gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Orchid MADS-Box Genes Controlling Floral Morphogenesis (2006)

Orchids are known for both their floral diversity and ecological strategies. The versatility and specialization in orchid floral morphology, structure, and physiological properties have fascinated botanists for centuries. In floral studies, MADS-box genes contributing to the now famous ABCDE model of floral organ identity control have dominated conceptual thinking. The sophisticated orchid floral organization offers an opportunity to discover new variant genes and different levels of complexity to the ABCDE model. Recently, several remarkable research studies done on orchid MADS-box genes have revealed the important roles on orchid floral development. Knowledge about MADS-box genes' encoding ABCDE functions in orchids will give insights into the highly evolved floral morphogenetic networks of orchids.
Composing Non-functional Concerns in Web Services (2011)

Support for non-functional concerns (NFC) is essential for the success and adoption of web services. This support encompasses two aspects: the specification of NFCs and their realization. However, state-of-the-art works offer only limited support for these aspects. This is especially true for the composition of multiple non-functional concerns with one web service, which is a highly complex task. It is complex because specific knowledge from different domains is required, as well as an understanding of the interdependencies between non-orthogonal NFCs. In this paper, we present an approach and a toolset for the specification and realization of the composition of multiple NFCs in web services. We also present a well-defined process involving different roles and we introduce graphical modeling notations for specifying non-functional requirements, actions realizing the requirements, action compositions and the mapping of actions to web services. These specification models are used for the generation of code that realizes the NFCs.
Wideband patch antenna FED by printed meandering strip (2007)

Abstract A printed meandering strip (PMS) is proposed for feeding a patch antenna. It is demonstrated that the impedance matching of the antenna can be further improved by using a higher order PMS. A patch antenna fed by a first order meandering strip has an impedance bandwidth of 22% [standing wave ratio (SWR) < 1.5], cross polarization level of less than −25 dB and a gain of 9 dBi. The measured impedance bandwidths of a second order PMS and a third order PMS are 12% (SWR < 1.2) and 8% (SWR < 1.1), respectively. They have an average gain of about 9 dBi and cross polarization levels are low in level. All measurements have been confirmed by simulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 188–192, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23047
<title>Gadolinium enrichment technology at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</title> (1993)

A method based on polarization selectivity and three step laser photoionization is presented for separation of the odd isotopes of gadolinium. Measurements of the spectroscopic parameters needed to quantify the excitation pathway are discussed. Model results are presented for the efficiency of photoionization. The vapor properties of electron beam vaporized gadolinium are presented which show dramatic cooling during the expansion of the hot dense vapor into a vacuum. This results in a significant increase in the efficiency of conversion of natural feed into enriched product in the AVLIS process. Production of enriched gadolinium for use in commercial power reactors appears to be economically viable using technology in use at LLNL.
Recombinant antigens based on toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile that evoke a potent toxin-neutralising immune response (2013)

Infection with the bacterium Clostridium difficile causes symptoms ranging from mild to severe diarrhoea with life-threatening complications and remains a significant burden to healthcare systems throughout the developed world. Two potent cytotoxins, TcdA and TcdB are the prime mediators of the syndrome and rapid neutralisation of these would afford significant benefits in disease management. In the present study, a broad range of non-toxic, recombinant fragments derived from TcdA and TcdB were designed for soluble expression in E. coli and assessed for their capacity to generate a potent toxin-neutralising immune response as assessed by cell-based assays. Significant differences between the efficacies of isolated TcdA and TcdB regions with respect to inducing a neutralising immune response were observed. While the C-terminal repeat regions played the principal role in generating neutralising antibodies to TcdA, in the case of TcdB, the central region domains dominated the neutralising immune response. For both TcdA and TcdB, fragments which comprised domains from both the central and C-terminal repeat region of the toxins were found to induce the most potent neutralising immune responses. Generated antibodies neutralised toxins produced by a range of C. difficile isolates including ribotype 027 and 078 strains. Passive immunisation of hamsters with a combination of antibodies to TcdA and TcdB fragments afforded complete protection from severe CDI induced by a challenge of bacterial spores. The results of the study are discussed with respect to the development of a cost effective immunotherapeutic approach for the management of C. difficile infection.
Iterative Channel Estimation for DOCSIS 3.1 Uplink Channels (2016)

This paper presents an OFDMA channel estimation technique that jointly considers the effects of coarse timing error and multipath propagation. Many conventional approaches only consider an optimistic scenario where timing synchronization is perfect and each of the channel delays is an integer number of system samples. In realistic scenarios, timing offsets and echo delays are not integer multiples of the system's sampling period. This threatens sub-carrier orthogonality and causes leakage in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based channel estimation method. Such leakage leads to poor estimation and consequently reduces the system's overall performance. Proposed in this paper is a novel iterative channel estimation technique that considers the practical scenario of fractional timing error and non sample-spaced echo delays. The proposed method does not require channel state information (e.g. second-order statistics of the channel impulse responses or the noise power). Simulation shows that, when comparing OFDMA channel estimation techniques under DOCSIS 3.1 realistic channel conditions, the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms all conventional methods known to the authors.
IrMn based spin-filter spin-valves (2000)

As recording densities increase, the sense layer (free layer) thickness in a recording head (whether spin-valve or otherwise) must also decrease so that the sense layer can be effectively saturated by the transitions on the media. However, in a traditional spin-valve structure, reducing the sense layer (free layer) thickness below ∼50 Å results in a rapid reduction in ΔR/R. One of the solutions for this is the spin-filter spin-valve, having a free layer composed of a very thin magnetic layer and an adjacent thin enhancing conduction layer. The advantage of the spin-filter spin-valve is high ΔR/R and easy control of the bias point while keeping the free layer very thin (10–30 Å). The present work reports the results on sputtered IrMn top and bottom spin-filter spin-valves. The data clearly show that ΔR/R has been significantly improved when reducing the free layer CoFe down to 10 Å. ΔR/R&gt;8.0% remains for free layer thickness between 10 and 20 Å using a Cu enhancing layer, while ΔR/R decreased rapidly to 4.0% with no Cu enhancing layer for the same free layer thickness range. An optimized ΔR/R of ∼10% was obtained for an enhancing layer of tCu∼13 Å, as a result of the balance between the increase in electron mean free path difference and current shunting through the very conducting enhancement layer. It was also found that the softness of the CoFe free layer was improved when sandwiched by Cu layers, showing similar soft properties and magnetostriction to conventional free layers. Such a soft, thin CoFe free layer is particularly attractive for high density (30–50 Gb/in2) read sensor applications.
The Effect of Ultrafine Pigment Color Filters on Cathode Ray Tube Brightness, Contrast, and Color Purity (1996)

A high brightness, high contrast, and high color purity cathode ray tube (CRT) has been realized by the application of a color filter of inorganic ultrafine pigment placed between the phosphors and the panel glass. The picture image contrast of the CRT is improved by the reduction of the diffuse reflection of ambient light at the tube face. To lower reflected ambient light, a pigmented phosphor or a low transmittance glass is commonly used. Although the first method has the advantage of raising color purity to a certain extent, both methods (pigmented phosphor and low transmittance panel) lower brightness. However, as the color filters are transparent to the phosphor light and absorb the rest of the visible spectrum, application of color filters improves both contrast and color purity without lowering brightness. Brightness increases 30% when the contrast remains the same and contrast increases 30% when the brightness remains the same. Chromaticity coordinates x/y (color point) is shifted from reddish orange to red and the color gamut (color reproduction area) expands by 10%.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of New 4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazoles Derivatives as ROS Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2012)

A series of new 4-(pyridin-4-yl)-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazoles (6a-k & 7a-l) has been rationally designed based on the structure of the lead compound KIST301080, a selective ROS receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in order to study the activity of ROS of this new class of inhibitors. The compounds were synthesized and screened against ROS kinase, where compound 6h showed moderate inhibitory activity with an <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> value of <TEX>$6.25{\mu}M$</TEX>. The study emphasized the importance of the acetonitrile group at the pyrazole ring and also the importance of having a hydrogen bond donor on the distal phenyl ring linked to the pyridine moiety.
Three-Dimensional Mid-Air Acoustic Manipulation by Ultrasonic Phased Arrays (2014)

The essence of levitation technology is the countervailing of gravity. It is known that an ultrasound standing wave is capable of suspending small particles at its sound pressure nodes. The acoustic axis of the ultrasound beam in conventional studies was parallel to the gravitational force, and the levitated objects were manipulated along the fixed axis (i.e. one-dimensionally) by controlling the phases or frequencies of bolted Langevin-type transducers. In the present study, we considered extended acoustic manipulation whereby millimetre-sized particles were levitated and moved three-dimensionally by localised ultrasonic standing waves, which were generated by ultrasonic phased arrays. Our manipulation system has two original features. One is the direction of the ultrasound beam, which is arbitrary because the force acting toward its centre is also utilised. The other is the manipulation principle by which a localised standing wave is generated at an arbitrary position and moved three-dimensionally by opposed and ultrasonic phased arrays. We experimentally confirmed that expanded-polystyrene particles of 0.6 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm in diameter could be manipulated by our proposed method.
Micro-Slit Based Coherent Detection of Terahertz Pulses in Biased, Solid State Media (2015)

We demonstrated coherent Terahertz characterization based on the Terahertz Field Induced Second Harmonic effect in few microns thick Silica (SiO2) samples that can be easily operated with as little as a few hundred Volts. Our sample is an infinitely long 30 μm slit written in gold. The underlying idea of our work is that of exploiting the large breakdown voltage and the high nonlinearity of glass to achieve a large signal to noise ratio detection with a very weak optical probe at moderate bias fields, thus drastically reducing the electrodes gap. Our results pave the way to a novel approach towards broadband THz detection.
Positive Threshold Voltage Shift in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs and E-Mode Operation By ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{1-x}$ O Based Gate Stack Engineering (2019)

In this paper, for the first time, we have experimentally demonstrated enhancement mode (e-mode) AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) operation by integrating p-type high-κ Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O based gate stack. Concentration of Al in Al-Ti-O system was found to be a tuning parameter for the threshold voltage of GaN HEMTs. The high-κ properties of Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O as a function of Al % are studied. Superiority of AlTiO over other p-oxides such as CuO and NiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> is proven statistically. Using the high-κ and p-type AlTiO, in conjunction with a thinner AlGaN barrier under gate, 600-V e-mode GaN HEMTs are demonstrated with superior ON-state performance (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> ~ 400 mA/mm and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> = 8.9 Q-mm) and gate control over channel (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> = 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> , SS = 73 mV/dec, and gate leakage <; 200 nA/mm), beside improved safe operating area reliability.
Homologous overexpression of rfaH in E. coli K4 improves the production of chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide (2013)

The present study describes the identification of a gene target and the application of a successful metabolic engineering strategy to the unconventional host E. coli K4 demonstrating the feasibility of using the recombinant strain as stable cell factory for further process implementations.
A Method to Determine Connection Phase of Transformer with an Optimizing Filter (2017)

To know connection phase of transformer and use it for power flow simulation, we proposed a method to determine connection phase of transformer by using smart meter data and optimizing filter. A characteristic of proposed method is that the filter is improved by using previous result of determination and learning where frequency component is useful for it. We clarified that the proposed method is better than a conventional method filter is not optimized.
A multipulsed dynamic diffraction moire interferometer (1989)

A system capable of generating several tens of diffraction moire interferograms at rates on the order of 1 MHz is described. The interferometer consists of a specially modified, segmented ruby rod laser capable of producing a long train of 40-mJ pulses each with a width on the order of 20 to 50 ns. The interferograms are recorded on film using a high speed turbine camera capable of 2,000,000 frames per second for a total record of 80 frames. The interferometer is used in conjunction with any of several devices for impulsively loading a variety of materials so as to study dynamic material deformation, fracture, delamination, or other response to dynamic stress. This apparatus is the latest in a series of dynamic diffraction moire systems built at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.
Low-complexity and low-latency implementation of the Godard/CMA update (2001)

This paper discusses methods for calculating and implementing the update error term for the popular blind equalization algorithm known as Godard's (1980) algorithm, or the constant modulus algorithm (CMA), without the use of multipliers so that chip area and signal latency are both substantially reduced. One approach uses a decision-directed CMA update term, and another uses region-based quantization. The quantized error term can be calculated using a look-up table in place of costly multipliers and adders. Baseband and passband implementations are discussed, and computer simulations verify our methods.
Rapid gemstone screening and identification using fluorescencespectroscopy (2021)

We demonstrate a gemstone screening device based on fluorescence spectroscopy. The device can be used to rapidly separate colorless and near-colorless (<i>D</i> to <i>J</i> color grades) natural diamonds from laboratory grown diamonds and diamond simulants, detect multi-treated pink diamonds, and identify certain colored gemstones, such as corundum, spinel, beryl, and zoisite. The device's reflection fiber probe enables testing of both loose and mounted gemstones with exposed facet faces that are larger than 0.9 mm. The experimental prototype demonstrates high accuracy for automatic diamond gemstone screening, referring 100% of the laboratory grown diamonds and simulants tested. The pink diamond screening algorithm can detect 100% of pink multi-treated diamonds and laboratory grown diamonds. Finally, the suitability of this device for the fluorescence analysis of corundum, beryl, spinel, zoisite, garnet, and topaz was evaluated.
Separation of Minor Actinides from Lanthanides by Dithiophosphinic Acid Extractants (2008)

The selective extraction of the minor actinides (Am(III) and Cm(III)) from the lanthanides is an important part of advanced reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. This separation would allow the Am/Cm to be fabricated into targets and recycled to a reactor and the lanthanides to be dispositioned. This separation is difficult to accomplish due to the similarities in the chemical properties of the trivalent actinides and lanthanides. Research efforts at the Idaho National Laboratory have identified an innovative synthetic pathway yielding new regiospecific dithiophosphinic acid (DPAH) extractants. The synthesis provides DPAH derivatives that can address the issues concerning minor actinide separation and extractant stability. For this work, two new symmetric DPAH extractants have been prepared. The use of these extractants for the separation of minor actinides from lanthanides will be discussed.
Varying Power Generation in Ultra Low-Frequency Mechanical Energy Harvesting of Piezoelectrochemical Materials (2019)

Piezoelectrochemical (PEC) materials convert mechanical energy into electrochemical energy through Faradaic charge transfer, allowing energy harvesting at very low frequencies. Electric power is generated through micro-Hz cyclical compression of commercially available lithium-ion batteries with varying PEC effects. Difference in power generation between different PEC systems is analyzed based on standard charge/discharge curve and the relationship between the coupling of mechanical stress and voltage. This study experimentally demonstrates the varying energy converting properties between three different types of PEC systems and explores an important parameter space for controlling power generation behavior in ultra-low-frequency mechanical energy harvesting of PEC materials.
Computer-socket manufacturing error: How much before it is clinically apparent? (2012)

The purpose of this research was to pursue quality standards for computer-manufacturing of prosthetic sockets for people with transtibial limb loss. Thirty-three duplicates of study participants' normally used sockets were fabricated using central fabrication facilities. Socket-manufacturing errors were compared with clinical assessments of socket fit. Of the 33 sockets tested, 23 were deemed clinically to need modification. All 13 sockets with mean radial error (MRE) greater than 0.25 mm were clinically unacceptable, and 11 of those were deemed in need of sizing reduction. Of the remaining 20 sockets, 5 sockets with interquartile range (IQR) greater than 0.40 mm were deemed globally or regionally oversized and in need of modification. Of the remaining 15 sockets, 5 sockets with closed contours of elevated surface normal angle error (SNAE) were deemed clinically to need shape modification at those closed contour locations. The remaining 10 sockets were deemed clinically acceptable and not in need modification. MRE, IQR, and SNAE may serve as effective metrics to characterize quality of computer-manufactured prosthetic sockets, helping facilitate the development of quality standards for the socket manufacturing industry.
A Single Injection of Recombinant Measles Virus Vaccines Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Clade B Envelope Glycoproteins Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV (2003)

The anchored and secreted forms of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) 89.6 envelope glycoprotein, either complete or after deletion of the V3 loop, were expressed in a cloned attenuated measles virus (MV) vector. The recombinant viruses grew as efficiently as the parental virus and expressed high levels of the HIV protein. Expression was stable during serial passages. The immunogenicity of these recombinant vectors was tested in mice susceptible to MV and in macaques. High titers of antibodies to both MV and HIV-Env were obtained after a single injection in susceptible mice. These antibodies neutralized homologous SHIV89.6p virus, as well as several heterologous HIV-1 primary isolates. A gp160 mutant in which the V3 loop was deleted induced antibodies that neutralized heterologous viruses more efficiently than antibodies induced by the native envelope protein. A high level of CD8+ and CD4+ cells specific for HIV gp120 was also detected in MV-susceptible mice. Furthermore, recombinant MV was able to raise immune responses against HIV in mice and macaques with a preexisting anti-MV immunity. Therefore, recombinant MV vaccines inducing anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies and specific T lymphocytes responses deserve to be tested as a candidate AIDS vaccine.
Brillouin-based distributed fiber-optic sensing: From the static to the dynamic regime (2015)

An overview is presented of recent progress in dynamic and distributed Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensing, culminating in sampling speeds, limited only by the fiber length.
Ultrasensitive micromachined bulk acoustic wave resonators based vacuum gauges and their optimization (2017)

A novel and highly sensitive vacuum gauge based on a micromachined AT-cut quartz bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator diaphragm is presented. Pressure is sensed by monitoring frequency shifts of these resonators due to the sensor's diaphragm bending. The sensors show a large dynamic range of 1 mTorr–760 Torr with a resolution ∼1.06 mTorr for 82.4 MHz resonators with a high linearity. Here we report on the parametric study to improve sensitivity of these sensors.