gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Developments of A2a Adenosine Receptor Antagonists (1995)

<P>Adenosine regulates a wide range of physiological functions through specific cell membrane receptors. On the basis of pharmacological studies and molecular cloning, four distinct adenosine receptors have been identified and classified as A1, A2a. A2b and A3. These adenosine receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. <P> An intense medicinal chemistry effort made over the last 20 years has led to a variety of selective adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. While all the agonists thus far identified are related to the adenosine structure, the antagonists available belong to different chemical classes. The prototypic antagonists are xanthine derivatives evolved from the natural compounds, caffeine and theophylline. Typically, they are 8-substituted-1,2,3-trialkylxanthine and are A1 selective antagonists. More recently, 8-styrylxanthines have been found to be selective for A2a receptors. Other non-xanthine heterocycles are potent A2a antagonists and possess different degree of selectivity. Selective antagonists are not available yet for A2b and A3 receptors. <P> Given the recent developments of A2a selective antagonists, we have reviewed their chemical structures and biological properties in the attempts to get insight into this emerging class of new interesting compounds. The development of some of the A2a antagonists will provide better understanding of the role of A2a receptors in physiological and pathological states. The compounds appear also to have the potential to be useful for the treatment of cerebral ischemia or neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.</P>
Reaction Synthesized Boron Nitride-Containing Composites (BNCC) (2007)

Based on the proposed inorganic reactions a series of high performance hexagonal boron nitride-containing composites (BNCC), include SiC-BN, Si3N4-SiC-BN, SiAlON-BN, AlN-BN, Al2O3-BN, AlON-BN and mullite-BN, have been prepared via reactive hot pressing or pressureless reactive sintering. Various boron-bearing components such as B, B4C, AlB2, SiB4, SiB6, B2O3 or H3BO3, 9Al2O3×2B2O3 (9A2B) and 2Al2O3×B2O3 (2AB) are used as the boron source. On the other hand, nitrogen gas or solid state nitirgen-bearing metal nitrides such as Si3N4 and AlN can be used as the nitrogen source. The in situ synthesized composites demonstrated homogeneous and isotropical microstructures with very fine (nano-sized) BN platelets or their agglomerates distributed in the matrixes. These composites showed high strength, low elasticity and improved strain tolerance. In this article the reaction design, thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, reactive hot pressing or pressureless reactive sintering, microstructures and mechanical properties will be discussed.
High-power hybrid two-dimensional surface-emitting AlGaAs diode laser arrays (1990)

Two-dimensional surface-emitting AlGaAs diode laser array modules, each containing two 1 sq cm hybrid arrays, have been fabricated and tested. For quasi-CW operation, peak output powers greater than 300 W/sq cm appear to be easily achievable at repetition rates up to 500 Hz. The measurements also indicate that CW output powers of 100-150 W/sq cm can be achieved from these arrays.
Study on Operational Tests for FACTS Thyristor Valves (2013)

Developed synthetic test circuits for thyristor valves of flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) are established in this paper. By controlling the thyristor valves of synthetic test circuits, it can reproduce test stresses, including, but not limited to, the forward high voltage before the thyristor valve withstanding overcurrent and reverse recovery voltage after thyristor valves withstanding overcurrent, on thyristor valves in FACTS equipment equal to or greater than those that appear in commercial projects. With corresponding test circuits and control strategies, the temperature-rise test, overcurrent test, and the synthetic test for thyristor valves can be performed, respectively. Then, a protection method of synthetic test circuits is presented. Finally, a temperature-rise test platform, overcurrent test platform, and synthetic test platform for thyristor valves have been set up, respectively. The test results show that the developed circuit and proposed control and protect strategies are available to test for thyristor valves used in FACTS.
Infectivity Studies of a New Baculovirus Isolate for the Control of the Diamondback Moth (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera) (1999)

This study describes a new baculovirus isolate recovered from infected larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and identified as a multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (MNPV). The plaque purified isolate designated as PxMNPVCL3 was found to be pathogenic to P. xylostella, Heliothis virescens (F.), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), H. subflexa (Guenée), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae in decreasing order of susceptibility. The LC50 for diamondback moth, the most susceptible, was 6 occlusion bodies (OB)/cm2, whereas the most resistant species, namely S. frugiperda, was 577 OB/cm2. PxMNPVCL3 was more pathogenic to diamondback moth by 3-4 log cycles as compared with 2 broad-spectrum baculoviruses, namely Autographa california (alfalfa looper) MNPV and Anagrapha falcifera (celery looper) MNPV. The 3 baculoviruses were compared with each other and characterized by restriction endonuclease (REN) analysis, hybridization, and neutralization tests. Fragmentation profiles generated by REN showed that the 3 baculoviruses shared some fragments in common. Hybridization studies employing digoxigenin labeled PxMNPVCL3 DNA as a probe revealed the close but distinct relationship of these 3 viruses. Neutralization tests confirmed the hybridization studies, namely that the 3 viruses although genetically similar are distinguishable from each other.
On the design of a learning crawler for topical resource discovery (2001)

In recent years, the World Wide Web has shown enormous growth in size. Vast repositories of information are available on practically every possible topic. In such cases, it is valuable to perform topical resource discovery effectively. Consequently, several new ideas have been proposed in recent years; among them a key technique is focused crawling which is able to crawl particular topical portions of the World Wide Web quickly, without having to explore all web pages. In this paper, we propose the novel concept of intelligent crawling which actually learns characteristics of the linkage structure of the World Wide Web while performing the crawling. Specifically, the intelligent crawler uses the inlinking web page content, candidate URL structure, or other behaviors of the inlinking web pages or siblings in order to estimate the probability that a candidate is useful for a given crawl. This is a much more general framework than the focused crawling technique which is based on a pre-defined understanding of the topical structure of the web. The techniques discussed in this paper are applicable for crawling web pages which satisfy arbitrary user-defined predicates such as topical queries, keyword queries, or any combinations of the above. Unlike focused crawling, it is not necessary to provide representative topical examples, since the crawler can learn its way into the appropriate topic. We refer to this technique as intelligent crawling because of its adaptive nature in adjusting to the web page linkage structure. We discuss how to intelligently select features which are most useful for a given crawl. The learning crawler is capable of reusing the knowledge gained in a given crawl in order to provide more efficient crawling for closely related predicates.
Capacity Control of Rotary Type Compressors for Automotive Air-Conditioners (1982)

This paper presents recent developments relating to the capacity control of rotary type compressors.The basic design theory and its practical application, as outlined in this paper, will provide effective capacity control in rotary type com-pressorsCl).Because of their light weight, small size and low level of noise, we have seen a recent increase in the use of rotary type compressors in automotive air-conditione rs.The major drawback to the use of rotary type compressors has been the fact that refrigerating capacity increases in proportion to an increase in engine speed.When running at a high speed the cooling capacity is increased to such an extent that there is an overcooling of the compartment which causes an overload of the condenser.A solution is needed that eliminates the major drawbacks without sacrificing the light weight, small size and low level of noise of rotary type compressors.We focused our attention on the speed dependent refrigerant flow in the suction stroke.The ultimate purpose of our research was to develop a compressor which would combine the characteristic s of little loss of refrigerating capacity at low speed operation and effective suppression of refrigerating capacity at high speed operation.The result of our research has made it possible to eliminate the factors which have previously hindered the realization of capacity control in compressors, and the final rotary type compressor design turned out to have ideal capacity control characteristic s.
A comparison of rule-based and statistical methods for semantic language modeling and confidence measurement (2004)

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The local anesthetic properties and toxicity of saxitonin homologues for rat sciatic nerve block in vivo (2000)

Substitutions on the saxitoxin nucleus result in large differences in incidence and duration of block, and toxicity. The therapeutic indices of the saxitoxins are similar; that of TTX is slightly better.
Design of a folding inhibitor of the HIV-1 Protease (2004)

Being HIV-1-PR an essential enzyme in the viral life cycle, its inhibition can control AIDS. Because the folding of single domain proteins, like HIV-1-PR is controlled by local elementary structures (LES, folding units stabilized by strongly interacting, highly conserved amino acids) which have evolved over myriads of generations to recognize and strongly attract each other so as to make the protein fold fast, we suggest a novel type of HIV-1-PR inhibitors which interfere with the folding of the protein: short peptides displaying the same amino acid sequence of that of LES. Theoretical and experimental evidence for the specificity and efficiency of such inhibitors are presented.
Quantitative Assessment of Spatial Vision in Second Sight Retinal Prosthesis Subjects (2007)

Electrical stimulation of a grid of retinal electrodes produces localized spots of light that can be used to construct an image of the world with a resolution determined by the spacing between neighboring electrodes.
Sequencing of peptides and proteins with blocked N-terminal amino acids: N-acetylserine or N-acetylthreonine. (1990)

Many proteins cannot be directly sequenced by Edman degradation because they have a blocked N-terminal residue. A method is presented for deblocking such proteins when the N-terminal residue is N-acetylserine (which occurs frequently in eukaryotic proteins) or N-acetylthreonine. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of human, bovine, and rat parathymosins. Prothymosin alpha and other blocked proteins and peptides were also readily deblocked and sequenced by this procedure. It is proposed that the mechanism of the deblocking reaction involves an acid-catalyzed N----O shift of the acetyl group followed by a beta-elimination.
Robust access to large structured data using voice form-filling (2005)

A method for accurate and scalable form-filling by voice is presented. A form consists of a number of fields. Accurate speech recognition is achieved by applying task-specific inter-field constraints. The task constraints are specified typically by providing a database of valid form-entries, such as an employee directory containing the name, location, and telephone number. Scalability to very large vocabularies, number of fields, and the ability to accept a variety of user responses, is achieved by a two-pass recognition scheme. An index-based retrieval method is used in the first-pass to produce a shortlist of form-entries. These are rescored in the second-pass to obtain the final result. Experiments on a simple corporate directory access application are presented to demonstrate that the new approach compares favorably, in terms of computing needs, with a traditional one-pass speech recognition system. Experiments on a national street address recognition application are presented to demonstrate that the new approach scales very well to large tasks
High performance SCRs for on-chip ESD protection in high voltage BCD processes (2004)

ESD protection structures based on triggering devices for on-chip ESD protection in a 100V BCD process have been designed and analyzed using physical process and device simulation (TCAD), followed by pulse measurements of test-structures. Based on the resultant data a self-protecting high-voltage bipolar SCR structure with a ten-fold increase in the protection level compared to the reference BJT was developed. The effect of blocking the N-buried layer (NBL) was found to be critical for stable ESD operation.
Rapid processing by intense pulsed light of a CH<inf>3</inf>NH<inf>3</inf>PbI<inf>3</inf> perovskite thin film for photovoltaics (2016)

Perovskite solar cells utilizing a two step deposited CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> PbI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> thin film were rapidly sintered using an intense pulsed light (IPL) source. The IPL process is a rapid heat treatment that has been used to process a methylammonium lead iodide perovskite thin film creating large crystal sizes approaching 1 micron without sacrificing surface coverage. Solar cells with an average efficiency of 11.5% and a champion device of 12.3% are reported. The methylammonium lead iodide perovskite was subjected to 2000 Joules of energy in a 2 ms pulse of light generated by a xenon lamp, resulting in temperatures significantly exceeding the degradation temperature of 150 °C. The significance of the IPL process is the capability to process large areas (over 60 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) almost instantaneously.
A Comparison of Various Laboratory Techniques to Measure Thermodynamic Asphaltene Instability (2001)

Abstract Asphaltenes are the n-pentane or n-heptane insoluble fractions of crude oil that remain in solution under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions. They are destabilized and start to precipitate when the pressure, temperature and/or composition changes occur during primary production. The precipitated asphaltene particles will then grow in size and may start to deposit onto the production string and/or flowlines, causing operational problems. In this paper, our emphasis is to identify the first pressure and/or temperature conditions at which the asphaltene will start to precipitate for two reservoir oils. Four different laboratory techniques were independently used to define the onset of the asphaltene precipitation envelope. These methods are 1) gravimetric, 2) acoustic resonance, 3) light scattering, and 4) filtration. The gravimetric method was found to be precise and within the accuracy of the analytical methods. However, the method was time consuming. The acoustic resonance technique (ART) was fast and less subjective, but it did not define the lower asphaltene boundary. The interpretation of the onset pressure from the near-infrared (NIR) light-scattering technique (LST) was subjective to a degree. However, the NIR response defined the upper and lower boundaries of the asphaltene envelope and the bubblepoint pressure, as did the gravimetric technique. In a way similar to those of the gravimetric technique and LST, the filtration technique can also define the upper and lower asphaltene phase boundaries in addition to the bubblepoint pressure. The filtration technique is fast compared to gravimetric technique, but takes more time than the ART and LST methods.
A Novel Communication-Free Charge Controller for Electric Vehicles (2018)

Now-a-days, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming ubiquitous and their widespread integration in the distribution system has been a prime area of interest. The downsides of large-scale integration of EVs in the power grid outrival their positive aspects unless proper charging strategy is formulated. In this paper, an autonomous EV charge controller is designed by introducing the novel idea of sensitivity. The voltage and sensitivity are used as input parameters to EV charge controller to adjust the charging rate. In addition, state-of-charge (SOC) of EV battery is incorporated to enhance the overall efficiency of charge controller. Moreover, end-of-charge time (ECT) preference is incorporated in the charge control technique since some EVs may need to be used earlier. A test distribution system having six load buses is used to assess the performance of the proposed controller. Moreover, the robustness of charge controller is validated considering different loading conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed control structure prevents voltage violations in the system while ensuring fairness among the EVs irrespective of their charging locations.
Iterative-interpolated DFT for synchrophasor estimation in M-class compliant PMUs (2017)

The Interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform (IpDFT) represents the current state-of-the-art about DFT-based synchrophasor estimation (SE) algorithms for P-class Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). However, the IpDFT is not robust against the interference produced by interharomonics (i.e., components characterized by frequencies that are not integer multiples of the fundamental one) and, therefore, it is not suitable for M-class PMUs. We propose an iterative-IpDFT (i-IpDFT) SE algorithm that iteratively compensates the effects of the spectral interference produced by both the interharmonic tone and the negative image of the fundamental tone. We assess the performance of the i-IpDFT with respect to all the operating conditions defined by the IEEE Std. C37.118-2011 for M-class PMUs, and demonstrate that the method is compliant with all the accuracy requirements.
Modeling of the Ultra-Stable Operating Regime in Fourier Domain Mode Locked (FDML) Lasers (2019)

Fourier domain mode locked (FDML) fiber lasers are broadband wavelength-swept ring systems with record sweep speeds. Lasing is achieved by synchronizing the roundtrip time of the optical field in the fiber delay cavity with the sweep period of a tunable Fabry-Perot (FP) bandpass filter. Since their invention in 2006, FDML lasers have dramatically enhanced the capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and various sensing applications. However, the physical coherence limits, such as the maximum achievable coherence length, are yet unknown. An important breakthrough in reaching this limit is a recently experimentally demonstrated highly coherent operation mode over a bandwidth of more than 100 nm [1], referred to as the sweet spot. The sweet spot operation mode is characterized by nearly shot-noise limited fluctuations in the intensity trace of the laser with significantly enhanced coherence properties, whereas in conventional FDML laser systems the intensity trace is distorted by high frequency noise which negatively affects the coherence length. This ultra-low noise operating regime was generated by an almost perfect compensation of the fiber dispersion with a manually fine tuned chirped fiber Bragg grating and a highly synchronized sweep rate of the FP filter with an accuracy in the range of mHz. Polarization effects were controlled with a polarization maintaining semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) gain medium and a polarization controller.
P2E-7 Sonoelastographic Shear Velocity Imaging: Experiments on Tissue Phantom and Prostate (2006)

In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a novel sonoelastographic technique for imaging shear velocity distributions from propagating shear wave interference patterns (termed crawling waves). A mathematical relationship between local crawling wave spatial phase derivates and shear velocity is presented with phase derivatives estimated using an autocorrelation-based technique. Results from homogeneous phantoms illustrate the ability of sonoelastographic shear velocity imaging to accurately quantify the true shear velocity distribution as verified using time-of-flight measurements. Results from a heterogeneous phantom reveal the ability of sonoelastographic shear velocity imaging to distinguish a stiff circular inclusion with shear velocity contrast comparable to that measured using mechanical testing techniques. High contrast visualization of focal carcinomas in an in-vitro prostrate specimen demonstrates the feasibility of this novel sonoelastographic imaging technique in tissue
<title>Blurry-frame detection and shot segmentation in colonoscopy videos</title> (2003)

Colonoscopy is an important screening procedure for colorectal cancer. During this procedure, the endoscopist visually inspects the colon. Human inspection, however, is not without error. We hypothesize that colonoscopy videos may contain additional valuable information missed by the endoscopist. Video segmentation is the first necessary step for the content-based video analysis and retrieval to provide efficient access to the important images and video segments from a large colonoscopy video database. Based on the unique characteristics of colonoscopy videos, we introduce a new scheme to detect and remove blurry frames, and segment the videos into shots based on the contents. Our experimental results show that the average precision and recall of the proposed scheme are over 90% for the detection of non-blurry images. The proposed method of blurry frame detection and shot segmentation is extensible to the videos captured from other endoscopic procedures such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy, cystoscopy, and laparoscopy.
A Coupled Piezoelectric/Single-Hall-Sensor Position Observer for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (2007)

In recent years, several control methods have been proposed to reduce the torque ripple produced by permanent magnet synchronous machines [sinusoidal and trapezoidal back electromotive force (EMF)]. In these approaches, a drive system is used to control current harmonics based upon measured machine parameters or measured torque ripple. In general, the methods presented have utilized high-precision position encoders and thus a common perception is that such encoders are required for successful mitigation. In this paper, a position observer is developed that is shown to be suitable for control-based torque ripple mitigation. Additional advantages of the observer are that it achieves excellent start-up performance, requires no knowledge of the machine parameters, and is applicable to machines with an arbitrary back EMF waveform and stator slot configuration.