gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving End-of-turn Detection in Spoken Dialogues by Detecting Speaker\n Intentions as a Secondary Task (2018)

This work focuses on the use of acoustic cues for modeling turn-taking in\ndyadic spoken dialogues. Previous work has shown that speaker intentions (e.g.,\nasking a question, uttering a backchannel, etc.) can influence turn-taking\nbehavior and are good predictors of turn-transitions in spoken dialogues.\nHowever, speaker intentions are not readily available for use by automated\nsystems at run-time; making it difficult to use this information to anticipate\na turn-transition. To this end, we propose a multi-task neural approach for\npredicting turn- transitions and speaker intentions simultaneously. Our results\nshow that adding the auxiliary task of speaker intention prediction improves\nthe performance of turn-transition prediction in spoken dialogues, without\nrelying on additional input features during run-time.\n
Endo-xyloglucan transferase, a novel class of glycosyltransferase that catalyzes transfer of a segment of xyloglucan molecule to another xyloglucan molecule. (1992)

Xyloglucans are the major component of plant cell walls and bind tightly to the surface of individual cellulose microfibrils, thereby cross-linking them into a complex polysaccharide network of the cell wall. The cleavage and reconnection of xyloglucan cross-links are considered to play the leading role during chemical processes essential for wall expansion and, therefore, cell growth and differentiation. Although it is hypothesized that some transglycosylation is involved in these chemical processes, the enzyme responsible for the reaction was not identified. We have now purified a novel class of endo-type glycosyltransferase to apparent homogeneity from the extracellular space or the cell wall of the epicotyls of Vigna angularis, a bean plant. The enzyme is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of about 33 kDa. The enzyme catalyzes both 1) endo-type splitting of a xyloglucan molecule and 2) linking of a newly generated reducing end of the xyloglucan to the nonreducing end of another xyloglucan molecule, thereby mediating the transfer of a large segment of the xyloglucan to another xyloglucan molecule. The transferase exhibits no glycosidase or glycanase activity. Substrate specificity of the enzyme was investigated using several polysaccharides with different glycosidic linkages as donor substrates and pyridylamino oligosaccharides as acceptor substrates, in which the reducing end of the carbohydrate was tagged with a fluorescent group. The enzyme required a basic xyloglucan structure, i.e. a beta-(1-->4)-glucosyl backbone with xylosyl side chains, for both acceptor and donor activity. Galactosyl or fucosyl side chains on the main chain were not required for the acceptor activity. The enzyme exhibited higher reaction rates when xyloglucans with higher M(r) were used as donor substrates. Xyloglucans smaller than 10 kDa were no longer the donor substrate. On the other hand, pyridylamino heptasaccharide acted as a good acceptor as did xyloglucan polymers. Based on these results we propose to designate this novel enzyme a xyloglucan: xyloglucano-transferase, to be abbreviated endo-xyloglucan transferase (EXT) or xyloglucan recombinase. This enzyme is the first enzyme identified that mediates the transfer of a high M(r) segment between polysaccharide molecules to generate chimeric polymers. We conclude that endo-xyloglucan transferase functions as a reconnecting enzyme for xyloglucans and is involved in the interweaving or reconstruction of cell wall matrix, which is responsible for chemical creepage that leads to morphological changes in the cell wall.
Reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine by Escherichia coli (1979)

L-Methionine-dl-sulfoxide can support the growth of an Escherichia coli methionine auxotroph, suggesting the presence of an enzyme(s) capable of reducing the sulfoxide to methionine. This was verified by showing that a cell-free extract of E. coli catalyzes the conversion of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. This reaction required reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and a generating system for this compound. The specific activity of the enzyme increased during logarithmic growth and was maximal when the culture attained a density of about 10(9) cells per ml.
Section Review Anti-infectives: Recent developments in 14- and 15-membered macrolides (1995)

Macrolides, such as clarithromycin and azithromycin, have gained wide acceptance for the treatment of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections as well as cutaneous infections. As a result of their efficacy against pathogens such as Legionella, Chlamydia and Campylobacter spp., many new macrolides have been synthesised to overcome some of the drawbacks of older agents such as erythromycin. These newer agents possess better activity against Haemophilus influenzae, induce less gastrointestinal irritation, require fewer doses, and possess increased activities against anaerobes, Legionella, Branhamella spp., Chlamydia, and Pasteurella multocida, whilst retaining potent activity against streptococci. This review will summarise the human pharmacokinetic profiles, antibacterial activities, clinical efficacy studies on traditional and new indications, and the resistance mechanisms (as well as recent developments in research on the identification of non-bacterial uses) of 14- and 15-membered macrolides.
Real Time Pattern Matching Using Projection Kernels (2003)

A novel approach to pattern matching is presented, which reduces time complexity by two orders of magnitude compared to traditional approaches. The suggested approach uses an efficient projection scheme which bounds the distance between a pattern and an image window using very few operations. The projection framework is combined with a rejection scheme which allows rapid rejection of image windows that are distant from the pattern. Experiments show that the approach is effective even under very noisy conditions. The approach described here can also be used in classification schemes where the projection values serve as input features that are informative and fast to extract. 1.
Evaluation of the accuracy of thermal dissociation CRDS and LIF techniques for atmospheric measurement of reactive nitrogen species (2017)

Abstract. The sum of all reactive nitrogen species (NOy) includes NOx (NO2 + NO) and all of its oxidized forms, and the accurate detection of NOy is critical to understanding atmospheric nitrogen chemistry. Thermal dissociation (TD) inlets, which convert NOy to NO2 followed by NO2 detection, are frequently used in conjunction with techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to measure total NOy when set at > 600 °C or speciated NOy when set at intermediate temperatures. We report the conversion efficiency of known amounts of several representative NOy species to NO2 in our TD-CRDS instrument, under a variety of experimental conditions. We find that the conversion efficiency of HNO3 is highly sensitive to the flow rate and the residence time through the TD inlet as well as the presence of other species that may be present during ambient sampling, such as ozone (O3). Conversion of HNO3 at 400 °C, nominally the set point used to selectively convert organic nitrates, can range from 2 to 6 % and may represent an interference in measurement of organic nitrates under some conditions. The conversion efficiency is strongly dependent on the operating characteristics of individual quartz ovens and should be well calibrated prior to use in field sampling. We demonstrate quantitative conversion of both gas-phase N2O5 and particulate ammonium nitrate in the TD inlet at 650 °C, which is the temperature normally used for conversion of HNO3. N2O5 has two thermal dissociation steps, one at low temperature representing dissociation to NO2 and NO3 and one at high temperature representing dissociation of NO3, which produces exclusively NO2 and not NO. We also find a significant interference from partial conversion (5–10 %) of NH3 to NO at 650 °C in the presence of representative (50 ppbv) levels of O3 in dry zero air. Although this interference appears to be suppressed when sampling ambient air, we nevertheless recommend regular characterization of this interference using standard additions of NH3 to TD instruments that convert reactive nitrogen to NO or NO2.
A Sub-0.2$^{\circ}/$hr Bias Drift Micromechanical Silicon Gyroscope With Automatic CMOS Mode-Matching (2009)

This paper describes a system architecture and CMOS implementation that leverages the inherently high mechanical quality factor (Q) of a MEMS gyroscope to improve performance. The proposed time domain scheme utilizes the often-ignored residual quadrature error in a gyroscope to achieve, and maintain, perfect mode-matching (i.e., ~ 0 Hz split between the high-Q drive and sense mode frequencies), as well as electronically control the sensor bandwidth. A CMOS IC and control algorithm have been interfaced with a 60 mum thick silicon mode-matched tuning fork gyroscope (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -mathchar TFG) to implement an angular rate sensing microsystem with a bias drift of 0.16deg/hr. The proposed technique allows microsystem reconfigurability-the sensor can be operated in a conventional low-pass mode for larger bandwidth, or in matched mode for low-noise. The maximum achieved sensor Q is 36,000 and the bandwidth of the microsensor can be varied between 1 to 10 Hz by electronic control of the mechanical frequencies. The maximum scale factor of the gyroscope is 88 mV/deg/s . The 3 V IC is fabricated in a standard 0.6 mum CMOS process and consumes 6 mW of power with a die area of 2.25 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Synthesis of Alkyphosphazene High Polymers via the Polymerization of Monoalkylpentachlorocylotriphosphazenes (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Alkyphosphazene High Polymers via the Polymerization of MonoalkylpentachlorocylotriphosphazenesHarry R. Allcock, Robert J. Ritchie, and Paul J. HarrisCite this: Macromolecules 1980, 13, 6, 1332–1338Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60078a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60078a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views129Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cloning techniques for hierarchical compaction (1992)

True hierarchical compaction maintains input layout hierarchy as well as abutment constraints between cells. The bottleneck for hierarchical compaction is the time taken to analyze the system of equations which must be solved via linear programming methods. Because of the computational complexity of linear programmin it is essential to keep this system of equations as smal?as possible. With over the cell routing the amount of interaction between levels of hierarch increases considerably. This causes a substantial rise in tXe number of constraints and so the time taken by the compaction rocess is significantly increased. A novel method for hanAing over the cell routing, termed cloning, is described. This approach allows for efficient compaction of arbitrary hierarchies containing ouer the cell routing without significantly degrading the run time performance of the hierarchical compactor. 1 Overview 1.1 Background
Coencapsulation of alendronate and doxorubicin in pegylated liposomes: a novel formulation for chemoimmunotherapy of cancer (2016)

We developed a pegylated liposome formulation of a dissociable salt of a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, alendronate (Ald), coencapsulated with the anthracycline, doxorubicin (Dox), a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. Liposome-encapsulated ammonium Ald generates a gradient driving Dox into liposomes, forming a salt that holds both drugs in the liposome water phase. The resulting formulation (PLAD) allows for a high-loading efficiency of Dox, comparable to that of clinically approved pegylated liposomal doxorubicin sulfate (PLD) and is very stable in plasma stability assays. Cytotoxicity tests indicate greater potency for PLAD compared to PLD. This appears to be related to a synergistic effect of the coencapsulated Ald and Dox. PLAD and PLD differed in in vitro monocyte-induced IL-1β release (greater for PLAD) and complement activation (greater for PLD). A molar ratio Ald/Dox of ∼1:1 seems to provide an optimal compromise between loading efficiency of Dox, circulation time and in vivo toxicity of PLAD. In mice, the circulation half-life and tumor uptake of PLAD were comparable to PLD. In the M109R and 4T1 tumor models in immunocompetent mice, PLAD was superior to PLD in the growth inhibition of subcutaneous tumor implants. This new formulation appears to be a promising tool to exploit the antitumor effects of aminobisphosphonates in synergy with chemotherapy.
Global synchronous discontinuous pulse width modulation method with fast calculation capability for distributed three-phase inverters (2016)

When multiple distributed converters are integrated, the high frequency harmonics will randomly accumulate at the point of common coupling (PCC). This paper proposes a new fast global synchronous discontinuous pulse width modulation (GSDPWM) method of three-phase inverters to effectively attenuate the high frequency current harmonics at PCC. Firstly, the basic principle and the realization method of GSDPWM for three-phase inverters are explained, which can be employed for different modulation types. Then a fast calculation method, which can equally derive the minimized total harmonic distortion (THD) of total current, is proposed to release the calculation burden. Finally, MATLAB simulations and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of GSDPWM.
5-Pyrrolidinylsulfonyl Isatins as a Potential Tool for the Molecular Imaging of Caspases in Apoptosis (2006)

Caspases are the unique enzymes responsible for the execution of the cell death program and may represent an exclusive target for the specific molecular imaging of apoptosis in vivo. 5-Pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins represent potent nonpeptidyl caspase inhibitors that may be suitable for the development of caspase binding radioligands (CBRs). (S)-5-[1-(2-Methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin (7) served as a lead compound for modification of its N-1-position. Corresponding pairs of N-1-substituted 2-methoxymethyl- and 2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl derivatives were examined in vitro by biochemical caspase inhibition assays. All target compounds possess high in vitro caspase inhibition potencies in the nanomolar to subnanomolar range for caspase-3 (Ki=0.2-56.1 nM). As shown for compound (S)-1-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin (35), the class of N-1-substituted 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins competitively inhibits caspase-3. All caspase inhibitors show selectivity for the effector caspases-3 and -7 in vitro. The 2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl versions of the isatins appear to possess superior caspase inhibition potencies in cellular apoptosis inhibition assays compared with the 2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl inhibitors.
Trailing artifact avoidance for low bit-rate block-based video coders (2004)

A method is provided to avoid or otherwise reduce luminance and/or chrominance trailing artifacts in block-based hybrid video coders. The proposed trailing artifact avoidance approach has at its core three main components. The first component is a method to identify flat blocks in the source frame where the appearance of trailing artifacts would be very noticeable, and where flatness is determined according to several proposed criteria. The second component is a method to identify bad blocks, which refer to predicted blocks in motion estimation that correspond to flat blocks in the source frame and that contain trailing artifacts. The third component is a high performance motion estimation approach to avoid trailing artifacts when they are detected within a bad block. Experimental results using an H.264 based-coder indicate the proposed method is very effective in reducing or eliminating the appearance of trailing artifacts.
Coal Agglomeration with Microbubbles (2000)

Abstract Coal cleaning by selective agglomeration of an aqueous suspension of coal particles was demonstrated on a laboratory scale by employing a colloidal dispersion of microscopic gas bubbles as an agglomerant. The microbubbles were produced by saturating water with gas under pressure and then releasing the pressure as the water was agitated. The formation and stabilization of microbubbles was facilitated by employing a small amount of i-octane. Agglomeration was carried out in a closed system using a high shear rate and with no additional air present. The resulting agglomerates Boated readily since they consisted of a mixture of coal particles and microbubbles. Therefore, the agglomerates were recovered by allowing the treated material to separate into distinct layers under quiescent conditions. The upper product layer held most of the coal with greatly diminished ash content while the bottom layer was composed largely of ash-forming mineral matter. The effects of various process parameters were studied including solids concentration, i-octane concentration, and air saturation pressure. In addition, the results achieved with two agglomeration stages were compared with the results of a single stage.
Detection of cervical collagen remodeling with Mueller polarimetry in mice model of pregnancy (2022)

Thin sections of uterine cervices from pregnant mice at day 6 and 18 of 19-days gestation period at different spatial locations along the cervices were studied with imaging Mueller polarimetry (IMP) combined with statistical analysis and multi-curve fit. The results suggest using depolarization and linear retardance images for collagen scoring and identification of cervical collagen changes during pregnancy. One day before delivery the remodeling of extracellular matrix of cervical collagen was detectable at the external cervical os, thus, proving that IMP modality may serve for the preterm birth risk assessment associated with the accelerated remodeling of cervical collagen.
Catadioptric projection lenses for immersion lithography (2005)

Recently, the development of high NA lenses for immersion lithography turned from dioptric concepts to catadioptric design forms. The introduction of mirrors involves the new challenge to deal with the inevitable obscuration of either field or pupil. We review the strategies used in this regard for microlithography, while focussing on the two most favored ones, folded and inline concepts. Although the vignetting situation is more complicated for inline systems, we report progress in this field of optical design yielding similar system performance for inline and folded designs. Since inline optical systems are much easier to realize, these are the concept of choice.
Solar-Grade Silicon by Directional Solidification in Carbon Crucibles (1979)

Directional solidification of silicon in carbon crucibles was achieved by using two variations of the Bridgman-Stockbarger method. One was a static technique wherein liquid silicon in a carbon crucible was positioned in a temperature gradient of about 35°C/cm, with the highest temperature at the top of the crucible. Solidification was achieved by lowering the system temperature at a rate of 4–5°C/min. The second technique entailed lowering a silicon-loaded carbon crucible through a fixed-rf coil at a rate of 0.55 cm/min. Crack-free silicon was produced by both methods. The equilibrium grain structure was initiated by nucleation at the crucible walls, with surviving grains tending to grow in alignment with the temperature gradient to produce an axially columnar grain structure of mainly 〈110〉 orientation. The average grain diameter was 0.11 cm; a typical length was 0.7 cm. Solar cells made with this material gave an AM1 conversion efficiency of 11.5%.
Character Pattern Recognition for a Telecommunication Aid for the Deaf (1986)

To communicate via the telephone with the hearing impaired, systems that transmit characters that appear on standard telephone keypads to aids that decode telephone audio tones representing characters (dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) systems) have been used. However, due to the existence of three letters on each key, several keystrokes are required to represent the desired character without ambiguity. This paper describes an improved alternative to systems that require multiple keystrokes. Our investigations have shown that a large percentage of English words have a unique word code (the keystroke sequence required to enter the letters of the word). Techniques were developed to recognize the pattern of characters entered to allow for one keystroke per character. Further economization, achieved by recognizing syllable-like letter groups (SLLG) is described. A microprocessor-based, portable device was developed to enable telecommunication with special equipment only on the hearing impaired side of the communication channel. The device currently has 1200 SLLG's, which allows recognition of more than 2000 of the most common words.
Contact-free trans-pars-planar illumination enables snapshot fundus camera for nonmydriatic wide field photography (2018)

In conventional fundus photography, trans-pupillary illumination delivers illuminating light to the interior of the eye through the peripheral area of the pupil, and only the central part of the pupil can be used for collecting imaging light. Therefore, the field of view of conventional fundus cameras is limited, and pupil dilation is required for evaluating the retinal periphery which is frequently affected by diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and other chorioretinal conditions. We report here a nonmydriatic wide field fundus camera employing trans-pars-planar illumination which delivers illuminating light through the pars plana, an area outside of the pupil. Trans-pars-planar illumination frees the entire pupil for imaging purpose only, and thus wide field fundus photography can be readily achieved with less pupil dilation. For proof-of-concept testing, using all off-the-shelf components a prototype instrument that can achieve 90° fundus view coverage in single-shot fundus images, without the need of pharmacologic pupil dilation was demonstrated.