gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural basis for HLA-DQ2-mediated presentation of gluten epitopes in celiac disease (2004)

Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue, is a gluten-induced autoimmune-like disorder of the small intestine, which is strongly associated with HLA-DQ2. The structure of DQ2 complexed with an immunogenic epitope from gluten, QLQPFPQPELPY, has been determined to 2.2-A resolution by x-ray crystallography. The glutamate at P6, which is formed by tissue transglutaminase-catalyzed deamidation, is an important anchor residue as it participates in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network involving Lys-beta71 of DQ2. The gluten peptide-DQ2 complex retains critical hydrogen bonds between the MHC and the peptide backbone despite the presence of many proline residues in the peptide that are unable to participate in amide-mediated hydrogen bonds. Positioning of proline residues such that they do not interfere with backbone hydrogen bonding results in a reduction in the number of registers available for gluten peptides to bind to MHC class II molecules and presumably impairs the likelihood of establishing favorable side-chain interactions. The HLA association in celiac disease can be explained by a superior ability of DQ2 to bind the biased repertoire of proline-rich gluten peptides that have survived gastrointestinal digestion and that have been deamidated by tissue transglutaminase. Finally, surface-exposed proline residues in the proteolytically resistant ligand were replaced with functionalized analogs, thereby providing a starting point for the design of orally active agents for blocking gluten-induced toxicity.
Large-Scale Silicon Photonic Switch (2018)

A packaged and fully operational 32×32 silicon photonic switch chip having 448 switch cells and 1856 crossings is demonstrated. Development of low loss optical components is essential to the operation of complex Mach-Zehnder switch fabrics.
WDM tuneable dispersion compensator with PLC ring resonators (2004)

We have developed operational tuneable dispersion compensator that has a tuning range of /spl plusmn/1000 ps/nm based on ring resonator using high-/spl Delta/ PLC technology. We have realized 1050 ps/nm dispersion compensation at 16 WDM channels simultaneously.
The Electrolytic Maintenance of Homogeneous Catalytic Activity (1983)

The lifetimes of homogeneous nickel and palladium catalysts used in the cyanation of aryl chlorides were increased several fold by the application of a reducing potential. Catalytically inactive metal species formed in deleterious side reactions with cyanide were electrochemically intercepted and restored to a catalytically active state. The low number of electrons consumed per mol of product, 0.02–0.04 for nickel and 0.06–0.25 for palladium, suggests that the charge consumed was only used to maintain catalyst activity. The low power consumption makes electrolytic maintenance a commercially attractive method for prolonging catalyst lifetimes.
Development of a Lane Mark Recognition System for a Lane Keeping Assist System (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A lane mark recognition system that processes images taken by a camera for a Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) has been developed. This system uses a new algorithm that is a combination or Hough transformation and the process of extracting positive and negative edges which are features of lane marks. By employing this algorithm, we can remove noise and execute high speed image processing with a special chip. As a result, we can process images in real time even in such complex situation as a parting road or double broken line conditions. In experiments on real images, we were able to verify a high rate of recognition and accuracy of output data sufficient for steering control.</div>
An Official ATS Clinical Policy Statement: Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: Genetic Basis, Diagnosis, and Management (2010)

A PHOX2B mutation is required to confirm the diagnosis of CCHS. Knowledge of the specific PHOX2B mutation aids in anticipating the CCHS phenotype severity. Parents of patients with CCHS should be tested for PHOX2B mutations. Maintaining a high index of suspicion in cases of unexplained alveolar hypoventilation will likely identify a higher incidence of milder cases of CCHS. Recommended management options aimed toward maximizing safety and optimizing neurocognitive outcome include: (1) biannual then annual in-hospital comprehensive evaluation with (i) physiologic studies during awake and asleep states to assess ventilatory needs during varying levels of activity and concentration, in all stages of sleep, with spontaneous breathing, and with artificial ventilation, and to assess ventilatory responsiveness to physiologic challenges while awake and asleep, (ii) 72-hour Holter monitoring, (iii) echocardiogram, (iv) evaluation of ANS dysregulation across all organ systems affected by the ANS, and (v) formal neurocognitive assessment; (2) barium enema or manometry and/or full thickness rectal biopsy for patients with a history of constipation; and (3) imaging for neural crest tumors in individuals at greatest risk based on PHOX2B mutation.
Modelling composite document behaviour with concurrent hierarchical state machines (2009)

This paper addresses the need for a modular approach to document composition and life-cycle, enabling mixed content to be used and re-used within documents. Each content item may bring with it its own workflow. Documents are conventionally considered to be the passive subjects of workflow, but when a document presents a complex mix of components it becomes harder for a centralized workflow to cater for this variety of needs. Our solution is to apply object-oriented concepts to documents, expressing process definitions alongside the content they apply to. We are interested in describing document life-cycles, and use Finite State Machines to describe the way that the individual components of a document change over time. A framework for composing these functional document components must first consider their hierarchical nesting for which we use Hierarchical State Machines. Furthermore, to accommodate the composition of independent sibling components under a common parent we use Concurrent Hierarchical State Machines. This theoretical framework provides practical guidelines for modelling composite document behaviour.
Arrangements and applications of self-grounded antennas (2014)

The self-grounded antenna is a new type of compact ultra-wideband antennas with simple geometries. One of the characteristics of this type antenna is its high flexibility: the configuration of the antenna can be arranged in many different ways for different applications. In this paper, we overview the typical arrangements of the self-grounded antennas, and their performance for different applications.
Evaluation of a vision-based tactile sensor (2004)

Humans can perceive not only the magnitude but also the direction of force applied on the fingertip. When we grasp an object, the weight of it is felt through force that is parallel to the skin of the fingertip, which is how the object can be grasped without slipping. Focusing on this point, we have developed a tactile sensor that can measure a distribution of force vectors. The measurement method is as follows. The tactile sensor consists of a transparent elastic body, blue and red markers inside the elastic body, and a color CCD camera. An applied force on the elastic body results in movements of the markers, which are acquired by the CCD camera. The distribution of force vectors is calculated using this information. This paper reports experimental evaluation results concerning accuracy of determining position of markers, determination of magnitude and direction of force, spatial resolution, and calculation timing.
Substrates for Direct Imaging of Chemically Functionalized SiO<sub>2</sub> Surfaces by Transmission Electron Microscopy (2005)

A significant challenge in materials characterization is the determination of the structure of nanoparticle assemblies that have been deposited on solid substrates, such as SiO2. The best method for obtaining quantitative information about structure, size, and spacing on the nanometer-length scale is TEM; however, commercially available TEM grids offer a limited range of substrate materials. In addition, the compositions of these grids do not permit much chemical processing. Here we describe silicon-based grids with electron-transparent SiO2 windows suitable for use as substrates for high-resolution TEM that can be easily fabricated using standard silicon microfabrication techniques. These grids are physically and chemically robust and exhibit the same surface chemistry and chemical stability as an oxide grown on a silicon wafer. Thus, the grids make possible the concurrent investigation of chemical and structural information on the same sample. Convenient modification of the surfaces of the grids provides access to a wide range of new substrates for the direct imaging of chemically modified surfaces by TEM. We demonstrate the utility of these grids by aligning DNA on the chemically modified SiO2 surface in order to direct the assembly of linear arrays of nanoparticles. Using these grids, we are able to quantify the effects of assembly conditions on nanoparticle size, spacing, and dispersity in the arrays.
Iron-Chelating Compounds Produced by Soil Pseudomonads: Correlation with Fungal Growth Inhibition (1983)

Strains of Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined for their ability to grow in the presence of the iron chelator, ethylenediamine-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). In vitro fungal inhibition assays showed that the isolates varied in their ability to inhibit the growth of representative fungal plant pathogens. Fungal inhibition in vitro was superior to that of previously reported Pseudomonas sp. Studies with Fusarium oxysporum forma sp. lycopersici and a susceptible tomato cultivar demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida PPU3.1 was able to significantly reduce wilt disease.
Detection of TMPRSS2-ERG Fusion Transcripts and Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 in Urinary Sediments May Improve Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer (2007)

In this report, we used for the first time the combination of the prostate cancer-specific biomarkers TMPRSS2-ERG and PCA3, which significantly improves the sensitivity for prostate cancer diagnosis.
Rotating Unbalanced-Mass devices for scanning: Results from the proof-of-concept test (1994)

Rotating unbalanced-mass (RUM) devices are a new way to scan space-based, balloon-borne, and ground-based gimbaled payloads, like x-ray and gamma-ray telescopes. They can also be used to scan free-flying spacecraft. Circular scans, linear scans, and raster scans can be generated. A pair of RUM devices generates the basic scan motion and an auxiliary control system using torque motors, control moment gyros, or reaction wheels keeps the scan centered on the target and produces some complementary motion for raster scanning. Previous analyses and simulation results show that this approach offers significant power savings compared to scanning only with the auxiliary control system, especially with large payloads and high scan frequencies. However, these claims have never been proven until now. This paper describes a laboratory experiment which tests the concept of scanning a gimbaled payload with RUM devices. The test results are compared with those from a computer simulation model of the experiment and the differences are discussed.
Optimal Design and Real Time Implementation of Autonomous Microgrid Including Active Load (2018)

Controller gains and power-sharing parameters are the main parameters affect the dynamic performance of the microgrid. Considering an active load to the autonomous microgrid, the stability problem will be more involved. In this paper, the active load effect on microgrid dynamic stability is explored. An autonomous microgrid including three inverter-based distributed generations (DGs) with an active load is modeled and the associated controllers are designed. Controller gains of the inverters and active load as well as Phase Locked Loop (PLL) parameters are optimally tuned to guarantee overall system stability. A weighted objective function is proposed to minimize the error in both measured active power and DC voltage based on time-domain simulations. Different AC and DC disturbances are applied to verify and assess the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed controller to enhance the microgrid stability and to provide efficient damping characteristics. Additionally, the proposed controller is compared with the literature to demonstrate its superiority. Finally, the microgrid considered has been established and implemented on real time digital simulator (RTDS). The experimental results validate the simulation results and approve the effectiveness of the proposed controllers to enrich the stability of the considered microgrid.
Multifacet holographic optical elements (1980)

New types of holographic optical elements, combining the flexibility of computer generated holograms with the large space bandwidth product and high diffraction efficiency of interferometrically recorded volume phase holograms, are demonstrated. The optical elements are recorded by subdividing a volume hologram film surface into numerous small areas (facets), each of which is individually exposed under computer control. Each facet is used to produce a portion of the desired final wavefront. Three different optical elements are demonstrated.
Bioassay-Guided Investigation of Two Monarda Essential Oils as Repellents of Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti (2013)

As part of an ongoing research program to identify active mosquito repellents, Monarda bradburiana Beck and Monarda fistulosa L. essential oils showed good repellent activity with minimum effective dosages (MED) of 0.055 ± 0.036 and 0.078 ± 0.027 mg/cm(2), respectively, compared to reference standard N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) (0.039 ± 0.014 mg/cm(2)). Systematic bioassay-guided fractionation of essential oils of both Monarda species was performed to identify the active repellent compounds, and isolated pure compounds were individually tested for repellency. Of the isolated compounds, carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and carvacrol methyl ether were found to be the repellent compounds with MEDs in the range of 0.013-0.063 mg/cm(2). Active repellent compounds were also tested for larvicidal activity against 1-day-old Aedes aegypti larvae. Thymol was the best larvicide among the tested individual compounds (LD50 of 13.9 ppm). None of the individual compounds showed cytotoxicity against mammalian cells; however, the essential oils were toxic to all cell lines.
A transformer for high-power RF applications using bondwires in parallel (2011)

A novel bondwire-transformer for high-power RF applications is presented. The proposed structure uses several bondwires in parallel, which enables ultra-low losses and high magnetic coupling. A prototype of this proposed transformer has been implemented and evaluated by full-wave electromagnetic simulations and RF measurements. Its main electrical parameters and efficiency figures of merit are considered up to 10GHz. At 2.1GHz, the measured losses and the reactive coupling factor of the fabricated prototype are better than 0.22dB (G<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</inf>=0.95) and 0.71, respectively, while its resonance frequency is higher than 6.8GHz.
Other transgenic mutation assays:APRT: A versatile in vivo resident reporter of local mutation and loss of heterozygosity (1996)

We describe an in vivo mutagenesis model that utilizes reverse mutation and forward mutation at the endogenous Aprt locus. Reverse mutation provides an in situ method for detecting environments or agents that cause point mutations. Forward mutation detects large chromosomal events, including mitotic recombination, chromosome loss, and large multilocus deletion, all of which can lead to loss of heterozygosity. Detection of reverse mutation in vivo is based on the differential capacity of Aprt and Aprt cells to sequester radiolabeled adenine by catalyzing its conversion to adenosine monophosphate with subsequent incorporation into nucleic acids. Cells lacking APRT activity cannot accumulate exogenously administered, tagged adenine, whereas Aprt+ cells can and will thereby become marked. Thus, genetically modified mice with mutant but revertible Aprt alleles should be a useful vehicle for in situ detection of mutagenic activity in the whole animal. the feasibility of this model has been illustrated, first, by showing that APRT-deficient mice are viable and, second, by demonstrating that the minority of Aprt+ cells within a chimeric tumor growing in an Aprt+ mouse can be selectively labeled following IP injection of [14C]-adenine and can be identified by autoradiography. Forward mutation, detected by growth in selective medium of primary cells derived from Aprt+/- heterozygous mice, provides on independent estimate of in vivo mutation frequency. The frequency with which Aprt colonies arise provides a measure of the frequency of Aprt(-)-negative cells in the tissue at that point in time. Culture of skin fibroblasts in 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) produced Aprt+ colonies with a frequency of about 10(-4). This frequency is similar to that found for human T lymphocytes from individuals heterozygous at the Aprt locus. In both cases, the majority of mutagenic events involved allele loss. Polymerase chain reaction with linked polymorphic microsatellites on mouse chromosome 8 demonstrated that allele loss was mediated mostly by mitotic recombination, as was the case for human T lymphocytes. The high frequency of mitotic recombination and allele loss at a neutral locus has significant implications for the process of tumorigenesis and argues that spontaneous or induced mitotic recombination may play a causal role in the progression to cancer.
Spiral-Coupled-Line Resonators for Chipless RFID Sensors (2021)

This paper presents a chipless RFID sensor tag that support sensing parameters such as temperature. A new spiral-coupled-line structure is proposed to simultaneously support two state identification data (1bit) and extra sensing information. The proposed structure comprises a coupled line spiral resonator for identification and an extra arm connected to the spiral at an appropriate location to avoid loading effect. This line is covered by polyamide Stany 1 material that is very sensitive to the temperature. The spiral resonator has resonance frequency <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$f_{i}$</tex> (logic 1 state) and can be disconnected near the intersection with the extra arm to shift its resonance frequency beyond the tag operation (logic 0 state). The extra arm connected all the time for temperature sensing and has resonance frequency f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> . The change in tag temperature changes directly f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> . A multi-resonator structure with six resonators is designed and simulated for RFID tags applications.
New Ways of Removing Cyclic Borehole Noise from Low- and High- Resolution LWD Images and Its Impact on Image Interpretation (2011)

Abstract The use of logging-while-drilling (LWD) imaging tools in real-time decision making and post-drilling analysis has become commonplace. However, image noise and processing errors due to the inherent measurement physics can propagate errors and thus complicate interpretation of open-hole log data and images. For example, the standard density images tend to amplify image noise from small borehole irregularities. Among different borehole irregularities, spiraling is known to occur more frequently with conventional rotary assemblies, steerable motor assemblies, and rotary steerable assemblies. When the cyclic noise amplitude from spiraling becomes large relative to the measurement of the primary interest, it grossly affects measurement accuracy of bulk density, photoelectric, and neutron porosity. This paper shows novel methods to remove cyclic noise from formation evaluation (FE) images by applying frequency-domain filtering. Although the initial attempt of fast Fourier transforms1 illustrates the straightforward concept, it is seldom used due to implementation issues requiring interactive filter design and intensive operator intervention. Recently, a new method2 has been designed to improve the filtering process. Additionally, the new adoptive filter designs automate the cyclic noise removal process from the FE images. Stand-alone software has been developed to process the entire image logs from one well, without human supervision. The software adoptively modifies the filter behavior as borehole oscillation noise characteristics change with formation, drilling assemblies, hole inclination, and depth. To quantitatively examine its validity, the algorithm is then applied to various field data, not only on low-resolution density images but also on higher-resolution density images. The new algorithm has been proved by bringing considerable improvement to the image quality without any artificial interruptions. The rugosity effect is significantly reduced, and the apparent resolution of bed boundary features increased. Furthermore, comparative field examples illustrate the improvement in image feature extraction. This new method is critical, for example, for small fracture detection and for accurate dip analysis in irregular boreholes. This new method is not only effectively used for density images but also applicable to any other borehole images, such as resistivity and ultrasonic images.
Unidirectional operation in a semiconductor ring diode laser (1992)

We report the first demonstration of a unidirectional ring diode laser based on the use of an active crossover waveguide. Up to 95% of the cw lasing output of 3.5 mW is emitted in the preferred lasing direction.
Inactivation of the Hepatic Cytochrome P450 System by Conditional Deletion of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Reductase (2003)

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases catalyze the oxidation of a large number of endogenous compounds and the majority of ingested environmental chemicals, leading to their elimination and often to their metabolic activation to toxic products. This enzyme system therefore provides our primary defense against xenobiotics and is a major determinant in the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological agents. To evaluate the importance of hepatic P450s in normal homeostasis, drug pharmacology, and chemical toxicity, we have conditionally deleted the essential electron transfer protein, NADH:ferrihemoprotein reductase (EC, cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR) in the liver, resulting in essentially complete ablation of hepatic microsomal P450 activity. Hepatic CPR-null mice could no longer break down cholesterol because of their inability to produce bile acids, and whereas hepatic lipid levels were significantly increased, circulating levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were severely reduced. Loss of hepatic P450 activity resulted in a 5-fold increase in P450 protein, indicating the existence of a negative feedback pathway regulating P450 expression. Profound changes in the in vivo metabolism of pentobarbital and acetaminophen indicated that extrahepatic metabolism does not play a major role in the disposition of these compounds. Hepatic CPR-null mice developed normally and were able to breed, indicating that hepatic microsomal P450-mediated steroid hormone metabolism is not essential for fertility, demonstrating that a major evolutionary role for hepatic P450s is to protect mammals from their environment.