gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vat Photopolymerization of Reinforced Styrene–Butadiene Elastomers: A Degradable Scaffold Approach (2022)

Vat photopolymerization (VP) is a high-throughput additive manufacturing modality that also offers exceptional feature resolution and surface finish; however, the process is constrained by a limited selection of processable photocurable resins. Low resin viscosity (<10 Pa·s) is one of the most stringent process-induced constraints on resin processability, which in turn limits the mechanical performance of printed resin systems. Recently, the authors created a VP-processable photosensitive latex resin, where compartmentalization of the high molecular weight polymer chains into discrete particles resulted in the decoupling of viscosity from molecular weight. However, the monomers used to form the hydrogel green body resulted in decreased ultimate material properties due to the high cross-link density. Herein, we report a novel scaffold that allows for facile UV-based AM and simultaneously enhances the final part's material properties. This is achieved with a chemically labile acetal-containing cross-linker in conjunction with N-vinylpyrrolidone, which forms a glassy polymer after photocuring. Subsequent reactive extraction cleaves the cross-links and liberates the glassy polymer, which provides mechanical reinforcement of the geometrically complex VP-printed elastomer. With only a 0.1 wt % loading of photoinitiator, <i>G</i>'/<i>G</i>'' crossover times of less than 1 s and green body plateau moduli nearing 10<sup>5</sup> Pa are obtained. In addition, removal of the hydrophilic and thermally labile scaffold results in decreased water uptake and increased thermal stability of the final printed part. Ultimate strain and stress values of over 650% and 8.5 MPa, respectively, are achieved, setting a new benchmark for styrene-butadiene VP elastomers.
Large omnidirectional band gaps in metallodielectric photonic crystals (1996)

Using a finite-difference time-domain method, we study the band-structure and transmission properties of three-dimensional metallodielectric photonic crystals. The metallodielectric crystals are modeled as perfect electrical conducting objects embedded in dielectric media. We investigate two different lattice geometries: the face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice and the diamond lattice. Partial gaps are predicted in the fcc lattice, in excellent agreement with recent experiments. Complete gaps are found in a diamond lattice of isolated metal spheres. The gaps appear between the second and third bands and their sizes can be larger than 60% when the radius of the spheres exceeds 21% of the cubic unit cell size. A possible fabrication scheme for this structure is proposed and transmission calculations are performed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pharmacological Exploitation of an Off-Target Antibacterial Effect of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib against <i>Francisella tularensis</i> (2009)

Francisella tularensis, a bacterium which causes tularemia in humans, is classified as a CDC category A bioterrorism agent. In this study, we demonstrate that celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in clinical use, exhibits activity against a type A strain of F. tularensis (Schu S4), the live vaccine strain of F. tularensis (a type B strain), and F. novicida ("F. tularensis subsp. novicida") directly in growth medium. This bacterial killing, however, was not noted with rofecoxib, despite its higher potency than that of celecoxib in inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2. The unique ability of celecoxib to inhibit the proliferation of F. tularensis could be pharmacologically exploited to develop novel anti-Francisella therapeutic agents, of which the proof of principle is demonstrated by compound 20, a celecoxib derivative identified through the screening of a celecoxib-based focused compound library. Compound 20 inhibited the intracellular proliferation of Francisella in macrophages without causing appreciable toxicity to these host cells. Together, these data support the translational potential of compound 20 for the further development of novel, potent anti-Francisella agents.
Cholesteric gratings with field-controlled period (1997)

Diffractive gratings with period varied by an electric field are developed using a cholesteric liquid crystal confined between two transparent electrodes with unidirectionally treated alignment layers. In the initial state (zero field), the cholesteric layers are parallel to the cell planes. The electric field creates an in-plane modulated structure of variable period. Diffraction regimes of both Raman-Nath and Bragg types are demonstrated.
Synthesis of poly(vinyl chloride)‐<i>b</i>‐poly(<i>n</i>‐butyl acrylate)‐<i>b</i>‐poly(vinyl chloride) by the competitive single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative‐chain‐transfer‐mediated living radical polymerization in water (2006)

Abstract The synthesis of a block copolymer poly(vinyl chloride)‐ b ‐poly( n ‐butyl acrylate)‐ b ‐poly(vinyl chloride) is reported. This new material was synthesized by single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative‐chain‐transfer‐mediated living radical polymerization (SET‐DTLRP) in two steps. First, a bifunctional macroinitiator of α,ω‐di(iodo)poly (butyl acrylate) [α,ω‐di(iodo)PBA] was synthesized by SET‐DTLRP in water at 25 °C. The macroinitiator was further reinitiated by SET‐DTLRP, leading to the formation of the desired product. This ABA block copolymer was synthesized with high initiator efficiency. The kinetics of the copolymerization reaction was studied for two PBA macroinitiators with number–average molecular weight of 10 k and 20 k. The relationship between the conversion and the number–average molecular weight was found to be linear. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis suggests just one phase, indicating that copolymer behaves as a single material with no phase separation. This methodology provides the access to several block copolymers and other complex architectures that result from combinations of thermoplastics (PVC) and elastomers (PBA). From industrial standpoint, this process is attractive, because of easy experimental setup and the environmental friendly reaction medium. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3001–3008, 2006
The effect of low temperature annealing on defects, impurities, and electrical properties of (Hg,Cd)Te (1985)

Many methods for the preparation of (Hg,Cd)Te alloys rely on a low temperature processing step to convert the as-grown p-type material to n-type, or to otherwise adjust the concentration of native acceptors. During this anneal, tellurium precipitates in the material are annihilated by in-diffusing mercury, resulting in a substantial multiplication of dislocations. For substantially long anneals (&gt;1 day at 270 °C) the depth of the p–n junction is found to vary as the square root of the anneal time and inversely as the square root of the excess tellurium concentration. Rapidly diffusing impurities such as silver are gettered out of the skin and into the remaining vacancy-rich core. The kinetics of these processes are analyzed for self-diffusion on the metal sublattice involving only vacancies, only interstitials, and for a mixed vacancy–interstitial model. Comparison with experimental data shows best agreement with the mixed interstitial–vacancy model.
LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS (1998)

S430 INTRODUCTION: Liposomal encapsulation of analgesics prolongs duration of pain relief. Because there are many types of liposomal structures, and many different lipids available, theoretically an infinite number of liposomal analgesics may be formulated. In vivo evaluation of a large number of formulations is impractical. A reliable in vitro method which would accurately predict in vivo activity would be useful. This study was designed to determine whether in vitro drug release rates would reflect in vivo analgesic duration. METHODS: Bupivacaine hydrochloride was encapsulated into liposomes using an ammonium sulfate active loading technique [1]. Three types of liposomes were prepared using 3 different phosphatidylcholines (PC): dimyristoyl-PC (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-PC (DPPC), and distearoyl-PC (DSPC) and cholesterol in a 6/4 PC/cholesterol molar ratio. After free drug was removed from the final liposomal formulations by centrifugal washings, encapsulated drug concentration was quantified using HPLC. In vitro drug release was determined by dialyzing each liposomal formulation against phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4). Duration of analgesia (sensory block) was assessed in mice by measuring tail flick latency over time after intrathecal injection (8 mice/group) [2]. RESULTS: Drug release rate in vitro was most rapid for DMPC, intermediate for DSPC, and slowest for DPPC. Duration of sensory block in vivo was greatest for DMPC, intermediate for DSPC, and least for DPPC. Moreover, the rank order of in vitro release was identical to the rank order for in vivo analgesic duration (DMPC > DSPC > DPPC). (Figure 1)Figure 1DISCUSSION: As expected, release was fastest for DMPC, because of its relatively low transition temperature (Tm = 23[degree sign]C). The slower release rate for DPPC compared to DSPC was not expected on the basis of their Tm 's (41[degree sign]C and 55[degree sign]C, respectively). However, the rank order of the in vitro and in vivo results were identical. Thus, in vitro studies of liposomal drug release may be useful for predicting in vivo effects. These observations need to be further validated using other liposomal formulations and animal models.
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines : key research and development issues (2003)

The homogeneous charge, compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion process has the potential to significantly reduce NOx and particulate emissions, while achieving high thermal efficiency and the capability of operating with a wide variety of fuels. This makes the HCCI engine an attractive technology that can ostensibly provide diesel-like fuel efficiency and very low emissions, which may allow emissions compliance to occur without relying on lean aftertreatment systems. A profound increase in the level of research and development of this technology has occurred in the last decade. This book gathers contributions from experts in both industry and academia, providing a basic introduction to the state-of-the-art of HCCI technology, a critical review of current HCCI research and development efforts, and perspective for the future. Chapters cover: Gasoline-Fueled HCCI Engines; Diesel-Fueled HCCI Engines; Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives for HCCI Engines; HCCI Control and Operating Range Extension; Kinetics of HCCI Combustion; HCCI Engine Modeling Approaches. In addition to the extensive overview of terminology, physical processes, and future needs, each chapter also features select SAE papers (a total of 41 are included in the book), as well as a comprehensive list of references related to the subjects. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines: Key Research and Development Issues provides a valuable base of information for those interested in learning about this rapidly-progressing technology which has the potential to enhance fuel economy and reduce emissions.
Attack Planning in the Real World (2013)

Assessing network security is a complex and difficult task. Attack graphs have been proposed as a tool to help network administrators understand the potential weaknesses of their network. However, a problem has not yet been addressed by previous work on this subject; namely, how to actually execute and validate the attack paths resulting from the analysis of the attack graph. In this paper we present a complete PDDL representation of an attack model, and an implementation that integrates a planner into a penetration testing tool. This allows to automatically generate attack paths for penetration testing scenarios, and to validate these attacks by executing the corresponding actions -including exploits- against the real target network. We present an algorithm for transforming the information present in the penetration testing tool to the planning domain, and show how the scalability issues of attack graphs can be solved using current planners. We include an analysis of the performance of our solution, showing how our model scales to medium-sized networks and the number of actions available in current penetration testing tools.
Light-scattering measurements of cavitation from ultrasound contrast agent bubbles (2003)

Ultrasound contrast agents are typically micron-sized gas bodies with stabilizing shell coatings. The shell prevents the gas bubble from dissolving. The shell also changes a bubble’s scattering properties and affects a bubble’s destruction. Optimization of the shell can be beneficial for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic ultrasound applications. Thus, understanding agent response to pulsed ultrasound is important. However, because the agents are so small, their response to pulsed ultrasound is difficult to measure. Until recently, the only tool available for measuring contrast agent dynamics was a very expensive high-speed camera. We have been investigating the use of light-scattering to measure aspects of cavitation from contrast agents in which a small HeNe laser beam scatters off a bubble and is focused onto a photomultiplier tube detector. Previous experiments have involved clusters of agents, where collective bubble oscillations and destruction were observed. Our current apparatus is designed to observe single-bubble oscillations from a diagnostic ultrasound system. The advantages for using light-scattering include small cost and the ability to monitor bubble oscillations for extended times. The technique will be described, and representative data samples will be shown.
Development of low density silica aerogel as a capture medium for hyper-velocity particles. Summary report for FY 1991 (1991)

We have developed a method of bonding silica aerogel to various substrate materials including aluminum, silicon, glass, and other aerogels, using a silicon compound. The bonds are stronger than the aerogel, they are transparent, and they have very low off-gassing. We have also improved the transparency of silica aerogels by modifying the sol-gel chemistry that results in the gel. The new aerogels have about 15% higher transmission through the visible and 85% higher transmission between 250 and 330nm wavelengths, as compared with conventional silica aerogels. The ultraviolet cut-off wavelength of the aerogel can be varied as desired with our developed method.
Mid-IR interband cascade lasers operating at very low input powers (2012)

Our simulations find that the active quantum wells in previous mid-IR interband cascade laser (ICL) designs have invariably contained far more holes than electrons. Further modeling shows that the carrier populations can be rebalanced by heavily doping the electron injector regions to levels more than an order of magnitude higher than in any earlier devices. The experimental implementation of this strategy has dramatically improved nearly all ICL performance characteristics. For devices emitting at wavelengths in the 3.6-3.9 μm range, this includes pulsed room temperature (RT) threshold current density as low as 170 A/cm<sup>2</sup>, maximum cw operating temperature as high as 109 °C, RT cw output power as high as 159 mW, RT cw wallplug efficiency as high as 13.5%, and RT cw input power as low as 29 mW. We also demonstrate RT cw operation to wavelengths as long as 5.7 μm. The extremely low input power to reach threshold, which is more than 25 times lower than the best ever reported for a quantum cascade laser, will strongly impact battery lifetimes and other system requirements in fielded chemical sensing applications.
Summarization of news video and its description for content‐based access (2003)

Abstract A video summary abstracts the entirety with the gist without losing the essential content of the original video and also facilitates efficient content‐based access to the desired content. In this article, we propose a novel method for summarizing a news video based on multimodal analysis of the content. The proposed method exploits the closed caption (CC) data to locate semantically meaningful highlights in a news video and speech signals in an audio stream to align the CC data with the video in a time‐line. Then, the extracted highlights are described in a multilevel structure using the MPEG‐7 Summarization Description Scheme (DS). Specifically, we use the HierarchicalSummary DS that allows efficient accessing of the content through such functionalities as multilevel abstracts and navigation guidance in a hierarchical fashion. Intensive experiments with our prototypical systems are presented to demonstrate the validity and reliability of the proposed method in real applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 267–274, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10067
Wake Vortex Control Using Rapidly Actuated Segmented Gurney Flaps (2006)

A study to assess the potential for using rap idly actuated segmented Gurney f laps, also known as Miniature Tr ailing Edge Effectors (MiTEs) , for active wake vortex alleviation is conducted using a half -span model wing with NACA 0012 shape and an aspect ratio of 4.1 . All tests a re performed with the wing at an 8.9 ˚ angle of attack and chord based Reynolds number of 350,000 . The wing is equipped with an array of 13 MiTE pairs . Each MiTE has a flap that in the neutral position rests behind the blunt trailing edge of the wing, and in the down position extends 0.015 ch ord lengths perpendicular to the freestream on the pressure side of the wing . Measurements of section lift coefficient are made using pressure taps to assess the effect of various MiTE configurations on the spanwise lift distribution . Static and dynamic PI V measurements are made on the trailing vortex to assess the steady -state and transient effects of different actuation schemes . It is found that the MiTE configurations that nearly conserve the total lift on the wing can also displace the vortex by 0.041 chord lengths in the spanwise direction and 0.016 chord lengths in the liftwise direction . These perturbations can be produced at axial wavelengths corresponding to short and long wavelength vortex instabilities.
Bone marrow-derived NCS-01 cells for ischemic stroke (2021)

Stroke stands as one of the most common causes of death among adults worldwide. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator serves as the only approved drug by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stem cell therapy serves as a viable treatment option and has been deemed as a safe and effective treatment for stroke patients. Adult human bone marrow-derived NCS-01 cells serve as a potential treatment for stroke given their ability to reduce stroke-induced pathological deficits by increasing cell viability and mitochondrial activity. Recently, we demonstrated the use of adult bone marrow-derived NCS-01 cells both on both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models. Using NCS-01 cells in rat stroke models subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, an effective dosage of 7.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/ml, administered through the intracarotid artery within 3 days poststroke, was shown to display significant improvements in motor and neurological behaviors, reductions in infarct area, and peri-infarct cell loss. NCS-01 cells, in comparison with other lines of stem cells (Li cells), are shown to produce greater therapeutic effects, most likely due to the observed filopodia formation that allows the stem cells to extend and target the ischemic cells. Given these findings, NCS-01 stem cells serve as a potential treatment for stroke through the demonstration of profound efficacy and further research that favors their filopodia-mediated mechanism of action.
A Bi-modal Probe Integrated with A-mode Ultrasound and Force Sensor for Single-site Assessment of Arterial Pressure-Diameter Loop (2020)

There is an ever-increasing interest in the research community towards the development of advanced in-vivo diagnostic and screening tools for cardiovascular diseases. Various methodologies often do not account for potential errors in arterial pressure and diameter measurements. This paper highlights these pitfalls through the design and instrumentation of a bi-modal probe integrated with A-scan ultrasound and force sensor. This probe is used for simultaneous and single-site assessment of pressure – diameter (PD) loop of superficial arteries. In-vivo measurement of PD loop is a gateway to study the mechanical properties of artery, design and development of vascular grafts and clinically significant for measurement of arterial stiffness, local pulse wave velocity, and central blood pressure. The novelty comes with the usage of an image free A-scan mode of ultrasound, which makes it possible to keep the force sensor and ultrasound transducers very close, solving one of the challenges faced by state-of-the-art techniques in single site measurement. In addition to this, in-house-developed acquisition hardware and software ensures matched frequency response and time synchronization for both pressure and diameter signals. Signals were reliably recorded with an SNR of 20 dB and constructed PD loop is in the clockwise direction with pressure signals leading diameter signals.
Characterization of the Polymerase and RNase H Activities of Human Foamy Virus Reverse Transcriptase (2004)

Foamy virus (FV) replication, while related to that of orthoretroviruses, differs at a number of steps. Several of these differences involve the reverse transcriptase (RT). There appear to be fewer RTs present in FV than in orthoretroviruses; we previously proposed that the polymerase of FV RT was more active than orthoretroviral RTs to compensate for the numerical difference. Here we present further characterization of the RT of FV. The polymerase activity of FV RT was greater than that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT in a variety of assays. We also examined the RNase H activity of FV RT, and we propose that FV RT has a basic loop in the RNase H domain. Although the sequence of the basic loop of FV RT is different from the basic loop of either Moloney leukemia virus RNase H or Escherichia coli RNase H, the FV RT basic loop appears to have a similar function.
Novel Electrostatic Discharge Protection Structure for a Monolithic Gas Sensor Systems-on-a-Chip (2005)

A new on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection scheme is demonstrated for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based embedded sensor (ES) system-on-a-chip (SoC). The ESD protection scheme includes ground-referenced protection cells implemented with novel multifinger thyristor-type devices for (1) input/output (I/O) protection; (2) power supply clamp; (3) protection at the internal sensor electrodes. The I-V characteristics of the thyristor-type protection cells are adjusted to provide an optimum ESD protection per unit area. Transmission line pulsing (TLP) measurements and ESD testing show superb high conductance on-state I-V characteristics with no latch-up problem when thyristor-type devices are subjected to an ESD event, while very low leakage current is obtained at the SoC operating voltage.