gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fasting and Postprandial Hyperghrelinemia in Prader-Willi Syndrome Is Partially Explained by Hypoinsulinemia, and Is Not Due to Peptide YY<sub>3–36</sub>Deficiency or Seen in Hypothalamic Obesity Due to Craniopharyngioma (2005)

The cause of the unique elevation in fasting plasma levels of the orexigenic gastric hormone ghrelin in many patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is unclear. We measured fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin in nonobese (n = 16 fasting and n = 8 postprandial) and obese non-PWS adults (n = 16 and 9), adults with genetically confirmed PWS (n = 26 and 10), and patients with hypothalamic obesity from craniopharyngioma tumors (n = 9 and 6). We show that 1) plasma ghrelin levels decline normally after food consumption in PWS, but there is still fasting and postprandial hyperghrelinemia relative to the patient's obesity (2.0-fold higher fasting ghrelin, 1.8-fold higher postprandial ghrelin, adjusting for percentage of body fat); 2) the fasting and postprandial hyperghrelinemia in PWS appears to be at least partially, but possibly not solely, explained by the concurrent relative hypoinsulinemia and preserved insulin sensitivity for the patient's obesity (residual 1.3- to 1.6-fold higher fasting ghrelin, 1.2- to 1.5-fold higher postprandial ghrelin in PWS, adjusting for insulin levels or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance); 3) hyperghrelinemia and hypoinsulinemia are not found in craniopharyngioma patients with hypothalamic obesity, and indeed, these patients have relative hyperinsulinemia for their obesity; and 4) there is no deficiency of the anorexigenic intestinal hormone peptide YY(3-36) in PWS contributing to their hyperghrelinemia.
Corticosteroids in corneal endothelial wound healing. (1985)

Corticosteroids have inhibitory effects on corneal endothelial wound healing in organ-culture conditions. Low concentrations of methylprednisolone added to the culture medium inhibited the healing attempt and induced intracellular degenerative vacuoles and diffuse cell disintegration. Higher concentrations were highly toxic to the cell morphology and physiology and caused pronounced endothelial cell damage. These observations are compared with the normal healing of endothelial wounds in organ-culture conditions. Cell proliferation and amitotic and mitotic cell divisions repaired the endothelial layer in normal corneas.
Propagation of Light through Human Dental Enamel and Dentine (1995)

Techniques based on transillumination of teeth with visible light will be a valuable aid in caries diagnosis, if a higher sensitivity than that of the present Foti method is achieved. Therefore, a better understanding of light propagation through teeth is required, and hence it is useful to investigate the propagation of light through sound dental material. In this study the intensities emanating from the surfaces of enamel and dentine bars were measured when these bars were illuminated using a fibre rod transporting the light from a HeNe laser (lambda = 633 nm) as a light source. From the measured intensities, the radiant fluxes emanating from the surfaces were calculated. To account for a directional dependence of these fluxes, optical anisotropy in dental material was investigated by comparing the transmitted light intensity in a direction perpendicular and parallel to the approximal surface of the tooth from which the sample was cut. The mean ratio of the transmitted intensities in perpendicular and parallel direction was 0.86 +/- 0.06 for enamel and 2.88 +/- 0.43 for dentine. In addition, for enamel the asymmetry parameter, g, was estimated. The averaged value was g = 0.68 +/- 0.09. It was concluded that for dentine the optical anisotropy as measured supports the idea that tubules are the predominant cause of scattering in dentine. For enamel the results indicate that the hydroxyapatite crystals contribute significantly to scattering and that the influence of the prism structure on the light propagation is small.
A capacitively-degenerated 100dB linear 20–150MS/s dynamic amplifier (2017)

This paper presents a new dynamic residue amplifier for pipelined ADCs. With an input of 100mV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp, diff</sub> and 4x gain, it achieves -100dB THD, the lowest ever reported in dynamic amplifiers. Compared to the state-of-the-art, it exhibits >25dB better linearity with >2x larger output swing and similar noise performance. The key to this is a new linearization technique based on capacitive-degeneration. Fabricated in a 28nm CMOS, the prototype amplifier dissipates 87μW at a clock speed of 43MS/s and maintains -100dB THD up to 150MS/s.
Route planning for electric vehicle efficiency using the Bellman-Ford algorithm on an embedded GPU (2018)

Traditional route planning algorithms, such as Dijkstra or A*, are efficient in their execution due to low computational complexity. With the rise in popularity of electric vehicles, which have the capability of recharging their batteries while driving, energy costs to traverse road segments can now be negative values. Dijkstra or A* cannot process negative edge weights. This work presents the use of the Bellman-Ford algorithm to plan driving routes based on energy efficiency. To overcome the increased computational complexity and ensure reasonable processing speeds this work uses an embedded graphical processing unit and a parallel implementation of Bellman-Ford on an embedded GPU system. This method allows routes to be plotted with considerable reductions in energy requirements, while maintaining the performance of traditional route planning programs.
Using Activity Monitors to Measure Physical Activity in Free-Living Conditions (2006)

Physical activity is a broad term used to define “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.”1 A physically active lifestyle is associated with a decreased risk for a variety of chronic diseases and health conditions such as cardiovascular disease,2–5 hypertension,6–8 diabetes mellitus,9–12 certain cancers,13–15 depression,16–18 obesity,19, 20 cerebrovascular disease, and premature death.21 The Surgeon General recommends 30 minutes for adults or 60 minutes for children of moderate-intensity activity on most, if not all, days of the week to be physically active and achieve a health benefit.21 The Surgeon General’s recommendation is comparable to expending approximately 150 kcal of energy per day21 for an otherwise healthy individual whose principal mode of activity is walking. Two studies in Japan22, 23 and the popular press have promoted a pedometer-based target of 10,000 steps per day as a way for adults to meet the national physical activity guidelines. Research is ongoing, however, to determine whether this guideline is appropriate for all populations.24–26 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 25% of US adults do not engage in any leisure-time physical activity, and 60% do not achieve the Surgeon General’s physical activity recommendations.21, 27, 28 Women,29, 30 older adults,31–36 racial and ethnic minority populations, and people with physical disabilities27 are most likely to be inactive.37 The US Department of Health and Human Services has set a national health objective for 2010 to reduce the prevalence of no leisure time activity from more than 25% to 20% of US adults.37

The assessment of physical activity is essential to: (1) determine …
Lymphocyte proliferation in mice congenitally deficient in T-cell receptor alpha beta + cells. (1994)

In mice and humans, T cells are characterized on the basis of T-cell receptor (TcR) expression and divided into the major TcR alpha beta + and minor TcR gamma delta + populations. TcR alpha beta + cells are considered to be the primary regulators of the immune response, whereas the function of TcR gamma delta + cells is unclear. Mice congenitally deficient in TcR alpha beta-expressing cells provide an ideal model for analyzing the independent in vivo function of TcR gamma delta + cells in the absence of TcR alpha beta + cells. Here we report that lymphoid organs in TcR alpha mutant mice undergo substantial enlargement after being challenged by environmental antigens. This organ expansion can be attributed in part to increases in the relative proportions and absolute numbers of TcR gamma delta + cells, but an expansion of the recently described TcR beta + alpha - population also has a role. The expansion of the TcR gamma delta + population is polyclonal, as evidenced by the usage of multiple gamma and delta variable chain segments. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of the cells appears to be activated and these activated cells express surface activation markers. The results clearly demonstrate that TcR gamma delta + cells proliferate independently in response to a broad spectrum of challenges. Moreover, since the expansion of the lymphoid tissues and the TcR gamma delta + cell population is excessive relative to that seen in wild-type animals, one role of TcR alpha beta + cells is directly or indirectly to limit the responses of the other lymphoid components.
Half-Fourier, three-dimensional technique for dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of both breasts and axillae: initial characterization of breast lesions. (1996)

The asymmetric half-Fourier 3D MR imaging technique allows imaging of both breasts and axillae without loss of lesion contrast or temporal resolution and provides the maximum spatial resolution and lesion signal intensity attainable for the views sampled.
Contextual equivalence for a probabilistic language with continuous random variables and recursion (2018)

We present a complete reasoning principle for contextual equivalence in an untyped probabilistic language. The language includes continuous (real-valued) random variables, conditionals, and scoring. It also includes recursion, since the standard call-by-value fixpoint combinator is expressible. We demonstrate the usability of our characterization by proving several equivalence schemas, including familiar facts from lambda calculus as well as results specific to probabilistic programming. In particular, we use it to prove that reordering the random draws in a probabilistic program preserves contextual equivalence. This allows us to show, for example, that (let x = e 1 in let y = e 2 in e 0 ) = ctx (let y = e 2 in let x = e 1 in e 0 ) (provided x does not occur free in e 2 and y does not occur free in e 1 ) despite the fact that e 1 and e 2 may have sampling and scoring effects.
Kitsune: An Ensemble of Autoencoders for Online Network Intrusion Detection (2018)

Neural networks have become an increasingly popular solution for network intrusion detection systems (NIDS). Their capability of learning complex patterns and behaviors make them a suitable solution for differentiating between normal traffic and network attacks. However, a drawback of neural networks is the amount of resources needed to train them. Many network gateways and routers devices, which could potentially host an NIDS, simply do not have the memory or processing power to train and sometimes even execute such models. More importantly, the existing neural network solutions are trained in a supervised manner. Meaning that an expert must label the network traffic and update the model manually from time to time.
Fate of the mutated IgG2 heavy chain: lack of expression of mutated membrane-bound IgG2 on the B cell surface in selective IgG2 deficiency (2001)

IgG2 deficiency is clinically characterized by sinopulmonary infections caused by pneumococcus and Hemophilus. We reported homozygous one-base insertion (1793insG) in the C(gamma)2 gene in two Japanese siblings in whom serum IgG2 levels were under detection limits. The 1793insG was present in exon 4, just upstream from the alternative splice site for M exons; the result being a complete amino acid change in transmembrane and cytosolic parts of membrane-bound gamma2 heavy chain (m gamma 2HC). To determine why this mutation caused selective and complete IgG2 deficiency, we constructed expression vectors of normal and mutant membrane-bound chimeric IgG heavy chain cDNAs. Stable transformants, Ag8N-L and Ag8M-L, expressing either normal and mutant chimeric IgG heavy chain with light chain respectively were obtained using P3X63Ag8653 as recipient cells. Of the Ag8N-L, 22.1% were surface IgG+; however, none of the Ag8M-L were surface IgG+. Addition of an anti-human IgG antibody induced cell death of Ag8N-L and we considered that the expressed chimeric IgG protein on Ag8N-L might function as the Ig receptor for signal transduction. However, Ag8M-L did not express mutant IgG on its surface nor did it secrete this mutant into culture medium. The mutant chimeric IgG protein was rapidly degraded within Ag8M-L. Thus, the mutated IgG2 heavy chain in our patient could not be expressed on the cell surface because of loss of the transmembrane domain and the evolutionally conserved cytoplasmic domain. In humans, B cells expressing surface IgG are indispensable for secretion of IgG.
Recent Advances in Research of Human Retinal Transplantation (2006)

Human retinal transplantation is one of the important topics in research of visual recovery of degenerative retina,many domestic and oversea scholars have carried on the retina transplantation research in great quantities in recent years,and already gradually applied these research results to human body.Here we review the recent research progress of human retinal transplantation.
Translation Model Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation with Monolingual Topic Information (2012)

To adapt a translation model trained from the data in one domain to another, previous works paid more attention to the studies of parallel corpus while ignoring the in-domain monolingual corpora which can be obtained more easily. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for translation model adaptation by utilizing in-domain monolingual topic information instead of the in-domain bilingual corpora, which incorporates the topic information into translation probability estimation. Our method establishes the relationship between the out-of-domain bilingual corpus and the in-domain monolingual corpora via topic mapping and phrase-topic distribution probability estimation from in-domain monolingual corpora. Experimental result on the NIST Chinese-English translation task shows that our approach significantly outperforms the baseline system. 1
O ALCANCE DA DEFENSORIA PÚBLICA DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA NO ACESSO À JUSTIÇA PARA A COMUNIDADE REGIONAL (2020)

O presente artigo visa investigar a atuacao da Defensoria Publica regional perante a comunidade hipossuficiente, a area juridica com maior demanda de atuacao, bem como se a referida entidade e instrumento benefico de acesso a justica. A pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade das funcoes da Defensoria Publica no Estado de Santa Catarina, a fim de constatar de que forma esta sendo concretizada o alcance a justica aos cidadaos hipossuficientes economicamente, que vivem na comunidade regional atraves das acoes de pesquisa e extensao realizadas com os academicos do curso de Direito da UNIFEBE. Para tal faz-se necessario primariamente a compreensao do funcionamento da Defensoria Publica, os aspectos legais, principios, objetivos e funcao. Destaca-se a definicao de assistencia juridica e a clareza sobre quem sao as pessoas hipossuficientes que estao no rol para ter acesso a justica por meio dos defensores publicos.
Extracts (2012)

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Quantitative Trace Analysis of Complex Mixtures Using SABRE Hyperpolarization (2014)

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is an emerging nuclear spin hyperpolarization technique that strongly enhances NMR signals of small molecules in solution. However, such signal enhancements have never been exploited for concentration determination, as the efficiency of SABRE can strongly vary between different substrates or even between nuclear spins in the same molecule. The first application of SABRE for the quantitative analysis of a complex mixture is now reported. Despite the inherent complexity of the system under investigation, which involves thousands of competing binding equilibria, analytes at concentrations in the low micromolar range could be quantified from single-scan SABRE spectra using a standard-addition approach.
Sub-90nm pitch Cu low-k interconnect etch solution using RF pulsing technology (2015)

Self-aligned via (SAV) schemes are commonly used for back-end-of-line (BEOL) interconnect structures that have scaled to <; 90nm BEOL pitch [1]. In one implementation of this scheme, a TiN metal hard mask (MHM) is used for trench pattern definition, while the interconnect vias are patterned using a tri-layer resist mask such that the vias are self-aligned to the underlayer trench lines [2]. In this work, we describe a SAV etch process using RF pulsing in a capacitively coupled etch reactor that provides a solution to both via distortion / striation and critical dimension (CD) bias loading. Electrical results will be discussed.
Effects of cyclosporin A, FK 506, and mycalamide A on the activation of murine CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells by the murine B7 antigen (1993)

Abstract The murine B7 (mB7) protein is a potent co‐stimulatory molecule for the activation of murine CD4 + T cells. We have previously shown that stable mB7‐transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells synergize with either anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or concanavalin A to stimulate T cell activation. In addition, mB7 can synergize with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) to induce T cell activation in an alternative pathway. In the present report we describe the effects of three immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporin A (CsA), FK 506, and mycalamide A on mB7‐mediated T cell activation. The immuno‐philin ligands CsA and FK 506 block activation of murine CD4 + T cells by the combination of anti‐CD3 mAb and CHO‐mB7 cells but do not affect activation by CHO‐mB7 cells and PMA. These results support the relevance of pharmacological studies of immunosuppressive compounds in the murine model prior to their application in man. In contrast to the effects of CsA and FK 506, mycalamide A blocks activation of murine CD4 + T cells by anti‐CD3 mAb and mB7 as well as activation by mB7 and PMA. On a molar basis, mycalamide A appears to be at least 10‐fold more potent than FK 506 which is 100‐fold more potent than CsA. Because of its effects on multiple activation pathways and because of its potency, mycalamide A could have considerable therapeutic potential.
The synthesis of peptide β-lactams as potential protease inhibitors (1984)

β-Lactam analogues of a peptide which is a substrate/inhibitor of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) have been designed as potential inhibitors of the enzyme. The synthesis of a series of these compounds is described and their absolute stereochemistry has been assigned by a combination of X-ray crystallography, chemical shift correlations, and nuclear Overhauser effect (n.O.e.) studies.
2,2-Dimethyl-4-(4-methoxy-phenoxy) butanoate and 2,2-Dimethyl-4-azido Butanoate: Two New Pivaloate-ester-like Protecting Groups (2013)

The title compounds were developed to extend the available orthogonalities within the class of protecting groups removed by assisted cleavage. The mild, complementary (oxidative vs reductive) reaction conditions for the removal, together with their pivaloate-like character, were exploited, in combination with a levulinoyl-ester functioning as a third orthogonal protecting group, in the assembly of a Streptococcus mutans hexasaccharide built up from a oligorhamnose backbone featuring β-glucosyl appendages.
Genesis of Azole Antifungal Resistance from Agriculture to Clinical Settings (2015)

Azole fungal resistance is becoming a major public health problem in medicine in recent years. However, it was known in agriculture since several decades; the extensive use of these compounds results in contamination of air, plants, and soil. The increasing frequency of life-threatening fungal infections and the increase of prophylactical use of azoles in high-risk patients, taken together with the evolutionary biology evidence that drug selection pressure is an important factor for the emergence and spread of drug resistance, can result in a dramatic scenario. This study reviews the azole use in agricultural and medical contexts and discusses the hypothetical link between its extensive use and the emergence of azole resistance among human fungal pathogens.
Measurement of Elbow Spasticity in Stroke Patients Using a Manual Spasticity Evaluator (2006)

Spasticity is often seen in patients with central nervous system lesion, such as stroke. It hinders functional movement and may induce pain. Current measures for assessing Spasticity are either quantitative but not convenient to use or convenient to use in clinics but lack of objective quantification. We developed a manual spasticity evaluator (MSE) to evaluate the spasticity quantitatively and potentially suitable for a clinical setting. Joint position and torque from 10 subjects with right hemiplegia and 9 healthy subjects were measured conveniently and used to evaluate spasticity and determine the catch angle. EMG signal was obtained from the biceps brachii and triceps brachii to corroborate the mechanical measurement of the MSE. Results showed that the MSE provided a convenient and quantitative measurement of spasticity, including presence of catch angle, increase in joint stiffness, and decrease in joint range of motion in the stroke patients, as compared with healthy subjects. EMG signals corroborated MSE assessment of the catch angle.
Biochemical characterization and pharmacological properties of a phospholipase A2 myotoxin inhibitor from the plasma of the snake <i>Bothrops asper</i> (1997)

A protein that neutralizes the biological activities of basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) myotoxin isoforms from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper was isolated from its blood by affinity chromatography with Sepharose-immobilized myotoxins. Biochemical characterization of this B. asper myotoxin inhibitor protein (BaMIP) indicated a subunit molecular mass of 23-25 kDa, an isoelectric point of 4, and glycosylation. Gel-filtration studies revealed a molecular mass of 120 kDa, suggesting that BaMIP possesses an oligomeric structure composed of five 23-25 kDa subunits. Functional studies indicated that BaMIP inhibits the PLA2 activity of B. asper basic myotoxins I and III, as well as the myotoxicity and edema-forming activity in vivo and cytolytic activity in vitro towards cultured endothelial cells, of all four myotoxin isoforms (I-IV) tested. Sequence analysis of the first 63 amino acid residues from the N-terminus of BaMIP indicated more than 65% sequence similarity to the PLA2 inhibitors isolated from the blood of the crotalid snakes Trimeresurus flavoviridis and Agkistrodon blomhoffii siniticus. These inhibitors also share sequences similar to the carbohydrate-recognition domains of human and rabbit cellular PLA2 receptors, suggesting a common domain evolution among snake plasma PLA2 inhibitors and mammalian PLA2 receptors. Despite this similarity, this is the first description of a natural anti-myotoxic factor from snake blood.