gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Printing nanoparticle building blocks from the gas phase using nanoxerography (2003)

This letter reports on the electrostatic driven self-assembly of nanoparticles onto charged surface areas (receptors) from the gas phase for nanoparticle based device fabrication. The charged areas were generated by a parallel technique that uses a flexible, conductive electrode to pattern electrons and holes in a thin film electret. Samples, 1 cm2 in size, were patterned with charge in 10 s with 100 nm scale resolution. Charge based receptors, 100 nm×100 nm in size, contained ∼100 elementary charges. A transparent particle assembly module was designed to direct and monitor the assembly of metallic nanoparticles at a resolution of 100 nm, which is ∼3 orders of magnitude greater than the resolution of existing xerographic printers.
Cis DDP in combination with selenium and sulfur. Subcellular effect in kidney cells. Electron microprobe study. (1988)

Cis DDP is an anticancer agent used in the treatment of diverse cancers, but its use has been limited by its nephrotoxic effect. We sought to modify this major toxic side effect by the addition of S2O3-- (sodium thiosulfate) or SeO2 (selenium dioxide) or both. In the present study, only ultrastructural and X-ray microanalysis data are reported. No kidney lesions were observed after the administration of SeO2 and Cis DDP in contrast to Cis DDP with S2O3-- or with S2O3-- plus selenium. An organelle of the kidney cell, the lysosome, has a particular role in the concentration of mineral elements in this cell. Platinum was observed in the lysosome along with sulfur, after the administration of Cis DDP and S2O3. Platinum, selenium and sulfur were observed after administration of SeO2, S2O3 and Cis DDP. No mineral deposits were observed after administration of SeO2 and Cis DDP. The role of sulfur seems to be very different from that of selenium. We hypothesize that sulfur favors the intralysosomal concentration of platinum or that selenium associates with platinum. The fact that selenium is not reabsorbed by the kidney cell seems to favor the hypothesis of urinary elimination of platinum. The present work confirms our previous study concerning the role of SeO2 in combination with Cis DDP.
α‐Methylated Derivatives of 2‐Arachidonoyl Glycerol: Synthesis, CB1 Receptor Activity, and Enzymatic Stability. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Role of highly central residues of P-loop and it’s flanking region in preserving the archetypal conformation of Walker A motif of diverse P-loop NTPases (2013)

P-loop NTPases represent a large and highly diverse protein family that is involved in variety of cellular functions. Walker A motif forms a typical arched conformation, necessary to accommodate the phosphate moiety of the nucleoside tri (or di-) phosphate in Ploop NTPases. The feature that maintains the ancient architecture of P-loop is unidentified and uncharacterized. Here, using a well established global network parameter, closeness centrality, we identify that Walker A and its flanking regions (N- and C-terminal) have high density of globally connected residue positions. We find that closeness centrality of these residue positions are conserved across common structural core of diverse domains of P-loop NTPase fold. Our results suggest the potential role of globally connected residues in maintaining the local conformation of P-loop.
Review: Oncolytic virotherapy, updates and future directions (2017)

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are viral strains that can infect and kill malignant cells while spare their normal counterparts. OVs can access cells through binding to receptors on their surface or through fusion with the plasma membrane and establish a lytic cycle in tumors, while leaving normal tissue essentially unharmed. Multiple viruses have been investigated in humans for the past century. IMLYGIC™ (T-VEC/Talimogene Laherparepvec), a genetically engineered Herpes Simplex Virus, is the first OV approved for use in the United States and the European Union for patients with locally advanced or non-resectable melanoma. Although OVs have a favorable toxicity profile and are impressively active anticancer agents <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> the majority of OVs have limited clinical efficacy as a single agent. While a virus-induced antitumor immune response can enhance oncolysis, when OVs are used systemically, the antiviral immune response can prevent the virus reaching the tumor tissue and having a therapeutic effect. Intratumoral administration can provide direct access to tumor tissue and be beneficial in reducing side effects. Immune checkpoint stimulation in tumor tissue has been noted after OV therapy and can be a natural response to viral-induced oncolysis. Also for immune checkpoint inhibition to be effective in treating cancer, an immune response to tumor neoantigens and an inflamed tumor microenvironment are required, both of which treatment with an OV may provide. Therefore, direct and indirect mechanisms of tumor killing provide rationale for clinical trials investigating the combination of OVs other forms of cancer therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition.
Development of Large Platelet Aggregates from Small Aggregates as Determined by Laser-light Scattering: Effects of Aggregant Concentration and Antiplatelet Medication (1996)

Particle-counting methods that employ light scattering (LS) quantify changes in the number of platelet aggregates of different sizes after the application of an aggregating stimulus. Using the LS method, we studied the effects of aggregant concentration, aspirin administration, and ticlopidine administration on aggregate formation and compared the results with those obtained using the conventional optical density (OD) method. Subjects were 47 controls, 31 patients treated with aspirin (330 mg/day), and 37 patients treated with ticlopidine (200 mg/day). Platelet aggregation after stimulation by 0.5, 1.0 or 5.0 muM ADP, or 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 micrograms/ml collagen was determined using both methods. Using the LS method, small (9-25 micrograms), medium (25-50 micrograms), and large (50-70 micrograms) aggregates were counted. In patients untreated with antiplatelet medication, greater concentrations of ADP or collagen generated larger aggregates. Generation of small and medium-sized aggregates showed a significant positive correlation with OD levels after stimulation with 0.5 or 1.0 muM ADP, or 0.5 or 1.0 micrograms/ml collagen. In patients treated with aspirin, the development of small aggregates into large aggregates was inhibited. Thus, the number of small aggregates increased. Inhibition induced by aspirin was more effective against aggregation after stimulation with collagen than with ADP. In patients treated with ticlopidine, small and medium-sized aggregate formation was inhibited after stimulation with low concentrations of ADP or collagen, but was promoted after stimulation with high aggregant concentrations. The capability of the LS method to quantify different sizes of aggregates after stimulation with low concentration agonists may facilitate investigation of the aggregation process, and of how this process is affected by antiplatelet agents.
Robust acoustic object detection (2005)

We consider a novel approach to the problem of detecting phonological objects like phonemes, syllables, or words, directly from the speech signal. We begin by defining local features in the time-frequency plane with built in robustness to intensity variations and time warping. Global templates of phonological objects correspond to the coincidence in time and frequency of patterns of the local features. These global templates are constructed by using the statistics of the local features in a principled way. The templates have clear phonetic interpretability, are easily adaptable, have built in invariances, and display considerable robustness in the face of additive noise and clutter from competing speakers. We provide a detailed evaluation of the performance of some diphone detectors and a word detector based on this approach. We also perform some phonetic classification experiments based on the edge-based features suggested here.
Graft Copolymers (2010)

Abstract This article deals with the synthesis by different strategies, molecular characterization, solution, and bulk properties as well as potential and industrial applications of graft copolymers.
“Mirror”-like Protein Dimers Stabilized by Local Heterogeneity at Protein Surfaces (2019)

Protein aggregation has been observed inside cells and holds true for membraneless organelles. The precise understanding of protein dimerization is a prerequisite for manipulating protein aggregation, which is promising for elevating enzyme concentration to enhance their catalytic performance. Here, the dimerization of two industrially important enzymes of cytochrome P450 (P450) and organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is investigated using all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations, umbrella sampling, and protein-protein docking calculations. The calculated potentials of mean force of dimer-monomer dissociation demonstrate that the dimeric forms are more stable with the free energy barrier of around 60 kJ/mol for P450 and 101 kJ/mol for OPH. The docking calculations on the OPH dimer evidence the uniqueness of the native orientation. The protein dimers form "mirror"-like orientations with some degree of rotation. Such signature orientations are interpreted based on the predominant polar amino acids in the contact regime. In the dimer conformations, the active sites are exposed. This work highlights the crucial roles of the polar and nonpolar protein surface domains to form enzymatically active protein dimer aggregates. Our work will potentially aid the design of molecules that can deliver and protect native protein function in various environments.
Differential Expression of the AP-1 Transcription Factor Family Members in Human Colorectal Epithelial and Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (2005)

We immunohistochemically examined 75 human colorectal neoplasms (adenoma, 27; adenocarcinoma, 24; neuroendocrine carcinoma, 24) for the expression of activator protein (AP)-1 family proteins. Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression levels of c-Jun and Fra-1 proteins were markedly elevated in adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and neuroendocrine carcinomas compared with nonneoplastic colorectal epithelial cells. JunB also was overexpressed in these tumors but with a predominantly cytoplasmic staining pattern. Overexpression of Fra-2 was evident in carcinomas but less frequent in adenomas. Expression levels of JunD and c-Fos were high in nonneoplastic colorectal epithelial cells and remained so in neoplasms. FosB was undetectable in nonneoplastic and neoplastic colorectal tissues. Neuroendocrine carcinomas exhibited an AP-1 expression profile similar to adenocarcinomas except for infrequent overexpression of c-Jun in poorly differentiated variants. Hierarchical clustering separated the majority of malignant from benign tumors based on AP-1 expression patterns. AP-1 transcription factor family members are expressed differentially in nonneoplastic and neoplastic colorectal tissues. Up-regulation of c-Jun and Fra-1 is an early event in human colorectal tumorigenesis. Overexpression of Fra-2 may participate in tumor progression.
Contrast Medium‐Induced Nephrotoxicity: Pathophysiology and Prevention (2000)

Contrast medium-induced nephrotoxicity (CMN) is a common form of iatrogenic acute renal failure. Typically, patients experience changes in serum creatinine or creatinine clearance between 1 and 5 days after exposure to a contrast medium, but they rarely require dialysis. The mechanism for CMN is not understood, but renal insufficiency, dehydration, and congestive heart failure are risk factors. The frequency of CMN with high-osmolality versus low-osmolality media is controversial. Prophylaxis can reduce CMN. Of many different strategies, hydration with normal saline before and after exposure offers the best protection with the fewest adverse effects.
MicroRNA-modulated targeting of vascular smooth muscle cells (2009)

VSMCs exhibit the remarkable plasticity required for development and adaptation of the cardiovascular system. The capacity of VSMCs to modulate their phenotype has evolved to facilitate angiogenesis and wound healing, but it has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, restenosis, posttransplant arteriopathy, and pulmonary hypertension. In this issue of the JCI, Boettger and colleagues report that the recently discovered Mir143/145 gene cluster promotes acquisition of the contractile phenotype of murine VSMCs (see the related article beginning on page 2634). These VSMC-restricted microRNAs, which target unique combinations of SMC genes, provide an efficient mechanism to fine-tune cardiovascular homeostasis and the response of the vessel wall to injury. This important discovery will open the door to new avenues of investigation and potentially future therapies for vascular diseases.
Diabetes and Alpha Lipoic Acid (2011)

Diabetes mellitus is a multi-faceted metabolic disorder where there is increased oxidative stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of this debilitating disease. This has prompted several investigations into the use of antioxidants as a complementary therapeutic approach. Alpha lipoic acid, a naturally occurring dithiol compound which plays an essential role in mitochondrial bioenergetic reactions, has gained considerable attention as an antioxidant for use in managing diabetic complications. Lipoic acid quenches reactive oxygen species, chelates metal ions, and reduces the oxidized forms of other antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione. It also boosts antioxidant defense system through Nrf-2-mediated antioxidant gene expression and by modulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-regulated genes. ALA inhibits nuclear factor kappa B and activates AMPK in skeletal muscles, which in turn have a plethora of metabolic consequences. These diverse actions suggest that lipoic acid acts by multiple mechanisms, many of which have only been uncovered recently. In this review we briefly summarize the known biochemical properties of lipoic acid and then discussed the oxidative mechanisms implicated in diabetic complications and the mechanisms by which lipoic acid may ameliorate these reactions. The findings of some of the clinical trials in which lipoic acid administration has been tested in diabetic patients during the last 10 years are summarized. It appears that the clearest benefit of lipoic acid supplementation is in patients with diabetic neuropathy.
Decellularized Tendon Extracellular Matrix—A Valuable Approach for Tendon Reconstruction? (2012)

Tendon healing is generally a time-consuming process and often leads to a functionally altered reparative tissue. Using degradable scaffolds for tendon reconstruction still remains a compromise in view of the required high mechanical strength of tendons. Regenerative approaches based on natural decellularized allo- or xenogenic tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) have recently started to attract interest. This ECM combines the advantages of its intrinsic mechanical competence with that of providing tenogenic stimuli for immigrating cells mediated, for example, by the growth factors and other mediators entrapped within the natural ECM. A major restriction for their therapeutic application is the mainly cell-associated immunogenicity of xenogenic or allogenic tissues and, in the case of allogenic tissues, also the risk of disease transmission. A survey of approaches for tendon reconstruction using cell-free tendon ECM is presented here, whereby the problems associated with the decellularization procedures, the success of various recellularization strategies, and the applicable cell types will be thoroughly discussed. Encouraging in vivo results using cell-free ECM, as, for instance, in rabbit models, have already been reported. However, in comparison to native tendon, cells remain mostly inhomogeneously distributed in the reseeded ECM and do not align. Hence, future work should focus on the optimization of tendon ECM decellularization and recolonization strategies to restore tendon functionality.
Dietary flaxseed lignan or oil combined with tamoxifen treatment affects MCF‐7 tumor growth through estrogen receptor‐ and growth factor‐signaling pathways (2009)

This study aimed to elucidate which component of flaxseed, i.e. secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) lignan or flaxseed oil (FO), makes tamoxifen (TAM) more effective in reducing growth of established estrogen receptor positive breast tumors (MCF-7) at low circulating estrogen levels, and potential mechanisms of action. In a 2 x 2 factorial design, ovariectomized athymic mice with established tumors were treated for 8 wk with TAM together with basal diet (control), or basal diet supplemented with SDG (1 g/kg diet), FO (38.5 g/kg diet), or combined SDG and FO. SDG and FO were at levels in 10% flaxseed diet. Palpable tumors were monitored and after animal sacrifice, analyzed for cell proliferation, apoptosis, ER-mediated (ER-alpha, ER-beta, trefoil factor 1, cyclin D1, progesterone receptor, AIBI), growth factor-mediated (epidermal growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, insulin-like growth factor receptor-1, phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase, PAKT, BCL2) signaling pathways and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor). All treatments reduced the growth of TAM-treated tumors by reducing cell proliferation, expression of genes, and proteins involved in the ER- and growth factor-mediated signaling pathways with FO having the greatest effect in increasing apoptosis compared with TAM treatment alone. SDG and FO reduced the growth of TAM-treated tumors but FO was more effective. The mechanisms involve both the ER- and growth factor-signaling pathways.
Fast mode decision and motion estimation for H.264 (FMDME) (2006)

The H.264 video coding standard achieves highest coding gain. In addition to common tools in previous standards such as H.263 and MPEG4, it supports multiple frames, multiple block sizes, and 1/4 pixel motion estimation, deblocking filter, intra-prediction, and so on. However, full search of for all block modes and reference frames requires heavy computational complexity. The algorithm predictive motion vector field adaptive search technique (PMVFAST) (Tourapis, 2000) was previously accepted into MPEG standard to achieve hundreds of time of speed up. FMBME (Chang, 2004), and some other algorithms (Yanfei Shen, 2004) have been developed to do fast multiple block size motion estimation. For multiple reference frame motion estimation, FMFME (Chang, 2003), and some other algorithms (Xiang Li, 2004) have also been developed. In this paper a new algorithm is presented named as fast mode decision and motion estimation (FMDME). This algorithm achieves high speed up factor by involving fast skip mode checking, fast multiple block size motion estimation, fast multiple reference frame selection, fast motion estimation, and fast intra-block skipping for P frame in H.264.
Key factors in designing a manufacturing line to maximize tool utilization and minimize turnaround time (2002)

Today's semiconductor manufacturing facilities require very expensive tools, with the total investment necessary to equip a production line approaching a half-billion dollars. Therefore, it is imperative to understand those factors that help to determine the number of tools to be purchased, their characteristics, and how they should be arranged to attain the most effective utilization of these assets. This paper shows that the imposition of a turnaround-time (TAT) requirement on a tool set/manufacturing line introduces additional constraints on tool operating characteristics. Tool availability, the time a tool is off line, and the number of tools per process now become key factors that must be used to determine the effective capacity and achievable turnaround time of a tool set/manufacturing line. The results of this work show how tool design and installation characteristics can significantly improve line capacity and reduce TAT. Some fundamental elements of designing a manufacturing line are also discussed, such as when tools should be arranged in a 'farmed' mode (in close proximity because of process similarity and their independence from process flow) or a 'linear' mode, (with dissimilar tools/processes arranged in close proximity because of process-flow sequence).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A comparison of methods for the optimization of VGA colormaps (2002)

The results of a project investigating the creation of an optimum colormap for a color image are presented. Optimization methods are investigated to obtain not only the best method, but also alternate methods which provide high quality results in reasonable time. The colormap generation is presented as a two step process which includes an initial colormap selection followed by the optimization of the colormap. Three optimization techniques are investigated: the Linde-Buzo-Gray method, simulated annealing, and a new minimum variance method developed by the authors. Color images with an original 32,768 possible colors are coded using only 256 colors.
Development of a glyburide‐metformin fixed combination tablet with optimized glyburide particle size (2005)

Abstract The bioavailability‐guided development of a fixed combination tablet formulation of glyburide and metformin hydrochloride, resulting in the identification of specific particle properties for the glyburide component that confer desirable in vivo performance, is described. Four separate pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in healthy volunteers using fixed combination tablet formulations containing glyburide with differing particle properties. These studies directed first to the appropriate particle size in laboratory scale studies and subsequently confirmed the required, narrow particle size range in product made at commercial scale. Glyburide with particle size properties of 25% volume undersize of ≤6 µm, 50% volume undersize in the range 7–10 µm, and 75% volume undersize of ≤21 µm was identified for use in a fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride. The optimized combination provided for bioequivalence to single entity metformin and acceptable bioavailability, though not bioequivalence, to single entity glyburide whilst having unique and potentially clinically valuable pharmacokinetic properties. Drug Dev. Res. 66:25–35, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of SAW grating waveguides considering velocity dispersion caused by reflectivity (1999)

Conventional SAW grating waveguide analyses based on the scalar potential theory regard the phase velocity in the grating region as a constant. The velocity at the center frequency of the stop band was often used as a constant in those analyses. In reality, velocity dispersion is caused by the reflectivity of finger electrodes, and the velocity changes near the stop band. In this paper, a new approximate analytical model of SAW grating waveguides is proposed. This model includes the effect of the velocity dispersion, by placing a longitudinal component of wave number in such a way that it becomes a solution of the coupling-of-modes equations. To verify the adequacy of the model, 2-port resonators on 36.5°Y-X quartz and 45°X-Z Li2B4O7 are measured and compared with the computational results.
Acetyl-cholinesterase and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activities in dorsal root ganglia in the rat. (1989)

Acetylcholinesterase and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activities were contrasted in alternative serial sections of rat dorsal root ganglia. The morphometric analysis demonstrated no correlation between cellular size and enzymatic activity. Differences with previous works in this area are discussed.