gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Condenser for illuminating a ringfield camera with synchrotron emission light (2023)

The present invention relates generally to the field of condensers for collecting light from a synchrotron radiation source and directing the light into a ringfield of a lithography camera. The present invention discloses a condenser comprising collecting, processing, and imaging optics. The collecting optics are comprised of concave and convex spherical mirrors that collect the light beams. The processing optics, which receive the light beams, are comprised of flat mirrors that converge and direct the light beams into a real entrance pupil of the camera in a symmetrical pattern. In the real entrance pupil are located flat mirrors, common to the beams emitted from the preceding mirrors, for generating substantially parallel light beams and for directing the beams toward the ringfield of a camera. Finally, the imaging optics are comprised of a spherical mirror, also common to the beams emitted from the preceding mirrors, images the real entrance pupil through the resistive mask and into the virtual entrance pupil of the camera. Thus, the condenser is comprised of a plurality of beams with four mirrors corresponding to a single beam plus two common mirrors.
pH-responsive liposome-templated polyelectrolyte nanocapsules (2012)

Hollow nanocapsules made of polyelectrolytes, extensively useful for biomedical and biotechnological applications, are produced with a simple Layer-by-Layer approach using liposomes as template. The biocompatible polymers, alginate and chitosan, are alternatively adsorbed onto liposomes allowing the achievement of small size hollow nanocapsules with an average diameter of ∼280 nm. Hollow nanocapsules, positively as well as negatively charged, depending on the number of layers, can be produced in a reproducible way. The produced nanocapsules are demonstrated to be sensitive to pH changes of the environment because of the behaviour of the polyelectrolytes composing the multishell walls; in fact they exhibit major variations in size depending on the bulk solution pH. Measurements of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and of ζ-potentials as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations demonstrate a correlation between the pH and the shrinking/swelling of the nanocapsules. While nanocapsules having chitosan as outer layer are stable only at acidic pH, nanocapsules having alginate as outer layer remain stable at all the pHs used in this study (pH 4.6 to 8). The pH-optimum for the shrinking event is in the acidic range. The role of both the polymers in the shrinking/swelling event is demonstrated by comparing nanocapsule populations with alginate (7 layers) or chitosan (8 layers) as the outer layer.
Multisite reproducibility of colorimetric broth microdilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast isolates (1994)

MICs of fluconazole and amphotericin B were determined independently for 100 coded yeast isolates by each of six laboratories to determine reproducibility of results by using a colorimetric oxidation-reduction-based broth microdilution test. In addition, each site tested five quality control isolates on at least four different occasions during the study. Results agreed within a three-dilution range (mode +/- 1 log2 dilution) for 96.2% of fluconazole tests and 92.7% of amphotericin B tests. Agreement among tests with the quality control isolates was 99.4% with fluconazole and 98.6% with amphotericin B. These results indicate that the colorimetric microdilution method is reproducible among laboratories.
Evaluation of particle dispersion behaviours in Lithium-ion battery slurry by electrical impedance spectra-tomography method (2019)

This paper investigated the particle dispersion behaviours of Lithium-ion battery (LIB) slurry by using electrical impedance spectra-tomography (EIST) method from the perspective of experiment and simulation. In the experiment, an EIST system composed of Field—Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), multi-plexer, switch circuit and 8-electrode sensor is developed to measure the frequency response of LIB slurry under two different conditions, which are rotation speed n=0rpm with rotation time t=0min and n=100rpm with t=6min. In the simulation, four different geometry structure models, which are (a) Carbon Black (CB) linear formation, (b) CB aggregation, (c) CB & LiCoO 2 aggregation and (d) network dispersion, are established. Six frequencies, which are f=1 kHz, f=10 kHz, f=50 kHz, f=100 kHz, f=250 kHz and f=500 kHz, are used for the reconstructed conductivity images of LIB slurry in both the experiment and the simulation. The numerical simulation is used to verify the correctness of the experiment results. After combining the experiment and the simulation, it is concluded that the agglomeration behaviours of CB and LiCoO 2 particles appear within LIB slurry in the case of n=0rpm with t=0min, while CB path and part LiCoO 2 particles coated by CB particles appear in the case of n=100rpm with t=6min. Moreover, high frequencies are suitable to distinguish high conductive CB components from LIB slurry. Furthermore, the developed EIST system has the capability of monitoring particle dispersion behaviours in LIB slurry, which has the potential to be used for the on-line measurement of LIB slurry in order to improve the performance of LIB.
EPR techniques for studying defects in silicon (1977)

Due to long spin-lattice relaxation times and low defect concentrations, the EPR study of defects in irradiated silicon requires special experimental capabilities. The superheterodyne spectrometer described in this paper, which has been used in numerous defect studies, can detect 1010 spins/Oe linewidth. This spectrometer employs superstabilized, phase-locked klystrons, can be tuned to either the absorption or the dispersion mode, utilizes phase-sensitive detection, and can operate at either X or K band. The microwave probe and cryogenic system allow us to produce defects in situ at low temperatures and to probe these defects with light, stress, and annealing. For these measurements the cavity and sample can be stabilized to ±0.01 K between 4 and 300 K.
Algorithms for air traffic flow management under stochastic environments (2004)

A major portion of the delay in air traffic management systems (ATMS) in the US arises from stochastic disturbances such as convective weather. However, in current practice, the predicted storm zones are completely avoided as if they are deterministic obstacles. As a result, the current strategy is too conservative and incurs a high delay. In this paper, we seek to reduce the system delay through explicitly modelling the dynamic and stochastic nature of the storms and adding recourse in the routing and flow management problem. We address the multi-aircraft flow management problem using a stochastic dynamic programming algorithm, where the evolution of the weather is modelled as a stationary Markov chain. Our solution provides a dynamic routing strategy for "N-aircraft" that minimizes the expected delay of the overall system while taking into consideration the constraints obtained by the sector capacities, as well as avoidance of conflicts among the aircraft. Our simulation suggests that a significant improvement in delay can be obtained by using our methods over the existing methods.
A modified technique of guinea pig testing to identify delayed hypersensitivity allergens (1981)

A modified guinea pig testing technique was developed for the detection of weak allergens and allergenicity of materials unsuitable for testing by intradermal injection. This test involved the use of Freund's complete adjuvant to stimulate the immune system of the animal, and external application instead of intradermal injection of the test compound in the induction stage. The allergenicity of Sudan III, Brilliant Lake Red R and Sudan I was tested by this procedure. In the dose-effect study of Sudan I, the dose dependency of a positive reaction of the induction and challenge concentrations was recognized. The test was compared with three other guinea pig sensitization tests. The results obtained with this test correlated well with those obtained with the guinea pig maximization test.
Fault-tolerant design of the IBM pSeries 690 system using POWER4 processor technology (2002)

The POWER4-based p690 systems offer the highest performance of the IBM eServer pSeries™ line of computers. Within the general-purpose UNIX® server market, they also offer the highest levels of concurrent error detection, fault isolation, recovery, and availability. High availability is achieved by minimizing component failure rates through improvements in the base technology, and through design techniques that permit hard- and soft-failure detection, recovery, and isolation, repair deferral, and component replacement concurrent with system operation. In this paper, we discuss the fault-tolerant design techniques that were used for array, logic, storage, and I/O subsystems for the p690. We also present the diagnostic strategy, fault-isolation, and recovery techniques. New features such as POWER4 synchronous machine-check interrupt, PCI bus error recovery, array dynamic redundancy, and minimum-element dynamic reconfiguration are described. The design process used to verify error detecti on, fault isolation, and recovery is also described.
Machine learning-based fracture-hit detection algorithm using LFDAS signal (2019)

Abstract Low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LFDAS) signal has been used to detect fracture hits at offset monitor wells during hydraulic fracturing operations. Typically, fracture hits are manually identified, which can be subjective and inefficient. We implemented machine learning-based models using supervised learning techniques in order to identify fracture zones, which demonstrate a high probability of fracture hits automatically. Several features are designed and calculated from LFDAS data to highlight fracture-hit characterizations. A simple neural network model is trained to fit the manually picked fracture hits. The fracture-hit probability, as predicted by the model, agrees well with the manual picks in training, validation, and test data sets. The algorithm was used in a case study of an unconventional reservoir. The results indicate that smaller cluster spacing design creates denser fractures.
Prevention of stroke with perindopril treatment in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. (1997)

Treatment of SHRSP with perindopril prevents stroke through the suppression of blood pressure rise and prevention of tissue damage in the brain and the kidneys. Longer treatment decreased the rate of mortality due to stroke after the withdrawal of treatment as well as the severity of lesions in the brain and kidneys.
The Lipid Handbook with CD-ROM (2007)

Fatty Acid and Lipid Structure Fatty acid structure Lipid structure Occurrence and Characterization of Oils and Fats Introduction Major oils from plant sources Minor oils from plant sources Milk fats, animal depot fats, and fish oils Waxes Egg lipids Milk lipids Liver and other tissue lipids Cereal lipids Leaf lipids Algal lipids Fungal lipids Bacterial lipids Lipids of viruses Production and Refining of Oils and Fats Introduction Production of animal oils and fats Production of vegetable oils and fats Degumming of oils and fats Alkali refining of oils and fats Soap stock and by-product treatments Bleaching of oils and fats Dewaxing of oils Vacuum stripping of oils and fats HACCP for oils and fats supply chains Modification Processes and Food Uses Introduction Hydrogenation Interesterification. Fractionation Food grade emulsifiers Food uses of oils and fats Synthesis Unsaturated fatty acid synthesis via acetylene Fatty acid synthesis by the Wittig reaction Isotopically labelled fatty acids Synthesis of acylglycerols Fullerene lipids Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids Glycosylglycerides Bulk separation procedures Analysis Introduction Requirements stemming from quality control and process investigation Some selected analytical methods Chromatographic analysis of lipids Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Physical Properties: Structural and Physical Characteristics Introduction Crystallisation and melting Phase behavior Lipid/water interactions Interaction between lipids and proteins Biological membranes Chemical Properties Autoxidation and photo-oxidation Enzymatic oxidation Epoxidation, hydroxylation and oxidative fission Halogenation and halohydrins Oxymercuration Metathesis Stereomutation Double-bond migration and cyclization Cyclization Dimerization Chain branching and extension Hydrolysis, alcoholysis, esterification, and interesterification Acid chlorides, anhydrides, and ketene dimers Peroxy acids and related compounds Nitrogen-containing compounds Other reactions of the carboxyl group Oleochemical carbonates Guerbet compounds Nonfood Uses of Oils and Fats Introduction Basic oleochemicals Surfactants Lipids as formulating tools in skin care and cosmetics Lubricants Biofuels Surface coatings and inks Castor oil products Lipid Metabolism Fatty acids Glycerophospholipids Glyceride metabolism Glycosylglycerides Sphingolipids Lipids as signaling molecules Sterol esters Control mechanisms Nutritional, Medical and Agricultural Aspects of Lipids Human dietary requirements Lipids and cardiovascular disease Clinical aspects of lipids with emphasis on cardiovascular disease and dyslipaemia Skin lipids and medical implications Sphingolipidoses Other disorders of lipid metabolism Pulmonary surfactant (lung surfactant) Agricultural aspects
Kiwifruit pollination by wind and insects in Italy (1991)

Abstract The role of wind in kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et AR. Ferguson) pollination has been investigated over 3 years at two sites by enclosing single female vines together with a male vine in a cage made of fine shade cloth to keep out insects. Control vines were open‐pollinated. Appreciable seed set occurred even when insects were excluded, although wind speed and turbulence were presumably reduced within the cages. Isolated vines set 69% of fruit (98% in the control) with a mean weight of 58 g (98 g in the control). Fruit set and fruit size showed wide fluctuations within both years and locations, thus proving that kiwifruit pollination is largely dependent on the weather at flowering time.
Thrombus Inducing Property of Atomically Thin Graphene Oxide Sheets (2011)

Graphene oxide (GO), the new two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, is extensively investigated for potential biomedical applications. Thus, it is pertinent to critically evaluate its untoward effects on physiology of tissue systems including blood platelets, the cells responsible for maintenance of hemostasis and thrombus formation. Here we report for the first time that atomically thin GO sheets elicited strong aggregatory response in platelets through activation of Src kinases and release of calcium from intracellular stores. Compounding this, intravenous administration of GO was found to induce extensive pulmonary thromboembolism in mice. Prothrombotic character of GO was dependent on surface charge distribution as reduced GO (RGO) was significantly less effective in aggregating platelets. Our findings raise a concern on putative biomedical applications of GO in the form of diagnostic and therapeutic tools where its prothrombotic property should be carefully investigated.
Enhancement of the Enzymatic Activity of Ribonuclease HI from <i>Thermus thermophilus</i> HB8 with a Suppressor Mutation Method (2000)

A genetic method for isolating a mutant enzyme of ribonuclease HI (RNase HI) from Thermus thermophilus HB8 with enhanced activity at moderate temperatures was developed. T. thermophilus RNase HI has an ability to complement the RNase H-dependent temperature-sensitive (ts) growth phenotype of Escherichia coli MIC3001. However, this complementation ability was greatly reduced by replacing Asp(134), which is one of the active site residues, with His, probably due to a reduction in the catalytic activity. Random mutagenesis of the gene encoding the resultant D134H enzyme, followed by screening for second-site revertants, allowed us to isolate three single mutations (Ala(12) --> Ser, Lys(75) --> Met, and Ala(77) --> Pro) that restore the normal complementation ability to the D134H enzyme. These mutations were individually or simultaneously introduced into the wild-type enzyme, and the kinetic parameters of the resultant mutant enzymes for the hydrolysis of a DNA-RNA-DNA/DNA substrate were determined at 30 degrees C. Each mutation increased the k(cat)/K(m) value of the wild-type enzyme by 2.1-4.8-fold. The effects of the mutations on the enzymatic activity were roughly cumulative, and the combination of these three mutations increased the k(cat)/K(m) value of the wild-type enzyme by 40-fold (5.5-fold in k(cat)). Measurement of thermal stability of the mutant enzymes with circular dichroism spectroscopy in the presence of 1 M guanidine hydrochloride and 1 mM dithiothreitol showed that the T(m) value of the triple mutant enzyme, in which all three mutations were combined, was comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme (75.0 vs 77.4 degrees C). These results demonstrate that the activity of a thermophilic enzyme can be improved without a cost of protein stability.
Intracavity Raman-pumped Ho/sup 3+/-doped silica fibre laser (2002)

Summary form only given. CW cascaded Raman fibre lasers are a well-known and efficient method of generating new and useful laser wavelengths. In an extension of this technique, doping the Raman fibre with a lanthanide ion that can absorb the Stokes radiation and emit at longer wavelengths could prove to be very practical. As an example of this technique, we will present numerical calculations and experiments based on the intracavity pumping of a Ho/sup 3+/-doped silica fibre at a 1/sup st/ Stokes wavelength of 1.15 /spl mu/m.
Floatimg-Well Charge Pump Circuits for Sub-2.0V Single Power Supply (1997)

Positive and negative charge pump circuits utilizing floating well are introduced. They require simple two-phase clocks and exhibit output characteristics similar to an ideal diode charge pump. The output voltage is directly proportional to the number of pumping stages rather than limited by the body effect as in the conventional circuit. It is demonqtrated that the introduced charge pumps can generate enough voltages for typical flash memories even at a supply voltage less than 2.0V.
Electrical isolation of pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation: reduction of fluoroscopy exposure and procedure duration by the use of a non-fluoroscopic navigation system (NavX®) (2006)

Aims The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of performing segmental pulmonary vein (PV) isolation guided by the NavX®(Endocardial Solutions, St Jude Medical, Inc., St Paul, MN, USA) system without the three-dimensional (3D) geometric reconstruction option and whether the use of NavX system will reduce the radiation exposure and procedure duration. Methods and results The study included 64 patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation, in whom PV isolation was performed using fluoroscopic guidance (n=32) or the NavX system (n=32). Pulmonary vein mapping with a circular mapping catheter allowed the identification and localization of myocardial connections between the PV and the left atrium. PV isolation was performed by radiofrequency ablation of these connections at the atrial aspect of the PV ostium. Primary success rate for isolated PVs did not differ significantly in patients ablated under fluoroscopic guidance vs. those ablated under guidance of NavX system [100/107 PVs (93.5%) vs. 120/124 PV (96.8%; P=n.s.)]. Compared with fluoroscopy guided procedures, NavX-guided procedures showed a significant reduction in the fluoroscopy time (75.8±24.5 vs. 38.9±19.3 min, P<0.05), total X-ray exposure (93.2±51.6 vs. 56.6±37.9 Gy cm2, P=0.03), and total procedural time (237.7±65.4 vs. 188.6±62.7 min, P=0.01). The mean follow-up was 9.5±3.0 months. One patient in each group was lost to follow-up. Seven-day Holter monitoring showed that 23 of 31 patients (74.2%) in the NavX-guided group and 21 of 31 patients (67.7%) in the fluoroscopy-guided group were in sinus rhythm (P=0.57). Conclusion The 3D visualization of the catheters by NavX system allows a rapid and precise visualization of the mapping and ablation catheters at the PV ostia and markedly reduces fluoroscopy time, total X-ray exposure, and procedural duration during PV isolation compared with ablation performed under fluoroscopy guidance.
Structural insight into the ligand-receptor interaction between glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and the high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)-DNA complex (2012)

ASE-Dock - alpha sphere and excluded volume-based ligand-protein docking, CNS - central nervous system, GA - glycyrrhetinic acid, GL - glycyrrhizin, HMGB1 - high-mobility group protein B1, LBS - ligand-biding site, MOE - Molecular Operating Environment, SRY - sex-determining region on the Y chromosome.
Molecular cloning of wheat dihydrodipicolinate synthase. (1990)

Four forms of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyzes the first reaction in the lysine-specific biosynthetic pathway in higher plants, were purified to homogeneity from a suspension culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum). These polypeptides have similar N-terminal amino acid sequences. Two different cDNA clones were isolated by screening a wheat cDNA library with oligonucleotide probes based on these amino acid sequences. The predicted amino acid sequences indicate that both clones encode putative chloroplast transit peptides that have little homology to each other as well as the conserved mature protein portions of Mr 35,737 and 35,776 (94% identity). Mature wheat DHDPS has 30% amino acid identity to Escherichia coli DHDPS. One of the cloned cDNAs, which had been fused to bacterial transcription/translation signals, genetically complemented a strain of E. coli that lacks endogenous DHDPS activity. Moreover, the expression of wheat DHDPS cDNA in wild-type E. coli increased the enzymatic activity 10-fold in the transformed bacteria.
Optically transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) ohmiccontacts in thefabrication of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1994)

The authors report what they believe to be the first successful fabrication of an InGaAs/GaAs vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) using optically transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) ohmic contacts to p- and n-type regions of the laser. Threshold current densities Jth are similar to those lasers fabricated from the same wafer using conventional ohmic contacts.