gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of Active Constraints in a Network (2009)

Abstract There is increasing interest in modeling networks of wells, including subsurface components of complex wells and surface facilities. Such modeling requires setting constraints at various points in the network. Typical constraints are maximum phase flow rates and minimum flowing pressures. A major difficulty in network calculations is determining which of these constraints is active. This paper presents a method that uses slack variables in determining active constraints. The equations of interest generally come in pairs, with each pair consisting of a base equation and a constraint equation. The base equation is the equation that normally applies. The constraint equation replaces it if the constraint is active. Normally, only one of these two equations can be satisfied. The slack variable provides a way to ensure that both are satisfied, regardless of which is active. If the constraint is inactive, the slack variable is added to the constraint equation and accounts for the slack. By definition, "slack" is the amount by which the inactive equation is not satisfied. On the other hand, if the constraint is active, the slack variable is instead added to the base equation, and the constraint equation as originally written is satisfied. To obtain this behavior, we define a parameter w and add w times the slack variable to the base equation and (1 – w) times the slack variable to the constraint equation. Thus, if w = 1, the slack variable is added to the base equation, and the constraint is active. On the other hand, if w = 0, the slack variable is added to the constraint equation, and the base equation is inactive. The slack is always in the inactive equation. There is a w associated with each slack variable. Determining the parameter w is an iterative process. The efficiency of the process is improved by manipulating the network matrix such that a Schur complement can be created that has the slack variables as its unknowns and contains the only references to the w‘s. To determine the slack variables, we need only to work with this matrix, which typically is much smaller than the network matrix. The resulting method is implemented within a general-purpose reservoir simulator. Testing of the method in more than 700 cases has shown it to be much more robust than an earlier heuristic procedure.
Down-regulation of uPAR and uPA activates caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway (2007)

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) play a major role in invasion and proliferation. A growing body of evidence has suggested that the uPA system promotes tumor metastasis by several different mechanisms, and not just solely by breaking down the ECM. In this study we have used RNAi-mediated simultaneous down-regulation of uPAR and uPA to determine the signaling pathway molecules and caspase-mediated apoptosis. From our in vitro experiments, we have observed that plasmid-based RNAi-mediated down-regulation of uPAR and uPA in SNB19 human glioma cells caused a decrease in the levels of uPAR protein and uPA enzyme activities. In addition, we observed a decrease in the phosphorylation of the Ras-activated pathway molecules such as FAK, p38MAPK, JNK and ERK1/2, as well as the MEK-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3k) pathway, and also retarded the dephosphorylation of p-AKTser473 and p-mTORser2448, indicative of a feedback signaling mechanism of the uPAR-uPA system. Activation of caspase 8 accompanied by the release of cytochrome c and cleavage of PARP was also observed and indicative of Fas-mediated apoptosis. The use of FMK-VAD-FAK peptides coupled with FITC indicated activation of polycaspases, which was accompanied by the presence of fragmented nuclei. Our studies provide evidence for the presence of a feedback response of the uPAR-uPA system indicative of the multifaceted role of uPAR, and also the therapeutic potential of simultaneously targeting uPAR and uPA in cancer patients.
CSI Feedback Reduction for MIMO Interference Alignment (2013)

Interference alignment (IA) is a linear precoding strategy that can achieve optimal capacity scaling at high SNR in interference networks. Most of the existing IA designs require full channel state information (CSI) at the transmitters, which induces a huge CSI signaling cost. Hence it is desirable to improve the feedback efficiency for IA and in this paper, we propose a novel IA scheme with a significantly reduced CSI feedback. To quantify the CSI feedback cost, we introduce a novel metric, namely the feedback dimension. This metric serves as a first-order measurement of CSI feedback overhead. Due to the partial CSI feedback constraint, conventional IA schemes can not be applied and hence, we develop a novel IA precoder/decorrelator design and establish new IA feasibility conditions. Via dynamic feedback profile design, the proposed IA scheme can also achieve a flexible tradeoff between the degree of freedom (DoF) requirements for data streams, the antenna resources and the CSI feedback cost. We show by analysis and simulations that the proposed scheme achieves substantial reductions of CSI feedback overhead under the same DoF requirement in MIMO interference networks.
Highly <i>Z</i>-Selective Metathesis Homocoupling of Terminal Olefins (2009)

Mo and W MonoAryloxide-Pyrrolide (MAP) olefin metathesis catalysts can couple terminal olefins to give as high as >98% Z-products in moderate to high yields with as little as 0.2% catalyst. Results are reported for 1-hexene, 1-octene, allylbenzene, allyltrimethylsilane, methyl-10-undecenoate, methyl-9-decenoate, allylB(pinacolate), allylOBenzyl, allylNHTosyl, and allylNHPh. It is proposed that high Z-selectivity is achieved because a large aryloxide only allows metallacyclobutanes to form that contain adjacent cis substituents and because isomerization of Z-product to E-product can be slow in that same steric environment.
MRAM with soft reference layer: In-stack combination of memory and logic functions (2013)

This paper describes an original concept of thermally assisted MRAM in which memory and logic functions are combined in the same stack. The memory cell is represented by a magnetic tunnel junction having an exchange biased storage layer and a soft reference layer (called sense layer), replacing the conventional pinned reference layer. The write of the storage layer is ensured by a combination of heating pulses and magnetic stray fields created by the soft reference layer. The read is performed in a self-referenced manner by measuring the resistance variation associated to a field variation. This makes these memories much more tolerant to cell to cell variability. In addition, this stack intrinsically performs both a storage function and a comparison (XOR) function. This device called a Magnetic Logic Unit (MLU™) is particularly suited for security applications and Content Addressable Memories.
Evolution and Antigenic Drift of Influenza A (H7N9) Viruses, China, 2017–2019 (2020)

After a sharp decrease of influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in 2018, highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses re-emerged in 2019. These H7N9 variants exhibited a new predominant subclade and had been cocirculating at a low level in eastern and northeastern China. Several immune escape mutations and antigenic drift were observed in H7N9 variants.
Purification and Reconstitution of a Recombinant Human Neurokinin-1 Receptor (1996)

Recombinant human neurokinin-1 receptors expressed in insect cells have been purified to near homogeneity by sequential metal-chelating chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. The purified receptor consists of a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 50 kD as revealed by SDS gel electrophoresis, and exhibits a specific activity of 19 nmol of L-703,606 bound per mg of protein. Immunoblot experiments further confirm the identity of the stained protein band. The purified receptor binds the antagonist L-703,606 with an affinity similar to that of native human neurokinin-1 receptor, and binds the agonist substance P with an affinity similar to that of the low affinity state of uncoupled native receptor. The purified receptor can be reconstituted with membranes from uninfected insect cells, and the reconstitution results in an increased affinity for substance P, consistent with the reappearance of the high affinity state of the receptor for agonist in the presence of endogenous G proteins. These data indicate that the purified neurokinin-1 receptor is functional with respect to agonist and antagonist binding and G protein coupling.
Polymerase chain reaction‐based fluorescent Luminex assay to detect the presence of human papillomavirus types (2007)

Becuase 40% of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are mixed infections, the accurate identification of high-risk HPV genotypes in mixed infections is important for defining a woman's risk for progression to cervical cancer. Thus, advanced Luminex-based HPV genotyping has been developed to simultaneously detect the presence of multiple HPV types. Here, we describe the development of a Luminex-based HPV genotyping that combines polymerase chain reaction amplification with hybridization to fluorescence-labeled polystyrene bead microarrays (Luminex suspension array technology). New HPV type-specific oligonucleotide probes and YBT L1/GP6-1 primers were used to detect the HPV types in 132 clinical samples. We simultaneously evaluated the usefulness of this technique on clinical samples. We detected 15 specific HPV types (6, 16, 18, 31, 35, 42, 51, 52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67 and 68) examined with specificity without known cross-reaction to other HPV types. The detection limit for the different HPV types was above 500 plasmids. We compared the performance of the Luminex-based assay to the established HPV DNA microarray chip for polymerase chain reaction products derived from 53 clinical samples. The evaluation showed excellent agreement. The Luminex-based HPV genotyping was a sensitive, reproducible technique for the simultaneous genotyping of all clinically relevant genital HPV types. This assay system may be used to provide critical clinical information for early detection of HPV, especially in cases where the HPV copy numbers are low and the latency period of HPV infection is prolonged.
Recognition of Proteins by Crystallization Patterns in an Array of Reporter Solution Microdroplets (2005)

A new technique is described for specific recognition of protein analytes by observing protein-induced changes in the drying/crystallization patterns (DCP) of an array of microdroplets containing solutions of different reporter substances. Recognition is based on a difference in interaction of the protein analyte crystalline elements (planes, edges, defects, etc.) in the growing reporter crystals. Using a set of natural L-amino acids as reporters and denoting the amino acid solutions displaying substantial protein-induced changes in the DCP as "1" and those that show no or small changes as "0", a digital binary code was determined for several proteins at multiple concentrations. It was demonstrated that globular proteins can be reliably identified using this code as a "signature" when only 2-100 ng of protein was added to amino acid microdroplets.
Mechanistic Study of Photomediated Triangular Silver Nanoprism Growth (2008)

This article presents a mechanistic study of the photomediated growth of silver nanoprisms. The data show that the photochemical process is driven by silver redox cycles involving reduction of silver cations by citrate on the silver particle surface and oxidative dissolution of small silver particles by O2. Bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)phenylphosphine increases the solubility of the Ag(+) by complexing it and acts as a buffer to keep the concentration of Ag(+) at 20 microM. The silver particles serve as photocatalysts and, under plasmon excitation, facilitate Ag(+) reduction by citrate. Higher Ag(+) concentrations favor a competitive thermal process, which results in increased prism thickness.
Ultrasound applicators with integrated catheter-cooling for interstitial hyperthermia: Theory and preliminary experiments (1996)

Theoretical and experimental methods were used to evaluate a design of ultrasound applicators for interstitial hyperthermia. The basic schema consists of a multielement array of tubular piezoceramic radiators (1.5-1.6 mm diameter), each 5-10 mm long with separate power control, designed to be inserted within a 13-14 gauge closed-end brachytherapy implant catheter. Channels for circulating temperature-regulated water are integrated within the applicator to provide control of the catheter/tissue interface temperature. A quantitative theoretical analysis was undertaken to determine heating performance as a function of applicator spacing, blood perfusion, catheter material, frequency and required acoustic power output. Prototype multielement applicators were constructed and characterized in terms of acoustic pressure-squared distributions and acoustic power output capabilities. This study demonstrated distinct advantages of these catheter-cooled multielement ultrasound applicators within an implant, including higher T90's achievable within highly perfused tissues, dynamic control of the longitudinal power deposition, and no interaction between adjacent applicators or elements or sensitivity to applicator alignment. Preliminary measurements of prototype devices have indicated that implementation of these interstitial ultrasound applicators with integrated catheter-cooling is practicable, yet further development and in vivo verification of performance is warranted.
Low Equivalent Circulating Density Organoclay-Free Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids (2022)

Abstract High pressure and high temperature (HPHT) wells especially those with narrow pore/fracture pressure gradient margins present challenges in drilling. Maintaining optimum and low rheology for such wells becomes a challenge where a slight change in the bottom-hole pressure conditions can lead to nonproductive time. However, maintaining low viscosity profile for a drilling fluid can pose a dual challenge in terms of maintaining effective hole-cleaning and barite-sag resistance. This paper describes the formulation of 95pcf medium-density organoclay-free invert emulsion drilling fluids (OCIEF) with a low viscosity profile. The fluids gave lower plastic viscosity (PV), which ensured that the fluid presents low equivalent circulating density (ECD) contribution while drilling/circulating. These fluids were formulated with acid-soluble manganese tetroxide as weighting agent and a specially designed bridging-agent package. The fluids were hot rolled at 300 °F and their filtration and rheological properties were measured. The paper describes the static-aging, contamination, and high pressure/high temperature rheology measurements of the fluids at 300 °F. Particle plugging experiments were performed on the fluids to determine the invasion characteristics and the nondamaging nature of the fluids. These organoclay-free invert emulsion fluids (OCIEFs) were then field-trialed in different wells with good results. Field deployment of the 95pcf organoclay-free invert emulsion fluid helped to maintain the required hole stability in the high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) well. The well was displaced to 95pcf production screen test (PST) fluid and completed with a 4 ½ in. sand screen. The paper demonstrates the superior performance of the developed fluid in achieving the desired lab and field performance.
Drift Characterization of Intra Prediction and Quantization in H.264 (2008)

The combination of intra prediction, transform, and quantization in the H.264/AVC video coding standard offers high compression performance in picture areas where inter prediction is unavailable or fails. Motivated from coding experiments with the reference software that resulted in significant visual distortion with certain types of content, we investigated intra prediction further. Intra prediction may propagate distortion to subsequent blocks or macroblocks. As a result, rate-distortion optimized mode decision needs to account for this distortion. Furthermore, rounding operations in H.264/AVC accumulate small but non-trivial errors. This is especially true for the encoding process of the 16 times 16 intra prediction mode, which involves a combination of DCT and Hadamard transforms. We investigate, theoretically and experimentally, the problem of visual distortion caused by sub-optimal intra prediction coding decisions by modeling distortion propagation across subsequent blocks. We propose two algorithms that address the problem.
Memory Management in Successive-Cancellation based Decoders for Multi-Kernel Polar Codes (2018)

Multi-kernel polar codes have recently been proposed to construct polar codes of lengths different from powers of two. Decoder implementations for multi-kernel polar codes need to account for this feature, that becomes critical in memory management. We propose an efficient, generalized memory management framework for implementation of successivecancellation decoding of multi-kernel polar codes. It can be used on many types of hardware architectures and different flavors of SC decoding algorithms. We illustrate the proposed solution for small kernel sizes, and give complexity estimates for various kernel combinations and code lengths.
Engineering a sandwiched Si/I/LNOI structure for 180-GHz-bandwidth electro-optic modulator with fabrication tolerances (2022)

Electro-optical modulators are essential for scalable photonic integrated circuits and are promising for many applications. The convergence of silicon (Si) and lithium niobate (LN) allows for a compact device footprint and large-scale integration of modulators. We propose a sandwiched Si/I/LNOI modulator for broad modulation with CMOS-compatible fabrication tolerances. There is a thin film SiO<sub>2</sub> spacer sandwiched between Si and LN, which is engineered to tailor optical and electrical properties and enhance index matching. Moreover, the SiO<sub>2</sub> spacer is also exploited to inhibit the radiation loss induced by mode coupling. The modulator shows a bandwidth of ∼180 GHz with a halfwave voltage of 3 V. Such a device is considerably robust to the fabrication deviations, making it promising for massive and stable manufacturing.
Recognizing and Curating Photo Albums via Event-Specific Image Importance (2017)

Automatic organization of personal photos is a problem with many real world ap- plications, and can be divided into two main tasks: recognizing the event type of the photo collection, and selecting interesting images from the collection. In this paper, we attempt to simultaneously solve both tasks: album-wise event recognition and image- wise importance prediction. We collected an album dataset with both event type labels and image importance labels, refined from an existing CUFED dataset. We propose a hybrid system consisting of three parts: A siamese network-based event-specific image importance prediction, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that recognizes the event type, and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based sequence level event recognizer. We propose an iterative updating procedure for event type and image importance score prediction. We experimentally verified that image importance score prediction and event type recognition can each help the performance of the other.
3D Printing of Bismaleimides: From New Ink Formulation to Printed Thermosetting Polymer Objects (2019)

Abstract Additive manufacturing is a novel manufacturing paradigm which has numerous potential applications in industry and research. PolyJet technology allows printing of extremely complex geometrical structures with high precision and smooth surface. New engineering polymers with diverse characteristics should be developed to expand PolyJet applications. Bismaleimides (BMIs) are very attractive polymers due to their excellent thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability, and their good dielectric properties. However, BMIs are currently not available as inks for PolyJet technology. Low‐viscosity aliphatic BMIs are used to develop a novel UV‐curable ink. The UV reactivity and ink viscosity are optimized by addition of an environmentally friendly diluent and a mixture of photoinitiators. Optimization of the jetting and printing conditions allows for the first ever production of 3D thermosetting BMI objects by PolyJet technology. Thermal post curing is used to enhance mechanical properties and thermal stability of the printed material. It is found to have a thermal decomposition temperature, T 5% , of about 400 °C, low dielectric constant, high dielectric strength, and low moisture absorption. The resulting properties of the printed BMI material open a wide range of potential applications in fields such as robotics, electronics, automotive, aerospace, and space technology.
Demonstration of Optical Parametric Oscillation in β-BaB2O4 in the Visible and Near Infrared (1988)

Crystal growth experiments carried out in our laboratory have led to the routine production of large β-BaB2O4 crystal boules of 060mm x 12mm1, Single crystals as large as 1 cm3 have been cut from these boules for characterization and device applications1-3. The SHG tuning curves obtained from these crystals are in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature1, indicating that our crystals are identical to the ones grown by Jiang and coworkers4. We report here experimental results on the use of these crystals in a visible to near-IR optical parametric oscillator, including the important blue-green region, for the first time. In addition, we report the observation of parametric luminescence over the entire type I phase matching range from ~0.3-3.3 µm with the 354.7 nm and 266 nm pump beams, A previously reported demonstration of optical parametric oscillation in β-BaB2O4 crystals from Pujian Institute was based on the frequency doubled output of a Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm with the optical parametric oscillation limited to the 0.9-1.2 µm spectral range5.
Methodologies for extracting kinetic constants for multiphase reacting flow simulation (1997)

Flows in industrial reactors often involve complex reactions of many species. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer code, ICRKFLO, was developed to simulate multiphase, multi-species reacting flows. The ICRKFLO uses a hybrid technique to calculate species concentration and reaction for a large number of species in a reacting flow. This technique includes a hydrodynamic and reacting flow simulation with a small but sufficient number of lumped reactions to compute flow field properties followed by a calculation of local reaction kinetics and transport of many subspecies (order of 10 to 100). Kinetic rate constants of the numerous subspecies chemical reactions are difficult to determine. A methodology has been developed to extract kinetic constants from experimental data efficiently. A flow simulation of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser was successfully used to demonstrate this methodology.