gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WE-C-332-10: Computer Aided Diagnosis for Breast Calcification Clusters: Two-View Approach (2008)

Purpose: To design, implement, and evaluate a computer aided diagnosis (CADx) algorithm for the benign/malignant differentiation of breast calcification clusters that uses features defined from both breast views recorded with either screen/film (SF) or full field digital mammography (FFDM). Method and Materials: Two sets of data were tested in this work. An SF set of 101 pairs of images consisting of CC and MLO views of the same calcification cluster and an FFDM set of 50 pairs. Regions of interest, 512×512 pixels in size, were selected on each view and centered on the calcification cluster of interest. Eight different experiments were conducted with the SFM set and one experiment is in progress with the FFDM data. The SFM experiments involved different methods of feature estimation from the two views, different sets of features, as well as a single-view based classification for comparison purposes. Results: On the single-view run, the classifier achieved an AZ =0.889 with 88% sensitivity and 77% specificity at an operating point of 0.4; 12 features were selected as the most important. On the two-view dataset, the classifier trained only with CC-views achieved the highest AZ =0.968 and a sensitivity =98%; 9 features were the most important in this case. When the average value of features from the two views was used, classification achieved an AZ =0.958 with a sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 80% respectively. Combinations of features from the two views surpassed the average value classifier yielding an AZ =0.976 with 96% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Conclusion: The combination of two-view information is instrumental in enhancing CADx performance but faces several challenges particularly in setting criteria for the optimum selection of features from the two views. Our method was transferred from film to digital without major modifications. FFDM results will be reported at the meeting.
Similariton-like Pulses in Synchronously Pumped Singly Resonant Optical Parametric Oscillators (2013)

Similariton-like pulses are found to be formed in synchronously pumped singly resonant optical parametric oscillators (OPO) by numerical simulation. The nonlinear coupled-wave equations can be reduced to inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The signal pulses with parabola-like temporal intensity profile and linear chirp are presented in OPO. The similariton-like pulses in OPO have many practical and potential applications.
Scalable synthesis of ant-nest-like bulk porous silicon for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes (2019)

Although silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries, scalable synthesis of silicon anodes with good cyclability and low electrode swelling remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a scalable top-down technique to produce ant-nest-like porous silicon from magnesium-silicon alloy. The ant-nest-like porous silicon comprising three-dimensional interconnected silicon nanoligaments and bicontinuous nanopores can prevent pulverization and accommodate volume expansion during cycling resulting in negligible particle-level outward expansion. The carbon-coated porous silicon anode delivers a high capacity of 1,271 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at 2,100 mA g<sup>-1</sup> with 90% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles and has a low electrode swelling of 17.8% at a high areal capacity of 5.1 mAh cm<sup>-2</sup>. The full cell with the prelithiated silicon anode and Li(Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Co<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>)O<sub>2</sub> cathode boasts a high energy density of 502 Wh Kg<sup>-1</sup> and 84% capacity retention after 400 cycles. This work provides insights into the rational design of alloy anodes for high-energy batteries.
Developing FT‐NIR and PLS1 Methodology for Predicting Adulteration in Representative Varieties/Blends of Extra Virgin Olive Oils (2016)

It was previously demonstrated that Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and partial least squares (PLS1) were successfully used to assess whether an olive oil was extra virgin, and if adulterated, with which type of vegetable oil and by how much using previously developed PLS1 calibration models. This last prediction required an initial set of four PLS1 calibration models that were based on gravimetrically prepared mixtures of a specific variety of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) spiked with adulterants. The current study was undertaken after obtaining a range of EVOO varieties grown in different countries. It was found that all the different types of EVOO varieties investigated belonged to four distinct groups, and each required the development of additional sets of specific PLS1 calibration models to ensure that they can be used to predict low concentrations of vegetable oils high in linoleic, oleic, or palmitic acid, and/or refined olive oil. These four distinct sets of PLS1 calibration models were required to cover the range of EVOO varieties with a linoleic acid content from 1.3 to 15.5 % of total fatty acids. An FT-NIR library was established with 66 EVOO products obtained from California and Europe. The quality and/or purity of EVOO were assessed by determining the FT-NIR Index, a measure of the volatile content of EVOO. The use of these PLS1 calibration models made it possible to predict the authenticity of EVOO and the identity and quantity of potential adulterant oils in minutes.
Self-Assembly of Fiber-Forming Collagen Mimetic Peptides Controlled by Triple-Helical Nucleation (2014)

Mimicking the multistep self-assembly of the fibrillar protein collagen is an important design challenge in biomimetic supramolecular chemistry. Utilizing the complementarity of oppositely charged domains in short collagen-like peptides, we have devised a strategy for the self-assembly of these peptides into fibers. The strategy depends on the formation of a staggered triple helical species facilitated by interchain charged pairs, and is inspired by similar sticky-ended fibrillation designs applied in DNA and coiled coil fibers. We compare two classes of collagen mimetic peptides with the same composition but different domain arrangements, and show that differences in their proposed nucleation events differentiates their fibrillation capabilities. Larger nucleation domains result in rapid fiber formation and eventual precipitation or gelation while short nucleation domains leave the peptide soluble for long periods of time. For one of the fiber-forming peptides, we elucidate the packing parameters by X-ray diffraction.
Full Chip Impact Study of Power Delivery Network Designs in Gate-Level Monolithic 3-D ICs (2016)

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the impact of power delivery network (PDN) on full-chip wirelength, routability, power, and thermal effects in gate-level monolithic 3-D (M3-D) ICs across different technology nodes. Our studies show that PDN worsens routing congestion more severely in M3-D ICs than in 2-D designs due to the significant reduction in resources for 3-D connections. The relative impact worsens at advanced technology nodes due to higher congestion of interconnects. The increase in signal wirelength translates into additional net switching power dissipation, which significantly contributes to total power. This in turn aggravates thermal issues further in 3-D ICs. In addition, we observe that PDN tradeoffs among wirelength, power, and thermal are more pronounced in M3-D ICs than through silicon via-based 3-D and 2-D designs because of the higher integration density and the severe competition between signal and power connections. We also compare the impact of PDN on full chip routing in M3-D ICs versus face-to-face 3-D ICs. Lastly, we use various PDN design optimization techniques for M3-D ICs at different nodes and obtain up to 13.9% signal wirelength and 17.6% total power reduction under the given IR drop budget.
Simplified Statistical Image Reconstruction Algorithm for Polyenergetic X-Ray CT (2006)

In X-ray computed tomography (CT), bony structures cause beam-hardening artifacts that appear on the reconstructed image as streaks and shadows. Currently, there are two classes of methods for correcting for bone-related beam hardening. The standard approach used with filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction is the Joseph and Spital (JS) method. In the current simulation study (which is inspired by a clinical head scan), the JS method requires a simple table or polynomial model for correcting water-related beam hardening, and two additional tuning parameters to compensate for bone. Like all FBP methods, it is sensitive to data noise. Statistical methods have also been proposed recently for image reconstruction from noisy polyenergetic X-ray data. However, these methods have required more knowledge of the X-ray spectrum than is needed in the JS method, hampering their use in practice. This paper proposes a simplified statistical image reconstruction approach for polyenergetic X-ray CT that uses the same calibration data and tuning parameters used in the JS method, thereby facilitating its practical use. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method provides improved image quality (reduced beam hardening artifacts and noise) compared to the JS method, at the price of increased computation. The results also indicate that the image quality of the proposed method is comparable to a method requiring more beam-hardening information.
Enzyme-Induced Staining of Biomembranes with Voltage-Sensitive Fluorescent Dyes (2004)

We consider the physicochemical basis for enzyme-induced staining of cell membranes by fluorescent voltage-sensitive dyes, a method that may lead to selective labeling of genetically encoded nerve cells in brain for studies of neuronal signal processing. The approach relies on the induction of membrane binding by enzymatic conversion of a water-soluble precursor dye. We synthesized an amphiphilic hemicyanine dye with and without an additional phosphate appendix at its polar headgroup. The fluorescence of these dyes is negligible in water but high when bound to lipid membranes. By fluorescence titration with lipid vesicles it was shown that the phosphate group lowers the partition coefficient from water to membrane by more than an order of magnitude. By isothermal titration calorimetry, we showed that the dye phosphate was a substrate for a water-soluble alkaline phosphatase following MichaelisMenten kinetics. In a suspension of lipid vesicles, the enzyme reaction led to a fluorescence increase due to enhanced membrane binding of the product dye in accord with the MichaelisMenten kinetics of the reaction and the partition coefficients of substrate and product. We successfully tested the staining method by fluorescence microscopy with individual giant lipid vesicles and with individual red blood cells. In both systems, the membrane fluorescence due to bound hemicyanine was enhanced by an order of magnitude, proving the feasibility of enzyme-induced staining with voltage-sensitive dyes.
Design of novel structurally defined ladder‐type polymers (1992)

Abstract Two different approaches for the synthesis of structurally defined ladder‐type polymers are described. Repetitive Diels‐Alder reaction as well as polymer analogous cyclization of suitable open‐chain precursors are used for generating novel band‐type structures. Polymeric [2.2]‐cyclophanes and ethene‐bridged polyacene precursors are prepared via [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. Ladder‐type poly(p‐phenylene) and oligo(perinaphthylenes) as planar π‐systems are obtained by Friedel‐Crafts‐ rsp. by alkali‐metal induced electrocyclic ring‐closure reactions.
Calibrating Force and Displacement in the Face of Property Variation (2011)

We present a theoretical analysis of a packagable method for calibrating the force and displacement of a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) that is subject to geometric and material property variations. Property variations are usually due to variations in the fabrication processes, packaging, and environmental exposure. Force and displacement are among the most important fundamental mechanical quantities for investigating, discovering, and exploiting micro and nanoscale phenomena. However, finding a practical and traceable method to accurately and precisely measure the minute forces and displacements in MEMS has been elusive. One reason is because the force generated by MEMS is quite often smaller than the force that can be measured by conventional force sensors. Similarly, displacements in MEMS can be as small as a fraction of the diameter of an atom, which is beyond the capabilities of standard displacement sensors. Our present analysis addresses the calibration of force and displacement for MEMS comprising comb drive sensors and actuators. Our approach for calibrating force and displacement is based on the strong and sensitive coupling between mechanical performance and electronic measurands at the microscale. That is, variations in geometry and material properties affect performance, which can be capacitively measured using on-chip or off-the-shelf capacitance meters. A novelty in our analysis is the elimination of unknown properties, which allows us to express mechanical quantities and their uncertainties solely in terms of electrical measurands. We derive analytical expressions for extracting measurements of force, displacement, stiffness, and their uncertainties by electrical probing. And we show how our method is expected to a few orders more precise than convention.
Location Security -- Where to Enforce? (2014)

Enforcing security in location based services is very crucial in the current mobile world. Past literature has examined both location and identity obfuscation techniques in order to optimally trade off security/privacy with utility - this primarily addresses the 'how to enforce location security problem', however, it does not address the 'where to enforce location security problem'. This paper examines the 'where' problem and in particular, examines tradeoffs between enforcing location security at a device vs. Enforcing location security at an edge location server. This paper also sketches an implementation of location security solutions at both the device and the edge location server and presents detailed experiments using real mobility and user profile data sets collected from various data sources (taxicabs, Smartphones). Our results show that while device-based solutions do not require trust in the edge location server, they either suffer from high false positive rate (about 25% probability of not meeting the desired security requirement) or low utility (about 600 meters higher error in obfuscated location data).
Interactive construction of 3D models from panoramic mosaics (2002)

This paper presents an interactive modeling system that constructs 3D models from a collection of panoramic image mosaics. A panoramic mosaic consists of a set of images taken around the same viewpoint, and a transformation matrix associated with each input image. Our system first recovers the camera pose for each mosaic from known line directions and points, and then constructs the 3D model using all available geometrical constraints. We partition constraints into soft and hard linear constraints so that the modeling process can be formulated as a linearly-constrained least-squares problem, which can be solved efficiently using QR factorization. The results of extracting wire frame and texture-mapped 3D models from single and multiple panoramas are presented.
Safranal epoxide – A potential source for diverse therapeutic applications (2017)

Safranal is an organic compound isolated from saffron oil. Photo epoxidation and thermal reactions of safranal can be a significant tool for the design of drugs to act as anticancer agents and potent chemoprevention. Safranal was subjected to oxidation reactions either thermally using m-chloroperbenzoic acid or photochemically with hydrogen peroxide. Photo chemically and thermally oxidation reaction gave the corresponding monoepoxy together with diepoxy derivatives. The primary tested of epoxide derivatives showed a moderate degree of DNA alkylation. Studies on the antimicrobial, especially Methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), showed high activity of safranal diepoxide (3) against the growth of bacteria Methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) more than safranal (1) and monoepoxide (<b>2</b>) respectively. The epoxidation products were tested against bacterium Methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA).
Cooling Acoustic Transcucer with Heat Pipes (2009)

Abstract : A transducer with a closed heat pipe is provided with a hot surface and a cold surface. The hot surface is in contact with the transducer interior and the cold surface is in contact with a cooler contact area. A fluid is used in the pipe which boils at the temperature of the hot surface and condenses at the temperature of the cold surface. A wick inside the heat pipe facilities the return by capillary action of the condensed fluid to the hot end. The heat pipe can be evacuated to adjust the boiling temperature of the fluid. A variant involves drilling additional holes into ceramic rings and inserting heat pipes. Increasing the heat pipe length into the tail mass and the piston increases the cool region for the fluid to condense; thereby improving the performance of the transducer.
Qualification of a New Differential Calorimeter Configuration Dedicated to Nuclear Heating Rates up to 20 W.g<sup>−1</sup> (2020)

The Jules Horowitz Reactor, a new material testing reactor, is currently under construction on the CEA Cadarache site (in the South of France). A nuclear heating rate unequaled in Europe will be provided: 20 W.g <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> for a nominal thermal power of 100 MW. There is no differential calorimeter in the state of the art that measures such a nuclear heating rate. This article presents a new differential calorimeter configuration dedicated to this very high nuclear heating rate. On the one hand, the chosen configuration is validated and calibrated experimentally under laboratory conditions by using a new heating system, allowing the application of a wide range of electrical power never tested in the literature and ten times higher compared to that commonly used. Then the calorimetric cell response is estimated under real conditions with an analytical model. Finally, 3-D thermal numerical simulations of the whole calorimeter are performed under real conditions. Some parameters, such as the size of the cell, the intercell space, and the nature of the sample, are tuned to propose a very compact differential calorimeter.
Probing Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Tumors by Measuring Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange in Hyperpolarized <scp>l</scp>-[1-<sup>13</sup>C,U-<sup>2</sup>H]Lactate (2012)

(13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging measurements of hyperpolarized (13)C label exchange between exogenously administered [1-(13)C]pyruvate and endogenous lactate, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), has proved to be a powerful approach for probing tissue metabolism in vivo. This experiment has clinical potential, particularly in oncology, where it could be used to assess tumor grade and response to treatment. A limitation of the method is that pyruvate must be administered in vivo at supra-physiological concentrations. This problem can be avoided by using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]lactate, which can be used at physiological concentrations. However, sensitivity is limited in this case by the relatively small pyruvate pool size, which would result in only low levels of labeled pyruvate being observed even if there was complete label equilibration between the lactate and pyruvate pools. We demonstrate here a more sensitive method in which a doubly labeled lactate species can be used to measure LDH-catalyzed exchange in vivo. In this experiment exchange of the C2 deuterium label between injected hyperpolarized l-[1-(13)C,U-(2)H]lactate and endogenous unlabeled lactate is observed indirectly by monitoring phase modulation of the spin-coupled hyperpolarized (13)C signal in a heteronuclear (1)H/(13)C spin-echo experiment.
Enrichment of (6,5) Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Using Genomic DNA (2008)

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have attracted attention because of their potential in a vast range of applications, including transistors and sensors. However, immense technological importance lies in enhancing the purity and homogeneity of SWNTs with respect to their chirality for real-world electronic applications. In order to achieve optimal performance of SWNTs, the diameter, type, and chirality have to be effectively sorted. Any employed strategy for sorting SWNTs has to be scalable, nondestructible, and economical. In this paper, we present a solubilization and chirality enrichment study of commercially available SWNTs using genomic DNA. On the basis of the comparison of the photoluminescence (PL) and near-infrared absorption measurements from the SWNTs dispersed with salmon genomic DNA (SaDNA) and d(GT)20, we show that genomic DNA specifically enriches (6,5) tubes. Circular dichroism and classical all-atom molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the genomic double-stranded SaDNA prefers to interact with (6,5) SWNTs as compared to (10,3) tubes, meanwhile single-stranded d(GT)20 shows no or minimal chirality preference. Our enrichment process demonstrates enrichment of >86% of (6,5) SWNTs from CoMoCat nanotubes using SaDNA.
Broadband Transformation Optics Devices (2010)

Recently we have suggested that two-dimensional broadband transformation optics devices based on metamaterial designs may be built using tapered waveguides. Here we review application of this principle to broadband electromagnetic cloaking, trapped rainbow, and novel microscopy devices.
Marker‐controlled watershed for lymphoma segmentation in sequential CT images (2006)

Segmentation of lymphoma containing lymph nodes is a difficult task because of multiple variables associated with the tumor's location, intensity distribution, and contrast to its surrounding tissues. In this paper, we present a reliable and practical marker-controlled watershed algorithm for semi-automated segmentation of lymphoma in sequential CT images. Robust determination of internal and external markers is the key to successful use of the marker-controlled watershed transform in the segmentation of lymphoma and is the focus of this work. The external marker in our algorithm is the circle enclosing the lymphoma in a single slice. The internal marker, however, is determined automatically by combining techniques including Canny edge detection, thresholding, morphological operation, and distance map estimation. To obtain tumor volume, the segmented lymphoma in the current slice needs to be propagated to the adjacent slice to help determine the external and internal markers for delineation of the lymphoma in that slice. The algorithm was applied to 29 lymphomas (size range, 9-53 mm in diameter; mean, 23 mm) in nine patients. A blinded radiologist manually delineated all lymphomas on all slices. The manual result served as the "gold standard" for comparison. Several quantitative methods were applied to objectively evaluate the performance of the segmentation algorithm. The algorithm received a mean overlap, overestimation, and underestimation ratios of 83.2%, 13.5%, and 5.5%, respectively. The mean average boundary distance and Hausdorff boundary distance were 0.7 and 3.7 mm. Preliminary results have shown the potential of this computer algorithm to allow reliable segmentation and quantification of lymphomas on sequential CT images.