gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical compiled event-driven logic simulation (2003)

A logic simulator is described that includes incremental preprocessing and reduced execution time. The simulator uses compiled code techniques with an event-driven algorithm. Each wire is compiled into a routine that performs fanout processing for that wire, and each gate is compiled into a routine that simulates that gate. At simulation time, the addresses of routines for active nodes and active gates are dynamically compiled into a threaded code sequence for simulating the active parts of the circuits. Gate-level simulation using C code output is up to 7 times faster, using as few as 40 machine instructions per gate event, while machine code would permit 20 instructions per gate event. This technique is then extended to hierarchical simulation, in which a fanout procedure and a simulation procedure are generated for each unique subcircuit type. Hierarchical simulation reduces preprocessing time by allowing incremental recompilation, in which only modified subcircuits are recompiled. The performance improvement is smaller due to the overhead of passing logic values and activation information between subcircuits, but a speed increase of 2 to 4 is realized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bloodless medicine: current strategies and emerging treatment paradigms (2016)

Given the emerging evidence that patients who avoid ABTs do as well if not better than patients who accept ABTs, further efforts are needed to determine whether all patients could benefit from bloodless strategies. Bloodless approaches in selected patients could reduce risks, improve outcomes, and decrease costs for all patients.
The Osler industry: Insightful history or insipid hagiography? (2007)

The life and legacy of Sir William Osler (1849-1919) have been celebrated by nearly 1900 articles, 10 special issues of medical journals, several biographies, numerous lectures and orations, and regular meetings of 'Osler Societies' throughout the world. To what extent does this 'industry' reflect serious history as opposed to hagiography? The overarching purpose of this special issue of the Journal of Medical Biography is to present Osler as a real person from whom useful examples--both admirable and not so admirable--can be drawn for a 21st century readership.
Understanding Virtual Reality Technology: Advances and Applications (2011)

Advances in Computer Science and Engineering 54 experienced visually in the three dimensions of width, height, and depth and that may additionally provide an interactive experience visually in full real-time motion with sound and possibly with tactile and other forms of feedback. VR is a way for humans to visualize, manipulate and interact with computers and extremely complex data It is an artificial environment created with computer hardware and software and presented to the user in such a way that it appears and feels like a real environment VR is a computer-synthesized, three-dimensional environment in which a plurality of human participants, appropriately interfaced, may engage and manipulate simulated physical elements in the environment and, in some forms, may engage and interact with representations of other humans, past, present or fictional, or with invented creatures. It is a computer-based technology for simulating visual auditory and other sensory aspects of complex environments VR incorporates 3D technologies that give a reallife illusion. VR creates a simulation of real-life situation Therefore, VR refers to an immersive, interactive, multi-sensory, viewer-centered, 3D computer-generated environment and the combination of technologies required to build such an environment By immersing viewers in a computer-generated stereoscopic environment, VR technology breaks down barriers between humans and computers. VR technology simulates natural stereoscopic viewing processes by using computer technology to create right-eye and left-eye images of a given 3D object or scene. The viewer's brain integrates the information from these two perspectives to create the perception of 3D space. Thus, VR technology creates the illusion that on-screen objects have depth and presence beyond the flat image projected onto the screen. With VR technology, viewers can perceive distance and spatial relationships between different object components more realistically and accurately than with conventional visualization tools (such as traditional CAD tools).
Equilibrium Swelling of Hydrophilic Polyacrylates in Humid Environments (1998)

The hydrophilicity of polymers, as indicated by their swelling characteristics in water, is an important parameter with regard to their use as coatings which are able to modify the wettability and adhesive properties of a material. We have investigated the swelling behavior of a series of hydrophilic random copolymer coatings in controlled humidity environments and in water. Swelling data were obtained from a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and from spectroscopic ellipsometry. The hydrophilic polymers are based on polyacrylates with low molecular weight side chains of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). These polymers also contain a random distribution of acrylic acid. Triblock copolymers with these random copolymers as the midblock and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the end blocks have also been investigated. At low and intermediate humidities, the swelling behavior of appropriately chosen block copolymers is similar to the swelling behavior of the corresponding polymers that do not have the PMMA end blocks. Substantial differences between the two types of polymers are observed at very high humidities and in water. The PMMA end blocks stabilize the structure of the copolymer layer so that it does not dissolve in water. Swelling curves obtained from the quartz crystal microbalance and from ellipsometry are in agreement with one another when the shape of the quartz crystal resonance (as determined by impedance spectroscopy) is not affected by humidity. We also find evidence for a reversible, humidity-induced phase transition which is readily detectable by the quartz crystal microbalance.
A Comparison between Evolutionary Metaheuristics and Mathematical Optimization to Solve the Wells Placement Problem (2013)

The Wells Placement Problem (WPP) consists in choosing well locations within an oil reservoir grid to maximize the reservoir total oil production, subject to distance threshold between wells and number of wells cap constraints. A popular approach to WPP is Genetic Algorithms (GA). Alternatively, WPP has been approached in the literature through Mathematical Optimization. Here, we conduct a computational study of both methods and compare their solutions and performance. Our results indicate that, while GA can provide near-optimal solutions to instances of WPP, typically Mathematical Optimization provides better solutions within less computational time.
Defected Ground Structure: Fundamentals, Analysis, and Applications in Modern Wireless Trends (2017)

Slots or defects integrated on the ground plane of microwave planar circuits are referred to as Defected Ground Structure. DGS is adopted as an emerging technique for improving the various parameters of microwave circuits, that is, narrow bandwidth, cross-polarization, low gain, and so forth. This paper presents an introduction and evolution of DGS and how DGS is different from former technologies: PBG and EBG. A basic concept behind the DGS technology and several theoretical techniques for analysing the Defected Ground Structure are discussed. Several applications of DGS in the field of filters, planar waveguides, amplifiers, and antennas are presented.
Michael Manley Charismatic Leadership and Ideological Pragmatism (2002)

(2002). Michael Manley Charismatic Leadership and Ideological Pragmatism. Caribbean Quarterly: Vol. 48, Michael Manley: A Voice at the Workplace. Guest Editor: Marva A. Phillips, pp. 5-11.
Utilization and Disposal of Fly Ash and Other Coal Residues in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Review (1980)

Abstract A major shift to coal as an energy source adjunct with more stringent air quality standards will result in the increasing production of vast quantities of the already difficult‐to‐dispose coal residues in the United States. Since coal residues contain potentially hazardous substances, improper handling and disposal could cause undesirable environmental effects. This report intends to summarize impacts of land‐oriented utilization and disposal of various coal combustion residues. The physical and chemical properties of coal ashes are dependent on the coal's geological origin, combustion conditions, efficiency of particulate removal, and degree of weathering before final disposal. Coal residues, applied on cropland, are not practical sources of essential plant nutrients N, P, and K; however, they can effectively serve as a supplementary supply of Ca, S, B, Mo, and Se to soils. Fly ash could also be an effective amendment in neutralizing soil acidity. Many of the observed chemical and biological effects of fly ash applications to soils resulted from the increased activities of Ca 2+ and OH − ions. Most unweathered fly ashes, especially those coming from the subbituminous and lignite coals of the western U.S., are high in these constituents and usually will cause high soil salinity. The accumulation of B, Mo, Se, and soluble salts in fly ash‐amended soils appear to be the most serious constraints associated with land application of fly ash to soil.
Analytical derivation of a coupled-circuit model of a claw-pole alternator with concentrated stator windings (2002)

A lumped-parameter coupled-circuit model of a claw-pole alternator is derived. To derive the model, analytical techniques are used to define a three-dimensional (3-D) Fourier-series representation of the airgap flux density. Included in the series expansion are the harmonics introduced by rotor saliency, concentrated stator windings, and stator slots. From the airgap flux density waveform, relatively simple closed-form expressions for the stator and rotor self- and mutual-inductances are obtained. The coupled-circuit model is implemented in the simulation of an alternator/rectifier system using a commercial state-model-based circuit analysis program. Comparisons with experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the model in predicting both the steady-state and transient behavior of the machine.
Partial discharge detection in cables using VHF capacitive couplers (2003)

In order to detect and locate partial discharge (PD) activity within HV cables and in particular cable joints, the feasibility of using a very high frequency WHO capacitive coupler technique has been investigated. In addition, an alternative PD offline test method for cable joints or cable sections within long cable systems has been developed. By energising the joint or a short section of the cable screen only this method has the advantage of reducing the power supply requirement of the test source. The application of capacitive couplers for this PD offline test method has been investigated. In order to use this approach there must be an insulation gap between the coupler and the outer sheath of the test cable. The effect of this gap on measured sensitivity has been investigated experimentally and through the use of a simulation model. Obtained results are in good agreement. Cross-correlation techniques have been implemented to automatically estimate the signal time of flight from different-coupler outputs. Methods of calibrating the coupler applied to the alternative PD offline test method have also been investigated.
Reconstruction from affine cameras using closure constraints (2002)

This paper outlines a new method that makes reconstruction from an image sequence taken by affine cameras. The method is based on the so called closure constraints that link the camera matrices to the different affine quasi-tensors. This method can easily handle missing data and not only points, but also lines and conics are used to constrain the reconstruction. The method works in three steps: 1) the second or third order affine quasi-tensors are estimated from corresponding points, lines and conics in two or three images; 2) all available quasi-tensor components are used to calculate the camera matrices using the closure constraints; and 3) the reconstruction is obtained by intersection. When using the second order quasi-tensors, it is sufficient to estimate the quasi-tensors between images i and i+1 and between images i and i+2. In the case of the third order quasi-tensors, it is sufficient to use every successive triplets of images. Finally, the method is illustrated on real data.
picSEEK: Collaborative filtering for context-based image recommendation (2010)

As we all know, the World Wide Web is becoming a large source of images. Thus, it is manifest that the demand for image recommendation systems is increasing rapidly. There are several image recommendation systems for both commercial and academic areas, which deals with the user preference being fixed. However, since the Images preferred by a user may change depending on the contexts, the conventional systems could fail to achieve its goal due to inherent problems. Therefore, Our approach, through this paper, proposes a context-aware image recommendation service (picSEEK) that exploits the collaborative-filtering to recommend appropriate images with respect to the context. We have analyzed the recommendation process and performed a subjective test to show the usefulness of the proposed system.
Comprehensive Molecular Diagnosis of a Large Cohort of Japanese Retinitis Pigmentosa and Usher Syndrome Patients by Next-Generation Sequencing (2014)

By screening a large cohort of patients, this study catalogued the genetic variations involved in RP and Usher syndrome in a Japanese population and highlighted the different distribution of causative genes among populations.
Dynamics of tumor imaging with Gd‐DTPA—polyethylene glycol polymers: Dependence on molecular weight (1994)

Macromolecular contrast media offer potential advantages over freely diffusible agents in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging outside the central nervous system. To identify an optimum molecular weight for macromolecular contrast media, the authors studied a novel macromolecular contrast agent, gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid polyethylene glycol (DTPA-PEG), synthesized in seven polymer (average) molecular weights ranging from 10 to 83 kd. Twenty-eight rabbits bearing V2 carcinoma in thighs underwent T1-weighted spin-echo imaging before injection and 5-60 minutes and 24 hours after injection of the Gd-DTPA-PEG polymers or Gd-DTPA at a gadolinium dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. Tumor region-of-interest measurements were obtained at each time point to determine contrast enhancement dynamics. Blood-pool enhancement dynamics were observed for the Gd-DTPA-PEG polymers larger than 20 kd. Polymers smaller than 20 kd displayed dynamics similar to those of the freely diffusible agent Gd-DTPA. Above the 20 kd threshold, tumor enhancement was more rapid for smaller polymers. The authors conclude that the 21.9-kd Gd-DTPA-PEG polymer is best suited for clinical MR imaging.
A Practical Synthesis of 6-[2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-ethylquinazoline and the Art of Removing Palladium from the Products of Pd-Catalyzed Reactions (2003)

A concise large-scale synthesis of 1, a new antimitotic agent is described. The key step was a one-pot Sonogashira cross-coupling of an aryl halide with a heteroaryl halide through an acetylene using the readily available 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (7). An innovative approach for palladium removal was designed and successfully scaled-up on a multikilogram scale. The product was crystallized from the crude reaction mixture while keeping the residual palladium in the mother liquor by using Pd-scavenging agents such as N-acetylcysteine or thiourea.
Artificial spider silk (2008)

Spider dragline silk is Nature’s high-performance fiber that outperforms the best man-made materials by displaying extraordinary mechanical properties. In addition, spider silk is biocompatible and biodegradable, which makes it suitable as a model for biomaterial production. Dragline silk consists of large structural proteins (spidroins) comprising an extensive region of poly-alanine/glycine-rich tandem repeats, located in between two non-repetitive and folded terminal domains. The spidroins are stored at high concentration in liquid form and are converted to a solid fiber through a poorly understood spinning process. In order to artificially replicate the dragline properties, the protein constituents must be characterized and the silk production pathway elucidated. The large, repetitive sequences of the genes and corresponding proteins have made spidroin analogs difficult to produce in recombinant expression systems. Genetic instability, prematurely terminated synthesis and poor solubility of produced proteins are often observed. This thesis presents a novel method for the efficient recombinant production of a soluble miniaturized spidroin under non-denaturing conditions. The mini-spidroin can be processed under physiological conditions to form fibers with favorable mechanical and cell-compatibility properties, without the use of denaturing spinning procedures or coagulation treatments. The fibers structure and macroscopic appearance resemble native spider silk and the strength equals that of regenerated silk and mammalian tendons. In addition, for the first time, the production of recombinant silk with enhanced mechanical properties was accomplished through introduction of mutations, enabling covalent intermolecular cross-linking of proteins constituting the fiber. Moreover, the effect on structure, stability and fiber forming propensities for all representative parts of MaSp1, due to changes in temperature, pH and salt concentrations was investigated.
Novel injectable biomimetic hydrogels with carbon nanofibers and self assembled rosette nanotubes for myocardial applications (2012)

The objective of the present in vitro study was to investigate cardiomyocyte functions, specifically their adhesion and proliferation, on injectable scaffolds containing RNT (rosette nanotubes) and CNF (carbon nanofibers) in a pHEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)) hydrogel to determine their potential for myocardial tissue engineering applications. RNTs are novel biocompatible nanomaterials assembled from synthetic analogs of DNA bases guanine and cytosine that self-assemble within minutes when placed in aqueous solutions at body temperatures. These materials could potentially improve cardiomyocyte functions and solidification time of pHEMA and CNF composites. Because heart tissue is conductive, CNFs were added to pHEMA to increase the composite's conductivity. Our results showed that cardiomyocyte density increased after 4 h, 1 day, and 3 days with greater amounts of CNFs and greater amounts of RNTs in pHEMA (up to 10 mg mL(-1) CNFs and 0.05 mg mL(-1) RNTs). Factors that may have increased cardiomyocyte functions include greater wettability, conductivity, and an increase in surface nanoroughness with greater amounts of CNFs and RNTs. In effect, contact angles measured on the surface of the composites decreased while the conductivity and surface roughness increased as CNFs and RNTs content increased. Lastly, the ultimate tensile modulus decreased for composites with greater amounts of CNFs. In summary, the properties of these injectable composites make them promising candidates for myocardial tissue engineering applications and should be further studied.
Viewer-based directional querying for mobile applications (2004)

With the steady and fast advancements in the integration of geographic information systems and mobile location-based services, interest in exploiting this technology for cultural heritage (CH) data sharing has become apparent. In this area there has been an increasing need to integrate positional information with non-positional data and add a spatial dimension to the definition of a users "context". In this paper, we describe an implementation of a viewer-based directional query processor that operates on an Oracle spatial database. The spatial position and orientation are taken from the viewer's perspective. Using this frame of reference a view-port is defined in real time as the viewer progresses through the space and used as the primary filter to query an R-tree spatial index. Finally, an experimental implementation shows how the query processor performs within a VRML model of Dublin linked to a spatially enabled CH dataset.
Relationship between Diabetic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Ankle-Brachial Index (2006)

Background: Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a primary risk factor of foot amputation. In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), the frequency of PVD is twice that of the general population. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a valuable diagnostic test for PVD. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the ABI and PVD, as well as the cutoff value of ABI in the diagnosis of PVD, and analyzed whether the ABI can be used as a predictor for amputation. Methods: Fifty-two type 2 DM patients (31 males, 21 females) underwent peripheral angiography. PVD was defined as the complete obstruction of arteries and/or significant luminal narrowing, with collateral vessels formation, using peripheral angiography. The ABI was calculated by measurement of the segmental pressure using the Doppler method. Results: Significant differences were observed between PVD and non-PVD patients in terms of age, systolic pressure and total cholesterol (each P < 0.05). The ABI was significantly lower in legs with PVD (P < 0.01) and an ABI less than 0.90 was adequate for diagnosing PVD. The risk of amputation was significantly increased in relation to the ABI level, and the risk of amputation was 21.5 times greater in a leg with an ABI less than 0.40 compared to 0.90 (P = 0.021). Conclusion: ABI is a good diagnostic test for PVD and a good predictor of the need for amputation. (J Kor Endocrinol Soc 21:382~388, 2006)
Hair growth effect of minoxidil (2002)

The length and size of hair are depend on the anagen term in its hair cycle. It has been reported that the some cell growth factors, such as VEGF, FGF-5S, IGF-1 and KGF, induce the proliferation of cells in the matrix, dermal papilla and dermal papillary vascular system and increase the amount of extra cellular matrix in dermal papilla and then maintain follicles in the anagen phase. On the other hand, negative factors, like FGF-5, thrombospondin, or still unknown ones, terminate the anagen phase. If the negative factors become dominant against cell proliferation factors according to fulfilling some time set by the biological clock for hair follicles, TGF beta induced in the matrix tissues evokes apoptosis of matrix cells and shifts the follicles from anagen to catagen. Androgenetic alopecia is caused by miniaturizing of hair follicles located in the frontal or crown part of scalp and are hereditarily more sensitive to androgen. In their hair cycles, the androgen shortens the anagen phase of follicles and shifts them to the catagen phase earlier than usual. The mode of action of hair growth effect of minoxidil is not completely elucidated, but the most plausible explanation proposed here is that minoxidil works as a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) activator and prolongs the anagen phase of hair follicles in the following manner: minoxidil (1) induces cell growth factors such as VEGF, HGF, IGF-1 and potentiates HGF and IGF-1 actions by the activation of uncoupled SUR on the plasma membrane of dermal papilla cells, (2) inhibits of TGF beta induced apoptosis of hair matrix cells by opening the Kir 6.0 channel pore coupled with SUR on the mitochondrial inner membrane, and (3) dilates hair follicle arteries and increases blood flow in dermal papilla by opening the Kir 6.0 channel pore coupled with SUR on the plasma membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells.