gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Trichloroethylene Degradation Using Differing Nano- and Micro-Scale Iron Particles (2006)

Trichioroethylene, or TCE, is a central nervous system depressant and possible carcinogen, as well as a persistent groundwater pollutant. TCE exists in the aquifer either as free product in the form of a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) or as a dissolved-phase constituent. It is only slightly soluble in water, so dissolution of the contaminant is a long-term process and in-situ remediation is difficult. To remedy this, NASA and the University of Central Florida developed Emulsified Zero-Valent Iron, or EZVI. The emulsion droplet contains ZVI particles and water encapsulated by an oil/surfactant membrane, and effectively penetrates to degrade DNAPL-phase TCE. To maximize the efficiency of this process, several commercially available ZVIs of radically different particle sizes and morphologies both in emulsion and as neat (unemulsified) metal were evaluated for relative effectiveness at TCE degradation.
Simulation Testing of Embedded Flight Software (2004)

Virtual Real Time (VRT) is a computer program for testing embedded flight software by computational simulation in a workstation, in contradistinction to testing it in its target central processing unit (CPU). The disadvantages of testing in the target CPU include the need for an expensive test bed, the necessity for testers and programmers to take turns using the test bed, and the lack of software tools for debugging in a real-time environment. By virtue of its architecture, most of the flight software of the type in question is amenable to development and testing on workstations, for which there is an abundance of commercially available debugging and analysis software tools. Unfortunately, the timing of a workstation differs from that of a target CPU in a test bed. VRT, in conjunction with closed-loop simulation software, provides a capability for executing embedded flight software on a workstation in a close-to-real-time environment. A scale factor is used to convert between execution time in VRT on a workstation and execution on a target CPU. VRT includes high-resolution operating- system timers that enable the synchronization of flight software with simulation software and ground software, all running on different workstations.
S-nitrosylation of tissue-type plasminogen activator confers vasodilatory and antiplatelet properties on the enzyme. (1992)

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) reacts upon exposure to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) by way of the enzyme's single free sulfhydryl (Cys-83) to form a stable S-nitrosothiol protein adduct. S-nitrosylation endows t-PA with potent vasodilatory and antiplatelet properties that are accompanied by elevations in intracellular cyclic GMP analogous to those induced by low molecular weight (e.g., S-nitroso amino acid) S-nitrosothiols. Moreover, this chemical modification does not adversely affect the catalytic efficiency of t-PA, the fibrin stimulation of this activity, the binding of t-PA to fibrinogen, or the interaction of the enzyme with its physiologic serine protease inhibitor, plasminogen-activator inhibitor type I. The coupling of vasodilatory, antiplatelet, and fibrinolytic properties in one molecule makes the S-nitrosylated t-PA a unique molecular species and may provide insight into the mechanisms by which the endothelium maintains vessel patency. These data also suggest a pharmacologic approach to treatment of thromboocclusive disorders.
Registration and segmentation of cine and late enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance images (2009)

Introduction: Prophylactic implantation of a cardioverter/ defibrillator (ICD) has been shown to reduce mortality in patients with chronic myocardial infarction (CMI) and an increased risk for life threatening ventricular arrhythmia (VA). The use of ICDs in this large patient population is still limited by high costs and possible adverse events including inappropriate discharges and progression of heart failure. VA is related to infarct size and seems to be related to infarct morphology. Contrast enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (ceCMR) can detect and quantify myocardial fibrosis in the setting of CMI and might therefore be a valuable tool for a more accurate risk stratification in this setting. Hypothesis: ceCMR can identify the subgroup developing VA in patients with prophylactic ICD implantation following MADIT criteria. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 52 patients (49 males, age 69 10 years) with CMI and clinical indication for ICD therapy following MADIT criteria. Prior to implantation (36 78 days) patients were investigated on a 1.5 T clinical scanner (Siemens Avanto , Germany) to assess left ventricular function (LVEF), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV mass (sequence parameters: GRE SSFP, matrix 256 192, short axis stack; full LV coverage, no gap; slice thickness 6 mm). For quantitative assessment of infarct morphology late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was performed including measurement of total and relative infarct mass (related to LV mass) and the degree of transmurality (DT) as defined by the percentage of transmurality in each scar. (sequence parameters: inversion recovery gradient echo; matrix 256 148, imaging 10 min after 0.2 g/kg gadolinium DTPA; slice orientation equal to SSFP). MRI images were analysed using dedicated software (MASS , Medis, Netherlands). LGE was defined as myocardial areas with signal intensity above the average plus 5 SD of the remote myocardium. After implantation, patients were followed up including ICD readout after 3 and than every 6 months for a mean of 945 344 days. ICD data were evaluated by an experienced electrophysiologist. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of an appropriate discharge (DC), antitachycard pacing (ATP) or death from cardiac cause. Results: The endpoint occurred in 10 patients (3 DC, 6 ATP, 1 death). These patients had a higher relative infarct mass (28 7% vs. 22 11%, p = 0.03) as well as high degree of transmurality (64 22% vs. 44 25%, p = 0.05). Their LVEF (29 8% vs. 30 4%, p = 0.75), LV mass (148 29 g vs. 154 42 g, p = 0.60), LVEDV (270 133 ml vs. 275 83 ml, p = 0.90) or total infarct mass (43 19 g vs. 37 21 g, p = 0.43) were however not significant from the group with no events. In a cox proportional hazards regression model including LVEF, LVEDV, LV mass, DT and age, only degree of transmurality and relative infarct mass emerged as independent predictors of the primary end point (p = 0.009).
Leakage Power Characteristics of Dynamic Circuits in Nanometer CMOS Technologies (2006)

Temperature-dependent subthreshold and gate-oxide leakage power characteristics of domino logic circuits under the influence of process parameter variations are evaluated in this paper. Preferred input vectors and node voltage states that minimize the total leakage power consumption are identified at the lower and upper extremes of a typical die temperature spectrum. New low-leakage circuit design guidelines are presented based on the results. Significantly increased gate dielectric tunneling current, as described in this paper, dramatically changes the leakage power characteristics of dynamic circuits in deeply scaled nanometer CMOS technologies. Contrary to the previously published techniques, a charged dynamic-node voltage state with low inputs is preferred for reducing the total leakage power consumption in the most widely used types of single- and dual-threshold voltage domino gates, particularly at low die temperatures. Furthermore, leakage power savings provided by the dual-threshold voltage domino logic circuit techniques based on input gating are all together reduced due to the significance of gate dielectric tunneling in sub-45-nm CMOS technologies
Tasco-Forage: III. Influence of a seaweed extract on performance, monocyte immune cell response, and carcass characteristics in feedlot-finished steers. (2001)

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum ([Morgan-Jones and Gams] Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin) causes fescue toxicosis in cattle grazing the forage, but effects of the endophyte were considered to be abated soon after removal of the animals from pastures. Tasco-Forage, a proprietary extract from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, is a known source of cytokinins and has increased antioxidant activity in both plants and the animals that graze the forage. Tasco was applied at 0 and 3.4 kg/ha to infected and uninfected tall fescue pastures in Virginia and Mississippi. Forty-eight steers grazed the pastures at each location during each of 2 yr (n = 192) before being transported to Texas for feedlot finishing. On arrival at the feedlot, steers from Tasco-treated pastures had higher (P < 0.01) monocyte phagocytic activity and tended (P < 0.07) to have higher major histocompatibility complex class II expression than steers that grazed the untreated pastures. A depression (P < 0.05) in monocyte immune cell function due to grazing infected fescue was detected throughout the feedlot finishing period but was reversed by Tasco. Rectal temperatures were elevated (P < 0.07) in steers that had grazed the infected tall fescue when they arrived in Texas, but by d 14 no difference was detected. However, by d 28 the temperature effects of infected tall fescue were reversed. Steers that had grazed infected fescue had lower (P < 0.01) rectal temperatures on d 112 of the feedlot period, demonstrating a much longer-lasting effect of the endophyte on thermoregulatory mechanisms than previously thought. Steers that had grazed Tasco-treated pastures had higher (P < 0.01) rectal temperatures on d 56 than steers that had grazed untreated fescue. Steers that had grazed the Tasco-treated pastures had higher marbling scores (P < 0.05) regardless of the endophyte, but no effect of Tasco or endophyte on gain was measured. Our data suggest that Tasco application to tall fescue pastures alleviated some of the negative effects of tall fescue toxicity.
Hepatitis B Virus Capsids Have Diverse Structural Responses to Small-Molecule Ligands Bound to the Heteroaryldihydropyrimidine Pocket (2016)

Hepatitis B virus core protein has multiple roles in the viral life cycle-assembly, compartment for reverse transcription, intracellular trafficking, and nuclear functions-making it an attractive antiviral target. Core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) are an experimental class of antivirals that bind core protein. The most recognized CpAM activity is that they accelerate core protein assembly and strengthen interactions between subunits. In this study, we observe that the CpAM-binding pocket has multiple conformations. We compare structures of capsids cocrystallized with different CpAMs and find that they also affect quaternary structure in different ways. These results suggest that the capsid "breathes" and is trapped in different states by the drug and crystallization. Understanding that the capsid is a moving target will aid drug design and improve our understanding of HBV interaction with its environment.
Embeddings for the Identification of Aircraft Faults (MERIT) (2018)

Vector representation concept proves its success in solving many real-world problems from a variety of applications. In this paper, we built a novel vector representation model for avionics system for two types of fault messages called MERIT. This new model aims to identify the relationship between the flight deck effects (FDEs) and the maintenance messages (MMSGs) through calculating the embedding co-occurrence matrix between them within a predefined flight leg window. The a vector space embeddings representation of MERIT is able to differentiate between the strong and weak relationship between messages. Moreover, we benefit from the negative sampling method to incorporate the weak relationship between the FDEs and MMSGs from different subsystems (chapters) in assessing this relationship precisely. We called the developed MERIT with specialized negative sampling approach subsystem-wise MERIT. Both developed models can be used as descriptive and predictive tasks based on the flight leg window used (one and three, respectively). The main advantage of the proposed latent aircraft system model (MERIT) is that it needs to be trained only once and can be easily queried using any similarity measurements between the embedding vectors, which means it is more feasible and computationally efficient than traditional machine learning algorithm, where it necessitates building a different model each time for every target FDE. We tested both models on a real Boeing dataset and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in exhibiting the embedded relationships between fault messages and extracting the most relevant predictors. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.1</sup> Mohamed Elshrif et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Broadband and high power infrared waveguide modulators (1976)

Abstract : The objective of this program is to develop an efficient and reliable ultra-wideband waveguide modulator for CO2 lasers that will be useful for high resolution imaging optical radars and high-data-rate optical communication systems. Efficiency and reliability can be obtained by using integrated optics technology, which is an optical analog of IC technology in electronics. The major advantage of this approach is derived primarily from the fact that strong and wideband interaction between the laser and the microwave electric field can be obtained within a thin waveguiding layer at a thickness of approximately one optical wavelength. However, the practically and applicability of this approach remained to be proven. Of most importance is the ability to demonstrate that the ultimate performance of an integrated-optic modulator can supersede that of the conventional bulk modulators.
Development of 4-Heteroarylamino-1′-azaspiro[oxazole-5,3′-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes] as α7 Nicotinic Receptor Agonists (2016)

We describe the synthesis of quinuclidine-containing spiroimidates and their utility as α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonists. A convergent synthetic route allowed for rapid SAR investigation and provided a diverse set of fused 6,5-heteroaryl analogs. Two potent and selective α7 nAChR partial agonists, (1'<i>S</i>,3'<i>R</i>,4'<i>S</i>)-<i>N</i>-(7-bromopyrrolo[2,1-<i>f</i>][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl)-4H-1'-azaspiro[oxazole-5,3'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan]-2-amine (<b>20</b>) and (1'<i>S</i>,3'<i>R</i>,4'<i>S</i>)-<i>N</i>-(7-chloropyrrolo[2,1-<i>f</i>][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl)-4H-1'-azaspiro[oxazole-5,3'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan]-2-amine (<b>21</b>), were identified. Both agonists improved cognition in a preclinical rodent model of learning and memory. Additionally, 5-HT<sub>3A</sub> receptor SAR suggested the presence of a steric site that when engaged led to significant loss of affinity at that receptor.
Fundamental Design Issues of Brush Seals for Industrial Applications (2001)

Advanced seals have been applied to numerous turbine machines over the last decade to improve the performance and output. Industrial experiences have shown that significant benefits can be attained if the seals are designed and applied properly. On the other hand, penalties can be expected if brush seals are not designed correctly. In recent years, attempts have been made to apply brush seals to more challenging locations with high speed (>400 m/s), high temperature (>650 °C), and discontinuous contact surfaces, such as blade tips in a turbine. Various failure modes of a brush seal can be activated under these conditions. It becomes crucial to understand the physical behavior of a brush seal under the operating conditions, and to be capable of quantifying seal life and performance as functions of both operating parameters and seal design parameters. Design criteria are required for different failure modes such as stress, fatigue, creep, wear, oxidation etc. This paper illustrates some of the most important brush seal design criteria and the trade-off of different design approaches.
Computer extracted measurements of vessel tortuosity on baseline CT scans to predict response to nivolumab immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. (2017)

11566 Background: Immune-checkpoint blockade treatments, particularly drugs targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor, demonstrate promising clinical efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to evaluate whether computer extracted measurements of tortuosity of vessels in lung nodules on baseline CT scans in NSCLC patients(pts) treated with a PD-1 inhibitor, nivolumab could distinguish responders and non-responders. Methods: A total of 61 NSCLC pts who underwent treatment with nivolumab were included in this study. Pts who did not receive nivolumab after 2 cycles due to lack of response or progression per RECIST were classified as ‘non-responders’, patients who had radiological response per RECIST or had clinical benefit (defined as stable disease >10 cycles) were classified as ‘responders’. A total of 35 quantitative tortuosity features of the vessels associated with lung nodule were investigated. In the training cohort (N=33), the features were ranked in their ability to identify responders to nivolumab using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The three most informative features were then used for training the SVM, which was then validated on a cohort of N=28 pts. Results: The maximum curvature ( f1), standard deviation of the torsion ( f2) and mean curvature ( f3) were identified as the most discriminating features. The area under Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of the SVM was 0.84 for the training and 0.72 for the validation cohort. Conclusions: Vessel tortuosity features were able to distinguish responders from non-responders for patients with NSCLC treated with nivolumab. Large scale multi-site validation will need to be done to establish vessel tortuosity as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy. [Table: see text]
Learning in the Frequency Domain (2020)

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision tasks. Existing neural networks mainly operate in the spatial domain with fixed input sizes. For practical applications, images are usually large and have to be downsampled to the predetermined input size of neural networks. Even though the downsampling operations reduce computation and the required communication bandwidth, it removes both redundant and salient information obliviously, which results in accuracy degradation. Inspired by digital signal processing theories, we analyze the spectral bias from the frequency perspective and propose a learning-based frequency selection method to identify the trivial frequency components which can be removed without accuracy loss. The proposed method of learning in the frequency domain leverages identical structures of the well-known neural networks, such as ResNet-50, MobileNetV2, and Mask R-CNN, while accepting the frequency-domain information as the input. Experiment results show that learning in the frequency domain with static channel selection can achieve higher accuracy than the conventional spatial downsampling approach and meanwhile further reduce the input data size. Specifically for ImageNet classification with the same input size, the proposed method achieves 1.41% and 0.66% top-1 accuracy improvements on ResNet-50 and MobileNetV2, respectively. Even with half input size, the proposed method still improves the top-1 accuracy on ResNet-50 by 1%. In addition, we observe a 0.8% average precision improvement on Mask R-CNN for instance segmentation on the COCO dataset.
High-power organic-dye-doped polymer-optical-fiber amplifier (1995)

We successfully prepared, for the first time to our knowledge, graded-index (GI) organic-dye-doped polymer-optical-fiber amplifiers (POFAs).1,2 High-power and high-gain optical amplification in a short length of the GI POFA is possible because of the extremely large absorption and emission cross sections of the doped dye (approximately 10 000 times those of rare- earth elements) and a large core diameter (more than 500 μm). In addition, a large selection of organic-dye dopants is possible, resulting in amplification covering the entire visible region. These advantages offer attractive applications, such as an amplifier in a polymer-optical-fiber LAN and a booster for a laser diode or other light sources. However, to date the GI POFA has not been characterized in detail.
Therapeutic efficacy of DNA encoding IFN-a1 against corneal HSV-1 infection (2000)

These results suggest that the application of plasmid DNA encoding IFN-alpha1 transgene is beneficial as a therapeutic approach when applied early after HSV-1 infection of the corneas.
<title>Stereoscopic video: asymmetrical coding with temporal interleaving</title> (2001)

Asymmetrical coding has been shown to be a viable method for reducing the bandwidth required for stereoscopic video storage and transmission. In the basic version of asymmetric coding, high quality images are streamed to one eye, and lower quality images are streamed to the other eye. To remove this imbalance in image quality between the two eyes, we propose a modified version of asymmetrical coding where high-quality images are interleaved with reduced-quality images within each stream. The change between high-quality and reduced-quality images occurs in counter-phase for the two image streams, such that the levels of image quality are cross-switched between streams. Experimental evidence is provided to show that a cross-switch is best positioned at scene cuts where it is masked, otherwise it is visible as a 'jerky motion' in the stereoscopic picture. We conclude that a modified version of asymmetric coding with cross-switches occurring at scene-cuts is a useful method for balancing the image quality between eyes without introducing artifacts, while maintaining the feature of bandwidth reduction for stereoscopic video storage and transmission.
Transmission of 8 20-Gb/s Channels over 232 km of Conventional Fiber (1995)

Strategies for upgrading installed lightwave systems that use conventional step-index fiber have followed two paths. Wavelength multiplexing of several 2.5-Gb/s channels can allow unregenerated spans of several hundred kilometers. Alternatively, higher bit-rate single-channel systems can be considered, using shorter regenerator spacings. Recently[1] 10-Gb/s transmission over 360 km of conventional fiber was demonstrated using dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF). In this paper, we demonstrate that the strategy of dispersion compensation at a bit rate of 20 Gb/s can be combined with extensive wavelength multiplexing.