gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A pyramid vector quantizer (1986)

The geometric properties of a memoryless Laplacian source are presented and used to establish a source coding theorem. Motivated by this geometric structure, a pyramid vector quantizer (PVQ) is developed for arbitrary vector dimension. The PVQ is based on the cubic lattice points that lie on the surface of an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</tex> -dimensional pyramid and has simple encoding and decoding algorithms. A product code version of the PVQ is developed and generalized to apply to a variety of sources. Analytical expressions are derived for the PVQ mean square error (mse), and simulation results are presented for PVQ encoding of several memoryless sources. For large rate and dimension, PVQ encoding of memoryless Laplacian, gamma, and Gaussian sources provides rose improvements of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5.64, 8.40</tex> , and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2.39</tex> dB, respectively, over the corresponding optimum scalar quantizer. Although suboptimum in a rate-distortion sense, because the PVQ can encode large-dimensional vectors, it offers significant reduction in rose distortion compared with the optimum Lloyd-Max scalar quantizer, and provides an attractive alternative to currently available vector quantizers.
Emotional and Behavioral Symptoms in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Model for Studying the Neural Bases of Psychopathology (2014)

Disruptions in emotional, cognitive, and social behavior are common in neurodegenerative disease and in many forms of psychopathology. Because neurodegenerative diseases have patterns of brain atrophy that are much clearer than those of psychiatric disorders, they may provide a window into the neural bases of common emotional and behavioral symptoms. We discuss five common symptoms that occur in both neurodegenerative disease and psychopathology (i.e., anxiety, dysphoric mood, apathy, disinhibition, and euphoric mood) and their associated neural circuitry. We focus on two neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia) that are common and well characterized in terms of emotion, cognition, and social behavior and in patterns of associated atrophy. Neurodegenerative diseases provide a powerful model system for studying the neural correlates of psychopathological symptoms; this is supported by evidence indicating convergence with psychiatric syndromes (e.g., symptoms of disinhibition associated with dysfunction in orbitofrontal cortex in both frontotemporal dementia and bipolar disorder). We conclude that neurodegenerative diseases can play an important role in future approaches to the assessment, prevention, and treatment of mental illness.
Cellular Stress Induces the Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Caveolin-1 (Tyr14) via Activation of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and c-Src kinase (2001)

Environmental stressors have been recently shown to activate intracellular mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, such as p38 MAP kinase, leading to changes in cellular functioning. However, little is known about the downstream elements in these signaling cascades. In this study, we show that caveolin-1 is phosphorylated on tyrosine 14 in NIH 3T3 cells after stimulation with a variety of cellular stressors (i.e. high osmolarity, H2O2, and UV light). To detect this phosphorylation event, we employed a phosphospecific monoclonal antibody probe that recognizes only tyrosine 14-phosphorylated caveolin-1. Since p38 MAP kinase and c-Src have been previously implicated in the stress response, we next assessed their role in the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1. Interestingly, we show that the p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and a dominant-negative mutant of c-Src (SRC-RF) both block the stress-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Tyr(P)(14)). In contrast, inhibition of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade did not affect the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1. These results indicate that extracellular stressors can induce caveolin-1 tyrosine phosphorylation through the activation of well established upstream elements, such as p38 MAP kinase and c-Src kinase. However, heat shock did not promote the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and did not activate p38 MAP kinase. Finally, we show that after hyperosmotic shock, tyrosine-phosphorylated caveolin-1 is localized near focal adhesions, the major sites of tyrosine kinase signaling. In accordance with this localization, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton dramatically potentiates the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1. Taken together, our results clearly define a novel signaling pathway, involving p38 MAP kinase activation and caveolin-1 (Tyr(P)(14)). Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 may represent an important downstream element in the signal transduction cascades activated by cellular stress.
Plasma insulin; insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in children with bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. (1980)

An intravenous glucose tolerance test was carried out in 20 children with advanced bilharzial hepatic fibrosis (B.H.F.) and in 10 healthy controls of the same age. Impaired glucose tolerance was demonstrated in bilharzial patients by the presence of a low glucose disappearance rate. There was no difference between the fasting blood sugar and plasma free fatty acid (F.F.A.) levels in bilharzial and healthy children. The plasma insulin levels of bilharzial patients in the fasting state and 60 minutes after glucose infusion were higher than in healthy children. The calculated insulin/glucose ratio after glucose infusion was similar in bilharzial and healthy children. These observations suggest delayed hepatic degradation of insulin and the presence of insulin resistance in children with B.H.F. They are also suggestive of the presence of decreased islet cell reserve in these patients.
Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defence – the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing (2013)

Alveolar macrophages play an essential role in clearing bacteria from the lower airway, as the resident phagocyte alveolar macrophages must both phagocytose and kill bacteria, and if unable to do this completely must co-ordinate an inflammatory response. The decision to escalate the inflammatory response represents the transition between subclinical infection and the development of pneumonia. Alveolar macrophages are well equipped to phagocytose bacteria and have a large phagolysosomal capacity in which ingested bacteria are killed. The rate-limiting step in control of extracellular bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the capacity of alveolar macrophages to kill ingested bacteria. Therefore, alveolar macrophages complement canonical microbicidal strategies with an additional level of apoptosis-associated killing to help kill ingested bacteria.
CSF1R inhibition prevents radiation pulmonary fibrosis by depletion of interstitial macrophages (2018)

Radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RIF) is a delayed side-effect of chest radiotherapy, frequently associated with macrophage infiltration.We aimed to characterise the role of pulmonary macrophages in RIF using human lung biopsies from patients receiving radiotherapy for thorax malignancies and a RIF model developed in C57BL/6 mice after 16-Gy thorax irradiation.High numbers of macrophages (both interstitial and alveolar) were detected in clinical and preclinical RIF. In the preclinical model, upregulation of T-helper (Th)2 cytokines was measured, whereas Th1 cytokines were downregulated in RIF tissue lysate. Bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrated upregulation of both types of cytokines. At steady state, tissue-infiltrating macrophages (IMs) expressed 10-fold more arginase (Arg)-1 than alveolar macrophages (AMs), and a 40-fold upregulation of Arg-1 was found in IMs isolated from RIF. IMs, but not AMs, were able to induce myofibroblast activation <i>in vitro</i> In addition, whereas depletion of AMs using Clodrosome didn't affect RIF score, depletion of IMs using a clinically available colony-stimulating factor receptor-1 (CSF1R) neutralising antibody was antifibrotic.These findings suggest differential contributions of alveolar <i>versus</i> interstitial macrophages in RIF, highlighting the fibrogenic role of IMs. The CSF1/CSF1R pathway was identified as a new therapeutic target to inhibit RIF.
Routine Markerless Gene Replacement in <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> (2006)

An improved genetic tool suitable for routine markerless allelic exchange in Bacillus anthracis has been constructed. Its utility was demonstrated by the introduction of insertions, deletions, and missense mutations on the chromosome and plasmid pXO1 of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis.
Heat Release and Knock in Paraffinic and Aromatic Fuels and the Effect of an Ashless Anti-knock Additive (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Net heat release rates and knock characteristics were derived from in-cylinder pressures for different fuels in a single-cylinder engine; the effect of an ashless antiknock, N-methyl aniline (NMA) was also studied. The maximum net heat release rate (MHRR) resulting from the final high-temperature chemistry determines the knock intensity. Paraffinic fuels have similar knock intensities at comparable knock occurrence frequencies. Aromatic fuels have significantly lower MHRRs and give much lower mean knock intensities for a given knock occurrence frequency compared to paraffinic fuels. Adding NMA to a paraffinic fuel increases the spark advance required to get a chosen frequency of knock occurrence as it increases the octane number of the fuel but has little effect on MHRR and hence knock intensity.</div>
A photochemical route to the formation of threo aldols (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA photochemical route to the formation of threo aldolsStuart L. Schreiber, Amir H. Hoveyda, and Hsien Jen WuCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 3, 660–661Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00341a077https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00341a077research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views937Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
18S rDNA Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing in Onychomycosis Diagnostics (2006)

Diagnostic approaches to onychomycosis have traditionally been based on a combination of culture and microscopy. In the present study clinical specimens from 346 patients with suspected onychomycosis were analysed by 18S polymerase chain reaction (detection) followed by sequencing and subsequent database search (identification) in parallel with routine culture on agar (detection and identification). In 49 samples Trichophyton rubrum was identified by culture and sequencing. In 67 additional culture negative samples, a positive dermatophyte sequence was obtained (T. rubrum in 54, T. mentagrophytes in 5, and T. species in 8 samples). Fifteen samples cultured positive while no sequence was obtained. Two hundred and seven samples were negative by culture as well as by sequencing. Nails from 10 healthy controls were negative by culture and sequencing. In conclusion, the number of specimens that were positive by polymerase chain reaction was more than double the number that were positive by culture alone.
Tiamulin feed premix in the prevention and control of swine dysentery under farm conditions in the UK (1982)

Three field trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate at levels of 20 and 30 ppm in the feed for the prevention and control of swine dysentery. Tiamulin at 30 ppm was shown to be highly effective in preventing the clinical signs of dysentery. Treponema hyodysenteriae was not isolated from these pigs. Tiamulin at 20 ppm was effective in two out of three trials. The trials were performed on pigs either on or from farms with swine dysentery problems which had proven resistant to medication with other products.
Myocardial perfusion quantification using simultaneously acquired <sup>13</sup>NH<sub>3</sub>‐ammonia PET and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI in patients at rest and stress (2018)

Thresholds for Ischemia classification may not be directly tradable between PET and MRI flow values. Differences in perfusion ratios between PET and DCE-MRI may be lifted by using stress/rest-specific hematocrit conversion. Proper physiological constraints are advised in model-constrained deconvolution.
Main-chain poly(arylene ether) phosphonium ionomers (1998)

Poly(arylene ether) main-chain phosphonium ionomers were successfully synthesized and characterized. The reaction scheme involved first preparing the poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide) by a nucleophilic step or condensation polymerization of bisphenolates on activated aryl halides, wherein phenyl phosphine oxide was the activating group. High-molecular-weight, tough, film-forming polymers were produced with glass transition temperatures of 200°C or higher. The resulting materials were successfully reduced using phenylsilane in refluxing chlorobenzene. The derived phosphine or phosphine/phosphine oxide copolymer was reacted with alkyl halides to produce the phosphonium salts. The resulting materials showed enhanced hydrophilicity and in some cases could be successfully dispersed in water. In addition, chromophores such as Methyl Orange and Methyl Red were combined with the backbone ionomer to produce new film-forming, ionically linked species. The materials are of general interest for situations where water-dispersible intermediates, e.g. coatings, fiber sizings etc. are required. The phosphonium salts can be converted back to the phosphine oxide in fairly high yields by simple thermal methods and in quantitative yield by chemical methods (e.g. the Wittig reaction). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[The significance of yeasts in seborrheic eczema]. (1989)

The high prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis in HIV-infected subjects has led to intensified the discussion of the etiopathogenesis of this dermatological disease. There is increasing controversy about the significance of Pityrosporum in seborrheic dermatitis. On the other hand, recent clinical and experimental data favor the role of intestinal candidiasis in seborrheic dermatitis: a high quantity of Candida in the feces of the affected patients, elevated phospholipase activity of the Candida sp. with special pathogenic relevance for mucosal adhesion and fast and long-lasting regression of seborrheic dermatitis after vigorous therapy with oral nystatin. Similar findings have been recorded in the seborrheic forms of psoriasis.
Minimizing Restart Time for Fast Rejuvenation and Availability Enhancement (2011)

An overview of a generic restart procedure of a computer system - be it a personal computer, a server or a big parallel machine - is presented. The objective of this paper is to analyze the restart procedures and propose techniques to reduce the time taken to restart the system, hence providing higher availability and ultimately assurance. Experiments, data and evaluation are provided to support the achieved results.
Changes in Small‐Intestine Permeability with Aging (1995)

There is a progressive decline in the ability to excrete lactulose and mannitol with increasing age. This is probably attributable to a decline in renal function with advancing age. However, because of parallel decreases in lactulose and mannitol excretion, the lactulose/mannitol ratio does not change. Thus small-intestine "leakiness" does not increase with aging as measured by the lactulose/mannitol absorption test.
Enhanced expression of EphrinB1 is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer (2013)

Our analysis demonstrates that EphrinB1 expression is related to the metastasis of breast cancer and its enhanced expression confers a poor prognosis, suggesting that EphrinB1 may be a relevant therapeutic target in breast cancers.
Learning Exploration Policies for Navigation (2019)

Numerous past works have tackled the problem of task-driven navigation. But, how to effectively explore a new environment to enable a variety of down-stream tasks has received much less attention. In this work, we study how agents can autonomously explore realistic and complex 3D environments without the context of task-rewards. We propose a learning-based approach and investigate different policy architectures, reward functions, and training paradigms. We find that the use of policies with spatial memory that are bootstrapped with imitation learning and finally finetuned with coverage rewards derived purely from on-board sensors can be effective at exploring novel environments. We show that our learned exploration policies can explore better than classical approaches based on geometry alone and generic learning-based exploration techniques. Finally, we also show how such task-agnostic exploration can be used for down-stream tasks. Code and Videos are available at: https://sites.google.com/view/exploration-for-nav.
Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses (2020)

Although millions of distinct virus species likely exist, only approximately 9000 are catalogued in GenBank's RefSeq database. We selectively enriched for the genomes of circular DNA viruses in over 70 animal samples, ranging from nematodes to human tissue specimens. A bioinformatics pipeline, Cenote-Taker, was developed to automatically annotate over 2500 complete genomes in a GenBank-compliant format. The new genomes belong to dozens of established and emerging viral families. Some appear to be the result of previously undescribed recombination events between ssDNA and ssRNA viruses. In addition, hundreds of circular DNA elements that do not encode any discernable similarities to previously characterized sequences were identified. To characterize these 'dark matter' sequences, we used an artificial neural network to identify candidate viral capsid proteins, several of which formed virus-like particles when expressed in culture. These data further the understanding of viral sequence diversity and allow for high throughput documentation of the virosphere.
Yeast-generated CO 2 : A convenient source of carbon dioxide for mosquito trapping using the BG-Sentinel ® traps (2017)

Objectives: To evaluates carbon dioxide (CO2) production from yeast/sugar mixtures and its efficiency as an attractant in BG-Sentinel traps. Methods: The rate of CO2 production was optimized for different yeast/sugar mixtures. The optimized mixture was then used as bait in BG-Sentinel traps. The efficiency of this bait was then compared to octenol baited traps. Results: The yeast/sugar (5 g: 280 g) in 300 mL water generated the highest volume of CO2. The CO2 baited traps caught significantly more mosquitoes than octenol baited traps. Conclusions: Yeast-produced CO2 can effectively replace octenol baits in BG traps. This will significantly reduce costs and allow sustainable mass-application of the CO2 baited traps in large scale surveillance programs.
K13 Blocks KSHV Lytic Replication and Deregulates vIL6 and hIL6 Expression: A Model of Lytic Replication Induced Clonal Selection in Viral Oncogenesis (2007)

Our results support a model in which ongoing KSHV lytic replication selects for clones with progressively higher levels of K13 expression and NF-kappaB activity, which in turn drive KSHV tumorigenesis by not only directly stimulating cellular survival and proliferation, but also indirectly by dysregulating the viral lytic gene program and allowing non-lytic production of growth-promoting viral and cellular genes. Lytic Replication-Induced Clonal Selection (LyRICS) may represent a general mechanism in viral oncogenesis.
<i>CycD1</i>, a Putative G1 Cyclin from <i>Antirrhinum majus</i>, Accelerates the Cell Cycle in Cultured Tobacco BY-2 Cells by Enhancing Both G1/S Entry and Progression through S and G2 Phases (2004)

A putative G1 cyclin gene, Antma;CycD1;1 (CycD1), from Antirrhinum majus is known to be expressed throughout the cell cycle in the meristem and other actively proliferating cells. To test its role in cell cycle progression, we examined the effect of CycD1 expression in the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell suspension culture BY-2. Green fluorescent protein:CycD1 is located in the nucleus throughout interphase. Using epitope-tagged CycD1, we show that it interacts in vivo with CDKA, a cyclin dependent protein kinase that acts at both the G1/S and the G2/M boundaries. We examined the effect of induced expression at different stages of the cell cycle. Expression in G0 cells accelerated entry into both S-phase and mitosis, whereas expression during S-phase accelerated entry into mitosis. Consistent with acceleration of both transitions, the CycD1-associated cyclin dependent kinase can phosphorylate both histone H1 and Rb proteins. The expression of cyclinD1 led to the early activation of total CDK activity, consistent with accelerated cell cycle progression. Continuous expression of CycD1 led to moderate increases in growth rate. Therefore, in contrast with animal D cyclins, CycD1 can promote both G0/G1/S and S/G2/M progression. This indicates that D cyclin function may have diverged between plants and animals.
3D Fabric (2017)

3D Fabric jointly uses two strategies for congestion avoidance: flow rate adjustment and path switch. 3D Fabric predicts flow's size and only decelerates large flows in case of light congestion. When the network is heavily congested, it starts to decelerate small flows as well, and meanwhile, considers to switch large flow's path with the help of a new artificial flowlet generation method. ns-3 simulation shows 3D Fabric's FCT outperforms DCTCP by more than 50% for small lows and 3% for large lows with low implementation cost.