gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DOME-DISC: Diffractive optics metrology enabled dithering inertial sensor calibration (2014)

We demonstrate 107-ppm accurate scale-factor and bias calibration of a commercial Coriolis force gyroscope, in which the typical un-calibrated scale factor variations are ∼100,000-ppm. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept result on calibration architecture — Diffractive Optics Metrology Enabled Dithering Inertial Sensor Calibration (DOME-DISC). DOME-DISC consists of a piezoelectric dither stage to provide built-in mechanical stimulus to the gyroscope attached to it. The motion of the dithering stage is measured by imaging an optical diffraction pattern created by an incident laser off diffraction gratings on the dither stage. In order to calibrate the gyroscope, the stage motion needs to be measured accurately and precisely. The motion of the stage is measured using the Nano Optical Ruler Imaging System (NORIS), with absolute accuracy of ∼30nm over several millimeters, stable over several hours. NORIS provides parts-per-million stage motion measurement accuracy. In this paper, an angular dither motion of 0.1 to 0.5 degrees was optically measured with ∼ 0.1 millidegree resolution. By measuring the scale factor and bias for a gyroscope on the dither stage mounted directly on a commercial rate table, and matching the gyroscope input-output curve to 100ppm, we demonstrate the capability to measure in-package gyroscope characteristics within the error limits of the commercial rate table.
Examination of the secondary structure of proteins by deconvolved FTIR spectra (1986)

Abstract Fourier transform ir (FTIR) spectra of 21 globular proteins have been obtained at 2 cm −1 resolution from 1600 to 1700 cm −1 in deuterium oxide solution. Fourier self‐deconvolution was applied to all spectra, revealing that the amide I band of each protein except casein consists of six to nine components. The components are observed at 11 well‐defined frequencies, although all proteins do not exhibit components at every characteristic frequency. The root mean square (RMS) deviation of 124 individual values from the 11 average characteristic frequencies is 1.9 cm −1 . The observed components are assigned to helical segments, extended beta ‐segments, unordered segments, and turns. Segments with similar structures do not necessarily exhibit band components with identical frequencies. For instance, the lower frequency beta ‐structure band can vary within a range of approximately 15 cm −1 . The relative areas of the individual components of the deconvolved spectra were determined by a Gauss–Newton, iterative curve‐fitting procedure that assumed Gaussian band envelopes for the deconvolved components. The measured areas were used to estimate the percentage of helix and beta ‐structure for each of 21 globular proteins. The results are in good general agreement with values derived from x‐ray data by Levitt and Greer. The RMS deviation between 22 values ( alpha ‐ and beta ‐content of 11 beta ‐rich proteins measured by both techniques) is 2.5 percentage points; the maximum absolute deviation is 4 percentage points.
Regulation of the Salmonella typhimurium metA gene by the metR protein and homocysteine (1992)

The DNA sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium metA control region is presented. S1 nuclease mapping was used to determine the transcription initiation site. By measuring beta-galactosidase levels in Escherichia coli strains lysogenized with lambda phage carrying a metA-lacZ gene fusion, the MetR protein was shown to activate the metA gene. Homocysteine, an intermediate in methionine biosynthesis, plays a negative role in the MetR-mediated activation mechanism. Gel mobility shift assays and DNase I protection experiments showed that the MetR protein binds to a DNA fragment carrying the metA control region and protects a 26-bp region beginning 9 bp upstream of the -35 promoter sequence.
Partial restoration of cardiac function with  PDZ nNOS in aged mdx model of Duchenne cardiomyopathy (2014)

Transgenic gene deletion/over-expression studies have established the cardioprotective role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, it remains unclear whether nNOS-mediated heart protection can be translated to gene therapy. In this study, we generated an adeno-associated virus (AAV) nNOS vector and tested its therapeutic efficacy in the aged mdx model of Duchenne cardiomyopathy. A PDZ domain-deleted nNOS gene (ΔPDZ nNOS) was packaged into tyrosine mutant AAV-9 and delivered to the heart of ~14-month-old female mdx mice, a phenotypic model of Duchenne cardiomyopathy. Seven months later, we observed robust nNOS expression in the myocardium. Supra-physiological ΔPDZ nNOS expression significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis. Importantly, electrocardiography and left ventricular hemodynamics were significantly improved in treated mice. Additional studies revealed increased phosphorylation of phospholamban and p70S6K. Collectively, we have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of the AAV ΔPDZ nNOS vector in a symptomatic Duchenne cardiomyopathy model. Our results suggest that the cardioprotective role of ΔPDZ nNOS is likely through reduced apoptosis, enhanced phospholamban phosphorylation and improved Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling. Our study has opened the door to treat Duchenne cardiomyopathy with ΔPDZ nNOS gene transfer.
Geometric theory of nonlocal two-qubit operations (2003)

We study nonlocal two-qubit operations from a geometric perspective. By applying a Cartan decomposition to su(4), we find that the geometric structure of nonlocal gates is a 3-torus. We derive the invariants for local transformations, and connect these local invariants to the coordinates of the 3-torus. Since different points on the 3-torus may correspond to the same local equivalence class, we use the Weyl group theory to reduce the symmetry. We show that the local equivalence classes of two-qubit gates are in one-to-one correspondence with the points in a tetrahedron except on the base. We then study the properties of perfect entanglers, that is, the two-qubit operations that can generate maximally entangled states from some initially separable states. We provide criteria to determine whether a given two-qubit gate is a perfect entangler and establish a geometric description of perfect entanglers by making use of the tetrahedral representation of nonlocal gates. We find that exactly half the nonlocal gates are perfect entanglers. We also investigate the nonlocal operations generated by a given Hamiltonian. We first study the gates that can be directly generated by a Hamiltonian. Then we explicitly construct a quantum circuit that contains at most three nonlocal gates generated by a two-body interaction Hamiltonian, together with at most four local gates generated by single-qubit terms. We prove that such a quantum circuit can simulate any arbitrary two-qubit gate exactly, and hence it provides an efficient implementation of universal quantum computation and simulation.
Android Espresso Revealed (2019)

Write Android user interface tests using Google Espresso for Android in this book. You'll cover all the major topics of writing functional UI automated tests using the Espresso testing framework, including different ways of running automated tests.
A High-Throughput Energy-Efficient Implementation of Successive Cancellation Decoder for Polar Codes Using Combinational Logic (2016)

This paper proposes a high-throughput energy-efficient Successive Cancellation (SC) decoder architecture for polar codes based on combinational logic. The proposed combinational architecture operates at relatively low clock frequencies compared to sequential circuits, but takes advantage of the high degree of parallelism inherent in such architectures to provide a favorable tradeoff between throughput and energy efficiency at short to medium block lengths. At longer block lengths, the paper proposes a hybrid-logic SC decoder that combines the advantageous aspects of the combinational decoder with the low-complexity nature of sequential-logic decoders. Performance characteristics on ASIC and FPGA are presented with a detailed power consumption analysis for combinational decoders. Finally, the paper presents an analysis of the complexity and delay of combinational decoders, and of the throughput gains obtained by hybrid-logic decoders with respect to purely synchronous architectures.
Into the DDoS maelstrom: a longitudinal study of a scrubbing service (2020)

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are nowadays easy and cheap to carry out, and have become bigger and more frequent over the last years. Cloud-based scrubbers have emerged as a service which victims can hire on demand to fend off attacks. There are many industry players, but not much insights into their operations. This work unravels for the first time the inner workings of a DDoS scrubber - NaWas- a non-profit scrubber in the Netherlands. We analyze 1800+ DDoS attacks spanning over a period of 22 months, and show that while most attacks are not very large, they are still large enough to disrupt services and likely to disturb links. We estimate the collateral damage incurred by DDoS attacks, and demonstrate that the number of victims of is at least quadratically larger (IP <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) than the targeted addresses. Last, by correlating attacks metadata with authoritative DNS traffic, we show that DDoS attacks leave fingerprints on DNS traffic, which, in turn can be used to detect DDoS attacks at early stages, even if attackers attempt to deceive DNS based detection.
The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic (2006)

One way to make judgments under uncertainty is to anchor on information that comes to mind and adjust until a plausible estimate is reached. This anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic is assumed to underlie many intuitive judgments, and insufficient adjustment is commonly invoked to explain judgmental biases. However, despite extensive research on anchoring effects, evidence for adjustment-based anchoring biases has only recently been provided, and the causes of insufficient adjustment remain unclear. This research was designed to identify the origins of insufficient adjustment. The results of two sets of experiments indicate that adjustments from self-generated anchor values tend to be insufficient because they terminate once a plausible value is reached (Studies 1a and 1b) unless one is able and willing to search for a more accurate estimate (Studies 2a-2c).
Smart Hybridization of Au Coupled CdS Nanorods with Few Layered MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets for High Performance Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (2018)

Fabrication of core–shell heteronanostructures with excellent optical properties and light induced charge separation effects have recently emerged as promising materials for solar to hydrogen conversion. Here, one-dimensional CdS–Au/MoS2 hierarchical core/shell heteronanostructures (CSHNSs) have been successfully synthesized by a facile two-step hydrothermal method. Such heteronanostructures exhibit high efficiency and excellent stability toward hydrogen production. The introduction of Au nanoparticles on to CdS nanorods not only made a Schottky junction with strong plasmonic absorption enhancement but also directed the growth of few layered MoS2 nanosheets as a hierarchical protective shell around the CdS nanorods. These CdS–Au/MoS2 hybrid structures possess a large number of edge sites in the MoS2 layers which are active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction. As a result, the CdS–Au/MoS2 CSHNSs exhibit outstanding hydrogen evolution performance which is 7 times that of pure CdS nanorods. Also these CdS–Au/MoS2 CSHNSs showed greater stability after a long-time test (16 h), and 90% of catalytic activity still remained. The enhanced hydrogen evolution activity of CdS–Au/MoS2 CSHNSs was attributed to the improved visible light absorption and the formation of heterojunctions between CdS, Au, and MoS2 components, which increases the charge separation efficiency and thereby suppresses the electron–hole recombination.
Propensity Score Analysis of the Impacts of Junior Secondary Students’ Participation in Engineering Practices on their Attitudes toward Engineering (2019)

The demand for engineering talent is increasing with economic and societal developments. Along with this, nations worldwide are attaching increasing importance to engineering education under international science, technology, engineering and mathematics initiatives. In China, engineering education at university levels is dominant. Corresponding systemic engineering education at the K-12 level has yet to be established. With the aim of determining the status of K-12 engineering education, this study investigates the impacts of students’ participation in engineering practice on their attitudes toward engineering. Survey responses from a sample of 2,193 students from junior secondary schools in Shanghai, China, are used. Sample selection bias is mitigated using propensity score methods based on weight hierarchy. The findings indicate the status of student participation in engineering practice and reveal the significant effect of the level of student participation in engineering practice on students’ attitudes toward engineering at junior secondary schools in China.
Evolution of influenza A and B viruses: conservation of structural features in the hemagglutinin genes. (1982)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a type B influenza virus (B/Lee/40) was obtained by using cloned cDNA derived from the RNA segment. The gene is 1,882 nucleotides long and can code for a protein precursor of 584 amino acids. Structural features common to type A virus HAs are also conserved in the B virus HA. These include a hydrophobic signal peptide, hydrophobic NH2 and COOH termini of the HA2 subunit, and a HA1/HA2 cleavage site involving an arginine residue. The sequence of the B HA gene and its deduced amino acid sequence were compared to those of a type A influenza virus (A/PR/8/34). When these two genes were aligned, it was found that 24% of the amino acids in the HA1 subunits and 39% of the amino acids in the HA2 subunits are conserved. This degree of relatedness between type B virus and type A virus HAs (intertypic comparison) is similar to the homologies observed among certain type A virus HAs (intratypic comparison). A close evolutionary relationship is therefore suggested between the HAs of type A and type B influenza viruses.
Design of an efficient weighted random pattern generation system (2002)

This paper describes the design of an efficient weighted random pattern system. The performance of the system is measured by the number of weight sets and the number of weighted random patterns required for high fault coverage. Various heuristics that affect the performance of the system are discussed and an experimental evaluation is provided.
Augmenting Antitumor T-Cell Responses to Mimotope Vaccination by Boosting with Native Tumor Antigens (2012)

Vaccination with antigens expressed by tumors is one strategy for stimulating enhanced T-cell responses against tumors. However, these peptide vaccines rarely result in efficient expansion of tumor-specific T cells or responses that protect against tumor growth. Mimotopes, or peptide mimics of tumor antigens, elicit increased numbers of T cells that crossreact with the native tumor antigen, resulting in potent antitumor responses. Unfortunately, mimotopes may also elicit cells that do not crossreact or have low affinity for tumor antigen. We previously showed that one such mimotope of the dominant MHC class I tumor antigen of a mouse colon carcinoma cell line stimulates a tumor-specific T-cell clone and elicits antigen-specific cells in vivo, yet protects poorly against tumor growth. We hypothesized that boosting the mimotope vaccine with the native tumor antigen would focus the T-cell response elicited by the mimotope toward high affinity, tumor-specific T cells. We show that priming T cells with the mimotope, followed by a native tumor-antigen boost, improves tumor immunity compared with T cells elicited by the same prime with a mimotope boost. Our data suggest that the improved tumor immunity results from the expansion of mimotope-elicited tumor-specific T cells that have increased avidity for the tumor antigen. The enhanced T cells are phenotypically distinct and enriched for T-cell receptors previously correlated with improved antitumor immunity. These results suggest that incorporation of native antigen into clinical mimotope vaccine regimens may improve the efficacy of antitumor T-cell responses.
Identification, characterization and distribution of terpene indole alkaloids in ethanolic extracts of <scp> <i>Catharanthus roseus</i> </scp> using high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry and the study of their geographical variation (2017)

The developed analytical method together with diagnostic fragment patterns were used to rapidly and effectively identify targeted and untargeted TIAs in C. roseus. A PCA study of the results obtained was used to discriminate among the C. roseus samples.
Making Better Use of Information: Aiming Towards "True North" (2002)

'If I only had the right information, I could make an informed decision'. How often have you heard that comment? With the information technology currently at our disposal, one would think that the right information would be available and that all decisions would be sound. However, users must still determine what data provides valuable information and what are the limitations of the soundness of a decision. What has been missing from most decision models is prediction awareness, as well as a 'true north' compass reading for the organization, based on goals that reflect the system within the organization and that within which the organization operates. We propose that it is easier to identify what information is needed to stay on course (true north) then make that information available to all decision makers, who can then make more holistic informed decisions when such a compass reading exists.
Inversion recovery at 7 T in the human myocardium: Measurement of <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>, inversion efficiency and <i>B</i><sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup> (2012)

At clinical MRI field strengths (1.5 and 3 T), quantitative maps of the longitudinal relaxation time T1 of the myocardium reveal diseased tissue without requiring contrast agents. Cardiac T1 maps can be measured by Look-Locker inversion recovery sequences such as ShMOLLI at 1.5 and 3 T. Cardiovascular MRI at a field strength of 7 T has recently become feasible, but doubts have remained as to whether magnetization inversion is possible in the heart due to subject heating and technical limitations. This work extends the repertoire of 7 T cardiovascular MRI by implementing an adiabatic inversion pulse optimized for use in the heart at 7 T. A "ShMOLLI+IE" adaptation of the ShMOLLI pulse sequence has been introduced together with new postprocessing that accounts for the possibility of incomplete magnetization inversion. These methods were validated in phantoms and then used in a study of six healthy volunteers to determine the degree of magnetization inversion and the T1 of normal myocardium at 7 T within a 22-heartbeat breathhold. Using a scanner with 16 × 1 kW radiofrequency outputs, inversion efficiencies ranging from -0.79 to -0.83 (intrasegment means; perfect 180° would give -1) were attainable across the myocardium. The myocardial T1 was 1925 ± 48 ms (mean ± standard deviation).
Self-timed refreshing approach for dynamic memories (2002)

Refreshing dynamic circuits must be carried out before stored voltages reach unacceptable levels. In this paper we present CMOS circuitry that can be used to sense the integrity of stored data, provide timely refreshing to these dynamic circuits and provide high performance. Differential amplifiers are used to provide the difference between a degrading stored voltage and a reference voltage. This difference gets converted to a single-ended output which serves as the refresh trigger. Memory arrays are used as test beds to verify the functionality and effectiveness of these circuits. The circuits considered in this paper are suitable for use in high speed, low power and high density memory arrays.
Real-time control of molecular beam epitaxy by optical-based flux monitoring (1993)

We have developed a real-time molecular beam epitaxy control system based on Al and Ga atomic beam resonant absorption of hollow cathode lamp emission. By continuously monitoring the absorption of Al and Ga beams during growth, this system accurately determines instantaneous growth rates and then integrates these over time to determine layer thickness. This information is used in real time for effusion cell shutter (and hence layer thickness) control. The accuracy and flexibility of this system is demonstrated here by growing AlAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors with consistent layer thicknesses even though effusion cell temperatures were intentionally varied. In each instance the system automatically detected and compensated for the different growth rates, resulting in DBRs with center wavelengths controlled to within 0.3% of the target wavelength.
Local Fisher discriminant analysis for supervised dimensionality reduction (2006)

Dimensionality reduction is one of the important preprocessing steps in high-dimensional data analysis. In this paper, we consider the supervised dimensionality reduction problem where samples are accompanied with class labels. Traditional Fisher discriminant analysis is a popular and powerful method for this purpose. However, it tends to give undesired results if samples in some class form several separate clusters, i.e., multimodal. In this paper, we propose a new dimensionality reduction method called local Fisher discriminant analysis (LFDA), which is a localized variant of Fisher discriminant analysis. LFDA takes local structure of the data into account so the multimodal data can be embedded appropriately. We also show that LFDA can be extended to non-linear dimensionality reduction scenarios by the kernel trick.
Antimicrobial Activities of Diterpene Dialdehydes, Constituents from Myoga (<i>Zingiber mioga</i>Roscoe), and Their Quantitative Analysis (2004)

The antimicrobial activities of the three diterpene dialdehydes, miogadial, galanal A and galanal B, isolated from flower buds of the myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) plant were investigated with some strains of bacteria, yeasts and molds. Among the three compounds, miogadial exhibited relatively greater antimicrobial activity than the others against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. Galanals A and B also behaved as antimicrobial agents against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. The content of miogadial in the flower buds was much higher than that in the leaves, whereas galanals A and B were contained at high levels in the leaves and rhizomes.
Mechanisms of TKI-induced diarrhea in cancer patients (2013)

The recognition of TKI-induced diarrhea as a significant treatment side effect has prompted efforts into uncovering the pathogenesis of this complication. This will enable future patients to be better managed throughout their treatment with these highly effective cancer drugs.
Crosstalk Due to Activation of Atrial Sense Marker Function of DDD Pulse Generators (1987)

We studied the occurrence and characteristics of crosstalk related to the atrial sense marker function of the Intermedics Cosmos DDD pulse generator in 29 patients. Upon activation of the atrial sense markers, the pulse generator delivers a series of markers in the form of triggered atrial stimuli at 0.025 ms in duration at the programmed voltage output of the atrial channel. Under certain circumstances, these atrial sense marker stimuli may cause crosstalk when they are sensed by the ventricular sensing amplifier. This form of crosstalk may be eliminated in most cases by decreasing ventricular sensitivity and/or atrial output voltage.