gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pedestrian and bicycle data collection in United States communities: quantifying use, surveying users, and documenting facility extent (2005)

This study was conducted to help practitioners determine the most accurate and efficient way to answer these questions in their own communities. It provides information such as methods and optimum timing for pedestrian and bicycle data collection; emerging technologies that can be used to gather and analyze data; and benefits, limitations, and costs of different techniques.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 in Neurofilament Function and Regulation (2003)

Neurofilaments are neuron-specific intermediate filaments. They are classed into three groups according to their molecular masses: neurofilament heavy, middle and light chains (NF-H, NF-M and NF-L). Neurofilaments assemble and form through the association of their central alpha-helical coiled-coil rod domains. NF-H and NF-M are distinct from NF-L as they contain a carboxyl-terminal tail domain, which appears to form connections with adjacent structures and other neurofilaments. Together with other axonal components such as microtubules, they form the dynamic axonal cytoskeleton. They maintain and regulate neuronal cytoskeletal plasticity through the regulation of neurite outgrowth, axonal caliber and axonal transport. Neurofilaments contain KSP repeats that are consensus motifs for the proline-directed kinases and are extensively phosphorylated in vivo, and their functions are thought to be regulated through their phosphorylation. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed kinase, whose activity is restricted to the neuron through the neuronal-specific distribution of its activators p35 and p39. Cdk5 is the only kinase that affects the electrophoretic mobility of human NF-H and is thought to be the major neurofilament kinase. Cdk5 is involved in crosstalk with other signal transduction pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase and myelin-associated glycoprotein pathways to influence the phosphorylation of neurofilaments and other cytoskeletal proteins. Both the hyperactivation of Cdk5 activity and subsequent hyperphosphorylation of neurofilaments and the microtubule-associated protein tau have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we review the functions of neurofilaments and the significance of Cdk5 phosphorylation of neurofilaments.
Prediction of ovarian cancer prognosis and response to chemotherapy by a serum-based multiparametric biomarker panel (2008)

Currently, there are no effective biomarkers for ovarian cancer prognosis or prediction of therapeutic response. The objective of this study was to examine a panel of 10 serum biochemical parameters for their ability to predict response to chemotherapy, progression and survival of ovarian cancer patients. Sera from ovarian cancer patients were collected prior and during chemotherapy and were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for CA125, kallikreins 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11, B7-H4, regenerating protein IV and Spondin-2. The odds ratio and hazard ratio and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Time-dependent receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilised to evaluate the prognostic performance of the biomarkers. The levels of several markers at baseline (c(0)), or after the first chemotherapy cycle (rc(1)), predicted chemotherapy response and overall or progression-free survival in univariate analysis. A multiparametric model (c(0) of CA125, KLK5, KLK7 and rc(1) of CA125) provided predictive accuracy with area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.82 (0.62 after correction for overfitting). Another marker combination (c(0) of KLK7, KLK10, B7-H4, Spondin-2) was useful in predicting short-term (1-year) survival with an AUC of 0.89 (0.74 after correction for overfitting). All markers examined, except KLK7 and regenerating protein IV, were powerful predictors of time to progression (TTP) among chemotherapy responders. Individual and panels of biomarkers from the kallikrein family (and other families) can predict response to chemotherapy, overall survival, short-term (1-year) survival, progression-free survival and TTP of ovarian cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.
Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Taiwanese Isolates of Lemna aequinoctialis (2021)

Duckweed (<i>Lemna aequinoctialis</i>) is one of the smallest flowering plants in the world. Due to its high reproduction rate and biomass, duckweeds are used as biofactors and feedstuff additives for livestock. It is also an ideal system for basic biological research and various practical applications. In this study, we attempt to establish a micropropagation technique and <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transformation in <i>L. aequinoctialis</i>. The plant-growth regulator type and concentration and <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transformation were evaluated for their effects on duckweed callus induction, proliferation, regeneration, and gene transformation efficiency. Calli were successfully induced from 100% of explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 25.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2.0 μM thidiazuron (TDZ). MS medium containing 4.5 μM 2,4-D and 2.0 μM TDZ supported the long-lasting growth of calli. Fronds regenerated from 100% of calli on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium containing 1.0 μM 6-benzyladenine (6-BA). We also determined that 200 μM acetosyringone in the cocultivation medium for 1 day in the dark was crucial for transformation efficiency (up to 3 ± 1%). Additionally, we propose that both techniques will facilitate efficient high-throughput genetic manipulation in Lemnaceae.
Optimizing electron beam lithography writing strategy subject to electron optical, pattern, and resist constraints (1991)

A new model for the exposure rate of electron beam lithography is developed, accounting for electron optical, electronic, resist, and pattern statistics/quality constraints. Resist heating and beam interaction effects, as well as current density, flash size and edge resolution are included as measurable parameters that couple in rather complicated ways to determine performance for a specific task. Gaussian beam raster scan, small fixed shaped beam, and variable shaped beam vector scan machine strategies are compared using hypothetical but realistic assumptions. Address grid, minimum feature dimension, and the maximum flash area influence coverage in different ways, and pattern fracture techniques profoundly influence coverage, particularly in variable shaped beam systems. Remarkably small shapes, high current density, and high flash rates are usually favored. A constant flash area fracture is desirable because it maximizes the average beam current. The controlling resist parameter is sensitivity divided by the maximum beam current useable to achieve a given level of pattern quality. This parameter is frequently limited by heating effects. Examples of lithography guided by this model are given.
Baseline bone mineral density and bone turnover in pre-operative hip and knee arthroplasty patients (2014)

Our results indicate hip and knee arthroplasty patients have higher BMD of the hip and spine compared with an age-matched general population, and a lower prevalence of osteoporosis. However, untreated osteoporotic patients are undergoing arthroplasty, which may negatively impact their outcome. Raised DPD levels suggest abnormal bone turnover, requiring further investigation. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:14-19.
<b>CYP78A5<i> encodes a cytochrome P450 that marks the shoot apical meristem boundary in </i>Arabidopsis</b> (1999)

The normal development of shoot structures depends on controlling the growth, proliferation and differentiation of cells derived from the shoot apical meristem. We have identified the CYP78A5 gene encoding a putative cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that is the first member of the CYP78 family from Arabidopsis. This gene is strongly expressed in the peripheral regions of the vegetative and reproductive shoot apical meristems, defining a boundary between the central meristematic zone and the developing organ primordia. In addition, CYP78A5 shows a dynamic pattern of expression during floral development. Overexpression of CYP78A5 affects multiple cell types, causing twisting and kinking of the stem and defects in floral development. To define the relationship of CYP78A5 to genes controlling meristem function, we examined CYP78A5 expression in plants mutant for SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, ZWILLE and ARGONAUTE, and have found that CYP78A5 expression is altered in these mutant backgrounds. We propose that CYP78A5 has a role in regulating directional growth in the peripheral region of the shoot apical meristem in response to cues established by genes regulating meristem function.
Transcription Enhancer Factor-5 and a GATA-Like Protein Determine Placental-Specific Expression of the Type I Human 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Gene,<i>HSD3B1</i> (2004)

The enzyme 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3betaHSD) is required for the biosynthesis of all active steroid hormones. It exists as multiple isoforms in humans and rodents, each a product of a distinct gene. Two isoforms, 3betaHSD I and II, are expressed in a tissue-specific manner in humans. 3betaHSD I is the only isoform expressed in the placenta, where it is required for the biosynthesis of progesterone and thus essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. We recently identified two transcription factors, activating protein-2gamma (AP-2gamma) and the homeodomain protein, distaless-3 (Dlx-3), that are expressed in both human and mouse trophoblast cells that were shown to be required for trophoblast-specific expression of the orthologous murine 3betaHSD, 3betaHSD VI. Although we identified specific binding sites for AP-2gamma and Dlx-3 in the distal promoter of the human 3betaHSD I gene, HSD3B1, it was found that these transcription factors were not involved in determining placental-specific expression of human 3betaHSD I. Instead, a 53-bp placental-specific enhancer element located between -2570 and -2518 of the HSD3B1 promoter was identified. Within this 53-bp element, two potential placental transcription factor binding sites were found. EMSAs with a 20-bp oligonucleotide containing these two potential placental-specific binding sites identified one of the binding sites specific for the transcription enhancer factor (TEF)-5, which is highly expressed in human placenta and in placental choriocarcinoma-derived JEG-3 cells and the other overlapping binding site, specific for a GATA-like protein. Site-specific mutations in either the TEF-5 binding site or in the GATA binding site, each resulted in complete loss of enhancer activity. The data indicate that TEF-5 and the GATA-like protein act in a coordinate manner to determine the placental-specific expression of the human 3betaHSD I enzyme and therefore are critical for placental progesterone production required for the maintenance of pregnancy.
Design of Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors Using Strained-Silicon/Strained-Germanium Type-II Staggered Heterojunctions (2008)

Heterojunction tunneling field-effect transistors (HTFETs) that use strained-silicon/strained-germanium type-II staggered band alignment for band-to-band tunneling (BBT) injection are simulated using a nonlocal quantum tunneling model. The tunneling model is first compared to measurements of gate- controlled BBT in previously fabricated strained SiGe diodes and is shown to produce good agreement with the measurements. The simulation of the gated diode structure is then extended to study HTFETs with an effective energy barrier of 0.25 eV at the strained-Si/strained-Ge heterointerface. As the band alignment, particularly the valence band offset, is critical to modeling HTFET operation, analysis of measured characteristics of MOS capacitors fabricated in strained-Si/strained-Ge/relaxed Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> hetero- junctions is used to extract a valence band offset of 0.64 eV at the strained-Si/strained-Ge heterointerface. Simulations are used to compare HTFETs to MOSFETs with similar technology parameters. The simulations show that HTFETs have potential for low-operating-voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> < 0.5 V) application and exhibit steep subthreshold swing over many decades while maintaining high ON-state currents.
In Search of Ionic Liquids Incorporating Azolate Anions (2006)

Twenty-eight novel salts with tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, and tetrabutylammonium and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cations paired with 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate, 4-nitro-1,2,3-triazolate, 2,4-dinitroimidazolate, 4,5-dinitroimidazolate, 4,5-dicyanoimidazolate, 4-nitroimidazolate, and tetrazolate anions have been prepared and characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The effects of cation and anion type and structure on the physicochemical properties of the resulting salts, including several ionic liquids, have been examined and discussed. Ionic liquids (defined as having m.p.<100 degrees C) were obtained with all combinations of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation ([C(4)mim](+)) and the heterocyclic azolate anions studied, and with several combinations of tetraethyl or tetrabutylammonium cations and the azolate anions. The [C(4)mim](+) azolates were liquid at room temperature exhibiting large liquid ranges and forming glasses on cooling with glass-transition temperatures in the range of -53 to -82 degrees C (except for the 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate salt with m.p. 33 degrees C). Six crystal structures of the corresponding tetraalkylammonium salts were determined and the effects of changes to the cations and anions on the packing of the structure have been investigated.
The Molecular Chaperone Calnexin Binds Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 Oligosaccharide as an Initial Step in Recognizing Unfolded Glycoproteins (1995)

Calnexin is a molecular chaperone that resides in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Most proteins that calnexin binds are N-glycosylated, and treatment of cells with tunicamycin or inhibitors of initial glucose trimming steps interferes with calnexin binding. To test if calnexin is a lectin that binds early oligosaccharide processing intermediates, a recombinant soluble calnexin was created. Incubation of soluble calnexin with a mixture of Glc0-3Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides resulted in specific binding of the Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 species. Furthermore, Glc1Man5-7GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides bound relatively poorly, suggesting that, in addition to a requirement for the single terminal glucose residue, at least one of the terminal mannose residues was important for binding. To assess the involvement of oligosaccharide-protein interactions in complexes of calnexin and newly synthesized glycoproteins, alpha 1-antitrypsin or the heavy chain of the class I histocompatibility molecule were purified as complexes with calnexin and digested with endoglycosidase H. All oligosaccharides on either glycoprotein were accessible to this probe and could be removed without disrupting the association with calnexin. Furthermore, the addition of 1 M alpha-methyl glucoside or alpha-methyl mannoside had no effect on complex stability. These findings suggest that once complexes between calnexin and glycoproteins are formed, oligosaccharide binding does not contribute significantly to the overall interaction. However, it is likely that the binding of Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides is a crucial event during the initial recognition of newly synthesized glycoproteins by calnexin.
Somatostatin in the retina. (1995)

One single gene codes for the peptide somatostatin in mammals. Among species the propeptide shows a high degree of homology as the porcine and human propeptides are identical and only differs in two positions compared with the rat propeptide. Somatostatin and prosomatostatin are therefore very suitable for a comparative investigation of the posttranslatoric processing. Antibodies directed against four putative parts of the processing products of the prosomatostatin molecule were used in order to investigate the comparative biosynthetic processing of the precursor for the neuropeptide somatostatin, in the retina from frog, rat, gerbil, mink and monkey. The antibodies were employed to quantify, characterize, and localize somatostatin and prosomatostatin by biochemical and histochemical techniques. Further, somatostatin producing cells were demonstrated by in-situ hybridization using an antisense probe for somatostatin. Somatostatin and prosomatostatin were demonstrated in retinal extracts from all five species investigated. Retinal posttranslational processing of the prosomatostatin molecule varies between the species. In rat and monkey only one form of the bioactive somatostatin (SS-14) is present. In frog, gerbil and mink two known bioactive forms of somatostatin (SS-14 and SS-28) were present. In all five species prosomatostatin-64 (proSS-64) was recognized. In addition, the fragment somatostatin 1-28(1-12) was detected in rat and monkey retinae. In the rat somatostatin and prosomatostatin were demonstrated in subpopulations of amacrine cells located in the inner part of the retina. Cell bodies were labelled at the proximal boarder of the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer. From these cells processes were limited to the plexiform layers of the retina and were never observed leaving the retina. By in-situ hybridization autoradiographic signals were demonstrated according to the cell bodies represented by immunohistochemistry. No seasonal variation was observed in the processing pattern of the peptide, investigated in the frog retina. However, the concentration measured during wintertime was almost two fold the concentration measured during summertime. In conclusion, the findings indicate that somatostatin and prosomatostatin are well conserved peptides in vertebrate retinae. Species differences in posttranslational processing excist. The physiological implication of this fact needs to be solved.
Cocaine: Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation in man (1989)

Pharmacokinetic studies of cocaine have been carried out only in the last decade, although its local anesthetic action and addictive properties have been known for almost 100 years. Elimination half-lives of cocaine in man estimated from serial plasma concentration are relatively short and range from 0.5 to 1.1 h after i.v. and 0.9-1.5 h after administration by the nasal or oral route. The bioavailability after nasal inhalation is about 60%. The bicyclic structure of cocaine is characterized by functional groups including N-methyl, carboxyl methyl ester, and benzoyl ester, which are susceptible to biotransformation. Hydrolysis of the benzoyl group to ecgonine methyl ester is catalyzed by plasma cholinesterase and is thus under monogenic control. The hydrolytic cleavage of the other ester group, methyl ester, to benzoyl ecgonine occurs spontaneously at body temperature. In contrast, N-demethylation of cocaine mediated by microsomal cytochrome P-450 produces norcocaine and this metabolite was shown to be pharmacologically active, the action being similar to cocaine.
Application of ICD Technology for Improvement of Well's Productivity and Extension of the Oil Well's Life in Samaria Field. (2011)

Abstract Every day new technologies are implemented in mature petroleum fields, in order to obtain better results more than those from conventional systems. It is well known that conventional wells have brought big challenges and benefits, from exploration to explotation in the mid 1990s. Nowadays, designing and constructing horizontal wells is part of PEMEX's Production Strategy, in addition to deploying new technologies that solve the new challenges of mature fields, such as PEMEX Samaria Oil Field. In naturally fractured reservoirs and heterogeneous formations, the variable distribution of permeability through the well, results in a variation in the inflow of fluids along the wellbore. The geometry of wells is susceptible to generate channeling of undesirable fluids (water and gas) towards the heel of the well region due to pressure drop friction effect generated along of the horizontal section, which results in an increase in the pressure drop on the heel causing an uneven flow. A horizontal completion can maximize the contact area with the reservoir through the extension of the well length, with the objective of decreasing the required drawdown to produce the same rate all along the lateral that would favor the recovery factor of the reservoir. Some operators have been using the Inflow Control Devices technology (ICD) for the last ten years in order to balance the fluid inflow along the horizontal section of the well, counteracting the effects of water, gas coning and the annular flow, to increase the productivity of the well. This paper describes the first successful ICD application for a well in the Samaria Field in Tabasco, Mexico. The best practices applied and technical experiences learned support the well performance and the increase in the recovery factor of the reservoir. Historically, after the ICD application since March, 2011, production has been maintained without subjecting the well to workover or stimulation treatments. Moreover, until this date, the well performance shows 0.7% of water cut and 918 STB/day of oil rate. Summarizing, the ICDs implementation in Samaria oil Field is extending the well life and assuring the well productivity. In addition, due to the excellent initial results, these have created high expectations of many applications of ICD technology in the Samaria Field and in other PEMEX fields. At the present, more than 15 wells are being considered for the implementation of ICD technology. It is believed that using this technology will benefit the asset economic value-added by changing the field development plans.
Generalization in Text-based Games via Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2021)

Deep reinforcement learning provides a promising approach for text-based games in studying natural language communication between humans and artificial agents. However, the generalization still remains a big challenge as the agents depend critically on the complexity and variety of training tasks. In this paper, we address this problem by introducing a hierarchical framework built upon the knowledge graph-based RL agent. In the high level, a meta-policy is executed to decompose the whole game into a set of subtasks specified by textual goals, and select one of them based on the KG. Then a subpolicy in the low level is executed to conduct goal-conditioned reinforcement learning. We carry out experiments on games with various difficulty levels and show that the proposed method enjoys favorable generalizability.
Amount of polyhydramnios attributable to diabetes may be less than previously reported (2017)

The rate of polyhydramnios in this study is 8.5%. Patients with diabetes most commonly have mild polyhydramnios between 26 and 35.9 cm of fluid on a four-quadrant AFI.
Virtual reality simulator for vitreoretinal surgery using integrated OCT data (2014)

Operative practice using surgical simulators has become a part of training in many surgical specialties, including ophthalmology. We introduce a virtual reality retina surgery simulator capable of integrating optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans from real patients for practicing vitreoretinal surgery using different pathologic scenarios.