gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and Applications of Titanium Alloy SP-700 with High Formability (1996)

Abstract A new β-rich α + β titanium alloy, SP-700, was designed to improve hot workability and mechanical properties over Ti-6A1-4V alloy. The chemical composition of the alloy is Ti-4.5A1-3V-2Mo-2Fe, and particularly enhanced properties include superplasticity, hardenability, and fatigue strength. Owing to its extremely fine microstructure and low β-transus temperature, SP-700 is superplastically formable at temperatures below 1073 K without significant increase in flow stress. More advantageously, diffusion bonding is also accomplished around this temperature. The low temperature SPF/DB process not only saves die material life and process costs, but also reduces alloy degradation from exposure at elevated temperatures, e.g., grain growth and oxidation. Isothermal and conventional hot forging are also performed better with SP-700 than ordinary titanium alloys like Ti6A1-4V. The alloy is heat treatable and one of its many mechanical properties is that high strength over 1200 MPa is attained in solution treatment and aging condition. The advantage to this is that the moderately stable β phase tolerates air cooling for solution treatment. Thermal distortion in work pieces, which would be caused by rapid cooling, is consequently avoided. In addition, the alloy is cold workable in such cases as rolling and blanking, when annealed around 1073 K. Furthermore, fatigue life and resistance to hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion cracking are improved due to reduced aluminum content. The superior properties of SP-700 over conventional titanium alloys make new applications possible in non-aerospace fields including sporting goods, hand tools, and wrist watches. Golf drivers, with club heads made of SP-700, are sold commercially. Crampons, a new product of SP-700, withstand cold blanking and bending which reduces production costs and extends life. Due to its high forgeability, SP-700 is expected to extend its application to the production of steam turbine blades. Details of practical applications have been demonstrated together with advantages of properties and fabrication for the blades.
Verified Traffic Networks: Component-Based Verification of Cyber-Physical Flow Systems (2015)

We address the problem how high-fidelity verification results about the hybrid systems dynamics of cyber-physical flow systems can be provided at the scale of large (traffic) networks without prohibitive analytic cost. We propose the use of contracts for traffic flow components concisely capturing the conditions for a safe operation in the context of a traffic network. This reduces the analysis of flows in the full traffic network to simple arithmetic checks of the local compatibility of the traffic component contracts, while retaining higher-fidelity correctness guarantees of the global hybrid systems models that inherits from correct contracts of the hybrid system components. We evaluate our approach in a case study of a modular traffic network and a prototypical implementation in a model-based analysis and design tool for traffic flow networks.
Formation and Characterization of Hydrogen Boride Sheets Derived from MgB<sub>2</sub> by Cation Exchange (2017)

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising for applications in a wide range of fields because of their unique properties. Hydrogen boride sheets, a new 2D material recently predicted from theory, exhibit intriguing electronic and mechanical properties as well as hydrogen storage capacity. Here, we report the experimental realization of 2D hydrogen boride sheets with an empirical formula of H<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, produced by exfoliation and complete ion-exchange between protons and magnesium cations in magnesium diboride (MgB<sub>2</sub>) with an average yield of 42.3% at room temperature. The sheets feature an sp<sup>2</sup>-bonded boron planar structure without any long-range order. A hexagonal boron network with bridge hydrogens is suggested as the possible local structure, where the absence of long-range order was ascribed to the presence of three different anisotropic domains originating from the 2-fold symmetry of the hydrogen positions against the 6-fold symmetry of the boron networks, based on X-ray diffraction, X-ray atomic pair distribution functions, electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, photo absorption, core-level binding energy data, infrared absorption, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The established cation-exchange method for metal diboride opens new avenues for the mass production of several types of boron-based 2D materials by countercation selection and functionalization.
Interleaved Convolutional Code and Its Viterbi Decoder Architecture (2003)

We propose an area-efficient high-speed interleaved Viterbi decoder architecture, which is based on the state-parallel architecture with register exchange path memory structure, for interleaved convolutional code. The state-parallel architecture uses as many add-compare-select (ACS) units as the number of trellis states. By replacing each delay (or storage) element in state metrics memory (or path metrics memory) and path memory (or survival memory) with delays, interleaved Viterbi decoder is obtained where is the interleaving degree. The decoding speed of this decoder architecture is as fast as the operating clock speed. The latency of proposed interleaved Viterbi decoder is "decoding depth (DD) interleaving degree ," which increases linearly with the interleaving degree .
Synthesis and electrochemical performance of silicon-nanowire alloy anodes (2021)

High-capacity materials are required in order to address the environmental concerns of our modern society, ultimately leading to safe and eco-friendly high-energy batteries. Silicon-nanowire anodes (SiNWs) have the potential to significantly increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In order to improve the mechanical durability and the electrochemical performance of SiNW-anodes, we fabricated a silicon-nickel (SiNi) composite anode by electroless deposition of nickel, followed by annealing at high temperature to obtain nickel silicides of different content and composition. The morphology of SiNi-alloy anodes was examined by SEM, <i>in situ</i> TEM and EDS methods in order to understand how different deposition protocols affect the coating of the silicon nanowires. The formation of Ni-silicides was found to occur during thermal treatment at 900 °C. Despite the incomplete shell coverage of SiNWs composed of multiple phases and grains, the electrochemical performance of binder-free and conducting-additive-free SiNi-alloy anodes showed stable electrochemical behavior and higher capacity retention compared to the pristine SiNW anode. Li/SiNW-SiNi <sub><i>x</i></sub> cells ran at C/2 rate for 200 reversible cycles, exhibiting 0.1%/cycle capacity loss after completion of the SEI formation.
Donepezil–melatonin hybrids as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: Improving binding affinity through varying mode of linking fragments (2018)

Hybrid inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase are compounds that combine structural motifs of two different classical inhibitors, leading to a dual binding ligand. A rapidly growing collection of those compounds involves a wide diversity of structural motifs, but the way of linking two active fragments and its impact on the affinity toward cholinesterases usually remains beyond the extent of investigation. We present hereby a detailed analysis of this aspect using melatonin-donepezil hybrids. A new series of compounds, in which two fragments are connected using a carbamate linker, exhibits excellent activity and selectivity toward butyrylcholinesterase.
Enhanced chemical sensing organic thin-film transistors (2007)

Organic thin film transistor (OTFT) sensors are capable of fast, sensitive and reliable detection of a variety of analytes. They have been successfully tested towards many chemical and biological "odor" molecules showing high selectivity, and displaying the additional advantage of being compatible with plastic technologies. Their versatility is based on the possibility to control the device properties, from molecular design up to device architecture. Here phenylene-thiophene based organic semiconductors functionalized with ad hoc chosen side groups are used as active layers in sensing OTFTs. These materials, indeed, combine the detection capability of organic molecules (particularly in the case of bio-substituted systems) with the electronic properties of the conjugated backbone. A new OTFT structure including Langmuir-Schäfer layer by layer organic thin films is here proposed to perform chemical detection of organic vapors, including vapor phase chiral molecules such as citronellol vapors, with a detection limit in the ppm range. Thermally evaporated α6T based OTFT sensors are used as well to be employed as standard system in order to compare sensors performances.
N63-carboxamides of N15-alkyl and N15, N15-dialkyl derivatives of teicoplanin and deglucoteicoplanin. (1993)

The synthesis and biological properties of a series of N63-carboxamides of 15-N-alkylated derivatives of teicoplanin A2 (CTA) and its aglycone (TD) are described. Among the compounds, those carrying hydrophilic groups or ionizable amino functions on the N15-alkyl chain are more soluble in water than parent N15-methylated or unmodified amides. Selected compounds were more active in vitro than CTA or TD, and a few of them were also slightly more efficacious in vivo than the parent antibiotics in streptococcal septicemia in the mouse. Their degree of activity varied with the structure and length of the N15-alkyl chains.
Localized strain reduction in strain-compensated InAs∕GaAs stacked quantum dot structures (2007)

The authors report the effect of localized strain in stacked quantum dots (QDs) with strain-compensation (SC) layers by evaluating the vertical coupling probability of QD formation between stacks measured as a function of spacer thickness. The localized strain field induced at each QD can be partially suppressed by SC layers, resulting in reduced coupling probability with moderate spacer thickness along with the improved QD uniformity and optical properties. The authors have simulated the local strain field along with subsequent QD formation and coupling probability based on a distributed surface chemical potential. By fitting the experimentally derived coupling probability to the modeled values, a 19% reduction of the localized strain field is obtained for the SC structures compared to the uncompensated structures.
New type of magnetocaloric effect: Implications on low-temperature magnetic refrigeration using an Ericsson cycle (1994)

The low-temperature, high magnetic field heat capacity (1.5 to 70 K and 0 to 9.85 T), dc and ac magnetic behaviors of the compound (Gd0.54Er0.46)AlNi show that field-induced magnetic entropy change is significant and almost constant over the temperature region of ∼15 to ∼45 K. The resulting temperature dependence of the magnetocaloric effect, nearly constant over a 30+ K temperature range, is unprecedented (most magnetic materials have a caretlike shape temperature dependence). These data show that (Gd0.54Er0.46)AlNi can be used as an effective active magnetic regenerator material for an Ericsson-cycle magnetic refrigerator, and could substitute for complex composite layered materials suggested earlier.
Working with audio (1992)

Audio data is rarely used on desktop computers today, although audio is otherwise widely used for communication tasks. This paper describes early work aimed at creating computer tools that support the ways users may want to work with audio data. User needs for the system were determined by intervieweing people already working with audio data, using existing devices such as portable tape recorders. A preliminary prototype system – consisting of a personal tape recorder for recording and simultaneously marking audio and a Macintosh application for browsing these recordings – was built. Informal field user tests of this prototype system have indicated areas for improvement and directions for future work.
Synthesis of Novel Isomeric Dideoxydidehydronucleosides (1999)

Methodologies for the synthesis of novel isomeric dideoxynucleosides with unsaturation in the carbohydrate moiety have been developed. An example of the synthesis (Isod4A) is presented. Antiviral studies are in progress.
An imaging-based artificial intelligence model for non-invasive grading of hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotic portal hypertension (2022)

The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the gold standard for cirrhotic portal hypertension (PHT), but it is invasive and specialized. Alternative non-invasive techniques are needed to assess the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). Here, we develop an auto-machine-learning CT radiomics HVPG quantitative model (<i>a</i>HVPG), and then we validate the model in internal and external test datasets by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for HVPG stages (≥10, ≥12, ≥16, and ≥20 mm Hg) and compare the model with imaging- and serum-based tools. The final <i>a</i>HVPG model achieves AUCs over 0.80 and outperforms other non-invasive tools for assessing HVPG. The model shows performance improvement in identifying the severity of PHT, which may help non-invasive HVPG primary prophylaxis when transjugular HVPG measurements are not available.
Detection of Malignant Tumors (1986)

A sensitive and specific blood test for cancer has long been sought. The water-suppressed proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of plasma is dominated by the resonances of plasma lipoprotein lipids. We measured the mean line widths of the methyl and methylene resonances, which were found to be correlated with the presence or absence of malignant tumors. Values for the average line width were lower in patients with cancer. We analyzed plasma from 331 people (normal controls, patients with malignant and benign tumors, patients without tumors, and pregnant patients); NMR analysis and measurement of line widths were blinded to diagnosis or patient group. The mean line width for 44 normal controls (+/- SD) was 39.5 +/- 1.6 Hz. For 81 patients with untreated cancer, demonstrated by biopsy, the line width was 29.9 +/- 2.5 Hz. Patients with malignant tumors were reliably distinguished from normal controls by this method (P less than 0.0001), and differed from patients with diseases that did not involve tumors (line width, 36.1 +/- 2.6 Hz; P less than 0.0001). Patients with benign tumors (e.g., those of the breast, ovary, uterus, and colon) had line widths of 36.7 +/- 2.0 Hz and were different from those with malignant tumors (P less than 0.0001). However, pregnant patients and those with benign prostatic hyperplasia had line widths consistent with the presence of malignant tumors. The narrowing of lipoprotein-lipid resonances with cancer is consistent with the response of a host to tumor growth. We conclude that these preliminary results demonstrate that water-suppressed proton NMR spectroscopy is a potentially valuable approach to the detection of cancer and the monitoring of therapy.
Detection, purification and characterization of a human cancer-associated galactosyltransferase acceptor (1979)

A low-molecular-weight acceptor of galactosyltransferase activity was detected in sera and effusions of patients with extensive maligant disease. This substance was purified to homogeneity from both human serum and effusion by using sequential charcoal/Celite and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The purified acceptor was shown to act as substrate for both purified normal and cancer-associated human galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) isoenzymes, but had a higher affinity for the cancer-associated isoenzyme (Km = 20 microM) than for the normal isoenzyme (Km = 500 microM). The substrate was found to be a glycopeptide with mol.wt. approx. 3600 determined by polyacrylamide-gel chromatography. Carbohyydate analysis demonstrated only the presence of glucosamine and mannose. Amino acid analysis revealed that the peptide moiety consisted of eight different amino acids, including two residues of asparagine and one residue of serine, but no threonine. These structural data suggest that the acceptor is a fraction of an asparagine-glucosamine type of glycoprotein.
Ion-selective polymeric-membrane electrodes with immobilised ion-exchange sites. Part I. Development of a calcium electrode (1979)

A new type of ion-selective electrode is described in which ion-exchange sites are immobilised in a polymeric membrane by covalent bonding. Membranes were prepared by cross-linking a styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer with triallyl phosphate. After subsequent hydrolysis these membranes were evaluated as Ca2+ sensors. The electrodes formed exhibited an extended Nernstian response to Ca2+(10–1– 10–6M) and good selectivity over other alkaline earth and alkali metals. Such electrodes offer very fast response times, extended lifetimes and a wide pH working range. The possibilities of this new class of ion-selective electrode are also discussed.
Biotechnological production of plant‐specific hydroxylated phenylpropanoids (2014)

Hydroxylated phenylpropanoid compounds (e.g., esculetin, piceatannol, and eriodictyol) have been proved to possess important biological activities and pharmacological properties. These compounds exist at low abundance in nature, which hampers their cost-effective isolation, and broad application. Meanwhile, regiospecific hydroxylation of complex aromatic compounds is still quite challenging for chemical synthesis. In past decades, biocatalytic hydroxylation of plant phenylpropanoids was achieved due to the identification and engineering of some cytochrome P450 hydroxylases; however, the conversion efficiency was still too low for scale-up production use. In this work, we identify a non-P450 monooxygenase (HpaBC) from Escherichia coli, which is able to catalyze the efficient ortho-hydroxylation towards plant phenylpropanoids umbelliferone and resveratrol; meanwhile it also exhibits activity towards naringenin. On this basis, whole-cell biocatalysis enables the production of esculetin and piceatannol at high titers (2.7 and 1.2 g/L, respectively, in shake flasks) and high yields (close to 100%). To our knowledge, this work reports the highest titers and yields for biotechnological production of esculetin and piceatannol, representing a promising hydroxylation platform.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE (2006)

Acid mine drainage (AMD) originates from mining operations with oxidation of metal sulfides. The oxidizing process releases protons and generates acidity. A biological source treatment (BST) technique has been developed to address AMD at its source. The BST technique utilizes sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and substrate amendments to establish an intracellular and/or extracellular biogeochemical formation on the surface of metal sulfide, shielding them from being oxidized. SRB transfer electrons from organic substrates to sulfate and form sulfide. This process consumes protons and raises pH, while dissolved metals are precipitated with sulfide. Laboratory studies have shown that effluent/solids from wastewater treatment plants contain adequate populations of SRB as the inoculum for BST applications. In laboratory studies, the pH of AMD samples increased from 7.0 and stabilized in the neutral pH range for more than 20 months with one treatment. A field pilot study of the BST technique was conducted at a reclaimed coal mine in central Tennessee. Results to date indicate a significant increase in pH in the testing area, stabilizing in the pH range from 6.0 to 7.0, from the initial acidic readings. Decreases in sulfate and increases in sulfide concentrations confirm valid sulfate-reducing activity. Electromagnetic surveys were conducted in the field pilot test to identify AMD source and assist in monitoring the performance. Data from both the laboratory and field studies demonstrate that BST process is an innovative technology that can be applied in suitable sites and offer a cost-effective and long-term treatment of AMD.
Generalized Attacker and Attack Models for Cyber Physical Systems (2016)

An attacker model is proposed for Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). The attack models derived from the attacker model are used to generate parameterized attack procedures and functions that target a specific CPS. The proposed models capture both physical and cyber attacks and unify a number of existing attack models into a common framework useful for researchers in the experimental assessment of attack detection techniques. The generality of the models is shown by mapping a broad variety of existing attack models to the models proposed here, as well as generating attacks that are not found in the CPS design literature. The models have been used extensively in understanding the impact of cyber attacks on a water treatment system and in the design and assessment of detection mechanisms.
Single-Image Vignetting Correction from Gradient Distribution Symmetries (2012)

We present novel techniques for single-image vignetting correction based on symmetries of two forms of image gradients: semicircular tangential gradients (SCTG) and radial gradients (RG). For a given image pixel, an SCTG is an image gradient along the tangential direction of a circle centered at the presumed optical center and passing through the pixel. An RG is an image gradient along the radial direction with respect to the optical center. We observe that the symmetry properties of SCTG and RG distributions are closely related to the vignetting in the image. Based on these symmetry properties, we develop an automatic optical center estimation algorithm by minimizing the asymmetry of SCTG distributions, and also present two methods for vignetting estimation based on minimizing the asymmetry of RG distributions. In comparison to prior approaches to single-image vignetting correction, our methods do not rely on image segmentation and they produce more accurate results. Experiments show our techniques to work well for a wide range of images while achieving a speed-up of 3-5 times compared to a state-of-the-art method.
Learning a Degree-Augmented Distance Metric from a Network (2011)

In many naturally occurring networks, connected nodes tend to have empirical similarities [1], which is a phenomenon commonly referred to as homophily. It is useful to learn how to relate the network homophily to the measurable features from data. However, due to the inherent structural nature of networks, we should not expect the similarity between connected nodes to behave in a purely pairwise independent manner. In an attempt to address the structural nature of networks, we model similarity between nodes with an added structural component: the structural measure node degree. We present a new algorithm that learns a similarity metric and a set of degree-based score functions that together provide a structure-aware, distance-based method for link prediction. This method, degree distributional metric learning (DDML) is an extension of structure preserving metric learning (SPML) [4], both of which, given a set of points in feature space and a graph connecting these points, learn a linear feature transform matrix (analogous to a Mahalanobis matrix) such that a given connectivity algorithm, such as k-nearest neighbors, outputs the original graph. Such a metric is considered structure preserving, borrowing the idea from structure preserving embedding [5], which embeds nodes without observable feature information, to the setting where nodes already have associated features. Many variants of structure preserving embedding are possible by