a novel regulatory checkpoint during human cardiomyogenesis.
Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender. 8. Factors Affecting Turkey Semen Held Six Hours at 15 C (1983)

Several experiments were conducted to measure the effects of extender pH, size and type of storage vessel, insemination dose volume, and frequency of insemination on the motility and fertilizing capacity of turkey semen held 6 hr at 15 C. The fertilizing capacity and motility of both unstored and stored turkey sperm were depressed more when diluted in Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender at pH 5.5 than at pH 6.5 or 6.0. The fertility of stored semen was impaired when agitated for 6 hr regardless of the type of storage vessel used. Sperm motility was higher when semen was held in flasks than when held in tubes. There were no differences in fertility of hens inseminated with .025, .05, or .10 cm3 of either unstored or stored semen during the first 10 weeks of egg production. However, fertility differences between unstored and stored semen were noted with all insemination doses late in the production period. Hens inseminated every 7 days with unstored semen maintained a constant level of fertility (+90%) for the 20-week production period, whereas the fertility of hens inseminated at 10- or 14-day intervals was lower in Weeks 11 to 20. Regardless of insemination interval, fertility of stored semen was lower than fertility of unstored semen in the latter stages of egg production.
Smooth Transverse and Longitudinal Focusing in High-Intensity Ion Linacs (1996)

We examine ion linac designs that start with a high energy radio- frequency quadrupole (RFQ) followed by either a drift-tube linac (DTL) or a coupled-cavity drift-tube linac (CCDTL). For high energies a conventional CCL follows the CCDTL. High RFQ output energy allows tailoring the transverse and longitudinal focusing strengths to match into the following structure. When the RFQ beam enters a higher frequency structure, the DTL or CCDTL starts with a low accelerating gradient and large negative synchronous phase. The gradient and phase both ramp up gradually to higher values. Other changes later in the machine are also gradual. Beam dynamics simulations show that these linacs require no separate matching sections. Applications include a cw 100 mA H{sup +} beam from a 350-MHz, 6.7 MeV RFQ injecting a 700 MHz CCDTL and CCL; a 7% duty 28 mA H{sup -} beam from a 402.5 MHz RFQ and DTL injecting 805 MHz structures; a cw 135 mA D{sup +} beam produced by a 175 MHz, 8 MeV RFQ and DTL; and a 2.4% duty, 80 mA H{sup +} beam using a 433 MHz 10 MeV RFQ and a 1300 MHz CCDTL. The machines take advantage of the considerable flexibility of the CCDTL. Designs can use a variety of different transverse focusing lattices. Use of two coupling cavity orientations permits a constant period even when the number of drift tubes per cavity changes along the linac.
Oxidation Chemistry of Energetic Materials in Supercritical Water (1993)

The destruction of explosives and rocket fuel components by oxidation in supercritical water is described. The focus is on the major technical issues that must be resolved to make a disposal process practical. These issues include the chemistry of the process and methods for high-throughput processing of the target waste. The destruction efficiencies, the products of reaction contained in the reactor effluents, and methods for achieving high-throughput destruction of several representative explosives and propellant components are reported.