gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A survey on two level and cascaded multilevel inverter topologies for grid connected PV system (2017)

Grid connected PV systems are the most popular solar electric system on the market today. The most important device in the grid-connected PV system is the inverter. This paper presents a survey on the grid connected PV inverters and the system topologies used for grid connected PV system. The review describes different two level inverter topologies as well as multilevel inverter topologies. Cascaded multilevel inverter topologies take the most attention in this paper. Cascaded multilevel inverter generates the voltage based on series connection of switches to achieve high quality for the output voltage and current. The merits and demerits of each topology are briefly explained in this review paper as well as these topologies are compared to each other and showing their advantages over the other.
Design and evaluation of an LSO PET detector for breast cancer imaging (2000)

Functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) may be a promising technique in conjunction with x-ray mammography for breast cancer patient management. Conventional whole body PET scanners provide metabolic images of breast cancer patients with several shortcomings related to the general-purpose nature of these systems. In whole body scanners, the detectors are typically 20-30 cm away from the breast or axilla, reducing sensitivity, and these scanners have relatively large detector elements (> 4 mm), limiting spatial resolution. Dedicated PET systems for breast imaging aim to overcome these limitations and improve the overall diagnostic quality of the images by bringing the detectors closer to the area to be imaged, thereby improving sensitivity, and by using smaller detector elements to improve the spatial resolution. We have designed and developed a modular PET detector that is composed of a 9x9 array of 3x3x20 mm3 lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillator crystals coupled to an optical fiber taper, which in turn is coupled to a Hamamatsu R5900-C8 position-sensitive photomultiplier tube. These detectors can be tiled together without gaps to construct large area detector arrays to form a dedicated PET breast cancer imaging system. Two complete detector modules have been built and tested. All detector elements are clearly visualized upon flood irradiation of the module. The intrinsic spatial resolution (full-width at half-maximum) was measured to be 2.26 mm (range 1.8-2.6 mm). The average energy resolution was 19.5% (range 17%-24%) at 511 keV. The coincidence time resolution was measured to be 2.4 ns. The detector efficiency for 511 keV gamma rays was 53% using a 350 keV energy threshold. These promising results support the feasibility of developing a high resolution, high sensitivity dedicated PET scanner for breast cancer applications.
<title>Real-time structured light depth extraction</title> (2000)

Gathering depth data using structured light has been a procedure for many different environments and uses. Many of these system are utilized instead of laser line scanning because of their quickness. However, to utilize depth extraction for some applications, in our case laparoscopic surgery, the depth extraction must be in real time. We have developed an apparatus that speeds up the raw image display and grabbing in structured light depth extraction from 30 frames per second to 60 and 180 frames per second. This results in an updated depth and texture map of about 15 times per second versus about 3. This increased update rate allows for real time depth extraction for use in augmented medical/surgical applications. Our miniature, fist-sized projector utilizes an internal ferro-reflective LCD display that is illuminated with cold light from a flex light pipe. The miniature projector, attachable to a laparoscope, displays inverted pairs of structured light into the body where these images are then viewed by a high-speed camera set slightly off axis from the projector that grabs images synchronously. The images from the camera are ported to a graphics-processing card where six frames are worked on simultaneously to extract depth and create mapped textures from these images. This information is then sent to the host computer with 3D coordinate information of the projector/camera and the associated textures. The surgeon is then able to view body images in real time from different locations without physically moving the laparoscope imager/projector, thereby, reducing the trauma of moving laparoscopes in the patient.
Improved Cycling Navigation Using Inertial Sensors Measurements From Portable Devices With Arbitrary Orientation (2015)

A portable device is expected to be used unconstrained and in any orientation. Enabling navigation in such scenarios, although a hard problem, will consequently enable a lot of applications. For sports like cycling, the capability to obtain a meaningful navigation solution using a portable device in any orientation and without any constraints is beneficial for both normal consumers and athletes. Monitoring and tracking human motion using measurements from motion sensors is attractive because of their reasonable cost, size, and weight, in addition to mainstream availability on portable devices. This paper proposes an enhanced cycling navigation solution for portable devices with motion sensors using a novel technique for obtaining time-varying misalignments between the sensors' frame and bicycle frame. This technique utilizes the acceleration and angular rate measured by the motion sensors in the device at any possible position on a human body, and in any arbitrary orientation, without requirements to have the portable device tethered in a certain orientation. Careful manual mounting of motion sensors within the platform or bicycle is no longer required for providing continuous position, velocity, and orientation information, making the solution user friendly. The system proposed aims to provide an easy-to-use navigation and monitoring system on portable devices while cycling. The improved navigation solution enables the use of motion constraints and updates without requiring any constraints on the device's location and orientation. The experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed system.
A Versatile Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB) (2006)

A safe and versatile synthesis of high-purity 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) based on vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) chemistry has now been achieved. The starting material can be selected from a variety of inexpensive nitroarenes obtained from commercial suppliers (4-nitroaniline, picric acid) or U.S. stockpiles (ammonium picrate, TNT). The use of picric acid and ammonium picrate (Explosive D) is preferred as both compounds are directly converted to picramide in the presence of ammonium salts (diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium carbamate) in sulfolane at elevated temperature. The picramide resulting from this process is directly converted to TATB using an optimized VNS reaction employing inexpensive hydroxylamine as the nucleophilic aminating reagent. A crucial element in our synthesis is a novel and efficient purification of TATB.
SEPARATION OF ALDOSES AND KETOSES BY ORGANIC RESINS HAVING PRIMARY AMINE MOIETIES (1978)

ABSTRACT The organic resins having primary amine moieties, such as crosslinked polyvinylamine (PVAM), were found to adsorb aldose selectively. A satisfactory separation of glucose and fructose was achieved on the column of PVAM at a flow rate of SV = 0.5 hr ‐1 with amounts of sugars supplied of 0.4 g/g PVAM. These values indicate that the separation of sugars by the resins can be achieved in a shorter time with a larger amount of sugars in comparison with ion exchange resins usually used.
Sequence‐specific detection method for reverse transcription, loop‐mediated isothermal amplification of HIV‐1 (2009)

HIV diagnosis at the point-of-care or in resource-limited settings poses considerable challenges due to time and cost limitations. Currently, nucleic acid-based tests are the only reliable method for diagnosing recent infections during the window period post-infection and pre-seroconversion, but these tests are only suitable for well-equipped laboratory settings. The reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) technology exhibits characteristics that are ideal for the development of a rapid, cost-effective nucleic acid-based test for detection of HIV DNA and RNA. In this study, a sequence-specific detection method was developed for immediate, naked-eye visualization of RT-LAMP products with high sensitivity and specificity. The rapid detection method was incorporated into the HIV-1-specific RT-LAMP assay and validated using minute volumes of whole blood from HIV-1-infected individuals. Together with the minimal sample preparation time and one-step, isothermal amplification reaction, the sequence-specific detection method adds to the overall versatility of the RT-LAMP assay and enhances the applicability for use at point-of-care or resource-limited sites.
Isoferritins in HIV infection (1989)

Placental isoferritins (PLF), known to be immunosuppressive in Hodgkin's disease and other states, were found to be increased in sera of subjects infected with HIV. We assayed for PLF using a ‘sandwich’ antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing two monoclonal antibodies. Individuals with lymphadenopathy, with or without symptoms suggestive of AIDS-related complex, had the highest serum levels, which declined with progressive immunodeficiency. Total (normal) ferritins, in contrast, increased progressively with stage of disease. PLF was found on a subset of CD8 lymphocytes and appeared to block detection of the CD8 antigen by specific monoclonal antibodies. Elution of PLF by incubation with levamisole, but not by culture medium alone, led to the unblocking of the CD8 determinant on these cells. Profiles of isoferritins in HIV infection may provide clues to prognosis. PLF, a physiologic down-regulator of hematopoiesis and cellular immunity, could play a role in the progressive immune deficiency, marrow suppression and HIV expression that lead to AIDS.
Rechargeable electrical energy storage device. [metal/halogen] (1978)

An electrical energy storage device comprising at least one cell containing a normally positive electrode at which a halogen is reduced and a normally negative electrode at which a metal is oxidized during an electrical discharge of the storage device is described. The halogen and oxidizable metal components consumed during the electrical discharge of the device are regenerated during an electrical recharging of the storage device, and the halogen component is recovered and converted to a halogen hydrate for storage in the system. 5 figures.
Rapid synthesis of high purity GaN powder (2005)

High purity, strong luminescent gallium nitride (GaN) powders were synthesized by direct reaction of gallium (Ga) and ammonia (NH3) using bismuth (Bi) as a catalyst in a vertical furnace. The reaction rate and yield from metal Ga were improved dramatically in the presence of Bi. In this simple apparatus, 25g Ga can be fully, stoichiometrically converted into GaN within 5 hours. The optimum temperature, NH3 flow rate and reaction time in this hot wall tube furnace were 1000 °C, 500 standard cubic centimetres per minute (sccm) and 5 hours, respectively. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the material has a high purity and a single crystalline structure. Electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of the powder particles. Powder purity was analyzed by utilizing Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS). Cathodoluminescence (CL) data showed strong luminescence from the powder. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ru-Catalyzed Isomerization Provides Access to Alternating Copolymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (2015)

We describe an isomerization-alternating ROMP protocol that gives linear copolymers with rigorous sequence alternation. Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene-7-carboxamides of primary amines are isomerized in the presence of (3-BrPyr)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>IMes)Ru=CHPh to the corresponding bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides in which the olefinic bond is tetrasubstituted. The <i>isomerized</i> amides undergo alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization with cyclohexene to provide soluble and linear copolymers with molecular weights up to ∼130 kDa. This process provides efficient entry to strictly alternating copolymers that can display diverse functional groups.
Electronic musical instrument (2005)

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a perception of profoundness and richness of a musical sound similar to a sound of a natural musical instrument. SOLUTION: Main speakers 16L and 16R are arranged to a front surface of a casing 12a of an electronic piano 10. Auxiliary speakers 18L and 18R are arranged to a back surface of a casing 12b. Microphones 20L and 20R are arranged in the neighborhood of the main speakers 16L and 16R. A performance sound is reproduced from the main speakers 16L and 16R. The reproduced sound of the main speakers 16L and 16R is picked up by the microphones 20L and 20R. FIR filters 36L and 36R generate a reflecting sound signal of a sound pickup signal by the microphones 20L and 20R. The generated reflecting sound signal is reproduced from the auxiliary speakers 18L and 18R. COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO
Experimental evaluation of electrical conductivity imaging of anisotropic brain tissues using a combination of diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (2016)

Anisotropy of biological tissues is a low-frequency phenomenon that is associated with the function and structure of cell membranes. Imaging of anisotropic conductivity has potential for the analysis of interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological systems, such as the prediction of current pathways in electrical stimulation therapy. To improve application to the clinical environment, precise approaches are required to understand the exact responses inside the human body subjected to the stimulated currents. In this study, we experimentally evaluate the anisotropic conductivity tensor distribution of canine brain tissues, using a recently developed diffusion tensor-magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography method. At low frequency, electrical conductivity of the biological tissues can be expressed as a product of the mobility and concentration of ions in the extracellular space. From diffusion tensor images of the brain, we can obtain directional information on diffusive movements of water molecules, which correspond to the mobility of ions. The position dependent scale factor, which provides information on ion concentration, was successfully calculated from the magnetic flux density, to obtain the equivalent conductivity tensor. By combining the information from both techniques, we can finally reconstruct the anisotropic conductivity tensor images of brain tissues. The reconstructed conductivity images better demonstrate the enhanced signal intensity in strongly anisotropic brain regions, compared with those resulting from previous methods using a global scale factor.
Muscle Powered Blood Pump (1999)

A pneumatic ventricular assist device (Sarns/3M) has been redesigned for low volume hydraulic actuation to accommodate muscle powered drive systems. Design modifications include adding a bellows/piston mechanism (to compress the blood sac) and a compliance chamber for volume compensation. A simple prototype device was constructed to measure the efficacy of piston pump actuation and to validate pusher plate design. Device manufacture was affected by removing the drive line housing from the pneumatic pump and replacing it with a piston/bushing mechanism. A convex piston profile was chosen to maximize ejection fraction and minimize device size. Stroke volume was found to be a linear function of piston displacement (approximately 3 ml/mm) and reached a maximum value of 45 ml. Mean compression forces of 46-56 N acting during a 12 mm stroke (2.1 L/min at 60 cycles/min) were sufficient to generate mean afterload pressures of 70-110 mm Hg in a mock circulatory loop. Peak compression forces ranged from 72 to 86 N and work input was calculated to be 552-672 mJ/stroke. These data indicate that this method for delivering muscle power to the bloodstream is both mechanically viable and compatible with the functional capacity of conditioned latissimus dorsi muscle.
Versatile metal-wire waveguides for broadband terahertz signal processing and multiplexing (2022)

Waveguides play a pivotal role in the full deployment of terahertz communication systems. Besides signal transporting, innovative terahertz waveguides are required to provide versatile signal-processing functionalities. Despite fundamental components, such as Bragg gratings, have been recently realized, they typically rely on complex hybridization, in turn making it extremely challenging to go beyond the most elementary functions. Here, we propose a universal approach, in which multiscale-structured Bragg gratings can be directly etched on metal-wires. Such an approach, in combination with diverse waveguide designs, allows for the realization of a unique platform with remarkable structural simplicity, yet featuring unprecedented signal-processing capabilities. As an example, we introduce a four-wire waveguide geometry, amenable to support the low-loss and low-dispersion propagation of polarization-division multiplexed terahertz signals. Furthermore, by engraving on the wires judiciously designed Bragg gratings based on multiscale structures, it is possible to independently manipulate two polarization-division multiplexed terahertz signals. This platform opens up new exciting perspectives for exploiting the polarization degree of freedom and ultimately boosting the capacity and spectral efficiency of future terahertz networks.
Fragment Screening and Assembly:  A Highly Efficient Approach to a Selective and Cell Active Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor (2003)

Using an NMR-based fragment screening and X-ray crystal structure-based assembly, starting with millimolar ligands for both the catalytic site and the second phosphotyrosine binding site, we have identified a small-molecule inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B with low micromolar inhibition constant, high selectivity (30-fold) over the highly homologous T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase, and good cellular activity in COS-7 cells.
Inhibition of Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Activity in Intact Cells by the Aptameric Action of Oligodeoxynucleotides (1995)

Direct interaction of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with proteins represents one of the nonantisense-mediated effects of ODNs. Phosphorothioate-capped ODNs have been shown to inhibit directly the in vitro kinase activity of the chronic myelogenous leukemia-associated protein-tyrosine kinase p210bcr-abl. In this study we have determined the efficacy of this aptameric ODN in a cellular system using the K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia-derived cell line. Significant effects upon cellular phosphotyrosine content, as well as cellular growth in soft agar, are observed. These effects are sequence specific and are not mediated through changes in p210bcr-abl protein levels. Additional ODNs are described that also reduce cellular phosphotyrosine levels and inhibit growth in soft agar but do not inhibit p210bcr-abl kinase activity in vitro.
Novel pathways for fuels and lubricants from biomass optimized using life-cycle greenhouse gas assessment (2015)

Decarbonizing the transportation sector is critical to achieving global climate change mitigation. Although biofuels will play an important role in conventional gasoline and diesel applications, bioderived solutions are particularly important in jet fuels and lubricants, for which no other viable renewable alternatives exist. Producing compounds for jet fuel and lubricant base oil applications often requires upgrading fermentation products, such as alcohols and ketones, to reach the appropriate molecular-weight range. Ketones possess both electrophilic and nucleophilic functionality, which allows them to be used as building blocks similar to alkenes and aromatics in a petroleum refining complex. Here, we develop a method for selectively upgrading biomass-derived alkyl methyl ketones with >95% yields into trimer condensates, which can then be hydrodeoxygenated in near-quantitative yields to give a new class of cycloalkane compounds. The basic chemistry developed here can be tailored for aviation fuels as well as lubricants by changing the production strategy. We also demonstrate that a sugarcane biorefinery could use natural synergies between various routes to produce a mixture of lubricant base oils and jet fuels that achieve net life-cycle greenhouse gas savings of up to 80%.
Constituents of Nothapodytes foetida (1995)

Five new alkaloids, along with camptothecin 1 and 9-methoxycamptothecin 2, were isolated from a trunk bark extract of Nothapodytes foetida(Wight) Sleumer (Icacinaceae). The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means as mappicine and the 9-methoxymappicine glycosides (3–6) and the di-p-coumaroylspermidine ester of a camptothecin-like compound 7, which we have named foetidin I.
Reduction of threshold voltage for bistable liquid-crystal switching using a priming voltage (1982)

A method is described for reducing the threshold field required to achieve high-speed matrix addressing of a bistable nematic liquid-crystal storage display. A short ac priming voltage pulse applied to the device modifies the binding energy for disclinations attached to sites of orientational discontinuity, thereby changing the threshold field for electrical switching between bistable states. The threshold reduction depends on the ac frequency and width of the writing pulse. The physical mechanism underlying this effect is described. Matrix addressing (3:1) with 2-ms pulses has been demonstrated with select voltage levels as low as 2 V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> = 70 V and nonselect levels of V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> = 35 V.
Scaffold attachment regions increase reporter gene expression in stably transformed plant cells. (1993)

The yeast ARS-1 element contains a scaffold attachment region (SAR) that we have previously shown can bind to plant nuclear scaffolds in vitro. To test effects on expression, constructs in which a chimeric beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was flanked by this element were delivered into tobacco suspension cells by microprojectile bombardment. In stably transformed cell lines, GUS activity averaged 12-fold higher (24-fold on a gene copy basis) for a construct containing two flanking SARs than for a control construct lacking SARs. Expression levels were not proportional to gene copy number, as would have been predicted if the element simply reduced position effect variation. Instead, the element appeared to reduce an inhibitory effect on expression in certain transformants containing multiple gene copies. The effect on expression appears to require chromosomal integration, because SAR constructs were only twofold more active than the controls in transient assays.