gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the human brain: <i>In vivo</i> quantification of metabolite and water content with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1993)

Cerebral metabolite concentrations and water content were measured by means of localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 50 children, while metabolite peak ratios in short echo time spectra were evaluated in 173 examinations. Normative curves for normal development were established for two cerebral locations. The current report presents the first study of absolute metabolite concentrations and T1- and T2- relaxation as a function of age. Myo-inositol was found dominating the spectra at birth (12 mmoles/kg), while choline is responsible for the strongest peak in older infants (2.5 mmoles/kg). Creatine and N-acetyl groups are at significantly lower concentrations in the neonate than in the adult (Cr: 6, NA: 5 mmoles/kg). NA and Cr are determined by gestational age, whereas the concentration of ml correlates best with postnatal age. Quantitative 1H MRS is expected to be of particular value in diagnosis and monitoring of pathology in infants, since metabolite ratios are often misleading.
A Prototype Ultrasound Instrument To Size Stone Fragments During Ureteroscopy (2008)

An intraoperative tool to measure the size of kidney stones or stone fragments during ureteroscopy would help urologists assess if a fragment is small enough to be removed through the ureter or ureteral access sheath. The goal of this study was to determine the accuracy and precision of a prototype ultrasound device used to measure in vitro stone fragments compared to caliper measurements. A 10‐MHz, 10‐french ultrasound transducer probe was used to send an ultrasound pulse and receive ultrasound reflections from the stone using two methods. In Method 1 the instrument was aligned over the stone and the ultrasound pulse traveled through the stone. The time between reflections from the proximal and the distal surface of the stone were used along with the sound speed to calculate the stone size. Although the sound speed varied between stones, it was unlikely to be known during surgery and thus was estimated at 3000 m/s for calculations. In Method 2 the instrument was aligned partially over the stone and the ultrasound pulse traveled through water with a sound speed of 1481 m/s. Time was determined between the reflection from the proximal stone surface and the reflection from the tissue phantom on which the stone rested. Methods 1 and 2 were compared by linear regression to caliper measurements of the size of 19 human stones of 3 different stone types. Accuracy was measured by the difference of the mean ultrasound and mean caliper measurement and precision was measured as the standard deviation in the ultrasound measurements. For Method 1, the correlation between caliper‐determined stone size and ultrasound‐determined stone size was r2 = 0.71 (p<0.0001). In all but two stones accuracy and precision were less than 1 mm. For Method 2, the correlation was r2 = 0.99 (p<0.0001) and measurements were accurate and precise to within 0.25 mm. We conclude that the prototype device and either method measure stone size with good accuracy.
Human and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Elicit Improved Recognition Memory Concurrent With Alterations in Regional Brain Volumes and Hippocampal mRNA Expression (2020)

Human milk contains a unique profile of oligosaccharides (OS) and preliminary evidence suggests they impact brain development. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of bovine and/or human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2'-fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose) on cognition, brain development, and hippocampal gene expression. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 2, male pigs received one of four milk replacers containing bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOS), HMO, both (BMOS + HMO), or neither. Pigs were tested on the novel object recognition task using delays of 1- or 48-h at PND 22. At PND 32-33, magnetic resonance imaging procedures were used to assess structural brain development and hippocampal tissue was collected for analysis of mRNA expression. Pigs consuming only HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 1-h delay and those consuming BMOS + HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 48-h delay. Both absolute and relative volumes of cortical and subcortical brain regions were altered by diet. Hippocampal mRNA expression of <i>GABRB2</i>, <i>SLC1A7</i>, <i>CHRM3</i>, and <i>GLRA4</i> were most strongly affected by diet. HMO and BMOS had distinct effects on brain structure and cognitive performance. These data suggest different mechanisms underlie their influence on brain development.
Coded aperture design in compressive X-ray tomography (2014)

Coded aperture X-Ray tomography places a physical coded aperture in front of an X-ray source, the elements in the code either block or let an X-ray beam pass, which produces a patterned compressive projection onto the detector. Given several projections, compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction algorithms are then used to recover the three-dimensional object. The motivation to use coded apertures in this problem, is to reduce the number of measurements (projections) that in this case is equivalent to less radiation exposure to a patient. In this work, we consider the tomosynthesis problem, consisting of multiple X-ray sources which are placed over a three-dimensional data cube. The energy of each of the sources is modulated by a set of coded apertures. The projections are measured by a two-dimensional detector located below the object. Random coded apertures have been used before obtaining promising results. In this paper, the coded apertures are optimized using the generalized mapping of the cone beam energy onto the detector. In our scenario, the PSNR of the reconstructions images by using the optimized codes is up to 3 dB higher than those attained by the random coded apertures.
SocioPhone (2013)

In this paper, we propose SocioPhone, a novel initiative to build a mobile platform for face-to-face interaction monitoring. Face-to-face interaction, especially conversation, is a fundamental part of everyday life. Interaction-aware applications aimed at facilitating group conversations have been proposed, but have not proliferated yet. Useful contexts to capture and support face-to-face interactions need to be explored more deeply. More important, recognizing delicate conversational contexts with commodity mobile devices requires solving a number of technical challenges. As a first step to address such challenges, we identify useful meta-linguistic contexts of conversation, such as turn-takings, prosodic features, a dominant participant, and pace. These serve as cornerstones for building a variety of interaction-aware applications. SocioPhone abstracts such useful meta-linguistic contexts as a set of intuitive APIs. Its runtime efficiently monitors registered contexts during in-progress conversations and notifies applications on-the-fly. Importantly, we have noticed that online turn monitoring is the basic building block for extracting diverse meta-linguistic contexts, and have devised a novel volume-topography-based method. We show the usefulness of SocioPhone with several interesting applications: SocioTherapist, SocioDigest, and Tug-of-War. Also, we show that our turn-monitoring technique is highly accurate and energy-efficient under diverse real-life situations.
<title>Testing an optical window of a small wedge angle</title> (1994)

Multiple reflections between two surfaces of a window introduce a fixed pattern error in the transmitted wavefront. In a Fizeau or Twyman-Green interferometer, this wavefront is reflected by a return flat and transmits through the window. The fixed pattern error is carried in the measurement result. This error is negligible, only if the wedge angle is so large that the interference fringes formed by the two surfaces are too dense for the detector to resolve. However, if the wedge angle is small (e.g., several arc-seconds), the phase error (pv) could be up to 0.025 fringes for most glass (n equals 1.5). By tilting both the window and the return flat properly, it is possible to cancel the effect of multiple reflections of a window.
Alkylation of benzene using batch and continuous fixed-bed reactors. (2004)

Alkylation reactions of benzene with propylene using heterogeneous catalysts H{sup +}-{beta} zeolite, MCM-22, and ZSM-5 were studied for their affinity for cumene production. This work focused on the gas-phase reaction using different crystalline catalysts at several temperatures and amounts of reactants using both batch and continuous fixed-bed reactors. The properties of baseline commercial H{sup +}-{beta} catalysts versus versions modified with Ga, La, and Pt were studied. Quantitative analysis of product mixture was performed by gas chromatography. For the batch reactor, {beta}-zeolite produced the highest cumene yield and selectivity of 72% and 92%, respectively, at 225 C. At this temperature, a benzene:propylene dilution of 7:1 molar ratio was the optimum. For the continuous system, cumene production is favored at lower space velocities, higher benzene-to-propylene ratio, and temperatures close to 225 C. Ga modification of the H{sup +}-{beta} zeolite significantly enhanced cumene yield in the continuous fixed-bed reactor at 225 C, from 27% of the unmodified {beta}-zeolite to 36% for the Ga-modified one. The life span of modified {beta}-catalysts was studied in the fixed-bed reactor for the first eight hours of reaction.
Distributed Data-Retention Power Gating Techniques for Column and Row Co-Controlled Embedded SRAM (2005)

In this paper, multi-mode data-retention power gating (P.G.) techniques are presented for embedded memories. These data retention power gating techniques are applied to embedded SRAM with distributed column and row co-controlled capabilities. The SRAM array is divided into blocks. Each block has a dedicated data-retention power gating device. The data-retention power gating devices are controlled by signals from both row and column decoders. Only the selected block is powered-on. Multi-mode power gating structures proposed in this paper can provide 2/spl times/ to 20/spl times/ memory cell leakage reduction while maintaining good static noise margin. Simulation results show that for a 64-bit wordline, the active power reductions for 32-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit blocks are 59%, 79%, and 94%, respectively. All the simulations and physical layout are implemented in TSMC CMOS technology.
Modeling of Shut-in Well Fluid Redistribution (2010)

This paper presents a mathematical model devised to simulate the hydrocarbon fluid redistribution in a well, from steady-state flow until the fluid columns are fully segregated upon equilibrium over the shut-in period. The modeling of shut-in well depends greatly on grasping the underlying physics to mathematically describe and model the transient flow process. A pre-calculation to obtain the steady-state flowing gradient is performed to acquire input for the shut-in model. The salient features of this shut-in modeling process are described, including simulation of (1) gas-liquid interface movement, (2) reservoir fluid influx, (3) wellhead pressure build-up, and (4) bottom-hole pressure build-up over the transient fluid redistribution period. Three producing oil wells in Malay Basin were selected to assess the shut-in well modeling capability. The evaluation showed that the model predicted wellhead and bottom-hole build-up pressure are in good agreement with the pressure build-up test results obtained from the field. This methodology provides an alternative mean to obtain bottom-hole data without well intervention, which provides insight into well performance, improves reservoir management and decision making.
Optical bullet-tracking algorithms for weapon localization in urban environments (2006)

Localization of the sources of small-arms fire, mortars, and rocket propelled grenades is an important problem in urban combat. Weapons of this type produce characteristic signatures, such as muzzle flashes, that are visible in the infrared. Indeed, several systems have been developed that exploit the infrared signature of muzzle flash to locate the positions of shooters. However, systems based on muzzle flash alone can have difficulty localizing weapons if the muzzle flash is obscured or suppressed. Moreover, optical clutter can be problematic to systems that rely on muzzle flash alone. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed a projectile tracking system that detects and localizes sources of small-arms fire, mortars and similar weapons using the thermal signature of the projectile rather than a muzzle flash. The thermal signature of a projectile, caused by friction as the projectile travels along its trajectory, cannot be concealed and is easily discriminated from optical clutter. The LLNL system was recently demonstrated at the MOUT facility of the Aberdeen Test Center [1]. In the live-fire demonstration, shooters armed with a variety of small-arms, including M-16s, AK-47s, handguns, mortars and rockets, were arranged at several positions in around the facility. Experiments ranged from a single-weapon firing a single-shot to simultaneous fire of all weapons on full automatic. The LLNL projectile tracking system was demonstrated to localize multiple shooters at ranges up to 400m, far greater than previous demonstrations. Furthermore, the system was shown to be immune to optical clutter that is typical in urban combat. This paper describes the image processing and localization algorithms designed to exploit the thermal signature of projectiles for shooter localization. The paper begins with a description of the image processing that extracts projectile information from a sequence of infrared images. Key to the processing is an adaptive spatio-temporal filter developed to suppress scene clutter. The filtered image sequence is further processed to produce a set of parameterized regions, which are classified using several discriminate functions. Regions that are classified as projectiles are passed to a data association algorithm that matches features from these regions with existing tracks, or initializes new tracks as needed. A Kalman filter is used to smooth and extrapolate existing tracks. Shooter locations are determined by solving a combinatorial least-squares solution for all bullet tracks. It also provides an error ellipse for each shooter, quantifying the uncertainty of shooter location. The paper concludes with examples from the live-fire exercise at the Aberdeen Test Center.
Preclinical<i>In Vitro</i>and<i>In Vivo</i>Characterization of the Fully Human Monoclonal IgM Antibody KBPA101 Specific for<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Serotype IATS-O11 (2010)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in ventilator-associated pneumonia is a serious and often life-threatening complication in intensive care unit patients, and new treatment options are needed. We used B-cell-enriched peripheral blood lymphocytes from a volunteer immunized with a P. aeruginosa O-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine to generate human hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies specific for individual P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide serotypes. The fully human monoclonal antibody secreted by one of these lines, KBPA101, is an IgM/kappa antibody that binds P. aeruginosa of International Antigenic Typing System (IATS) serotype O11 with high avidity (5.81 x 10(7) M(-1) +/- 2.8 x 10(7) M(-1)) without cross-reacting with other serotypes. KBPA101 specifically opsonized the P. aeruginosa of IATS O11 serotype and mediated complement-dependent phagocytosis in vitro by the human monocyte-like cell line HL-60 at a very low concentration (half-maximal phagocytosis at 0.16 ng/ml). In vivo evaluation of KBPA101 demonstrated a dose-response relationship for protection against systemic infections in a murine burn wound sepsis model, where 70 to 100% of animals were protected against lethal challenges with P. aeruginosa at doses as low as 5 microg/animal. Furthermore, a high efficacy of KBPA101 in protection from local respiratory infections in an acute lung infection model in mice was demonstrated. Preclinical toxicology evaluation on human tissue, in rabbits, and in mice did not indicate any toxicity of KBPA101. Based on these preclinical findings, the first human clinical trials have been initiated.
TU‐G‐BRA‐04: Emission Guided Radiation Therapy: A Simulation Study of Lung Cancer Treatment with Automatic Tumor Tracking Using a 4D Digital Patient Model (2012)

Purpose: Accurate tumor tracking, especially for lung cancer, remains a challenge ineffectively addressed. Many strategies including respiratory gating and fiducial implanting alleviate the problem to different extents however they are sub‐optimal due to indirect tracking. To track the tumor itself, the concept of Emission Guided Radiation therapy(EGRT) was recently proposed. This work serves to demonstrate the feasibility of the EGRT concept within the context of lung cancer treatment. Methods: EGRT is based on the physics principle that lines of response(LOR's) from positron emission events can define the lines of radiation projection passing through the emission sites. It enlightens the design of a radiation delivery system consisting of a linac and PET detectors on a fast rotating closed‐ring gantry. When treating radiotracer administrated patients, PET detectors collect LOR's from tumor uptake sites and the linac responds simultaneously with beamlets of radiation along the same LOR paths. Accurate direct tumor tracking can automatically be achieved with real‐time responses. To validate the EGRT concept, a treatment scheme is designed and implemented for the 4D XCAT phantom with a lung tumor. A conventional treatment is modeled for comparison. Attenuation correction is also implemented in EGRT. The emission process is simulated by Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission package(GATE) and linac dose delivery is simulated using a voxel‐based Monte Carlo algorithm(VMC++). Results: EGRT, with or without attenuation correction, achieves over 25% and 40% relative dose increase to 100% and 50% of the tumor volume respectively compared to the conventional treatment with all cases normalized to have the same integral dose to lung. Attenuation correction helps achieve a better dose performance. Dose‐peaking in the tumor volume is observed in EGRT, demonstrating automatic tumor tracking. Conclusions: As a new radiation therapy modality with inherent tumor tracking, EGRT has the potential to substantially improve radiation therapy for lung cancer. This study was funded by RefleXion Medical, a company commercializing PET‐guided radiotherapy. SRM, ASN and LZ have financial interest in RefleXion.
Connection Topology Optimization in Photovoltaic Arrays using Neural Networks (2019)

A cyber-physical system (CPS) approach for optimizing the output power of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems is proposed. In particular, a novel connection topology reconfiguration strategy for PV arrays to maximize power output under partial shading conditions using neural networks is put forth. Depending upon an irradiance/shading profile of the panels, topologies, namely series parallel (SP), total cross tied (TCT) or bridge link (BL) produce different maximum power points (MPP). The connection topology of the PV array that provides the maximum power output is chosen using a multi-layer perceptron. The simulation results show that empirically an output power increase of 12% can be achieved through reconfiguration. The method proposed can be implemented in any CPS PV system with switching capabilities and is simple to implement.
<title>Optical design and development of a small barcode scanning module</title> (1991)

High quality molded optical components and strict optomechanical tolerances have led to a new class of barcode scanner. Dynamic analysis of the scanning system and diffraction analysis of the thru focus laser spots are used to optimize the design. The outcome of this analysis is presented herein. 2 . 0
Caveolin‐1 is essential for NMDAR localization to membrane rafts and NMDAR‐mediated activation of Src and ERK1/2 in primary neurons (2008)

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling is important for neuronal synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Downstream activation of pro‐survival Src family kinases and ERK1/2 (extracellular‐regulated signal kinase) is initiated by NMDAR activation but little is known about the cellular organization of these kinases in relation to the NMDAR. We hypothesized that caveolin‐1 compartmentalizes protein complexes necessary for NMDAR signaling in discrete microdomains. We found that sub‐lethal ischemia (SLI) or pharmacological preconditioning via NMDA treatment of primary cortical neurons increases phosphorylated caveolin‐1 (P‐caveolin‐1), P‐Src, and P‐ERK1/2. Primary neurons treated with caveolin‐1 siRNA lacked NMDA‐mediated increase in P‐Src and P‐ERK and neuronal preconditioning was not observed. Basally, NMDAR2B (NR2B) was present in both buoyant fractions (BF) and heavy fractions (HF) from wild type (WT) neurons. Exposure of neurons to NMDA redistributed NR2B to HF only. In caveolin‐1 −/− neurons, under basal conditions NR2B was only present in HF. Adenoviral expression of caveolin‐1 ( Adv‐Cav1 ) in caveolin‐1 −/− neurons resulted in the detection of NR2B in both BF and HF, and exposure of these neurons to NMDA redistributed NR2B to HF only. In caveolin‐1 −/− neurons, NMDA treatment failed to increase P‐Src and P‐ERK. Adv‐Cav1 treated neurons from caveolin‐1 −/− mice resulted in NMDA‐mediated enhancement of P‐Src and P‐ERK1/2. We conclude that caveolin‐1 protein expression is essential for localization of NR2B to membrane rafts and subsequent NMDAR‐mediated signaling in primary neurons. (Supported by NIH)
Fast Locally Resolved Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2005)

A system for performing locally resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a segmented polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) has been developed. The impedance measurement is carried out for all segments in parallel. Due to this unique fast parallel approach, the measurement period for obtaining a locally resolved impedance spectrum is virtually independent of the number of segments used. The current density distribution and the corresponding locally resolved impedance spectra for a PEFC segmented along a serpentine cathode flow field and operated on pure H<sub>2</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>/air are presented and discussed. For low humidity H<sub>2</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> operation, the locally resolved impedance spectra clearly show that the performance loss toward the gas inlets can be attributed to drying effects. For H<sub>2</sub>/air operation, the lower-frequency loops of the local impedance spectra increase in size as a function of position along the channels. The increase becomes more pronounced with decreasing air stoichiometry. This is likely to be due to cumulative flooding of the gas diffusion layer and a decreasing molar fraction of oxygen in the cathodic gas stream. The locally resolved impedance spectra show that large differences in local cell impedance can occur, i.e., the impedance spectrum of the entire cell is of limited value and can be misleading.