gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Active control of bright electron beams with RF optics for femtosecond microscopy (2017)

A frontier challenge in implementing femtosecond electron microscopy is to gain precise optical control of intense beams to mitigate collective space charge effects for significantly improving the throughput. Here, we explore the flexible uses of an RF cavity as a longitudinal lens in a high-intensity beam column for condensing the electron beams both temporally and spectrally, relevant to the design of ultrafast electron microscopy. Through the introduction of a novel atomic grating approach for characterization of electron bunch phase space and control optics, we elucidate the principles for predicting and controlling the phase space dynamics to reach optimal compressions at various electron densities and generating conditions. We provide strategies to identify high-brightness modes, achieving ∼100 fs and ∼1 eV resolutions with 10<sup>6</sup> electrons per bunch, and establish the scaling of performance for different bunch charges. These results benchmark the sensitivity and resolution from the fundamental beam brightness perspective and also validate the adaptive optics concept to enable delicate control of the density-dependent phase space structures to optimize the performance, including delivering ultrashort, monochromatic, high-dose, or coherent electron bunches.
Inducible Sterilization of Zebrafish by Disruption of Primordial Germ Cell Migration (2013)

During zebrafish development, a gradient of stromal-derived factor 1a (Sdf1a) provides the directional cue that guides the migration of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) to the gonadal tissue. Here we describe a method to produce large numbers of infertile fish by inducing ubiquitous expression of Sdf1a in zebrafish embryos resulting in disruption of the normal PGC migration pattern. A transgenic line of zebrafish, Tg(hsp70:sdf1a-nanos3, EGFP), was generated that expresses Sdf1a under the control of the heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) promoter and nanos3 3?UTR. To better visualize the PGCs, the Tg(hsp70:sdf1a-nanos3, EGFP) fish were crossed with another transgenic line, Tg(kop:DsRed-nanos3), that expresses DsRed driven by the PGC-specific kop promoter. Heat treatment of the transgenic embryos caused an induction of Sdf1a expression throughout the embryo resulting in the disruption of their normal migration. Optimal embryo survival and disruption of PGC migration was achieved when transgenic embryos at the 4- to 8-cell stage were incubated at 34.5°C for 18 hours. Under these conditions, disruption of PGC migration was observed in 100% of the embryos. Sixty-four adult fish were developed from three separate batches of heat-treated embryos and all were found to be infertile males. When each male was paired with a wild-type female, only unfertilized eggs were produced and histological examination revealed that each of the adult male fish possessed severely under-developed gonads that lacked gametes. The results demonstrate that inducible Sdf1a expression is an efficient and reliable strategy to produce infertile fish. This approach makes it convenient to generate large numbers of infertile adult fish while also providing the capability to maintain a fertile brood stock.
Aromatic Reduced Amide Bond Peptidomimetics as Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (2003)

Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors could act as important therapies for disorders arising from overstimulation or overexpression of individual nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. But preservation of physiologically important nitric oxide functions require the use of isoform-selective inhibitors. Recently we reported reduced amide bond pseudodipeptide analogues as potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors (Hah, J.-M.; Roman, L. J.; Martasek, P.; Silverman, R. B. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2667-2670). To increase the lipophilicity a series of aromatic, reduced amide bond analogues (6-25) were designed and synthesized as potential selective nNOS inhibitors. The hypothesized large increase in isoform selectivity of nNOS over inducible NOS was not obtained in this series. However, the high potency with nNOS as well as high selectivity of nNOS over endothelial NOS was retained in some of these compounds (15, 17, 21), as well as good selectivity over inducible NOS. The most potent nNOS inhibitor among these compounds is N-(4S)-[4-amino-5-[2-(2-aminoethyl)phenylamino]-pentyl]-N'-nitroguanidine (17) (K(i) = 50 nM), which also shows the highest selectivity over eNOS (greater than 2100-fold) and 70-fold selectivity over iNOS. Further modification of compound 17 should lead to even more potent and selective nNOS inhibitors.
Myoglobin Oxygen Saturation Measured Independently of Hemoglobin in Scattering Media by Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy (1996)

Partial least-squares (PLS) and second-derivative preprocessing were used to obtain estimates of myoglobin oxygen fractional saturation from diffuse reflectance spectra of solutions containing myoglobin, hemoglobin, and a scatterer. A computer model and solutions in vitro were used to simulate several physiological situations. The maximum standard error (SE) was 0.082 for these trials; myoglobin fractional saturation varies between 0 and 1. These results show that a statistical approach can differentiate two highly overlapping absorbance peaks in the presence of diffuse scatter. A robust PLS model was created by using a calibration set with a range of scattering coefficients and concentrations of hemoglobin. Second derivatives of the spectra were less affected by changes in scattering coefficients than were the original spectra. A linear scaling of PLS estimates produced accurate myoglobin saturations from in vitro prediction set spectra that had scattering and absorption coefficients both within and beyond the range represented by the calibration set. Preliminary estimates of myoglobin fractional saturation from spectra acquired from the rat hind limb suggest that this calibration set is appropriate for use in vivo.
Grouping techniques for update propagation in intermittently connected databases (2002)

We consider an environment where one or more servers carry databases that are of interest to a community of clients. The clients are only intermittently connected to the server for brief periods of time. Clients carry a part of the database for their own processing and accumulate local updates while disconnected. We call this the Intermittently Connected Database (ICDB) environment. ICDBs have a wide variety of applications including sales force automation, insurance claim processing, and mobile workforces. Our focus is on the problem of update propagation at the server in ICDBs and the associated processing at the clients. The typical client-centric approach involves the communication and processing of updates and transactions on a per-client basis, ignoring the overlap of data between clients. The complexity of this approach is in the order of the number of connecting clients, thereby limiting the scalability of the server. We propose a data-centric approach which clusters data into groups and assigns to each client one or more of these groups. The proposed scheme results in server processing complexity on the order of the number of groups, which we control. We propose various techniques for grouping and discuss the processing required at the clients to enable the grouping approach. While the client-centric approach is expected to significantly degrade with the increasing number of clients, we expect that a properly designed grouping scheme will sustain a number of clients that is significantly larger. A prototype has been developed and performance studies are in progress.
Field Effect Resistor, a single-device-at-pad solution for ESD protection in deeply scaled SOI technology (2010)

In this paper, the FER is shown to be a possible candidate for ESD protection in deeply scaled SOI technology. I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t2</sub> of above 50 mA/μm and capacitance below 0.6 fF/μm are achieved. Despite the FER's higher resistivity than SOI diode, its major advantage is the dual-directional current shunting capability, such that ESD protection between I/O pads and power buses can be achieved with a single-device solution at the pad instead of several devices. Therefore, this device expands the conventional ESD design space for trading off parameters such as resistivity, I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">leak</sub> and capacitance. Results from measurements and TCAD simulations further instantiate the advantages of the FERs in current and future SOI technologies. For future technologies such as ultra-thin-film SOI and FinFET, better gate controllability can be achieved to sustain the inversion regions. Thus, the well doping can be increased to lower the resistivity, making the FER more suitable for I/O protection.
Comparison of the ABI 7700 System (TaqMan) and Competitive PCR for Quantification of IS <i>6110</i> DNA in Sputum during Treatment of Tuberculosis (1998)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can persist in sputum for long periods of time after the initiation of antituberculosis chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether quantitative estimates of M. tuberculosis DNA in sputum correlate with the numbers of viable bacilli and thus measure the therapeutic response of patients during treatment. Two methods of M. tuberculosis DNA quantification were examined by using DNA isolated from sputum specimens serially collected during the course of chemotherapy. A competitive PCR assay was compared to an automated system of real-time quantification with the ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System (TaqMan). The ABI 7700 system uses standard PCR in conjunction with a fluorogenic probe in which the intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the amount of target DNA present. The results showed that both PCR systems are reproducible and accurate. The amounts of M. tuberculosis DNA quantified in sputum corresponded well with the numbers of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) counted by microscopy. Before initiation of antituberculosis therapy, measures of AFB, M. tuberculosis DNA, and cultivable bacilli were similar, suggesting that quantification of DNA is a good method for measuring the initial bacillary load. However, the rate of disappearance of both AFB and M. tuberculosis DNA did not correlate with the decline in cultivable bacilli in the specimen; therefore, these tests are not appropriate for monitoring treatment efficacy.
Alkali metal-wax micropackets for chip-scale atomic clocks (2005)

We report a novel methodology for fabrication of vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks (CSAC) using wafer-scale micromachining processes. Alkali metals are enclosed in a chemically inert wax to preform alkali metal-wax micropackets, keeping the alkali metals from reacting with the ambient during the vapor cell fabrication. Apart from the high level of purity of the alkali metals in the resulting vapor cells, this method holds promise for inexpensive and flexible manufacturing of vapor cells, as well as easy handling of alkali metals used for a variety of applications other than for CSAC. The optical absorption on fabricated rubidium-87 (Rb/sup 87/) vapor cells over the D2 transitions of Rb/sup 87/ shows a contrast of more than 65%, important to the frequency stability of CSAC.
Photoacoustic Leak Testing (2000)

Abstract Leak testing is a critical manufacturing quality control process. Unintended leaks in pressurized or evacuated containers may be detrimental to consumers, manufacturers, and/or the environment. This paper describes a leak detection and localization technique based on photoacoustic sounds produced by scanning a carbon dioxide laser over leaks emitting a photoactive tracer gas, sulfur hexaflouride. Photoacoustic signals are recorded in a bandwidth from 3 up to 110 kHz by multiple microphones. From these recorded signals, the presence or absence of a leak may be deduced by comparison with background noise levels. When a leak is present, its location is determined from a simple model of the acoustic environment and matched field processing (MFP). Current results show that a gas leak of 1 cm3 per day can be detected and localized to within ±1 mm in a few seconds using four microphones placed 0.41 m from the leak location and an incoherent average of the MFP ambiguity surfaces at twelve signal frequencies.
Unsupervised speaker segmentation of telephone conversations (2002)

A process for segmenting 2-speaker telephone conversations by speaker with no prior speaker models is described and evaluated. The process consists of an initial segmentation using acoustic change and pause detection, segment clustering, and iterative modeling of segment clusters and resegmentation. The technique has been evaluated on 6, approximately 3 min long, customer care conversations. The technique does not resolve short ( 2 secs) or overlapping segments very well, but is capable of detecting longer segments ( 4 secs) with miss rates of the order of 10% and confusion rates 2% or less.
Optical diffraction tomography for high resolution live cell imaging (2009)

We report the experimental implementation of optical diffraction tomography for quantitative 3D mapping of refractive index in live biological cells. To quantitatively reconstruct the 3D map of complex refractive index in live cells, we apply optical diffraction tomography based on the Rytov approximation. In this way, the effect of diffraction is taken into account in the reconstruction process and diffraction-free high resolution 3D images are obtained throughout the entire sample volume. The quantitative refractive index map can potentially serve as an intrinsic assay to provide the molecular concentrations without the addition of exogenous agents and also to provide a method for studying the light scattering properties of single cells.
Feasibility of noninvasive ultrasound delivery for tumor ablation and targeted drug delivery in the brain (2005)

The objective of our research during the past few years has been to develop multichannel ultrasound phased arrays for noninvasive brain interventions. We have been successful in developing methods for correcting the skull induced beam distortions and thus, are able to produce sharp focusing through human skulls. This method is now being tested for thermal ablation of tumors, with results from animal studies demonstrating feasibility. In addition, the ability of ultrasound to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) locally has been explored in animal models. The results suggest that the transcranial ultrasound exposures can induce BBB opening such that therapeutic agents can be localized in the brain. This tool is especially powerful since the beam can be guided by MR images, thus providing anatomical or functional targeting. This talk will review our current status in this research, which ultimately aims for the clinical use of this methodology.
Affinity Chromatography of Hepatitis B Antigen on Concanavalin A Linked to Sepharose (1973)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Dynamic Changes in Lung MicroRNA Profiles During the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension due to Chronic Hypoxia and Monocrotaline (2010)

Defined miRNAs are regulated during the development of PAH in rats. Therefore, miRNAs may contribute to the pathogenesis of PAH and represent a novel opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
Far-infrared surface plasmon coupling with overcoated gratings (1982)

Calculated and experimental results are presented for coupling bulk electromagnetic waves to surface electromagnetic waves using overcoated gratings at 118.8 μ. A coupling efficiency of 8.7% is reported.
Definition of Swirl Function and Its Appliation to Identification Method of Swirling Motion (2007)

A method of identification of swirling motion, with swirl function defined in this paper, and its application are presented. Flow characteristic can be classified with eigenvalue of velocity gradient tensor, and complex eigenvalue indicates that flow is swirling motion. Here the imaginary part of the complex eigenvalue is defined as swirl function, and the local maximum point of swirling function is assumed to be the axis of swirling motion. The swirl function can be considered as a physical property which corresponds to angular velocity of swirling, which is invariant in transformation of coordinate. This method enables to identify the swirling motion hidden in complicated flow, which is difficult to identify with velocity field or streamline, and also estimate the intensity of swirling.
Development of an Immunoradiometric Assay Kit for Ventricular Myosin Light Chain I with Monoclonal Antibodies (1992)

Journal Article Development of an Immunoradiometric Assay Kit for Ventricular Myosin Light Chain I with Monoclonal Antibodies Get access Hirohisa Katoh, Hirohisa Katoh Immunol. Lab., Diagnostics Div. Yamasa Shoyu Co., Ltd. 2-10-1 Araoicho Choshi, Chiba 288, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masahito Sugi, Masahito Sugi Immunol. Lab., Diagnostics Div. Yamasa Shoyu Co., Ltd. 2-10-1 Araoicho Choshi, Chiba 288, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Shin-ichi Chino, Shin-ichi Chino Immunol. Lab., Diagnostics Div. Yamasa Shoyu Co., Ltd. 2-10-1 Araoicho Choshi, Chiba 288, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masao Ishige, Masao Ishige Immunol. Lab., Diagnostics Div. Yamasa Shoyu Co., Ltd. 2-10-1 Araoicho Choshi, Chiba 288, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Manami Kuroda, Manami Kuroda Immunol. Lab., Diagnostics Div. Yamasa Shoyu Co., Ltd. 2-10-1 Araoicho Choshi, Chiba 288, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masao Fujimoto, Masao Fujimoto Immunol. Lab., Diagnostics Div. Yamasa Shoyu Co., Ltd. 2-10-1 Araoicho Choshi, Chiba 288, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ryozo Nagai, Ryozo Nagai The 3rd Dept. of Intern. Med. Univ. of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Tokyo 113, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yoshio Yazaki Yoshio Yazaki The 3rd Dept. of Intern. Med. Univ. of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Tokyo 113, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 38, Issue 1, 1 January 1992, Pages 170–171, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.1.170 Published: 01 January 1992
Discovery and Validation of a Molecular Signature for the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Human Renal Allograft Fibrosis (2012)

Measurement of mRNAs in urinary cells may offer a noninvasive means of diagnosing fibrosis in human renal allografts.
Learning predictors for flash memory endurance: a comparative study of alternative classification methods (2014)

Flash memory's ability to be programmed multiple times is called its endurance. Beyond being able to give more accurate chip specifications, more precise knowledge of endurance would permit manufacturers to use flash chips more effectively. Rather than physical testing to determine chip endurance, which is impractical because it takes days and destroys an area of the chip under test, this research seeks to predict whether chips will meet chosen endurance criteria. Timing data relating to erasure and programming operations is gathered as the basis for modelling. The purpose of this paper is to determine which methods can be used on this data to accurately and efficiently predict endurance. Traditional statistical classification methods, support vector machines and genetic programming are compared. Cross–validating on common datasets, the classification methods are evaluated for applicability, accuracy and efficiency and their respective advantages and disadvantages are quantified.
Advances in the reduction and compensation of film stress in high-reflectance multilayer coatings for extreme-ultraviolet lithography (1998)

Due to the stringent surface figure requirements for the multilayer-coated optics in an extreme UV (EUV) projection lithography system, it is desirable to minimize deformation due to the multilayer film stress. However, the stress must be reduced or compensated without reducing EUV reflectivity, since the reflectivity has a strong impact on the throughput of a EUV lithography tool. In this work we identify and evaluate several leading techniques for stress reduction and compensation as applied to Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayer films. The measured film stress for Mo/Si films with EUV reflectances near 67.4 percent nm is approximately -420 MPa, while it is approximately +330 MPa for Mo/Be films with EUV reflectances near 69.4 percent at 11.4 nm. Varying the Mo-to-Si ratio can be used to reduce the stress to near zero levels, but at a large loss in EUV reflectance. The technique of varying the base pressure yielded a 10 percent decrease in stress with a 2 percent decrease in reflectance for our multilayers. Post-deposition annealing was performed and it was observed that while the cost in reflectance is relatively high to bring the stress to near zero levels, the stress can be reduced by 75 percent with only a 1.3 percent drop in reflectivity at annealing temperatures near 200 degrees C. A study of annealing during Mo/Si deposition was also performed; however, no practical advantage was observed by heating during deposition. A new non-thermal buffer-layer technique was developed to compensate for the effects of stress. Using this technique with amorphous silicon and Mo/Be buffer-layers it was possible to obtain Mo/Be and Mo/Si multilayer films with near zero net film stress and less than a 1 percent loss in reflectivity. For example a Mo/Be film with 68.7 percent reflectivity at 11.4 nm and a Mo/Si film with 66.5 percent reflectivity at 13.3 nm were produced with net stress values less than 30 MPa.
Defocus Analysis for a Coherent Plenoptic System (2011)

We propose metrics to focus a coherent plenoptic imaging system using data captured at the sensor. These metrics can be used for lens design, system calibration, and a posteriori diagnosis and correction of defocus.
Molecular Genetics of Huntington's Disease (1993)

Huntington's disease is an inherited disorder in which selective neuronal loss in the brain leads to a characteristic choreic movement disorder. The successful mapping of the Huntington's disease gene to chromosome 4 set off a torrent of similar studies in other inherited disorders as investigators attempted to locate and isolate human disease genes with this new approach. Although it took a decade-long quest since the initial mapping of the genetic defect, the gene causing Huntington's disease has recently been isolated. Discovery of the mutational mechanism causing Huntington's disease has explained some of the peculiarities of inheritance of this intriguing disorder and creates hope for a better understanding of the cause of neuronal cell death that could eventually lead to a treatment.