gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast photonic crystal nanocavity lasers and optical switches (2008)

We have recently demonstrated an ultrafast photonic crystal laser and cavity coupled laser array with modulation rates of 1THz at room temperature, a 20 GHz optical modulator with activation energies of 60 fJ and a quantum dot photonic crystal laser with large signal modulation rates of 30GHz. These devices are enabled by the enhanced light-matter interaction in photonic crystals, and serve as the building blocks of on-optical information processing circuits.
Molecular analysis and pathogenesis of the feline aplastic anemia retrovirus, feline leukemia virus C-Sarma (1986)

We describe the molecular cloning of an anemogenic feline leukemia virus (FeLV), FeLV-C-Sarma, from the productively infected human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD(FeLV-C-S). Molecularly cloned FeLV-C-S proviral DNA yielded infectious virus (mcFeLV-C-S) after transfection of mammalian cells, and virus interference studies using transfection-derived virus demonstrated that our clone encodes FeLV belonging to the C subgroup. mcFeLV-C-S did not induce viremia in eight 8-week-old outbred specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats. It did, however, induce viremia and a rapid, fatal aplastic anemia due to profound suppression of erythroid stem cell growth in 9 of 10 inoculated newborn, SPF cats within 3 to 8 weeks (21 to 58 days) postinoculation. Thus, the genome of mcFeLV-C-S encodes the determinants responsible for the genetically dominant induction of irreversible erythroid aplasia in outbred cats. A potential clue to the pathogenic determinants of this virus comes from previous work indicating that all FeLV isolates belonging to the C subgroup, an envelop-gene-determined property, and only those belonging to the C subgroup, are potent, consistent inducers of aplastic anemia in cats. To approach the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of this disease, we first determined the nucleotide sequence of the envelope genes and 3' long terminal repeat of FeLV-C-S and compared it with that of FeLV-B-Gardner-Arnstein (mcFeLV-B-GA), a subgroup-B feline leukemia virus that consistently induces a different disease, myelodysplastic anemia, in neonatal SPF cats. Our analysis revealed that the p15E genes and long terminal repeats of the two FeLV strains are highly homologous, whereas there are major differences in the gp70 proteins, including five regions of significant amino acid differences and apparent sequence substitution. Some of these changes are also reflected in predicted glycosylation sites; the gp70 protein of FeLV-B-GA has 11 potential glycosylation sites, only 8 of which are present in FeLV-C-S.
Niclosamide Inhibits Androgen Receptor Variants Expression and Overcomes Enzalutamide Resistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2014)

Niclosamide was identified as a novel inhibitor of AR variants. Our findings offer preclinical validation of niclosamide as a promising inhibitor of AR variants to treat, either alone or in combination with current antiandrogen therapies, patients with advanced prostate cancer, especially those resistant to enzalutamide.
Duality in the Th17-Treg developmental decision (2009)

Each of the effector CD4 T-cell lineages - Th1, Th2, and the more recently identified Th17 - arises from pluripotent naïve precursors whose developmental fate is largely controlled by cytokines that act in concert with antigenic signals. Remarkably, development of the Th17 lineage has been linked to that of regulatory T cells, which obviate or downregulate Th17 responses to preserve immune homeostasis, through a shared requirement for the cytokine transforming growth factor-beta. Several new studies offer insights into the mechanism whereby the precursors of these subsets are directed into distinct lineages.
Synthesis of PbS/TiO<sub>2</sub> Colloidal Heterostructures for Photovoltaic Applications (2010)

We report on heteroepitaxial growth of nearly monodisperse PbS nanocrystals onto the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles via colloidal hot-injection routes. Fabricated PbS/TiO2 nanocomposites can be dispersed in nonpolar solvents, which enables an easy solution processing of these materials into mesoporous films for use as light-absorbing layers in nanocrystal-sensitized solar cells. High-temperature deposition of the sensitizer material allows controlling both the size and the number of PbS domains grown onto TiO2 nanoparticles, whereby providing synthetic means for tuning the absorbance spectrum of PbS/TiO2 nanocomposites and simultaneously enhancing their photocatalytic response in the visible and near-infrared. Compared with conventional ionic bath deposition of PbS semiconductors onto TiO2, the reported method results in an improved nanocrystal quality and narrower distribution of PbS sizes; meanwhile, the use of hot-temperature deposition of PbS (T = 180 degrees C) promotes the formation of near-epitaxial relationships between PbS and TiO2 domains, leading to fewer interfacial defects. The photovoltaic response of pyridine-treated PbS/TiO2 nanocomposites was investigated using a two-electrode cell filled with polysulfide electrolyte. The measured photocurrent compared favorably to that of PbS/TiO2 electrodes fabricated via chemical bath deposition.
Abstract 2463: Enhanced anti-tumor activity of an Auristatin-based antibody-drug conjugate in combination with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors or taxanes: Translational implications and mechanistic insights (2015)

Abstract Targeted treatment with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) can lead to dramatic regressions of solid tumors; combination therapies with the ADCs that could potentially help achieve long-term disease control remain largely unexplored. The aim of the study is to investigate most promising combination regimens of auristatin-based conjugates in preclinical models of cancer. A tool ADC, an auristatin-based anti-5T4 antibody conjugate (5T4-ADC) and permeable auristatin analogs were combined with dual PI3K/mTOR catalytic site inhibitor PF-05212384 (PF-384) or taxanes in a panel of common cancer cell lines of breast, lung or ovarian origin. Drug combinations were tested for their effects in vitro on cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle or modulation of PI3K/mTOR pathway markers. Anti-tumor efficacy of selected combinations was also evaluated in a 5T4-positive human breast or lung tumor xenografts in vivo. Remarkably, ADC and auristatin analogs resulted in synergistic or additive effects on cell cytotoxicity when combined with PF-384 or with taxanes in vitro. ADC/PF-384, auristatin/PF-384 and ADC/Paclitaxel (PTX), auristatin/PTX combinations showed enhanced induction of apoptosis and selective attenuation of the downstream phospho-markers of the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Quantitative proteomic analysis of cells treated with auristatin-based agents and PF-384 alone or in combination revealed novel and unique effects on key components of mRNA translation, including translation initiation or elongation factors. In human lung or breast cancer xenograft models, dual targeting with 5T4-ADC/PF-384 or 5T4-ADC/PTX produced substantially greater antitumor effects with longer average survival as compared to monotherapy treatments. Our results provide strong rationale for combining 5T4-ADC with PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors or taxanes. New biological insights into molecular mechanisms underlying synergistic effects of ADC - drug combinations suggest/reveal that synergies are mediated by payload's mode of action. These findings can be applicable to several ADCs employing microtubule inhibitors that are undergoing clinical evaluation. Citation Format: Puja Sapra, Boris Shor, Maureen Dougher, Jennifer Kahler, Michelle Mack, Jane Xu, Shuyan Lu, Eugene Melamud, Fang Wang, Edward Rosfjord. Enhanced anti-tumor activity of an Auristatin-based antibody-drug conjugate in combination with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors or taxanes: Translational implications and mechanistic insights. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2463. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2463
Formation of Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses from Low Purity of Materials by Yttrium Addition (2000)

Zr55Al15Ni10Cu20 bulk metallic glass is formed using low purity materials at a low vacuum with a small amount of yttrium addition. It is found that the glass forming ability, crystallization and melting process of the Zr55Al15Ni10Cu20 alloy are modified with yttrium addition, while the mechanical and elastic properties, such as hardness and Young’s Modulus, are not obviously changed. The positive effect of yttrium addition on the glassy formation of the Zr55Al15Ni10Cu20 alloy is clarified.
Generalized harmonic wavelet as an adaptive filter for machine health diagnosis (2005)

This paper presents an adaptive filtering technique for the health diagnosis of mechanical systems, based on the generalized harmonic wavelet transformation. Through selection of two wavelet level parameters, a series of sub-frequency band wavelet coefficients corresponding to equi-bandwidth vibration signals measured from a machine were constructed. The energy and entropy associated with each sub-frequency band were then calculated, and the band with the maximum energy-to-entropy ratio was chosen to form a band-limited filter for the vibration signals. Experimental studies using rolling bearings that contain structural defects have confirmed that, the developed new technique enables high signal-to-noise ratio for effective machine failure detection and health diagnosis.
FastPlace (2004)

In this paper, we present FastPlace -- a fast, iterative, flat placement algorithm for large-scale standard cell designs. FastPlace is based on the quadratic placement approach. The quadratic approach formulates the wirelength minimization problem as a convex quadratic program, which can be solved efficiently by some analytical techniques. However it suffers from some drawbacks. First, the resulting placement has a lot of overlap among cells. Second, the resulting total wirelength may be long as the quadratic wirelength objective is only an indirect measure of the linear wirelength. Third, existing net models tend to create a lot of non-zero entries in the connectivity matrix, which slows down the quadratic program solver. To handle the above problems we propose: (1) An efficient Cell Shifting technique to remove cell overlap from the quadratic program solution and produce a global placement with even cell distribution. (2) An Iterative Local Refinement technique, to reduce the wirelength according to the half-perimeter measure. (3) A Hybrid Net Model which is a combination of the traditional clique and star models. This net model greatly reduces the number of non-zero entries in the connectivity matrix and results in a significant speedup of the solver. Experimental results show that FastPlace is on average 13.0 and 97.4 times faster than Capo and Dragon respectively. Correspondingly, the average wirelength is just 1.0% and 1.6% higher.
Analytics-Enhanced Automated Code Verification for Dependability of Software-Defined Networks (2017)

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a key emerging technology that enables networks to be programmed and dynamically reconfigured through software-based network applications. This programability also significantly increases the exposure of these networks to software application faults, which can compromise or crash the underlying SDN network. It is thus imperative to detect subtle faulty or malicious behaviors of network applications prior to deployment. Automated code verification based on software model checking provides promise for early identification of such behaviors; however, it faces inherent challenges w.r.t. scalability, soft real-time behaviors, and the need for pre-specified thresholds, that significantly limits its usefulness for verifying SDN networks in practice. We describe an approach that enhances automated verification with machine learning-based analytics to detect and identify faulty or malicious behaviors that can compromise network reliability, performance, and security. A novel aspect of our work is that the analytics algorithms learn on information provided by automated verification, coupled with real-time inputs and outputs, to learn thresholds that can be used in software model checking, and to identify anomalous execution paths of network applications that may compromise the underlying SDN network. We demonstrate our approach with a proof-of-concept case study on the ONOS open-source SDN network operating system, using our customization of the Java Path Finder tool and the application of our machine learning algorithms.
2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl Formate:  A Versatile and Selective Reagent for the Formylation of Alcohols, Amines, and<i>N</i>-Hydroxylamines (2001)

[reaction: see text] Treatment of a variety of alcohols, amines, and N-hydroxylamines with 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl formate gave the corresponding formylated adducts in high yields.
Design and Parameter Effect Analysis of Dual-Rotor, Radial-Flux, Toroidally Wound, Permanent-Magnet Machines (2004)

A novel machine family-the dual-rotor, radial-flux, toroidally wound, permanent-magnet (RFTPM) machine-has been proven in a previous paper to be able to improve the machine efficiency and boost the torque density. This paper will present the key design equations and design procedure of the RFTPM machines, analyze parameter effects on machine performance, and give design guidelines to achieve specific design objectives. In addition, finite-element analysis is employed to prove the effectiveness of the design equations and find the machine overload capability. Experimental measurements of a prototype, which match the design specifications well, verify the effectiveness of the design equations.
Reflection-Free One-Way Edge Modes in a Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystal (2008)

We point out that electromagnetic one-way edge modes analogous to quantum Hall edge states, originally predicted by Raghu and Haldane in 2D photonic crystals possessing Dirac point-derived band gaps, can appear in more general settings. We show that the TM modes in a gyromagnetic photonic crystal can be formally mapped to electronic wave functions in a periodic electromagnetic field, so that the only requirement for the existence of one-way edge modes is that the Chern number for all bands below a gap is nonzero. In a square-lattice yttrium-iron-garnet crystal operating at microwave frequencies, which lacks Dirac points, time-reversal breaking is strong enough that the effect should be easily observable. For realistic material parameters, the edge modes occupy a 10% band gap. Numerical simulations of a one-way waveguide incorporating this crystal show 100% transmission across strong defects.
<title>Resonant tunneling devices and circuits</title> (1996)

We review results of logic and memory devices and circuits based on the negative differential resistance associated with resonant tunneling and interband tunneling effects. We have fabricated resonant interband tunneling field effect transistors on both InAs/GaSb/AlSb and InGaAs/InAlAs/InP material systems. A new exclusive-NOR device has also been demonstrated. Preliminary results of a FULL ADDER are shown. Static random access memory based on the bistability of two serially connected diodes is also achieved. We show simulations and compare our devices with other approaches and discuss important issues related to applications of resonant tunneling devices and circuits.
Development of a Novel Shoulder Exoskeleton Using Parallel Actuation and Slip (2016)

This paper presents a 5 degree-of-freedom (DoF) low inertia shoulder exoskeleton that was developed using two novel technologies with a broad range of application. The first novelty is a 3-DoF spherical parallel manipulator (SPM) that uses three linear actuators. Each actuator is designed using a method of motion coupling such that the pitch and linear stroke DoF are dependent. By using an SPM, this shoulder exoskeleton takes advantage of the inherent low effective inertia property of parallel architecture. The second novelty is a 2-DoF passive slip mechanism that couples the user’s upper arm to the SPM. This slip mechanism increases system mobility and prevents joint misalignment caused by the translational motion of the user’s glenohumeral joint from introducing mechanical interference that could affect the device’s kinematic solution or harm the user. An experiment to validate the kinematics of the SPM was performed using motion capture. A computational slip model was created to quantify the slip mechanism’s response for different conditions of joint misalignment. In addition to offering a low inertia solution for the rehabilitation or augmentation of the human shoulder, the presented device demonstrates the technologies of actuator motion coupling and passive slip for use in exoskeletal systems. The use of motion coupling could be applied to other types of parallel actuated architectures in order to constrain the kinematics or improve stiffness characteristics. Passive slip mechanisms could have application in either serial or parallel actuated systems as a means of negating the adverse effects of joint misalignment.
Inpatient studies of a Kalman-filter-based predictive pump shutoff algorithm (2012)

Background: An insulin pump shutoff system can prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia and is a first step on the pathway toward a closed-loop artificial pancreas. In previous pump shutoff studies using a voting algorithm and a 1 min continuous glucose monitor (CGM), 80% of induced hypoglycemic events were prevented. Methods: The pump shutoff algorithm used in previous studies was revised to a single Kalman filter to reduce complexity, incorporate CGMs with different sample times, handle sensor signal dropouts, and enforce safety constraints on the allowable pump shutoff time. Results: Retrospective testing of the new algorithm on previous clinical data sets indicated that, for the four cases where the previous algorithm failed (minimum reference glucose less than 60 mg/dl), the mean suspension start time was 30 min earlier than the previous algorithm. Inpatient studies of the new algorithm have been conducted on 16 subjects. The algorithm prevented hypoglycemia in 73% of subjects. Suspension-induced hyperglycemia is not assessed, because this study forced excessive basal insulin infusion rates. Conclusions:
Self‐refocused spatial‐spectral pulse for positive contrast imaging of cells labeled with SPIO nanoparticles (2009)

MRI has been used extensively to noninvasively track the location of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) in vivo. Typically, SPIOs are employed as a negative contrast agent which makes it difficult to differentiate labeled cells from extraneous sources of inhomogeneity and actual voids in the image. As a result, several novel approaches have been put forth to obtain positive contrast from SPIOs. One technique proposed by Cunningham et al. utilizes spectrally selective pulses to excite and refocus spins in the vicinity of the SPIOs. Although the frequency selectivity of this technique provides effective positive contrast, the lack of slice selectivity results in interfering signal from sources of off-resonance outside the slice of interest. We have developed a self-refocused spatial-spectral (SR-SPSP) pulse to achieve slice-selective spin-echo imaging of off-resonant spins. Using a self-refocused pulse affords flexibility in echo-time selection since the spin echo may be placed at any time after the end of the pulse. The spatial selectivity achieved by the SR-SPSP RF pulse eliminates background signal from out-of-slice regions and reduces the on-resonant water suppression requirements. Phantom and in vivo data demonstrate that positive contrast and slice-selectivity are achieved using this novel RF pulse.
Overlay protection against link failures using network coding (2008)

This paper introduces a network coding-based protection scheme against single and multiple link failures. The proposed strategy makes sure that in a connection, each node receives two copies of the same data unit: one copy on the working circuit, and a second copy that can be extracted from linear combinations of data units transmitted on a shared protection path. This guarantees instantaneous recovery of data units upon the failure of a working circuit. The strategy can be implemented at an overlay layer, which makes its deployment simple and scalable. The proposed strategy is an extension of the scheme presented in the work of Kamal (2006). The new scheme is simpler, less expensive, and does not require the synchronization required by the original scheme. The sharing of the protection circuit by a number of connections is the key to the reduction of the cost of protection. A preliminary comparison of the cost of the proposed scheme to the 1+1 protection strategy is conducted, and establishes the benefits of our strategy.
A deep reinforcement learning approach to character segmentation of license plate images (2015)

Automated license plate recognition (ALPR) has been applied to identify vehicles by their license plates and is critical in several important transportation applications. In order to achieve the recognition accuracy levels typically required in the market, it is necessary to obtain properly segmented characters. A standard method, projection-based segmentation, is challenged by substantial variation across the plate in the regions surrounding the characters. In this paper a reinforcement learning (RL) method is adapted to create a segmentation agent that can find appropriate segmentation paths that avoid characters, traversing from the top to the bottom of a cropped license plate image. Then a hybrid approach is proposed, leveraging the speed and simplicity of the projection-based segmentation technique along with the power of the RL method. The results of our experiments show significant improvement over the histogram projection currently used for character segmentation.
A New Hybrid Multilevel Inverter with Extended Number of Voltage Steps (2020)

This paper presents and studies an improved multilevel inverter topology to produce higher voltage levels with reduced switching devices at the inverter output. The suggested topology is based on SCSS multilevel inverter. In this topology, DC sources are divided into two groups, inner group and outer group. The function of the outer dc source group is to create the square waveforms that are close in nature to the required output waveforms. However, the inner group is used to increase the number of the DC voltage levels to produce an output voltage close to the desired wave. This task is accomplished by arithmetic operation (addition or subtraction) of the value of the inner DC source with the blocks created by the outer group, respectively. A hybrid modulation scheme has been utilized to substantially reduce harmonics distortion. The performance of the proposed topology is then compared with other conventional and concurrent structures of multilevel inverter as well as evaluated by simulation results.