gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Cryogen Spray Cooling for Port Wine Stain Laser Therapy Using Photoacoustic Measurement of Epidermal Melanin (2003)

Treatment of vascular skin lesions, such as port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks, uses laser energy to thermally damage the hypervascular regions in the dermis. Delivery of sufficient laser energy to the dermis can be confounded by the more superficial epidermal melanin layer, a broadband optical absorber. Laser pulses directed at skin lesions may result in excessive heating and scarring of the epidermis, resulting also in limiting the energy available to treat the dermal lesion. Cryogen spray cooling is used to selectively cool the epidermis, allowing the use of higher laser fluences which cause thermal damage in the deeper lesion, while preventing hypertrophic scarring of the epidermis. In order to optimize cryogen cooling and laser pulse parameter for treatment, the depth profile of the epidermal melanin layer and vascular lesion must be known. We use a photoacoustic probe to determine this depth profile. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser emitting 532 nm light pulses of 4 ns duration is used to excite acoustic waves in epidermal melanin and hemoglobin in the vascular lesions via a miniature probe incorporating a piezoelectric detector. We used acoustic propagation time to determine the spatial relationship of the absorbing structures, thereby giving the necessary means to determine cryogen spurt and laser pulse timing. We present a finite difference thermal model along with data from tissue phantoms showing the effectiveness of the photoacoustic method.
A 1.5 μm GaInNAs(Sb) laser grown on GaAs by MBE (2003)

We have varied growth parameters including group III and V growth rates, Sb flux, and N concentration, in the MBE growth of GaInAs(Sb)/GaAs quantum well lasers. We have found that it is possible to maintain high photoluminescence intensity for samples above 1.5 /spl mu/m. By introducing the optimum Sb flux and cracking temperature, In incorporation up to 50% becomes possible. To our knowledge, this is the highest In incorporation on GaAs reported without relaxation of the crystal.
Dopant‐assisted direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with argon gas (2016)

Dopant-assisted argon DART operates by a mechanism that is analogous to those proposed for dopant-assisted atmospheric-pressure photoionization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel digital-tuning mechanism for lasers (1996)

Summary form only given. A wide variety of laser-tuning mechanisms exist based on analogue mechanical or thermal effects. It is important for a number of applications, including communications and spectroscopy, to have precise, repeatable, and reliable wavelength control. We present here a digital wavelength tuning mechanism, which is inherently stable, precise, and repeatable. The novel filter is based on a pixellated 2-D ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator, whose fundamental spatial periodicity (pixel dimension) is accurately defined by a photo-lithographic process.
Auto-ASD-Network (2019)

Quantitative analysis of brain disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an ongoing field of research. Machine learning and deep learning techniques have been playing an important role in automating the diagnosis of brain disorders by extracting discriminative features from the brain data. In this study, we propose a model called Auto-ASD-Network in order to classify subjects with Autism disorder from healthy subjects using only fMRI data. Our model consists of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with two hidden layers. We use an algorithm called SMOTE for performing data augmentation in order to generate artificial data and avoid overfitting, which helps increase the classification accuracy. We further investigate the discriminative power of features extracted using MLP by feeding them to an SVM classifier. In order to optimize the hyperparameters of SVM, we use a technique called Auto Tune Models (ATM) which searches over the hyperparameter space to find the best values of SVM hyperparameters. Our model achieves more than 70% classification accuracy for 4 fMRI datasets with the highest accuracy of 80%. It improves the performance of SVM by 26%, the stand-alone MLP by 16% and the state of the art method in ASD classification by 14%. The implemented code will be available as GPL license on GitHub portal of our lab (https://github.com/PCDS).
Fluorous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Superior Adsorption and Hydrophobic Properties toward Oil Spill Cleanup and Hydrocarbon Storage (2011)

We demonstrate that fluorous metal-organic frameworks (FMOFs) are highly hydrophobic porous materials with a high capacity and affinity to C(6)-C(8) hydrocarbons of oil components. FMOF-1 exhibits reversible adsorption with a high capacity for n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, and p-xylene, with no detectable water adsorption even at near 100% relative humidity, drastically outperforming activated carbon and zeolite porous materials. FMOF-2, obtained from annealing FMOF-1, shows enlarged cages and channels with double toluene adsorption vs FMOF-1 based on crystal structures. The results suggest great promise for FMOFs in applications such as removal of organic pollutants from oil spills or ambient humid air, hydrocarbon storage and transportation, water purification, etc. under practical working conditions.
Flexible Time Domain Reflectometry Probe for Deep Vadose Zone Monitoring (2003)

Accurate determination of water content is an important aspect of most vadose zone monitoring programs. Real-time, continuous, in situ measurements of water content in relatively undisturbed conditions are usually limited to shallow soil horizons. We present a new methodology using time domain reflectometry (TDR) for water content monitoring in deep vadose zone horizons. The method uses flat, flexible, waveguides pressed against the wall of a borehole. The flexible TDR waveguides are attached to the outer side of a flexible sleeve filled with a liquid resin. The resin (e.g., a two-component urethane) generates hydrostatic pressure that forces the flexible waveguides against the borehole wall, ensuring a close fit to the irregular shape of the borehole walls. The probe can be used with either a standard TDR technique, which uses a cable tester (e.g., Tektronix 1520, Tektronix, Beaverton, OR) for collecting waveforms, or a water content reflectometer (e.g., model CS505, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT), which provides a direct electrical output, which may be sampled using a data logger. Laboratory calibration experiments and a full-scale field experiment showed that the method is reliable and capable of providing accurate water content measurements in deep vadose zone horizons.
Avionics architectures for real-time multi-platform spectrum allocation (2003)

This article describes a notional system-of-systems concept that is compatible with futuristic multi-function multi-platform sensor applications. The concept is based on localized "adaptive" waveform and spectrum allocation. The systems engineering, modeling, and analysis of this type of system is based on a signal requirements analysis within a local region of interest where a collection of notional platforms, each with a given set of sensor requirements is visualized. During initial deployment, the waveform parameters for each platform are left in an indeterminate state. Then, the parametric sensor requirements, for each sensor, are mapped to real-time waveform design parameters.
From phosphate rocks to uranium raw materials: hybrid materials designed for selective separation of uranium from phosphoric acid (2014)

Innovative hybrid materials with high capacities to selectively extract uranium ions from phosphoric acid media were developed by grafting phosphorous-based ligands within the pores of mesoporous silica (SBA15) or mesoporous carbon (CMK3).
A novel process for manufacture of methanol (1990)

A bench-scale reactor is being used to conduct studies of the conversion of synthesis gas to methanol by a novel process. During the last quarter, the effect of operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, feed H{sub 2}/CO ratio and feed flow rate on the MeOH synthesis rate were investigated. The specific rate of MeOH synthesis was found to vary with gas feed rate -- an unexpected result. It is proposed that this is due to the presence of small amounts of an inhibiting agent which accumulates in the liquid at low flow rates. Work also continued on the modification of the experimental equipment to permit on-line monitoring of liquid and gas compositions.
Folate Receptor Targeted Bimodal Liposomes for Tumor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2009)

Folate-targeted bimodal paramagnetic and fluorescent liposomes were developed and showed enhanced accumulation in a folate receptor expressing tumor model. These bimodal liposomes were composed of both a paramagnetic and a fluorescent lipid, and utilized a PEG-lipid amphiphile for prolonged in vivo circulation. The particles were formulated to ensure a size distribution of approximately 100 nm with a low polydispersity index. IGROV-1 cells were used to induce tumors in nude Balb/c mice, and the folate-targeted liposomes were injected intravenously. Rapid accumulation of the folate-targeted liposomes within the tumor tissue compared to nontargeted liposomes was observed. Furthermore, folate-labeled liposomes showed a 4-fold increase in tumor T(1) signal intensity at just 2 h postinjection with similar results being obtained for the nontargeted liposomes only 24 h postinjection. In addition, the folate-targeted liposomes were injected at half the nontargeted liposome dose, further demonstrating their effectiveness. Histological analysis of sectioned tumor slices revealed distinct fluorescence patterns between the targeted and nontargeted systems, with a more localized and hyperintense fluorescence signal observed from tumor sections post-folate-targeted liposome injections. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of folate targeting for dynamic real-time solid tumor MRI and provide insight into kinetics of targeted and nontargeted nanoparticles to solid tumors.
A Selective Optical Sensor Based on [9]Mercuracarborand-3, a New Type of Ionophore with a Chloride Complexing Cavity (2000)

A highly selective optical sensor for chloride, based on the multidentate Lewis acid ionophore [9]mercuracarborand-3, is described herein. This sensor is constructed by embedding the mercuracarborand ionophore, a suitable pH-sensitive lipophilic dye, and lipophilic cationic sites in a plasticized polymeric membrane. The multiple complementary interactions offered by the preorganized complexing cavity of [9]mercuracarborand-3 is shown to control the anion selectivity pattern of the optical film. The film exhibits a significantly enhanced selectivity for chloride over a variety of lipophilic anions such as perchlorate, nitrate, salicylate, and thiocyanate. Furthermore, the optical selectivity coefficients obtained for chloride over other biologically relevant anions are shown to meet the selectivity requirements for the determination of chloride in physiological fluids, unlike previously reported chloride optical sensors. In addition, the optical film responds to chloride reversibly over a wide dynamic range (16 microM-136 mM) with fast response and recovery times.
High gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches: switch longevity (2002)

Optically activated, high gain GaAs switches are being tested for many different pulsed power applications that require long lifetime (longevity). The switches have p and n contact metallization (with intentional or unintentional dopants) configured in such a way as to produce p-i-n or n-i-n switches. The longevity of the switches is determined by circuit parameters and by the ability of the contacts to resist erosion. This paper will describe how the switches performed in test-beds designed to measure switch longevity. The best longevity was achieved with switches made with diffused contacts, achieving over 50 million pulses at 10 A and over 2 million pulses at 80 A.
Long Round-Trip Time Support with Shared-Memory Crosspoint Buffered Packet Switch (2006)

The amount of memory in buffered crossbars in combined input-crosspoint buffered switches is proportional to the number of crosspoints, or O(N/sup 2/), where N is the number of ports, and to the crosspoint buffer size, which is defined by the distance between the line cards and the buffered crossbar, to achieve 100% throughput under port-rate data flows. A long distance between these two components can make a buffered crossbar costly to implement. In this paper, we propose and examine two shared-memory crosspoint buffered packet switches that use small crosspoint buffers to support a long round-trip time, which is mainly affected by the transmission delay caused by the distance between line cards and the buffered crossbar. The proposed switch reduces the required buffer memory of the buffered crossbar by 50% or more. We show that a shared-memory crosspoint buffer switch can provide high this improvement without speedup.
Orientation-independent room temperature optical<sup>13</sup>C hyperpolarization in powdered diamond (2018)

Â© 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved. Dynamic nuclear polarization via contact with electronic spins has emerged as an attractive route to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance beyond the traditional limits imposed by magnetic field strength and temperature. Among the various alternative implementations, the use of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond-a paramagnetic point defect whose spin can be optically polarized at room temperature-has attracted widespread attention, but applications have been hampered by the need to align the NV axis with the external magnetic field. We overcome this hurdle through the combined use of continuous optical illumination and a microwave sweep over a broad frequency range. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate our approach using powdered diamond with which we attain bulk13C spin polarization in excess of 0.25% under ambient conditions. Remarkably, our technique acts efficiently on diamond crystals of all orientations and polarizes nuclear spins with a sign that depends exclusively on the direction of the microwave sweep. Our work paves the way toward the use of hyperpolarized diamond particles as imaging contrast agents for biosensing and, ultimately, for the hyperpolarization of nuclear spins in arbitrary liquids brought in contact with their surface.
Laser Isotope Separation (1980)

Abstract A brief background on the history and motivation of laser isotope separation is presented. Methods of molecular laser isotope separation are reviewed, and the Los Alamos process for separation of uranium isotopes as well as the general problems with this approach are covered. A short summary on critical uv cross-section-enhancement results is given and the implications of infrared cross-section dependence on laser fluence is discussed. The laser requirements for the LASL process and the projected economics for this process are presented. The future prospects for molecular laser isotope separation as well as some speculation on general advances in photochemistry are presented.
Fast Monte Carlo for radiation therapy: the PEREGRINE Project (1997)

The purpose of the PEREGRINE program is to bring high-speed, high- accuracy, high-resolution Monte Carlo dose calculations to the desktop in the radiation therapy clinic. PEREGRINE is a three- dimensional Monte Carlo dose calculation system designed specifically for radiation therapy planning. It provides dose distributions from external beams of photons, electrons, neutrons, and protons as well as from brachytherapy sources. Each external radiation source particle passes through collimator jaws and beam modifiers such as blocks, compensators, and wedges that are used to customize the treatment to maximize the dose to the tumor. Absorbed dose is tallied in the patient or phantom as Monte Carlo simulation particles are followed through a Cartesian transport mesh that has been manually specified or determined from a CT scan of the patient. This paper describes PEREGRINE capabilities, results of benchmark comparisons, calculation times and performance, and the significance of Monte Carlo calculations for photon teletherapy. PEREGRINE results show excellent agreement with a comprehensive set of measurements for a wide variety of clinical photon beam geometries, on both homogeneous and heterogeneous test samples or phantoms. PEREGRINE is capable of calculating >350 million histories per hour for a standard clinical treatment plan. This results in a dosemore » distribution with voxel standard deviations of <2% of the maximum dose on 4 million voxels with 1 mm resolution in the CT-slice plane in under 20 minutes. Calculation times include tracking particles through all patient specific beam delivery components as well as the patient. Most importantly, comparison of Monte Carlo dose calculations with currently-used algorithms reveal significantly different dose distributions for a wide variety of treatment sites, due to the complex 3-D effects of missing tissue, tissue heterogeneities, and accurate modeling of the radiation source.« less
A novel transient pulse viscometer for fluid viscosities at high pressures and elevated temperatures (1991)

This article describes the design and principle of operation of a new capillary unsteady-state pulse viscometer for measuring the viscosities of fluids at high pressures and elevated temperatures. The asymptotic solution for the flow of a fluid in a capillary tube under a transient pressure gradient that decays at a rate proportional to the fluid flux in the tube is derived. The apparatus is relatively inexpensive to manufacture since it does not require a constant flow pump. Furthermore, it does not require large volumes of the fluid being measured and is comparatively faster than other conventional steady-state viscometers. The accuracy of the viscometer is comparable to or better than the commercial steady-state viscometers. The relevant flow equations are derived for calculating viscosity from measured differential pressure decay signals.
The Ventricular Depolarization Gradient: Effects of Exercise, Pacing Rate, Epinephrine, and Intrinsic Heart Rate Control on the Right Ventricular Evoked Response (1989)

A new pacing technique is described that permits high fidelity recording of the paced ventricular evoked response, including cardiac depolarization. Integration of the paced R wave yields the ventricular depolarization gradient (GD), which is dependent on activation sequence and the spatial dispersion of activation times. GD was studied in 27 dogs to determine the effects of treadmill exercise at fixed rate pacing (n = 10), elevation of heart rate in the absence of stress (n = 20), epinephrine at fixed rate (n = 6), and exercise in the presence of normal chronotrophic response (n = 7). Low level exercise (1 mph, 2 min, 15 degrees) at a fixed heart rate produced significant (P less than 0.0005) decreases in GD that averaged -10.8 +/- 4.0% (mean +/- SD). The rate of change in GD was faster at the onset of exercise than at its cessation (P less than 0.0005). Artificial elevation of heart rate at rest produced significant (P less than 0.0005) increases in GD; mean sensitivity of GD to rate was 0.27 +/- 0.12%/beats/min. Intravenous injection of epinephrine produced significant (P less than 0.001) decreases in GD at two dosage levels (2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg) when evaluated at two baseline pacing rates (150 and 190 beats/min); mean changes in GD were -20.64 +/- 0.53% (2.5 micrograms/kg at 150 beats/min), -25.19 +/- 4.20% (5.0 micrograms/kg at 150 beats/min), -14.18 +/- 5.19% (2.5 micrograms/kg at 190 beats/min), and -24.22 +/- 4.94% (5.0 micrograms/kg at 190 beats/min). Sensitivity of GD to epinephrine was dose-dependent (P less than 0.01) at each baseline rate, but was independent (P greater than 0.05) of the rate itself. In the presence of a normal chronotropic response, GD remained unchanged (P greater than 0.5) during exercise in spite of significant elevation in heart rate (105.0 to 167.1 beats/min, P less than 0.001). These data suggest the presence of an intrinsic negative-feedback control mechanism that maintains GD constant in the healthy heart during homeostatic disturbance. Applications in closed-loop rate adaptive pacing are described.
Cells having cathodes derived from ammonium-molybdenum-chalcogen compounds. [Li/S preferred] (1979)

The present invention is directed to an electric current-producing cell that contains a cathode having as its cathode-active material one or more compounds selected from the following four groups: those having the formula (NH/sub 4/)/sub x/MoZ/sub y/, wherein Z is a chalcogen selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium, sulfur-selenium mixtures, sulfur-oxygen mixtures, and selenium-oxygen mixtures, wherein x is a numerical value of about 2, and y is a numerical value of about 4; compounds of the above formula wherein one or more hydrogens is substituted with a radical selected from alkyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and alkyl amine radicals habving 1 to 20 carbon atoms; those having the formula (NH/sub 3/-R-NH/sub 3/)MoZ/sub y/, where R is a methylene radical or a polymethylene radical having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and wherein Z and y are as defined; and the amorphous decomposition products of one or more compounds of the preceding three groups resulting from their decomposition below about 350/sup 0/C.
2μm mode-locked fiber lasers (2012)

Mode-locked fiber lasers based on Tm-doped and Tm-Ho-codoped silicate fibers have been studied. The first modelocked fiber laser oscillator beyond 2 μm was demonstrated. The first mode-locked 2μm fiber laser with ~GHz repetition rate was demonstrated. The broadest spectrum (50nm FWHM) was obtained from dispersion managed 2μm mode-locked fiber laser. Various operation regimes of mode-locked thulium fiber lasers are presented, as well as all-fiber 2μm pulse amplifiers.
Predominance of null mutations in ataxia-telangiectasia (1996)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disorder involving cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chromosomal instability, radiosensitivity and cancer predisposition. The responsible gene, ATM, was recently identified by positional cloning and found to encode a putative 350 kDa protein with a Pl 3-kinase-like domain, presumably involved in mediating cell cycle arrest in response to radiation-induced DNA damage. The nature and location of A-T mutations should provide insight into the function of the ATM protein and the molecular basis of this pleiotropic disease. Of 44 A-T mutations identified by us to date, 39 (89%) are expected to inactivate the ATM protein by truncating it, by abolishing correct initiation or termination of translation, or by deleting large segments. Additional mutations are four smaller in-frame deletions and insertions, and one substitution of a highly conserved amino acid at the Pl 3-kinase domain. The emerging profile of mutations causing A-T is thus dominated by those expected to completely inactivate the ATM protein. ATM mutations with milder effects may result in phenotypes related, but not identical, to A-T.
Device for generating seismic waves by striking a mass against a target member (1981)

First Page
Karyometry of secretory cell nuclei in high‐grade PIN lesions* (2001)

Secretory cell nuclei in high-grade PIN lesions are a heterogeneous population, forming statistically different subgroups. Studies aimed at characterizing the progression of such lesions should consider the inhomogeneous nature of these nuclei.