gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimized Synthesis, Structural Investigations, Ligand Tuning and Synthetic Evaluation of Silyloxy‐Based Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts (2012)

Nitride- and alkylidyne complexes of molybdenum endowed with triarylsilanolate ligands are excellent (pre)catalysts for alkyne-metathesis reactions of all sorts, since they combine high activity with an outstanding tolerance toward polar and/or sensitive functional groups. Structural and reactivity data suggest that this promising application profile results from a favorable match between the characteristics of the high-valent molybdenum center and the electronic and steric features of the chosen Ar(3)SiO groups. This interplay ensures a well-balanced level of Lewis acidity at the central atom, which is critical for high activity. Moreover, the bulky silanolates, while disfavoring bimolecular decomposition of the operative alkylidyne unit, do not obstruct substrate binding. In addition, Ar(3)SiO groups have the advantage that they are more stable within the coordination sphere of a high-valent molybdenum center than tert-alkoxides, which commonly served as ancillary ligands in previous generations of alkyne metathesis catalysts. From a practical point of view it is important to note that complexes of the general type [(Ar(3)SiO)(3)Mo≡X] (X = N, CR; R = aryl, alkyl, Ar = aryl) can be rendered air-stable with the aid of 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2'-bipyridine or derivatives thereof. Although the resulting adducts are themselves catalytically inert, treatment with Lewis acidic additives such as ZnCl(2) or MnCl(2) removes the stabilizing N-donor ligand and gently releases the catalytically active template into the solution. This procedure gives excellent results in alkyne metathesis starting from air-stable and hence user-friendly precursor complexes. The thermal and hydrolytic stability of representative molybdenum alkylidyne and -nitride complexes of this series was investigated and the structure of several decomposition products elucidated.
Proposal for a Quantum-Degenerate Electron Source (2007)

We propose a pulsed electron source capable of 6D brightness orders-of-magnitude greater than that of existing sources. It could deliver average current up to 0.5 pA and achieve an emittance approaching the quantum limit in each spatial dimension. It could be employed to advantage in electron microscopy, inverse photo-emission, precision low-energy scattering experiments, and electron holography. This source could make possible pump-probe experiments with Angstrom spatial and subpicosecond time resolution. Here, we present the basic concepts of the source, including a generalized expression for the brightness that can be used in the quantum limited case and the analysis of the main issues that must be addressed for successful construction and operation. We have begun an experiment to demonstrate its essential features.
The Rat Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Encodes Multiple Putative Neuropeptides Coexpressed in the Dorsolateral Hypothalamus* (1989)

The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic neuropeptide, first isolated from salmon pituitary glands, which regulates melanin dispersion in the skin and perhaps the activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis in teleost fish. We have recently purified and characterized rat MCH (rMCH) and report here the cloning and sequencing of specific MCH cDNA isolated from a rat hypothalamic library. The sequence of rMCH found by DNA sequencing confirms the sequence deduced from the purified peptide. rMCH is located at the C-terminus of a protein precursor of 165 amino acid residues. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of prepro-MCH and that of the Aplysia peptide-A prohormone suggests that these proteins as well as other precursors may be evolutionarily related. Besides rMCH, two putative neuropeptides, termed NGE and NEI, might be generated from the same precursor. The rMCH precursor shared sequence identities with human GH-releasing factor and mammalian CRF in the regions encoding NGE and NEI. By immunohistochemical studies we have established that the amidated C-terminus of NEI is recognized by some alpha MSH and rat CRF antisera and that the C-terminal portion of NGE is responsible for the cross-reactivity revealed with one hGRF-(1-37) antiserum. Our results explain the staining of a discrete population of dorso-lateral hypothalamic neurons by heretofore seemingly unrelated antisera and provide evidence for the production of multiple novel neuropeptides from a common precursor.
Hard x-ray microscope with submicrometer spatial resolution (1990)

A high-resolution hard x-ray microscope is described. This system is capable of detecting line features as small as 0.6 <i>µ</i>m in width, and resolving line pairs 1.2-<i>µ</i>m wide and 1.2-<i>µ</i>m apart. Three types of two-dimensional image detectors are discussed and compared for use with hard x rays in high resolution. Principles of x-ray image magnification are discussed based on x-ray optics and diffraction physics. Examples of applications are shown in microradiography with fiber reinforced composite materials (SiC in Ti<sub>3</sub>Al Nb) and in diffraction imaging (topography) with device patterns on a silicon single crystal. High-resolution tomography has now become a reality.
Vibration analysis of coupled flexural torsional mode tuning fork type quartz crystals resonator (2003)

The frequency-temperature characteristics of a tuning-fork-type quartz crystal resonator which couples the torsional mode vibration to the flexural mode vibration are analyzed, and the estimated values of the various constants for a resonator manufactured for trial experiments are presented. A secular equation coupling the torsional mode vibration to the flexural mode vibration is first derived and used for a theoretical analysis of the frequency-temperature characteristics of the resonator. The calculated values are shown to agree well with experimental values obtained for the manufactured resonator. The results indicate that resonators with excellent frequency-temperature characteristics, low crystal impedance, and a high quality factor are realized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nitride etching with hydrofluorocarbons. I. Selective etching of nitride over silicon and oxide materials by gas discharge optimization and selective deposition of fluorocarbon polymer (2017)

Selective etching of silicon nitride over silicon and silicon oxide is one of the most critical processes in the fabrication of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor devices. In a typical spacer process, the gate is electrically isolated from the source and drain region by the deposition of thin nitride. A plasma etch is employed to remove the nitride from the source/drain regions without or with minimal damage to the exposed surfaces. The authors show that the typical plasma process that enables this process is based on the oxidation rate of silicon and has many limitations when applying this process to devices of 30 nm critical dimension (CD) or lower. The authors show novel gas discharges with which nitride can be etched differently, in particular, because the etch rates are controlled by selective polymer deposition. The novel etch mechanism is explained in detail and advantages and challenges are discussed, in particular. Selected studies of the feedgas chemistry lead to optimized dissociation as evidenced by the respective etch selectivities. The authors demonstrate that the novel etch mechanism is able to reduce nitride thinning and substrate damage significantly, enabling further pitch and CD scaling of spacer etch when employing this novel chemistry C4H9F. The authors also show that because of these advantages, the novel chemistry is a very promising candidate to enlarge the process window for spacer processes of nonplanar devices.
Polarization Filter for Biomedical Tissue Optical Imaging (1997)

A technique based on the degree that light is depolarized when propagating inside tissues is demonstrated for optical imaging in biomedical systems. The difference in the degree of polarization of the emerging light allows for the discrimination of different types of tissues. The technique was investigated in the transillumination and back-scattering geometry and in both cases the potential of this method to image and separate out different types of tissues is demonstrated.
Identification of a <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> 5′-Nucleotidase Protein: Cloning of the <i>nucA</i> Gene and Immunogenicity and Characterization of the NucA Protein (2000)

We report on the identification of a surface-exposed, highly conserved, immunogenic nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) protein, which elicits cross-reactive bactericidal antibodies against NTHi. The protein was extracted from NTHi strain P860295 with KSCN and purified; it migrated as a single band on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel with an apparent molecular mass of 63 kDa. Mouse antiserum generated against the purified protein was reactive on whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with seven NTHi strains and type b Eagan and Whittier strains and exhibited bactericidal activity to homologous and heterologous NTHi strains. However, the protein is made in small amounts in NTHi as corroborated by immunoelectron microscopy. To further study this protein, we cloned, sequenced, and expressed it recombinantly in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein is localized in the periplasm of E. coli and has been purified to homogeneity. Both the recombinant and native proteins possess 5'-nucleotidase activity; hence, the protein has been called NucA. Mouse antiserum directed against the recombinant NucA protein was reactive on Western immunoblots and whole-cell ELISA with all H. influenzae strains tested including Eagan and was bactericidal for two heterologous strains tested. The antiserum also resulted in a log reduction in bacteremia, in an infant-rat protection study with H. influenzae type b as the challenge strain. These features suggest that NucA is a potential subunit vaccine candidate against NTHi disease.
ASSESSMENT AND HANDLING OF CA CODE SELF-INTERFERENCE DURING WEAK GPS SIGNAL ACQUISITION (PREPRINT) (2003)

This paper presents an analysis of GPS CA code self-interference, its impact on the acquisition of weak GPS signal when coexisting with strong GPS signals, and means to mitigate the interference to allow successful acquisition of the weak GPS signals using software GPS receivers. Current software GPS receivers are capable of acquiring and tracking satellite signals with C/N0 as low as 24 dB, which is the sensitivity limit of a stand-alone GPS receiver. To achieve this level of sensitivity, there cannot be substantial interference from other satellites with strong signal levels. In practicality, however, the weak signals may coexist with much stronger signals from other satellites. This may happen when only a limited area of the sky is exposed to a receiver such as in the case of navigating in city canyon or under forest canopy. The presence of the strong signals may produce higher cross correlations between the strong signals and a weak signal, resulting in complete loss or false acquisition of weak signals which maybe necessary in helping to determine the user position. Software algorithm are developed that can successfully remove the strong satellite signals from the GPS receiver input. The resulting net input signal can then be used to acquire the weak signals. Experiments using both simulation and simulator data show that with the removal of strong satellite signal from the input, it is possible to acquire weak satellite near the sensitivity limit.
Baud rate pattern-adaptable dual loop clock recovery for high speed serial links (2021)

We present a novel symbol-spaced (baud-rate) clock-and-data recovery (CDR) architecture for high-speed electrical interconnects. Our architecture incorporates two feedback loops operating off of a single 1-bit sampler (slicer), sampling the difference between the incoming data and an offset voltage V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</inf> at the data symbol rate. One loop adapts the V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</inf> and the other loop automatically reacts to adjust the sampling phase. By deploying customized pattern screening functions for generating the error signal feeding the two feedback loops, the CDR jointly optimizes V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</inf> and the sampling phase such that certain target criteria are realized. For example, in one special case, the system can be configured to lock to a sampling phase where pre and post-cursor inter-symbol interference (ISI) taps are equal; similar to a Mueller-Muller (MM) architecture. In other scenarios, the system can be configured to lock to a phase that makes pre-cursor or post-cursor ISI zero. Compared to a conventional MM baud-date CDR architecture, our proposed architecture can lead to more optimized performance tailored to the channel response, and can lock to clock pattern for fast frequency acquisition. Compared to conventional over-sampled CDRs, our architecture can lead to substantially less power by eliminating the need for the generation and distribution of additional clock phases, and the extra crossing (edge) slicers.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A POLYGALACTURONASE INHIBITOR OF PEAR FRUIT (1992)

Higher plant inhibitors of fungal polygalacturonases are potential contributors to plant defense. To test this hypothesis we have raised antibodies against the `Bartlett' pear fruit polygalacturonase inhibitor (PGIP) and cloned a pear fruit PGIP cDNA. The pear PGIP cDNA was isolated by polymerase chain reactions based on our amino acid and nucleotide sequence information. Sequence analysis predicts a gene product of 34.5 kD with an isoelectric point of 6.02 in agreement with our biochemical data. Seven potential glycosylation sites are consistent with the glycoprotein character of these PGIPs. Southern blot analysis suggests the presence of 1 or 2 genes in the pear genome. Northern blot analysis indicates the presence of a transcript of 1.5 kb. Western blot analysis shows cross-reactivity of the anti-pear PGIP antibody to various dicot species as well as corn.
Nanopeapods by Galvanic Displacement Reaction (2010)

Eine universelle Strategie: Durch galvanische Verdrängung wurden mehrsegmentige Nanodrähte bei Raumtemperatur in Nanoschoten überführt (siehe Schema). Abhängig vom Redoxpotential des Verdrängungsvorgangs ließen sich verschiedenste Materialien erzeugen, z. B. Halbleiter/Metall-, p/n-, Metall/Metall- und ferromagnetische/nichtmagnetische Komposite.
Coiled-Tubing Drilling with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2000)

Abstract High-pressure fluid jet-assisted drilling is attractive for drilling horizontal holes because of the potential for high penetration rate in hard formations using low-cost, small-diameter tools. Unfortunately, the threshold pressure for water-jet erosion of most sedimentary rocks is much higher than the pressure capacity of conventional coiled tubing. Recent experiments have demonstrated that supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) jets will cut hard shale, marble and granite at much lower pressure than water. SC-CO2 was also shown to enhance mechanical drilling rates. The use of SC-CO2 to drill ultra-short-radius lateral well completions is evaluated here. SC-CO2 is a dense, low-viscosity fluid with excellent hole cleaning capabilities. Conventional under-balanced drilling equipment can be used to control formation pressures while drilling with SC-CO2. SC-CO2 is a non-damaging fluid that should provide enhanced production from completions relative to holes drilled with water-based fluids. The use of SC-CO2 for jet assisted drilling would allow fast drilling of small-diameter, ultra-short radius laterals using low-cost, small diameter coiled tubing equipment.
Diaphragm Activation in Ventilated Patients Using a Novel Transvenous Phrenic Nerve Pacing Catheter (2017)

In this First-in-Human series, diaphragm pacing with a temporary catheter was safe and effectively contributed to ventilation in conjunction with a mechanical ventilator.
A new technique for multidimensional performance optimization of switched reluctance motors for vehicle propulsion (2003)

This paper presents a new and simple search technique to determine the optimum control parameters, such as turn-on and turn-off angles, current set level, etc., of a switched reluctance drive. Thanks to this new technique, several drive performance quantities such as efficiencies, torque ripple, energy consumption, torque per ampere, etc., can be optimized simultaneously over the entire torque- or power-speed operation range of the drive. In prior work, these performance quantities were sequentially optimized, one at a time, this despite reported evidence that improving one performance quantity, such as efficiency, can have a negative impact on others, such as torque ripple. The technique was successfully used offline to determine the optimum firing angles for achieving highest drive efficiency with lower torque ripple in a 102-kW switched reluctance motor drive intended for electric vehicle propulsion. The performance prediction and test results are found in good correlation.
Cultivation of Virulent <i>Treponema pallidum</i> in Tissue Culture (1981)

In a series of seven experiments, the virulent Nichols strain of Treponema pallidum was shown to attach and replicate on the surface of tissue culture cells of cottontail rabbit epithelium (Sf1Ep) growing in conventional monolayer cultures under an atmosphere of 1.5% oxygen. Five days after inoculation of 10(6)T. pallidum, the number of treponemes had increased to between 8 x 10(6) and 2.59 x 10(7). The viability of harvested organisms ranged from 86 to 97%. The number of T. pallidum continued to increase, generally reaching a plateau between days 9 and 12 of incubation, with increases ranging up to 100-fold and averaging 49-fold. There appeared to be a ceiling of multiplication of about 2 x 10(8) irrespective of the inoculum, which ranged from 10(6) to 10(8)T. pallidum. Concurrent deoxyribonucleic acid assays were performed on the cultures containing T. pallidum to obtain further evidence of replication. Significant increases in treponemal deoxyribonucleic acid were observed when the inocula ranged from 10(6) to 10(7), with the greatest increases, as might be expected, being in the former group. There was also excellent correlation in the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid per treponeme; the averages for the 10(6), 2.5 x 10(6), and 10(7) groups were 3.46 x 10(-14), 3.28 x 10(-14), and 2.79 x 10(-14) g per treponeme, respectively (3.14 +/- 0.72 x 10(-14) g per treponeme). In each experiment, organisms were harvested from the group inoculated with 10(6)T. pallidum after 7 days of incubation to test for virulence. In all instances, the organisms were virulent; erythematous, indurated, treponeme-containing lesions were produced from an average of six to seven organisms. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that during the course of replication many microcolonies of treponemes formed on the surface of the cells.
A continuously variable field of view surface coil (1990)

A new type of surface coil is described which allows the user to continuously vary the size of the field of view. This utilizes a modified radiofrequency trombone for size adjustment that results in a stable frequency over a wide range of dimensions. Results show that the coil may be increased in area by as much as 60% while maintaining frequency stability to ca. 1 MHz at 63.5 MHz. Images of the human spine are presented to demonstrate the clinical utility of the new design.
Enzymatic Degradation of Prion Protein in Brain Stem from Infected Cattle and Sheep (2003)

Prions-infectious agents involved in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies-normally survive proteolytic and mild protein-destructive processes. Using bacterial keratinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis strain PWD-1, we tested conditions to accomplish the full degradation of prion protein (PrP) in brain-stem tissue from animals with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie. The detection of PrPSc, the disease-associated isoform of PrP, in homogenates was done by Western blotting and various antibodies. The results indicated that only in the presence of detergents did heat pretreatment at >100 degrees C allow the extensive enzymatic breakdown of PrPSc to a state where it is immunochemically undetectable. Proteinase K and 2 other subtilisin proteases, but not trypsin and pepsin, were also effective. This enzymatic process could lead to the development of a method for the decontamination of medical and laboratory equipment. The ultimate effectiveness of this method of prion inactivation has to be tested in mouse bioassays.
Suppression of ghost artifacts arising from long T<sub>1</sub> species in segmented inversion‐recovery imaging (2016)

We developed and validated a new robust method, SPPRESS, for reducing artifacts due to long T<sub>1</sub> species across a wide range of imaging and physiologic conditions. Magn Reson Med 78:1442-1451, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Line-narrowed ArF excimer laser for 193-nm lithography (1999)

Recently, considerable progress has been made in the development of ArF excimer lasers for 193 nm lithography. A line-narrowed ArF excimer laser with a bandwidth of < 0.7 pm can be used with a refractive lens system. In this paper, we present a line-narrowed ArF excimer laser which we have developed for 193 nm lithography. This laser produces an output power of over 5 W with a 0.6 pm FWHM bandwidth at 1 kHz operation.
Uniting The Trinity of Ferroelectric HfO<sub>2</sub> Memory Devices in a Single Memory Cell (2019)

The polarization reversal in ferroelectric HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is adopted to store information in three distinct device classes - ferroelectric field effect transistors (FeFET), ferroelectric capacitors (FeCAP) and ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJ). Common to all three concepts is the adoption of a ferroelectric layer stack that acts either as gate dielectric in the FeFET or as the capacitor dielectric and tunneling barrier in the FeCAP or FTJ, respectively. A composite structure including an inevitably or purposefully formed dielectric layer is frequently adopted. In this work we report on the co-existence of all three memory concepts within one device structure and propose a 2T1C ferroelectric memory cell that allows the operation and comparative characterization of the trinity of ferroelectric memory devices.
High Dynamic Range Digital Holography and Its Demonstration by Off-Axis Configuration (2016)

We present a digital holography using high dynamic range (HDR) imaging to improve quality of the reconstructed image of digital holography. The technique extends the dynamic range of the digitally recorded hologram using multiple holograms recorded with different exposures. We numerically and experimentally demonstrated the technique based on an off-axis digital holography system. In the numerical simulation and experiment, the quality of the reconstructed images by the proposed technique is higher than that by the conventional digital holography without HDR imaging.
Quantum Computing Using Linear Optics (2004)

Quantum computers are expected to be able to solve mathematical problems that cannot be solved using conventional computers. Many of these problems are of practical importance, especially in the areas of cryptography and secure communications. APL is developing an optical approach to quantum computing in which the bits, or "qubits", are represented by single photons. Our approach allows the use of ordinary (linear) optical elements that are available for the most part as off-the-shelf components. Recent experimental demonstrations of a variety of logic gates for single photons, a prototype memory device, and other devices will be described.