gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and Stability of Silica Particle Monolayers at Horizontal and Vertical Octane−Water Interfaces (2005)

Monolayers of silica particles at horizontal and vertical octane-water interfaces have been studied by microscopy. It is found that their structure and stability depend strongly on the particle hydrophobicity. Very hydrophobic silica particles, with a contact angle of 152 degrees measured through the water, give well-ordered monolayers at interparticle distances larger than 5 particle diameters which are stable toward aggregation and sedimentation. In contrast, monolayers of less-hydrophobic particles are disordered and unstable. Two-dimensional particle sedimentation has been observed in the case of vertical monolayers. The results have been analyzed with a simple two-particle model considering the sedimentation equilibrium as a balance between the long-range electrostatic repulsion through the oil, the gravity force, and the capillary attraction due to deformation of the fluid interface around particles. The value of the charge density at the particle-octane interface, 14.1 muC/m(2), found for the most hydrophobic particles is reasonable. It drastically decreases for particles with lower hydrophobicity, which is consistent with the order-disorder transition in monolayer structure reported by us before. The pair interactions between particles at a horizontal octane-water interface have been analyzed including the capillary attraction due to undulated three-phase contact line caused by nonuniform wetting (the contact angle hysteresis). The results are in agreement with the great stability of very hydrophobic silica particle monolayers detected experimentally, even at low pH at the point of zero charge of the particle-water interface, and with the aggregated structure of hydrophilic particle monolayers.
Abyssomicins, Inhibitors of the para-Aminobenzoic Acid Pathway Produced by the Marine Verrucosispora Strain AB-18-032 (2004)

A screening method was established to detect inhibitors of the biosynthetic pathways of aromatic amino acids and para-aminobenzoic acid, the precursor of folic acid, using an agar plate diffusion assay modified as an antagonism test. By this screening method, a family of three novel polycyclic polyketides named as abyssomicins was isolated from a marine strain of Verrucosispora. The main component abyssomicin C inhibits the pathway between chorismate and para-aminobenzoic acid and is strongly active against gram-positive bacteria, including multi-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Progress in Chemical Constituents and Quality Evaluation of Ginseng in Forest (2013)

The article reviewed all the research about the chemical composition and quality assessmentof ginseng cultivated in forest,and it also provided the exsiting problems and future prospects of Ginseng in Forest on the basis of the summary.
Environmentally Induced Foregut Remodeling by PHA-4/FoxA and DAF-12/NHR (2004)

Growth and development of the Caenorhabditis elegans foregut (pharynx) depends on coordinated gene expression, mediated by pharynx defective (PHA)-4/FoxA in combination with additional, largely unidentified transcription factors. Here, we used whole genome analysis to establish clusters of genes expressed in different pharyngeal cell types. We created an expectation maximization algorithm to identify cis-regulatory elements that activate expression within the pharyngeal gene clusters. One of these elements mediates the response to environmental conditions within pharyngeal muscles and is recognized by the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) DAF-12. Our data suggest that PHA-4 and DAF-12 endow the pharynx with transcriptional plasticity to respond to diverse developmental and physiological cues. Our combination of bioinformatics and in vivo analysis has provided a powerful means for genome-wide investigation of transcriptional control.
Automated evaluation of autoantibodies on human epithelial-2 cells as an approach to standardize cell-based immunofluorescence tests (2010)

Automated assessment of AAB by IIF on HEp-2 cells using an automated interpretation system is a reliable and robust method for positive/negative differentiation. Employing novel mathematical algorithms, automated interpretation provides reproducible detection of specific immunofluorescence patterns on HEp-2 cells. Automated interpretation can reduce drawbacks of IIF for AAB detection in routine diagnostics providing more reliable data for clinicians.
A survey of Montana superintendents' and school board members' attitudes toward education for personal and family living (2015)

Determining the opinions of Montana superintendents and school board members on the need, initiation and related concerns in establishing a family life and sex education course termed "Education for Personal and Family Living" (ED.P.
Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidines active as Btk inhibitors (2017)

Btk is a tyrosine kinase dysregulated in several B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases, and this has given rise to a search for Btk inhibitors. Nevertheless, only one Btk inhibitor, ibrutinib, has been approved to date, although other compounds are currently being evaluated in clinical trials or in preclinal stages. Area covered: This review, after a brief introduction on Btk and its inhibitors already in clinical trials, focusses on pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives patented in the last five years as Btk inhibitors. Indeed, the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold, being a deaza-isostere of adenine, the nitrogenous base of ATP, is an actively pursued target for Btk inhibitors. The patent literature since 2012 have been extensively investigated, pointing out the general features of the patented compounds and, when it is possible, their mechanism of action. Expert opinion: The recently patented pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, acting as reversible or irreversible inhibitors, showed a very interesting in vitro activity. For this reason, the development of compounds endowed with this scaffold could afford a significant impact in the search for drug candidates for the treatment of immune diseases or B-cell malignancies.
Mammalian Rrn3 is required for the formation of a transcription competent preinitiation complex containing RNA polymerase I. (2008)

Mammalian Rrn3, an essential, polymerase-associated protein, is inactivated when cells are treated with cycloheximide, resulting in the inhibition of transcription by RNA polymerase I. Although Rrn3 is essential for transcription, its function in rDNA transcription has not been determined. For example, it is unclear whether Rrn3 is required for initiation or elongation by RNA polymerase I. Rrn3 has been shown to interact with the 43-kDa subunit of RNA polymerase I and with two of the subunits of SL1. In the current model for transcription, Rrn3 functions to recruit RNA polymerase I to the committed complex formed by SL1 and the rDNA promoter. To examine the question as to whether Rrn3 is required for the recruitment of RNA polymerase I to the template, we developed a novel assay similar to chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. We found that RNA polymerase I can be recruited to a template in the absence of active Rrn3. However, that complex will not initiate transcription, even after Rrn3 is added to the reaction. Interestingly, the complex that forms in the presence of active Rrn3 is biochemically distinguishable from that which forms in the absence of active Rrn3. For example, the functional complex is fivefold more resistant to heparin than that which forms in the absence of Rrn3. Our data demonstrate that Rrn3 must be present when the committed template complex is forming for transcription to occur.
Hierarchy of Supramolecular Synthons: Persistent Hydrogen Bonds Between Carboxylates and Weakly Acidic Hydroxyl Moieties in Cocrystals of Zwitterions (2010)

Whereas carboxylic acids are well explored in the context of cocrystals, the same cannot be said about carboxylate moieties. This Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and experimental study demonstrates that carboxylate moieties persistently form charge-assisted H-bonds with weakly acidic hydroxyl moieties such as phenols. CSD statistics reveal that 58 of 103 relevant structures exhibit carboxylate-hydroxyl (phenolic) supramolecular heterosynthons even in the presence of competing functional groups. The following neutral cocrystal formers sustain 15 new cocrystals of zwitterions and their crystal structures reveal that all exhibit carboxylate-hydroxyl supramolecular heterosynthons: citric acid (CIT), l-ascorbic acid (ASC), hesperetin (HES), quercetin (QUE), resveratrol (RES), catechol (CAT), protocatechuic acid (PCA), ferulic acid (FER), ellagic acid (ELA), and gallic acid (GAL). Zwitterions used were betaine (BTN), sarcosine (SAR), dimethyl glycine (DMG), baclofen (BAC), nicotinic acid (NAC), and isonicotinic acid (INA). Carboxylate-hydroxyl supramolecular heterosynthons were observed as follows: 2-point carboxylate-vicinal diol R22 (9) in ASCSAR, ASCNAC, and BTNASC; R44 (18) between two carboxylate and two catechol moieties in BTNGAL, ELASAR, and ELADMG; CITINA·2H2O, GALINA·H2O, and HESNAC (+ and ± forms) exhibit 1-point H-bonds.
Effects of propylthiouracil on urinary metabolites of cyclophosphamide in rats. (1983)

Our previous studies have shown a protective effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) pretreatment against the toxicity of cyclophosphamide (CP). The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of the PTU protection. CP is metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzyme system in the liver to alkylating metabolites, to active antineoplastic agents, and to acrolein, the most toxic and least antineoplastic metabolite. Measurements of CP metabolites in blood and urine during a 4-hr i.v. infusion of CP (50 mg/kg body weight/hr) showed urinary acrolein excretion to be 2.5 times higher in control rats as compared to PTU-treated rats. Since it has been reported that urinary acrolein levels are directly related to the frequency and severity of hemorrhagic cystitis, it is concluded from our observations that prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis is probably mediated by the PTU effect on lowering urinary acrolein concentration and excretion. Serum alkylating activity was significantly higher in the PTU-pretreated rats, which may enhance the antineoplastic potential of CP.
Aggregation gatekeepers modulate protein homeostasis of aggregating sequences and affect bacterial fitness (2012)

The most common mechanism by which proteins aggregate consists in the assembly of short hydrophobic primary sequence segments into extended β-structured agglomerates. A significant enrichment of charged residues is observed at the flank of these aggregation-prone sequence segments, suggesting selective pressure against aggregation. These so-called aggregation gatekeepers act by increasing the intrinsic solubility of aggregating sequences in vitro, but it has been suggested that they could also facilitate chaperone interactions. Here, we address whether aggregation gatekeepers affect bacterial fitness. In Escherichia coli MC4100 we overexpressed GFP fusions with an aggregation-prone segment of σ32 (further termed σ32β) flanked by gatekeeper and non-gatekeeper residues and measured pairwise competitive growth. We found that the identity of flanking residues had significant effect on bacterial growth. Overexpression of σ32β flanked by its natural gatekeepers displayed the greatest competitive fitness, followed by other combinations of gatekeepers, while absence of gatekeepers strongly affects bacterial fitness. Further analysis showed the diversity of effects of gatekeepers on the proteostasis of σ32β including synthesis and degradation rates, in vivo aggregation propensity and chaperone response. Our results suggest that gatekeeper residues affect bacterial fitness not only by modulating the intrinsic aggregation propensity of proteins but also by the manner in which they affect the processing of σ32β-GFP by the protein quality control machinery of the cell. In view of these observations, we hypothesize that variation at gatekeeper positions offers a flexible selective strategy to modulate the proteostatic regulation of proteins to the match intrinsic aggregation propensities of proteins with required expression levels.
Design of a magnetic lead screw for wave energy conversion (2012)

This paper deals with the development of a magnetic lead screw (MLS) for wave energy conversion. Initially, a brief state-of-the-art regarding linear PM generators and magnetic lead screws is given, leading to an introduction of the magnetic lead screw and a presentation of the results from a finite element analysis used to find the magnetic forces. Furthermore, the force per magnet surface area measure is presented as a better alternative to the force density measure, which is often used for linear magnetic devices. Based on this, the overall design of a 500 kN MLS is presented focusing on the bearing supports used to compensate for the magnetic attraction forces and the resulting deflection of the rotor. Also, in order to avoid some of the production related disadvantages of using surface mounted magnets, an embedded magnet topology is proposed. To demonstrate the technology a scaled 17 kN MLS is presented together with experimental results.
Mobility-based traffic offload from WiMAX to WLAN (2012)

Decisions for vertical handover in heterogeneous mobile and wireless networks are very important because they impact the QoS of the mobile users and they are also dependent upon the mobility. Choosing the right radio interface at a given moment when mobile terminal has more than one available wireless or mobile network can be based on various factors beside signal strength. In this paper we propose and implement traffic offload algorithm which uses mobile nodes speed and session's priority, real-time or non-real-time, as factors for vertical handover decision from WiMAX to WLAN. We use IEEE 802.21 standard for implementing the algorithm. The proposes mobility-based traffic offload algorithm for vertical handover decisions in scenarios with various traffic types and speeds of the mobile nodes avoids unnecessary vertical handover from WiMAX to WLAN. Furthermore, it shows improvements on vertical handover latency, packet loss and average throughput for mobile VoIP.
Video didn’t kill the radio star – she’s hosting a podcast (2016)

The mobile-first delivery of podcasts has created a powerful relationship between listeners and host that bypasses traditional broadcast gatekeepers. Could this format trigger new narrative genres and promote social engagement?
TDM-PON for Accommodating TDD-Based Fronthaul and Secondary Services (2017)

A time division multiplexing-passive optical network (TDM-PON) has been attracting attention with a view to realizing the cost-effective mobile fronthaul (MFH) of a mobile base station (BS). A cost-effective MFH is needed because a lot of BSs will be densely deployed in fifth generation mobile networks (5G). A TDM-PON is capable of reducing the network cost as the number of subscribers increases. However, the number of remote radio heads that can be accommodated in a TDM-PON is limited since a 5G MFH has a throughput of more than 1 Gbps. The accommodation of not only the MFH but also multiple services will enable us to construct a more cost-effective network that will in turn achieve cost-effective 5G MFH. Therefore, we propose the accommodation of the fronthaul and secondary services in a TDM-PON. Our proposed TDM-PON allows us to increase the number of accommodated ONUs. We use a traffic monitor to capture the MFH signal and then estimate the unallocated interval in the PON domain by using the characteristics of the MFH signal. The signals of the secondary services are inserted in the unallocated interval of the MFH signal. We estimate the unallocated interval by using this characteristic. In this paper, we report experimental and the theoretical results for our proposed technique obtained with a 10 Gigabit-Ethernet PON prototype. Moreover, we also discuss the variation in throughput when we increase the number of ONUs.
Stoichiometric study of activated glass powder hydration (2012)

The focus of this work was to study the reactivity of glass powder of a certain fineness by using a new experimental approach and to establish specifications for the use of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete by developing glass powder hydration reaction equations. Experiments were carried out to determine the different quantities and proportions of glass powder, calcium hydroxide and water to establish the hydration reaction. Models that describe the hydration of the glass powder with and without calcium hydroxide are also developed in this paper. The developed models are validated using the results of the experiments. Using these models, predictions of the structure of the hydration products are obtained.
Inter-crystal scatter identification for a depth-sensitive detector using multi-anode outputs (2006)

In conventional PET detectors, detected events are projected to a 2D position histogram using the Anger calculation for crystal identification. Inter-crystal scatter (ICS) events cause mispositioned identification of crystals because peaks projected by each crystal in the histogram are blurred. A depth-of-interaction (DOI) detector has been developed for the small animal PET scanner: jPET-RD. This DOI detector uses four-layered arrays of 32 times 32 crystals and a 256-channel multi-anode flat panel photomultiplier tube (FP-PMT). Each crystal is 1.45 mm times 1.45 mm times 4.5 mm. The FP-PMT has a large detective area and small anode pitch. We think that the FP-PMT has a good potential for tracing the scattered gamma rays in the crystals. In this study, we therefore propose a novel method for ICS event identification using the principle component analysis (PCA). The PCA is applied to multiple-anode outputs in order to discriminate photoelectric events from ICS events. The first principle component depends on the number of anode outputs deposited energy through preprocessing. Numerical simulation results show that the rate of the ICS identification by the proposed method is about 77.6 % at a 511 keV uniform irradiation. Also, by incorporating the PCA technique in our method we can identify only events which have large effect on spatial resolution in the ICS events. Our method can archive a true subtraction of ICS events from measured events.
Preparation of phospholipid analogues using the phosphoramidite route (2000)

The phosphoramidite route has been used to prepare phospholipid analogues possessing biocompatible properties and the monomer 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylphosphorylcholine, utilised in the preparation of biocompatible polymers. Modifications to established methodology include, as an alternative to the thermally unstable tetrazole, the use of 4,5-dichloroimidazole as an acid catalyst for preparing phosphite esters from the corresponding phosphoramidites, and the use of trimethylamine N-oxide as oxidant for the conversion of the phosphite esters into the corresponding phosphates.
Lactose hydrolyzed milk powder: Thermodynamic characterization of the drying process (2017)

Industrial production of lactose hydrolyzed milk powder (LHMP) remains challenging. Due to the presence of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, lactose-free powders tend to suffer stickiness, caking, and browning during drying and storage. We sought to find ideal conditions spray dryer inlet air temperature (θair,in) and concentrated milk flow rate (mCM) for LHMP production. We tested θair,in settings of 115–160°C and mCM of 0.3–1.5 kg · h−1, and also applied mass and energetic balances. LHMP generally exhibited higher mass and energetic losses than the control (milk powder containing lactose), as a consequence of the relatively low dryability of LHMP. For a lab scale spray dryer, the ideal conditions settings for LHMP production were θair,in = 145 ± 2°C and mCM = 1.0 kg · h−1, taking into account the mass yield and energetic cost (kJ · kg−1 of powder) of the process. These ideal conditions are a potential tool for the industrial development of lactose-free dairy powders.
Electroactivate shape-memory polymer filled with nanocarbon particles and short carbon fibers (2007)

In addition to the fabrication of shape-memory thermoset polymer nanocomposites filled with conductive nanoparticles and fiber fillers, this paper is focused on factors which would influence the electrical property of this type of material. It is shown that the particulate additives are dispersed homogeneously within the matrix and served as interconnections between the fibers, while the fibrous additives act as long distance charge transporter by forming local conductive paths. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite which contains 5wt% carbon nanoparticles and 2wt% short carbon fiber is 2.32S∕cm by four-point van der Pauw method, and can be induced by 24V voltages.
Frontal Crash Mitigation using MR Impact Damper for Controllable Bumper (2007)

This study presents performance characteristics of a magnetorheological (MR) impact damper for controllable bumper in vehicle systems. Recently, several mechanisms are proposed in order to minimize the injury of vehicle occupants during frontal collision. One of the promising candidates is the MR fluid which undergoes significant instantaneous reversible changes in material characteristics when subjected to a magnetic field. Using this salient property, a new type of MR impact damper is devised in this work. The proposed damper is integrated with bellows to induce the flow motion and the motion is operated under flow mode. The field-dependent damping force is evaluated by computer simulation with various conditions. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed impact damper, a lumped parameter mathematical model of frontal vehicle crash system including MR impact damper is developed and realized in order to evaluate acceleration peak reductions and transmitted force in the frontal collision.
Ligand-functionalized nanoparticles target endothelial cells in retinal capillaries after systemic application (2013)

To date, diseases affecting vascular structures in the posterior eye are mostly treated by laser photocoagulation and multiple intraocular injections, procedures that destroy healthy tissue and can cause vision-threatening complications. To overcome these drawbacks, we investigate the feasibility of receptor-mediated nanoparticle targeting to capillary endothelial cells in the retina after i.v. application. Cell-binding studies using microvascular endothelial cells showed receptor-specific binding and cellular uptake of cyclo(RGDfC)-modified quantum dots via the αvβ3 integrin receptor. Conversely, Mueller cells and astrocytes, representing off-target cells located in the retina, revealed only negligible interaction with nanoparticles. In vivo experiments, using nude mice as the model organism, demonstrated a strong binding of the ligand-modified quantum dots in the choriocapillaris and intraretinal capillaries upon i.v. injection and 1-h circulation time. Nontargeted nanoparticles, in contrast, did not accumulate to a significant amount in the target tissue. The presented strategy of targeting integrin receptors in the retina could be of utmost value for future intervention in pathologies of the posterior eye, which are to date only accessible with difficulty.