gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementing and exploiting static speculation on multiple instruction issue processors (1994)

Trends in processor architectures and designs suggest that static speculation is a candidate for implementation on future high-performance processors. In this dissertation, we shall examine issues related to the implementation and exploitation of static speculation. There are four primary results:
Precise Exceptions. Prior work in static speculation has not examined the interaction between exception handling and speculative instructions in any great detail. We investigate this interaction, exhibiting certain problematic subtleties that arise, and show how they can be overcome.
Speculative Tagging. Earlier proposals for implementing speculative instructions tended to have several drawbacks, including restricted applicability. We introduce speculative tagging, a new, more general, mechanism for specifying static speculation, and show it is possible to optimize exception recovery through this mechanism.
Whole-DAG Scheduling. Recently, there has been some work on scheduling regions of acyclic code larger than a basic block so as to take advantage of static speculation. We describe another such algorithm, known as whole-DAG scheduling, that contains innovations that make it more flexible, and allow it to use better heuristics.
Dynamic Speculation. The work on static speculation and exceptions suggested an alternative approach to implementing dynamic speculation. This approach results in simpler hardware than prior schemes, and is consequently cheaper to implement and potentially has a lesser impact on cycle-time.
Additionally, we report results of experimental studies measuring the effectiveness of whole-DAG scheduling. In it, we show, among other things, that our scheduling technique can result in near-optimal schedules, and that the selection heuristics we adopt are superior to those used in earlier algorithms.
The Structures of a<i>β</i>-Galactosidase Inhibitor, Galactostatin, and Its Derivatives (1988)

The structure of the β-galactosidase inhibitor, galactostatin, isolated from Streptomyces lydicus PA-5726 was determined to be 5-amino-5-deoxygalactopyranose, in which the ring oxygen of galactose has been replaced by nitrogen. For this study, two derivatives of galactostatin were prepared by oxidation and reduction, respectively. The oxidation product of galactostatin was 5-amino-5-deoxygalactonic-δ-lactam (galactostatin-lactam) and the reduction product was 5-amino-1,5-dideoxygalactopyranose (1-deoxygalactostatin).
Development of a new diagnostic sensor for extra-corporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (2004)

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is the leading technique used in urology for the non-invasive treatment of kidney and ureteric stones. The stone is comminuted by thousands of ultrasound shocks, into fragments small enough to be naturally passed. Since the technique was introduced in the 1980 different generations of lithotripters have been developed. Nevertheless the alignment systems (x-ray, ultrasound) still have some limitations (indeed, the tighter focusing of newer lithotripter reduces the tolerance for misalignment) and there is no capability for on-line monitoring of the degree of fragmentation of the stone. There is 50% incidence of re-treatments, possibly due to these deficiencies. The objective of this research is to design a new passive acoustic sensor, exploiting the secondary acoustic emission generated during the treatment, which could be used as a diagnostic device for lithotripsy. With a passive cylindrical cavitation detector, developed by the National Physical Laboratory, it was possible to detect these emissions in a laboratory lithotripter, and it was shown that they contain information on the degree of stone fragmentation and stone location. This information could be used to perform the desired monitoring and to improve the stone targeting. In collaboration with Precision Acoustic Ltd, some clinical prototypes were developed and tested to verify the relevance of these preliminary results. Clinical results are presented.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of (Poly)phosphorylated Nucleosides and Conjugates (2011)

Succinyl-cycloSal-phosphate triesters of ribo- and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides were attached to aminomethyl polystyrene as an insoluble solid support and reacted with phosphate-containing nucleophiles yielding nucleoside di- and triphosphates, nucleoside diphosphate sugars, and dinucleoside polyphosphates in high purity after cleavage from the solid support. Here, reactive cycloSal-phosphate triesters were used as immobilized reagents that led to a generally applicable method for the efficient synthesis of phosphorylated biomolecules and phosphate-bridged bioconjugates.
Genetic engineering of dendritic cells to express immunosuppressive molecules (viral IL-10, TGF-β, and CTLA4Ig) (1999)

There is growing evidence that, in addition to their role as initiators of immune responses, dendritic cells (DC) can exhibit tolerogenic properties. Immature DC deficient in cell surface costimulatory/accessory molecules can prolong organ and pancreatic islet allograft survival, whereas in vitro manipulation of DC by exposure to a variety of factors (e.g., viral interleukin-10; CTLA4Ig) can confer tolerogenic properties on these cells. Genetic engineering of DC to express immunosuppressive molecules is, in theory, an attractive approach to the therapy of allograft rejection and possibly, autoimmune disorders.
Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists: A Novel Class of Antihypertensive Agents (1990)

The most direct approach to block the function of the renin-angiotensin system would be to antagonize angiotensin II (AII) at the level of its receptor. However, the AII receptor antagonists currently available, such as saralasin, are peptides which still retain agonistic activity and lack oral bioavailability. We have identified the N-benzylimidazoles, S-8307 and S-8308, as weak, but selective nonpeptide AII receptor antagonists. These initial leads were subsequently converted into more potent compounds, such as EXP6155, EXP6803 and EXP7711, while maintaining the selectivity. The compounds displace 3H-AII from its specific binding sites in adrenal cortical membranes and smooth muscle cells. They competitively inhibit the vasoconstrictor response to AII in various in vivo and in vitro preparations, but do not influence those to KCl, norepinephrine, and vasopressin. Converting enzyme and renin are not affected by these agents. In renal hypertensive rats and sodium-depleted dogs our compounds cause a sustained decrease in arterial pressure following intravenous and oral (EXP7711) administration, and are devoid of agonistic properties. Taken together, these nonpeptide structures are true competitive AII receptor antagonists and represent a new class of effective antihypertensive agents.
Class-Aware Adversarial Lung Nodule Synthesis In CT Images (2019)

Though large-scale datasets are essential for training deep learning systems, it is expensive to scale up the collection of medical imaging datasets. Synthesizing the objects of interests, such as lung nodules, in medical images based on the distribution of annotated datasets can be helpful for improving the supervised learning tasks, especially when the datasets are limited by size and class balance. In this paper, we propose the class-aware adversarial synthesis framework to synthesize lung nodules in CT images. The framework is built with a coarse-to-fine patch in-painter (generator) and two class-aware discriminators. By conditioning on the random latent variables and the target nodule labels, the trained networks are able to generate diverse nodules given the same context. By evaluating on the public LIDC-IDRI dataset, we demonstrate an example application of the proposed framework for improving the accuracy of the lung nodule malignancy estimation as a binary classification problem, which is important in the lung screening scenario. We show that combining the real image patches and the synthetic lung nodules in the training set can improve the mean AUC classification score across different network architectures by 2%.
Autologous cell therapy with CD133+ bone marrow-derived stem cells for refractory Asherman's syndrome and endometrial atrophy: a pilot cohort study (2016)

This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02144987).
Peptide-mediated cellular delivery of semiconductor quantum dots (2013)

CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are ideal materials for biological sensing and cellular imaging applications due to their superior photophysical properties in comparison to fluorescent proteins or dyes and their ease of conjugation to biological materials. We have previously developed a number of <i>in vitro</i> FRET based biosensors in the laboratory for detection of proteases and biological and chemical agents. We would like to expand these biosensing capabilities into cellular systems, requiring development of QD cellular delivery techniques. Peptide mediated cellular delivery of QDs is ideal as peptides are small, easily conjugated to QDs, easily manipulated and synthesized, and can be designed with “handles” for further chemical conjugation with other cargo. Here we discuss four cell delivery peptides that facilitate QD uptake in live cells. Understanding these peptides will help us design better nanoparticle cellular delivery systems and advance our capabilities for <i>in vivo</i> biosensing.
Temperature‐dependent sex determination: A mechanistic approach (1994)

Abstract A variety of sex determination systems exists in reptiles, including temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). While the precise physiological basis of TSD is unknown, numerous past studies have provided a general characterization of this phenomenon. The period of thermosensitivity encompasses the middle one third to one half of embryonic development. It has been shown that in several species of reptiles this period starts prior to (histologically defined) gonadal differentiation and extends to a time when sex specific changes are becoming evident in the gonads. During the thermosensitive period, sex determination is sensitive to both the magnitude and duration of a given incubation temperature. Further, the treatment of developing eggs with specific steroid hormones (in particular, estrogens) has been shown to override the effects of male‐producing temperatures and induce female sex determination. This has led to a variety of studies investigating whether the production of estrogens may be naturally involved in TSD. The results from several studies are consistent with the hypothesis that temperature could be affecting endogenous estrogen production by controlling the production of aromatase. However, the results from other studies are not consistent with this hypothesis. Current studies by a variety of research laboratories are now addressing the estrogen hypothesis as well as TSD in general at various physiological and molecular levels. As such, these studies should provide a wealth of data on the physiological basis of TSD. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase Stabilization of Zirconia (1997)

Stabilized zirconia containing sintered particles of alumina and zirconia in tetragonal phase at temperatures below about 1150 deg C. is prepared by mixing alumina particles of less than 30 nanometers with zirconia particles of less than 30 nanometers in presence of a liquid to form a suspension, drying the suspension at a temperature up to about 6000 deg C. to remove the liquid and products thereof to form a dried suspension composed of agglomerated alumina and zirconia particles, sintering the dried suspension to fuse the particles, and cooling the sintered dried suspension to an ambient temperature to produce free-standing bodies or coatings on substrates.
The Synthesis of N-{2-Amino-4-substituted [(Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic Acids as Antineoplastic Agents (1993)

A series of N-{2-amino-4-substituted[(pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acids were synthesized. In this current synthesis, compound 2-amino-4-chloro-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (4) was selected as an important precursor for the preparation of key intermediates such as 5b, 10b, 15a and 15b. These highly functionalized pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were then later coupled with either 4-ethynylbenzoylglutamate or 4-iodobenzoylglutamate in a palladium catalyzed Heck reaction and thus provided the basic skeleton of the targeted molecules. The availability of the chlorine atom at the 4-position of the pyrrolopyrimidine nucleus has allowed us to introduce different substituents at this position efficiently.By this approach, we were able to prepare a variety of 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine based folate antagonists (2a-2g) which are closely related to the novel thymidylate synthase inhibitor LY231514. In vitro analysis has demonstrated that some of these agents are highly cytotoxic against human leukemic cells (CCRF-CEM) in culture
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of Nu-1, FU-1, and Related Zeolites (1985)

Abstract The discovery of the striking catalytic properties of the Mobil zeolite ZSM-5 has been followed by a large and intensive research effort both in catalysis promoted by ZSM-5 and in the synthesis and properties of other highly siliceous zeolites. While the distinctions between ZSM-5 and some of the claimed new zeolites are barely perceptible (it would perhaps be invidious to name these zeolites), other new. highly-siliceous zeolites differ markedly from ZSM-5/ZSM-11 in structure and consequently in other properties as well. Zeolites Nu-1 and FU-1 have now been fairly well characterized in both physical and catalytic properties. Although their crystal structures have not yet been determined, it is clear that they are different from ZSM-5 (and indeed, any other published zeolite structure).
Use of GNSS-Based Pseudo-Acceleration Measurements and Orbital Constraints to Initialize Spaceborne Receiver Orbit Solutions (2003)

ABSTRACT: This paper presents an original technique based on pseudo-acceleration measurements to compute a fix with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) spaceborne receiver. The pseudo-acceleration measurements can be computed by pseudorange differencing, and the relation between the position and the acceleration is given by Newton's law. Then, a least-squares system resolution makes it possible to obtain the state of the receiver (position, velocity, clock bias, and drift) when only two emitters are visible in a low earth orbit (LEO) configuration, and when these data are adapted to geostationary earth orbit (GEO) orbits, one can obtain the state of the receiver when only one GNSS emitter is visible.
Regioselective C‐2 and C‐6 Substitution of (S)‐Nicotine and Nicotine Derivatives. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Scorpion Venom Heat-Resistant Peptide (SVHRP) Enhances Neurogenesis and Neurite Outgrowth of Immature Neurons in Adult Mice by Up-Regulating Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (2014)

Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP) is a component purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom. Although scorpions and their venom have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat chronic neurological disorders, the underlying mechanisms of these treatments remain unknown. We applied SVHRP in vitro and in vivo to understand its effects on the neurogenesis and maturation of adult immature neurons and explore associated molecular mechanisms. SVHRP administration increased the number of 5-bromo-2'-dexoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells, BrdU-positive/neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN)-positive neurons, and polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive immature neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampus. Furthermore immature neurons incubated with SVHRP-pretreated astrocyte-conditioned medium exhibited significantly increased neurite length compared with those incubated with normal astrocyte-conditioned medium. This neurotrophic effect was further confirmed in vivo by detecting an increased average single area and whole area of immature neurons in the SGZ, SVZ and olfactory bulb (OB) in the adult mouse brain. In contrast to normal astrocyte-conditioned medium, higher concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) but not nerve growth factor (NGF) or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was detected in the conditioned medium of SVHRP-pretreated astrocytes, and blocking BDNF using anti-BDNF antibodies eliminated these SVHRP-dependent neurotrophic effects. In SVHRP treated mouse brain, more glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were detected. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased numbers of GFAP/BDNF double-positive cells, which agrees with the observed changes in the culture system. This paper describes novel effects of scorpion venom-originated peptide on the stem cells and suggests the potential therapeutic values of SVHRP.
Joint angle tracking with inertial sensors (2008)

Many wearable inertial systems have been used to continuously track human movement in and outside of a laboratory. The number of sensors and the complexity of the algorithms used to measure position and orientation vary according to the clinical application. To calculate changes in orientation, researchers often integrate the angular velocity. However, a relatively small error in measured angular velocity leads to large integration errors. This restricts the time of accurate measurement to a few minutes. We have combined kinematic models designed for control of robotic arms with state space methods to directly and continuously estimate the joint angles from inertial sensors. These algorithms can be applied to any combination of sensors, can easily handle malfunctions or the loss of some sensor inputs, and can be used in either a real-time or an off-line processing mode with higher accuracy.
A new plasma aided solid-source implantation method for ultra-shallow p/sup +//n junction fabrication (2002)

Summary form only given. Ultra-shallow (less than 100 nm) p/sup +//n junctions have been fabricated for the application of sub-micron CMOS source/drain formation using a new plasma-aided solid-source implantation method. In this method, a very thin film (/spl sim/0.7 nm thick) of boron is first sputter deposited on the surface of the silicon wafer from a solid-form boron target. The wafer is then immersed in Ar plasma and biased with a series of negative voltage pulses (-3 kV, 20 /spl mu/s) in a plasma source ion implantation (PSII) chamber. The argon ions are extracted from the plasma sheath and are accelerated so that they bombard the wafer surface. This drives boron into the Si substrate by means of ion beam mixing. This results in a very shallow boron-doped layer. Dopant activation and damage removal are achieved via short-cycle RTA. The boron profiles are measured by SIMS. Recent results show that a 0.7-nm thick boron layer implanted with 3-keV argon at a dose of 4/spl times/10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ and annealed at 950/spl deg/C for 10 seconds show a peak boron concentration of 3/spl times/10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ and the concentration is more than two orders of magnitude lower at a depth of 20 nm. This process produces extremely shallow p/sup +//n junctions with a comparably low-cost solid-form boron target, while avoiding the hazards and costs of handling highly toxic and reactive gases traditionally used for junction fabrication. In addition, by using argon instead of a chemically reactive plasma, it prevents the erosion of the substrate surface materials by reactive ion etching.
High-speed parallel Viterbi decoding: algorithm and VLSI-architecture (1991)

The Viterbi algorithm (VA) is considered as an example of a fairly complex algorithm that needs to be implemented for high-speed applications. A brief introduction to the algorithm is given, and the state of the art of high-speed Viterbi decoders is reviewed. The three principal levels of introducing additional parallelism into an algorithm-bit level, word level, and algorithm level-are outlined, and a solution for the VA at the bit level is indicated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of Mueller matrix colposcopy in the characterization of cervical collagen anisotropy (2018)

Annually, about 15 million preterm infants are born in the world. Of these, due to complications resulting from their premature birth, about 1 million would die before the age of five. Since the high incidence of preterm birth (PTB) is partially due to the lack of effective diagnostic modalities, methodologies are needed to determine risk of PTB. We propose a noninvasive tool based on polarized light imaging aimed at measuring the organization of collagen in the cervix. Cervical collagen has been shown to remodel with the approach of parturition. We used a full-field Mueller matrix polarimetric colposcope to assess and compare cervical collagen content and structure in nonpregnant and pregnant women in vivo. Local collagen directional azimuth was used and a total of eight cervices were imaged.
The status of RNAi-based transgenic research in plant nematology (2015)

With the understanding of nematode-plant interactions at the molecular level, new avenues for engineering resistance have opened up, with RNA interference being one of them. Induction of RNAi by delivering double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been very successful in the model non-parasitic nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, while in plant nematodes, dsRNA delivery has been accomplished by soaking nematodes with dsRNA solution mixed with synthetic neurostimulants. The success of in vitro RNAi of target genes has inspired the use of in planta delivery of dsRNA to feeding nematodes. The most convincing success of host-delivered RNAi has been achieved against root-knot nematodes. Plant-mediated RNAi has been shown to lead to the specific down-regulation of target genes in invading nematodes, which had a profound effect on nematode development. RNAi-based transgenics are advantageous as they do not produce any functional foreign proteins and target organisms in a sequence-specific manner. Although the development of RNAi-based transgenics against plant nematodes is still in the preliminary stage, they offer novel management strategy for the future.
Etiologic Significance of Arginine Vasopressin in Motion Sickness (1994)

There is abundant evidence implicating the role of arginine vasopressin in motion sickness. The effects of AVP analogs on motion sickness were investigated in squirrel monkeys. Two specific V1 antagonists (SK&F 100273 and SK&F 103561) and three mixed V1/V2 antagonists (SK&F 101926, SK&F 105494, and SK&F 104146-D) were tested on six highly susceptible monkeys. Intravenous injections of 200 ug of a V1 antagonist abolished emesis in all six monkeys, and few prodromal symptoms remained (latency to emesis > 120 minutes, P < .001). Mixed V1/V2 antagonists failed to abolish emesis in all monkeys. However, there was a slight increase in the latency to the first bout of emesis/retching with the mixed antagonists when compared with the baseline. The dose-response relationship and rate of onset of action of the V1 antagonists (SK&F 100273) were explored. Latency to the first bout of emesis/retching increased to about twice that of the baseline when half of the effective antiemetic dose was used. The efficacy demonstrated by the specific V1 antagonists indicates that V1 receptors may modulate emesis.