gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Millimeter wave detection of nuclear radiation: An alternative detection mechanism (2009)

We present a nuclear radiation detection mechanism using millimeter waves as an alternative to conventional detection. It is based on the concept that nuclear radiation causes ionization of air and that if we place a dielectric material near the radiation source, it acts as a charge accumulator of the air ions. We have found that millimeter waves can interrogate the charge cloud on the dielectric material remotely. This concept was tested with a standoff millimeter wave system by monitoring the charge levels on a cardboard tube placed in an x-ray beam.
Analog-to-digital converter for input voltage measurements in low-power digitally controlled switch-mode power supply converters (2011)

This paper introduces a practical analog-to-digital (ADC) converter architecture for the input voltage measurements in low-power digitally controlled switch-mode power supplies (SMPS). The ADC utilizes known reference voltage and a duty ratio of a simple circuit mimicking operation of the converter to obtain the information about the input voltage value. The functionality of the ADC is verified through a discrete implementation, with a 1.5 V/3 W buck converter based experimental prototype. A better than 1.5% accuracy is observed over the entire 1.8 V to 3.3 V input voltage range. A small silicon size of about 0.025mm2 is also estimated, based on the synthesized digital logic and already existing on-chip integrated system functional blocks.
The Characteristics and Demonstration on Nb<SUB>3</SUB>Al Superconductor made by the Jelly-Roll Process (1997)

The Nb3Al superconductor has been expected to the application under the high field, such as the one for International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), from the standpoint of superior characteristics of Ic under mechanical stress. We have established the manufactuing technology for long length Nb3Al wire by the Jelly-roll process, which is the most suitable method for the practical superconductor.The microstructure of Nb-Al compound has been studied and a non-copper critical current density Jc of more than 800 A/mm2 at 12 T, 4.2 K was achieved. Further, a higher upper critical field Bc2 of 23.1 T and a higher Jc of 1130 A/mm2 at 12 T, 4.2 K were achieved by the 2-stage heat treatment.The residual resistivity ratio of the wire was over 400, and even with Chrome plating, it was over 100.For the field perpendicular to the wire length, the effective filament diameter was almost equal to the actual filament diameter. On the other hand, the hysteresis loss for the parallel field was around one-fourth as large as that for the perpendicular one.For studying the applicability of Nb3Al to practical use, the stress-strain effect, mechanical properties and Jc-B-T characteristics were measured.In order to demonstrate the applicability to the large current conductor, the 40 kA-class Cable-in-Conduit conductor and the 12 T-10 kA-100 m class long length Cable-in-Conduit conductor, of which conduit is titanium, were fabricated. Recently, the conductor for the ITER TF coil was fabricated and the Jc-B-T characteristics were measured at the SULTAN facility in Switzerland.We are now fabricating more than 250,000 m wires for ITER Nb3Al Insert. In the prototype billet for ITER, the yield of the piece length over than 1500 m was greater than 90%.
Simple Method Of Correcting The Aberrations Of A Beamsplitter In Converging Light (1980)

A simple method of correcting exactly the third order aberrations of a tilted plate beam-splitter in converging light is presented. Various well corrected design examples are given.
Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Nucleoside Enantiomers of β-2′,3′-Dideoxypurine Analogues (1996)

Various purine β-L-2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside analogues with both sugar and base modifications including β-L-ddG, β-L-ddl, β-L-ddA, 2′-azido-β-L-araddA, 2′-amino-β-L-araddA, 2′,5′-anhydro-β-L-araddA, 2′-azido-β-L-ddA, 2′-amino-β-L-ddA, 2′-fluoro-β-L-ddA, 3′-azido-β-L-ddA, 3′-amino-β-L-ddA, 3′-fluoro-β-L-ddA, 2,6-diamino-β-L-2′,3′-dideoxyfuranosylpurine, 6-cyclopropylamino-β-L-ddA, 2′-azido-6-N-triphenylphosphine-β-L-araddA, 2-amino-6-methylamino-β-L-2′,3′-dideoxyfuranosylpurine, 2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino-β-L-2′,3′-dideoxyfuranosylpurine, 2-amino-6-cyclopentylamino-β-L-2′,3′-dideoxyfuranosylpurine, 2′,3′-didehydro-β-L-ddA and 2′,3′-didehydro-6-N-triphenyl phosphine-β-L-ddA were synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in HBV DNA-transfected human hepatoblastoma-derived Hep-G2 cells (2.2.15 cells). β-L-ddA, 2′-azido-β-L-ddA, 3′-azido-β-L-ddA, 2″,3′-didehydro-β-L-ddA (β-L-D4A) and a modified base of β-L-D4A, inhibited HBV replication in vitro. β-L-D4A was the more potent and selective antiHBV agent with a 50% effective concentration value of 0.1 μM and a selectivity index of 1800. On the basis of this finding, studies are in progress to synthesize new purine derivatives with the β-L unnatural configuration which hopefully will lead to identifying additional potent and highly selective anti-HBV agents.
Single-mode dye laser with a double-action Fizeau interferometer (1981)

The peculiar properties of the high-reflectivity Fizeau wedge used in reflection are pointed out and used to obtain single-mode operation of a Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser. It is demonstrated that the reflecting Fizeau wedge can have, as a cavity output coupler, the double action of selective-feedback mirror and an output filter, thus producing a background-free tunable narrow line.
Expression of the Acc1 Gene-Encoded Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase in Developing Maize (Zea mays L.) Kernels (1993)

A mutation (Acc1-S2) in the structural gene for maize (Zea mays L.) acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) that significantly reduces sethoxydim inhibition of leaf ACCase activity was used to investigate the gene-enzyme relationship regulating ACCase activity during oil deposition in developing kernels. Mutant embryo and endosperm ACCase activities were more than 600-fold less sensitive to sethoxydim inhibition than ACCase in wild-type kernel tissues. Moreover, in vitro cultured mutant kernels developed normally in the presence of sethoxydim concentrations that inhibited wild-type kernel development. The results indicate that the Acc1-encoded ACCase accounts for the majority of ACCase activity in developing maize kernels, suggesting that Acc1-encoded ACCase functions not only during membrane biogenesis in leaves but is also the predominant form of ACCase involved in storage lipid biosynthesis in maize embryos.
Varying approaches to topical web query classification (2007)

Topical classification of web queries has drawn recent interest because of the promise it offers in improving retrieval effectiveness and efficiency. However, much of this promise depends on whether classification is performed before or after the query is used to retrieve documents. We examine two previously unaddressed issues in query classification: pre versus post-retrieval classification effectiveness and the effect of training explicitly from classified queries versus bridging a classifier trained using a document taxonomy. Bridging classifiers map the categories of a document taxonomy onto those of a query classification problem to provide sufficient training data. We find that training classifiers explicitly from manually classified queries outperforms the bridged classifier by 48% in F1 score. Also, a pre-retrieval classifier using only the query terms performs merely 11% worse than the bridged classifier which requires snippets from retrieved documents.
A lymphocyte spatial distribution graph-based method for automated classification of recurrence risk on lung cancer images (2017)

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes occurs when various classes of white blood cells migrate from the blood stream towards the tumor, infiltrating it. The presence of TIL is predictive of the response of the patient to therapy. In this paper, we show how the automatic detection of lymphocytes in digital H and E histopathological images and the quantitative evaluation of the global lymphocyte configuration, evaluated through global features extracted from non-parametric graphs, constructed from the lymphocytes' detected positions, can be correlated to the patient's outcome in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The method was assessed on a tissue microarray cohort composed of 63 NSCLC cases. From the evaluated graphs, minimum spanning trees and K-nn showed the highest predictive ability, yielding F1 Scores of 0.75 and 0.72 and accuracies of 0.67 and 0.69, respectively. The predictive power of the proposed methodology indicates that graphs may be used to develop objective measures of the infiltration grade of tumors, which can, in turn, be used by pathologists to improve the decision making and treatment planning processes.
?-line method for measuring the stability domain and pull-in hyper-surface of electrostatic actuators with multiple voltage sources (2004)

The pull-in state of electrostatic actuators that are driven by a single varying voltage is the equilibrium state for which the applied voltage is maximal. In contrast, electrostatic actuators driven by multiple voltage sources have an infinite number of critical states that constitute the pull-in hyper-surface. This work reports on a novel methodology for experimental characterization of the electromechanical response, and specifically of the pull-in hyper-surface, of electrostatic actuators driven by multiple voltages. This methodology is demonstrated on several fabricated devices.
Asymmetric device interaction with projector-camera systems (2017)

Projector-camera (pro-cam) communication systems augment a local surface with a captured image of a remote surface, creating a shared workspace for remote collaboration. While a number of studies examine the benefits of such systems, vast majority of these investigations focus on systems where both participants make use of identical devices for communication. We are the first to investigate the opportunities of this technology connecting across different devices. In this work, we contribute an asymmetric synchronous collaboration system that supports a connection between a pro-cam system and multiple commodity mobile devices. We also provide sufficient detail for others to replicate and expand on our work.
Deemon (2017)

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities are a severe class of web vulnerabilities that have received only marginal attention from the research and security testing communities. While much effort has been spent on countermeasures and detection of XSS and SQLi, to date, the detection of CSRF vulnerabilities is still performed predominantly manually.
A Multi-Level-Cell Bipolar-Selected Phase-Change Memory (2008)

Phase-change memory (PCM) is becoming widely recognized as the most likely candidate to unify the many memory technologies that exist today (Lee, et al., 2007). The combination of non-volatile attributes of flash, RAM-like bit-alterability, and fast reads and writes position PCM to enable changes in the memory subsystems of cellular phones, PCs and countless embedded and consumer electronics applications. This design's multi-level cell (MLC) capabilities combined with long- term scalability reduce PCM costs as only realized before by hard disk drives. MLC technology is challenged with fitting more cell states (4 in the case of 2 bit per cell), along with distribution spreads due to process, design, and environmental variations, within a limited window. We describe a 256Mb MLC test-chip in a 90nm micro-trench (mutrench) PCM technology, and MLC endurance results from an 8Mb 0.18mum PCM test-chip with the same trench cell structure. A program algorithm achieving tightly placed inner states and experimental results illustrating distinct current distributions are presented to demonstrate MLC capability.
Cloning and characterization of E2F-2, a Novel Protein with the Biochemical Properties of Transcription Factor E2F (1993)

E2F is a mammalian transcription factor that appears to play an important role in cell cycle regulation. While at least two proteins (E2F-1 and DP-1) with E2F-like activity have been cloned, studies from several laboratories suggest that additional homologs may exist. A novel protein with E2F-like properties, designated E2F-2, was cloned by screening a HeLa cDNA library with a DNA probe derived from the DNA binding domain of E2F-1 (K. Helin, J. A. Lees, M. Vidal, N. Dyson, E. Harlow, and A. Fattaey, Cell 70:337-350, 1992). E2F-2 exhibits overall 46% amino acid identity to E2F-1. Both the sequence and the function of the DNA and retinoblastoma gene product binding domains of E2F-1 are conserved in E2F-2. The DNA binding activity of E2F-2 is dramatically enhanced by complementation with particular sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-purified components of HeLa cell E2F, and anti-E2F-2 antibodies cross-react with components of purified HeLa cell E2F. These observations are consistent with a model in which E2F binds DNA as a heterodimer of two distinct proteins, and E2F-2 is functionally and immunologically related to one of these proteins.
Deleter: Leveraging BERT to Perform Unsupervised Successive Text Compression (2019)

Text compression has diverse applications such as Summarization, Reading Comprehension and Text Editing. However, almost all existing approaches require either hand-crafted features, syntactic labels or parallel data. Even for one that achieves this task in an unsupervised setting, its architecture necessitates a task-specific autoencoder. Moreover, these models only generate one compressed sentence for each source input, so that adapting to different style requirements (e.g. length) for the final output usually implies retraining the model from scratch. In this work, we propose a fully unsupervised model, Deleter, that is able to discover an "optimal deletion path" for an arbitrary sentence, where each intermediate sequence along the path is a coherent subsequence of the previous one. This approach relies exclusively on a pretrained bidirectional language model (BERT) to score each candidate deletion based on the average Perplexity of the resulting sentence and performs progressive greedy lookahead search to select the best deletion for each step. We apply Deleter to the task of extractive Sentence Compression, and found that our model is competitive with state-of-the-art supervised models trained on 1.02 million in-domain examples with similar compression ratio. Qualitative analysis, as well as automatic and human evaluations both verify that our model produces high-quality compression.
Sub-6 nm Palladium Nanoparticles for Faster, More Sensitive H<sub>2</sub> Detection Using Carbon Nanotube Ropes (2017)

Palladium (Pd) nanoparticle (NP)-decorated carbon nanotube (CNT) ropes (or CNT@PdNP) are used as the sensing element for hydrogen gas (H<sub>2</sub>) chemiresistors. In spite of the fact that Pd NPs have a mean diameter below 6 nm and are highly dispersed on the CNT surfaces, CNT@PdNP ropes produce a relative resistance change 20-30 times larger than is observed at single, pure Pd nanowires. Thus, CNT@PdNP rope sensors improve upon all H<sub>2</sub> sensing metrics (speed, dynamic range, and limit-of-detection), relative to single Pd nanowires which heretofore have defined the state-of-the-art in H<sub>2</sub> sensing performance. Specifically, response and recovery times in air at [H<sub>2</sub>] ≈ 50 ppm are one-sixth of those produced by single Pd nanowires with cross-sectional dimensions of 40 × 100 nm Pd. The LOD<sub>H2</sub> is <10 ppm versus 300 ppm, and the dynamic range (10 ppm -4%) is nearly twice that afforded by the Pd nanowire. CNT@PdNP rope sensors are prepared by the dielectrophoretic deposition of a single semiconducting CNT rope followed by the electrodeposition of Pd nanoparticles with mean diameters ranging from 4.5 (±1) nm to 5.8 (±3) nm. The diminutive mean diameter and the high degree of diameter monodispersity for the deposited Pd nanoparticles are distinguishing features of the CNT@PdNP rope sensors described here, relative to prior work on similar systems.
Silicon-Dominant Anodes Based on Microscale Silicon Particles under Partial Lithiation with High Capacity and Cycle Stability (2019)

In this paper, the concept of partial lithiation of silicon microparticles in anodes for lithium ion batteries is presented. These particles are accessible on an industrial scale and processing to anodes is possible using standard equipment in aqueous conditions. Compared to state-of-the-art high capacity graphite anodes, the initial volumetric anode capacity is increased by more than 40% in case the silicon capacity is utilized by around 30%, even with only light calendering of the anode. Partial utilization of the capacity that is offered by the available silicon leads to more stable cycling with accessible cycle numbers of up to 250 full cycles against NMC-622.
Unnatural verticilide enantiomer inhibits type 2 ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium leak and is antiarrhythmic (2019)

Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak via ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) can cause potentially fatal arrhythmias in a variety of heart diseases and has also been implicated in neurodegenerative and seizure disorders, making RyR2 an attractive therapeutic target for drug development. Here we synthesized and investigated the fungal natural product and known insect RyR antagonist (-)-verticilide and several congeners to determine their activity against mammalian RyR2. Although the cyclooligomeric depsipeptide natural product (-)-verticilide had no effect, its nonnatural enantiomer [<i>ent</i>-(+)-verticilide] significantly reduced RyR2-mediated spontaneous Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak both in cardiomyocytes from wild-type mouse and from a gene-targeted mouse model of Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak-induced arrhythmias (<i>Casq</i>2<sup>-/-</sup>). <i>ent</i>-(+)-verticilide selectively inhibited RyR2-mediated Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak and exhibited higher potency and a distinct mechanism of action compared with the pan-RyR inhibitors dantrolene and tetracaine and the antiarrhythmic drug flecainide. <i>ent</i>-(+)-verticilide prevented arrhythmogenic membrane depolarizations in cardiomyocytes without significant effects on the cardiac action potential and attenuated ventricular arrhythmia in catecholamine-challenged <i>Casq</i>2<sup>-/-</sup> mice. These findings indicate that <i>ent</i>-(+)-verticilide is a potent and selective inhibitor of RyR2-mediated diastolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak, making it a molecular tool to investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting RyR2 hyperactivity in heart and brain pathologies. The enantiomer-specific activity and straightforward chemical synthesis of (unnatural) <i>ent</i>-(+)-verticilide provides a compelling argument to prioritize <i>ent</i>-natural product synthesis. Despite their general absence in nature, the enantiomers of natural products may harbor unprecedented activity, thereby leading to new scaffolds for probe and therapeutic development.
Farnesyl Diphosphate-Based Inhibitors of Ras Farnesyl Protein Transferase (1995)

The rational design, synthesis, and biological activity of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP)-based inhibitors of the enzyme Ras farnesyl protein transferase (FPT) is described. Compound 3, wherein a beta-carboxylic phosphonic acid type pyrophosphate (PP) surrogate is connected to the hydrophobic farnesyl group by an amide linker, was found to be a potent (I50(FPT) = 75 nM) and selective inhibitor of FPT, as evidenced by its inferior activity against squalene synthetase (I50(SS) = 516 microM) and mevalonate kinase (I50(MK) = > 200 microM). A systematic structure-activity relationship study involving modifications of the farnesyl group, the amide linker, and the PP surrogate of 3 was undertaken. Both the carboxylic and phosphonic acid groups of the beta-carboxylic phosphonic acid PP surrogate are essential for activity, since deletion of either group results in 50-2600-fold loss in activity (6-9, I50 = 4.6-220 microM). The farnesyl group also displays very stringent requirements and does not tolerate one carbon homologation (12, I50 = 17.7 microM), substitution by a dodecyl fragment (14, I50 = 9 microM), or introduction of an extra methyl group at the allylic position (18, I50 = 55 microM). Modifications around the amide linker group of 3 were more forgiving, as evidenced by the activity of N-methyl analog (21, I50 = 0.53 microM), the one carbon atom shorter farnesoic acid-derived retroamide analog (32, I50 = 250 nM), and the exact retroamide analog (49, I50 = 50 nM). FPP analogs such as 3, 32, and 49 are novel, potent, selective, small-sized, nonpeptidic inhibitors of FPT that may find utility as antitumor agents.
Determining phase diagrams of gas–liquid systems using a microfluidic PVT (2012)

A novel microfluidic device designed for analyzing phase diagrams of gas-liquid systems (PVT or pressure-volume-temperature measurements) is described. The method mimics the phase transition of a reservoir fluid as it travels through the wellbore from the formation to the surface. The device consists of a long serpentine microchannel etched in a silicon substrate. The local pressure inside the channel is measured using membrane-based optical pressure sensors positioned along the channel. Geometrical restrictions are placed along the microchannel in order to nucleate bubbles when nucleation conditions are met, thus preventing the development of a supersaturation state in the channel. We point out that a local equilibrium state between gas and liquid phases is achieved, which implies that equilibrium properties can be directly measured on the chip. We analyze different mixtures of hydrocarbon systems and, consistently with the preceding analysis, obtain excellent agreement between our technique and conventional measurements. From a practical viewpoint (important for the relevance of the technology), we observe that the measurement time of thermodynamic properties of gas-liquid systems is reduced from hours to minutes with the present device without compromising the measurement accuracy.
Using cardiac phase to order reconstruction (CAPTOR): A method to improve diastolic images (1997)

A method is proposed to reconstruct multiphase images that accurately depicts the entire cardiac cycle. A segmented, gradient-recalled-echo sequence (FASTCARD) was modified to acquire data continuously. Images were reconstructed retrospectively by selecting views from each heartbeat based on cardiac phase rather than the time elapsed from the QRS complex. Cardiac phase was calculated using a model that compensates for beat-to-beat heart rate changes. Images collected using cardiac phase to order reconstruction (CAPTOR) depict the entire cardiac cycle and lack the temporal gap that is characteristic of prospectively reconstructed sequences. Time-volume curves of the left ventricle capture the contribution of atrial contraction to end-diastolic volume (EDV). Transmitral phase-contrast flow measurements show a second peak inflow (alpha wave) that is absent in the standard sequence. Because atrial contraction contributes to ventricular EDV, images using CAPTOR potentially may provide a more reliable measure of EDV, stroke volume, and ejection fraction than standard techniques.