gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Porous Coordination Copolymer with over 5000 m<sup>2</sup>/g BET Surface Area (2009)

New levels of surface area are achieved in a coordination polymer (UMCM-2, University of Michigan Crystalline Material) derived from zinc-mediated coordination copolymerization of a dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acid. In addition to a large micropore contribution to the surface area, mesopores are also present. In contrast to the recently reported coordination copolymer UMCM-1, which has a mesoporous channel, UMCM-2 is built from three types of cages. In spite of exceptional porosity, both of these coordination polymers are thermally robust. Hydrogen uptake performance of UMCM-2 approaches 7 wt% at 77 K.
Pulsed vacuum-arc ion source operated with a “triggerless” arc initiation method (2000)

Vacuum arcs can be initiated by simply applying a sufficiently high voltage (∼ 1 kV) between the anode and cathode, provided that there is a conducting path between these electrodes. Typically, the conducting path is obtained by coating the ceramic insulator. Plasma is formed explosively at the coating-cathode interface. Since neither a trigger supply nor a trigger electrode are required, the method has been dubbed “triggerless” arc initiation. Triggerless operation of a vacuum arc ion source was demonstrated for a number of cathode materials. It was found that triggerless operation is very reliable as long as the balance of deposition and erosion of the conducting material leads to a steady-state path resistance in the range from 1 Ω to 100 kΩ.
Multi-Axial Cycle Counting and Fatigue Life Assessment Based on Nominal and Battelle Structural Stresses (2010)

In this paper, a path-dependent maximum range (PDMR) multi-axial cycle counting method is presented for performing fatigue life assessment of engineering components under general variable-amplitude multi-axial loading conditions. The PDMR method has two distinct features: (a) multi-axial cycle counting, in which the cycle counting is conducted in an equivalent stress or strain space, and (b) explicit loading path dependency. For uniaxial loading data, the PDMR and the ASTM standard Rainflow methods both generate the same counting results. The path-length, a function of both normal and shear stress components on a critical crack plane, is proposed as a fatigue damage parameter for ductile materials. PDMR can be applied to welded structures, in which the crack plane is usually known in advance, as well as to non-welded structures, in which the critical plane approach can be implemented into PDMR to determine both the fatigue crack orientation and the associated fatigue damage. The effectiveness and robustness of the PDMR method have been validated by its ability to correlate nominal stress and Battelle structural stress fatigue data including pure-bending, pure-torsion, in-phase, and out-of-phase loading conditions for welded tube-to-flange steel structures. The relationship between the data correlations based on nominal stress and Battelle structural stress for these loading conditions is illustrated. Finally, one-parameter and two-parameter equivalency approaches for PDMR operation are also introduced and discussed.
Nasal and oral contribution to inhaled and exhaled nitric oxide: a study in tracheotomized patients (2002)

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced at different sites in the human airways and may have several physiological effects. Orally-produced NO seems to contribute to the levels found in exhaled air. Autoinhalation of nasal NO increases oxygenation and reduces pulmonary artery pressure in humans. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration and output of NO during nasal, oral and tracheal controlled exhalation and inhalation. Ten tracheotomized patients and seven healthy subjects were studied. The mean+/-SEM fraction of exhaled NO from the nose, mouth and trachea was 56+/-8, 14+/-4 and 6+/-1 parts per billion (ppb), respectively. During single-breath nasal, oral and tracheal inhalation the fraction of inhaled NO was 64+/-14, 11+/-3 and 4+/-1, respectively. There was a marked flow dependency on nasal NO output in the healthy subjects, which was four-fold greater at the higher flow rates, during inhalation when compared to exhalation. There is a substantial contribution of nasal and oral nitric oxide during both inhalation and exhalation. Nasal nitric oxide output is markedly higher during inhalation, reaching levels similar to those that are found to have clinical effects in the trachea. These findings have implications for the measurement of nitric oxide in exhaled air and the physiological effects of autoinhaled endogenous nitric oxide.
Thermally effective, electrically isolating heat intercept connections (1995)

Electrical and electronic equipment often require thermally effective beat intercept connections that provide electrical isolation. Such connections can be developed by clamping, with a thermal-interference fit, an electrically insulating cylindrical tube between a central disk and an outer ring. Heat flows radially through the disk-tube-ring assembly. Thermal effectiveness, i.e., {Delta}T for a given heat flux, and electrical isolation are controlled by tube geometry and material and by connection-assembly details. Connections of this type are being developed as cryogenic heat intercepts for electrical current leads that employ high-temperature superconductors. We discuss the design considerations and details of a beat intercept connection that transfers a 45-w thermal load at 60 K with a {Delta}T of {approx} 10 K while providing 7.5 kV electrical isolation. Prototype heat intercept connections have been evaluated for their thermal and electrical performance, and the results are presented.
Development of a continuous process to obtain a confectionery fat from tallow: Final status (1981)

Abstract A two‐step pilot plant continuous process fractionally crystallized edible beef tallow into three fractions‐a confectionery fat (14%), cooking oil (69%), and stearine (17%). The tallow was dissolved in acetone to a concentration of 11.6% by weight. The use of scraped surface heat exchangers with high external recycle permitted crystallizations at 60–65 F and 40–42 F, respectively, with only 5 min nominal dwell times in each crystallizer. A cost estimate indicated that the process to separate continuously a confectionery fat from tallow may be commercially feasible, dependent upon the price and market of the other two fractions.
A Novel Data Representation for Effective Learning in Class Imbalanced Scenarios (2018)

Class imbalance refers to the scenario where certain classes are highly under-represented compared to other classes in terms of the availability of training data. This situation hinders the applicability of conventional machine learning algorithms to most of the classification problems where class imbalance is prominent. Most existing methods addressing class imbalance either rely on sampling techniques or cost-sensitive learning methods; thus inheriting their shortcomings. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that is different from sampling or cost-sensitive learning based techniques, to address the class imbalance problem, where two samples are simultaneously considered to train the classifier. Further, we propose a mechanism to use a single base classifier, instead of an ensemble of classifiers, to obtain the output label of the test sample using majority voting method. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets clearly indicate the usefulness of the proposed approach over the existing state-of-the-art techniques.
Alcohol Fueled Heavy Duty Vehicles Using Clean, High Efficiency Engines (2010)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Non-petroleum based liquid fuels are essential for reducing oil dependence and greenhouse gas generation. Increased substitution of alcohol fuel for petroleum based fuels could be achieved by 1) use in high efficiency spark ignition engines that are employed for heavy duty as well as light duty operation and 2) use of methanol as well as ethanol. Methanol is the liquid fuel that is most efficiently produced from thermo-chemical gasification of coal, natural gas, waste or biomass. Ethanol can also be produced by this process but at lower efficiency and higher cost. Coal derived methanol is in limited initial use as a transportation fuel in China. Methanol could potentially be produced from natural gas at an economically competitive fuel costs, and with essentially the same greenhouse gas impact as gasoline. Waste derived methanol could also be an affordable low carbon fuel. In this paper we describe modeling studies of alcohol fuel operation in highly turbocharged direct injection spark ignition engines operated at high compression ratio. The studies suggest that these engines could be as or more efficient than diesel engines while also providing advantages of lower vehicle cost, lower emissions and higher power. The strong knock suppression resulting from the alcohol evaporative cooling enables operation with power densities (horsepower per liter) up to three times that which can be provided by diesel engines, due to increased torque and higher engine speed. This makes possible highly downsized alcohol engines (e.g. a 15 liter diesel engine could potentially be replaced by a SI engine with a displacement of 7 liters or less). M85 (around 85% methanol, 15% gasoline by volume) has roughly 60% of the range of diesel fuel for a given fuel tank size. However, the weight reduction from the highly downsized engines could essentially compensate for the increased alcohol tank and fuel weight needed to obtain the same range as a diesel vehicle. We discuss alcohol fueled vehicle operation with various mixtures of gasoline and alcohol and the possibility of an additional increase in efficiency by onboard alcohol reforming using exhaust heat. Tri-fuel (methanol/ethanol/gasoline) flexible fuel operation is also discussed.</div></div>
Model Agnostic Time Series Analysis via Matrix Estimation (2019)

We propose an algorithm to impute and forecast a time series by transforming the observed time series into a matrix, utilizing matrix estimation to recover missing values and de-noise observed entries, and performing linear regression to make predictions. At the core of our analysis is a representation result, which states that for a large class of models, the transformed time series matrix is (approximately) low-rank. In effect, this generalizes the widely used Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) in the time series literature, and allows us to establish a rigorous link between time series analysis and matrix estimation. The key to establishing this link is constructing a Page matrix with non-overlapping entries rather than a Hankel matrix as is commonly done in the literature (e.g., SSA). This particular matrix structure allows us to provide finite sample analysis for imputation and prediction, and prove the asymptotic consistency of our method. Another salient feature of our algorithm is that it is model agnostic with respect to both the underlying time dynamics and the noise distribution in the observations. The noise agnostic property of our approach allows us to recover the latent states when only given access to noisy and partial observations a la a Hidden Markov Model; e.g., recovering the time-varying parameter of a Poisson process without knowing that the underlying process is Poisson. Furthermore, since our forecasting algorithm requires regression with noisy features, our approach suggests a matrix estimation based method-coupled with a novel, non-standard matrix estimation error metric-to solve the error-in-variable regression problem, which could be of interest in its own right. Through synthetic and real-world datasets, we demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms standard software packages (including R libraries) in the presence of missing data as well as high levels of noise.
Growth-arrest homeobox gene Gax: a molecular strategy to prevent arterial restenosis. (1996)

Tissue remodeling and alterations in cellular differentiation occur during atherosclerosis and restenosis following balloon angioplasty, but little is known about the nuclear proteins that regulates these processes. Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that regulate cell growth, differentiation, migration, and body plan formation. The Gax (growth arrest homeobox) gene is expressed in adult cardiovascular tissues. Gax is expressed in normal quiescent smooth muscle cells, but its expression is rapidly down-regulated when these cells are stimulated to proliferate with mitogens. Gax expression is also down-regulated in vascular tissue immediately following balloon injury. These characteristics of Gax suggest it may be required to maintain the non-proliferative or contractile phenotype in vascular smooth muscle. Indeed, the mitogen-induced proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells is inhibited when these cells are microinjected with recombinant Gax protein. Gax also inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells when overexpressed with a replication-defective adenovirus vector, and the local delivery of this recombinant virus to denuded rat carotid arteries significantly reduces neointima formation and luminal narrowing. Currently we are performing percutaneous Gax adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into normal and atherosclerotic rabbit iliac arteries. These data suggest that overexpression of Gax gene may prevent the neointimal formation that is characteristic of a number of vascular disorders.
Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the human platelet glycoprotein V. A member of the leucine-rich glycoprotein family cleaved during thrombin-induced platelet activation. (1993)

Glycoprotein V (GPV) is a major platelet membrane 82-kDa glycoprotein, missing in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome, that is cleaved when platelets are treated with thrombin. We report the cloning and sequencing of the GPV cDNA and gene obtained by a combination of polymerase chain reaction amplification of platelet mRNA and genomic library screening. The single-copy gene for GPV is contained within 6.5 kilobase pairs (kb) of genomic sequence and has a simple structure with a single intron of 958 base pairs in the 5'-untranslated sequence; the coding sequence is contained within a single exon. The promoter region contains a canonical TATA box, and putative GATA, Ets-1, and Sp1 cis-acting elements. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis on RNAs from cells of different hematopoietic origins revealed that GPV was specifically transcribed from platelets and from cells of the megakaryocytic lineage (megakaryocytes, HEL cells). A single transcript of 4.5 kb for GPV was detected in human platelets by Northern blot analysis. The entire amino acid sequence of GPV was deduced from the cDNA and genomic sequences. Mature GPV was composed of 544 amino acids which contained a single transmembrane domain, a short cytoplasmic domain (16 residues), and a large extracellular domain with 8 potential N-glycosylation sites. Analysis of the extracellular domain revealed the presence of 15 tandem Leu-rich repeats of 24 amino acids with homology to GPIb alpha and identified a cleavage site for thrombin near the COOH terminus with similarity to the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, but no hirudin-like sequence was found.
ChemInform Abstract: Cardiotonic Agents. 1‐Methyl‐7‐(4‐pyridyl)‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐3(2H)‐isoquinolinones and Related Compounds. Synthesis and Activity. (1989)

Abstract 4‐Substituted cyclohexanone derivatives such as (IV), prepared from the acetal (I) as outlined in the reaction scheme, are acylated, yielding the 2‐acetylcyclohexanones (VI).
Multinational Study of Subcutaneous Model-Predictive Closed-Loop Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Summary of the Results (2010)

In silico experiments can be used as viable alternatives to animal trials for the preclinical testing of insulin treatment strategies. Compared to open-loop treatment under identical conditions, closed-loop control improves the overnight regulation of diabetes.
Sequence Selective Recognition of Double-Stranded RNA at Physiologically Relevant Conditions Using PNA-Peptide Conjugates (2013)

Conjugation of short peptide nucleic acids (PNA) with tetralysine peptides strongly enhanced triple helical binding to RNA at physiologically relevant conditions. The PNA hexamers and heptamers carrying cationic nucleobase and tetralysine modifications displayed high binding affinity for complementary double-stranded RNA without compromising sequence selectivity. The PNA-peptide conjugates had unique preference for binding double-stranded RNA, while having little, if any, affinity for double-stranded DNA. The cationic PNAs were efficiently taken up by HEK293 cells, whereas little uptake was observed for unmodified PNA.
ADVANCED HYBRID PARTICULATE COLLECTOR (1999)

A new concept in particulate control, called an advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC), is being developed under funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. The AHPC combines the best features of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses in a manner that has not been done before. The AHPC concept consists of a combination of fabric filtration and electrostatic precipitation in the same housing, providing major synergism between the two collection methods, both in the particulate collection step and in transfer of the dust to the hopper. The AHPC provides ultrahigh collection efficiency, overcoming the problem of excessive fine-particle emission with conventional ESPs, and it solves the problem of reentrainment and collection of dust in conventional baghouses.
Characteristics of High Power CO2 Laser Welding and Porosity Suppression Mechanism by Nitrogen Shield-Study on High Power Laser Welding Phenomena-(Report 1)- (2005)

High power laser is a promising tool to weld heavy section plates. One of the major problems, in this case, is formation of some weld defects such as porosity and hot cracking. A final goal of a series of our investigations is to develop defect free laser welding process with the depth of more than 20mm. In the present study, characteristics of deep penetration welding have been investigated using a 20kW CO2 laser facility. Deep penetration of more than 20nm can be attained even at a high welding speed 16.7mm/s. However, porosities are always observed in the longitudinal sections, more significantly for upper focusing conditions. The porosity is not observed, on the other hand, with nitrogen shielding, although large plasma periodically formed during welding and leads to significant reduction in the penetration depth. Pulse modulation of the laser power at the same frequency and duty of the periodical plasma formation can effectively decrease the porosity formation even with helium shielding. This suggests the possibility of porosity prevention by laser power modulation. Dissolution of nitrogen in the molten pool has also good effect to prevent the porosity with nitrogen shielding.
Rotary ultrasonic motor driven by a disk-shaped ultrasonic actuator (2006)

A rotary ultrasonic motor, including a disk-shaped ultrasonic actuator and a rotor, is developed, and the characteristics of the motor, including speeds, torques, output powers, and efficiencies, against various preload forces, voltages, and frequencies are investigated. The actuator is developed on a thin piezoelectric buzzer with three fixed screws and driven by a single-phase electrical power source. Here, the buzzer is composed of a nickel-alloy disk and a piezoceramic disk, and the screws are individually arranged at 90/spl deg/, 120/spl deg/, and 150/spl deg/ arc locations on the nickel-alloy disk. An optimal driving point of the actuator for driving the rotor in both clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) directions is located at a point on the 90/spl deg/ arc edge region, and the CW and CCW directions are controlled by the frequency of the electrical power source. In doing so, the principle, construction, and driving mechanism of the actuator are first expressed. Then, the principle is verified according to vibration mode analysis with ANSYS simulation. The ANSYS simulation concerns the numerical model, structure, and mesh analysis as well. Moreover, a driving and measuring system, including an ac power supply system and a system that measures speed and twist forces, is constructed to evaluate the performance of the actuator and motor.
Digital holography of total internal reflection (2008)

We introduce a new microscopy technique termed total internal reflection holographic microscopy (TIRHM). Quantitative phase microscopy by digital holography is used to image the phase profile of light in total internal reflection, which is modulated by the materials present on or near the surface of internal reflection. The imaging characteristics are theoretically modeled and imaging capabilities are experimentally demonstrated.
From master-slave to down-conversion optical coherence tomography (2020)

We present here advances on the Master Slave (MS) concept, applicable to spectral/Fourier/frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology. Instead of obtaining an A-scan from the sample investigated via a Fourier Transform (FT) or equivalent, the amplitude of the A-scan for each resolvable point along the depth is obtained along a separate output. A multiplier produces the product of the photo-detected signal from the OCT system with that generated by an Electrical or an Optical Master. This allows acquisition at a frequency comparable to that of the sweeping, much inferior to the frequency bandwidth of the channeled spectrum. 3 advantages of the down-conversion method are demonstrated here: (a) real time delivery of an en-face image; (b) axial optical path difference (OPD) range at the level of the source’s dynamic coherence length and (c): tolerance to fluctuations in the sweep of the swept source. The most important advantage of the down-conversion method is that it reduces the signal bandwidth considerably, to the level of the sweeping rate. This facilitates real-time operation. Conventional A-scan production can only be performed real-time if the FT processing is carried out in a time comparable to or less than the sweep time, which depending on the number of sampled points and dynamic range determines a limit of ∼ MHz sweep rate. Before even calculating a FT, acquisition may also be limited by the sampling rate of the digitiser. In conventional SS-OCT, the number of depth points can exceed 1,000, which for a sweeping time of 1 μs would determine signals in the GHz range. Using long coherence length swept sources, this number of depths could be even larger, hence the conventional FT-based method faces a bottleneck due to the time needed to calculate the FT, combined with the need to acquire data at many GS/s.
Blue-green buried-ridge laser diodes (1993)

An attempt is being made to develop short wavelength (green and blue) laser diodes with performance suitable for use in optical data storage systems. Buried-ridge laser diodes operating in the blue-green ( lambda =511 nm) are reported. The starting material is a separate-confinement heterostructure consisting of a strained, pseudomorphic CdZnSe quantum well, ZnSSe light-guiding layers, and MgZnSSe cladding layers. The II-VI layers are grown by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) and are nominally lattice-matched to the GaAs substrate. Ridges, typically 2 or 3 mu m wide, are formed using ion beam etching, and are subsequently buried with ZnS in a self-aligned process that results in a planar surface. Laser diodes with room-temperature pulsed threshold currents of 2.5 mA have been obtained. Single lateral model operation is indicated by the far-field pattern of these devices.