gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 2-Methylthio-4<i>H</i>-4-chromenones via Ketene Dithioacetal in the One-Pot Reaction (1999)

Abstract 2-Methylthio-4H-4-chromenone which is key intermediate for the synthesis of 2-methylsulfonyl-4H-4-chromenone, equivalent to 2-halo-4H-4-chromenone, was very easily and efficiently synthesized from 2'-hydroxyacetophenone analogues via ketene dithioacetal in the one-pot reaction.
Video compression using blur compensation (2005)

Traditional block-based motion compensation techniques such as those used in the H.264 video coding standards become ineffective when blurring starts to occur in the video sequence. Blurring typically occurs in video sequences when the relative motion between the camera and the scene being captured is faster than the camera exposure time. Blurring is also sometimes used as a special effect for smoothly transitioning between scenes in a movie. Blurring also naturally occurs when objects at different depths in a scene are focused and defocused in a video sequence. In this paper, we propose the blur compensation algorithm that makes use of the blurring information to provide improved compression performance when compared to H.264 in the presence of blur in video sequences. When coding blurred scenes in video sequences, bitrate reductions of up to 64% were achieved.
In vivo visualization of bonghan ducts inside blood vessels of mice by using an Alcian blue staining method. (2008)

An in vivo method using Alcian blue (AB) was developed for visualizing floating threadlike tissues inside blood vessels of mice. These novel structures called intravascular Bonghan ducts (IBHDs) are considered as extension of acupuncture meridians. For in vivo imaging of IBHDs, AB solution (pH 7.4) that stains mucopolysaccharides like hyaluronic acid was used. After injecting AB solution into the femoral vein of a mouse, the threadlike structures, stained deep blue, inside the inferior vena cava. The histological results, such as hematoxylin, eosin, and AB staining, show the compositions of the cells and the extracellular matrix in the IBHD. Further studies are needed to investigate their physiological functions, especially in relation with those of other circulatory systems.
Current measurement and short-circuit protection of an IGBT based on module parasitics (2014)

In this paper, a short-circuit protection of an IGBT, based on current measurement is proposed. The IGBT collector current estimate is obtained by filtering the voltage between the auxiliary emitter and the power emitter terminals of an IGBT module. The proposed scheme utilizes a large bandwidth analog circuit which enables to the detect fault current regardless of the current slope. According to the experiments, the proposed circuit can detect faults before desaturation of the IGBT, which is a major benefit compared to the traditional methods based on IGBT saturation voltage measurement.
Mining the Web to Determine Similarity Between Words, Objects, and Communities. (2006)

The World Wide Web provides a wealth of data that can be harnessed to help improve information retrieval and increase understanding of the relationships between dif-ferent entities. In many cases, we are often interested in determining how similar two entities may be to each other, where the entities may be pieces of text, descrip-tions of some object, or even the preferences of a group of people. In this work, we examine several instances of this problem, and show how they can be addressed by harnessing data mining techniques applied to large web-based data sets. Specically, we examine the prob-lems of: (1) determining the similarity of short texts even those that may not share any terms in common, (2) learning similarity functions for semi-structured data to address tasks such as record linkage between objects, and (3) measuring the similarity between on-line com-munities of users as part of a recommendation system. While we present rather different techniques for each problem, we show how measuring similarity between entities in all these domains has a direct application to the overarching goal of improving information access for users of web-based systems.
Nerve cuff recordings of muscle afferent activity from tibial and peroneal nerves in rabbit during passive ankle motion (2000)

Activity from muscle afferents regarding ankle kinesthesia was recorded using cuff electrodes in a rabbit preparation in which tactile input from the foot was eliminated. The purpose was to determine if such activity can provide information useful in controlling functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems that restore mobility in spinal injured man. The rabbit's ankle was passively flexed and extended while the activity of the tibial and peroneal nerves was recorded. Responses to trapezoidal stimulus profiles were investigated for excursions from 10 degrees to 60 degrees using velocities from 5 degrees/s to 30 degrees/s and different initial ankle positions. The recorded signals mainly reflect activity from primary and secondary muscle afferents. Dorsiflexion stretched the ankle extensors and produced velocity dependent activity in the tibial nerve, and this diminished to a tonic level during the stimulus plateau. The peroneal nerve was silent during dorsiflexion, but was activated by stretch of the peroneal muscles during ankle extension. The responses of the two nerves behaved in a reciprocal manner, but exhibited considerable hysteresis, since motion that relaxed the stretch to the driving muscle produced an immediate cessation of the prior stretch induced activity. A noted difference between the tibial and peroneal nerve responses is that the range of joint position change that activated the flexor afferents was greater then for the extensor afferents. Ankle rotation at higher velocities increased the dynamic stretch evoked responses during the stimulus ramp but showed no effect on the tonic activity during the stimulus plateau. Prestretching the muscles by altering the initial position increased the response to the ramp movement, however, for the peroneal nerve, when the prestretch brought the flexor muscles near to their maximal lengths, the response to additional stretch provided by the ramp movement was diminished. The results indicate that the whole nerve recorded muscle afferent activity may be useful for control of FES assisted standing, because it can indicate the direction of rotation of the passively moved ankle joint, along with coarse information regarding the rate of movement and static joint position.
Introducing chat into business organizations (2003)

We provide the first study of instant messaging (IM) based on large samples of users' self reports. Previous studies have relied on ethnographic methods or analysis of server logs. Our self-report approach has its own strengths (large-sample; focus on attitudes, beliefs, and value attributions), as well as weaknesses (self-selection by respondents). We describe the introduction of Lotus Sametime™, an IM product, into three business organizations. Across the three organizations, we found substantially similar patterns in savings (reduced use of other communications channels), attitudes, and social networks. In one organization, we made a detailed study of the maturation of IM over a 24-month period, showing early and stable savings accompanied by much more gradual developments in chat behaviors, control of visibility and awareness, social networks, and attitudes. We conclude with a methodological self-critique, and an outline of an Instant Messaging Maturity Model.
Expression and Cellular Localization of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Normal Human Prostate, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer (2006)

These results indicate that a subset of PCa expresses FSH-R mRNA and protein at levels higher than those of normal and hyperplastic tissues that express FSH-R. This suggests that FSH might contribute to some cases of PCa via a receptor mediated mechanism.
Standby Supply Voltage Minimization for Reliable Nanoscale SRAMs (2010)

Variation has become one of the biggest challenges for circuit design in scaled CMOS technologies. In this chapter, we first investigate the impact of both local and global variations on SRAM data retention voltage (DRV) and then present a method to deal with each type of variation. Local random variations spread the cell DRV across the same array, and the tail of the distribution is the minimum standby VDD (Vmin) that can be applied on the whole SRAM. We propose a fast and accurate method to predict the tail DRV. Our method offers the comparable accuracy with the standard Monte Carlo (MC) method and shows an excellent agreement with another fast method, the Statistical Blockade (SB) tool, for the tails up to 8Ïƒ. It offers the speedup of > 104Ã— over MC and 1.4Ã— over SB. Global PVT variation results in the shift of Vmin values. The worst-case design approach over-protects non-worst-case scenarios. To enable optimum power savings for any PVT scenario, we propose a closed-loop VDD scaling approach. It uses online canary replica cells and monitors to track global variations, and a feedback circuit to adjust VDD to approach the true Vmin. As device variability continues growing with CMOS technology scaling, SRAM supply voltage scaling requires efficient statistical analysis methods and smart adaptive approaches to maximize power reduction while maintaining correct functionality and acceptable noise immunity.
Untethered gesture acquisition and recognition for a multimodal conversational system (2003)

Humans use a combination of gesture and speech to convey meaning, and usually do so without holding a device or pointer. We present a system that incorporates body tracking and gesture recognition for an untethered human-computer interface. This research focuses on a module that provides parameterized gesture recognition, using various machine learning techniques. We train the support vector classifier to model the boundary of the space of possible gestures, and train Hidden Markov Models on specific gestures. Given a sequence, we can find the start and end of various gestures using a support vector classifier, and find gesture likelihoods and parameters with a HMM. Finally multimodal recognition is performed using rank-order fusion to merge speech and vision hypotheses.
Development of Memory-Like Autoregulatory CD8+ T Cells Is CD4+ T Cell Dependent (2011)

Progression of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes is associated with development of a disease-countering negative-feedback regulatory loop that involves differentiation of low-avidity autoreactive CD8(+) cells into memory-like autoregulatory T cells. Such T cells blunt diabetes progression by suppressing the presentation of both cognate and noncognate Ags to pathogenic high-avidity autoreactive CD8(+) T cells in the pancreas-draining lymph nodes. In this study, we show that development of autoregulatory CD8(+) T cell memory is CD4(+) T cell dependent. Transgenic (TG) NOD mice expressing a low-affinity autoreactive TCR were completely resistant to autoimmune diabetes, even after systemic treatment of the mice with agonistic anti-CD40 or anti-4-1BB mAbs or autoantigen-pulsed dendritic cells, strategies that dramatically accelerate diabetes development in TG NOD mice expressing a higher affinity TCR for the same autoantigenic specificity. Furthermore, whereas abrogation of RAG-2 expression, hence endogenous CD4(+) T cell and B cell development, decelerated disease progression in high-affinity TCR-TG NOD mice, it converted the low-affinity TCR into a pathogenic one. In agreement with these data, polyclonal CD4(+) T cells from prediabetic NOD mice promoted disease in high-affinity TCR-TG NOD.Rag2(-/-) mice, but inhibited it in low-affinity TCR-TG NOD.Rag2(-/-) mice. Thus, in chronic autoimmune responses, CD4(+) Th cells contribute to both promoting and suppressing pathogenic autoimmunity.
me-Commerce: An Infrastructure for Personal Predictive Mobile Commerce (2006)

Given mobile phone penetration statistics and current mobile phone technical specifications, it is apparent that in developed countries, the majority of citizens carry not just mobile phones, but true mobile computing devices. These devices are still primarily used for telephony, although information access is slowly emerging as a popular service on these devices. Despite the availability of network connectivity and device characteristics that make Information Access possible, this is currently generally confined to accessing the WWW. While useful, this method is not the best way of providing information access to mobile devices. This paper discusses current research in the use of mobile services and proceeds by presenting a background on an infrastructure for a focused information access application for mobile commerce. Through this background, we discuss the need for embedding multi-dimensional context awareness into the design of applications that provide dedicated, targeted and personalised information access to users, and describe the dimensional vectors necessary for the acquisition of contextual information. Further to this, the paper highlights the challenges that must be overcome in obtaining contextual information on a mobile computing scenario, as required by the design we propose.
STREGA: a support for transparently handling resources for grid applications (2005)

The grid is a dynamic environment in which resources can quickly go from idle to busy state depending on application operations. In such a scenario, resources can be used more effectively by introducing reservation and allocation. As a solution, this paper proposes STREGA: a software architecture that handles resource reservation and greatly simplifies the integration of applications with a grid environment. In it, resources needed by applications are automatically detected, and operations such as resource reservation and allocation are accordingly transparently performed, e.g. using Globus services. Within STREGA, some components are aimed at understanding the needs of application classes, other components dynamically re-adapt resource requests on the basis of the observed application behaviour. Additional components are proposed to support reservation when this is unavailable from the underlying system (i.e. Globus and the OS).
Detection of Moving Objects Using Fuzzy Color Difference Histogram Based Background Subtraction (2015)

Detection of moving objects in the presence of complex scenes such as dynamic background (e.g, swaying vegetation, ripples in water, spouting fountain), illumination variation, and camouflage is a very challenging task. In this context, we propose a robust background subtraction technique with three contributions. First, we present the use of color difference histogram (CDH) in the background subtraction algorithm. This is done by measuring the color difference between a pixel and its neighbors in a small local neighborhood. The use of CDH reduces the number of false errors due to the non-stationary background, illumination variation and camouflage. Secondly, the color difference is fuzzified with a Gaussian membership function. Finally, a novel fuzzy color difference histogram (FCDH) is proposed by using fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering and exploiting the CDH. The use of FCM clustering algorithm in CDH reduces the large dimensionality of the histogram bins in the computation and also lessens the effect of intensity variation generated due to the fake motion or change in illumination of the background. The proposed algorithm is tested with various complex scenes of some benchmark publicly available video sequences. It exhibits better performance over the state-of-the-art background subtraction techniques available in the literature in terms of classification accuracy metrics like MCC and PCC.
Low-investment carbonization process for coals makes liquid, gas and boiler fuel (1981)

The advantages of carbonization are that it requires low investment compared with other liquefaction routes, and that the hydrogen requirement per ton of liquid product is low. The route should be considered only for tar-rich coals and where there is a market for the char produced. The Lurgi-Ruhrgas process, which has been used commercially for some years, is described. The development of large combined coal liquefaction and power plant is discussed.
A preliminary study of concurrent gains and losses across gene expression profiles and comparative genomic hybridization in Taiwanese breast cancer patients (2013)

Purpose: The aim of the study was to perform genome-wide characterization of Taiwanese breast cancer at the molecular level by integrating 2 microarray technologies: comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for analyzing DNA copy number changes, and gene expression profiles for determining transcriptional variations. Concurrent gains and losses from the same subject across genomic and transcriptional contexts may indicate potential biomarkers for endemic breast cancer.
 Methods: Fourteen pairs of cancerous and normal breast tissue were collected prospectively. Genomic DNA, messenger RNA, and corresponding normal controls were extracted from fresh frozen samples. Affymetrix® U133 plus 2.0 and Agilent® aCGH Human 105k microarrays were used for gene expression profiling and for detecting copy number variation. Concurrent gains and losses were declared if and only if significant changes in a coherent manner were observed for both gene expression and array CGH platforms within the same study subject.
 Results: Among the 14 breast cancer samples that were assayed, 7 were estrogen receptor (ER)-positive. The most common repeated concurrent gains (in 33% of the samples) were LAPTM4B, HRSP12, WISP1, SQLE, GINS4, LYZ , and DSCC1 . For clinical ER status relevance, there were 294 concurrent gains and 133 concurrent losses, and these were reduced to 30 and 27 cytobands, respectively. Concurrent gains were more common among ER-negative tumors in 1p32, 1p34, 1q21-23, and 17q25, whereas for ER-positive tumors, a gain in 8p11 was reported. Concurrent losses were observed in 8p21 for ER-positive breast cancers.
 Conclusions: Breast cancer oncogenesis could originate from DNA copy number changes and persist through transcription in gene expression patterns. Genes with coherent patterns at both chromosomal and transcriptional levels are more likely to serve as potential biomarkers for sporadic breast cancer. In the current study, we identified several candidate genes specific for Taiwanese breast cancer, and their clinical implications deserve extensive evaluation with more samples in the future.
Luminescence of sensitive materials: towards new optical sensing (2015)

In the last decades, considerable efforts have been carried out to develop new tools and knowledge in the domain of functionalized materials, for application ranging information, lighting, communication, energy, optical sources or detection. To couple an optical answer with another property is possible through the follow-up of the luminescence. The control of the structural symmetry, oxidation state or surface chemistry enables the chemists to precisely tune the emission. Illustrations will be provided on inorganic powder and crystal materials.
Light extraction from organic light emitting diode (2007)

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have attracted much attention for several applications, such as light source and display. It is of both commercial and scientific interests to improve external quantum efficiency of such light emitters. The external quantum efficiency of OLED is determined by the combination of charge balance, singlet-triplet ratio and light extraction efficiency. Application of phosphorescent emitting materials can produce internal quantum efficiency very close to theoretical limitation. However, due to the refractive index mismatch between air and organic emitting layer, most of the emitted light is lost through total internal reflection into substrate and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) waveguiding modes and to self-absorption. Therefore, there is a large space for improvement on the extraction efficiency of the devices. In this paper, A Monte Carlo simulation of external emitted light has been developed. The light extraction factor for planar OLED is 17.17%. This result demonstrates that the light extraction from planar OLEDs can be quantitatively modeled by a simple ray-tracing algorithm. Microlens arrays are introduced on glass substrates to suppress waveguiding loss in the substrate. In this work, we propose to use an etched glass master for fabricating microlens. The glass master is fabricated using a simple wet etching method. A photoresist/Cr/ITO multiplayer mask is made by lithography on the glass substrate and then the glass substrate is etched with HF/HCl solution for improving the quality of generated surface. The isotropic etching profile of the glass master is utilized for microlens replication. Lens arrays are replicated on polymer (PDMS) substrates. With the use of microlens arrays, the light extraction factor is increased experimentally, without detrimental effect to the electrical performance of the OLED.
In vivo ultraviolet-exposed human epidermal cells activate T suppressor cell pathways that involve CD4+CD45RA+ suppressor-inducer T cells. (1990)

In vivo UV exposure of human epidermis abrogates the function of CD1+DR+ Langerhans cells and induces the appearance of CD1-DR+ Ag-presenting macrophages. Epidermal cells from UV-exposed skin, in contrast to epidermal cells from normal skin, potently activate autologous CD4+ T cells, and, in particular, the CD45RA+ (2H4+) (suppressor-inducer) subset. We therefore determined whether UV-exposure in humans leads to a T cell response in which suppression dominates. Autologous blood T cells were incubated with epidermal cell suspensions from in vivo UV-irradiated skin. After activation, repurified T cells were transferred in graded numbers to autologous mononuclear cells (MNC) stimulated with PWM and the resultant IgG production analyzed by ELISA. Relative to T cells activated by unirradiated control epidermal cells, T cells activated by UV-exposed epidermal cells demonstrated enhanced capacity to suppress IgG production (n = 6; p less than or equal to 0.03). Within the T cell population, CD8+ cells stimulated by UV-exposed epidermal cells could be directly activated to suppress PWM-stimulated MNC Ig production if IL-2 was provided in the reaction mixture. The suppressive activity was also transferable with purified CD4+ T cells stimulated by UV-exposed epidermal cells (n = 10; p less than or equal to 0.01), and was radiosensitive. Suppression was decreased when PWM-stimulated MNC were depleted of CD8+ T cells before mixing with CD4+ T cells activated by UV-exposed epidermal cells, suggesting indirect induction of CD8+ Ts cells contained within the responding MNC populations. Indeed, physical depletion of CD45RA+ cells resulted in total abrogation of the suppressor function contained in the CD4+ T cells. Activation of suppressor function was critically dependent on DR+ APC contained in UV-exposed epidermis. The data suggest that UV-exposure modulates cutaneous APC activity in humans, as in mice, such that the dominant immune response is tilted toward suppression. These mechanisms in normal individuals may function to dampen responses to UV-induced endogenous Ag that are pathogenic in autoimmune disorders. However, these mechanisms might also facilitate the growth of UV-induced skin cancers.
Implementing cryptographic pairings: a magma tutorial. (2009)

Abstract. In this paper we show an efficient implementation of the Tate, ate and R-ate pairings in magma. This will be demonstrated by using the KSS curves with embedding degree k = 18. 1