gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a multifrequency conductance catheter-based system to determine LV function in mice (2000)

Transgenic mice offer a valuable way to relate gene products to phenotype, but the ability to assess the cardiovascular phenotype with pressure-volume analysis has lagged. Conductance measurement offers a method to generate an instantaneous left ventricular (LV) volume signal in the mouse but has been limited by the volume signal being a combination of blood and LV muscle. We hypothesized that by developing a mouse conductance system that operates at several simultaneous frequencies, we could identify and correct for the myocardial contribution to the instantaneous volume signal. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that mouse myocardial conductivity will vary with frequency, whereas mouse blood conductivity will not. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrated that at higher excitation frequency, greater end-diastolic and end-systolic conductance are detected, as well as a smaller difference between the two. We then empirically solved for LV blood volume using two frequencies. We combined measured resistivity of mouse myocardium with an analytic approach and extracted an estimate of LV blood volume from the raw conductance signal. Development of a multifrequency catheter-based system to determine LV function could be a tool to assess cardiovascular phenotype in transgenic mice.
All-Optical OR and NOR Logic Gates in Single Format by Using Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (2007)

By using the cross gain modulation (XGM) characteristics of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), multi-functional all-optical logic gates including OR and NOR gates are successfully demonstrated at 10 Gbps in single format. The characteristics of all-optical logic OR and NOR are simulated by use of a commercially available VPI simulator.
Reducing falls in Parkinson's disease: interactions between donepezil and the 5‐HT<sub>6</sub> receptor antagonist idalopirdine on falls in a rat model of impaired cognitive control of complex movements (2016)

Falls are a leading cause of death in the elderly and, in a majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), the leading levodopa-insensitive cause of hospitalization and long-term care. Falling in PD has been attributed to degeneration of forebrain cholinergic neurons that, in interaction with striatal dopamine losses, impairs the cognitive control of balance, gait, and movement. We previously established an animal model of these dual cholinergic-dopaminergic losses ("DL rats") and a behavioral test system (Michigan Complex Motor Control Task, MCMCT) to measure falls associated with traversing dynamic surfaces and distractors. Because the combined treatment of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the 5-HT<sub>6</sub> receptor antagonist idalopirdine (Lu AE58054) was reported to exhibit synergistic pro-cholinergic activity in rats and improved cognition in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease, here we assessed the effects of this treatment on MCMCT performance and attention in DL rats. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, the combined treatment greatly reduced (Cohen's d = 0.96) falls in DL rats when traversing dynamic surfaces and when exposed to a passive distractor. However, falls associated with a dual task distractor and sustained attentional performance did not benefit from this treatment. Analyses of the behavior in fall-prone moments suggested that this treatment improved the efficacy and speed of re-instating forward movement after relatively short stoppages. This treatment may reduce fall propensity in PD patients via maintaining planned movement sequences in working memory and improving the vigor of executing such movements following brief periods of freezing of gait.
A new efficient method for system structural analysis and generating Analytical Redundancy Relations (2009)

In this paper we present a new efficient algorithmic method for generating the analytical redundancy relations (ARRs). ARRs are one of the crucial tools for model-based diagnosis as well as for optimizing, analyzing, and validating the system of sensors. However, despite the importance of the ARRs for both system diagnosis and sensor optimization, it seems that less attention has been paid to the development of systematic and efficient approaches for their generation. In this paper we discuss the complexity in derivation of ARRs and present a new efficient algorithm for their derivation. Given a system with a set of L ARRs, our algorithm achieves a complexity of O(L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> ) for generating the ARRs. To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm with a polynomial complexity for derivation of ARRs. We also present the results of application of our algorithms, for generating the complete set of ARRs, to both synthetic and industrial examples.
Discovery and Biological Evaluation of Novel Cyanoguanidine P2X<sub>7</sub>Antagonists with Analgesic Activity in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain (2009)

We disclose the design of a novel series of cyanoguanidines that are potent (IC(50) approximately 10-100 nM) and selective (> or = 100-fold) P2X(7) receptor antagonists against the other P2 receptor subtypes such as the P2Y(2), P2X(4), and P2X(3). We also found that these P2X(7) antagonists effectively reduced nociception in a rat model of neuropathic pain (Chung model). Particularly, analogue 53 proved to be effective in the Chung model, with an ED(50) of 38 micromol/kg after intraperitoneal administration. In addition compound 53 exhibited antiallodynic effects following oral administration and maintained its efficacy following repeated administration in the Chung model. These results suggest an important role of P2X(7) receptors in neuropathic pain and therefore a potential use of P2X(7) antagonists as novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of this type of pain.
Development of Submillisecond Time-Resolved Mass Spectrometry Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization (2011)

Reaction kinetics studied by mass spectrometry (MS) has previously been limited to millisecond time resolution. This paper presents the development of a submillisecond time-resolved mass spectrometric method for fast reaction kinetic study, based on the capability of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) for direct and fast ionization of a high-speed liquid jet stream. The principle underlying this methodology is that two reactant solutions undergo rapid mixing to produce a free liquid jet which is ionized by DESI at different positions corresponding to different reaction times. Due to the high velocity of the liquid jet, high time resolution can be achieved. In this study, the fast reduction reaction of 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) and L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) was chosen as an example to demonstrate this concept, and the reaction rate constant was successfully measured with an unprecedented time resolution of 300 μs. The good agreement of the measured value of (116 ± 3) s(-1) with that measured by the stopped-flow optical method (105 ± 2) s(-1) validates the feasibility of such a DESI-MS approach. Unlike classical spectroscopic techniques that require either chromophoric substrates or labeling, MS is a general detector with high chemical specificity. Therefore, this time-resolved DESI-MS method should find wide applications in fast (bio)chemical reaction investigations.
Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids by Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroxycarbonylation (2019)

Abstract The synthesis of carboxylic acids is of fundamental importance in the chemical industry and the corresponding products find numerous applications for polymers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other manufactured chemicals. Although hydroxycarbonylations of olefins have been known for more than 60 years, currently known catalyst systems for this transformation do not fulfill industrial requirements, for example, stability. Presented herein for the first time is an aqueous‐phase protocol that allows conversion of various olefins, including sterically hindered and demanding tetra‐, tri‐, and 1,1‐disubstituted systems, as well as terminal alkenes, into the corresponding carboxylic acids in excellent yields. The outstanding stability of the catalyst system (26 recycling runs in 32 days without measurable loss of activity), is showcased in the preparation of an industrially relevant fatty acid. Key‐to‐success is the use of a built‐in‐base ligand under acidic aqueous conditions. This catalytic system is expected to provide a basis for new cost‐competitive processes for the industrial production of carboxylic acids.
Cost and Latency Tradeoff in Mobile Edge Computing: A Distributed Game Approach (2019)

Resource allocation has been a critical issue in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) since MEC servers colocated at Base Stations (BS) are limited in resources and users are competitive in nature. Users' devices have restraint on power and computation capability. Moreover, users want to offload their tasks to meet their latency deadlines and they have cost for offloading their tasks. In this paper, we analyze this tradeoff between cost and latency for offloading tasks. Basically, if users want to have less latency, they need more resources to accomplish this. But, more resources to allocate to users means they have to pay more cost. In addition, we formulate the resource allocation as Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problem because users' strategies are conflicted with one another when they compete for the resources from the resources pool at the BS. We propose a distributed algorithm for the game formulation since users prefer to control their own resources rather than revealing their information to others. Then, we analyze the Price of Anarchy numerically.
Functional Mechanics of a Pectin-Based Pleural Sealant after Lung Injury (2018)

Pleural injury and associated air leaks are a major influence on patient morbidity and healthcare costs after lung surgery. Pectin, a plant-derived heteropolysaccharide, has recently demonstrated potential as an adhesive binding to the glycocalyx of visceral mesothelium. Since bioadhesion is a process likely involving the interpenetration of the pectin-based polymer with the glycocalyx, we predicted that the pectin-based polymer may also be an effective sealant for pleural injury. To explore the potential role of an equal (weight%) mixture of high-methoxyl pectin and carboxymethylcellulose as a pleural sealant, we compared the yield strength of the pectin-based polymer to commonly available surgical products. The pectin-based polymer demonstrated significantly greater adhesion to the lung pleura than the comparison products (p < 0.001). In a 25 g needle-induced lung injury model, pleural injury resulted in an air leak and a loss of airway pressures. After application of the pectin-based polymer, there was a restoration of airway pressure and no measurable air leak. Despite the application of large sheets (50 mm<sup>2</sup>) of the pectin-based polymer, multifrequency lung impedance studies demonstrated no significant increase in tissue damping (G) or hysteresivity (η)(p > 0.05). In 7-day survival experiments, the application of the pectin-based polymer after pleural injury was associated with no observable toxicity, 100% survival (N = 5), and restored lung function. We conclude that this pectin-based polymer is a strong and nontoxic bioadhesive with the potential for clinical application in the treatment of pleural injuries.
Energy Efficiency and Scalability of Multi-plane Optical Interconnection Networks for Computing Platforms and Data Centers (2012)

Multi-plane optical interconnection networks are proposed as scalable architectures with optimized energy-efficiency for large computing platforms. The space-time architecture is found to have scalable energy consumption greater than both the space-wavelength architecture and single-plane architecture.
Development of Cushing's syndrome in corticotropin-releasing factor transgenic mice. (1992)

CRF is released in response to various stressors and regulates ACTH secretion and glucocorticoid production. CRF overproduction has been implicated in affective disorders, such as depression and anorexia nervosa, and may lead to Cushing's syndrome. To test whether CRF overproduction leads to Cushing's syndrome and to develop an animal model of chronic pituitary-adrenal activation, the CRF gene was expressed under control of the metallothionein promoter in transgenic mice. CRF transgenic animals exhibit endocrine abnormalities involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, such as elevated plasma levels of ACTH and glucocorticoids. These animals display physical changes similar to those of patients with Cushing's syndrome, such as excess fat accumulation, muscle atrophy, thin skin, and alopecia. These findings indicate that chronic production of excess CRF results in sustained stimulation of pituitary corticotrope cells, resulting in elevated ACTH and consequent glucocorticoid overproduction, a condition that leads to the development of Cushing's syndrome. Analysis of CRF mRNA distribution revealed that transgene expression is primarily restricted to cells that express the endogenous CRF gene and does not follow the pattern predicted of a metallothionein-regulated gene. These results suggest that DNA elements located outside of the CRF promoter but present within the CRF intron, coding, or 3'-flanking regions may contribute to the cell type specificity of CRF gene expression.
Sensitive and Selective Culture Medium for Detection of Environmental Clostridium difficile Isolates without Requirement for Anaerobic Culture Conditions (2014)

Effective and easy-to-use methods for detecting Clostridium difficile spore contamination would be useful for identifying environmental reservoirs and monitoring the effectiveness of room disinfection. Culture-based detection methods are sensitive for detecting C. difficile, but their utility is limited due to the requirement of anaerobic culture conditions and microbiological expertise. We developed a low-cost selective broth medium containing thioglycolic acid and l-cystine, termed C. difficile brucella broth with thioglycolic acid and l-cystine (CDBB-TC), for the detection of C. difficile from environmental specimens under aerobic culture conditions. The sensitivity and specificity of CDBB-TC (under aerobic culture conditions) were compared to those of CDBB (under anaerobic culture conditions) for the recovery of C. difficile from swabs collected from hospital room surfaces. CDBB-TC was significantly more sensitive than CDBB for recovering environmental C. difficile (36/41 [88%] versus 21/41 [51%], respectively; P = 0.006). C. difficile latex agglutination, an enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B or glutamate dehydrogenase, and a PCR for toxin B genes were all effective as confirmatory tests. For 477 total environmental cultures, the specificity of CDBB-TC versus that of CDBB based upon false-positive yellow-color development of the medium without recovery of C. difficile was 100% (0 false-positive results) versus 96% (18 false-positive results), respectively. False-positive cultures for CDBB were attributable to the growth of anaerobic non-C. difficile organisms that did not grow in CDBB-TC. Our results suggest that CDBB-TC provides a sensitive and selective medium for the recovery of C. difficile organisms from environmental samples, without the need for anaerobic culture conditions.
Measurement of absolute electron density with a plasma impedance probe (2005)

A small spherical probe is used in conjunction with a network analyzer to determine the impedance of the probe-plasma system over a wide frequency range. Impedance curves are in good agreement with accepted circuit models with plasma-sheath and electron plasma frequency resonances easily identifiable. Clear transitions between capacitive and inductive modes as predicted by the model are identified. Sheath thickness and absolute electron density are determined from the location of these transitions. The absolute electron density indicated by the location of the impedance resonance is compared to measurements using the plasma oscillation method.
Supernumerary Robotic Limbs for Human Body Support (2016)

A robot attached to a human body can support the human when performing tasks in dangerous environments or when taking postures that are fatiguing and uncomfortable. This paper presents a new type of supernumerary robotic limbs (SRL) that supports the human body against floors, walls, and surrounding structures so that the human can perform a task safely, comfortably, and stably. First, the use of wearable robots for securing and supporting a human body is discussed, followed by an SRL design concept. The SRL is worn around the waist and can brace the human body by making contact with a wall, grasping a rail, or being anchored to the floor. Quasi-static stability and compliance with which the body is supported are analyzed. Two control methods for stabilizing the body support system are considered: one is null-space stabilization using Hessian matrices, and the other is joint servo stiffness, based on the Jacobian. A prototype robot is designed and tested. Potential applications of the SRL in diverse fields are discussed.
Interlock collapsing ALU's (1995)

A device capable of executing interlocked fixed point arithmetic logic unit (ALU) instructions in parallel with other instructions causing the execution interlock is presented. The device incorporates the design of a 3-1 ALU and can execute two's complement, unsigned binary, and binary logical operations. It is shown that status for ALU operations using a 3-1 ALU can be determined in a parallel fashion, resulting in the compliance of the proposed device with predetermined architectural behavior of single instruction execution. The device requires no more logic stages than does a 3-1 binary adder using a carry-save adder (CSA) followed by a carry-lookahead adder (CLA) design. Design considerations using a commonly available CMOS technology are also reported, indicating that the device will not increase the machine cycle of an implementation. It is suggested that the device can maintain full architectural compatibility. >
Advances in cathepsin S inhibitor design. (2006)

Cathepsin S is expressed in antigen-presenting cells and plays a role in invariant chain processing and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation leading to CD4+ T-cell activation. An oral cathepsin S inhibitor that blocks MHCII antigen presentation could result in a T-cell-selective immunosuppressant agent with improved safety over the current standard of care for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune-based inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on advances in cathepsin S inhibitor utility and design since January of 2004.
Rapid and Versatile Construction of Diverse and Functional Nanostructures Derived from a Polyphosphoester-Based Biomimetic Block Copolymer System (2012)

A rapid and efficient approach for the preparation and modification of a versatile class of functional polymer nanoparticles has been developed, for which the entire engineering process from small molecules to polymers to nanoparticles bypasses typical slow and inefficient procedures and rather employs a series of steps that capture fully the "click" chemistry concepts that have greatly facilitated the preparation of complex polymer materials over the past decade. The construction of various nanoparticles with functional complexity from a versatile platform is a challenging aim to provide materials for fundamental studies and also optimization toward a diverse range of applications. In this paper, we demonstrate the rapid and facile preparation of a family of nanoparticles with different surface charges and functionalities based on a biodegradable polyphosphoester block copolymer system. From a retrosynthetic point of view, the nonionic, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic micelles with hydrodynamic diameters between 13 and 21 nm and great size uniformity were quickly formed by suspending, independently, four amphiphilic diblock polyphosphoesters into water, which were functionalized from the same parental hydrophobic-functional AB diblock polyphosphoester by click-type thiol-yne reactions. The well-defined (PDI < 1.2) hydrophobic-functional AB diblock polyphosphoester was synthesized by an ultrafast (<5 min) organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization in a two-step, one-pot manner with the quantitative conversions of two kinds of cyclic phospholane monomers. The whole programmable process starting from small molecules to nanoparticles could be completed within 6 h, as the most rapid approach for the anionic and nonionic nanoparticles, although the cationic and zwitterionic nanoparticles required ca. 2 days due to purification by dialysis. The micelles showed high biocompatibility, with even the cationic micelles exhibiting a 6-fold lower cytotoxicity toward RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells, as compared to the commercial transfection agent Lipofectamine.
Comparison of Two Lidar Methods of Wind Measurement by Cloud Tracking (2000)

We measured the horizontal wind speed vector with two separate lidar cloud tracking techniques. Data were taken during two measurement campaigns: HOLO-1, at Utah State University (USU), Utah, and HOLO-2 at St. Anselm College, New Hampshire. Army Research Office Lidar (AROL-2), Holographic Airborne Rotating Lidar Instrument (HARLIE), and a wide-angle camera were used during HOLO-1. Prototype Holographic Atmospheric Scanner for Environmental Remote Sensing (PHASERS) also participated in HOLO-2. Two measurement methods are described, and selected results from the two HOLO campaigns are shown.
Inferential queueing and speculative push for reducing critical communication latencies (2003)

Communication latencies within critical sections constitute a major bottleneck in some classes of emerging parallel workloads. In this paper, we argue for the use of Inferentially Queued Locks (IQLs) [31], not just for efficient synchronization but also for reducing communication latencies, and we propose a novel mechanism, Speculative Push (SP), aimed at reducing these communication latencies. With IQLs, the processor infers the existence, and limits, of a critical section from the use of synchronization instructions and joins a queue of lock requestors. The SP mechanism extracts information about program structure by observing IQLs. SP allows the cache controller, responding to a request for a cache line that likely includes a lock variable, to predict the data sets the requestor will modify within the associated critical section. The controller then pushes these lines from its own cache to the target cache, as well as writing them to memory. Overlapping the protected data transfer with that of the lock can substantially reduce the communication latencies within critical sections. By pushing data in exclusive state, the mechanism can collapse a read-modify-write sequences within a critical section into a single local cache access. The write-back to memory allows the receiving cache to ignore the push. Neither mechanism requires any programmer or compiler support nor any instruction set changes. Our experiments demonstrate that IQLs and SP can improve performance of applications employing frequent synchronization.