gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Layered Thermal Insulation Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications (2015)

From the high performance arena of cryogenic equipment, several different layered thermal insulation systems have been developed for industrial and commercial applications. In addition to the proven areas in cold-work applications for piping and tanks, the new Layered Composite Insulation for Extreme Environments (LCX) has potential for broader industrial use as well as for commercial applications. The LCX technology provides a unique combination of thermal, mechanical, and weathering performance capability that is both cost-effective and enabling. Industry applications may include, for example, liquid nitrogen (LN2) systems for food processing, liquefied natural gas (LNG) systems for transportation or power, and chilled water cooling facilities. Example commercial applications may include commercial residential building construction, hot water piping, HVAC systems, refrigerated trucks, cold chain shipping containers, and a various consumer products. The LCX system is highly tailorable to the end-use application and can be pre-fabricated or field assembled as needed. Product forms of LCX include rigid sheets, semi-flexible sheets, cylindrical clam-shells, removable covers, or flexible strips for wrapping. With increasing system control and reliability requirements as well as demands for higher energy efficiencies, thermal insulation in harsh environments is a growing challenge. The LCX technology grew out of solving problems in the insulation of mechanically complex cryogenic systems that must operate in outdoor, humid conditions. Insulation for cold work includes equipment for everything from liquid helium to chilled water. And in the middle are systems for LNG, LN2, liquid oxygen (LO2), liquid hydrogen (LH2) that must operate in the ambient environment. Different LCX systems have been demonstrated for sub-ambient conditions but are capable of moderately high temperature applications as well.
7‐2: Transmissive OLED and Reflective LC Hybrid (TR‐Hybrid) Display (2016)

In our newly developed display with low power consumption, circuits for a reflective liquid crystal display (LCD) and an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display are formed in the same field‐effect transistor layer to control these two types of display devices. This display has high visibility in both a bright and a dark environment with use of the reflective LCD and the OLED display, respectively.
Organ preservation. (1994)

Our clinical transplantation results have been very satisfying, with about 90% graft survival after 1 year. Currently, preservation of the liver, pancreas, and kidney, although not ideal, appears to meet all our clinical needs. Improvements in heart and lung preservation are needed and will result in increasing the number of cadaveric organs available for patients with end-stage intrathoracic organ diseases. In the future, machine perfusion may become the standard method for organ preservation for most organs because of the excellent preservation results and long-term preservation achieved.
An algorithm for J-spectral factorization of certain matrix functions (2021)

The problems of matrix spectral factorization and J-spectral factorization appear to be important for practical use in many MIMO control systems. We propose a numerical algorithm for J–spectral factorization which extends Janashia–Lagvilava matrix spectral factorization method to the indefinite case. The algorithm can be applied to matrices that have constant signatures for all leading principal submatrices. A numerical example is presented for illustrative purposes.
The Nucleotide-binding Site of Human Sphingosine Kinase 1 (2002)

Sphingosine kinase catalyzes the formation of sphingosine 1-phosphate, a lipid second messenger that has been implicated in a number of agonist-driven cellular responses including mitogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and expression of inflammatory molecules. Despite the importance of sphingosine kinase, very little is known regarding its structure or mechanism of catalysis. Moreover, sphingosine kinase does not contain recognizable catalytic or substrate-binding sites, based on sequence motifs found in other kinases. Here we have elucidated the nucleotide-binding site of human sphingosine kinase 1 (hSK1) through a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and affinity labeling with the ATP analogue, FSBA. We have shown that Gly(82) of hSK1 is involved in ATP binding since mutation of this residue to alanine resulted in an enzyme with an approximately 45-fold higher K(m)((ATP)). We have also shown that Lys(103) is important in catalysis since an alanine substitution of this residue ablates catalytic activity. Furthermore, we have shown that this residue is covalently modified by FSBA. Our data, combined with amino acid sequence comparison, suggest a motif of SGDGX(17-21)K is involved in nucleotide binding in the sphingosine kinases. This motif differs in primary sequence from all previously identified nucleotide-binding sites. It does, however, share some sequence and likely structural similarity with the highly conserved glycine-rich loop, which is known to be involved in anchoring and positioning the nucleotide in the catalytic site of many protein kinases.
Adaptive Background Compensation of FI-DACs with Application to Coherent Optical Transceivers (2020)

This work proposes a novel adaptive background compensation scheme for frequency interleaved digital-to-analog converters (FI-DACs). The technique is applicable to high speed digital transceivers such as those used in coherent optical communications. Although compensation of FI-DACs has been discussed before in the technical literature, adaptive background techniques have not yet been reported. The importance of the latter lies in their capability to automatically compensate errors caused by process, voltage, and temperature variations in the echnology (e.g., CMOS, SiGe, etc.) implementations of the data converters, and therefore ensure high manufacturing yield. The key ingredients of the proposed technique are a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) equalizer and the backpropagation algorithm used to adapt the coefficients of the aforementioned equalizer. Simulations show that the impairments of the analog signal path are accurately compensated and their effect is essentially eliminated, resulting in a high performance transmitter system.
Lysophosphatidic acid enhances fibronectin binding to adherent cells. (1993)

1-Oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) enhanced binding of 125I-labeled fibronectin by cultured MG-63 osteosarcoma cells and human fibroblasts in monolayer cultures up to threefold over control levels. For osteosarcoma cells, LPA was minimally active at 0.1 ng/mL (0.2 nmol/L) and reached maximal activity at 10 ng/mL (20 nmol/L). Increased binding was evident within 10 minutes of treatment of cycloheximide-treated cells with LPA and was due to an increase in the number of fibronectin binding sites. LPA also increased the binding of a fragment containing the 70-kDa amino-terminal region of fibronectin that is primarily responsible for the reversible binding of fibronectin to matrix assembly sites on cell surfaces. Removal of LPA resulted in prompt return of fibronectin binding to baseline levels. These results indicate that LPA is an important enhancer of fibronectin-rich matrix deposition by cultured cells, and it may be the active component in serum and lipoprotein fractions that is responsible for enhancing fibronectin deposition.
Application of titanium materials to vacuum chambers and components (2008)

This paper describes the outgassing properties of titanium materials, and development of vacuum chambers and components for practical UHV/XHV systems. The mechano-chemically polished and the chemically polished titanium materials have a smooth surface and a thin (≤ 10 nm) oxide surface layer, which showed extremely low outgassing rate below 10−12 Pams−1 after baking process. In order to fabricate practical vacuum systems welding, metallizing and brazing processes were optimized, and complex shaped vacuum chambers and various vacuum components such as a bellows, valve, electric feedthrough and ceramic duct with titanium sleeve were fabricated. Sufficient mechanical properties and durability were obtained for practical use.
Recent developments in the chemistry, biology and medicine of the epothilones (2001)

The epothilones have occupied center stage on the scenes of total synthesis, chemical biology and medicine for the last five years, no doubt because of their intriguing mode of action and unusually high potency against tumor cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines. This article highlights the most recent advances within this exciting field. Thus, an overview of recent synthetic endeavors culminating in a new generation of total syntheses and analogues, some with higher potencies than the naturally occurring substances, will be given, and the chemical biology, in particular the current understanding of structure-activity relationships of the epothilones, will also be discussed in light of the latest biological results. In addition, the recently elucidated biosynthetic machinery of the natural epothilone-producing myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, as it is now understood, will be described. Finally, some preclinical and clinical studies will be summarized.
Preparative deracemization of unnatural amino acids (2006)

Unnatural amino acids are a growing class of intermediates required for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and other industrial products. However, no single method has proven sufficiently versatile to prepare these compounds broadly at scale. To address this need, we have developed a general chemoenzymatic process to prepare enantiomerically pure L- and D-amino acids in high yield by deracemization of racemic starting materials. This method involves the concerted action of an enantioselective oxidase biocatalyst and a non-selective chemical reducing agent to effect the stereoinversion of one enantiomer and can result in an enantiomeric excess of &gt;99% from the starting racemate, and product yields of over 90%. This approach compares very favourably with resolution processes, which have a maximum single-pass yield of 50%. We have developed efficient methods to adapt the process towards new target compounds and to optimize key factors that influence process efficiency and offer competitive economics at scale.
Automatic set-up for speech recognition engines based on merit optimization (2003)

We propose an automatic method to set-up the several parameters that define the behavior and performance of a typical speech recognition engine. Such parameters include weights and beam widths among others. Our method is based on the definition of a merit function. Here, merit is understood as an intuitive notion of recognition performance based on both recognition accuracy and computation time. A convenient definition of merit allows an optimization procedure to be applied to define a convenient set-up for the recognizer with little human intervention. The method is applied to adjust the recognition parameters of two different LVCSR (large vocabulary continuous speech recognition) applications, one in American English and another in Japanese.
Superconductivity in Nb$sub 3$Ge (1975)

The recent report that Nb$sub 3$Ge films can be prepared with superconducting transition temperatures of over 22K has immediately made Nb$sub 3$Ge a very important potential candidate for a variety of large scale applications, such as for example, power transmission lines, or large high field magnets. Short sample data on sputtered films show that Nb$sub 3$Ge possesses an extremely attractive combination of high field properties, competitive with any other presently known material at all temperatures from zero to T/sub c/. The development of a process capable of being used to fabricate Nb$sub 3$Ge in a useful configuration (i.e., long length of wire or tape) is now being investigated. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a demonstrated commercial process, which may be applicable for this purpose. Initial CVD studies have yielded films with T/sub c/'s over 21.5$sup 0$K. (auth)
A Novel Thermic Process for Producing V-Based Solid Solution Type Hydrogen Storage Alloy (2000)

A high performance hydrogen storage alloy V-16 mass%Ti-12 mass%Ni-1.4 mass%Nb-0.96 mass%Co-2.8 mass%Ta is sensitively influenced by dissolved aluminum and oxygen, both of which are reduced by unproductive refining process. Then, it was necessary to develop the process of simply removing these impurities at a reasonable cost. Then, we propose a new production technique. A V-15 mass%Ni-1.8 mass%Nb precursor with a low enough level of aluminum was produced by aluminothermic reduction of the mixture V2O5, Nb2O5 and nickel.When the V-16 mass%Ti-12 mass%Ni-1.4 mass%Nb-0.96 mass%Co-2.8 mass%Ta alloy was obtained by alloying the precursor and the other constituents of titanium, cobalt and tantalum, it was deoxidized to a low enough level by adding mischmetal as a reducing agent.By the method described here, the vanadium-based alloy can be produced at a reasonable cost.
Length-adaptive Neural Network for Answer Selection (2019)

Answer selection focuses on selecting the correct answer for a question. Most previous work on answer selection achieves good performance by employing an RNN, which processes all question and answer sentences with the same feature extractor regardless of the sentence length. These methods often encounter the problem of long-term dependencies. To address this issue, we propose a Length-adaptive Neural Network (LaNN) for answer selection that can auto-select a neural feature extractor according to the length of the input sentence. In particular, we propose a flexible neural structure that applies a BiLSTM-based feature extractor for short sentences and a Transformer-based feature extractor for long sentences. To the best of our knowledge, LaNN is the first neural network structure that can auto-select the feature extraction mechanism based on the input. We quantify the improvements of LaNN against several competitive baselines on the public WikiQA dataset, showing significant improvements over the state-of-the-art.
Synthesis and evaluation of radioiodinated cholesteryl ethers as lipoprotein probes (1991)

Two novel cholesteryl ether derivatives were synthesized and radioiodinated: (1) [125I]cholesteryl m-iodobenzyl ether (125I-CIBE) and (2) [125I]cholesteryl 12-(m-iodophenyl)dodecyl ether (125I-CIDE). These radioiodinated ethers were incorporated into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by incubating the compounds (solubilized in saline with Tween-20) with isolated LDL or with whole plasma. Such LDL preparations were taken up by cultured fibroblasts in a receptor-dependent manner similar to that of radioiodinated LDL. Upon injection into guinea pigs, 125I-CIBE-labeled guinea pig LDL cleared from the plasma similarly to radioiodinated guinea pig LDL. The primary sites of 125I-CIBE uptake were the adrenal and the liver, and the compound was stable to both hydrolysis and deiodination over 24 h. In summary, 125I-CIBE and 125I-CIDE, like previously described tritiated cholesteryl ethers, appear to be potentially useful tracers of cholesteryl ester uptake. Moreover, these radioiodinated probes have the advantage of being more easily quantitated in tissue samples as well as being detectable by noninvasive scintigraphic imaging.
Mapping of the genes encoding the HLA-DR alpha chain and the HLA-related antigens to a chromosome 6 deletion by using genomic blotting. (1983)

We have used genomic blotting with DNA from a human cell line that has a small deletion on chromosome 6 (6.3.6) and from its parent cell line (T5-1) to map DNA fragments complementary to cloned DNA sequences encoding the HLA-B7 antigen (class I) and the alpha chain of the HLA-DR antigen (class II). The 6.3.6 variant fails to express the HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR and MB specificities associated with one of the parental T5-1 haplotypes and has a visible deletion in the short arm of one chromosome 6 (1). The gene locus assignment was based on the expectation that, if the chromosomal location of the DNA sequences used as a hybridization probe were within the deletion, then the relative amount or size (or both) of genomic restriction fragments that hybridize to the probe in T5-1 and in 6.3.6 DNAs should differ predictably. By comparing the genomic blot patterns from T5-1 and 6.3.6 DNAs, we have shown directly that the loss of haplotype expression was due to deletion of the structural genes and have mapped the structural gene for the HLA-DR alpha chain to the chromosomal location (6p2105-6p23) defined by the 6.3.6 deletion. A cDNA clone encoding the alpha chain of the HLA-DR antigen hybridized to two genomic fragments, 4.2 and 3.8 kilobases long, generated by Bgl II digestion of T5-1 DNA. The 4.2-kilobase fragment was absent from DNA derived from the 6.3.6 deletion variant. Thus, this fragment could be assigned to the parental chromosome 6 with the A1, B8, DR3 haplotype, and the 3.8-kilobase fragment, to the chromosome 6 with the A2, B27, DR1 haplotype. In addition, comparison of the T5-1 and 6.3.6 genomic blot patterns obtained with the HLA-B7 probe revealed dosage differences for all of the class I genomic fragments generated by BamHI digestion, suggesting that all of the class I loci map to the region 6p2105-6p23.
Homoepitaxial layers of gallium nitride grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (1997)

Gallium nitride epitaxial layers were grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on bulk GaN crystals. These substrates were grown at high temperature (about 1800 K) and high pressure (about 15 kbar). MOVPE was carried out in a vertical growth chamber at atmospheric pressure. was used as the nitrogen precursor. The layers were examined using x-ray diffraction and optical photoluminescence. It was found that most of the layers exhibit smaller lattice constants than the substrates, which indicates a smaller concentration of point defects and free electrons. The photoluminescence spectra consist of sharp (down to 1.2 meV) near-band-edge peaks attributed to the excitons bound to neutral donors and broad yellow peaks centred at 2.3 eV.
Asymmetric Multiple Description Lattice Vector Quantizers (2002)

We consider the design of asymmetric multiple description lattice quantizers that cover the entire spectrum of the distortion profile, ranging from symmetric or balanced to successively refinable. We present a solution to a labeling problem, which is an important part of the construction, along with a general design procedure. This procedure is illustrated using the Z^2 lattice. The asymptotic performance of the quantizer is analyzed in the high-rate case. We also evaluate its rate-distortion performance and compare it to known information theoretic bounds.
The method of quantitative characterization using reflection pulsed thermography (2012)

In this paper, a new method using reflective pulsed thermography to measure defect depth, thermal wave reflection coefficient and thermal diffusivity is presented. First, a brief description of the pulsed thermography in terms of theoretical background and quantitative measurement is given. One stainless steel 304 structure machined several flat-bottom holes in which it is filled with different materials are used as experimental sample, the measured results of defect depth, thermal diffusivity and reflection coefficients at defect interface under different conditions are given. The agreement between the results obtained by using pulsed thermography and the value presented in the literature or measured by other techniques appears satisfactory within errors of 5%, and possible reasons for affecting the measurement precision are discussed.
A new 8-fold CMOS current-mode sawtooth folding amplifier (2017)

This paper presents a new 8-fold current-mode sawtooth folding amplifier. In the proposed circuit the number of current mirrors in the signal path between the input and the output is minimised. This results in minimising the delay in the signal path of the 8-fold current-mode sawtooth folding amplifier. Thus, the speed of the proposed amplifier is improved while enjoying a compact design and consuming less DC power. The functionality of the proposed circuit was tested and confirmed using LFoundry 150 nm process in Cadence simulation tools. Simulation results show that 8.4 ns settling time for the full-scale rising edge and 3.5 ns for the full-scale falling edge can be achieved. For comparison with already existing folding amplifiers, the proposed circuit was scaled down to provide four folds. Simulation results obtained from the 4-fold amplifier show that a full-scale delay of 5.9 ns can be achieved. This is more than four times faster than already existing designs in the open literature. Furthermore, the simulation results obtained from a sinusoidal and a triangular input current confirm the workability of both the 4-fold and the 8-fold amplifiers. The simulation results also show that the circuit is temperature insensitive and is functioning as expected in the temperature range −25°C to 125°C.
Replication and infectivity of a novel genotype 1b hepatitis C virus clone (2012)

Hepatitis C virus infection is a major public health problem because of an estimated 170 million carriers worldwide. Genotype 1b is the major subtype of HCV in many countries and is resistant to interferon therapy. Study of the viral life cycle is important for understanding the mechanisms of interferon resistance of genotype 1b HCV strains. For such studies, genotype 1b HCV strains that can replicate and produce infectious virus particles in cultured cells are required. In the present study, we isolated HCV cDNA, which we named the NC1 strain, from a patient with acute severe hepatitis. Subgenomic replicon experiments revealed that several mutations enhanced the colony-formation efficiency of the NC1 replicon. The full-length NC1 genome with these adaptive mutations could replicate in cultured cells and produce infectious virus particles. The density gradient profile and morphology of the secreted virus particles were similar to those reported for the JFH-1 virus. Further introduction of a combination of mutations of the NS3 and NS5a regions into the NC1 mutants further enhanced secreted core protein levels and infectious virus titers in the culture medium of HCV-RNA-transfected cells. However, the virus infection efficiency was not sufficient for autonomous virus propagation in cultured cells. In conclusion, we established a novel cell culture-adapted genotype 1b HCV strain, termed NC1, which can produce infectious virus when the viral RNA is transfected into cells. This system provides an important opportunity for studying the life cycle of the genotype 1b HCV.