gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipid Oxidation in Corn Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Casein, Whey Protein Isolate, and Soy Protein Isolate (2003)

Proteins can be used to produce cationic oil-in-water emulsion droplets at pH 3.0 that have high oxidative stability. This research investigated differences in the physical properties and oxidative stability of corn oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by casein, whey protein isolate (WPI), or soy protein isolate (SPI) at pH 3.0. Emulsions were prepared with 5% corn oil and 0.2-1.5% protein. Physically stable, monomodal emulsions were prepared with 1.5% casein, 1.0 or 1.5% SPI, and > or =0.5% WPI. The oxidative stability of the different protein-stabilized emulsions was in the order of casein > WPI > SPI as determined by monitoring both lipid hydroperoxide and headspace hexanal formation. The degree of positive charge on the protein-stabilized emulsion droplets was not the only factor involved in the inhibition of lipid oxidation because the charge of the emulsion droplets (WPI > casein > or = SPI) did not parallel oxidative stability. Other potential reasons for differences in oxidative stability of the protein-stabilized emulsions include differences in interfacial film thickness, protein chelating properties, and differences in free radical scavenging amino acids. This research shows that differences can be seen in the oxidative stability of protein-stabilized emulsions; however, further research is needed to determine the mechanisms for these differences.
The Human CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cell Responses Induced by a Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine Are Directed against Highly Conserved Epitopes (2014)

The development of effective vaccination strategies against dengue virus (DENV) infection and clinically significant disease is a task of high global public health value and significance, while also being a challenge of significant complexity. A recent efficacy trial of the most advanced dengue vaccine candidate, demonstrated only partial protection against all four DENV serotypes, despite three subsequent immunizations and detection of measurable neutralizing antibodies to each serotype in most subjects. These results challenge the hypothesis that seroconversion is the only reliable correlate of protection. Here, we show that CD8(+) T cell responses in vaccinees were readily detectable and comparable to natural dengue virus infection. Detailed knowledge of the T cell response may further contribute to the identification of robust correlates of protection in natural immunity and vaccination against DENV.
The ArcA regulon and oxidative stress resistance in <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (2007)

Haemophilus influenzae transits between niches within the human host that are predicted to differ in oxygen levels. The ArcAB two-component signal transduction system controls gene expression in response to respiratory conditions of growth and has been implicated in bacterial pathogenesis, yet the mechanism is not understood. We undertook a genome-scale study to identify genes of the H. influenzae ArcA regulon. Deletion of arcA resulted in increased anaerobic expression of genes of the respiratory chain and of H. influenzae's partial tricarboxylic acid cycle, and decreased anaerobic expression levels of genes of polyamine metabolism, and iron sequestration. Deletion of arcA also conferred a susceptibility to transient exposure to hydrogen peroxide that was greater following anaerobic growth than after aerobic growth. Array data revealed that the dps gene, not previously assigned to the ArcA modulon in bacteria, exhibited decreased expression in the arcA mutant. Deletion of dps resulted in hydrogen peroxide sensitivity and complementation restored resistance, providing insight into the previously uncharacterized mechanism of arcA-mediated H(2)O(2) resistance. The results indicate a role for H. influenzae arcA and dps in pre-emptive defence against transitions from growth in low oxygen environments to aerobic exposure to hydrogen peroxide, an antibacterial oxidant produced by phagocytes during infection.
Initial performance of sealed straw modules for large area neutron science detectors (2011)

Alternative neutron detection technologies must be considered, to overcome limitations imposed by a depleting <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He supply. We have developed a detector technology based on close-packed arrays of boron-coated straws (BCS) in two configurations: (1) each is 4 mm in diameter and 1 m long, and are packaged in groups of 7 that fit inside a single sealed aluminum tube (1.27 cm in diameter, 1 m long); (2) each is 7.5 mm in diameter and 2 m long, and are packaged in groups of 7 that fit inside a single sealed aluminum tube (2.54 cm in diameter, 2 m long). It thus allows operation of the straw detectors in sealed mode, for indefinite periods of time, and in vacuum environments, as required in neutron scattering instruments. The sealed detector modules form a large area (e.g., 1×1 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , 2×1 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) neutron imager. Initial testing of the sealed straw detector bundles showed promising results in straw decoding, detector life time, longitudinal resolution, and gas gain stability. The 3D resolution is expected to be 4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm in configuration #1 and 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm in configuration #2, throughout the entire imaging area. Negligible gas gain change was seen over the long test period, in different sealed straw detectors. In addition to facilitating operation in vacuum, another advantageous aspects of the sealed straw detector bundle technique are high portability and structural versatility. Detector modules are easy to transport and detector arrays can be easily installed and tailored to a multitude of different scattering experimental setups. The depth of the detector array can be easily tailored to the desired neutron wavelength and the size and configuration of panels varied of a wide range while utilizing the same elemental modules.
Chemical Strengthening of Glass Products (2001)

The exchange of small alkali ions in glass with larger ions from a molten salt bath below Tg produces surface compression in the glass surface, which results in glass strengthening. Two competing processes occur: (1) generation of stress due to “ion stuffing” and (2) relaxation of the same stress due to viscous flow and network ductility. The economics of superior protection of glass products under common challenging environments, generally require a compromise between obtaining greater depths of compression (“case depth”) versus aiming for higher compression magnitudes. Control of process parameters such as bath temperature and composition is essential. Methods of quality control include measuring the modulus of rupture (MOR), surface compression and case depth. The newly instituted ASTM standard C1422–99 classifies chemically strengthened flat glass products on the basis of the surface compression magnitude and the case depth. Aircraft windshields, watch covers, auto- injector glass syringes and high speed glass centrifuge tubes are examples of chemically strengthened glass products well-accepted in the market place. Products such as laminated chemically strengthened architectural glass for hurricane-prone regions and borosilicate glass single-use needleless injectors are being developed.
Maximum likelihood nonlinear transformations based on deep neural networks (2015)

This paper investigates modeling nonlinear transformations based on deep neural networks (DNNs). Specifically, a DNN is used as a nonlinear mapping function for feature space transformation for HMM acoustic models. The nonlinear transformations are estimated under the sequence-based maximum likelihood criterion. The likelihood partition function is evaluated using the Monte Carlo method based on importance sampling. The DNN is first pre-trained approximately to a linear transformation then followed by fine-tuning using the gradient descent algorithm. In addition, a deep stacked architecture is proposed that builds a DNN as a series of sub-networks hierarchically with each representing a nonlinear transformation. A block-wise learning strategy is introduced. LVCSR speaker adaptation experiments on the proposed maximum likelihood nonlinear transformation have shown superior results than the widely-used CMLLR transformation.
Approximate continuous belief distributions for precise autonomous inspection (2016)

Precise inspection of cluttered environments by computationally-constrained systems requires an efficient and high-fidelity representation of the operating space. We propose a methodology to generate perceptual models of the environment that optimally handle the variation in clutter and provide a multi-resolution and multi-fidelity representation of the environment. Further, our approach is able to capture inherent structural dependencies thereby enabling efficient and precise inference. The approach employs a hierarchy of Gaussian Mixtures to approximate the underlying spatial distribution. We make use of techniques grounded in information theory to estimate the optimal size of the mixture model and to generate and update the hierarchy of mixtures. We show that the proposed approach is superior in terms of memory requirements and accuracy as compared to other state of the art 3D mapping techniques such as NDT occupancy maps and Gaussian Process occupancy maps.
A Novel Absorption Cycle for Combined Water Heating, Dehumidification, and Evaporative Cooling (2014)

In this study, development of a novel system for combined water heating, dehumidification, and space evaporative cooling is discussed. Ambient water vapor is used as a working fluid in an open system. First, water vapor is absorbed from an air stream into an absorbent solution. The latent heat of absorption is transferred into the process water that cools the absorber. The solution is then regenerated in the desorber, where it is heated by a heating fluid. The water vapor generated in the desorber is condensed and its heat of phase change is transferred to the process water in the condenser. The condensed water can then be used in an evaporative cooling process to cool the dehumidified air exiting the absorber, or it can be drained if primarily dehumidification is desired. Essentially, this open absorption cycle collects space heat and transfers it to process water. This technology is enabled by a membrane-based absorption/desorption process in which the absorbent is constrained by hydrophobic vapor-permeable membranes. Constraining the absorbent film has enabled fabrication of the absorber and desorber in a plate-and-frame configuration. An air stream can flow against the membrane at high speed without entraining the absorbent, which is a challenge in conventionalmore » dehumidifiers. Furthermore, the absorption and desorption rates of an absorbent constrained by a membrane are greatly enhanced. Isfahani and Moghaddam (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2013) demonstrated absorption rates of up to 0.008 kg/m2s in a membrane-based absorber and Isfahani et al. (Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 2013) have reported a desorption rate of 0.01 kg/m2s in a membrane-based desorber. The membrane-based architecture also enables economical small-scale systems, novel cycle configurations, and high efficiencies. The absorber, solution heat exchanger, and desorber are fabricated on a single metal sheet. In addition to the open arrangement and membrane-based architecture, another novel feature of the cycle is recovery of the solution heat energy exiting the desorber by process water (a process-solution heat exchanger ) rather than the absorber exiting solution (the conventional solution heat exchanger ). This approach has enabled heating the process water from an inlet temperature of 15 C to 57 C (conforming to the DOE water heater test standard) and interfacing the process water with absorbent on the opposite side of a single metal sheet encompassing the absorber, process-solution heat exchanger, and desorber. The system under development has a 3.2 kW water heating capacity and a target thermal coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.6.« less
Cobalt(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Olefin Cyclopropanation with α‐Ketodiazoacetates (2013)

Porphyrin and Co.: The cobalt(II) complex 1 is an effective metalloradical catalyst for cyclopropanation of alkenes with α-acetodiazoacetates at room temperature to yield E-1,1-cyclopropaneketoesters in high yields with both high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Epimerization of the resulting enantioenriched E diastereoisomers into the corresponding Z isomers with retention of the enantiopurity is promoted by iodide. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Regional exposure management with spatial x-ray gating (2006)

<i>Regional x-ray exposure management</i> is a class of techniques for x-ray dose reduction and image quality improvement in radiography and fluoroscopy. X-ray intensity is modulated spatially prior to the beam's interaction with the imaged objects for optimal dose efficiency. The optimal intensity field may be determined from the imaged objects' morphology, local dose sensitivities, regions of clinical interest, and expected information. We present the derivation and simulation results for a method for automated feedback-controlled real-time spatial modulation of the x-ray intensity field. The method employs spatial x-ray gating, a technique in which various beam regions are blocked for controlled portions of the frame integration period while the beam intensity is modulated in time. The method promises to provide controllable smooth x-ray intensity fields with precise and sensitive controls operating, if desired, automatically in a feedback loop.
Enabling slotted Aloha-NOMA for massive M2M communication in IoT networks (2018)

The Internet of things (IoT), which is the network of physical devices embedded with sensors, actuators, and connectivity, is being accelerated into the mainstream by the emergence of 5G wireless networking. This paper presents an uncoordinated non-orthogonal random access protocol, which is an enhancement to the recently introduced Slotted Aloha-NOMA (SAN) protocol that provides high throughput, while being matched to the low complexity requirements and the sporadic traffic pattern of IoT devices. Under ideal conditions it has been shown that Slotted Aloha-NOMA (SAN), using power-domain orthogonality, can significantly increase the throughput using SIC (Successive Interference Cancellation) to enable correct reception of multiple simultaneous transmitted signals. For this ideal performance, the enhanced SAN receiver adaptively learns the number of active devices (which is not known a priori) using a form of multi-hypothesis testing. For small numbers of simultaneous transmissions, it is shown that there can be substantial throughput gain of 5.5 dB relative to slotted Aloha (SA) for 0.07 probability of transmission and up to 3 active transmitters.
Thuggacins, Macrolide Antibiotics Active against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: Isolation from Myxobacteria, Structure Elucidation, Conformation Analysis and Biosynthesis (2007)

Two novel antibiotics, thuggacin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. 1 and 2 are unique thiazole-containing macrolides with side chains on both sides of the lactone group. Upon standing in solution, thuggacin A (1) rearranges by acyl migration of the lactone group to give a mixture with thuggacins B (2) and C (3). NOEs and vicinal coupling constants within the lactone ring provided distinct data for the generation of a structure model by PM3 calculations, which allowed an analysis of the conformation in solution and the relative configuration of six asymmetric centres. A minor sorangium metabolite was identified as 13-methyl-thuggacin A (4). Furthermore, two natural thuggacin variants, 5 and 6, were found in another myxobacterium, Chondromyces crocatus. In these variants, one side chain is replaced by a methyl group and a hydroxy group is repositioned to give a primary alcohol at the former methyl site, in an alpha position with respect to the thiazole ring. 1 proved to be active against clinical isolates and reference strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Preliminary studies on the mechanism of action indicate inhibition of the cellular electron-transport chain.
Triazolines XV. Anticonvulsant Profile of ADD 17014, a Potentially Unique 1,2,3‐Triazoline Antiepileptic Drug, in Mice and Rats (1988)

ADD 17014[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl) delta 2-1,2,3-triazoline], is a representative member of a hitherto unknown, structurally novel family of anticonvulsant agents. The anticonvulsant profile of ADD 17014 following intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral administration in mice and rats was evaluated using a battery of well-standardized anticonvulsant tests and compared with phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), ethosuximide (ESM), and valproate (VPA). The results indicate that ADD 17014 is effective in nontoxic i.p. doses in mice by the maximal electroshock seizure (MES), Metrazol (subcutaneous, s.c. Met), bicuculline (s.c. Bic) and picrotoxin (s.c. Pic) tests, but ineffective against strychnine-induced seizures; it is also effective after nontoxic oral doses in both mice and rats by the MES and s.c. Met tests. Protective indices (PI = TD50/ED50), calculated from i.p. data in mice, were highest for ADD 17014 by the s.c. Met (26.02) and s.c. Bic (93.93) tests; the PIs, after oral administration in mice and rats, were equal to or higher than those of the prototype agents. In vitro receptor binding studies of ADD 17014 and potential metabolites indicated no significant inhibitory activity except for the beta-amino alcohol, which displaced almost 93% of [3H]glutamate from the glutamate receptors, suggesting that ADD 17014 may be functioning as a prodrug and an excitatory amino acid antagonist. The overall results indicate that ADD 17014 is a relatively nontoxic agent that more closely resembles PB and VPA, with a broad and unique spectrum of anticonvulsant activity.
Synthesis and biological activities of 3-aminomethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene derivatives. (1983)

A series of 3-aminomethyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene derivatives (6-22) was prepared from the corresponding 3, 4-dihydro-1 (2H)-naphthalenone derivatives (24a-q) in three steps, namely the Mannich reaction, reduction of the carbonyl group with sodium borohydride, and dehydration with ethanolic hydrogen chloride. Compounds 6-22 and several related analogs (23, 27-30) were tested for vasodilating and antihypertensive activities. Potent cerebral vasodilating and antihypertensive activities were exhibited by 1-benzhydryl-4-(7-disubstituted amino-1, 2-dihydro-3-naphthyl) methylpiperazines (16, 18 and 19).
Investigating ultra-thin lubricant layers using lateral atomic force acoustic microscopy (2005)

The ultrasonic friction mode of an atomic force microscope is a scanning probe technique allowing one to analyze the load and velocity dependence of friction. The technique is based on the evaluation of the resonance behavior of an AFM cantilever when in contact with a vibrating sample surface. The effect of load and lateral displacement of the sample surface on the shape of the torsional resonance spectra of the AFM cantilever is evaluated under dry and lubricated sliding conditions. A characteristic flattening of the torsional resonance curve has been observed at large surface displacements, resulting from the onset of sliding friction in the contact of the AFM cantilever tip with the sample surface. This is confirmed by an analytical model describing torsional cantilever vibrations in case of a Hertzian, i.e. purely elastic, contact and by numerical simulations of the cantilever vibrations.
Risk‐managed production of bioactive recombinant proteins using a novel plant virus vector with a helper plant to complement viral systemic movement (2010)

A plant viral vector has the potential to efficiently produce recombinant proteins at a low cost in a short period. Although recombinant proteins can be also produced by transgenic plants, a plant viral vector, if available, may be more convenient when urgent scale-up in production is needed. However, it is difficult to use a viral vector in open fields because of the risk of escape to the environment. In this study, we constructed a novel viral vector system using a movement-defective Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) vector, which is theoretically localized in the inoculated cells but infects systemically only with the aid of the transgenic helper plant that complements viral movement, diminishing the risk of viral proliferation. Interestingly, the helper plant systemically infected with the vector gave strong cross-protection against challenge inoculation with wild-type CMVs. Using CMV strains belonging to two discrete CMV groups (subgroups I and II), we also improved the system to prevent recombination between the vector and the transgene transcript in the helper plant. We here demonstrate the expression of an anti-dioxin single chain variable fragment (DxscFv) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-Ra) in Nicotiana benthamiana by this viral vector confinement system, which is applicable for many useful high-quality recombinant proteins.
Enhancement of Cancer Vaccine Therapy by Systemic Delivery of a Tumor-Targeting <i>Salmonella-</i> Based STAT3 shRNA Suppresses the Growth of Established Melanoma Tumors (2011)

Cancer vaccine therapies have only achieved limited success when focusing on effector immunity with the goal of eliciting robust tumor-specific T-cell responses. More recently, there is an emerging understanding that effective immunity can only be achieved by coordinate disruption of tumor-derived immunosuppression. Toward that goal, we have developed a potent Salmonella-based vaccine expressing codon-optimized survivin (CO-SVN), referred to as 3342Max. When used alone as a therapeutic vaccine, 3342Max can attenuate growth of aggressive murine melanomas overexpressing SVN. However, under more immunosuppressive conditions, such as those associated with larger tumor volumes, we found that the vaccine was ineffective. Vaccine efficacy could be rescued if tumor-bearing mice were treated initially with Salmonella encoding a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting the tolerogenic molecule STAT3 (YS1646-shSTAT3). In vaccinated mice, silencing STAT3 increased the proliferation and granzyme B levels of intratumoral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The combined strategy also increased apoptosis in tumors of treated mice, enhancing tumor-specific killing of tumor targets. Interestingly, mice treated with YS1646-shSTAT3 or 3342Max alone were similarly unsuccessful in rejecting established tumors, whereas the combined regimen was highly potent. Our findings establish that a combined strategy of silencing immunosuppressive molecules followed by vaccination can act synergistically to attenuate tumor growth, and they offer a novel translational direction to improve tumor immunotherapy.