gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Synthesis of Water-Soluble Calixarenes Using Click Chemistry (2005)

[reaction: see text] Several water-soluble calix[4]arenes were synthesized via Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and alkynes. Cationic, anionic, and nonionic calixarenes were prepared from a common azidocalixarene intermediate. Azidocalixarenes performed better than alkynylcalixarenes as precursors. The aggregation behavior of the water-soluble calixarenes was studied by (1)H NMR spectroscopy.
<i>In vivo</i>formation of bone and haematopoietic territories by transplanted human bone marrow stromal cells generated in medium with and without osteogenic supplements (2011)

Autologous transplantation of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) has been successfully used for bone reconstruction. However, in order to advance this approach into the mainstream of bone tissue engineering, the conditions for BMSC cultivation and transplantation must be optimized. In a recent report, cultivation with dexamethasone (Dex) significantly increased bone formation by human BMSCs in vivo. Based on this important conclusion, we analysed the data accumulated by our laboratory, where human BMSCs have been routinely generated using media both with and without a combination of two osteogenic supplements: Dex at 10(-8) m and ascorbic acid phosphate (AscP) at 10(-4) m. Our data demonstrate that for 22/24 donors, BMSC strains propagated with and without Dex/AscP formed similar amounts of bone in vivo. Thus, human BMSCs do not appear to need to be induced to osteogenic differentiation ex vivo prior to transplantation. Similarly, for 12/14 donors, BMSC strains cultured with and without Dex/AscP formed haematopoietic territories to a comparable extent. While Dex/AscP did not increase bone formation, they significantly stimulated BMSC in vitro proliferation without affecting the number of BMSC colonies formed by the colony-forming units-fibroblasts. We conclude that for the substantial majority of donors, Dex/AscP have no effect on the ability of BMSCs to form bone and myelosupportive stroma in vivo. However, due to increased BMSC proliferation, the total osteogenic population obtained from a single marrow sample is larger after cultivation with Dex/AscP than without them. Secondary to increased BMSC proliferation, Dex/AscP may stimulate bone formation if BMSCs and/or the transplantation system are less than optimal. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
On Preprocessing the ALT-Algorithm (2010)

In this thesis, we study the preprocessing phase of the ALT algorithm. ALT is a well known preprocessing-based speed-up technique for Dijkstra’s algorithm, which allows fast computations of shortest paths in large scale road networks. The preprocessing of the ALT algorithm has some degree of freedom, in that it must select a subset of nodes in the graph, called landmarks, that fulfill a special role; optimally choosing these landmarks is NP-hard, hence no effective exact solution algorithm exists. In this thesis, we study the landmark selection process; we propose several solution methods, including a greedy algorithm as well as a new heuristic. Furthermore, we propose a new model for the search space of an ALT shortest path computation, which allows us to reduce the problem of optimally choosing k landmarks to the maximum coverage problem, for which approximation results are known, and to formulate the landmark selection problem as an integer linear program.
Necessity of the Honan intraocular pressure reducer in cataract surgery using topical anesthesia (1999)

When using topical anesthesia, the HIPR transiently reduced IOP. However, the IOP-reducing effect resolved by the time of surgery, negating any reason to use the HIPR with topical anesthesia for cataract surgery.
E-Discovery: Identifying and Mitigating Security Risks during Litigation (2008)

When producing electronically stored information (ESI) in response to lawsuits, businesses face several security risks as well as legal requirements they must satisfy. Customized document management programs and e-discovery policies are key tools in protecting against inadvertent disclosure as well as meeting business and legal needs.
High-reflectivity-resolution coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry using optical frequency comb source and tunable delay line (2011)

We propose a high-reflectivity-resolution coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) with a novel scheme of delay shift averaging (DSAV) by using an optical frequency comb source and a tunable delay line to suppress the fading noise. We show theoretically and experimentally that the novel DSAV scheme is equivalent, in realizing a high reflectivity resolution, to our previously reported frequency shift averaging (FSAV) of the same number of teeth of the optical frequency comb [1], but does not need the expensive narrow-pass-band tunable optical filter required in the previous scheme. Furthermore, by using this new method in combination with FSAV, better reflectivity-resolution is obtained compared to using only conventional FSAV with a single-wavelength laser source.
Statistical Research on the Bioactivity of New Marine Natural Products Discovered during the 28 Years from 1985 to 2012 (2015)

Every year, hundreds of new compounds are discovered from the metabolites of marine organisms. Finding new and useful compounds is one of the crucial drivers for this field of research. Here we describe the statistics of bioactive compounds discovered from marine organisms from 1985 to 2012. This work is based on our database, which contains information on more than 15,000 chemical substances including 4196 bioactive marine natural products. We performed a comprehensive statistical analysis to understand the characteristics of the novel bioactive compounds and detail temporal trends, chemical structures, species distribution, and research progress. We hope this meta-analysis will provide useful information for research into the bioactivity of marine natural products and drug development.
Water-Stable Nanoscale Zirconium-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for the Effective Removal of Glyphosate from Aqueous Media (2018)

Two water-stable zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (NU-1000 and UiO-67) have been synthesized in various size scales (100-2000 nm) for the adsorptive removal of glyphosate from the aqueous media. Both NU-1000 and UiO-67 possess a three-dimensional structure; NU-1000 consists of triangular micropores and wide mesoporous channels (31 Å), whereas UiO-67 has cage-like pores [octahedral (16 Å) and tetrahedral (14 Å) cages]. NU-1000 comprises Zr<sub>6</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-O)<sub>4</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-OH)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>, and UiO-67 contains Zr<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub> as secondary building units. These units act as Lewis acid nodes and can interact with the Lewis base phosphate group of the glyphosate. The time taken for reaching equilibrium is found to be reduced considerably as the size of the MOF decreases. The smaller the particle size, the lesser is the diffusion barrier for the analyte, which enhances the interaction between Lewis acidic metal nodes and the Lewis basic center of the glyphosate molecule. NU-1000 was found to be better compared to UiO-67, both in terms of efficiency and reusability. This might be due to the larger pore diameters of the NU-1000. Theoretical calculations revealed that the interaction energy of glyphosate with the nodes of NU-1000 is higher (-37.63 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup>) compared to UiO-67 (-17.37 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup>), which might be the possible reason for the higher efficiency of NU-1000.
Molecular Recognition Solvents for Electrically Conductive Polyaniline (1996)

Due to its semirigid nature, electrically conductive polyaniline (PANI) has long been regarded as an intractable material, i.e. infusible and poorly soluble in organic compounds. Among the rare exceptions is camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) doped PANI, which exhibits good solubility in m-cresol, whereas for other sulfonic acid dopants (e.g. dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA)) the solubility in common solvents is poor. We report exceptionally high solubility of fully DBSA and CSA protonated PANI in a crystalline compound, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, i.e. resorcinol. Up to 20−30 wt % of PANI(DBSA)0.5 and PANI(CSA)0.5 can be dissolved in resorcinol at 200−220 °C to form particle-free films as observed by optical microscopy. High PANI complex concentrations require high temperatures for dissolution, suggesting UCST behavior with a high critical temperature. Optical microscopy, calorimetry, and X-ray analysis suggest that the solution initially is amorphous. With time, crystallinity develops within the sample, due to partial phase separation of resorcinol while part of it remains miscible. Calculations show that a resorcinol molecule is able to simultaneously form two hydrogen bonds and one phenyl/phenyl interaction with the PANI/sulfonic acid complex, because of their steric match. The conditions required to achieve such matching interactions, i.e. molecular recognition, are discussed. The concept can be extended to find a large category of novel solvents for electrically conductive PANI to yield soluble and fusible complexes.
Combined Effects of Long-Living Chemical Species during Microbial Inactivation Using Atmospheric Plasma-Treated Water (2010)

Electrical discharges in humid air at atmospheric pressure (nonthermal quenched plasma) generate long-lived chemical species in water that are efficient for microbial decontamination. The major role of nitrites was evidenced together with a synergistic effect of nitrates and H(2)O(2) and matching acidification. Other possible active compounds are considered, e.g., peroxynitrous acid.
Instant Recovery for Main-Memory Databases (2015)

With the emergence of new hardware technologies, new opportunities arise and existing database architectures have to be rethought to fully exploit them. In particular, recovery mechanisms of current main-memory database systems are tuned to efficiently work on block-oriented, high-latency storage devices. These devices create a bottleneck during transaction processing. In this paper, we investigate the opportunities given by the upcoming Storage Class Memory (SCM) technology for database system recovery mechanisms. In contrast to traditional block-oriented devices, SCM is byte-addressable and offers a latency close to that of DRAM. We propose a novel main-memory database architecture that directly operates in SCM, eliminates the need for logging mechanisms, and provides a way to trade recovery time with the overall query performance. We implemented these concepts in our prototype SOFORT. Our evaluation shows that we are able to achieve instant recovery of the DBMS while removing the need for transaction rollbacks after failure.
Characteristics of scattered electron beams shaped with a multileaf collimator (1997)

Characteristics of dual-foil scattered electron beams shaped with a multileaf collimator (MLC) (instead of an applicator system) were studied. The electron beams, with energies between 10 and 25 MeV, were produced by a racetrack microtron using a dual-foil scattering system. For a range of field sizes, depth dose curves, profiles, penumbra width, angular spread in air, and effective and virtual source positions were compared. Measurements were made when the MLC alone provided collimation and when an applicator provided collimation. Identical penumbra widths were obtained at a source-to-surface distance of 85 cm for the MLC and 110 cm for the applicator. The MLC-shaped beams had characteristics similar to other machines which use trimmers or applicators to collimate scanned or scattered electron beams. Values of the effective source position and the angular spread parameter for the MLC beams were similar to those of the dual-foil scattered beams of the Varian Clinac 2100 CD and the scanned beams of the Sagittaire linear accelerators. A model, based on Fermi-Eyges multiple scattering theory, was adapted and applied successfully to predict penumbra width as a function of collimator-surface distance.
Synthesis of Inorganic and Metallic Nanoparticles by Miniemulsification of Molten Salts and Metals (2001)

A new and extraordinarily convenient route for the synthesis of nanoparticulate salts, metals, and metal oxides is presented. This technique is based on a liquid−liquid technology, namely, the miniemulsification of a molten or precursor state and subsequent heterophase reaction toward the desired product. First, data on the synthesis of iron oxide, magnetite, zirconia, and calcium carbonate are presented. The miniemulsification process is also suited to prepare metallic nanoparticles by using gallium or alloys with a low melting point.
Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants through miRNA Inactivation (2011)

Eukaryotic organisms possess a complex RNA-directed gene expression regulatory network allowing the production of unique gene expression patterns. A recent addition to the repertoire of RNA-based gene regulation is miRNA target decoys, endogenous RNA that can negatively regulate miRNA activity. miRNA decoys have been shown to be a valuable tool for understanding the function of several miRNA families in plants and invertebrates. Engineering and precise manipulation of an endogenous RNA regulatory network through modification of miRNA activity also affords a significant opportunity to achieve a desired outcome of enhanced plant development or response to environmental stresses. Here we report that expression of miRNA decoys as single or heteromeric non-cleavable microRNA (miRNA) sites embedded in either non-protein-coding or within the 3' untranslated region of protein-coding transcripts can regulate the expression of one or more miRNA targets. By altering the sequence of the miRNA decoy sites, we were able to attenuate miRNA inactivation, which allowed for fine regulation of native miRNA targets and the production of a desirable range of plant phenotypes. Thus, our results demonstrate miRNA decoys are a flexible and robust tool, not only for studying miRNA function, but also for targeted engineering of gene expression in plants. Computational analysis of the Arabidopsis transcriptome revealed a number of potential miRNA decoys, suggesting that endogenous decoys may have an important role in natural modulation of expression in plants.
Adaptive, segmented attenuation correction for whole-body PET imaging (1996)

A technique is presented for segmented attenuation correction in positron emission tomography (PET) based on the local thresholding technique (LTS) described previously. To accommodate the substantially different body sections encountered in whole-body PET, an adaptive thresholding has been added to yield more uniform results throughout the body. By evaluating the intensity distribution of a set of transverse transmission images, the algorithm determines an optimal threshold for separating two or three different groups or classes of similar pixels. Interclass variance is maximized and intra-class errors are minimized. The algorithm also switches automatically between a three-class mode (background, lungs/air pockets, soft tissue) and a two-class mode (background, soft tissue), thereby achieving more uniform segmentation where lung spaces and bowel air pockets are alternately present then absent from the volume of interest. The addition of adaptive thresholding virtually eliminates the need for operator intervention. The clinical implementation requires short-duration, count-limited, transmission images that would otherwise be too noisy for direct attenuation correction. Emission images corrected with adaptive LTS were shown to be equivalent, both quantitatively and qualitatively, to those corrected using conventional measured attenuation correction.
Identification and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes by nonradioactive DNA probe colony hybridization (1993)

A plasmid containing the cloned listeriolysin gene of Listeria monocytogenes was used as a probe to identify Listeria strains by DNA colony hybridization. The probe DNA was labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the presence of glutaraldehyde. After the hybridization and wash procedures, the hybrid molecules were detected by luminescence, which resulted from the oxidation of luminol by a horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-coupled reaction. Of the 150 Listeria strains and 16 non-Listeria strains examined, the probe hybridized only with L. monocytogenes. The technique was also used to enumerate L. monocytogenes in artificially contaminated foods.
Defect Detection for Patterned Fabric Images Based on GHOG and Low-Rank Decomposition (2019)

In contrast to defect-free fabric images with macro-homogeneous textures and regular patterns, the fabric images with the defect are characterized by the defect regions that are salient and sparse among the redundant background. Therefore, as an effective tool for separating an image into a redundant part (the background) and sparse part (the defect), the low-rank decomposition model provides an ideal solution for patterned fabric defect detection. In this paper, a novel patterned method for fabric defect detection is proposed based on a novel texture descriptor and the low-rank decomposition model. First, an efficient second-order orientation-aware descriptor, denoted as GHOG, is designed by combining Gabor and histogram of oriented gradient (HOG). In addition, a spatial pooling strategy based on human vision mechanism is utilized to further improve the discrimination ability of the proposed descriptor. The proposed texture descriptor can make the defect-free image blocks lay in a low-rank subspace, while the defective image blocks have deviated from this subspace. Then, a constructed low-rank decomposition model divides the feature matrix generated from all the image blocks into a low-rank part, which represents the defect-free background, and a sparse part, which represents sparse defects. In addition, a non-convex log det as a smooth surrogate function is utilized to improve the efficiency of the constructed low-rank model. Finally, the defects are localized by segmenting the saliency map generated by the sparse matrix. The qualitative results and quantitative evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed method improves the detection accuracy and self-adaptivity comparing with the state-of-the-art methods.
A Stereo Matching and Depth Map Acquisition Algorithm Based on Deep Learning and Improved Winner Takes All-Dynamic Programming (2019)

The stereo matching technology has been widely used nowadays for robot guidance, depth of field rendering, and video processing applications. The binocular stereo matching technology collects two images of the same scene from different views, computes the disparity, and then determines the 3-D depth of the object using the triangulation theory. In this paper, we propose a new deep-learning-based stereo matching algorithm called convolutional neural network WTADP (CNN-WTADP). The commonly used WTA method ignores the disparity constraint of the neighboring pixels and is prone to be affected by noise, so the obtained original disparity map may contain a lot of abnormal values and mismatched points. To solve this problem, we construct a CNN for matching cost computation and use a novel global method of dynamic programming based on WTA for disparity selection. Steps for the CNN-based computation of the matching cost are presented, and the post-processing algorithm is used to obtain the final determination of the disparity map. The Middlebury stereo dataset and stereo evaluation are used to compare the proposed algorithm with other methods. The experiments and its results demonstrate the ability of the proposed algorithm to match the images more effectively.
Evaluating composite events using shared trees (2001)

Distributed and concurrent systems tend to generate large numbers of events which require further processing, such as filtering and establishment of co-relations, to become useful for human or automated managers. The work focuses on the detection of composite events defined through event expressions involving primitive events and some operators: Boolean conjunction and disjunction; sequence, repetition, and absolute, periodic and relative timer events. A concrete result of this work was the design and implementation of a general purpose event processing service (EPS) which may be used by monitoring applications to be informed about the occurrence of primitive and composite events. Composite events are commonly represented as trees where the leaf nodes represent primitive event types and the intermediate nodes represent any of the supported event operators. The main contribution of this work is the description of a method to process composite events that share common sub-expressions with other composite events. The EPS was implemented in Java within the framework of the Sampa project.
Self-Adjusting Scheduling: An On-Line Optimization Technique for Locality Management and Load Balancing (1994)

Techniques for scheduling parallel tasks on to the processors of a multiprocessor architecture must tradeoff three interrelated factors: 1) scheduling and synchronization costs, 2) load balancing, and 3) memory locality. Current scheduling techniques typically consider only one or two of these three factors at a time. We propose a novel Self- Adjusting Scheduling (SAS) algorithm that addresses all three factors simultaneously. This algorithm dedicates a single processor to execute an on-line branch-and-bound algorithm to search for partial schedules concurrent with the execution of tasks previously assigned to the remaining processors. This overlapped scheduling and execution, along with self-adjustment of duration of partial scheduling periods reduces scheduling and synchronization costs significantly. To satisfy the load-balancing and locality management, SAS introduces a unified cost model that accounts for both of these factors simultaneously. We compare the simulated performance of SAS with the Affinity Scheduling algorithm (AFS). The results of our experiments demonstrate that the potential loss of performance caused by dedicating a processor to scheduling is outweighed by the higher performance produced by SAS's dynamically adjusted schedules, even in systems with a small number of processors. SAS is a general on-line optimization technique that can be applied to a variety of dynamic scheduling problems.
Measurement-only topological quantum computation without forced measurements (2016)

We investigate the measurement-only topological quantum computation (MOTQC) approach proposed by Bonderson et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 010501 (2008)] where the braiding operation is shown to be equivalent to a series of topological charge "forced measurements" of anyons. In a forced measurement, the charge measurement is forced to yield the desired outcome (e.g. charge 0) via repeatedly measuring charges in different bases. This is a probabilistical process with a certain success probability for each trial. In practice, the number of measurements needed will vary from run to run. We show that such an uncertainty associated with forced measurements can be removed by simulating the braiding operation using a fixed number of three measurements supplemented by a correction operator. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in practice we can avoid applying the correction operator in hardware by implementing it in software. Our findings greatly simplify the MOTQC proposal and only require the capability of performing charge measurements to implement topologically protected transformations generated by braiding exchanges without physically moving anyons.