gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning of <i>tangerine</i> from Tomato Reveals a Carotenoid Isomerase Essential for the Production of β-Carotene and Xanthophylls in Plants (2002)

Carotenoid biosynthesis in plants has been described at the molecular level for most of the biochemical steps in the pathway. However, the cis-trans isomerization of carotenoids, which is known to occur in vivo, has remained a mystery since its discovery five decades ago. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of carotenoid isomerization, we have taken a genetic map-based approach to clone the tangerine locus from tomato. Fruit of tangerine are orange and accumulate prolycopene (7Z,9Z,7'Z,9'Z-tetra-cis-lycopene) instead of the all-trans-lycopene, which normally is synthesized in the wild type. Our data indicate that the tangerine gene, designated CRTISO, encodes an authentic carotenoid isomerase that is required during carotenoid desaturation. CRTISO is a redox-type enzyme structurally related to the bacterial-type phytoene desaturase CRTI. Two alleles of tangerine have been investigated. In tangerine(mic), loss of function is attributable to a deletion mutation in CRTISO, and in tangerine(3183), expression of this gene is impaired. CRTISO from tomato is expressed in all green tissues but is upregulated during fruit ripening and in flowers. The function of carotene isomerase in plants presumably is to enable carotenoid biosynthesis to occur in the dark and in nonphotosynthetic tissues.
A high-current very wide-band transconductance amplifier (1990)

A novel design approach for a high-current, very-wide-band transconductance amplifier is described. The approach is based on paralleling the input and output of complementary unipolar current-mirror cells. Each cell has a fixed current gain determined by the ratio of two resistors. A differential input voltage-to-current circuit drives the cell array. The design avoids the need for a single low-resistance current-sensing resistor and the attendant problems inherent in such resistors. Although the concept is still under development, a prototype of the cell-based transconductance amplifier was implemented with ten positive and ten negative current cells to gain some experimental familiarity with the approach in addition to providing verification of computer simulation results. The prototype transconductance amplifier is DC coupled, has a 3-dB bandwidth of about 750 kHz, and can deliver up to 35 A RMS (root mean square) at 100 kHz with an output compliance voltage of 5 V RMS. Other important characteristics such as output-load regulation and DC offsets are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modified LAMBDA for Absolute Carrier Phase Positioning in the Presence of Biases (2009)

The least-squares integer ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA) method is adapted for absolute positioning with satellite-satellite single difference measurements. The integer decorrelation transformation of LAMBDA takes only the covariance matrix of float ambiguities into account which results in a substantial amplification of biases due to orbital errors, satellite clock offsets and multipath. Therefore, a partial integer decorrelation is suggested to achieve the optimum trade-off between variance reduction and bias amplification. The reliability of ambiguity resolution is further improved by using two geometrypreserving, ionosphere-free multi-frequency linear combinations: a code-carrier combination of maximum discrimination and a code-only combination of minimum noise. The optimized widelane and narrowlane linear combinations are presented for two, three and four Galileo frequencies. The achievable probabilities of wrong fixing have been computed for an exponential bias profile and are several orders of magnitude lower than in the case of complete integer decorrelation. Moreover, a partial fixing scheme is proposed for severe carrier phase multipath. The method bounds the biases by an exponential profile and determines the optimum fixing order by a sequential search with an azimuthal separation constraint between the satellites of two consecutive ambiguity fixings.
Toward intelligent music information retrieval (2006)

Efficient and intelligent music information retrieval is a very important topic of the 21st century. With the ultimate goal of building personal music information retrieval systems, this paper studies the problem of intelligent music information retrieval. Huron points out that since the preeminent functions of music are social and psychological, the most useful characterization would be based on four types of information: genre, emotion, style,and similarity. This paper introduces Daubechies Wavelet Coefficient Histograms (DWCH)for music feature extraction for music information retrieval. The histograms are computed from the coefficients of the db/sub 8/ Daubechies wavelet filter applied to 3 s of music. A comparative study of sound features and classification algorithms on a dataset compiled by Tzanetakis shows that combining DWCH with timbral features (MFCC and FFT), with the use of multiclass extensions of support vector machine,achieves approximately 80% of accuracy, which is a significant improvement over the previously known result on this dataset. On another dataset the combination achieves 75% of accuracy. The paper also studies the issue of detecting emotion in music. Rating of two subjects in the three bipolar adjective pairs are used. The accuracy of around 70% was achieved in predicting emotional labeling in these adjective pairs. The paper also studies the problem of identifying groups of artists based on their lyrics and sound using a semi-supervised classification algorithm. Identification of artist groups based on the Similar Artist lists at All Music Guide is attempted. The semi-supervised learning algorithm resulted in nontrivial increases in the accuracy to more than 70%. Finally, the paper conducts a proof-of-concept experiment on similarity search using the feature set.
Preparation of chitosan‐based adhesives and assessment of their mechanical properties (2012)

Abstract The aim of this study is to develop chitosan‐based adhesives and to characterize their shear strength. The desirable features of such adhesives are biodegradability, biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and anti‐microbial properties. Various eco‐friendly polyanionic polysaccharides, acids, and plasticizers, in single or multiple formulations, were associated with chitosan. The resulting crosslinked polymers were glued on some chemically treated aluminum adherends. The shear strength of these formulations was measured with the “double lap‐joint” bonding method, as it features a low‐peeling effect. The shear strength of 40.8 MPa obtained for formulations containing chitosan and glycerol plasticizer was the most significant finding in this study. This value is equivalent to that obtained with a synthetic adhesive used in industry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
<title>Etching 200-mm diameter SCALPEL masks with the ASE process</title> (2000)

The Advanced Silicon Etch (ASE<SUP>R</SUP>) process has been used for silicon substrate etching for the manufacture of SCALPEL<SUP>R</SUP> (SCattering using Angular Limitation Projection E-beam Lithography) masks. The current SCALPEL<SUP>R</SUP> mask fabrication process uses an aqueous solution of KOH to etch the membrane support struts in 100 mm diameter, <100> crystalline silicon wafers. This technique is undesirable for the manufacture of large diameter masks with thicker substrates, as it limits the maximum printable die size. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching, using the ASE<SUP>R</SUP> process, provides the only alternative etch technique. This gives support struts with vertical profiles, yielding a higher printable area than with wet etching, and is ideal for etching the substrates of large diameter masks. In addition to this, and to the benefits of dry over wet etching, the ASE<SUP>R</SUP> process allows the use of wafers of any crystal orientation and gives greater flexibility in pattern placement and geometry. This paper presents process optimization data based on 200 mm diameter wafers, using a system designed specifically for this application. The key aspects of this work have focused on etch rate, CD control and uniformity enhancement. Etch rate determines the economic feasibility of this approach, particularly with etch depths of approximately 750 micrometer. Uniform etching is required to minimize the time to clear the membranes, and the CD tolerances must be met so that structural integrity is maintained. The large exposed silicon areas, (> 40% global and > 80% local), the macro loading effects caused by the edge of the pattern, and the need for near vertical strut profile, make these requirements more difficult to achieve. Etch rate and uniformity achieved, exceed the minimum specification of > 2 micrometer/min and < +/- 6% respectively.
Turbine Blade Tip Film-Cooling and Heat Transfer Measurements at High Blowing Ratios (2014)

Film-cooling and heat transfer characteristics of a gas turbine blade tip with a suction side rail was investigated in a stationary 3-blade rectilinear cascade. Mounted at the end of a blow-down facility the cascade operated at inlet and exit Mach numbers of 0.29 and 0.75, respectively. The rail was marginally offset from the suction side edge of the tip and extended from the leading to the trailing edge. A total of 17 film-cooling holes were placed along the near-tip pressure side surface and 3 on the near-tip leading edge surface with the objective of providing coolant to the tip. The tip surface itself did not carry any film-cooling holes. Relatively high blowing ratios of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 4.5 and three tip gaps of 0.87%, 1.6%, and 2.3% of blade span made up the test matrix. Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) and Thermo-Chromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) were the experimental techniques employed to measure film-cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient, respectively. Results indicated that when the tip gap was increased, film-cooling effectiveness on the tip surface decreased and heat transfer to the tip surface increased. On the other hand, when the blowing ratio was increased, film effectiveness increased but the effect on heat transfer coefficient was relatively small. The highest heat transfer coefficient levels were found atop the suction side rail, especially in the downstream two-thirds of its length whereas the lowest levels were found on the tip floor in the widest section of the blade.
Carbon nanotube antennas (2006)

A carbon nanotube is a one-dimensional molecular wire. In this paper, we discuss some of the properties of carbon nanotubes as microwave and mm-wave antennas. We also discuss some of the conceptual issues involved with understanding the interaction of microwaves with one-dimensional quantum wires. While we focus on simple dipole antennas, our discussion applies generally to the interaction of microwaves with nano-materials, including nanotube arrays and composites.
Measurement of the reflectivity and absorptivity of liquids, powders, and solids at millimeter wavelengths using dielectric detection by a resonator-post fixture between parallel conducting plates (2011)

The appearance of a material viewed in millimeter wavelength is a function of its reflectivity and absorptivity. These optical properties can be derived from measurement of the complex dielectric constant. Knowledge of the imaginary component is particularly important to assess the brightness of transparent or semi-transparent materials, in which the return from the back surface contributes to the overall reflection. The method presented here is well-suited to determine the dielectric constant of small samples of low-loss materials, and uses a modification of the dielectric-post resonator technique in which the sample fits into a larger, solid post fixture. The measurement frequency varies only slightly among different sample materials because the electromagnetic properties of the resonance are largely set by the supporting fixture. The method can be used to measure liquids and powders, as well as solid materials. The design and electromagnetic theory of the resonant technique are described, and the precision is discussed in context of sample measurements.
Generalized Structure of a Multilevel PWM Inverter (1983)

A generalized structure of a multilevel voltage source thyristor inverter is proposed. The multilevel concept is used to decrease the harmonic distortion in the output waveform without decreasing the inverter power output. A simple uniform PWM control of the output voltage is seen to be sufficient to practically remove all remaining harmonics. Harmonic analysis of n-step waveform is given, and the experimental results obtained on a three-step inverter are presented.
Development of novel sources of resistance to Beet curly top virus through virus-induced gene silencing (2007)

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Nanocomposite‐based stretchable optics (2013)

Abstract Stretchable and conformable optical devices open up very exciting perspectives for the fabrication of systems incorporating diffracting and optical power in a single element. Supersonic cluster beam implantation of silver nanoparticles in an elastomeric substrate grooved by molding allows effective fabrication of cheap and simple stretchable optical elements able to withstand thousands of deformations and stretching cycles without any degradation of their optical properties. The nanocomposite‐based reflective optical devices were characterized both morphologically and optically showing excellent performances and stability compared to similar devices fabricated with standard techniques. The nanocomposite‐based devices can therefore be applied to arbitrary curved nonoptical grade surfaces in order to achieve optical power and to minimize aberrations like astigmatism. The high resilience of the nanocomposite material on which the devices are based allows them to be peeled and reused multiple times.
Nanofabrication of sharp diamond tips by e-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (2009)

Ultrasharp diamond tips make excellent atomic force microscopy probes, field emitters, and abrasive articles due to diamond’s outstanding physical properties, i.e., hardness, low friction coefficient, low work function, and toughness. Sharp diamond tips are currently fabricated as individual tips or arrays by three principal methods: (1) focused ion beam milling and gluing onto a cantilever of individual diamond tips, (2) coating silicon tips with diamond films, or (3) molding diamond into grooves etched in a sacrificial substrate, bonding the sacrificial substrate to another substrate or electrodepositing of a handling chip, followed by dissolution of the sacrificial substrate. The first method is tedious and serial in nature but does produce very sharp tips, the second method results in tips whose radius is limited by the thickness of the diamond coating, while the third method involves a costly bonding and release process and difficulties in thoroughly filling the high aspect ratio apex of molding grooves with diamond at the nanoscale. To overcome the difficulties with these existing methods, this article reports on the feasibility of the fabrication of sharp diamond tips by direct etching of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD®) as a starting and structural material. The UNCD is reactive ion etched using a cap-precursor-mask scheme. An optimized etching recipe demonstrates the formation of ultrasharp diamond tips (∼10nm tip radius) with etch rates of 650nm∕min.
Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Systems With BCJR Decoding (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We propose and evaluate a novel method of constructing Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) systems using the specific properties of the Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek, and Raviv (BCJR) error-correcting algorithm. Because the convergence to the actual codeword is not always guaranteed with the BCJR approach, we propose a system in which two different types of Negative AcKnowledgement messages (NAKs) are employed. The first type is the conventional 1-bit NAK, and the second type specifies retransmission pattern in such a way that the additional parity bits are concentrated on the parts of the code trellis that did not converge to a valid sequence. This is different from the traditional construction of rate-compatible punctured codes (RCPCs), which attempts to obtain the optimal weight distance properties of the codes without taking the convergence properties of the BCJR decoder into account. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm using RCPCs, and we show that our system outperforms the best known conventional HARQ scheme in terms of the throughput and the average length of retransmitted blocks on practical Gaussian, Rayleigh, and thresholded Rayleigh channels. Moreover, as opposed to other adaptive HARQ algorithms, our solution requires no precomputed lookup tables, and it is robust to changes in the channel characteristics and only introduces moderate increase in feedback link throughput requirements. </para>
Loosely-coupled GPS/INS state estimation in precision projectiles (2012)

A state estimation method for gun-launched precision projectiles using affordable technologies is presented. Navigation algorithms were developed to incorporate flight dynamic models with measurements from inertial sensors and, if available, GPS. GPS is used to estimate an inertial sensor bias which can then be used if GPS is lost later in flight. This novel technique allows GPS to continue to benefit the flight after it is unavailable and allows noisy, low cost sensors to provide a useful state estimate. Simulations were conducted to assess algorithm performance over a range of conditions. These results indicated that the algorithm with only 10 seconds of GPS availability yields a position error of less than 35 m over a 30 s flight. This effort shows that navigation error using coupled GPS/INS is sufficient to increase system accuracy for munitions even if GPS should become unavailable during flight.
Sealed storage battery. [H/sub 2/ electrode to monitor charging] (1979)

A sealed storage battery comprises a sealed container, an electricity generating means contained in the sealed container and composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte; a hydrogen gas oxidation auxiliary electrode disposed within the sealed container; and a resistance means connected to the auxiliary electrode and having an inverse current checking characteristic (or property). In this sealed storage battery, the (critical) point of time of overcharging in charging the sealed storage battery may be detected by monitoring the variation of the voltage between the positive electrode or a separately provided measurement electrode and the auxiliary electrode.
Sigma Tuning of Gaussian Kernels: Sigma Tuning of Gaussian Kernels: Sigma Tuning of Gaussian Kernels: Sigma Tuning of Gaussian Kernels: Detection of Ischemia from Detection of Ischemia from Detection of Ischemia from Detection of Ischemia from Magnetocardiograms Magnetocardiograms Magnetocardiograms Magnetocardiograms (2011)

This chapter introduces a novel Levenberg,Marquardt like second,order algorithm for tuning the Parzen window σ in a Radial Basis Function (Gaussian) kernel. In this case each attribute has its own sigma parameter associated with it. The values of the optimized σ are then used as a gauge for variable selection. In this study Kernel Partial Least Squares (K,PLS) model is applied to several benchmark data sets in order to estimate the effectiveness of the second,order sigma tuning procedure for an RBF kernel. The variable subset selection method based on these sigma values is then compared with different feature selection procedures such as random forests and sensitivity analysis. The sigma,tuned RBF kernel model outperforms K,PLS and SVM models with a single sigma value. K,PLS m odels also compare favorably with Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LS,SVM), epsilon,ins ensitive Support Vector Regression and traditional PLS. The sigma tuning and variable selection procedure introduced in this paper is applied to industrial magnetocardiogram data for the detection of ischemic heart disease from measurement of the magnetic field around the heart.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Platinum/Diamond Composite Electrodes for Electrocatalysis (2002)

A catalytic electrode was prepared using a new electrically conducting and corrosion resistant carbon support material, boron-doped diamond. Fabrication of the composite electrode involves a three-step process: (i) continuous diamond thin-film deposition on a substrate, (ii) electrodeposition of Pt catalyst particles on the diamond surface, and (iii) short-term diamond deposition to entrap the metal particles into the surface microstructure. The process results in a conductive, morphologically, and microstructurally stable composite electrode containing metal particles of somewhat controlled composition, size, and catalytic activity. The metal catalyst particles were galvanostatically deposited from a solution, with the metal particle size (50-350 nm) and distribution being controlled by adjusting the galvanostatic deposition and secondary diamond-growth conditions. For a 300 s Pt deposition time, the estimated loading was assuming a 100% current efficiency. The composite electrode was extremely stable, both structurally and catalytically, during a 2 h polarization in 85% at 170°C and The electrode's catalytic activity was evaluated using the reduction reaction at room temperature in 0.1 M solutions of and The kinetic parameters (Tafel slope and exchange current density) were obtained by cyclic voltammetry and were found to be comparable to those for a polycrystalline Pt electrode in the same media. Tafel slopes of to were observed at low overpotentials, with the lowest slope in and highest in The exchange current density ranged from to and increased in the order of The potential advantages of the composite electrode, as compared with commercial carbon electrodes, are (i) the corrosion resistance of the diamond support, resulting in highly stable reaction centers at high potentials, current densities, and temperatures, and (ii) the fact that all of the catalyst particles are strongly anchored at the film surface and are not contained inside pores. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.