gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brushless Self-Excited Synchronous Field-Winding Machine With Five- and Higher-Phase Design Using Independently Controlled Spatial Harmonics (2023)

In this article, a novel brushless self-excitation scheme for synchronous field-winding machines is presented. This scheme uses an AC stator with five or more phases to create two independently controlled rotating magnetic fields at different spatial harmonics, allowing independent magnetic coupling with different rotor windings. The rotor of the proposed machine possesses a field winding, transformer windings, and a diode rectifier that converts induced AC voltages in the transformer windings into a DC voltage for the field winding. A design for a five-phase stator configuration is developed using finite-element analysis tools, and simulation results at different motor speeds are presented to validate the proposed brushless scheme. Torque and power characteristics of the brushless machine are compared with similarly-sized interior permanent magnet and induction machines.
Faster and Greener Chemical Reaction Workup Using Silicone Elastomer-Coated Glass Powders (2018)

We have developed a substantially faster and greener technique for routine chemical reaction workups. We use silicone elastomer-coated glass powder ("FastWoRX") as an absorbent to extract organic products from a quenched aqueous reaction mixture. After filtration, FastWoRX powder loaded with organic products can serve as a convenient input for flash chromatographic separations. With this technique, tedious and solvent-consuming liquid-liquid extractions are replaced by a simple filtration. Use of FastWoRX reduces solvent use and the <i>E</i>-factor by up to an order of magnitude compared to traditional liquid-liquid extraction-based workup.
Increased Solubility, Liquid-Crystalline Phase, and Selective Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Polyelectrolyte Dispersions (2013)

The solubility of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) polyelectrolytes [K(THF)]nSWCNT in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was determined by a combination of centrifugation, UV-vis spectral properties, and solution extraction. The SWCNT formed a liquid crystal at a concentration above 3.8 mg/mL. Also, crown ether 18-crown-6 was found to increase the solubility of the SWCNT polyelectrolytes in DMSO. Raman spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence analyses were applied to study the functionalization of SWCNTs. Small-diameter SWCNTs were found to be preferentially functionalized when the SWCNT polyelectrolytes were dispersed in DMSO.
Isolation and Identification of Acetic Acid Bacteria for Submerged Acetic Acid Fermentation at High Temperature (1980)

Industrial vinegar production by submerged acetic acid fermentation has been carried out using Acetobacter strains at about 30°C. To obtain strains suitable for acetic acid fermentation at higher temperature, about 1,100 strains of acetic acid bacteria were isolated from vinegar mash, soils in vinegar factories and fruits, and their activities to oxidize ethanol at high temperature were examined. One of these strains, No. 1023, identified as Acetobacter aceti, retained full activity to produce acetic acid in continuous submerged culture at 35°C and produced 45% of activity at 38°C, while the usual strain of A. aceti completely lost its activity at 35°C. Thus the use of this strain may reduce the cooling costs of industrial vinegar production.
Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) MRI–Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Basic Concepts (2021)

Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI monitors the transit of contrast agents, typically gadolinium chelates, through the intrarenal regions, the renal cortex, the medulla, and the collecting system. In this way, DCE-MRI reveals the renal uptake and excretion of the contrast agent. An optimal DCE-MRI acquisition protocol involves finding a good compromise between whole-kidney coverage (i.e., 3D imaging), spatial and temporal resolution, and contrast resolution. By analyzing the enhancement of the renal tissues as a function of time, one can determine indirect measures of clinically important single-kidney parameters as the renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and intrarenal blood volumes. Gadolinium-containing contrast agents may be nephrotoxic in patients suffering from severe renal dysfunction, but otherwise DCE-MRI is clearly useful for diagnosis of renal functions and for assessing treatment response and posttransplant rejection.Here we introduce the concept of renal DCE-MRI, describe the existing methods, and provide an overview of preclinical DCE-MRI applications to illustrate the utility of this technique to measure renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate in animal models.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction is complemented by two separate publications describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
The Direct-to-Data (D2D) cache (2014)

Modern processors optimize for cache energy and performance by employing multiple levels of caching that address bandwidth, low-latency and high-capacity. A request typically traverses the cache hierarchy, level by level, until the data is found, thereby wasting time and energy in each level. In this paper, we present the Direct-to-Data (D2D) cache that locates data across the entire cache hierarchy with a single lookup. To navigate the cache hierarchy, D2D extends the TLB with per cache-line location information that indicates in which cache and way the cache line is located. This allows the D2D cache to: 1) skip levels in the hierarchy (by accessing the right cache level directly), 2) eliminate extra data array reads (by reading the right way directly), 3) avoid tag comparisons (by eliminating the tag arrays), and 4) go directly to DRAM on cache misses (by checking the TLB). This reduces the L2 latency by 40% and saves 5-17% of the total cache hierarchy energ D2D's lower L2 latency directly improves L2 sensitive applications' performance by 5-14%. More significantly, we can take advantage of the L2 latency reduction to optimize other parts of the micro-architecture. For example, we can reduce the ROB size for the L2 bound applications by 25%, or we can reduce the L1 cache size, delivering an overall 21% energy savings across all benchmarks, without hurting performance.
Evaluation of a Platinum–Acridine Anticancer Agent and Its Liposomal Formulation in an In Vivo Model of Lung Adenocarcinoma (2020)

Liposomal formulations have been developed for a highly cytotoxic platinum–acridine hybrid agent, [PtCl(pn)(C18H21N4)](NO3)2 (PA, pn = propane-1,3-diamine), and fully characterized. PEGylated nanoliposomes consisting of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), anionic 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1´-rac-glycerol) (DPPG), and polyethylene glycol-2000-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE-mPEG2k) were able to stably encapsulate PA at payload-to-lipid ratios ranging from approximately 2–20%. The fusogenic properties of the liposomes promote efficient cellular uptake of PA across the plasma membrane, which results in vesicular transport of payload to the nucleus, as confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy in cultured lung cancer cells. Unencapsulated PA and one of the newly designed liposomal formulations show promising efficacy in tumor xenografts derived from A549 cells (human lung adenocarcinoma). The findings underscore the utility of platinum–acridine agents for treating aggressive, chemoresistance cancers and validate nanoliposomes as a biocompatible, expandable platform for their intravenous delivery and other potential routes of administration.
Fiber-Coupled Acousto-Optical-Filter Spectrometer (1993)

Fiber-coupled acousto-optical-filter spectrometer steps rapidly through commanded sequence of wavelengths. Sample cell located remotely from monochromator and associated electronic circuitry, connected to them with optical fibers. Optical-fiber coupling makes possible to monitor samples in remote, hazardous, or confined locations. Advantages include compactness, speed, and no moving parts. Potential applications include control of chemical processes, medical diagnoses, spectral imaging, and sampling of atmospheres.
Comparative Analysis of the Mucosal Adjuvanticity of the Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins LT-IIa and LT-IIb (2000)

Cholera toxin (CT) and the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LT-I) are members of the serogroup I heat-labile enterotoxins (HLT) and can serve as systemic and mucosal adjuvants. However, information is lacking with respect to the structurally related but antigenically distinct serogroup II HLT, LT-IIa and LT-IIb, which have different binding specificities for ganglioside receptors. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of LT-IIa and LT-IIb as mucosal adjuvants in comparison to the prototypical type I HLT, CT. BALB/c mice were immunized by the intranasal (i.n.) route with the surface protein adhesin AgI/II of Streptococcus mutans alone or supplemented with an adjuvant amount of CT, LT-IIa, or LT-IIb. Antigen-specific antibody responses in saliva, vaginal wash, and plasma were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice given AgI/II with LT-IIa or LT-IIb by the i.n. route had significantly higher mucosal and systemic antibody responses than mice immunized with AgI/II alone. Anti-AgI/II immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody activity in saliva and vaginal secretions of mice given AgI/II with LT-IIa or LT-IIb was statistically similar in magnitude to that seen in mice given AgI/II and CT. LT-IIb significantly enhanced the number of AgI/II-specific antibody-secreting cells in the draining superficial cervical lymph nodes compared to LT-IIa and CT. LT-IIb and CT induced significantly higher plasma anti-AgI/II IgG titers compared to LT-IIa. When LT-IIb was used as adjuvant, the proportion of plasma IgG2a relative to IgG1 anti-AgI/II antibody was elevated in contrast to the predominance of IgG1 antibodies promoted by AgI/II alone or when CT or LT-IIa was used. In vitro stimulation of AgI/II-specific cells from the superficial lymph nodes and spleen revealed that LT-IIa and LT-IIb induced secretion of interleukin-4 and significantly higher levels of gamma interferon compared to CT. These results demonstrate that the type II HLT LT-IIa and LT-IIb exhibit potent and distinct adjuvant properties for stimulating immune responses to a noncoupled protein immunogen after mucosal immunization.
Blockade of Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia by Bax Inhibiting Peptides (BIPs) in Mouse Model. (2007)

Abstract Thrombocytopenia is a major side effect of cancer chemotherapy producing bleeding problems as well as cancer treatment delays. To preclude it, the platelets progenitors megakaryocytes need to be protected from drug-induced apoptosis. According to previous reports, anti-apoptotic molecules such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and caspase inhibitors were found to interfere platelet formation by megakaryocytes, thus these apoptosis inhibitors are not appropriate therapeutic candidates for the prevention of drug-induced thrombocytopenia. Recently we developed a new type of cell permeable apoptosis inhibitor, Bax Inhibiting Peptides (BIPs), which are derived from the Bax binding domain of Ku70. Bax is a key mediator of apoptosis, and Ku70 is a multifunctional protein playing roles in cell survival and DNA repair. In the present study, we determined whether BIPs prevent chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, there are several cancer cell types that acquired mutations in genes of Bax and/or Bax activating factors. Therefore, we hypothesize that protection of non-tumorigenic essential cells (such as megakaryocytes) by BIPs is beneficial for patients suffering from Bax-negative cancer. For in vitro study, Dami cells (human pro-megakaryocyte cell line) and mouse primary cultured megakaryocytes were used. BIPs significantly inhibited apoptosis induction by anti-cancer drugs such as etoposide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, or paclitaxel. Importantly, BIPs did not interfere the activity of megakaryocytes to produce platelet-like particle in cell culture, suggesting that BIPs protect megakaryocytes from drug-induced apoptosis without suppressing their platelets production. For in vivo study, C57BL/6J mice and Bax-/- mice (backcrossed with C57BL/6J) were used. Etoposide (150 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a significant decrease of platelet count in whole blood within 2 days after the drug administration in wild type C57BL/6J mice. Pretreatment of mice with BIPs (166 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before etoposide injection) blocked etoposide-induced platelet count decrease in these wild type mice. The same dose of etoposide did not induce significant platelet count decrease in Bax-/- mice. These results suggest that chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, at least in part, is due to the stimulation of Bax-mediated cell death probably both in megakaryocytes and platelets. In our preliminary experiments, three times injection of caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk, 166 mg/kg, i.p. every 24 hrs) caused prolongation of bleeding time from the wound (tail cut). Thus, as previously reported by other groups using in vitro system, caspase inhibitor may have its own side effect to inhibit platelet formation or/and activation in vivo. On the other hand, BIPs (166 mg/kg, 3 times every 24 hrs, i.p.) did not extend bleeding time from the tail. Taken together, BIP may become a useful supplemental therapeutic agent to block chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia.
4 The non-cannabinoid constituents of Cannabis sativa (2023)

Although cannabinoids are the most studied constituents of Cannabis sativa L. C. sativa, there have been over 400 non-cannabinoid constituents which have been identified from C. sativa. These non-cannabinoids can be classified into four separate chemical classes: alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenes. Although the focus has been on the cannabinoid-type constituents of cannabis, the non-cannabinoids are just as vital and essential to define the chemical profile and the characteristic properties associated with C. sativa. This chapter addresses the isolation and identification of the most important and predominant non-cannabinoid-type constituents, classified into four major classes.
Author response: MELK is an oncogenic kinase essential for mitotic progression in basal-like breast cancer cells (2014)

Not all cancers are the same. There are, for example, at least five types of breast cancer. Different types of cancer can have different mutations and express different genes that determine how aggressively the tumors grow and how well they respond to different therapies. By exploiting these differences, scientists have developed therapies that target specific tumor types, and these targeted therapies have proven useful against most breast cancers. One type of breast cancer, however, has proven hard to treat. Basal-like breast cancer grows rapidly and there are few treatment options for women with this type of cancer. One reason for this is that, unlike other forms of breast cancer, these cancers do not have the hormone receptors that are the targets of existing therapies. Enzymes called kinases are promising alternate targets, and many kinase-inhibiting drugs can kill tumor cells in mice. Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to develop kinase inhibitors that are safe for use in humans because these drugs can also kill normal cells. To avoid this side effect, cancer researchers have been searching for a kinase that is active in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Wang et al. tested a large collection of kinases and found that one called MELK caused tumors to grow in the mammary glands of mice. Further examination of tumor samples collected from hundreds of women in previous clinical studies revealed that MELK expression was increased in basal-like breast cancers and other breast cancer tumors that lack the usual hormone receptor targets. When Wang et al. treated tumor cells and mice with tumors with a chemical that stops MELK working, basal-like breast cancer cells stopped multiplying and died. On the other hand, tumor cells that had the usual hormone receptors continued to multiply. To see if MELK is important in healthy mice, Wang et al. genetically engineered mice to delete the MELK gene and found that these mutant mice appear normal. The next challenge will be to test if drugs that inhibit MELK can kill basal-like breast cancer cells without having the side effect of harming normal cells.
Label-free, high-throughput detection of<i>P. falciparum</i>infection in sphered erythrocytes with digital holographic microscopy (2018)

Effective malaria treatment requires rapid and accurate diagnosis of infecting species and actual parasitemia. Despite the recent success of rapid tests, the analysis of thick and thin blood smears remains the gold standard for routine malaria diagnosis in endemic areas. For non-endemic regions, sample preparation and analysis of blood smears are an issue due to low microscopy expertise and few cases of imported malaria. Automation of microscopy results could be beneficial to quickly confirm suspected infections in such conditions. Here, we present a label-free, high-throughput method for early malaria detection with the potential to reduce inter-observer variation by reducing sample preparation and analysis effort. We used differential digital holographic microscopy in combination with two-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing for the label-free detection of P. falciparum infection in sphered erythrocytes, with a parasitemia detection limit of 0.01%. Moreover, the achieved differentiation of P. falciparum ring-, trophozoite- and schizont life cycle stages in synchronized cultures demonstrates the potential for future discrimination of even malaria species.
Widely tunable optical vortex parametric laser with versatility of orbital angular momentum (2017)

We present an optical vortex parametric laser with an ultra-broadband tunability (665–2525 nm). Also, the topological charge of the vortex signal (idler) output is selectively switched in a range of +2 ~ 0 (+1 ~ −1).
Farnesyltransferase as a target for anticancer drug design (1997)

The currently understood function for Ras in signal transduction is in mediating the transmission of signals from external growth factors to the cell nucleus. Mutated forms of this GTP-binding protein are found in 30% of human cancers with particularly high prevalence in colon and pancreatic carcinomas. These mutations destroy the GTPase activity of Ras and cause the protein to be locked in its active, GTP bound form. As a result, the signaling pathways are activated, leading to uncontrolled tumor growth. Ras function in signaling requires its association with the plasma membrane. This is achieved by posttranslational farnesylation of a cysteine residue present as part of the CA1A2X carboxyl terminal tetrapeptide of all Ras proteins. The enzyme that recognizes and farnesylates the CA1A2X sequence, Ras farnesyltransferase (FTase), has become an important target for the design of inhibitors that might be interesting as antitumor agents. Several approaches have been taken in the search for in vivo active inhibitors of farnesyltransferase. These include the identification of natural products such as the chaetomellic and zaragozic acids that mimic farnesylpyrophosphate, bisubstrate transition state analogs combining elements of the farnesyl and tetrapeptide substrates and peptidomimetics that reproduce features of the carboxyl terminal tetrapeptide CA1A2X sequence. This last group of compounds has been most successful in showing highly potent inhibition of FTase and selective blocking of Ras processing in a range of Ras transformed tumor cell lines at concentrations as low as 10 nM. Certain peptidomimetics will also block tumor growth in various mouse models, with apparently few toxic side effects. These results suggest that farnesyltransferase inhibitors hold considerable promise as anticancer drugs in the clinic.
A run‐to‐run framework for prandial insulin dosing: handling real‐life uncertainty (2006)

Abstract Individuals with type 1 diabetes require frequent adjustment of their insulin dose to maintain as near to normal glycaemia as possible. This process is not only burdensome but also, for many, difficult to achieve. As a result, control algorithms to facilitate insulin dosage have been proposed, but have not been completely successful in normalizing glycaemia. Here we present a novel run‐to‐run control algorithm to adjust the meal‐related insulin dose using only post‐prandial blood glucose measurements. For each meal independently, the insulin dose is adjusted based on the performance measure for the same meal the previous day. A robustness analysis is performed which considers the sources of uncertainty typically encountered in clinical use. This shows that the system remains stable even with large uncertainty. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The human dopamine D2 receptor gene is located on chromosome 11 at q22-q23 and identifies a TaqI RFLP. (1989)

Human dopaminergic neurons are involved in the control of hormone secretion, voluntary movement, and emotional behavior. Mediating these effects are the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. These macromolecules belong to a large family of related sequences known as the G protein-coupled receptors. The D2 receptors have been of special interest because they bind, with high affinity and specificity, many of the commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs. We previously isolated a full-length cDNA clone of the rat D2 receptor. When a chromosome mapping panel was probed with the rat D2 receptor cDNA a 15-kb EcoRI restriction fragment was identified and localized to human chromosome 11. The rat cDNA was also used to clone a human genomic fragment, lambda hD2G1, which contains the last coding exon of the D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and 16.5 kb of 3' flanking sequence. Hybridization of lambda hD2G1 to a chromosome 11 regional mapping panel localized DRD2 to 11q. In situ hybridization of lambda hD2G1 to metaphase chromosomes refined this assignment to the q22-q23 junction of chromosome 11. A search for RFLPs associated with D2DR identified a frequent two-allele TaqI RFLP.
Intersubband laser design using a quantum box array (1997)

It is shown that semiconductor lasers utilizing intersubband transitions in quantum boxes (IQB lasers) can have lower threshold current densities and operating voltages than quantum cascade (QC) lasers provided that a reduction factor of about 10 can be achieved in the LO phonon-assisted electron relaxation rate. The increased gain for the radiative stage in an IQB laser eliminates the need for a multi-radiative-stage structure (typically 25 in QC lasers). This allows the electron injector and Bragg mirror regions on either side of active region to be separately optimized. Due to their inherently lower input power requirements, IQB lasers operating in the mid-IR should be capable of cw operation at room temperature with high wall plug efficiency and higher average output powers than QC lasers.
A novel magnetic resonance imaging postprocessing technique for the assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration—Correlation with histological grading in a rabbit disc degeneration model (2019)

Our results show that using a multi-echo T2 MRI sequence, Decay Variance can quantitatively assess disc degeneration more accurately and with less image-processing time than quantitative T2 relaxometry in a rabbit disc puncture model. The technique is a viable candidate for quantitative assessment of disc degeneration on MRI scans. Further validation on human subjects is needed.