gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase-Modulated Photoacoustics (1983)

A new technique is described to measure local periodic heating at and near a sample surface. The measurement involves the perturbation in phase of an externally-generated acoustic wave as it propagates through the heated region. The technique is capable of detecting temperature fluctuations over a large range of modulation frequencies with high sensitivity. Experimental results are compared with theory for two variations of the measurement technique. Finally, t he technique is used to produce a thermal image of a silicon wafer bonded to a1 umi num.
Process for production of hydrocarbon liquids and gases from oil shale. [destructive distillation of preheated and prehydrogenated oil shale in presence of H-rich gas] (1975)

A process for the production of hydrocarbon liquids and gases from oil shale is described. It includes the steps of gradually preheating oil shale in a preheat and prehydrogenation zone to a temperature of about 700/sup 0/ to about 950/sup 0/F in the presence of hydrogen-rich gas without substantial production of liquid and gas in the preheat and prehydrogenation zone, then destructively distilling the preheated and prehydrogenated oil shale in a hydroretort zone at a temperature of about 850/sup 0/ to about 1,250/sup 0/F in the presence of hydrogen-rich gas to form aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon liquids and low molecular weight paraffinic hydrocarbon gases from the preheated and prehydrogenated organic hydrocarbon portion of the oil shale. The hydrogen-rich gas may be passed countercurrent in thermal exchange relation to the spent shale to recover heat from the spent shale heating the hydrogen-rich gas for passage countercurrent and in thermal exchange relation to fresh oil shale in the preheat and prehydrogenation zone. The improvement of this process lies in the exceptionally high conversion of the organic component of oil shale to products of high value including high yields of readily distillable liquids comprising a high proportion of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon liquidsmore » and to low molecular weight paraffinic hydrocarbon gases. The process can be controlled, if desired, to maximize production of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon liquids. The liquids produced may be utilized for a wide variety of purposes including gasification for the production of synthetic pipeline-quality gas from oil shale. (auth)« less
Miniature Heterogeneous Fan-Out Packages for High-Performance, Large-Format Systems (2017)

High-throughput assembly of miniature wafer-fabricated packages onto panel substrates provides a manufacturing framework for high-performance multi-functional displays and other large-format systems. Control circuits, light emitters, sensors, and other micro-components formed in high-density arrays on wafers use a variety of processes and materials that do not easily translate to large-format panel processing. Systems assembled from some or all of those components can therefore exhibit combinations of properties and performance characteristics that are difficult to achieve by panel processes only. Here, we demonstrate hierarchical assembly strategies for fabricating high-performance systems using elastomer stamp micro-transfer-printing. In this work, red, green and blue microscale inorganic LEDs (μILEDs) are fabricated on their respective native wafer substrates and then assembled onto non-native intermediate silicon wafers. The intermediate silicon wafer, populated with heterogeneous μILEDs, then undergoes conventional wafer-level processes, such a dielectric depositions and thin-film metallization, to form miniature fan-out packages. Here, we will demonstrate three heterogeneous μILEDs integrated within a 75 μm × 35 μm fan-out package. We will present how this microscale package can be undercut and then micro-transfer-printed directly onto large-format application substrates. The print-compatible packages also include sharp pressure-concentrating conductor structures which allow the heterogeneous fan-out packages to be electrically interconnected to large-format substrates during the printing operation. We will present functional μILED displays that have been fabricated using these assembly techniques. We will report on the benefits of using intermediate packaging substrates for manufacturing of high-performance large-format systems, such as displays. We will also demonstrate strategies for repairing large multi-functional systems.
PoseNet3D: Learning Temporally Consistent 3D Human Pose via Knowledge Distillation (2020)

Recovering 3D human pose from 2D joints is a highly unconstrained problem. We propose a novel neural network framework, PoseNet3D, that takes 2D joints as input and outputs 3D skeletons and SMPL body model parameters. By casting our learning approach in a student-teacher framework, we avoid using any 3D data such as paired/unpaired 3D data, motion capture sequences, depth images or multi-view images during training. We first train a teacher network that outputs 3D skeletons, using only 2D poses for training. The teacher network distills its knowledge to a student network that predicts 3D pose in SMPL representation. Finally, both the teacher and the student networks are jointly fine-tuned in an end-to-end manner using temporal, self-consistency and adversarial losses, improving the accuracy of each individual network. Results on Human3.6M dataset for 3D human pose estimation demonstrate that our approach reduces the 3D joint prediction error by 18% compared to previous unsupervised methods. Qualitative results on in-the-wild datasets show that the recovered 3D poses and meshes are natural, realistic, and flow smoothly over consecutive frames.
Specification-enhanced policies for automated management of changes in IT systems (2006)

Enterprise and grid computing systems are complex and subject to a broad range of changes such as configuration updates, failures, and performance degradations. These changes affect infrastructure elements such as computation and storage nodes, applications, and system management elements such as monitoring infrastructures. Today's best practices in use by system administrators to manage these changes are manual and ad-hoc. In large complex installations, this would lead to high operational costs, broken closed loop automation, and reduced agility. Providing tools and mechanisms to administrators that automate the reaction to these changes is highly desirable and is an active research area.

Policy-based management using Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules is a well-known approach for such automated change management where management actions are executed when specified event-conditions are observed. In complex systems, the interdependence of components generates multiple events when a single change happens causing multiple rules to be triggered. The order of execution of rule actions determines the system behavior necessitating reasoning about execution order. ECA rules do not contain explicit action specifications needed for reasoning and are therefore unsuited for specifying management rules.

In this paper, we propose a specification-enhanced ECA model called Event-Condition-Precondition-Action-Postcondition (ECPAP) for designing adaptation rules. ECPAP rules contain action specifications in first order predicate logic enabling us to develop reasoning algorithms to determine enforcement order of multiple rules. The enforcement order is represented as a Boolean Interpreted Petri Net workflow. We introduce a new notion called enforcement semantics that provides guarantees about rule ordering. We have built an adaptation framework using ECPAP model and have demonstrated it for automated change management of Ganglia and HP OpenView monitoring systems. The evaluation of the framework illustrates the significance of the ECPAP model and demonstrates its applicability for managing complex IT environments.
Electron Gun Thermal Design, Analysis and Experimental Validation (2006)

The goal of this project was to develop a thermal design methodology for electron guns using modern simulation tools. This consists of creating a detailed finite element model which would be able to predict gun thermal characteristics such as heater power required to produce a desired cathode temperature, warm-up characteristics of the gun, temperature distribution of internal components, and thermal expansion of critical gun components. This methodology is now currently being used at L-3 Electron Devices for all types of electron guns, including diode guns, gridded guns, adjustable perveance mini-tube guns, and large, high-power klystron guns
APPROXIMATE-OPTIMAL DETECTOR FOR CHAOS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (2003)

Recently, an optimal noncoherent detection technique for chaos-shift-keying digital communication system has been proposed. The computational intensity required, however, increases exponentially with the spreading factor. In this Letter, we propose an approximate-optimal detection technique, whose computational effort increases only linearly with the spreading factor. In particular, we use the chaotic sequences generated by a skew tent map as an example to illustrate the approximate-optimal detection method. The bit error performance of the proposed detector is evaluated by computer simulations and the results are compared with those obtained using the optimal detector.
Quantitative Determination in Human Sera of Vaccine-Induced Antibody to Type-Specific Polysaccharides of Group B Streptococci Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (1983)

The humoral immune response of human volunteers vaccinated with highly purified type II-or type III-specific polysaccharide of group B streptococci was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay standardized with quantitative precipitin analysis, a method which permits calculation of the micrograms of specific antibody protein per milliliter of serum, rather than expression of the data as titers. By inhibition studies, the assays were shown to be specific for antibody to the undegraded type II or III polysaccharide antigen. Purity of the antigens and the specificity of the immune response to them were evidenced by an increase in level of antibody only to the type-specific antigen used for immunization. The isotype of the antibody raised in the sera of immunized volunteers was primarily IgG, thus confirming the potential utility of vaccination against group B streptococci using polysaccharide vaccines to induce antibodies which will cross the human placenta.
<i>πShaper</i>– Refractive Beam Shaping Optics for Advanced Laser Technologies (2011)

Laser beam shaping brings to various industrial and scientific laser techniques effects that improve their performance comparing to what can be achieved with using Gaussian or Gaussian-like laser beams: more stability, less tough positioning tolerances make the technologies easier to use, higher efficiency of using of costly laser energy, etc. The task of such a transformation is solved by series of refractive beam shaping optics of field mapping type. This solution is important in irradiating the cathode of Free Electron Lasers, confocal microscopy, biomedical fluorescence techniques, many industrial technologies like welding, cladding, hardening, various laser techniques in photovoltaics, homogenizing of pump radiation by building powerful femtosecond lasers, etc. The refractive beam shapers can be used with TEM00 and multimode laser beams, achromatic design provides the same conditions of beam shaping for several lasers of a certain spectrum range simultaneously, low inherent losses allow to use them with powerful laser sources, particular models can be implemented as Galilean Telescope without internal focusing or as Collimators. This paper will describe the principles of operation, design features of the achromatic refractive beam shapers; there will be presented examples of beam intensity transformation and effects on material processing achieved in several industrial applications.
Optimal Bloom Filters and Adaptive Merging for LSM-Trees (2018)

In this article, we show that key-value stores backed by a log-structured merge-tree (LSM-tree) exhibit an intrinsic tradeoff between lookup cost, update cost, and main memory footprint, yet all existing designs expose a suboptimal and difficult to tune tradeoff among these metrics. We pinpoint the problem to the fact that modern key-value stores suboptimally co-tune the merge policy, the buffer size, and the Bloom filters’ false-positive rates across the LSM-tree’s different levels. We present Monkey, an LSM-tree based key-value store that strikes the optimal balance between the costs of updates and lookups with any given main memory budget. The core insight is that worst-case lookup cost is proportional to the sum of the false-positive rates of the Bloom filters across all levels of the LSM-tree. Contrary to state-of-the-art key-value stores that assign a fixed number of bits-per-element to all Bloom filters, Monkey allocates memory to filters across different levels so as to minimize the sum of their false-positive rates. We show analytically that Monkey reduces the asymptotic complexity of the worst-case lookup I/O cost, and we verify empirically using an implementation on top of RocksDB that Monkey reduces lookup latency by an increasing margin as the data volume grows (50--80% for the data sizes we experimented with). Furthermore, we map the design space onto a closed-form model that enables adapting the merging frequency and memory allocation to strike the best tradeoff among lookup cost, update cost and main memory, depending on the workload (proportion of lookups and updates), the dataset (number and size of entries), and the underlying hardware (main memory available, disk vs. flash). We show how to use this model to answer what-if design questions about how changes in environmental parameters impact performance and how to adapt the design of the key-value store for optimal performance.
Widespread and targeted gene expression by systemic AAV vectors: Production, purification, and administration (2018)

ABSTRACT We recently developed novel AAV capsids for efficient and noninvasive gene transfer across the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this protocol, we describe how to produce and systemically administer AAV-PHP viruses to label and/or genetically manipulate cells in the mouse nervous system and organs including the heart. The procedure comprises three separate stages: AAV production, intravenous delivery, and evaluation of transgene expression. The protocol spans eight days, excluding the time required to assess gene expression, and can be readily adopted by laboratories with standard molecular and cell culture capabilities. We provide guidelines for experimental design and choosing the capsid, cargo, and viral dose appropriate for the experimental aims. The procedures outlined here are adaptable to diverse biomedical applications, from anatomical and functional mapping to gene expression, silencing, and editing.
Comparative Mapping of a Major Aluminum Tolerance Gene in Sorghum and Other Species in the Poaceae (2004)

In several crop species within the Triticeae tribe of the grass family Poaceae, single major aluminum (Al) tolerance genes have been identified that effectively mitigate Al toxicity, a major abiotic constraint to crop production on acidic soils. However, the trait is quantitatively inherited in species within other tribes, and the possible ancestral relationships between major Al tolerance genes and QTL in the grasses remain unresolved. To help establish these relationships, we conducted a molecular genetic analysis of Al tolerance in sorghum and integrated our findings with those from previous studies performed in crop species belonging to different grass tribes. A single locus, AltSB, was found to control Al tolerance in two highly Al tolerant sorghum cultivars. Significant macrosynteny between sorghum and the Triticeae was observed for molecular markers closely linked to putatively orthologous Al tolerance loci present in the group 4 chromosomes of wheat, barley, and rye. However, AltSB was not located within the homeologous region of sorghum but rather mapped near the end of sorghum chromosome 3. Thus, AltSB not only is the first major Al tolerance gene mapped in a grass species that does not belong to the Triticeae, but also appears to be different from the major Al tolerance locus in the Triticeae. Intertribe map comparisons suggest that a major Al tolerance QTL on rice chromosome 1 is likely to be orthologous to AltSB, whereas another rice QTL on chromosome 3 is likely to correspond to the Triticeae group 4 Al tolerance locus. Therefore, this study demonstrates a clear evolutionary link between genes and QTL encoding the same trait in distantly related species within a single plant family.
Soft lithography microfabrication of functionalized thermoplastics by solvent casting (2015)

A soft lithographic method is described for casting functional thermoplastic devices with microscale features without the need for specialized tools or equipment. In the thermoplastic soft lithography process, termed solvent casting, low temperature supersaturated solutions of thermoplastic are poured over solvent permeable PDMS molds which allow omnidirectional solvent removal as they template functional microstructures into the thermoplastic layers. Rapid gelation of supersaturated solutions enables the deposition of multiple patterned layers of varying composition, with self-adhesion of the solvent-laden thermoplastic ensuring intimate bonding between adjacent layers. This latter feature is further used in this work to realize sealed thermoplastic microfluidic devices with high fidelity replication of microchannel features with negligible channel deformation. The incorporation of functional dopants into patterned thermoplastic layers allows the fabrication of thermoplastic devices with embedded fluorescent sensors and integrated conductive elements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1315–1323
Comparison of Drought-induced Chitinase Expression Between Wild and Cultivated Tomatoes (1995)

We have carried out a comparative study on chitinase gene expression and enzyme activity in Lycopersicon chilense (a drought-tolerant wild tomato) and L. esculentum under water stress. Both enzyme assay and Northern blot analysis revealed that chitinase expression was differentially induced by drought among the different genotypes. Higher induction of chitinase was found in tolerant species compared to the sensitive one. Among genotypes examined, L. chilense LA2747 presented the highest level of the chitinase induction, while the lowest level was found in L. esculentum HR86. Leaves of drought-stressed plants showed the highest expression and roots showed the lowest, with stems being intermediate. Chitinase activity was detected in flowers of both drought-stressed and control plants. The measurement of leaf water potentials of different genotypes revealed a correlation between drought tolerance and the level of chitinase expression during water stress. Our results suggest that the chitinase might be involved in drought tolerance of L. chilense .
Adaptive fuzzy frequency hopper (1995)

An adaptive fuzzy system generates the frequency hopping sequence for a spread spectrum communications system. The system learns rules from data and acts as a pseudorandom number generator. The IMSL uniform random number generator gives training samples. An adaptive scheme learns associations between previous samples and the current sample and encodes these as fuzzy rules. The output fuzzy set for each rule acts as a conditional probability density function. The if-part of the rule states the conditions. At each step thirty prior outputs, scanned according to a fixed sampling pattern, give a new sample distribution x/sub k/. The vector x/sub k/ partially matches the if-part distribution of a fuzzy rule and partially fires that rule's output fuzzy set. With the estimated output fuzzy sets the fuzzy system computes the conditional density p/sub .< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving the efficiency of the LDPC code-based McEliece cryptosystem through irregular codes (2013)

We consider the framework of the McEliece cryptosystem based on LDPC codes, which is a promising post-quantum alternative to classical public key cryptosystems. The use of LDPC codes in this context allows to achieve good security levels with very compact keys, which is an important advantage over the classical McEliece cryptosystem based on Goppa codes. However, only regular LDPC codes have been considered up to now, while some further improvement can be achieved by using irregular LDPC codes, which are known to achieve better error correction performance than regular LDPC codes. This is shown in this paper, for the first time at our knowledge. The possible use of irregular transformation matrices is also investigated, which further increases the efficiency of the system, especially in regard to the public key size.
Efficiently Performing Yield Enhancements by Identifying Dominant Physical Root Cause from Test Fail Data (2008)

Yield enhancements in the manufacturing process today require an expensive, long and tedious physical failure analysis process to identify the root cause. In this paper we present Axiom, a new technique geared towards efficiently identifying a single dominant defect mechanism (for example in an excursion wafer) by analyzing fail data collected from the production test environment. Axiom utilizes statistical hypothesis testing in a novel way to analyze logic diagnosis data along with information on physical features in the design layout and reliably identify the dominant cause for yield loss. This new methodology was validated by applying it to a single excursion wafer produced on a 90 nm process, in which the dominant failing physical feature was correctly identified.
Design of a robust, high performance standard cell threshold logic family for DSM technology (2010)

This paper presents the threshold logic latch (TLL), which provides a high performance, low power alternative to traditional CMOS logic networks. TLL is highly robust, even in deep sub-micron technology nodes. Experimental results obtained from simulation of a commercial 65 nm low power process demonstrate a static noise margin up to an order of magnitude greater than those of existing implementations of threshold logic. Examples of automated synthesis of pipelined multipliers using a combination of standard CMOS and a small number of TLL gates are shown through simulation to improve both area and total power by a factor of up to 1.5 and reduce leakage power by a factor of up to 2.3.
Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyurethane-Hartschaumstoffen (2010)

A process for producing rigid polyurethane foams by reacting a) organic polyisocyanates with b) compounds having at least two hydrogen atoms which are reactive toward isocyanate groups in the presence of c) blowing agents, d) catalysts and, if appropriate, e) auxiliaries and additives, wherein a mixture of bI) from 20 to 60 parts by weight of one or more high-functionality polyether alcohols having functionalities of from 3.5 to 5.5 and a hydroxyl number of from 400 to 550 mg KOH/g, b2) from I to 20 parts by weight of one or more polyether alcohols based on aliphatic amines and having functionalities of from 3.5 to 4.5 and a hydroxyl number of from 450 to 900 mg KOH/g, b3) from IO to 30 parts by weight of one or more polyether alcohols and/or aromatic polyester alcohols having functionalities of from 1.5 to 3 and a hydroxyl number of from 150 to 450 mg KOH/g, and b4) optionally from I to 5 parts by weight of water is used as polyol component b). The polyol component b) of the invention has good storage stability and the rigid polyurethane foams obtained have a good surface quality, curing and adhesion.