gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology of Epilepsy (2019)

Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the brain characterized by an enduring (i.e., persisting) predisposition to generate seizures, unprovoked by any immediate central nervous system insult, and by the neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of seizure recurrences. Epilepsy affects both sexes and all ages with worldwide distribution. The prevalence and the incidence of epilepsy are slightly higher in men compared to women and tend to peak in the elderly, reflecting the higher frequency of stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumors in this age-group. Focal seizures are more common than generalized seizures both in children and in adults. The etiology of epilepsy varies according to the sociodemographic characteristics of the affected populations and the extent of the diagnostic workup, but a documented cause is still lacking in about 50% of cases from high-income countries (HIC). The overall prognosis of epilepsy is favorable in the majority of patients when measured by seizure freedom. Reports from low/middle-income countries (LMIC; where patients with epilepsy are largely untreated) give prevalence and remission rates that overlap those of HICs. As the incidence of epilepsy appears higher in most LMICs, the overlapping prevalence can be explained by misdiagnosis, acute symptomatic seizures and premature mortality. Studies have consistently shown that about one-half of cases tend to achieve prolonged seizure remission. However, more recent reports on the long-term prognosis of epilepsy have identified differing prognostic patterns, including early and late remission, a relapsing-remitting course, and even a worsening course (characterized by remission followed by relapse and unremitting seizures). Epilepsy per se carries a low mortality risk, but significant differences in mortality rates are expected when comparing incidence and prevalence studies, children and adults, and persons with idiopathic and symptomatic seizures. Sudden unexplained death is most frequent in people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, nocturnal seizures, and drug refractory epilepsy.
An information management system: A three-layered approach. (1995)

Information is something we cannot live without. Information is the communication or reception of knowledge. When humans resort to computers as the medium for storing and retrieving information, a system for managing it becomes a necessity. Data has been thought of as the only form of information, which resulted in systems like databases. However, other forms of information, like functions and results, are becoming increasingly vital. For example, functions are slowly invading every branch of pure and applied science and some kind of modeling is needed to organize their existence and access. The same is needed for results. This dissertation presents a hybrid information system, FunBase, that comprehensively manages different forms of information. FunBase is a three-layered system with each layer corresponding to one of the three forms of information: data, functions, and results. In addition, the architecture of FunBase captures the relationships among the three layers via a data flow path (DFP) and two access methods. This allows users to have a contiguous space for all of their information needs. The first layer, data layer, hosts all types of data, or data models to be used as input to functions in the second layer. The second layer, function layer, contains a function model for storing and querying on functions together with a filtering component for massaging incoming data and a user profile component for storing user's preferences. The function model design contains a function dictionary, a function identification system and indexing attributes for storing function. To compile functions in a DFP, a type hierarchy assures type matching between connecting functions which is also used for finding possible alternative functions. A formal context-free grammar ensures the correctness of compiled DFPs. The third layer, result layer, captures results of interest generated from the second layer. Users can navigate in search of finding results of interest and trace the computational functions applied and data sets used in obtaining them. A prototype implementation aided in visualizing the possibility of establishing the relationships among different layers for such a hybrid system. Transferring the operation of a real world environment, high yield bond market, into FunBase made it evident how a corporate setting can benefit from the power of FunBase. FunBase is a corporate resource for the sharing and access of information rather than a data resource for data sharing only. FunBase embarks on the era of information age as a leap from our current data age.
Development of drowsiness detection system (2002)

The development of technologies for preventing drowsiness at the wheel is a major challenge in the field of accident avoidance systems. Preventing drowsiness during driving requires a method for accurately detecting a decline in driver alertness and a method for alerting and refreshing the driver. As a detection method, the authors have developed a system that uses image processing technology to analyze images of the driver's face taken with a video camera. Diminished alertness is detected on the basis of the degree to which the driver's eyes are open or closed. This detection system provides a noncontact technique for judging various levels of driver alertness and facilitates early detection of a decline in alertness during driving.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A framework for semantic link discovery over relational data (2009)

Discovering links between different data items in a single data source or across different data sources is a challenging problem faced by many information systems today. In particular, the recent Linking Open Data (LOD) community project has highlighted the paramount importance of establishing semantic links among web data sources. Currently, LOD sources provide billions of RDF triples, but only millions of links between data sources. Many of these data sources are published using tools that operate over relational data stored in a standard RDBMS. In this paper, we present a framework for discovery of semantic links from relational data. Our framework is based on declarative specification of linkage requirements by a user. We illustrate the use of our framework using several link discovery algorithms on a real world scenario. Our framework allows data publishers to easily find and publish high-quality links to other data sources, and therefore could significantly enhance the value of the data in the next generation of web.
Emerging strategies to deplete the HIV reservoir (2013)

HIV latency is multifactorial and thus the eradication of HIV infection may require multiple approaches. Translational efforts employing pharmacological methods to target HIV latency should evaluate in parallel the additional potential benefits of invigorating the immune response of HIV-infected individuals, and limiting the size of the reservoir via early ART.
Generation of pseudorandom sequences for use in cross-correlation modulation (1992)

In this article we discuss how pseudorandom sequences are generated for use in cross-correlation modulation experiments and present means for generating all pseudorandom sequences (modulo-two) that have a maximum length of N=2n−1, with n=2–12. We explain the criteria that the pseudorandom sequences must satisfy, and find the set of recursion coefficients which are used to generate the pseudorandom sequences. These sets of recursion coefficients were calculated for n=2–16, with n=2–12 being explicitly presented in this article. We also explain how each set of recursion coefficients can be used to generate maximum length pseudorandom sequences of length sufficient for use in cross-correlation chopping.
An Introduction to Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

Deep reinforcement learning is the combination of reinforcement learning (RL) and deep learning. This field of research has been able to solve a wide range of complex decision making tasks that were previously out of reach for a machine. Thus, deep RL opens up many new applications in domains such as healthcare, robotics, smart grids, finance, and many more. This manuscript provides an introduction to deep reinforcement learning models, algorithms and techniques. Particular focus is on the aspects related to generalization and how deep RL can be used for practical applications. We assume the reader is familiar with basic machine learning concepts.
Magnetic Circular Dichroism and Density Functional Theory Studies of Iron(II)-Pincer Complexes: Insight into Electronic Structure and Bonding Effects of Pincer N-Heterocyclic Carbene Moieties (2016)

Iron complexes containing pincer ligands that incorporate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) moieties are of significant interest in organometallic catalysis in order to generate more oxidatively robust complexes that may exhibit novel catalytic properties. In order to define the effect that introducing NHC moieties into pincer ligands has on electronic structure and bonding in iron(II)-pincer complexes, MCD and DFT studies of (iPrCDA)FeBr2, (iPrPDI)FeBr2, and (iPrCNC)FeBr2 were performed. These studies quantify the electronic structures and bonding interactions as a function of pincer ligand variation. They also demonstrate that the observed ligand fields (and, hence, spin states) directly correlate to the increased Fe–C bonding and pincer-donating abilities that result from introducing NHC moieties into the pincer ligand. However, the net donor abilities of the pincers and the strength of the Fe-pincer interaction do not directly correlate to the number of NHC moieties present, but instead are determined to be due to differences in Fe–C and overall Fe-pincer bonding as a result of the position of the NHC moieties in the pincer ligand and the overall geometric constraints of the pincer architecture.
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy (2000)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Techniques 2.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Technique 2.2. Dispersive and Fourier Transform Raman Techniques 3. Basic Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy 3.1. The Vibrational Spectrum 3.2. QuantitativeAnalysis 3.3. The Symmetry of Molecules and Molecular Vibrations; SelectionRules 4. Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Organic Compounds 4.1. The Concept of Group Frequencies 4.2. Methyl and Methylene Groups 4.3. Alkene Groups 4.4. Aromatic Rings 4.5. Triple Bonds and Cumulated Double Bonds 4.6. Ethers, Alcohols, and Phenols 4.6.1. Ethers 4.6.2. Alcohols and Phenols 4.7. Amines, Azo, and Nitro Compounds 4.7.1. Amines 4.7.2. Azo Compounds 4.7.3. Nitro Compounds 4.8. CarbonylCompounds 4.8.1. Ketones 4.8.2. Aldehydes 4.8.3. Carboxylic Acids 4.8.4. Carboxylate Salts 4.8.5. Anhydrides 4.8.6. Esters 4.8.7. <jats:td
Mutational Analysis of Novel Effector Domains in Rac1 Involved in the Activation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (Reduced) Oxidase (1998)

The small molecular weight GTP-binding protein Rac (1 or 2) is an obligatory participant in the activation of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. Active NADPH oxidase can be reconstituted in a cell-free system, consisting of phagocyte-derived membranes, containing cytochrome b559, and the recombinant cytosolic proteins p47-phox, p67-phox, and Rac, supplemented with an anionic amphiphile as an activator. The cell-free system was used before for the analysis of structural requirements of individual components participating in the assembly of NADPH oxidase. In earlier work, we mapped four previously unidentified domains in Rac1, encompassing residues 73-81 (a), 103-107 (b), 123-133 (c), and 163-169 (d), as important for cell-free NADPH oxidase activation. The domains were defined by assessing the activation inhibitory effect of a series of overlapping peptides, spanning the entire length of Rac1 [Joseph, G., and Pick, E. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29079-29082]. We now used the construction of Rac1/H-Ras chimeras, domain deletion, and point mutations, to ascertain the functional relevance of three domains (b, c, and d) predicted by "peptide walking" and to determine the importance of specific residues within these domains. This methodology firmly establishes the involvement of domains b and d in the activation of NADPH oxidase by Rac1 and identifies H103 and K166, respectively, as residues critical for the effector function of these two domains. The functional significance of domain c (insert region) could not be confirmed, as shown by the minor effect of deleting this domain on NADPH oxidase activation. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of Rac1 reveals that residues H103 and K166 are exposed on the surface of the molecule. Modeling of the activity-impairing point mutations suggests that the effect on the ability to activate NADPH oxidase depends on the side chains of the mutated amino acids and not on changes in the global structure of the protein. In conclusion, we demonstrate the existence of two novel effector sites in Rac1, necessary for supporting NADPH oxidase activation, supplementing the canonical N-terminal effector region.
Optical trapping of NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles (2013)

We report on the first experimental observation of stable optical trapping of dielectric NaYF4:Er(3+),Yb(3+) upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles (~26 nm in diameter) using a continuous wave 980 nm single-beam laser. The laser serves both to optically trap and to excite visible luminescence from the nanoparticles. Sequential loading of individual nanoparticles into the trap is observed from the analysis of the emitted luminescence. We demonstrate that the trapping strength and the number of individual nanoparticles trapped are dictated by both the laser power and nanoparticle density. The possible contribution of thermal effects has been investigated by performing trapping experiment in both heavy water and into distilled water. For the case of heavy water, thermal gradients are negligible and optical forces dominate the trap loading behaviour. The results provide a promising path towards real three dimensional manipulation of single NaYF4:Er(3+),Yb(3+) nanoparticles for precise fluorescence sensing in biophotonics experiments.
The Role of Controlling Elements in the Instability of Flower Color in Antirrhinum majus and Impatiens balsamina (1981)

Flower colors in dicotyledonous plants are ideal in several respects for the study of the role of controlling elements. The genetics of color (anthocyanin) production is in many cases simple and well investigated (see Paris et al. 1960); flowers and inflorescences are well-ordered, so the course of somatic cell changes can be followed with relative ease. It is also a simple matter to propagate any part of the plant either by taking cuttings or in tissue cultures. Moreover, there is a wealth of material with different types of patterns, isolated and maintained by floriculturalists for aesthetic reasons, waiting to be genetically explored.
Ageing-associated aberration in meiosis of oocytes from senescence-accelerated mice (2002)

Spindle disruption and/or chromosome misalignments at both MI and MII are associated with maternal ageing in the SAM mouse. Our findings also suggest that meiotic division lacks a competent checkpoint for spindle integrity and chromosome alignment during reproductive ageing-associated oocyte senescence.
Comparison of Thermoresponsive Deswelling Kinetics of Poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylate)-Based Thermoresponsive Hydrogels Prepared by “Graft-from” ATRP (2011)

Cross-linked thermoresponsive poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) hydrogels (poly(MEO2MA−OEOMA−HEMA hydrogels) were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The hydroxyl groups in the formed gel networks were transformed to ATRP initiating sites containing 2-bromoisobutyrate groups, and the modified gels were used as macroinitiators for “graft-from” ATRP of MEO2MA and OEOMA. The thermoresponsive properties of the resulting comb-type grafted hydrogels were compared to their unmodified precursor hydrogels with respect to the transition temperatures and deswelling rates. The thermoresponsive properties could be customized by changing the grafting density, grafted chain length, and the chain composition. Furthermore, the deswelling kinetics of the prepared hydrogels were quantitatively analyzed by exponential fitting of water retention with time. This analysis demonstrated that the grafted chains accelerated the hydrogel deswelling by providing a faster collapse to the globular structures, as assessed by much shorter water retention times for the grafted gels (<1/3 of the precursor gel retention time).
Transport properties of InAs nanowire field effect transistors: The effects of surface states (2007)

It is shown that interface trap states have pronounced effects on carrier transport and parameter extraction from top-gated InAs nanowire field effect transistors (NWFETs). Due to slow surface state charging and discharging, the NWFET characteristics are time dependent with time constants as long as ∼45s. This is also manifested in a time-dependent extrinsic transconductance that severely affects carrier mobility and carrier density determination from conventional three-terminal current-voltage characteristics. Slow gate voltage sweep rates result in charge balance between carrier capture and emission from interface states and lead to reduced hysteresis in the transfer curves. The gate transconductance is thus increased and intrinsic NW transport parameters can be isolated. In the InAs NWFETs, a carrier mobility value of ∼16000cm2∕Vs was obtained from the transfer curves at slow sweep rates, which is significantly higher than ∼1000cm2∕Vs obtained at fast sweep rates. A circuit model that takes into account the reduction in the extrinsic transconductance is used to estimate an interface state capacitance to be ∼2μF∕cm−2, a significant value that can lead to underestimation of carrier mobility.
Analysis of Negative Bias Temperature Instability in Body-Tied Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Transistors (2008)

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) degradation mechanism in body-tied low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (LTPS TFTs) is analyzed by the charge-pumping (CP) technique. The properties of bulk trap states (including interface and grain boundary trap states) are directly characterized from the CP current. The increase of the fixed oxide charges is also extracted, which has not been quantified in previous studies of NBTI degradation in LTPS TFTs. The experimental results confirm that the NBTI degradation in LTPS TFTs is caused by the generation of bulk trap states and oxide trap states.
Isolation of genes involved in nodulation competitiveness from <i>Rhizobium leguminosarum</i> bv. <i>trifolii</i> T24 (1988)

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii T24 produces a potent anti-rhizobial compound, trifolitoxin, and exclusively nodulates clover roots when in mixed inoculum with trifolitoxin-sensitive strains of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii [Schwinghamer, E. A. & Belkengren R. P. (1968) Arch. Mikrobiol. 64, 130-145]. In the present study, the isolation of trifolitoxin production and resistance genes is described. A cosmid genomic library of T24 was prepared in pLAFR3. No trifolitoxin expression was observed in the resulting Escherichia coli cosmid clones. One cosmid clone was identified that restored trifolitoxin production and nodulation competitiveness in three nonproducing mutants of T24. The recombinant plasmid from this cosmid clone, pTFX1, also conferred trifolitoxin production and resistance when transferred to symbiotically effective strains of R. leguminosarum bvs. trifolii, phaseoli, and viceae. Cosmid pTFX1 also conferred expression of trifolitoxin production when present in strains of Rhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. No trifolitoxin expression was observed in strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum or Rhizobium sp. (cowpea) with pTFX1. Southern blot analysis with a biotinylated pTFX1 probe did not suggest that these genes were plasmid-borne. Transfer of pTFX1 to T24 or its derivatives resulted in 6- to 10-fold higher level of trifolitoxin production than wild-type T24.
Study of Coating Geometries and Photoluminescence Properties of Metal Nanoparticles/Graphite Composites (2014)

In this work we present the results of a study of growth and characterization of metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, and Co)/carbon surfaces. The nanoparticles grew by laser ablation technique and their dimensions were controlled by light scattering study and AFM microscopy before their insertion on graphite surface. Nanoparticles appear randomly disposed on carbon surfaces aggregating to form big particles only in the case of silver. The different behavior of metal nanoparticles on carbon surface was explained in terms of different metal wetting of surface, in agreement with previous theoretical results of He et al. Chemical information, obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, indicated that the doping process is a simple physisorption while the interfacial interaction between particles and carbon layers causes local defects in graphite structure and the appearance of a strong photoluminescence signal for all composites. Moreover, the visible optical absorption decreases about 10% indicating the progressive metallization of carbon surface.
A plant plasma membrane Ca <sup>2+</sup> pump is required for normal pollen tube growth and fertilization (2004)

Ca(2+) signals are thought to play important roles in plant growth and development, including key aspects of pollen tube growth and fertilization. The dynamics of a Ca(2+) signal are largely controlled by influx (through channels) and efflux (through pumps and antiporters). The Arabidopsis genome encodes 14 Ca(2+) pumps, 10 of which belong to a family of autoinhibited Ca(2+) ATPases (ACA) that are predicted to be activated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin. Here, we show that isoform ACA9 is expressed primarily in pollen and localized to the plasma membrane. Three independent T-DNA [portion of the Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid that is transferred to plant cells] gene disruptions of ACA9 were found to result in partial male sterility. Complementation was observed by using a ACA9-yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) fusion that displayed plasma membrane localization. Mutant aca9 pollen displayed a reduced growth potential and a high frequency of aborted fertilization, resulting in a >80% reduction in seed set. These findings identify a plasma membrane Ca(2+) transporter as a key regulator of pollen development and fertilization in flowering plants.
Interoperability Between Non Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT) and Intelligent Electronic Devices (IDE) (2006)

Further to papers presented two years ago, at the IEEE T&D in Dallas, on non conventional instrument transformers (NCIT), advancement of the interoperability between sensors and processes are updated. Electronic technology has dramatically evolved in the last decade and the consequence is the generalization of digital designs for merging-units (MU) and intelligent electronic devices (IDE). Digital apparatus are an obvious improvement in output accuracy. These digital apparatus offer many potential advantages and are expected to grow in importance in the next decade