gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rate dependency of delayed rectifier currents during the guinea‐pig ventricular action potential (2001)

1. The action potential clamp technique was exploited to evaluate the rate dependency of delayed rectifier currents (I(Kr) and I(Ks)) during physiological electrical activity. I(Kr) and I(Ks) were measured in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes at pacing cycle lengths (CL) of 1000 and 250 ms. 2. A shorter CL, with the attendant changes in action potential shape, was associated with earlier activation and increased magnitude of both I(Kr) and I(Ks). Nonetheless, the relative contributions of I(Kr) and I(Ks) to total transmembrane current were independent of CL. 3. Shortening of diastolic interval only (constant action potential shape) enhanced I(Ks), but not I(Kr). 4. I(Kr) was increased by a change in the action potential shape only (constant diastolic interval). 5. In ramp clamp experiments, I(Kr) amplitude was directly proportional to repolarization rate at values within the low physiological range (< 1.0 V s(-1)); at higher repolarization rates proportionality became shallower and finally reversed. 6. When action potential duration (APD) was modulated by constant current injection (I-clamp), repolarization rates > 1.0 V s(-1) were associated with a reduced effect of I(Kr) block on APD. The effect of changes in repolarization rate was independent of CL and occurred in the presence of I(Ks) blockade. 7. In spite of its complexity, the behaviour of I(Kr) was accurately predicted by a numerical model based entirely on known kinetic properties of the current. 8. Both I(Kr) and I(Ks) may be increased at fast heart rates, but this may occur through completely different mechanisms. The mechanisms identified are such as to contribute to abnormal rate dependency of repolarization in prolonged repolarization syndromes.
Analysis of population differentiation in North Eurasian cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>) using single nucleotide polymorphisms in three genes associated with production traits (2006)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in growth hormone 1 (GH1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and leptin (LEP), all candidates for production traits in cattle, were characterized in North Eurasian cattle breeds. Allele frequencies of IGF1 exhibited significant (P < 0.05) deviation from neutral expectation and therefore, might be associated with divergence in North Eurasian cattle because of genetic selection. Allele frequencies and lower heterozygosity of LEP may indicate a recent introduction of an alternative allele in this geographic region. Locus F(ST) estimates were highest for IGF1 (0.151, sigma = 0.042) and lowest for GH (0.062, sigma = 0.020). Our results suggest a slightly higher population differentiation across the candidate genes (FST = 0.108) than across microsatellites (FST = 0.095), possibly because of selection and stochastic effects.
Ultrastructural Studies on the Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae L. I . Fine Structure on the Dorsal Vessel (1985)

The ultrastructure on the dorsal vessel of 5-day-old cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L., was carried out using the transmission and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows. 1) The aorta. The aorta is simple tubular type and consists of the inner and outer membrane of the myocardium and thick myocardium is located between them. However the inner membrane with thickness and outer membrane with are composed of fibrous materials, the former is composed of low and high densed fibrous materials and the latter appears homogeneous layer. The myocardium consists of typical striated muscles. The sarcomere with length and in cross section, each thick filaments are surrounded by thin filaments. The intercalated disc is joining the end of the two muscle cells, desmosomes and septate junctions are appeared between the neighboring muscle cells. 2) The heart. The heart composing of myocardium enclosed by its inner and outer membrane as the aorta has a series of well formed segmental chamber. The arrangement of myofilaments, cell adhensions and membrane elements are observed as same as at the aorta. The inner membrane of the heart is deeply invaginated into the myocardium than the outer membrane and a lot of well developed mitochondria with rod shape are aggregated in the folds. The longitudinally and transversely oriented tubule system formed by invagnation of the sarcolemma into the muscle bundle is built up dyad with the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the aorta. The slit is formed by deeply invagination of the inner membrane of myocadium toward the muscle layer and then the inner and outer membrane of myocardium are fused. Therefore, the ostium is formed between the myocardium and situated at the lateral side of the myocardium.
Crystalline correlation of epitaxial Si films with underlying spinel films in Si/(MgO Al2O3) spinel/Si structure (1983)

Using epitaxial magnesia spinel (MgO Al2O3) films on (100) Si, heteroepitaxial Si films (0.6–3 μm) on these substrates are obtained by a conventional chemical vapor deposition method. The crystallinity of both epitaxial Si and spinel films was investigated by x-ray diffraction techniques. Silicon film quality becomes more perfect on thinner spinel films with smoother surfaces in the range of more than ∼0.1 μm, in spite of the spinel crystal perfection becoming inferior with decreasing film thickness. These results are discussed in terms of the spinel surface roughness effect on Si nuclei coalescence.
Haploid induction by a maize <i>cenh3</i> null mutant (2021)

The production of haploids is an important first step in creating many new plant varieties. One approach used in <i>Arabidopsis</i> involves crossing plants expressing different forms of centromeric histone H3 (CENP-A/CENH3) and subsequent loss of genome with weaker centromeres. However, the method has been ineffective in crop plants. Here, we describe a greatly simplified method based on crossing maize lines that are heterozygous for a <i>cenh3</i> null mutation. Crossing +/<i>cenh3</i> to wild-type plants in both directions yielded haploid progeny. Genome elimination was determined by the <i>cenh3</i> genotype of the gametophyte, suggesting that centromere failure is caused by CENH3 dilution during the postmeiotic cell divisions that precede gamete formation. The <i>cenh3</i> haploid inducer works as a vigorous hybrid and can be transferred to other lines in a single cross, making it versatile for a variety of applications.
Effect of eprosartan on cytoplasmic free calcium mobilization, platelet activation, and microparticle formation in hypertension (2004)

Eprosartan significantly reduces blood pressure and normalizes undesirable changes in platelet function.
Phosphoprotein Analysis of Sequential Extracts of Human Dentin and the Determination of the Subsequent Remineralization Potential of these Dentin Matrices (1998)

Phosphoprotein appears to play an important role in the mineralization of dentin during tooth development and remineralization after demineralization by dental caries. To better understand this role, we describe the extraction and characterization of phosphoprotein from immature, human root apex dentin during and after EDTA demineralization. The extraction procedure included dissociation of the demineralized dentin matrix by guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn.HCl) followed by subsequent digestion with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and collagenase. Characterization of these extracts included 'Stains-All' staining of SDS polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE) and amino acid, protein and phosphorus analyses. The ability of these matrices to remineralize was determined by TEM and measuring calcium levels in the remineralized tissue by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The staining of SDS-PAGE gels and amino acid analysis showed that an intact phosphophoryn was extracted from the dentin of the immature apices during EDTA demineralization and that it had an apparent Mr approximately 140,000. In the subsequent extracts and digests, the phosphoprotein has a range of molecular weights, some of which may have been degraded products of the intact phosphoprotein. A greater quantity of phosphoprotein was found in the EDTA-demineralized dentin matrices than in dentin after Gdn.HCl, CNBr and collagenase digests. These EDTA-demineralized matrices also remineralized to a greater extent than those dissociated with Gdn.HCl. The differences in both the quantity and the quality, as defined by the amino acid residue profile, of the phosphoprotein in the sequential extracts of the root apex dentin may be important in affecting the ability of this tissue to remineralize.
A Study on Design for Testability in Component-Based Embedded Software (2008)

Effective implementation of test automation requires taking testing into account in the system design. In short, this is called design for testability (DFT). In this paper a study on DFT in component-based embedded software is presented, based on the interviews and technical documentation from two large-scale companies in the European telecom industry. The way test automation is addressed and the different techniques applied to make this more effective at the architectural level are described. The differences and benefits of different approaches are discussed.
Comparisons between dual-depletion-region and uni-travelling-carrier p-i-n photodetectors (2002)

Space-charge and thermal calculations are used to compare the performance of gigahertz-bandwidth, high-current p-i-n photodiodes utilising InGaAs absorbers and InGaAs/ InP drift layers. By varying the percentage of InGaAs and InP in the drift layer, comparisons can be made between traditional p-i-n photodiodes (100% InGaAs drift layer), dual-depletion region photodiodes (part InGaAs, part InP drift layer), and uni-travelling-carrier (100% InP drift layer) photodiodes. A local maximum in the maximum photocurrent occurs when a charge balance is present in the depletion layer. The results from space-charge and thermal calculations show that traditional p-i-n and dual-depletion region designs can potentially provide performance that exceeds that of the uni-travelling-carrier design. Charge compensation is proposed as a means of increasing the space-charge-limited photocurrent and for controlling the peak electric fields within the depletion region.
Luminescence of Tb ions implanted into amorphous AlN thin films grown by sputtering (2000)

We report the observation of visible cathodoluminescence (CL) of Tb ions implanted into amorphous AlN films produced by sputtering. The implanted samples were subjected to thermal annealing treatment up to 1100 °C to optically activate the incorporated ions. The results show that up to 1000 °C annealing temperature the films remain amorphous and the Tb3+ emission intensity increases. The amorphous AlN:Tb films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, CL, and CL kinetics measurements. The sharp characteristic emission lines corresponding to intra-4fn-shell transitions are resolved in the spectral range from 350 to 750 nm, and observed over the temperature range from 7 to 330 K due to the transitions from D35 and D45 levels toward the FJ5 (J=2 to 6) multiplets. Finally, CL kinetics measurements have revealed that decay times of D35→7FJ and D45→7FJ transitions are in the range 0.94–0.77 and 0.49–1.61 ms at 300 K, respectively.
Treatment of Malaria in the United States (2007)

Malaria remains a diagnostic and treatment challenge for US clinicians as increasing numbers of persons travel to and emigrate from malarious areas. A strong evidence base exists to help clinicians rapidly initiate appropriate therapy and minimize the major mortality and morbidity burdens caused by this disease.
RESULTS OF INITIAL TESTING OF THE FOUR STAGE RHEPP ACCELERATOR (1993)

The low power checkout of the Repetitive High Energy Pulsed Power (RHEPP) pulse forming line (PFL) and linear induction voltage adder (LIVA) is complete. The accelerator has four LIVA cavities driven via coaxial cables from the PFL that utilizes magnetic switching to provide a 250-kV, 60-ns output pulse. The PFL is repetitively charged by a ten stage Marx generator to operate from single shot to five Hz. Results from these tests of the initial four stage RHEPP accelerator are presented and compared with design simulations. Data from a resistive cavity load and from preliminary electron diode experiments are included. While core temperatures remain low during five Hz operation, they are monitored and compared to extrapolated predictions from the design modeling. Performance of the Metglas magnetic switches and blocking cores, the voltage addition in the four LIVA cavities, and system efficiencies are discussed. Sources of discrepancies from the original design models are identified, and improved models that account for the discrepancies are presented. Improved performance potential based on these models is discussed. Plans for future testing of the 1-MV system up to 120 kW at 120 Hz and for the full system with ten LIVA cavities are presented.
Direct detection of potential selenium delivery proteins by using an <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain unable to incorporate selenium from selenite into proteins (2002)

Selenium can be metabolized for protein synthesis by two major pathways in vivo. In a specific pathway it can be inserted into polypeptide chains as the amino acid selenocysteine, as directed by the UGA codon. Alternatively, selenium can be substituted for sulfur to generate the free amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine, and these are incorporated nonspecifically into proteins in place of cysteine and methionine, respectively. A mutant strain of Escherichia coli was constructed that is deficient in utilization of inorganic selenium for both specific and nonspecific pathways of selenoprotein synthesis. Disruption of the cysK gene prevented synthesis of free cysteine and selenocysteine from inorganic S and Se precursors. Inactivation of the selD gene prevented synthesis of selenophosphate, the reactive selenium donor, required for the specific incorporation pathway. As expected, the double mutant strain, RL165 Delta selD, when grown anaerobically in LB + glucose medium containing (75)SeO(3)(2-), failed to synthesize selenium-dependent formate dehydrogenase H and seleno-tRNAs. However, it incorporated 24% as much selenium as the wild-type strain. Selenium in the deficient strain was bound to five different proteins. A 39-kDa species was identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It is possible that selenium was bound as a perselenide derivative to the reactive cysteine residue of this enzyme. A 28-kDa protein identified as deoxyribose phosphate aldolase also contained bound selenium. These (75)Se-labeled proteins may have alternate roles as selenium delivery proteins.
11 nm hard X-ray focus from a large-aperture multilayer Laue lens (2013)

The focusing performance of a multilayer Laue lens (MLL) with 43.4 μm aperture, 4 nm finest zone width and 4.2 mm focal length at 12 keV was characterized with X-rays using ptychography method. The reconstructed probe shows a full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) peak size of 11.2 nm. The obtained X-ray wavefront shows excellent agreement with the dynamical calculations, exhibiting aberrations less than 0.3 wave period, which ensures the MLL capable of producing a diffraction-limited focus while offering a sufficient working distance. This achievement opens up opportunities of incorporating a variety of in-situ experiments into ultra high-resolution X-ray microscopy studies.
Poland and the Russian Federation: a comparative study of growth and poverty (2004)

In the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe, output declined steeply with the abandonment of communist economic practices. Largely, however, the scale of structural and institutional distortions inherited from the command economy determined the decline. Adjustment triggered by liberalization of domestic and external markets caused significant shifts in demand. Export markets organized on the basis of central planning collapsed, particularly the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) (1990-91) and the Soviet inter-republican market (1992-93). New import opportunities decreased demand for some domestic products before new export opportunities spurred production of other goods. Other microeconomic factors contributing to output decline were dramatic changes in costs following price liberalization and elimination of multiple exchange rates, various explicit and implicit subsidies, and special price arrangements inside the CMEA and the former Soviet Union. A third group of factors involved such issues as (i) collapse of the mobilization role of the central plan and administrative incentives connected with a totalitarian regime, (ii) expectations and incentives created y the privatization process, (iii) expectations of massive bailouts of state enterprises by the government based on past reform experience under communism, and (iv) lack of skills for working under market conditions.
Efficient, Room Temperature Mid-Infrared Laser at 3.9 µm in Ho:BaY2F8 (2001)

An efficient Ho3+:BaY2F8 laser at 3.9 µm pumped by a Cr:LiSAF laser is demonstrated. Pulsed laser oscillation at 3.9 µm was achieved at a pump threshold of 2 mJ of absorbed energy. A slope efficiency of 14.5 % was demonstrated with the maximum energy of 30 mJ in the 3.9 µm laser pulse. TEM00 mode operation was achieved with the divergence close to diffraction limited. Repetition rates were scaled up to 15 Hz without noticeable change in temporal profile and energy of the 3.9 pm Ho:BYF laser pulse.
A TCAS-II Resolution Advisory Detection Algorithm (2013)

The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is a family of airborne systems designed to reduce the risk of mid-air collisions between aircraft. TCAS~II, the current generation of TCAS devices, provides resolution advisories that direct pilots to maintain or increase vertical separation when aircraft distance and time parameters are beyond designed system thresholds. This paper presents a mathematical model of the TCAS~II Resolution Advisory (RA) logic that assumes accurate aircraft state information. Based on this model, an algorithm for RA detection is also presented. This algorithm is analogous to a conflict detection algorithm, but instead of predicting loss of separation, it predicts resolution advisories. It has been formally verified that for a kinematic model of aircraft trajectories, this algorithm completely and correctly characterizes all encounter geometries between two aircraft that lead to a resolution advisory within a given lookahead time interval. The RA detection algorithm proposed in this paper is a fundamental component of a NASA sense and avoid concept for the integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in civil airspace.
Comparison of Learner - and Program - Controlled Srategy by the Level of Self-Regulatory Skills in Computer-Based In struction (1994)

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effect s of learner control and program control by the level of self- regulatory skills on learng from computer - based instruct ion. Subject s participated in this study were 48 6th grader s attending Andong Elementary School affiliated at Taegu Teacher s `` College. They were measured with self - regulatory skills questionnaire adapted from Zimmerman and Martinez``s self - regulated learning interview, and Pintrich and Degroot``s self- regulated learning measures, and divided into high or low skills group, according to the level of their skills. And then the member of each group was randomly assigned to learner - or program- controlled instructional strategy. Instructional materials used in this study was computer - based program developed by Carrier et al. to teach the concept s of advertisement propaganda technique. It was adapted for the purpose of the study. Tyetype of instructional control was learner control and program control. Student s under learner control were given instructional control over opt ions of contents, sequences, review and pace. Student s under program control were taught the same instructional contents, sequences, and review according to predetermined program except for pace. They learned the concept son Macintosh computer over three consecutive days four student s at a time, two from learner control group and the other from program control group. Right after studying, the posttest comosed 15 items with 5 options were admnistrered. Also, learning time required to be done the instruction was individually measured. The experimental design of this study was randomized block 2 ×2 design. ANOVA methods were used to analyze the collected data. The first result from this study appeared that although the level of students`` self - regulatory skills had effect s on their academic achievement, it was not as effective as the results of previous studies. The second finding showed that student s with low self - regulatory skills learned better under program control than did under learner contol. It suggested that students`` appropriate self- regulatory skills should be obtained to effectively use learner - controlled strategy in computer - based instruction. Finally, the third outcome was that there was no significant relationships in learning time required to finish the task between the level of self- regulatory skills and the type of instructional control, but while students with high self- regulatory skills took more learning time under learner control, students with low skills did more learning time under program control, respectively. In conclusion, learners`` self- regulatory skills such a s strategic knowledge or study skills seem to be a compelling variable for learner control to be effectively exercised in computer - based instruction. Implications of the findings suggest that when designing computer - based instruction for the use of learner control strategy, the level of students`` self - regulatory skills could be considered.
The development of a simple, low cost set of universal access features for electronic devices (2000)

A simple set of universal access features has been developed, which can be applied to almost any public or personal electronic device, providing access for people with a wide variety of sensory and physical disabilities, and a wide variety of functional limitations imposed by circumstance. Implementing the features require adding one to three buttons to the device (or using existing buttons on a device if appropriate), adding speech output and enhancing the programming of the device to utilize the techniques. In our experience, thus far, adding these features can be done for approximately 1% or less of the retail value of the device. This paper introduces the access features (collectively called EZ Access™, pronounced “easy access”), and discusses some of the key underlying principles which make the features easy to learn and use. Other issues concerning industrial transfer or the techniques are also discussed.
The Need for Large Register Files in Integer Codes (2000)

Abstract : Register allocation is an important optimization for high performance microprocessors but there is no consensus in the architecture or compiler communities as to the best number of registers to provide in an instruction set architecture. This paper discusses reasons why this situation has occurred and shows from a compiler perspective that, compared to the conventional 32-register file, 64 or more registers enables performance improvements from 5% to 20%. This is demonstrated with existing advanced compiler optimizations on the SPECint95 and SPEC2000 benchmarks. This work also documents that the optimizations eliminate cache hit operations, converting common-case cache hits to faster register accesses. Finally, this work provides additional measurements for the proper number of registers in a high-performance instruction set and shows that most programs can easily use 100 to 200 registers when multiple active functions are considered for simultaneous allocation to the register file.