gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Perforating Gunshock Loads (2012)

Summary Thousands of well-perforation jobs are executed successfully around the world each month; however, certain perforation jobs require special design considerations to minimize the risk of equipment damage, such as bent tubing and unset packers, from perforating gunshock loads. Perforating guns generate pressure waves in the completion fluid and stress waves in structural components. The magnitude, duration, and timing of these waves depend on job parameters that can be adjusted by the design engineer, such as type, length, and loading of guns; number of shock absorbers; distance from sump packer to bottom of guns; and distance from completion packer to top of guns. The sensitivity of peak loads and gun-string movement to key design parameters can be evaluated with a software tool specifically developed to predict well-perforation-induced transient fluid-pressure waves and the ensuing structural loads. All relevant aspects of well-perforating events are modeled, including gun carrier filling after firing, wellbore pressure waves and associated fluid movement, wellbore pressurization and depressurization by reservoir pressure, and the dynamics of all relevant gun-string components, including shock absorbers, tubing, and guns. Existing fast-gauge pressure data from a large number of perforation jobs were used in previous jobs to verify that predictions made by using software simulation are sufficiently accurate, both in magnitude and time; thus, the transient pressure loading on well components is sufficiently accurate to predict the structural dynamics response and the associated gun-string loads. In this paper, we present case studies that show how key elements used for gunshock mitigation are simulated, and the sensitivity of peak loads and deformation to gun-string elements, such as shock absorbers, gun types and loading, tubing size and weight, and packer placement. With this software, we evaluate the dependence or sensitivity of peak loads and gun-string movement on/to key design parameters, and, when necessary, design changes are made to reduce potentially unsafe load conditions. The design verification and optimization methodology described in this paper significantly reduces the risk of nonproductive time and fishing operations. Key technologies described in this paper enabled the successful execution of many deepwater high-pressure (HP) perforation jobs, including Petrobras’ Cascade and Chinook, the largest deepwater HP perforation jobs performed to date in the Gulf of Mexico.
Which Stem Cells Should be Used for Transplantation? (2003)

In view of the ever-increasing demand for human stem cells for transplantation, we initiated in vitro and in vivo studies of human fetal bone marrow stem/progenitor cells derived from lost pregnancies at 16-20 weeks. Utilizing non-human primates as models, we demonstrated that fetal tissue has distinctive biological and therapeutic properties that are optimal for transplantation. Subsequently, we tested and compared the phenotypic and functional characteristics of fetal bone marrow (FBM), adult bone marrow (ABM), and cord blood (CB) and peripheral blood (PB) sources of the most primitive stem/progenitor cells. A striking ontogenic difference in the proportion of CD34+ cells in FBM, ABM, PB and CB was observed (24.6 vs. 2.1 vs. 0.5 vs. 2%). The clonogenic potential, as measured by the CFU-c assay, was also higher in FBM when compared with ABM, PB and CB (202.5 vs. 73.5 vs. 40.8 vs. 65.5 colonies/10(5 )cells). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in proliferative responsiveness in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay of FBM and CB as compared to ABM and PB. The cytokinetic profiles of the cells from the four sources were also analyzed. This study revealed that both FBM and ABM had a higher proportion of S-phase (21.7 and 11.5%, respectively), compared to PB and CB cells (1.2 and 2.8%, respectively). FBM and ABM also showed a higher proportion of cells in the G(2)-M phase (6.4 and 2.6%, respectively) compared with PB and CB (1.7 and 1.2%, respectively). These data show that FBM has the highest number of proliferating cells. We have also investigated the ontogenic differences in stromal cells derived from FBM, ABM and CB, with a special focus on the expression of selected cytokines, such as CSF, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-11. FBM showed the highest levels of expression of CSF, IL-6 and IL-11 when compared to the other sources. These cytokines may have an important role in engraftment and homing of stem cells. The levels of expression of the other cytokines were similar in all sources of stromal cells, with the exception of G-CSF, which was not detected in CB. Moreover, the number of colonies FBM and ABM cells was higher when inoculated with fetal stromal cells. These results suggested an important regulatory role of cytokines in ontogeny of hematopoiesis. In summary, the foregoing observations indicate that each source of hematopoietic and stromal cells has different intrinsic properties, closely correlated with ontogenetic age, which is a vital determinant for phenotypic characteristics, lineage commitments, immunogenicity as well as proliferative potentials. Our data clearly indicate that FBM is the best source of stem cells for engraftment and therapeutic reconstitution due to its very high proliferative capacity, low immunogenicity and highest number of primitive stem/progenitor cells. It should also be stressed that FBM stem cells retrieved at their optimal stage of hematopoiesis (16-20 weeks) may be the cells of choice for both therapeutic cellular reconstitution and gene targeting.
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 is associated with malignant phenotype and peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer (2016)

Identification of novel gastric cancer (GC)-related molecules is necessary to improve management of patients with GC in both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. The aim of the present study was to determine whether protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) acts as an oncogene in the progression of GC and whether it serves as a novel diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. We conducted global expression profiling of GC cell lines and RNA interference experiments to evaluate the effect of PRMT5 expression on the phenotype of GC cells. We analysed tissues of 179 patients with GC to assess the association of PRMT5 mRNA levels with clinicopathological factors. Differential expression of PRMT5 mRNA by GC cell lines correlated positively with the levels of GEMIN2, STAT3 and TGFB3. PRMT5 knockdown reduced the proliferation, invasion and migration of a GC cell line. PRMT5 mRNA levels were significantly higher in GC tissues than the corresponding adjacent normal tissues and were independent of tumour depth, differentiation and lymph node metastasis. High PRMT5 expression was an independent risk factor of positive peritoneal lavage cytology (odds ratio 3.90, P=0.003) and decreased survival. PRMT5 enhances the malignant phenotype of GC cell lines and its expression in gastric tissues may serve as a biomarker for patient stratification and a potential target of therapy.
Surface BOP: Testing and Completing Deepwater Wells Drilled With a Surface-BOP Rig (2005)

Summary Many deepwater-development projects in operators' portfolios require lower costs to meet internal economic thresholds. Because of this, Shell has looked at extending surface-blowout-preventer (BOP) activities to include well testing and completion techniques for deepwater wells in conjunction with surface-BOP drilling. The cost advantages of surface-BOP-drilled wells have been demonstrated (notably in the Far East), but the recent surface-BOP-drilled well in Brazil is a milestone in terms of extending the applicability to deeper water and harsher environments. The enabling technology has been the subsea isolation device (SID). Testing and completion techniques have been developed to be compatible with surface-BOP wells drilled with an SID. This paper focuses on the following aspects: Well testing using surface-BOPs from a moored rig and Well completions using surface-BOPs from a moored rig. Shell has developed a testing configuration to carry out a DST, essentially using standard equipment. The well-testing equipment configuration is currently ready for use and has been run in a subsea-BOP well. In completion operations, the availability of a high-pressure (HP) riser does not add significant complexity and even actually simplifies some of the completion activities. Conceptual studies and early hazard/risk assessments have shown there are no obvious "showstoppers," and the duration of a surface-BOP-rig completion is expected to be very similar to a subsea-BOP-rigcompletion. This paper describes the results of the conceptual studies, early hazard assessment exercises used to define the basic design parameters, and more detailed hazop studies.
Guinea Pig Models of Asthma (2002)

This unit describes methods for establishing guinea pig models of asthma. Detailed descriptions are provided so that investigators can establish preparations in which bronchoconstriction, airways hyperresponsiveness, cough and airways inflammation can be studied.
Points to consider in the preparation and transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in low– and middle– income countries (2020)

No Abstract.
The rubber particle size dependence of crazing in polypropylene (1985)

Abstract The tensile crazing and Charpy impact behavior of polypropylene modified with styrene‐butadiene copolymer (SBR) and ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) was studied. Various rubber particle size distributions were obtained by varying the relative viscosities between rubbery phase and PP matrix. Transmission electron microscopy and computer‐aided image analysis were used to provide particle size information. In general, PP blends with smaller rubber particles are tougher and more ductile than those with larger particles, probably because the former represents a more efficient use of rubbery phase in promoting crazing and/or shear yielding. Samples with average particle diameter D̄ ≥ 0.5 μm were found to exhibit pronounced crazing. Within a given sample, no crazes appeared to develop around individual rubber particles with D < 0.5 μm. The higher the D , the greater the propensity to form crazes. The behavior of samples with D̄ ≪ 0.5 μm appeared to be dominated by shear yielding; very few crazes could be found. That there exists a critical rubber particle size is explained by the requirement that sufficient stress concentration be maintained to a finite radial distance to permit the initiation and growth of a craze, which requires a finite volume. Small particles, inducing smaller stress‐enhanced zones, are therefore not effective in initiating crazes.
Catalytic Ozonation with Supported Titanium Dioxide. The Stability of Catalyst in Water (2000)

Abstract Abstract This paper presents the results obtained with heterogeneous catalytic ozonation in which model and natural waters are ozonated in the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) supported on alumina. In this work the stability of the catalyst is investigated. Four consecutive ozonations with the same catalyst revealed no reduction in the organic matter oxidation. The results obtained in natural waters with catalysts that had been previously used indicated that the applied catalysts did not appear to lose any of their efficiency after use. Key Words: OzoneCatalystHeterogeneous Catalytic OzonationCatalytic OzonationTitanium dioxideAdvanced OxidationNitrogen Oxides
Lessons Learned from Highly Deviated Openhole Completions in Two HP/HT Retrograde Gas-Condensate Fields Using Expandable Liner Hangers, External-Sleeve Inflatable Packer Collars, and Swellable Packers for Zonal Isolation (2008)

Abstract The Korean National Oil Company (KNOC) has developed seven retrograde gas-producing wells located in offshore Vietnam. The scenarios presented by these wells taught the developers valuable lessons, and the intent of this paper is to share these lessons by presenting the concepts considered for well design, the selection process for the completion equipment and techniques, the preplanning for the installations, and the experiences encountered during the actual installations. Several completion challenges had to be addressed, including isolation of water production below the casing shoe and control of condensate banking, sand production, and commingling of multiple production zones in the long openhole sections. A different type of completion that involved an expandable liner hanger (ELH) with an external-sleeve inflatable packer collar (ESIPC) was chosen, and installation and cementing were accomplished in a single trip. The ESIPC was deployed just below the water-producing zone, and cement was pumped up the annulus from the ESIPC to where the expandable liner hanger (ELH) was set above it. It was felt that this design would prevent water from entering the wellbore while enabling optimum production. To prove the concept, a stack-up test was performed at surface before actual deployment on location to ensure that the cement wiper plugs would pass through the expandable-liner-hanger ball seat and that the concept would perform as intended. Swellable packers were selected from the various proven openhole isolation devices available to the industry to provide the zonal isolation required in the multi-zone intervals. This was the first openhole completion in Southeast Asia in a high-temperature, commingled gas environment in which isolation would be contained solely by swellable packers.
New approaches narrow global species estimates for beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods (2015)

It has been suggested that we do not know within an order of magnitude the number of all species on Earth [May RM (1988) Science 241(4872):1441-1449]. Roughly 1.5 million valid species of all organisms have been named and described [Costello MJ, Wilson S, Houlding B (2012) Syst Biol 61(5):871-883]. Given Kingdom Animalia numerically dominates this list and virtually all terrestrial vertebrates have been described, the question of how many terrestrial species exist is all but reduced to one of how many arthropod species there are. With beetles alone accounting for about 40% of all described arthropod species, the truly pertinent question is how many beetle species exist. Here we present four new and independent estimates of beetle species richness, which produce a mean estimate of 1.5 million beetle species. We argue that the surprisingly narrow range (0.9-2.1 million) of these four autonomous estimates--derived from host-specificity relationships, ratios with other taxa, plant:beetle ratios, and a completely novel body-size approach--represents a major advance in honing in on the richness of this most significant taxon, and is thus of considerable importance to the debate on how many species exist. Using analogous approaches, we also produce independent estimates for all insects, mean: 5.5 million species (range 2.6-7.8 million), and for terrestrial arthropods, mean: 6.8 million species (range 5.9-7.8 million), which suggest that estimates for the world's insects and their relatives are narrowing considerably.
Accumulation of Inorganic Polyphosphate in <i>phoU</i> Mutants of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. Strain PCC6803 (2002)

The biological process for phosphate (P(i)) removal is based on the use of bacteria capable of accumulating inorganic polyphosphate (polyP). We obtained Escherichia coli mutants which accumulate a large amount of polyP. The polyP accumulation in these mutants was ascribed to a mutation of the phoU gene that encodes a negative regulator of the P(i) regulon. Insertional inactivation of the phoU gene also elevated the intracellular level of polyP in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. The mutant could remove fourfold more P(i) from the medium than the wild-type strain removed.
Relevance of Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule 1 (Endocan) Plasma Levels for Predicting Pulmonary Infection after Cardiac Surgery in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: The Endolung Pilot Study (2017)

This pilot study showed that a specific study to assess the link between endocan plasma levels and pulmonary infection after cardiac surgery in CKD patients is of potential utility.
Bi-dimensional shaping function in concurrent dual band GaAs envelope tracking power amplifier (2012)

This work reports for the first time the characterization and the bi-dimensional shaping function for a dual-band 10W ET-PA operating in concurrent mode at 870 and 1950 MHz. The characterization involved WCDMA 6.5 PAR excitation, and a detailed analysis of the signals statistic resulting from the ET mode is reported as well. The measured data reported an average DE for the concurrent modes of 49.2 %, while we observed a significant variation of the PAR, with respect to single band operation. We demonstrate that this PAR variation is due to the specific gain versus power level shape, which is established during the concurrent ET-PA operation.
Compression and segmentation of images using an intersubband wavelet probability model (1999)

Study of the statistical qualities of images can lead to elegant solutions for many classical image processing and computer vision problems. Image compression, restoration, interpolation, and texture segmentation can be written in terms of probabilistic decision making, where the prior model is the set of &quot;natural images.&quot; Recently, we introduced a statistical characterization of natural images in the wavelet transform domain. This characterization describes the joint statistics between pairs of subband coefficient magnitudes at adjacent spatial locations, orientations, and scales. This paper describes our work in image compression and unsupervised segmentation that utilizes inter-subband dependencies. In order to support unsupervised segmentation with a large feature set, this paper presents a novel unsupervised algorithm to reduce feature dimensionality ca...
Gene Combination Raises Broad Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cytotoxicity (2001)

DNA plasmid immunization has the important advantage over traditional vaccines of making it possible to combine selected genes into one vaccine. The efficacy of a combination of DNA plasmids encoding the nef, rev, and tat HIV-1 regulatory genes in inducing cellular immune responses was analyzed in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients. Patients initially selected for having low or no detectable immune responses to Nef, Rev, or Tat antigens developed MHC class I-restricted cytolytic activities as well as enhanced bystander effects. The induction of memory cells against target cells infected with the whole HIV-1 genome was analyzed by using a pseudovirus HIV-1/murine leukemia virus (MuLV), and target cells infected with vaccinia virus carrying the respective gene. The most remarkable change observed after immunization with the gene combination was an increase in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors to target cells infected with the whole HIV-1 genome. Infection by the pseudotype HIV-1/MuLV virus should result in a multitude of HIV-1 peptides presented on the target cell surface, representative of the in vivo situation. An in vitro assessment of the expression of the single and combined gene products showed that this was consistent with the induction of CTL responses in vivo. No clinical advantage or adverse effects were noted. Therapeutic effects of such immunization may become measurable by structured therapy interruption.
A self-adaptive switched-capacitor voltage converter with dynamic input load control for energy harvesting (2009)

This paper presents an implementation of a fully-integrated switched capacitor voltage converter with self-adjusting source loading. A charge control unit ensures improved load matching to the power source, which can be an RFID antenna or vibration energy harvesting generator. In conjunction with an adaptive stacking scheme voltage-up conversion is also realized leading to capacitor storage voltages which are higher than the generator voltage amplitudes. This and the improved load matching result in a higher generator output power. In addition, due to the switched capacitor charge pump no diode for rectification is necessary. The converter design is completely implemented and fully-integrated in a standard 0.35 mum twin-well CMOS process. Generator powers of up to 780 muW can be treated, and maximum conversion efficiency is close to 48%. Input voltage amplitudes are possible between 0.5 V - 2.5 V , while the supply voltage range is 0.9 V - 3.6 V.
Modeling scintillator‐photodiodes as detectors for megavoltage CT (2004)

The use of cadmium tungstate (CdWO4) and cesium iodide [CsI(Tl)] scintillation detectors is studied in megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT). A model describing the signal acquired from a scintillation detector has been developed which contains two steps: (1) the calculation of the energy deposited in the crystal due to MeV photons using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code; and (2) the transport of the optical photons generated in the crystal voxels to photodiodes using the optical Monte Carlo code DETECT2000. The measured detector signals in single CdWO4 and CsI(Tl) scintillation crystals of base 0.275 x 0.8 cm2 and heights 0.4, 1, 1.2, 1.6 and 2 cm were, generally, in good agreement with the signals calculated with the model. A prototype detector array which contains 8 CdWO4 crystals, each 0.275 x 0.8 x 1 cm3, in contact with a 16-element array of photodiodes was built. The measured attenuation of a Cobalt-60 beam as a function of solid water thickness behaves linearly. The frequency dependent modulation transfer function [MTF(f)], noise power spectrum [NPS(f)], and detective quantum efficiency [DQE(f)] were measured for 1.25 MeV photons (in a Cobalt-60 beam). For 6 MV photons, only the MTF(f) was measured from a linear accelerator, where large pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in the output of the linear accelerator did not allow the measurement of the NPS(f). A two-step Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the detector's MTF(f), NPS(f) and DQE(f). The DQE(0) of the detector array was found to be 26% and 19% for 1.25 MeV and 6 MV photons, respectively. For 1.25 MeV photons, the maximum discrepancies between the measured and modeled MTF(f), relative NPS(f) and the DQE(f) were found to be 1.5%, 1.2%, and 1.9%, respectively. For the 6 MV beam, the maximum discrepancy between the modeled and the measured MTF(f) was found to be 2.5%. The modeling is sufficiently accurate for designing appropriate detectors for MVCT.
Purified viable fat suspended in matrigel improves volume longevity (2008)

A preparatory regimen consisting of a preadministration purification followed by cellular suspension in a resorbable protein matrix may ultimately improve the predictability and longevity of autologous fat grafts.
p53 is dispensable for the induction of apoptosis after inhibition of protein kinase CK2 (2009)

Wild-type p53 is not necessary for the induction of apoptosis by TBB in prostate cancer cells.