gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quadratic and linear optimization with analog circuits (2015)

In this work we propose and investigate a new method of solving quadratic and linear optimization problems using analog electrical circuits instead of digital computation. We present the design of an analog circuit which solves Quadratic Programming (QP) or Linear Programming (LP) problems.In particular, the steady-state circuit voltages are the components of the QP (LP) optimal solution.The thesis shows how to construct the circuit and provides a proof of equivalence between the circuitand the QP (LP) problem. We study the stability of the analog optimization circuit. The circuit dynamics are modeled as a switched affine system. A piece-wise quadratic Lyapunov function and the KYP lemma are used to derive the stability criterion. The stability criterion characterizes the range of critical circuit parameters for which the QP circuit is globally asymptotically stable.The proposed method is used to build a printed circuit board (PCB) using programmable components to allow solution of various QP problems. The board supports implementation of an MPC controller for buck DC-DC converter. We conduct an experimental study to evaluate the performance of the analog optimization circuit.We study the feasibility of very high speed implementation of the optimization circuit using Analog Very Large Scale Integration (AVLSI) technology. In AVLSI, all the required circuit components are built on top of a silicon substrate using advanced photo-lithographic technologies. AVLSI circuits are fast, small and cheap. Thus, AVLSI implementation is paramount to make the proposed technology commercially competitive.We discuss the possible usage of the proposed method to make fast MPC controllers, image processors, communication decoders and analog co-processors. In fact, any application that requires a repeating solution of related optimization problems can benefit from this technology. Besides being faster than the digital computers, analog computers are more power efficient, may occupy smaller area on silicon and may be more resilient in harsh environments.
New detector for use in fast neutron radiography (2011)

We have developed and tested a new detector for use in the fast neutron (FN) imaging radiography applications, which is distinct from other presently known FN imagers. Our device implements a neutron-sensitive scintillator attached to a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube, and operates in the event-by-event readout mode, acquiring energy, timing, and pulse shape information for all detected radiation events. This information is used to help separate events of FN interactions in the scintillator from the background events, caused by the electronics noise and by other types of background radiation. The detector performance for FN imaging application was tested using the D-D neutron generator, designed and manufactured by Adelphi Technology, Inc. This essentially point-like neutron source operates in continuous mode, producing up to 109 of 2.5 MeV neutrons per second. Samples made of metals, plastic, and other materials were used to measure the detector resolution, efficiency and uniformity. Results of these tests are presented and discussed. Both X and Y position resolutions of the FN imaging detector are estimated to be less than 0.5 mm (sigma). Because this detector shows the fraction-of-a-millimeter resolution desirable for most of FN applications, is capable of good neutron-background separation, and is built using radiation hard materials, we believe that it could be a good alternative to other FN imaging systems based on CCD or solid state detectors. In addition, because of its sub-nanosecond timing resolution, it is suitable for the time-of-flight energy-resolved FN imaging.
Low Cost Heat Treatment Process for Production of Dual Microstructure Superalloy Disks (2003)

There are numerous incidents where operating conditions imposed on a component mandate different and distinct mechanical property requirements from location to location within the component. Examples include a crankshaft in an internal combustion engine, gears for an automotive transmission, and disks for a gas turbine engine. Gas turbine disks are often made from nickel-base superalloys, because these disks need to withstand the temperature and stresses involved in the gas turbine cycle. In the bore of the disk where the operating temperature is somewhat lower, the limiting material properties are often tensile and fatigue strength. In the rim of the disk, where the operating temperatures are higher than those of the bore, because of the proximity to the combustion gases, resistance to creep and crack growth are often the limiting properties.
Long wavelength terahertz quantum-cascade lasers with one-well injector (2006)

We report operation of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers at frequencies down to 1.86 THz (lambda ap 161 mum) using a single quantum-well injector that significantly reduces free-carrier losses. The laser threshold current density at 5 K was ~140 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
A112 Study on performance increase of Wind Turbine generator system (2012)

Vertical axis wind turbine generator is mainly used for small size wind turbine generator, and is independent on wind direction. Its rotating part (shaft unit) should be rotated by extremely small torque so as to increase generation efficiency. But commercially available bearing is not necessarily suitable for the shaft unit because its both static and dynamic load rating are frequently larger than those demanded for the vertical axis wind turbine. As a result, the frictional force and the rotating torque of the commercially available bearing is too large for the shaft unit to rotate lightly. In this study, through the experiment of actual vertical axis wind turbine, the bearings used for the shaft unit are reviewed in accordance with "IEC61400-2". The design of the shaft unit with the bearings having the most suitable load rating and the frictional force for the vertical axis wind turbine is tried. The newly designed shaft unit will be applied to the vertical axis wind turbine and will be tested.
Bim–Bcl‐2 homology 3 mimetic therapy is effective at suppressing inflammatory arthritis through the activation of myeloid cell apoptosis (2010)

These data demonstrate that BH3 mimetic therapy may have significant potential for the treatment of RA.
Significance of negative ion formation in sputtering and SIMS analysis (1978)

An unexpected substrate etching phenomenon during the sputtering of certain intermetallic compounds has been found to be caused by a large flux of negative metal ions from the sputtering target. The substrates directly under the target in a diode geometry are etched (eroded) rather than coated with a film. The occurrence of this substrate etching has been correlated with negative ion yields measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). We find a high yield of negative metal ions from several intermetallic compounds in addition to the highly ionic compounds previously reported. A model based on electron charge transfer is presented which predicts when negative ion formation will be important, and the dependence of etch rate on target voltage is also treated. We predict that negative ion effects will be found in the sputtering of a wide range of compounds.
Production Technology and Mechanical Properties of High Strength Hot Rolled Steel Sheets (1982)

The various types of high strength hot rolled steel sheets for automotive use have been developed. The effects of hot rolling conditions, especially cooling condition and coiling temperature, on the mechanical properties and the flatness of hot strip are discussed. It was found that the cooling pattern during traveling on runout table as well as coiling temperature was important factor to obtain as-hotrolled dual phase steel sheet having the uniform properties.The dual phase steel sheets have a lower yield ratio, high work hardening rate and good ductility, compared with conventional high strength steel sheets. Some examples of the application of these high strength steel sheets are also introduced.
Mammalian pituitary growth hormone: Applications of free flow electrophoresis (2000)

We have used free flow electrophoresis (FFE) technology to study the electrophoretic behavior of growth hormone (GH) molecules, GH secretory granules and GH cell subpopulations contained in pituitary glands of humans and rodents. GH activities in different electrophoresis fractions were measured by immunoassay or bioassay, viz., measurement of chondrocyte proliferation in the tibial growth plate of the hypophysectomized rat. Using FFE we discovered a peptide in human post mortem pituitary tissue and cryopoor human plasma that is active in the tibial line bioassay, is inactive in a GH immunoassay, and is neither GH nor a GH fragment. This peptide, called tibial peptide, has high anodal mobility and is readily separable from GH by FFE. Its molecular mass is approximately 5 kD. It is particularly rich in glycine. A partial amino acid sequence (residues 9-25) in the middle region of the peptide shows that 9 of the 16 residues are nonpolar. On the basis of results from other FFE experiments, using either GH-containing secretory granules or GH-producing cells, we believe that the peptide is stored within the secretion granule of a subpopulation of GH cells. On the basis of recent information elucidating the role of C peptide contained in the insulin storage granule of the pancreatic cell, we propose that the tibial peptide serves a similar role in the GH cell. Thus, not only may tibial peptide aid in proper alignment of disulfide bonds between GH monomers in the secretory granule, but, like the C peptide, it also appears to have biologic activity in its own right.
New Terthiophene-Conjugated Porphyrin Donors for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells (2016)

To mimic the natural photosynthetic systems utilizing chlorophylls to absorb light and store light energy, two new porphyrin-based small molecules of PTTR and PTTCNR have been developed for photovoltaic applications. The highest power conversion efficiency of 8.21% is achieved, corresponding to a short-circuit current of 14.30 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>, open-circuit voltage of 0.82 V, and fill factor of 70.01%. The excellent device performances can be ascribed to the engineering of molecule structure and film morphology. The horizontal conjugation of 3,3″-dihexyl-terthiophene to porphyrin-core with the vertical aliphatic 2-octylundecyl peripheral substitutions, can not only effectively increase the solar flux coverage between the conventional Soret and Q bands of porphyrin unit, but also optimize molecular packing through polymorphism associated with side-chains and the linear π-conjugated backbones. And the additive of 1,8-diiodooctane and subsequent chloroform solvent vapor annealing facilitate the formation of the blend films with [6,6]-phenyl-C<sub>71</sub>-butyric acid methyl ester (PC<sub>71</sub>BM) characteristics of bicontinuous, interpenetrating networks required for efficient charge separation and transportation.
Conversational Shadows: Describing Live Media Events Using Short Messages (2010)

Microblogging concurrently with live media events is becoming commonplace. The resulting comment stream represents a parallel, social conversational reflection on the event. Although not formally `attached' to the actual event stream itself, we demonstrate it is possible to establish a relationship between the two streams by mapping their structural properties. In this article, we examine: How do people produce and consume real-time commentary? And how does the structure of commentary and conversation change in response to moments of interest? Using a dataset of 53,712 Twitter posts, or tweets, sampled during the inauguration of Barack Obama in January 2009, we develop methods for exploring these questions. We find that short message activity reflects the structure and content of this media event. Specifically, messages directed at large audiences can serve as broadcast announcements, while variations in the level of conversation can reflect levels of interest in the media event itself. Finally, we present some implications for the design of future tools for a variety of users ranging from consumers to journalists.
A Method for Simultaneous Determination of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> and Its 3-Sulfate in Newborn Plasma by LC/ESI-MS/MS after Derivatization with a Proton-Affinitive Cookson-Type Reagent (2016)

A method for the simultaneous determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and its 3-sulfate [25(OH)D3S] in newborn plasma, which is expected to be helpful in the assessment of the vitamin D status, using stable isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and validated. The plasma was pretreated based on the deproteinization and solid-phase extraction, then subjected to derivatization with 4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DAPTAD). The derivatization enabled the accurate quantification of 25(OH)D3 without interference from 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and also facilitated the simultaneous determination of the two metabolites by LC/positive ESI-MS/MS. Quantification was based on the selected reaction monitoring with the characteristic fragmentation of the DAPTAD-derivatives during MS/MS. This method was reproducible (intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviations of 7.8% or lower for both metabolites) and accurate (analytical recovery, 95.4-105.6%). The limits of quantification were 1.0 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL for 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3S, respectively, when using a 20-μL sample. The developed method was applied to the simultaneous determination of plasma 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3S in newborns; it was recognized that the plasma concentration of 25(OH)D3S is significantly higher than that of 25(OH)D3, and preterm newborns have lower plasma 25(OH)D3S concentrations than full-term newborns.
Term context models for information retrieval (2006)

At their heart, most if not all information retrieval models utilize some form of term frequency.The notion is that the more often a query term occurs in a document, the more likely it is that document meets an information need. We examine an alternative. We propose a model which assesses the presence of a term in a document not by looking at the actual occurrence of that term, but by a set of non-independent supporting terms, i.e. context. This yields a weighting for terms in documents which is different from and complementary to tf-based methods, and is beneficial for retrieval.
Network Assisted GPS P-code Acquisition (2002)

Network assisted GPS technology has been developed
and optimized for use in portable communications
devices in direct support of E911 mandates. This
technology has superior initial acquisition time,
sensitivity and location accuracy as compared to
conventional GPS. The current technology is targeted
towards civilian applications, specifically processing
the C/A codes. A future technology targeted towards
military applications addresses the special and difficult objectives associated with a direct P(Y) code
implementation, as distinct from C/A code
implementations.
This paper describes the signal processing of the
principal GPS P(Y) code acquisition in a network
assisted environment.
A Column-Row-Parallel Ultrasound Imaging Architecture for 3-D Plane-Wave Imaging and Tx Second-Order Harmonic Distortion Reduction (2018)

We propose a column-row-parallel imaging front-end architecture for integrated and low-power 3-D medical ultrasound imaging. The column-row-parallel architecture offers linear-scaling interconnection, acquisition, and programming time with row-by-row or column-by-column operations, while supporting volumetric imaging functionality and fault-tolerance against possible transducer element defects with per-element controls. The combination of column-parallel selection logic, row-parallel selection logic, and per-element selection logic reaches a balance between flexible imaging aperture definition and manageable imaging data/control interface to a 2-D array. A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT)-application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) column-row-parallel prototype is fabricated and assembled with a flip-chip bonding process. It facilitates the 3-D plane-wave coherent compounding algorithm for volumetric imaging with a fast frame rate of 62.5 Hz and 46% improved lateral resolution with 10-angle compounding and a field of view volume of 2.3 mm in both azimuth and elevation, 8.5 mm in depth. At a hypothetically scaled up array size, the frame rate can still be kept at 31.2 Hz for a volume of 40 mm in both azimuth and elevation, 150 mm in depth. An interleaved checkerboard pattern with in-phase ( ) and quadrature ( ) excitations is also demonstrated for reducing CMUT second-harmonic distortion emission by up to 25 dB at the loss of 3-dB fundamental energy reduction. The method reduces nonlinear effects from both transducers and circuits and is a wide band technique that is applicable to arbitrary pulse shapes.
Magnetic properties of extremely small Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets (2005)

Magnetic properties of small Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets were investigated. Thickness of surface damaged layer, which shows low coercivity and causes the deterioration in magnetic properties, was found to be comparable to mean grain size of sintered bodies. Magnets with small grains of around 5 /spl mu/m showed rather higher magnetic performance after machining into small pieces with a surface area/volume ratio of 20-35 mm/sup -1/. Chemical etching with a nitric acid solution was effective in partial recovery of magnetic properties through bringing slightly higher coercivity of surface grains. Heat treatment at higher temperatures than the melting point of Nd-rich phase and subsequent aging enhanced the coercivity of surface grains. Coating with powders of Dy/sub 2/O/sub 3/, DyF/sub 3/, or TbF/sub 3/ before the heat treatment resulted in a great enhancement in coercivity without significant reduction in remanence.
Cascade Realizations of Magnetic Bubble Logic Using a Small Set of Primitives (1975)

Cascades of only three different primitive 3-3 magnetic bubble logic circuits are shown to realize 29 of the 31 equivalence classes of such circuits. The results are compared with earlier realizations using a set of 15 primitives.
Spur Mitigation in High-Sensitivity GNSS Receivers (2014)

The presence of spurious tones in a Global Navigation Satellite Signal (GNSS) receiver's RF and analog front-end signal spectrum leads it to compute receiver's position erroneously. Addressing spurs is crucial in modern multiconstellation GNSS receivers as their wide bandwidth and coexistence on a shared chip or board with other radios and processors make them highly susceptible to corruption by dynamically varying spurs. Proposed here is a solution to mitigate a large number of spurs in GNSS receivers using a combination of limited number of frequency-tracked digital hardware filters, fast Fourier transform-based spur detectors, and a firmware algorithm predicting and weeding out potentially corrupt satellite measurements. Laboratory validation results from an experimental GNSS receiver in a CMOS system-on-chip are shown to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Strong two-photon absorption in new porphyrins with asymmetrical meso -substitution (2003)

Porphyrins and related molecules with strong two-photon absorption (TPA) are extremely called for because of several emerging applications, including 3D optical memory, high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and photodynamic therapy. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time that an asymmetric <i>meso</i>-substitution of porphyrin macrocycle with electron-donating diphenylamino-stilbene or bis-(diphenylamino)-stilbene groups results in a drastic enhancement of intrinsic TPA cross section in the near-IR region. The cross section value amounts to 500 - 900 GM depending on substituent group and link structure, which is about 10<sup>2</sup> times the corresponding value for the unsubstituted parent molecule. Compared to symmetrical porphyrins, the TPA spectra of this series follow qualitatively the corresponding one-photon spectra. Therefore, we describe the observed TPA spectra and absolute cross section values by taking into account the change of permanent dipole moment upon excitation. A new zeroth-generation dendrimer, consisting of a porphyrin core, symmetrically <i>tertakis-meso</i>-substituted with strong TPA dendrons, reveals 7 times increase of the cross section (740 vs 110 GM) as compared to its <i>mono-meso</i>-substituted analogue. We also demonstrated an efficient singlet oxygen generation upon two-photon excitation of these new molecules, which makes them particularly attractive for photodynamic therapy.
Representing discovered patterns using attributed hypergraph (1996)

One of the fundamental problems in knowledge discovery in databases and other applications of AI is how to represent knowledge and patterns. Existing representation schemes have various shortcomings. In this paper, we propose a new knowledge representation scheme using attributed hypergraph (AHG), which is simple yet general enough to directly encode different order patterns discovered from large databases. In AHG, both the qualitative and quantitative relations are represented as attributed hyperedges. Such representation is lucid and transparent for visualization. Besides, patterns in AHG are easy to understand. In the discussion, some basic manipulations of AHG for data mining tasks are briefly addressed. The paper ends with examples of pattern representation using AHG.
Embedded-stripe GaAs-GaAlAs double-heterostructure lasers with polycrystalline GaAsP layers - II: Lasers with etched mirrors (1977)

Monolithic CW lasers with low threshold are reported in which mesa stripes are embedded with vapor-phase-grown high-resistivity GaAsP layers and cavity mirrors are formed by chemical etching. An etching solution consisting of NaOH, H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , and NH <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> OH has turned out to offer excellently flat-cavity mirrors on
<title>Computer-generated holography using complex interference patterns</title> (1998)

This paper introduces a scheme whereby complex holography is realized as computer generated holograms. Complex holography is based on the complex amplitude of the wavefront using an additive representation of a real part and imaginary part. Two types of hologram are needed, but no conjugate image is produced. Conventional holography can avoid the effects of conjugate images only by using a display/recording device with very high resolution, but this solution is not available to electro-holography. The conjugate image, which is always generated from the original image simultaneously, makes the reconstructed image very noisy. Complex holography involves decomposing the complex value of each pixel into the real and imaginary parts of the pattern. Each interference pattern is displayed on a different display device, and illuminated by coherent lights. At this time, the coherent lights differ only in terms of phase, the phase difference is (pi) /2 radians. The summation of the two diffraction patterns regenerates the complex wavefront while eliminating the conjugate object light wave-front. This paper first mathematically confirms the principle of the proposed method. Next, experimental simulations in which synthesized images are clearly reconstructed are described. In addition, an experimental system is demonstrated that uses two LCD panels.