gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A noise reduction method for non-stationary noise model of SPECT sinogram based on Kalman filter (2002)

The non-stationary Poisson noise in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) sinogram is a major cause to compromise the quality of reconstructed images and challenge any compensation strategy for photon attenuation, scatter and collimator response. Research utilizing three-dimensional Wiener filter after Anscombe transformation, which converts Poisson distributed noise into Gaussian distributed one, has been conducted recently with noticeable success. However, the prerequisite of stationary random process for the Wiener approach is not exactly valid for the SPECT sinogram. In this paper, the non-stationary Poisson noise was first modulated by the Anscombe transformation and then the modulated noise model was analyzed. A Kalman filter for the modulated non-stationary noise model was designed to extract the means or signals from the Poisson noise sinogram. Monte Carlo program was used to generate projection data from the MCAT phantom, simulating SPECT data acquisition. The reconstructed results demonstrated a significant improvement with the Kalman filter, as compared to the Wiener approach. Dramatic improvement is seen, as compared to linear low-pass filters, at noisy levels of 100 thousand counts in a 128/spl times/128/spl times/128 sinogram size. The capability of Kalman filter for nonstationary noise model was theoretically proved and experimentally demonstrated.
Basic Thermodynamics Of Reciprocating Compression (2016)

This tutorial provides a straightforward explanation of how a reciprocating compressor works relying heavily upon the pressurevolume diagram (P-V diagram) as a point of reference.The discussion begins with a thorough review of the P-V diagram.Next, how capacity is determined and calculated is discussed, which requires an explanation of volumetric efficiency.How much power is required to compress a certain volume of gas is then explained involving detailed discussions of adiabatic, valve loss and friction power.The tutorial will then delve into discussions of compression efficiency and how changes in pressure and rotating speed affect the P-V diagram.The tutorial should be an excellent introduction for the inexperienced and a solid refresher for the experienced.
Real-Time Imaging of Myoblast Transplantation Using the Human Sodium Iodide Symporter (2005)

The quantification of the graft success is a key element to evaluate the efficiency of cellular therapies for several pathologies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This study describes an approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation (i.e., survival of the transplanted cells and the muscle fibers formed) by real-time imaging. C2C12 myoblasts were first transfected with a plasmid containing the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) gene. Specific uptake of the radioactive sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) by the hNIS-positive myoblasts was demonstrated in vitro, while only background level of Na99mTcO4 was observed within the control cells. The cells were then transplanted into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of mdx (X-linked dystrophic) mice. Following intraperitoneal administration of Na99mTcO4, scintigraphies were performed to detect hNIS-dependent Na99mTcO4 uptake within the TA. This approach permitted to evaluate the progression of the transplantation and the graft success without having to biopsy the animals during the follow-up period.
Business process monitoring and alignment: An approach based on the user requirements notation and business intelligence tools (2007)

Monitoring business activities using Business Intelligence (BI) tools is a well-established concept. However, online process monitoring is an emerging area which helps organizations not only plan for future improvements but also change and alter their current ongoing processes before problems happen. In this paper, we explore how monitoring process performance can help evolve process goals and requirements. We elaborate an approach that uses the User Requirements Notation (URN) to model the goals and processes of the organization, and to monitor and align processes against their goals. A BI tool exploiting an underlying data warehouse provides the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) used to measure the satisfaction of goals and process requirements. Feeding this information into the URN modeling tool, we can analyze the consequences of current business activities on desired business goals, which can be used for process and business activity alignment thereafter. We illustrate the approach with a case study from the healthcare sector: a hospital discharge process.
Methods to Determine Node Centrality and Clustering in Graphs with Uncertain Structure (2021)

Much of the past work in network analysis has focused on analyzing discrete graphs, where binary edges represent the “presence” or “absence” of a relationship. Since traditional network measures (e.g., betweenness centrality) assume a discrete link structure, data about complex systems must be transformed to this representation before calculating network properties. In many domains where there may be uncertainty about the relationship structure, this transformation to a discrete representation will result in a lose of information. In order to represent and reason with network uncertainty, we move beyond the discrete graph framework and develop social network measures based on a probabilistic graph representation. More specifically, we develop measures of path length, betweenness centrality, and clustering coefficient— one set based on sampling and one based on probabilistic paths. We evaluate our methods on two real-world networks, Enron and Facebook, showing that our proposed methods more accurately capture salient effects without being susceptible to local noise.
Design Space and QbD Approach for Production of Drug Nanocrystals by Wet Media Milling Techniques (2018)

Drug nanocrystals are nanosized solid drug particles, the most important application of which is the improvement of solubility properties of poorly soluble drug materials. Drug nanocrystals can be produced by many different techniques, but the mostly used are different kinds of media milling techniques; in milling, particle size of bulk sized drug material is decreased, with the aid of milling beads, to nanometer scale. Utilization of Quality by Design, QbD, approach in nanomilling improves the process-understanding of the system, and recently, the number of studies using the QbD approach in nanomilling has increased. In the QbD approach, the quality is built into the products and processes throughout the whole production chain. Definition of Critical Quality Attributes, CQAs, determines the targeted final product properties. CQAs are confirmed by setting Critical Process Parameters, CPPs, which include both process parameters but also input variables, like stabilizer amount or the solid state form of the drug. Finally, Design Space determines the limits in which CPPs should be in order to reach CQAs. This review discusses the milling process and process variables, CPPs, their impact on product properties, CQAs and challenges of the QbD approach in nanomilling studies.
Start-up of Peripheral Water Injection (1999)

Abstract Peripheral water injection began into the pressure depleted Wafra Ratawi Oolite reservoir during July, 1998. Sixteen water injection wells are currently being utilized to inject 44,000 BWPD using low pressure charge pumps from the hydrocyclone and filtration skid. Design rate under high pressure injection is 200,000 BWPD using twenty-six injection wells. The water injection facility design, injector well location criteria, and reservoir performance data obtained from injectivity tests and spinner surveys are documented. Initial comparison between reservoir simulator predicted water injection rates versus actual injection rates provide some useful insight into the future success of the project. Recommendations regarding future operation of the injection facility and injection wells are highlighted.
Rapid flow cytometric susceptibility testing of Candida albicans (1997)

A rapid flow cytometric assay for in vitro antifungal drug susceptibility testing was developed by adapting the proposed reference method for broth macrodilution testing of yeasts. Membrane permeability changes caused by the antifungal agent were measured by flow cytometry using propidium iodide, a nucleic acid-binding fluorochrome largely excluded by the intact cell membrane. We determined the in vitro susceptibility of 31 Candida albicans isolates and two quality control strains (Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258) to amphotericin B and fluconazole. Amphotericin B MICs ranged from 0.03 to 2.0 microg/ml, while fluconazole MICs ranged from 0.125 to 128 microg/ml. This method results in clear-cut endpoints that were reproducible. Four-hour incubation was required for fluconazole, whereas a 2-h incubation was sufficient for amphotericin B to provide MICs comparable to the reference macrodilution method developed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Tests. Results of these studies show that flow cytometry provides a rapid and sensitive in vitro method for antifungal susceptibility testing of C. albicans.
Surface Modifications by Polymers for Biomolecule Conjugation (2013)

Polymeric coatings, usually referred as tridimensional chemistries, provide homogenous surface derivatization methods presenting a high reactive group concentration and resulting in an increased binding capacity of targets. Furthermore, they act as linkers distributing the bound probe also in the axial position, thus causing a faster reaction with the target involved in biomolecular recognition and can be engineered to custom tailor their properties for specific applications. Most approaches which aim at attaching polymers to a surface use a system where the polymer carries an "anchor" group either as an end group or in a side chain. This anchor group can reacts with appropriate sites at the substrate surface, thus yielding surface-attached monolayers of polymer molecules (termed "grafting to"). Another technique is to carry out a polymerization reaction in the presence of a substrate onto which monomers had been attached leading to the so called "grafting from" approach. In this chapter, protocols to functionalize glass and silicon surfaces by "grafting to" as well as by "grafting-from" approach are shown using copolymers made of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) or Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as the polymer backbone, N-acryloyloxysuccinimide (NAS) as reactive group, and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MAPS) or 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxy silane (MPS) as anchoring groups.
Global and Distinct Targets of IRF-5 and IRF-7 during Innate Response to Viral Infection (2004)

The interferon regulatory factors (IRF) are transcriptional mediators of cellular response to viral invasion that play a critical role in the innate antiviral defense. Two of these factors, IRF-5 and IRF-7, play a critical role in the induction of interferon (IFNA) genes in infected cells; they are expressed constitutively in monocytes, B cells, and precursors of dendritic cells (pDC2) that are high producers of interferon alpha, and their expression can be further stimulated by type I interferon. The goal of the present study was to identify and analyze expression of cellular genes that are modulated by IRF-5 and IRF-7 during the innate response to viral infection. The transcription profiles of infected BJAB cells overexpressing IRF-5 or IRF-7 were determined by using oligonucleotide arrays with probe sets representing about 6800 human genes. This analysis shows that IRF-5 and IRF-7 activate a broad profile of heterologous genes encoding not only antiviral, inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic proteins but also proteins of other functional categories. The number of IRF-5- and IRF-7-modulated genes was significantly higher in infected than in uninfected cells, and the transcription signature was predominantly positive. Although IRF-5 and IRF-7 stimulated a large number of common genes, a distinct functional profile was associated with each of these IRFs. The noted difference was a broad antiviral and early inflammatory transcriptional profile in infected BJAB/IRF-5 cells, whereas the IRF-7-induced transcripts were enriched for the group of mitochondrial genes and genes affecting the DNA structure. Taken together, these data indicate that IRF-5 and IRF-7 act primarily as transcriptional activators and that IRF-5-and IRF-7-induced innate antiviral response results in a broad alteration of the transcriptional profile of cellular genes.
Multisource least-squares extended reverse time migration with preconditioning guided gradient method (2013)

Least-squares reverse-time migration (LSRTM) provides image of reflectivity with high resolution and compensated amplitude, but the computational cost is extremely high. One way to improve efficiency is to encode all of shot gathers into one or several super-shot gathers with designed encoding functions so as to solve a smaller number of wave-equations at each iteration. Another way is to use different kinds of preconditioners to accelerate the convergent rate of iterations. In this abstract, we combine these two methods together and extend them into prestack imaging, which we call extended reverse-time migration (ERTM). The sparsity of reflectivity is used as prior information and preconditioning guided gradient (PGG) method is developed to suppress crosstalk introduced by phase encoding and improve resolution of the extended image in the subsurface offset domain. Numerical tests on SEG/EAGE salt model show that our proposed method can provide a more reliable extended image with almost the same cost of ERTM, which makes the method valuable in migration velocity analysis and AVO/AVA analysis.
Conformational Flexibility Is a Determinant of Permeability for Cyclosporin (2018)

Several cyclic peptides have been reported to have unexpectedly high membrane permeability. Of these, cyclosporin A is perhaps the most well-known example, particularly in light of its relatively high molecular weight. Observations that cyclosporin A changes conformation depending on its solvent environment led to the hypothesis that conformational dynamics is a prerequisite for its permeability; however, this hypothesis has been difficult to validate experimentally. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to explicitly determine the conformational behavior of cyclosporin A and other related cyclic peptides as they spontaneously transition between different environments, including through a lipid bilayer. These simulations are referenced against simulations in explicit water, chloroform, and cyclohexane and further validated against NMR experiments, measuring conformational exchange, nuclear spin relaxation, and three-dimensional structures in membrane-mimicking environments, such as in dodecylphosphocholine micelles, to build a comprehensive understanding of the role of dynamics. We find that conformational flexibility is a key determinant of the membrane permeability of cyclosporin A and similar membrane-permeable cyclic peptides, as conformationally constrained variants have limited movement into, then through, and finally out of the membrane in silico. We envisage that a better understanding of dynamics might thus provide new opportunities to modulate peptide function and enhance their delivery.
Three heads are better than one (1994)

Machine translation (MT) systems do not currently achieve optimal quality translation on free text, whatever translation method they employ. Our hypothesis is that the quality of MT will improve if an MT environment uses output from a variety of MT systems working on the same text. In the latest version of the Pangloss MT project, we collect the results of three translation engines---typically, subsentential chunks---in a chart data structure. Since the individual MT systems operate completely independently, their results may be incomplete, conflicting, or redundant. We use simple scoring heuristics to estimate the quality of each chunk, and find the highest-score sequence of chunks (the "best cover"). This paper describes in detail the combining method, presenting the algorithm and illustrations of its progress on one of many actual translations it has produced. It uses dynamic programming to efficiently compare weighted averages of sets of adjacent scored component translations. The current system operates primarily in a human-aided MT mode. The translation delivery system and its associated post-editing aide are briefly described, as is an initial evaluation of the usefulness of this method. Individual MT engines will be reported separately and are not, therefore, described in detail here.
Characterization of <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>Hus1: a PCNA-Related Protein That Associates with Rad1 and Rad9 (2000)

Hus1 is one of six checkpoint Rad proteins required for all Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA integrity checkpoints. MYC-tagged Hus1 reveals four discrete forms. The main form, Hus1-B, participates in a protein complex with Rad9 and Rad1, consistent with reports that Rad1-Hus1 immunoprecipitation is dependent on the rad9(+) locus. A small proportion of Hus1-B is intrinsically phosphorylated in undamaged cells and more becomes phosphorylated after irradiation. Hus1-B phosphorylation is not increased in cells blocked in early S phase with hydroxyurea unless exposure is prolonged. The Rad1-Rad9-Hus1-B complex is readily detectable, but upon cofractionation of soluble extracts, the majority of each protein is not present in this complex. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates that Hus1 is nuclear and that this localization depends on Rad17. We show that Rad17 defines a distinct protein complex in soluble extracts that is separate from Rad1, Rad9, and Hus1. However, two-hybrid interaction, in vitro association and in vivo overexpression experiments suggest a transient interaction between Rad1 and Rad17.
Non-Foster Matching Circuit Design via Tunable Inductor for VLF Receive Loop Antennas (2017)

This paper presents a non-Foster matching circuit (NFC) for very low frequency (VLF) receive loop antennas. A 1 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⁎</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> 1 m VLF receive loop antenna was designed with a CMOS switch-based tunable inductor built into the NFC. The NFC can be applied to different VLF loop antennas by adjusting the number and inductance of the cells in the tunable inductor. A loop antenna was matched to the designed NFC with −10 dB <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">11</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> fractional bandwidth, marking a 383% improvement as well as enhanced transducer gain (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">21</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>) compared to most bands in passive matching (over 15–30 kHz). The noise and received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the matching network were assessed to find that, with a low noise floor level (4 dB) receiver, the SNR of the passive loaded antenna performs better than the non-Foster loaded antenna in VLF.
Spontaneous otoacoustic emission frequency is modulated by heartbeat (1997)

Detailed analysis of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) in human subjects revealed that all stable SOAEs sufficiently above the noise floor to permit appropriate analysis have sidebands at multiples of approximately 1 Hz. This is consistent with the hypothesis that SOAEs are modulated by heartbeat. Simultaneous measurement of the rate of blood flow to the thumb and the separation of the spectral sidebands demonstrated that they covary (r = 0.982, p < 5 x 10(-10)). An adaptive least-squares fit (LSF) paradigm was developed to facilitate the measurement of the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the signals. A combination of traditional spectral analyses and new LSF analyses showed that the sideband generation stems from frequency modulation of the emissions. If there is any amplitude modulation correlated with the blood flow, it is below the noise floor of the analysis. The frequency of the emission was at a minimum when the blood flow was maximal. Examination of alternative mechanisms using computer simulations suggests that these changes stem from changes of 10-100 ppm in the mass of the basilar membrane.
Knight^m: A Real Time Surveillance System For Multiple Overlapping And Non-Overlapping Cameras (2003)

In this paper, we present a wide area surveillance system that detects, tracks and classifies moving objects across multiple cameras. At the single camera level, tracking is performed using a voting based approach that utilizes color and shape cues to establish correspondence. The system uses the single camera tracking results along with the relationship between camera field of view (FOV) boundaries to establish correspondence between views of the same object in multiple cameras. To this end, a novel approach is described to find the relationships between the FOV lines of cameras. The proposed approach combines tracking in cameras with overlapping and/or non-overlapping FOVs in a unified framework, without requiring explicit calibration. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in a real time system. The system uses a client-server architecture and runs at 10 Hz with three cameras.
Self-Monitoring and Performance in Nontraditional Occupations (1987)

Previous studies have found that self-monitoring can enhance the job performance of women in traditional male occupations (computer sales, management). The present study tested for this same enhancement effect among men in the traditional female job of staff nurse. Correlations between nurses' scores on the revised Self-Monitoring Test and hospital performance evaluations indicated that the self-monitoring factor of Sensitivity to Expressive Behavior of Others was highly correlated with male nurses' job success but was uncorrelated with female staff nurses' job success. This same self-monitoring factor was also correlated with the job success of female nursing administrators, a job that is "nontraditional" for women in the sense that masculine occupation expectations are generally associated with leadership and management behaviors. It was concluded that self-monitoring ability can facilitate adaptation to nontraditional occupations for both men and women probably because the social skills associated with high self-monitoring can enhance perceptions of occupation legitimacy.
System Design and Experimental Analysis of Digital Pulse Compression Based on FPGA (2008)

A system of 3-channel DPC (digital pulse compression) system based on FPGA is designed. Some experimental data and results analysis of this system are given. This method of implementing DPC has the advantages of high speed and high reliability. The basic principle of DPC is introduced firstly. Then the composition of a DPC system based on Virtex-II family FPGA and its operating principle is presented. On the basis of given scheme of system design, the design of match filter and clock synchronizing circuit are discussed in detail from engineering practice. At last, a group of experimental data is given for an example and theoretical analysis to experimental result is also done.
A new physical I-V model of deep-submicron FD SOI MOSFETs for analogue/digital circuit simulation (2002)

A new analytical current model in the strong inversion operation region for fully depleted SOI/MOSFET with channel lengths down to deep submicrometer range is developed with only one single expression for both linear and saturation region without using a smoothing function. The convergence when employed in circuit simulators is improved. Measurements on devices of varied geometry show good agreement with model predictions.