gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ELHnet: a convolutional neural network for classifying cochlear endolymphatic hydrops imaged with optical coherence tomography (2017)

Detection of endolymphatic hydrops is important for diagnosing Meniere's disease, and can be performed non-invasively using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in animal models as well as potentially in the clinic. Here, we developed ELHnet, a convolutional neural network to classify endolymphatic hydrops in a mouse model using learned features from OCT images of mice cochleae. We trained ELHnet on 2159 training and validation images from 17 mice, using only the image pixels and observer-determined labels of endolymphatic hydrops as the inputs. We tested ELHnet on 37 images from 37 mice that were previously not used, and found that the neural network correctly classified 34 of the 37 mice. This demonstrates an improvement in performance from previous work on computer-aided classification of endolymphatic hydrops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first deep CNN designed for endolymphatic hydrops classification.
Genome-wide RNAi screens in human brain tumor isolates reveal a novel viability requirement for PHF5A (2013)

To identify key regulators of human brain tumor maintenance and initiation, we performed multiple genome-wide RNAi screens in patient-derived glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stem cells (GSCs). These screens identified the plant homeodomain (PHD)-finger domain protein PHF5A as differentially required for GSC expansion, as compared with untransformed neural stem cells (NSCs) and fibroblasts. Given PHF5A's known involvement in facilitating interactions between the U2 snRNP complex and ATP-dependent helicases, we examined cancer-specific roles in RNA splicing. We found that in GSCs, but not untransformed controls, PHF5A facilitates recognition of exons with unusual C-rich 3' splice sites in thousands of essential genes. PHF5A knockdown in GSCs, but not untransformed NSCs, astrocytes, or fibroblasts, inhibited splicing of these genes, leading to cell cycle arrest and loss of viability. Notably, pharmacologic inhibition of U2 snRNP activity phenocopied PHF5A knockdown in GSCs and also in NSCs or fibroblasts overexpressing MYC. Furthermore, PHF5A inhibition compromised GSC tumor formation in vivo and inhibited growth of established GBM patient-derived xenograft tumors. Our results demonstrate a novel viability requirement for PHF5A to maintain proper exon recognition in brain tumor-initiating cells and may provide new inroads for novel anti-GBM therapeutic strategies.
Nickel-Catalyzed Alkylative Cross-Coupling of Anisoles with Grignard Reagents via C–O Bond Activation (2016)

We report nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of methoxyarenes with alkylmagnesium halides, in which a methoxy group is eliminated. A wide range of alkyl groups, including those bearing β-hydrogens, can be introduced directly at the ipso position of anisole derivatives. We demonstrate that the robustness of a methoxy group allows this alkylation protocol to be used to synthesize elaborate molecules by combining it with traditional cross-coupling reactions or oxidative transformation. The success of this method is dependent on the use of alkylmagnesium iodides, but not chlorides or bromides, which highlights the importance of the halide used in developing catalytic reactions using Grignard reagents.
Dysregulated expression of interleukin-23 and interleukin-12 subunits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (2007)

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 expression in the autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). mRNA from healthy subjects and SLE patients were prepared from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify IL-23 specific subunit P19, IL-12 specific subunit P35, and their common subunit P40. IL-12 specific subunit P35 mRNA expression in untreated and treated SLE patients was significantly lower than healthy controls (P = 0.015 and 0.000, respectively). Compared with untreated SLE patients, treatment of SLE patients with corticosteroids or corticosteroids plus another immunosuppressor significantly suppressed P40 and P19 expression (P = 0.002 and 0.015, respectively). The mRNA levels of p19, p40, and p35 in active SLE patients (SLEDAT > 10) were significantly higher compared with those in the inactive SLE patients (SLEDAI <or= 10) (P = 0.000, 0.000, and 0.017, respectively). These results suggest that deficiency of IL-12 and possibly upregulation of IL-23 may contribute to SLE pathogenesis and both cytokines may be therapeutic targets in SLE.
Complexity, power and policy (2015)

This chapter confronts the literature on complex systems with the political sociology literature on power. It asks: how should complexity thinking handle 'power'; how can this enrich larger debates in political and social science about power; and how, finally, should this affect our approach to policy analysis and policy making? The complexity literature generally lacks much discussion of 'power'. There is in general little reference to the distribution of power in the society concerned, and to the institutional mechanisms through which power is exercised. This chapter argues that complexity perspectives must be combined with the insights of political sociology, if they are to provide real value-added, in terms of both research and policy guidance. It also however demonstrates how complexity perspectives bring additional analytical insights that enrich the debates on power within the sociological and political science literature, including in particular those inspired by Lukes.
Heavy-Oil Dilution (2005)

Abstract Heavy or extra heavy crude oils cannot be transported by pipeline without a prior reduction of their viscosity. This is commonly obtained by blending the oil with light hydrocarbons. In that case, the resulting viscosity of the mixture depends only on the dilution rate, and on the respective viscosities and densities of the oil and of the diluent. Classical diluent are light crudes, condensates, naphtha. Availability of the diluent and its possible recycling needs of course to be taken in account. In this work we have studied the influence of composition of the diluent on the viscosity reduction efficiency. In particular we show that the addition of a polar solvent to a solution of asphaltenes in toluene acts on the colloidal structure of the asphaltenes. The relative viscosity of the solution decreases, as well as the size of the aggregates of asphaltenes. In the same way, by mixing hydrocarbons and solvents owning polar functional groups in their molecule, it is shown that the efficiency of the dilution of heavy crude oils is enhanced. Hansen's theory can be used to screen the solvent efficiency. At constant dilution rate, the higher the polarity parameter or the hydrogen bonding parameter of the solvent, the greater the relative viscosity reduction of the diluted crude oil. Nevertheless, solvent owning high hydrogen bonding are generally more viscous than hydrocarbons. The influence of their interactions with the asphaltenes is hidden when the results are expressed in absolute viscosity. Polar solvents giving few hydrogen bonding give a significant reduction of the viscosity of the diluted crude oil. From an economical point of view, any improvement of the efficiency of the thinner could be a benefit for the process, by reducing the amount of solvent needed to get an acceptable viscosity, and therefore allowing a greater quantity of crude to be transported.
Inverse problem theory in the optical depth profilometry of thin films (2002)

The problem of nondestructive measurement of composition with depth on the scale of ∼0.1–500 μm, in polymers and related materials, has many applications in traditional and recent areas of thin film processing. This article reviews the optical depth profilometry techniques operating on this scale based on optical absorption, photoluminescence, elastic, and inelastic scattering. These methods include photoacoustic and photothermal imaging (including pulsed laser opto–acoustic profiling), attenuated total reflectance infrared, integrated optical spectroscopy methods (based on excitation of planar waveguide structures), confocal scanning microscopy, and the recent technique of light profile microscopy. The profiling of planar structures is emphasized. A common element of all of these methods is that depth mapping requires the solution of a linear inverse problem, where a map of the sample properties is mathematically reconstructed from a set of experimental measurements. This problem is to some extent ill conditioned in some or all regimes of measurement, with the result that depth maps may show sensitivity to data errors. A method is presented for assessing performance of the above experimental depth profilometry techniques in terms of ill conditioning as indicated by: spatial resolution, sensitivity to data errors, and apparent multiplicity of solutions. This method is applied a priori given a knowledge of the linear response theory and measurement parameters Application is made to individual profiling techniques, the performance of each in applications is reviewed, and an inter-comparison is made based on the conditioning of the inverse problem.
ShapeGenetics: Using Genetic Algorithms for Procedural Modeling (2017)

In this paper, we show that genetic algorithms (GA) can be used to control the output of procedural modeling algorithms. We propose an efficient way to encode the choices that have to be made during a procedural generation as a hierarchical genome representation. In combination with mutation and reproduction operations specifically designed for controlled procedural modeling, our GA can evolve a population of individual models close to any high-level goal. Possible scenarios include a volume that should be filled by a procedurally grown tree or a painted silhouette that should be followed by the skyline of a procedurally generated city. These goals are easy to set up for an artist compared to the tens of thousands of variables that describe the generated model and are chosen by the GA. Previous approaches for controlled procedural modeling either use Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) or Stochastically-Ordered Sequential Monte Carlo (SOSMC) as workhorse for the optimization. While RJMCMC converges slowly, requiring multiple hours for the optimization of larger models, it produces high quality models. SOSMC shows faster convergence under tight time constraints for many models, but can get stuck due to choices made in the early stages of optimization. Our GA shows faster convergence than SOSMC and generates better models than RJMCMC in the long run.
Single Exhale Biomarker Breathalyzer (2019)

A single exhale breathalyzer comprises a gas sensor that satisfies the following stringent conditions: high sensitivity to the target gas, high selectivity, stable response over extended period of time and fast response. Breathalyzer implementation includes a front-end circuit matching the sensitivity of the sensor that provides the readout of the sensor signal. We present here the characterization study of the response stability and response time of a selective Nitric Oxide (NO) sensor using designed data acquisition system that also serves as a foundation for the design of wireless handheld prototype. The experimental results with the described sensor and data acquisition system demonstrate stable response to NO concentration of 200 ppb over the period of two weeks. The experiments with different injection and retraction times of the sensor exposure to constant NO concentration show a fast response time of the sensor (on the order of 15 s) and the adequate recovery time (on the order of 3 min) demonstrating suitability for the single exhale breathalyzer.
Comparing paper and tangible, multimodal tools (2002)

In command posts, officers maintain situational awareness using paper maps, Post-it notes, and hand-written annotations. They do so because paper is robust to failure, it is portable, it offers a flexible means of capturing information, it has ultra-high resolution, and it readily supports face-to-face collaboration. We report herein on an evaluation comparing maps and Post-its with a tangible multimodal system called Rasa. Rasa augments these paper tools with sensors, enabling it to recognize the multimodal language (both written and spoken) that naturally occurs on them. In this study, we found that not only do users prefer Rasa to paper alone, they find it as easy or easier to use than paper tools. Moreover, Rasa introduces no discernible overhead in its operation other than error repair, yet grants the benefits inherent in digital systems. Finally, subjects confirmed that by combining physical and computational tools, Rasa is resistant to computational failure
Action of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors: studies using a human leukemia cell line. (1980)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have previously been shown to stimulate colony formation in soft agar culture by a human myelogenous leukemia cell line known as KG-1. We have used KG-1 cells as a model system to investigate the interaction of CSF with myeloid cells. We now report that exposure of KG-1 cells to human CSFs in liquid culture results in a rapid (within 3 hr) burst of RNA synthesis and, after a lag of about 10 hr, a stimulation of DNA and protein synthesis. RNA and protein synthesis were maximally stimulated about 2-fold and DNA synthesis was stimulated about 2.5-fold. The stimulation was specific; various growth factors, hormones, and mouse CSFs had no effect on KG-1 macromolecular synthesis. Treatment with CSF did not discernibly alter the morphological appearance of the KG-1 cells (primarily myeloblasts) nor did it qualitatively affect the pattern of newly synthesized proteins separable by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Several myeloid leukemia cell lines that were not responsive to CSF in agar culture, including a dedifferentiated variant of KG-1, showed little or no stimulation of macromolecular synthesis upon exposure to CSF. We have used the CSF-dependent stimulation of macromolecular synthesis of KG-1 to develop a rapid, sensitive microassay for human CSFs. The assay, involving thymidine incorporation by the cells, should be useful for characterization and purification of human CSFs.
Fast Model Updates Using Wavelets (2004)

Solving an inverse problem means determining the parameters of a model given a set of measurements. In solving many practical inverse problems, accounting for the uncertainty of the solution is very important in aiding decision-making. A standard approach to do this begins by choosing a model parametrization and then using a Bayesian approach to make inferences on the model parameters from measurement data. However, this quantified uncertainty is a function of the model parametrization and for many inverse problems; there are many model parametrizations that account for the data equally well. A well-known approach to accounting for model uncertainty is Bayesian model averaging, where many model parametrizations are considered. Significant computational costs are associated with this method because one must compute the posterior distribution for each model parametrization. We consider a family of model parametrizations given by decimated wavelet bases. By decimated wavelet basis we mean a subset of the model's coordinates in a wavelet basis. For linear inverse problems, we demonstrate new fast algorithms for updating the prior and posterior covariance matrices when wavelet model parameters are added or deleted from the decimated basis. We also introduce algorithms for updating the determinant and Cholesky decomposition of the model's covariance matrices. These algorithms deliver order of magnitude savings over computing these covariance matrices from scratch and make Bayesian model averaging a realistic approach for accounting for uncertainty in inverse problem solutions. In order to clarify the role of our model updates, we show that our wavelet model update algorithms update the model's posterior distribution after modifying the model's local spatial resolution, whereas Kalman filters provide a means of updating a model when assimilating new measurement data. These results show a major advantage to be gained by parametrizing models with wavelets and represent a significant step forward in addressing the challenging computational problem of dealing with large models that account for uncertainty.
Direct Electrochemical Detection of  C 60 in Solution by Steady‐State Voltammetry at Microelectrodes (1998)

The direct electrochemical detection of in solution was investigated by steady‐state voltammetry at Pt microelectrodes. Highly reproducible voltammograms were obtained in 1,2‐dichlorobenzene with 0.050 M tetra‐n‐butylammoniumhexafluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte, using a freshly polished electrode surface. Linear correlation between the limiting current of the first reduction step and the concentration was excellent (r = 0.9999) for concentrations in the range of to . The detection limit of was (5.9 mg/L). At higher concentrations (up to ), the measured limiting currents were up to 6.6% below those expected by extrapolation of the linear domain. The technique was applied to the determination of the solubility of in toluene, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide, and for the estimation of the total fullerene content of a commercial carbon soot, by the standard addition method.
Efficient Evaluation of Multiple-Output Boolean Functions in Embedded Software or Firmware (2007)

The paper addresses software and firmware implementation of multiple-output Boolean functions based on cascades of Look-Up Tables (LUTs). A LUT cascade is described as a means of compact representation of a large class of sparse Boolean functions, evaluation of which then reduces to multiple indirect memory accesses. The method is compared to a technique of direct PLA emulation and is illustrated on examples. A specialized micro-engine is proposed for even faster evaluation than is possible with universal microprocessors. The presented method is flexible in making trade-offs between performance and memory footprint and may be useful for embedded applications where the processing speed is not critical. Evaluation may run on various CPUs and DSP cores or slightly faster on FPGA-based micro-programmed controllers.
High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals Rotary Catalysis of Rotorless F <sub>1</sub> -ATPase (2011)

F(1) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven motor in which three torque-generating β subunits in the α(3)β(3) stator ring sequentially undergo conformational changes upon ATP hydrolysis to rotate the central shaft γ unidirectionally. Although extensive experimental and theoretical work has been done, the structural basis of cooperative torque generation to realize the unidirectional rotation remains elusive. We used high-speed atomic force microscopy to show that the rotorless F(1) still "rotates"; in the isolated α(3)β(3) stator ring, the three β subunits cyclically propagate conformational states in the counterclockwise direction, similar to the rotary shaft rotation in F(1). The structural basis of unidirectionality is programmed in the stator ring. These findings have implications for cooperative interplay between subunits in other hexameric ATPases.
A retrospective survey of patients treated with one-stage (ITI) endosseous implants. (1998)

Reports of the success of treatment using endosseous implants vary, and claims about the usefulness of some implant systems are supported by little hard data. The authors of this report followed the progress of patients who had been implanted with the ITI Bonefit implant system over a period of 5 years. They present the results of their study and give recommendations on how general dental practitioners (GDPs) should be trained to use such implants.
3D hierarchical porous N-doped carbon aerogel from renewable cellulose: an attractive carbon for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes and CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption (2016)

3D hierarchical porous N-doped carbon aerogel from renewable cellulose: an attractive carbon for high-performance supercapacitor electrode and CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption.
Fragility Curve of PSC Box Girder Bridge using Isolator (2012)

After the east Japan earthquake last March 2011, social interests are intensified in the area of increasing the earthquake resistant ability and the necessity of design method that can minimize the damage from earthquake. If bridges are damaged or collapsed, the social and economic effects are so severe that the evaluation of earthquake resistant ability becomes very important. The reviewing methods for earthquake resistant ability are many, but majority of these methods are deterministic. Thus, for the safety assessment of structures for earthquake, the method for evaluating fragility according to the stage of damage is necessary. In this paper, the fragility curves for PSC Box Girder bridge using LRB and RFPB are constructed for PGA, PGV, SA, SV, SI and the two isolators are compared.
Brain edema: a classification based on blood-brain barrier integrity. (1989)

Brain edema is a frequent complication of a variety of brain injuries and disorders. Two primary types of brain edema can be distinguished depending upon the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. With intact-barrier edema, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier is normal and brain edema results from a disturbance in ionic homeostasis. This type of edema is typically associated with swelling of the brain cells and a contraction of the extracellular space. In open-barrier edema, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier is increased and brain edema results from the oncotic forces generated by an influx of serum proteins into brain. In this case, the edema fluid accumulates primarily in the extracellular space. To a greater or lesser extent, both types of edema occur simultaneously in the majority of clinical conditions; however, one form usually predominates and demands the attention of both the scientist and clinician. Furthermore, classification of brain edema based upon blood-brain barrier integrity is useful to focus research on common mechanisms for brain edema formation and to direct therapy. This review considers intact-barrier and open-barrier edema with regard to their (a) histological features, (b) biophysical forces, (c) possible biochemical mediators, (d) mechanisms of resolution, and (e) implications for therapy.
ECG biometric using multilayer perceptron and radial basis function neural networks (2011)

This paper proposes a new method to identify people using Electrocardiogram (ECG), particularly the QRS complex which has been proven to be stable against heart rate variability and convenient to be used alone as a biometric feature. 324 QRS complexes are extracted from ECGs of 18 subjects in Physionet's MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm Database (NSRDB). Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks are used to classify those QRS complexes. If the training data are chosen carefully to cover a wide range of input values (i.e. QRS complexes), then the classification accuracy rates can reach above 98% using MLP and 97% using RBF.
Current Transformer Burden and Saturation (1979)

A tutorial review of the steady-state and transient behavior of current transformers used with power system relays and meters is presented. ANSI accuracy standards are discussed and consideration is given to the significance of burden and saturation in the application of protective relays.
A spoken language interface to a virtual reality system (Video) (1997)

No abstract available.