gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A versatile method for generating semiconducting polymer dot nanocomposites (2012)

This paper describes a method, based on co-precipitation, for generating small semiconducting polymer dot (Pdot) nanocomposites, which contain either gold or iron oxide nanoparticles within the Pdot matrix. We demonstrate the utility of Pdot-Au nanoparticles (Au-NP-Pdots) in dual-modality imaging in which co-localization of fluorescence from Pdot and scattering from Au was used to identify Au-NP-Pdot probes for downstream single-particle tracking and cellular imaging. We also demonstrate the potential of employing Pdot-FeO(x) nanoparticles (FeO(x)-NP-Pdots) for both sample preparation, where cells tagged with FeO(x)-NP-Pdots were isolated using an external magnet, and cellular imaging and detection, owing to the intense fluorescence from Pdots. The method we present here should be generalizable to the formation of other Pdot nanocomposites for creating the next generation of multi-functional Pdot probes.
Recognition of faces from range images by means of the phase Fourier transform (1995)

A new method for the recognition of tridimensional faces is introduced. For each face, the distribution of the normals is computed by means of the phase Fourier transform which is defined as the Fourier transform of the phase of the range image. The distributions are compared by multiplying the distribution of each face and by integrating the final result. Thus, a measurement of geometrical similtude is obtained. This method is invariant under translation in the xy plane and along the z axis. The method is robust against shot noise. The effects of additive and multiplicative noise can be considerably reduced by filtering the image before computing the phase Fourier transform. The methods work if the facial expression changes. Results for face recognition are presented and optical implementation is considered.
<i>In vitro</i> integration of ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome assembly, and translation (2013)

Purely in vitro ribosome synthesis could provide a critical step towards unraveling the systems biology of ribosome biogenesis, constructing minimal cells from defined components, and engineering ribosomes with new functions. Here, as an initial step towards this goal, we report a method for constructing Escherichia coli ribosomes in crude S150 E. coli extracts. While conventional methods for E. coli ribosome reconstitution are non-physiological, our approach attempts to mimic chemical conditions in the cytoplasm, thus permitting several biological processes to occur simultaneously. Specifically, our integrated synthesis, assembly, and translation (iSAT) technology enables one-step co-activation of rRNA transcription, assembly of transcribed rRNA with native ribosomal proteins into functional ribosomes, and synthesis of active protein by these ribosomes in the same compartment. We show that iSAT makes possible the in vitro construction of modified ribosomes by introducing a 23S rRNA mutation that mediates resistance against clindamycin. We anticipate that iSAT will aid studies of ribosome assembly and open new avenues for making ribosomes with altered properties.
Microfluidic assembly of lipid-based oligonucleotide nanoparticles. (2011)

MF technology is a simple, affordable and reproducible method for production of ON-LNPs.
Passive Sensor Systems for Nuclear Material Monitoring (1993)

Passive fiber optic sensor systems capable of confirming the presence of special nuclear materials in storage or process facilities are being developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). These sensors provide completely passive, remote measurement capability. No power supplies, amplifiers, or other active components that could degrade system reliability are required at the sensor location. ORNL, through its research programs in scintillator materials, has developed a variety of materials for use in alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and neutron-sensitive scintillator detectors. In addition to sensors for measuring radiation flux, new sensor materials have been developed which are capable of measuring weight, temperature, and source location. An example of a passive sensor for temperature measurement is the combination of a thermophosphor (e.g., rare-earth activated Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) with <sup>6</sup>LiF (95% <sup>6</sup>Li). This combination results in a new class of scintillators for thermal neutrons that absorb energy from the radiation particles and remit the energy as a light pulse, the decay rate of which, over a specified temperature range, is temperature dependent. Other passive sensors being developed include pressure-sensitive triboluminescent materials, weight-sensitive silicone rubber fibers, scintillating fibers, and other materials for gamma and neutron detection. The light from the scintillator materials of each sensor would be sent through optical fibers to a monitoring station, where the attribute quantity could be measured and compared with previously recorded emission levels. Confirmatory measurement applications of these technologies are being evaluated to reduce the effort, costs, and employee exposures associated with inventorying stockpiles of highly enriched uranium at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant.
Techniques for monolithic integration of silica-based waveguide devices with optoelectronics (2002)

A technique for monolithic integration of silica-based waveguides and optoelectronic components has been developed. The low temperature fabrication budget necessary to preserve the optoelectronic devices is obtained through the use the hollow cathode plasma enhanced CVD technique.
Versatile Approaches to the Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Bidentate Phosphorus-Containing Ligands (2001)

A simple route to new diphosphane ligands: Merrifield's resin was used to construct diphosphanes of the general formula 1 that could be cleaved by reaction with PCl3, alcohols, or thioalcohols to provide ligands such as 2–4 in solution. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.angewandte.com or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Mutant of<i>Francisella tularensis</i>Strain SCHU S4 Lacking the Ability To Express a 58-Kilodalton Protein Is Attenuated for Virulence and Is an Effective Live Vaccine (2005)

Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) strain SCHU S4 is a prototypic strain of the pathogen that is highly virulent for humans and other mammals. Its intradermal (i.d.) 50% lethal dose (LD50) for mice is <10 CFU. We discovered a spontaneous mutant, designated FSC043, of SCHU S4 with an i.d. LD50 of >10(8) CFU. FSC043 effectively vaccinated mice against challenge with a highly virulent type A strain, and the protective efficacy was at least as good as that of F. tularensis LVS, an empirically attenuated strain which has been used as an efficacious human vaccine. Comparative proteomics was used to identify two proteins of unknown function that were identified as defective in LVS and FSC043, and deletion mutants of SCHU S4 were created for each of the two encoding genes. One mutant, the DeltaFTT0918 strain, failed to express a 58-kDa protein, had an i.d. LD50 of approximately 10(5) CFU, and was found to be less capable than SCHU S4 of growing in peritoneal mouse macrophages. Mice that recovered from sublethal infection with the DeltaFTT0918 mutant survived when challenged 2 months later with >100 LD50s of the highly virulent type A strain FSC033. This is the first report of the generation of defined mutants of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis and their use as live vaccines.
Transductive object cutout (2008)

In this paper, we address the issue of transducing the object cutout model from an example image to novel image instances. We observe that although object and background are very likely to contain similar colors in natural images, it is much less probable that they share similar color configurations. Motivated by this observation, we propose a local color pattern model to characterize the color configuration in a robust way. Additionally, we propose an edge profile model to modulate the contrast of the image, which enhances edges along object boundaries and attenuates edges inside object or background. The local color pattern model and edge model are integrated in a graph-cut framework. Higher accuracy and improved robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated through experimental comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms.
Effect of poling on nanodomains and nanoscale structure in A-site disordered lead-free piezoelectric Na<sub>0.5</sub>Bi<sub>0.5</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>–BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (2014)

This paper establishes the nanoscale poling mechanism operating in A-site disordered lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Nanoscale domain maps and quantitative structural changes were obtained by deploying high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, dielectric spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and neutron scattering. Based on these results a microscopic model is proposed that provides insight into the E-field induced structural transformation. The stripe-like nanodomains in the unpoled system transformed into lamellar tetragonal domains with a reduced degree of displacement disorder during poling. It is proposed that the synergic effect of change in octahedral tilt disorder and cation displacement disorder leads to this transformation under an E-field. The criterion for achieving superior functional response includes stabilization of the long range order and reduction in the tilt disorder through compositional adjustments. Understanding of the poling mechanism in lead-free piezoelectric materials has been mostly limited to the behavior of domains under an applied field. However, this work provides an in-depth understanding of the changes in the local structure along with domain morphology under an applied field.
Effects of Processing Treatment and Cheese-Making Parameters on Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Isolates (1993)

Acid whey from raw milk, acid whey from pasteurized milk, and sweet whey from Cheddar cheese making were prepared from one batch of milk. Each whey was dialyzed and freeze-dried to produce a whey protein isolate containing >W% protein on a dry basis. Foaming characteristics (overrun and foam stability) of aqueous solutions (5% protein, pH 7.0) of each whey protein isolate were measured. Foaming characteristics were poor for whey protein isolate prepared from untreated acid whey and sweet whey. Following centrifugation to remove insoluble foam depressants, the foaming characteristics of whey protein isolate prepared from acid whey and sweet whey were improved slightly. Following centrifugation plus microfiltration of the acid and sweet whey protein isolates with cellulosic membranes (.22- pm), the overrun and foam stability were greatly improved, very consistent, and comparable with the foaming properties of egg white and commercial whey protein isolate, in spite of fat contents of 2 to 4% on a dry basis. Whey pasteurization and cheese-making parameters (i.e., coagulant, starter media, color, and bleaching agent) did not influence the foaming characteristics of whey protein isolate. Microfiltered acid whey protein
Generation of sub-mJ terahertz pulses by optical rectification (2012)

Recent theoretical calculations predicted an order-of-magnitude increase in the efficiency of terahertz pulse generation by optical rectification in lithium niobate when 500 fs long pump pulses are used, rather than the commonly used ~100 fs pulses. Even by using longer than optimal pump pulses of 1.3 ps duration, 2.5× higher THz pulse energy (125 μJ) was measured with 2.5× higher pump-to-THz energy conversion efficiency (0.25%) than reported previously with shorter pulses. These results verify the advantage of longer pump pulses and support the expectation that mJ-level THz pulses will be available by cooling the crystal and using large pumped area.
Impacting particle temperature monitoring during plasma spray deposition (1990)

Instrumentation for monitoring the thermal history of individual plasma sprayed particles as they impact on a substrate is described. A double-wavelength fibre optic temperature sensor is focused on a small spot on the substrate surface to record the cooling rate of particles impacting on this region. Discrimination against in-flight particles intersecting the pyrometer field of view is obtained by a second fibre optic sensor viewing the same spot at an angle and working in coincidence with the first sensor. Typical recorded thermograms are presented and interpreted with reference to a numerical thermal propagation model.
Continuous Direction and Inclination Measurements Revolutionize Real-Time Directional Drilling Decision-Making (2001)

Abstract Strong economic and environmental pressures have led to the continued growth in the directional drilling business over the past few years. Parallel to this growth has been the complexity of the wells being drilled. These intricate trajectories have forced the development of more accurate sensors and surveying methods. However, directional drilling technology has not evolved rapidly enough to utilize the sophistication of the new measurements. Most directional drilling decisions are still based on traditional survey calculation methods, and regional knowledge concerning the behavior of the bottomhole assembly (BHA). The use of conventional survey interpolation methods to determine well trajectories can conceal problems due to high doglegs and tortuosity that can lead to stuck pipe, missed targets, an inability to run casing, or may necessitate sidetracks,. High-speed transmission from measurement-while drilling tools can now take surveys in a near-continuous fashion. Therefore, direction and azimuthal information can be available every 2–3 ft while drilling. The continuous data, in addition to at-bit inclination measurements, contains rich information concerning the true nature of the wellbore tortuosity, and can be used to yield an accurate representation of the directional tendency of the BHA in both rotary and slide drilling modes, and may eventually make conventional survey measurements redundant. A case study from the Gulf of Mexico highlights how the continuous direction and inclination measurements, and the surface and downhole drilling parameters, can be combined with a novel method to both calibrate and predict the directional tendency of a BHA in real-time. This methodology systematically reduces the ‘regionality’ in directional drilling operations, yielding the following: Early information concerning tool parameter settings for both conventional steerable and rotary-steerable drilling systems, for a more accurate approach to targets,Optimized slide/rotate sequences,Smoother wellbores, reducing torque and drag forces while drilling, and also minimizing the risk in running casing.
Viral Countermeasures to the Host Interferon Response: Role of the Vaccinia Virus E3L and K3L Genes (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Interferon Response Vaccinia Virus The K3L Gene The E3L Gene Vaccine Efficacy of Vaccinia Virus E3L Mutants Conclusion References
Utilizing CMP-Sialic Acid Analogs to Unravel Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lipooligosaccharide-Mediated Complement Resistance and Design Novel Therapeutics (2015)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae deploys a novel immune evasion strategy wherein the lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) structure of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is capped by the bacterial sialyltransferase, using host cytidine-5'-monophosphate (CMP)-activated forms of the nine-carbon nonulosonate (NulO) sugar N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a sialic acid (Sia) abundant in humans. This allows evasion of complement-mediated killing by recruiting factor H (FH), an inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway, and by limiting classical pathway activation ("serum-resistance"). We utilized CMP salts of six additional natural or synthetic NulOs, Neu5Gc, Neu5Gc8Me, Neu5Ac9Ac, Neu5Ac9Az, legionaminic acid (Leg5Ac7Ac) and pseudaminic acid (Pse5Ac7Ac), to define structural requirements of Sia-mediated serum-resistance. While all NulOs except Pse5Ac7Ac were incorporated into the LNnT-LOS, only Neu5Gc incorporation yielded high-level serum-resistance and FH binding that was comparable to Neu5Ac, whereas Neu5Ac9Az and Leg5Ac7Ac incorporation left bacteria fully serum-sensitive and did not enhance FH binding. Neu5Ac9Ac and Neu5Gc8Me rendered bacteria resistant only to low serum concentrations. While serum-resistance mediated by Neu5Ac was associated with classical pathway inhibition (decreased IgG binding and C4 deposition), Leg5Ac7Ac and Neu5Ac9Az incorporation did not inhibit the classical pathway. Remarkably, CMP-Neu5Ac9Az and CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac each prevented serum-resistance despite a 100-fold molar excess of CMP-Neu5Ac in growth media. The concomitant presence of Leg5Ac7Ac and Neu5Ac on LOS resulted in uninhibited classical pathway activation. Surprisingly, despite near-maximal FH binding in this instance, the alternative pathway was not regulated and factor Bb remained associated with bacteria. Intravaginal administration of CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac to BALB/c mice infected with gonorrhea (including a multidrug-resistant isolate) reduced clearance times and infection burden. Bacteria recovered from CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac-treated mice were sensitive to human complement ex vivo, simulating in vitro findings. These data reveal critical roles for the Sia exocyclic side-chain in gonococcal serum-resistance. Such CMP-NulO analogs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy against the global threat of multidrug-resistant gonorrhea.
Two Stream Networks for Self-Supervised Ego-Motion Estimation (2019)

Learning depth and camera ego-motion from raw unlabeled RGB video streams is seeing exciting progress through self-supervision from strong geometric cues. To leverage not only appearance but also scene geometry, we propose a novel self-supervised two-stream network using RGB and inferred depth information for accurate visual odometry. In addition, we introduce a sparsity-inducing data augmentation policy for ego-motion learning that effectively regularizes the pose network to enable stronger generalization performance. As a result, we show that our proposed two-stream pose network achieves state-of-the-art results among learning-based methods on the KITTI odometry benchmark, and is especially suited for self-supervision at scale. Our experiments on a large-scale urban driving dataset of 1 million frames indicate that the performance of our proposed architecture does indeed scale progressively with more data.
Deep-learning lesion and noise insertion for virtual clinical trial in chest CT (2021)

Accurate and objective image quality assessment is essential for the task of radiation dose optimization in clinical CT. Standard method relies on multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) studies in which radiologists are tasked to interpret diagnostic image quality of many carefully-collected positive and negative cases. The efficiency of such MRMC studies is frequently challenged by the lengthy and expensive procedure of case collection and the establishment of clinical reference standard. To address this challenge, multiple methods of virtual clinical trial to synthesize patient cases at different conditions have been proposed. Projection-domain lesion- / noise-insertion methods require the access to patient raw data and vendor-specific proprietary tools which are frequently not accessible to most users. The conventional image-domain noise-insertion methods are often challenged by the over-simplified lesion models and CT system models which may not represent conditions in real scans. In this work, we developed deep-learning lesion and noise insertion techniques that can synthesize chest CT images at different dose levels with and without lung nodules using existing patient cases. The proposed method involved a nodule-insertion convolutional neural network (CNN) and a noise-insertion CNN. Both CNNs demonstrated comparable quality to our previously-validated projection domain lesion- / noise-insertion techniques: mean structural similarity index (SSIM) of inserted nodules 0.94 (routine dose), and mean percent noise difference ~5% (50% of routine dose). The proposed deep-learning techniques for chest CT virtual clinical trial operate directly on image domain, which is more widely applicable than projection-domain techniques.
Development of a prototype superconducting radio-frequency cavity for conduction-cooled accelerators (2023)

The higher efficiency of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities compared to normal-conducting ones enables the development of high-energy continuous-wave linear accelerators (linacs). Recent progress in the development of high-quality Nb$_3$Sn film coatings along with the availability of cryocoolers with high cooling capacity at 4 K makes it feasible to operate SRF cavities cooled by thermal conduction at relevant accelerating gradients for use in accelerators. A possible use of conduction-cooled SRF linacs is for environmental applications, requiring electron beams with energy of $1 - 10$ MeV and 1 MW of power. We have designed a 915 MHz SRF linac for such an application and developed a prototype single-cell cavity to prove the proposed design by operating it with cryocoolers at the accelerating gradient required for 1 MeV energy gain. The cavity has a $\sim 3$ $μ$m thick Nb$_3$Sn film on the inner surface, deposited on a $\sim4$ mm thick bulk Nb substrate and a bulk $\sim7$ mm thick Cu outer shell with three Cu attachment tabs. The cavity was tested up to a peak surface magnetic field of 53 mT in liquid He at 4.3 K. A horizontal test cryostat was designed and built to test the cavity cooled with three Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers. The rf tests of the conduction-cooled cavity, performed at General Atomics, achieved a peak surface magnetic field of 50 mT and stable operation was possible with up to 18.5 W of rf heat load. The peak frequency shift due to microphonics was 23 Hz. These results represent the highest peak surface magnetic field achieved in a conduction-cooled SRF cavity to date and meet the requirements for a 1 MeV energy gain.
Cannabilactones: A Novel Class of CB2 Selective Agonists with Peripheral Analgesic Activity (2007)

The identification of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor has provided a novel target for the development of therapeutically useful cannabinergic molecules. We have synthesized benzo[ c]chromen-6-one analogs possessing high affinity and selectivity for this receptor. These novel compounds are structurally related to cannabinol (6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6 H-benzo[ c]chromen-1-ol), a natural constituent of cannabis with modest CB2 selectivity. Key pharmacophoric features of the new selective agonists include a 3-(1',1'-dimethylheptyl) side chain and a 6-oxo group on the cannabinoid tricyclic structure that characterizes this class of compounds as "cannabilactones." Our results suggest that the six-membered lactone pharmacophore is critical for CB2 receptor selectivity. Optimal receptor subtype selectivity of 490-fold and subnanomolar affinity for the CB2 receptor is exhibited by a 9-hydroxyl analog 5 (AM1714), while the 9-methoxy analog 4b (AM1710) had a 54-fold CB2 selectivity. X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling show the cannabilactones to have a planar ring conformation. In vitro testing revealed that the novel compounds are CB2 agonists, while in vivo testing of cannabilactones 4b and 5 found them to possess potent peripheral analgesic activity.
Ore grinding process. [in a liquid medium plus an anionic polyelectrolyte and certain inorganic salts] (1979)

A process for grinding coal or ores containing metal values comprising carrying out said grinding in a liquid medium and with a grinding aid system comprising an anionic polyelectrolyte derived from polyacrylic acid and certain inorganic metal salts, said system being dispersible in the liquid medium and being present in an amount effective to provide increased grinding efficiency.