gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CMOS/BICMOS Self-assembling and Electrothermal Microactuators for Tunable Capacitors (2003)

Abstract : Advanced RF systems on chip will benefit from microelectromechanical (MEMS) tunable capacitors integrated on a CMOS or BICMOS chip with high quality factor (Q) and large tuning range. RF circuits with on-chip CMOS/BICMOS MEMS tunable capacitors will have small footprints and will not have the reduction in tuning range coming from fixed capacitance between off-chip circuit parts. CMOS-MEMS micro-movers that use the principles of self-assembly and electrothermal actuation are successfully designed, modeled, fabricated and characterized for use in RF tunable capacitors, latch mechanisms and nanometer-scale gap-closing structures. The micro-movers exploit the lateral stress gradient setup by embedding metal layers into CMOS-MEMS beams that are offset from the centerline of the beam. Built-in residual stress in the aluminum and silicon dioxide layers creates a gradient driving self-assembly upon microstructural release. Electrothermal actuation generates a stress gradient from the different temperature coefficients of expansion of the offset materials. This actuation has relatively low driving voltage of around 12 V maximum, which is compatible with IC technology and silicon substrates. Various micro-mover designs in four different CMOS/BICMOS processes are characterized. The largest lateral displacement from self assembly is 11 micrometers in a 100 micrometer by 40 micrometer footprint. The largest lateral displacement from electrothermal actuation is 25.5 micrometers in an actuator with the same footprint. Frequency response of the micro-movers is limited by the thermal time constant with the fastest measured 3dB bandwidth of 178 Hz. The largest tuning range achieved among tunable capacitor designs is 352.4% with a Q of 52 at 1.5 GHz. For zero-power stand-by operation of RF MEMS capacitors, mechanical latch structures are developed by sequencing micro-movers.
Multiuser detection for CDMA antenna array receivers using spatial equivalence classes (2000)

The reverse link (mobile to base) of a cellular direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system is considered with the aim of increasing system capacity while avoiding system complexity. The capacity of a conventional (matched filter) receiver can be increased by employing sectorised antenna arrays or multiuser detection techniques. Results confirm that the potentially complex approach of beamforming followed by multiuser detection further increases capacity when the uplink transmissions are asynchronous for both additive white gaussian noise channels and Rayleigh fading multipath channels. A method by which the computational cost of multiuser detection applied after beamforming can be significantly reduced without greatly affecting performance is proposed. Bit detection techniques based on partitioning the users into spatial equivalence classes by beamforming and then employing standard multiuser detection techniques within each class are investigated. Classes of users can be determined so that multiple-access interference terms corresponding to users in different classes are of little significance. These terms can be discarded before applying multiuser detection, thus reducing computation.
Discovery of Small Molecule Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist and Antagonist Chemotypes through a HTS and Hit Refinement Strategy (2012)

Herein we present the outcome of a high throughput screening (HTS) campaign-based strategy for the rapid identification and optimization of selective and general chemotypes for both kappa (κ) opioid receptor (KOR) activation and inhibition. In this program, we have developed potent antagonists (IC(50) < 120 nM) or agonists of high binding affinity (K(i) < 3 nM). In contrast to many important KOR ligands, the compounds presented here are highly modular, readily synthesized and, in most cases, achiral. The four new chemotypes hold promise for further development into chemical tools for studying the KOR or as potential therapeutic lead candidates.
Rifampicin as an Oral Angiogenesis Inhibitor Targeting Hepatic Cancers (2009)

Angiogenesis is an important therapeutic target in cancer, and to fully exploit its therapeutic potential, combination chemotherapeutic/antiangiogenic regimens should be optimized and delivered earlier to more patients. Ideally, this could be done by a single potent oral agent with established safety. Rifampicin, a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from the rifamycins, is one of the most commonly used pharmaceutical compounds worldwide in the treatment of tuberculosis. Here, we present the effects of oral rifampicin on human cancer progression and its antiangiogenic properties, which were comparable to the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin. Clinically, low-dose p.o. administration of rifampicin to six high-risk patients with hepatitis C virus-related liver cirrhosis resulted in a single occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma during the follow-up period of 97.3 +/- 29.1 (mean +/- SD) months. Experimentally, rifampicin rapidly and markedly down-regulated the expression of a wide spectrum of angiogenesis-associated genes in growing human microvascular endothelial cells, thereby suppressing endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Rifampicin, at higher concentrations, also directly inhibited the growth of a variety of human cancer cells. P.o. administration of rifampicin significantly inhibited in vivo growth and metastases of subcutaneous human cancer xenografts. Thus, the potent antiangiogenic properties of oral rifampicin therapy were effective in suppressing cancer progression. It provides a promising new addition to antiangiogenic strategies for designing human cancer therapies. Considering the clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampicin, which enters the enterohepatic circulation and undergoes subsequent hepatic accumulation, it may be especially beneficial as an antitumor agent targeting hepatobiliary tumors.
Polyisobutylene‐containing block polymers by sequential monomer addition. IV. New triblock thermoplastic elastomers comprising high <i>T</i><sub><i>g</i></sub> styrenic glassy segments: Synthesis, characterization and physical properties (1992)

Abstract New linear triblock thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) comprising a rubbery polyisobutylene (PIB) midblock flanked by two glassy endblocks of various styrenic polymers have been synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization by sequential monomer addition. First isobutylene (IB) was polymerized by a bifunctional tert ‐ether (dicumyl methyl ether) initiator in conjunction with TiCl 4 coinitiator in CH 3 Cl/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) (40/60 v/v) solvent mixtures at −80°C. After the living narrow molecular weight distribution PIB midblock ( $\[\bar M_n\]$ = 1.1–1.2) has reached the desired molecular weight, the styrenic monomers together with an electron pair donor (ED) and a proton trap (di‐ tert ‐butylpyridine, DtBP) were added to start the blocking of the glassy segments from the living ⊕PIB⊕ chain ends. While p ‐methylstyrene (pMeSt), p ‐ t ‐butylstyrene (ptBuSt) and indene (In) gave essentially 100% blocking to the corresponding glassy endblocks, the blocking of 2,4,6‐trimethylstyrene (TMeSt) and α‐methylstyrene (αMeSt) were ineffective. Uncontrolled initiation by protic impurities was prevented by the use of DtBP. In the simultaneous presence of DtBP and the strong ED N , N ‐dimethylacetamide (DMA), TPEs with good mechanical properties (10–20 MPa tensile strength, 300–600% elongation) were prepared. The products exhibit a low and a high temperature T g characteristic of phase separated rubbery and glassy domains. The service temperature of these new TPEs exceeds that of PSt–PIB–PSt triblock copolymers due to the higher T g s (PpMeSt = 108, PptBuSt = 142 and PIn = 220–240°C) of the outer blocks. The T g of the glassy blocks can be regulated by copolymerizing two styrene derivatives; a triblock copolymer with outer blocks of poly( pt ‐butylstyrene‐co‐indene) showed a single glassy transition T g = +165°C, i.e., in between that of PptBuSt and PIn. Virgin TPEs have been repeatedly compression molded without deterioration of physical properties. The high melt flow index obtained with a TPE containing PptBuSt endblocks suggests superior processability relative to those with PSt end‐blocks. The tensile strength retention at 60°C of the former TPE is far superior to that of a PSt–PIB–PSt triblock of similar composition.
Micromirror-based manipulation of synchrotron x-ray beams (2017)

Synchrotron beamlines typically use macroscopic, quasi-static optics to manipulate x-ray beams. We present the use of dynamic microelectromechanical systems-based optics (MEMS) to temporally modulate synchrotron x-ray beams. We demonstrate this concept using single-crystal torsional MEMS micromirrors oscillating at frequencies of 75 kHz. Such a MEMS micromirror, with lateral dimensions of a few hundred micrometers, can interact with x rays by operating in grazing-incidence reflection geometry; x rays are deflected only when an x-ray pulse is incident on the rotating micromirror under appropriate conditions, i.e., at an angle less than the critical angle for reflectivity. The time window for such deflections depends on the frequency and amplitude of the MEMS rotation. We demonstrate that reflection geometry can produce a time window of a few microseconds. We further demonstrate that MEMS optics can isolate x rays from a selected synchrotron bunch or group of bunches. With ray-trace simulations we explain the currently achievable time windows and suggest a path toward improvements.
Liquid junction coupling for capillary zone electrophoresis/ion spray mass spectrometry (1989)

A liquid junction coupling has been developed to couple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ion spray mass spectrometry. The liquid junction was found to compensate for the different eluent flows required by the ion spray liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface and the CZE column. The utility of the CZE/mass spectrometry union is demonstrated by its application to the separation of acid pesticides, sulfonated azo dyes and a tryptic digest of recombinant bovine somatotropin by CZE and detection by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometric detection was carried out in both positive and negative ion modes. Separation efficiencies are shown ranging from 50 000 to 300 000 theoretical plates with peak asymmetries of 1.2–1.8 for the components separated in the tryptic digest.
Heparin and low molecular weight heparin in thrombosis and beyond. (2002)

Despite efforts in finding and developing new anticoagulants, unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) will continue to play a pivotal role in the management of thrombotic disorders. While bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia represent major side effects of this drug, it has remained the anticoagulant of choicefor the prophylaxis and treatment of arterial and venous thrombotic disorders, surgical anticoagulation and interventional usage. Understanding the heparin structure led to the development of LMWHs, synthetic heparinomimetics, antithrombin and anti-Factor Xa agents.
GaN epitaxy on Cu(110) by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (2012)

We demonstrate that Cu can be a suitable substrate material for c-plane GaN epitaxy using metal organic chemical vapor deposition. By using a low temperature AlN buffer layer, Ga and Cu alloying can be prevented so that GaN layer can be grown on Cu at a temperature of 1000 °C. An epitaxial relation of GaN (0001)//Cu(110) is observed using cross-section transmission electron microscopy and electron back scatter diffraction studies. The single crystalline GaN epilayer shows a threading dislocation density of 3 × 109 cm−2 and strong band edge emission at room temperature. The site alignment between GaN (0001) and Cu(110) shows a mesh ratio of 4/3 and 5/3 in GaN [10-10] and GaN [-1100] directions, which is attributed to the epitaxial relation observed.
Legal document clustering with built-in topic segmentation (2011)

Clustering is a useful tool for helping users navigate, summarize, and organize large quantities of textual documents available on the Internet, in news sources, and in digital libraries. A variety of clustering methods have also been applied to the legal domain, with various degrees of success. Some unique characteristics of legal content as well as the nature of the legal domain present a number of challenges. For example, legal documents are often multi-topical, contain carefully crafted, professional, domain-specific language, and possess a broad and unevenly distributed coverage of legal issues. Moreover, unlike widely accessible documents on the Internet, where search and categorization services are generally free, the legal profession is still largely a fee-for-service field that makes the quality (e.g., in terms of both recall and precision) a key differentiator of provided services. This paper introduces a classification-based recursive soft clustering algorithm with built-in topic segmentation. The algorithm leverages existing legal document metadata such as topical classifications, document citations, and click stream data from user behavior databases, into a comprehensive clustering framework. Techniques associated with the algorithm have been applied successfully to very large databases of legal documents, which include judicial opinions, statutes, regulations, administrative materials and analytical documents. Extensive evaluations were conducted to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Subsequent evaluations conducted by legal domain experts have demonstrated that the quality of the resulting clusters based upon this algorithm is similar to those created by domain experts.
Nanowires: Metal‐Dielectric‐CNT Nanowires for Femtomolar Chemical Detection by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (Adv. Mater. 32/2013) (2013)

Irradiation of a dark red laser (λ = 785 nm) on a canopy gold-hafnia-carbon nanotubes (CNTs), supported by vertically aligned hafnia-CNTs without gold, can induce local plasmonic enhancement of the electromagnetic field at the CNT junctions by a “kissing nanowire” effect. This is demonstrated by work by Hyung Gyu Park, Tiziana Bond and co-workers on page 4431. Eliminating the quenching of surface plasmons through the CNT by the insertion of a dielectric barrier (hafnia), molecules such as 1,2bis-(4-pyridyl)-ethylene located in these hot spots can be detected at femtomolar-level concentrations by surface enhanced Raman scattering
Feature Set Embedding for Incomplete Data (2010)

We present a new learning strategy for classification problems in which train and/or test data suffer from missing features. In previous work, instances are represented as vectors from some feature space and one is forced to impute missing values or to consider an instance-specific subspace. In contrast, our method considers instances as sets of (feature,value) pairs which naturally handle the missing value case. Building onto this framework, we propose a classification strategy for sets. Our proposal maps (feature,value) pairs into an embedding space and then nonlinearly combines the set of embedded vectors. The embedding and the combination parameters are learned jointly on the final classification objective. This simple strategy allows great flexibility in encoding prior knowledge about the features in the embedding step and yields advantageous results compared to alternative solutions over several datasets. 1
An integrated paradigm for cellulosic biorefineries: utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as self-sufficient feedstocks for fuel, food precursors and saccharolytic enzyme production (2012)

Simultaneously achieving economic, environmental and social sustainability is a major challenge for the emerging renewable fuel industry. We approach this problem by demonstrating a cellulosic biorefinery paradigm which produces ethanol and food precursors using lignocellulosic biomass as the exclusive source for carbohydrates and minerals. Enzymatic hydrolysate from Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover at 18% w/w solids loading was found to be nutrient-rich. This hydrolysate was fermented completely within 48 h in two stages to produce ethanol and native yeast cells. An in-house saccharolytic enzyme production using AFEX-pretreated corn stover as carbohydrate source greatly reduces the dependence on commercial enzymes. The inducer mixture is 2.5–7 times more potent than lactose, a common enzyme inducer. Economic analysis indicates that the proposed paradigm is substantially more cost-effective relative to the 2005 NREL model. This improvement is largely attributed to the native yeast cells co-production and the reduction of enzyme cost through the in-house production.
PLANAR COPPER PLATING AND ELECTROPOLISHING TECHNIQUES (2006)

ABSTRACT Electrochemical mechanical deposition (ECMD) is a novel technique that has the ability to deposit planar conductive films on non planar substrate surfaces. This technique involves electrochemical deposition (ECD) while simultaneously polishing the substrate surface. Preferential deposition of the conductor into the cavities on the substrate surface may be achieved through two different mechanisms. The first mechanism is more mechanical in nature and it involves material removal from the top surface. The second mechanism is more chemical in nature, and it involves enhancing the deposition into the cavities where mechanical sweeping does not reach and reducing deposition onto surfaces that are swept. In this study we demonstrate that in an ECMD process, low-pressure mechanical sweeping of the wafer surface during copper plating can establish a differential in the activity of the organic accelerator species between the surface and the cavity regions of the substrate and thus give rise to bottom-up filling in even the lowest aspect-ratio cavities. Planar layers obtained by the ECMD technique have been successfully employed in an electrochemical polishing technique for stress-free removal of Cu. Keywords: CopperElectroplatingElectropolishing
The TIGR gene, pathogenic mechanisms, and other recent advances in glaucoma genetics (1998)

Important advances have been made within the past year in the area of glaucoma genetics, including the identification of the TIGR gene for adult as well as juvenile GLC1A glaucoma, a P450 gene for GLC3A congenital glaucoma, and a bicoidhomeobox transcription factor gene RIEG for developmental glaucoma. The cloning of TIGR as a candidate gene for glaucoma is based on its distinctive induction in human trabecular meshwork cells and tissues, its induction profile, and the expressed molecule's putative biologic properties. Results from several laboratories showing defects in the olfactomedin homology domain of the TIGR gene have generated particular interest concerning potential pathogenic mechanisms. Recent progress in glaucoma genetics has also included the identification of new loci in familial adult open-angle glaucoma, the identification of a locus associated with pigment dispersion syndrome, and the collection of new families for linkage analyses and clinical assessments. Taken together, these findings offer future prospects for improving diagnostic criteria, for understanding disease etiologies, and for developing improved therapeutic strategies.
Identification of novel tumor markers in hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. (2003)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common primary cancer associated frequently with hepatitis C virus (HCV). To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis, and to identify potential HCC markers, we performed cDNA microarray analysis on surgical liver samples from 20 HCV-infected patients. RNA from individual tumors was compared with RNA isolated from adjacent nontumor tissue that was cirrhotic in all of the cases. Gene expression changes related to cirrhosis were filtered out using experiments in which pooled RNA from HCV-infected cirrhotic liver without tumors was compared with pooled RNA from normal liver. Expression of approximately 13,600 genes was analyzed using the advanced analysis tools of the Rosetta Resolver System. This analysis revealed a set of 50 potential HCC marker genes, which were up-regulated in the majority of the tumors analyzed, much more widely than common clinical markers such as cell proliferation-related genes. This HCC marker set contained several cancer-related genes, including serine/threonine kinase 15 (STK15), which has been implicated in chromosome segregation abnormalities but which has not been linked previously with liver cancer. In addition, a set of genes encoding secreted or plasma proteins was identified, including plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase (PGCP) and two secreted phospholipases A2 (PLA2G13 and PLA2G7). These genes may provide potential HCC serological markers because of their strong up-regulation in more than half of the tumors analyzed. Thus, high throughput methods coupled with high-order statistical analyses may result in the development of new diagnostic tools for liver malignancies.
Strengthened Fault Tolerance in Byzantine Fault Tolerant Replication (2021)

Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) state machine replication (SMR) is an important building block for constructing permissioned blockchain systems. In contrast to Nakamoto Consensus where any block obtains higher assurance as buried deeper in the blockchain, in BFT SMR, any committed block is secure has a fixed resilience threshold. In this paper, we investigate strengthened fault tolerance (SFT) in BFT SMR under partial synchrony, which provides stronger resilience guarantees during an optimistic period when the network is synchronous and the number of Byzantine faults is small. Moreover, the committed blocks can tolerate more than one-third (up to two-thirds) corruptions even after the optimistic period. Compared to the prior best solution FBFT which requires quadratic message complexity, our solution maintains the linear message complexity of state-of-the-art BFT SMR protocols and requires only marginal bookkeeping overhead. We implement our solution over the open-source Diem project, and give experimental results that demonstrate its efficiency under real-world scenarios.
EEG Signal Description with Spectral-Envelope-Based Speech Recognition Features for Detection of Neonatal Seizures (2011)

In this paper, features which are usually employed in automatic speech recognition (ASR) are used for the detection of seizures in newborn EEG. In particular, spectral envelope-based features, composed of spectral powers and their spectral derivatives are compared to the established feature set which has been previously developed for EEG analysis. The results indicate that the ASR features which model the spectral derivatives, either full-band or localized in frequency, yielded a performance improvement, in comparison to spectral-power-based features. Indeed it is shown here that they perform reasonably well in comparison with the conventional EEG feature set. The contribution of the ASR features was analyzed here using the support vector machines (SVM) recursive feature elimination technique. It is shown that the spectral derivative features consistently appear among the top-rank features. The study shows that the ASR features should be given a high priority when dealing with the description of the EEG signal.
An Air/Water‐Stable Tridentate N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐ Palladium(II) Complex: Catalytic CH Activation of Hydrocarbons <i>via</i> Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Process in Deuterium Oxide (2009)

While developing novel catalysts for carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom coupling (N, O, or F), we were able to introduce tridentate NHC-amidate-alkoxide palladium(II) complexes. In aqueous solution, these NHC-Pd(II) complexes showed high ability for C-H activation of various hydrocarbons (cyclohexane, cyclopentane, dimethyl ether, THF, acetone, and toluene) under mild conditions.