gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compact polarization sensors with vertically integrated photodetectors (1997)

We describe a new method of sensing the linear polarization of light in a single mesa device structure by vertically integrating two photodetectors. The monolithic architecture eliminates the need for several discrete components, such as polarization filters and beam splitters, thus reducing critical alignment requirements and cost for various optical systems. Applications include the simplification of reading heads in magneto-optical (MO) data storage devices and constructing imaging arrays for polarization vision. In imaging, polarization sensing can extract additional information from a scene otherwise not noticeable to the human eye, facilitating remote sensing, material classification, and biological imaging. The operation principle of our vertical cavity polarization detector (VCPD) is based on a resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) photodetector, being vertically integrated with a conventional photodetector. The RCE detector is constructed by integrating a thin absorption region into an asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity. The top reflector is formed by the semiconductor air interface, while the bottom mirror is a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). For off-normal incidence of light, the reflectivity of the semiconductor-air interface and DBR are significantly different for TE (s) and TM (p) polarizations. Thus the RCE detector provides resonance enhancement for TE, capturing the TE polarized light in the top detector. For TM polarized light, both reflectivities are small, therefore, light is transmitted to and absorbed in the bottom detector. A large contrast in TE/TM response of the top and bottom detectors is achieved and the linear polarization can be computed from their relative responses. Experimental results displaying good agreement with simulation results have been recently achieved and are presented.
Novel 1′,1′‐Chain Substituted Δ<sup>8</sup>‐Tetrahydrocannabinols. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
In(X)Ga(1-X) As Strain-Layer Multiple-Quantum-Well Laser Diodes (1994)

Fabricated on InP substrates, devices operate at room temperature, emitting at wavelengths near 1.8 micrometers. By suitable modification of structure of devices, possible to achieve operation at any wavelength from 1.6 to 2.5 micrometers: this range important in lidar and in remote sensing of atmospheric gases. Quantum-well and barrier layers sandwiched between two 60-nm-thick layers of lattice-matched InGaAs. InGaAs layers sandwiched between two 150-nm-thick layers of InGaAsP. Those layers sandwiched, in turn, between InP substrate and InP cladding layer. Also layer of InGaAs atop InP cladding layers.
Potent broadly neutralizing antibody VIR-3434 controls hepatitis B and D virus infection and reduces HBsAg in humanized mice (2023)

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus and co-infection with hepatitis D virus place approximately 290 million individuals worldwide at risk of severe liver disease and cancer. Available treatments result in low rates of functional cure or require lifelong therapy that does not eliminate the risk of liver disease. We isolated and characterized a potent human antibody that neutralizes hepatitis B and D viruses and reduces infection in a mouse model. This antibody could provide a new treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B and D.
Novel Macrocyclic Peptides Active at Human Melanocortin Receptors: A Preliminary SAR Study (2015)

The melanocortins are a group of structurally related peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC), their name from their melanotropic and corticotropic activities and are comprised of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-MSH, and γ-MSH. The effects of melanocortins are mediated by activation of a family of melanocortin receptors (MCRs). Five MCR (MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R) (Figure 2) genes have been cloned and the receptors pharmacologically characterized [1]. All the melanocortin ligands conserve the core sequence, Trp-Arg-Phe-His. Previous SAR study on melanotropins, in particular on α-MSH, led to the small cyclic peptide MT-II, a potent and non-selective agonist at MCRs.
Heat‐labile uracil‐DNA glycosylase: purification and characterization (1996)

A uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) from a psychrophilic marine bacterium (BMTU 3346) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 23400 Da. It is stable in complex buffers (containing glycerol/BSA), whereas it is heat-labile in dilute buffers (free of stabilizers) with a half-life of 2 min at 40 degrees C. Due to the thermolability, uracil-DNA glycosylase is suitable for application in the carryover prevention technique showing less residual activity and/or a slower reactivation rate than the usually applied UNG from Escherichia coli.
Comparison of whole-cell antibodies and an antigenic flagellar epitope of Borrelia burgdorferi in serologic tests for diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (1992)

A recombinant protein (p41-G) of an antigenic region of flagellin was used in a standard and amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Comparable sensitivities (88 to 94%) were noted when sera from 17 persons who had erythema migrans and antibodies to whole-cell B. burgdorferi were tested against the p41-G antigen. In tests of a second study group of 36 persons who had erythema migrans but no detectable antibodies to whole-cell B. burgdorferi, 3 (8%) were positive when the p41-G antigen was used. Assay specificity likewise increased when the p41-G fragment was included in an ELISA with human sera containing treponemal antibodies. Recombinant flagellar proteins of B. burgdorferi, such as the p41-G antigen, can be used in an ELISA and may help confirm Lyme borreliosis during early stages of infection and improve specificity.
Efficient optimal surface detection: theory, implementation, and experimental validation (2004)

In this paper, a novel polynomial-time algorithm is described for solving the optimal net surface detection problem on proper ordered multi-column graphs in N-D space (N ≥ 3). The method is applied to searching for optimal object boundaries with arbitrary smoothness constraints in volumetric medical images. By simple transformations, such optimal surface detection problems can be simplified to a problem of computing the minimum s-t cuts in the transformed graphs. An efficient implementation for the 3-D case that can achieve near real-time performance on moderate-sized datasets is presented. We further examine our technique in experiments by segmenting the cylindrical surfaces of human airways from pulmonary volumetric CT images, and compare the results to those produced by previous methods. By allowing full specifications of the cost-function and smoothness constraints without degrading the performance, the new algorithm is more flexible than traditional methods and guarantees global optimality. The multi-dimensional nature of the algorithm maintains continuity in higher dimensions.
Creating molecular barriers to acute platelet deposition on damaged arteries with reactive polyethylene glycol (1998)

We report here a novel method for blocking acute platelet deposition at the site of vessel injury by molecularly masking thrombogenic vascular wall proteins with covalently attached polyethylene glycol (PEG). To evaluate this technique, blood containing 111In-labeled platelets was perfused over damaged human placental arteries for 2 min at a wall shear rate of 200 s−1. Denuded vessel segments were incubated for 30, 15, 5, and 1 min with a solution of either reactive PEG-diisocyanate (PEG-ISO) or nonreactive PEG-dihydroxyl (PEG-OH). Vessels treated with PEG-ISO for 1 min exhibited 87 ± 12% less platelet deposition (p < 0.01) than untreated control vessels, and this reduction did not vary significantly among treatment times, indicating that this reaction occurs rapidly enough to be clinically applicable. To investigate the duration of this thrombotic barrier, denuded pig carotid arteries were treated with reactive PEG-ISO for 1 min, perfused with plasma for 30 min, and then perfused with blood containing radiolabeled platelets. PEG-ISO-treated arteries exhibited 84 ± 9% less platelet deposition (p < 0.05) than untreated controls. These data demonstrate that damaged arterial surfaces can be rendered resistant to platelet deposition after short contact periods with reactive PEG. Molecular PEG barriers ultimately might find application following vascular procedures to sterically inhibit blood cell interaction with damaged vascular surfaces. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 251–256, 1998.
Correction of channel dispersion in terahertz wireless communications (2020)

In ultra-wideband or impulse radio terahertz wireless communication, the atmosphere reshapes terahertz pulses via group velocity dispersion, a result of the frequency-dependent refractivity of air. Without correction, this can significantly degrade the achievable data transmission rate. We present realistic studies of the effects of dispersion over various wireless terahertz links, illustrating how future ultra-wideband links may be limited not by loss, but by inter-symbol interference, stemming from group velocity dispersion. These results show how typical dispersion management approaches are not valid in this case. We also present a novel method for reversing atmospheric group velocity dispersion in terahertz links in the 0.2-0.3 THz atmospheric window using a cohort of stratified media reflectors. To our knowledge, this effort is the first of its kind. Analytical and numerical simulations predict this entirely passive approach can achieve up to 99% of the theoretically possible compensation, while maintaining a power efficiency of greater than 98% across a 100 GHz bandwidth. Finally, we present a prototype reflector that was constructed and experimentally validated our simulations.
Geocast for wireless sensor networks (2011)

An important but relatively less studied class of network layer protocol for sensor networks is geocast. It allows a sensor node to send messages to all nodes in a given geographical area without the sender node having any knowledge about which nodes are present in that area. Developing a robust geocast protocol for practical sensor networks poses several challenges. Geocast messages should be reliably delivered to the destination area in the presence of unreliable wireless links, a typical characteristic of practical sensor network deployments. The protocol should minimize the number of radio transmissions and avoid control traffic to save energy, which is a scarce resource in sensor networks. The protocol should be robust against a wide range of network densities. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of SGcast - a reliable, robust, and energy-efficient geocast protocol that achieves these goals. For a wide range of experiments conducted using networks of real sensor nodes and simulations, we show that compared to a recent geocast protocol, SGcast achieves up to 11.08x reduction in energy consumption and up to 2.17x improvement in successful delivery of geocast messages to the destination area, while being robust against a wide variability in network densities.
Optimum MCS for high-throughput long-range ambient backscatter communication networks (2017)

Ambient backscatter is a promising solution for future Internet of Things (IoT) composed of massive low-power wireless devices without external power sources. It is challenging to accommodate these devices with high throughput and long range because of the low efficiency inherent in ambient backscatter. To tackle the challenging issue, we propose an optimum modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for ambient backscatter communication networks (ABCN). We model and analyze the ABCN embedded by semi-passive tags with M-ary modulation and full-duplex WiFi access points as reader. The coverage and network capacity are derived, by which the effect of various system parameters including reflection coefficient, code rate, and cluster size is investigated. It is shown that the optimum MCS for the ABCN will provide highly increased throughput and range for future IoT networks and smart home/office.
Cell selection analysis in outdoor heterogeneous networks (2010)

LTE-Advanced is one of the most candidate 4G technologies, and cell selection plays a crucial role in improving cell spectral efficiency. This paper is supported by performances comparisons and analysis between the new cell selection method and the conventional cell selection method, in order to explore cell selection efficiency in LTE-A heterogeneous systems.
Squeezing with coupled pendulums: two-level atoms in a cavity (1987)

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the generation of squeezed states of light has been carried out for a system of two-level atoms inside a high-finesse cavity. The regime that we consider is such that the coupling of atoms to the cavity mode produces a splitting in the normal mode structure of the atom-field system (the so-called vacuum-field Rabi splitting). We have employed this splitting to generate squeezing with observed reductions in photocurrent noise of 30 % below the shot-noise level. A degree of squeezing of ~50% is inferred for the field state in the absence of propagation and detection losses. Squeezing has been observed in two different cavity geometries with quite different coupling coefficients. In each case, the frequency of best squeezing corresponds to that of the normal mode splitting <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq1" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ( g = single atom coupling coefficent and N = number of atoms) in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. Regions of parameter space with very large degrees of squeezing (>20×) are identified. Preliminary extensions of the theory into a transient regime with (cavity lifetime) ≪ (interaction time) ≪ (atomic lifetime) are described.
PD-L1 on invasive fibroblasts drives fibrosis in a humanized model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2019)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with unremitting extracellular matrix deposition, leading to a distortion of pulmonary architecture and impaired gas exchange. Fibroblasts from IPF patients acquire an invasive phenotype that is essential for progressive fibrosis. Here, we performed RNA sequencing analysis on invasive and noninvasive fibroblasts and found that the immune checkpoint ligand CD274 (also known as PD-L1) was upregulated on invasive lung fibroblasts and was required for the invasive phenotype of lung fibroblasts, is regulated by p53 and FAK, and drives lung fibrosis in a humanized IPF model in mice. Activating CD274 in IPF fibroblasts promoted invasion in vitro and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. CD274 knockout in IPF fibroblasts and targeting CD274 by FAK inhibition or CD274-neutralizing antibodies blunted invasion and attenuated fibrosis, suggesting that CD274 may be a novel therapeutic target in IPF.
Water‐Free Titania–Bronze Thin Films with Superfast Lithium‐Ion Transport (2014)

Using pulsed laser deposition, TiO2 (-) B and its recently discovered variant Ca:TiO2 (-) B (CaTi5O11) are synthesized as highly crystalline thin films for the first time by a completely water-free process. Significant enhancement in the Li-ion battery performance is achieved by manipulating the crystal orientation of the films, used as anodes, with a demonstration of extraordinary structural stability under extreme conditions.
Optofluidic particle concentration by a long-range dual-beam trap (2009)

Ultrahigh sensitivity detection of particles in solution implies the ability to detect at very low concentrations. At the single-particle level, this is achieved through fluorescence detection, reaching down to single fluorophores. Sensitivity may also be improved by concentrating many particles into a compact cluster, thus "integrating" the signal of many particles. We show how both ways can be combined on an optofluidic chip in a fully planar geometry utilizing counterpropagating liquid-core waveguide modes to form a loss-based optical trap. This all-optical concentrator can increase the concentration of particles by more than 2 orders of magnitude and also provides a convenient, nondispersive means of transport for particle ensembles.
A Mechanistic Study on Alcohol Oxidations with Oxygen Catalysed by TPAP‐Doped Ormosils in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2005)

Abstract The heterogeneous oxidation of various alcohols with oxygen catalysed by TPAP‐doped ormosils in scCO 2 at 75 °C and 22.0 MPa has been studied in detail. Sol‐gel segregation of TPAP into the inner porosity of an organically modified silica (ormosil) xerogel along with the use of a reaction medium which does not dissolve the catalyst, prevents aggregation of oxidation‐inactive ruthenium derivatives without the need of chemical tethering. Thus, at least 140 TONs may be obtained in the oxidation of primary alcohols with the formation of aldehydes as sole reaction products. Investigation of the oxidation mechanism shows that the catalytic process exhibits a first‐order dependence on the amount of catalyst, a fractional order on the alcohol concentration and a negative order for oxygen pressures higher than 0.2 bar. Evidence is presented for an associative oxidation mechanism simultaneously involving TPAP, organic substrate and oxygen.
Selective Gas Sensing with a Single Pristine Graphene Transistor (2012)

We show that vapors of different chemicals produce distinguishably different effects on the low-frequency noise spectra of graphene. It was found in a systematic study that some gases change the electrical resistance of graphene devices without changing their low-frequency noise spectra while other gases modify the noise spectra by inducing Lorentzian components with distinctive features. The characteristic frequency fc of the Lorentzian noise bulges in graphene devices is different for different chemicals and varies from fc=10 - 20 Hz to fc=1300 - 1600 Hz for tetrahydrofuran and chloroform vapors, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the low-frequency noise in combination with other sensing parameters can allow one to achieve the selective gas sensing with a single pristine graphene transistor. Our method of gas sensing with graphene does not require graphene surface functionalization or fabrication of an array of the devices with each tuned to a certain chemical.
Photoswitchable gas permeation membranes based on azobenzene-doped liquid crystals II. Permeation-switching characterization under variable volume and variable pressure conditions (2010)

Stimuli-responsive gas permeation membranes hold substantial potential for industrial processes as well as in analytical
and screening applications. Such smart membrane systems, although prevalent in liquid mass-transfer manipulations,
have yet to be realized for gas applications. We report our progress in developing gas permeation membranes in which
liquid crystalline (LC) phases afford the active region of permeation. To achieve rapid and reversible switching between
LC and isotropic permeation states, we harnessed the photomechanical action of mesogenic azobenzene dyes that can
produce isothermal nematic-isotropic transitions. Both polymeric and low-molecular-weight LC materials were tested.
Three different dye-doped LC mixtures with mesogenic azo dyes were infused into commercially available track-etched
porous membranes with regular cylindrical pores (0.4 to 10.0 μm). Photoinduced isothermal phase changes in the
imbibed material produced large and fully reversible changes in the permeability of the membrane to nitrogen with 5 s of
irradiation at 2 mW/cm 2 . Using two measurement tools constructed in-house, the permeability of the photoswitched
membranes was determined by both variable-pressure and variable-volume methods. Both the LC and photogenerated
isotropic states demonstrate a linear permeability/pressure (ideal sorption) relationship, with up to a 16-fold difference in
their permeability coefficients. Liquid crystal compositions can be chosen such that the LC phase is more permeable than
the isotropic-or vice versa. This approach is the first system offering reversible tunable gas permeation membranes.
A new approach to prostanoid synthesis: a model study (1986)

The first successful intramolecular nitrone–alkene cycloaddition involving a C-alkenyl nitrone in which the reacting centres are separated by two carbon atoms was applied to the construction of the nuclei of prostaglandin H analogues.
Glass Formation and Properties of the Glasses based on As- and Ge-free Sulfide Systems for Infrared Transmitting Materials (2015)

New glass-forming systems based on sulfides are reported as infrared-transmitting materials used for fabrication of optics. The systems consist of Ga2S3, Sb2S3, and a third component, CsCl or SnS. ...
Efficient transduction of neural cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> by a baculovirus-derived vector (2000)

Gene delivery to the central nervous system is central to the development of gene therapy for neurological diseases. We developed a baculovirus-derived vector, the Bac-CMV-GFP vector, containing a reporter gene encoding for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Two neuroblastomal cell lines and three human primary neural cultures could be efficiently transduced. In all cases, addition of butyrate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, increased the level of expression in terms of the number of GFP-expressing cells and the intensity of fluorescence. The level of expression in a human telencephalic culture was over 50% of transduced cells with a multiplicity of infection of 25. GFP expression was demonstrated to be genuine expression and not pseudotransduction of the reporter protein. Most interestingly, Bac-CMV-GFP could transduce neural cells in vivo when directly injected into the brain of rodents and was not inactivated by the complement system. Thus, baculovirus is a promising tool for gene transfer into the central nervous system both for studies of the function of foreign genes and the development of gene therapy strategies.
Application of a plasma waveguide to soft-x-ray lasers (1995)

A recently developed laser-produced plasma channel is shown to be a promising means to produce an efficient, compact soft-x-ray laser. The channel provides a route for efficient high-power laser pumping through optical waveguiding of the pump. The channel also acts as a waveguide for generated soft x rays, as it has wavelength-independent mode structure. It is shown that channel creation and guided laser pulses of moderate duration and energy can be highly effective in producing nonequilibrium gas density plasmas and candidate ions for collisional and recombination laser schemes. The nonequilibrium behavior of these plasmas can be exploited to generate substantial population inversions.