gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential of Angeli’s Salt To Reduce Nitric Oxide Scavenging in Hemolysis. (2007)

Abstract Since cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) scavenges nitric oxide (NO) more effectively than that encapsulated in the red blood cell (RBC), hemolysis reduces NO bioavailability with pathological consequences in sickle cell disease and other hemolytic anemias, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, thalassemia intermedia, malaria, and cardiopulomonary bypass. The ability of the cell-free Hb to scavenge NO is reduced when the Hb is converted from its oxygenated form (HbO2) to its oxidized form, methemoglobin (MetHb). We show that Angeli’s salt (AS) can convert two OxyHb to two MetHb molecules through its release of nitroxyl (HNO). AS also further converts the MetHb to less potentially oxidative forms: nitrite bound MetHb and iron-nitrosyl hemoglobin. We also show that, due to the fast reactivity of HNO with Hb (like NO), AS preferentially reacts with cell-free rather than RBC encapsulated Hb. In conditions simulating sickle cell crisis, within six minutes, AS converted 45 ± 12% of cell-free Hb to non-NO scavenging forms (MetHb and iron-nitrosyl Hb) and only converted 0.4 ± 0.3% of RBC encapsulated Hb (n=3). Similar preferential reactivity was observed under other physiologically relevant conditions. We conclude that, as AS preferentially reacts with cell-free Hb compared to RBC encapsulated Hb, converting it to species that do not effectively scavenge NO, it is has promise as a treatment for increasing NO biavailability in conditions associated with hemolysis.
Applications of long-wavelength 256 x 256 quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) handheld camera (1997)

A 9 micrometer cutoff 256 by 256 hand-held quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) camera has been demonstrated. Excellent imagery, with a noise equivalent differential temperature (NE(Delta) T) of 26 mK has been achieved. In this paper, we discuss the performance of this portable long- wavelength infrared camera in quantum efficiency, NE(Delta) T, minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD), uniformity, etc., and its applications in science, medicine and defense.
Laboratory Evaluation of Serological Tests for Systemic Candidiasis: a Cooperative Study (1977)

Three serological tests for candidiasis, agar gel diffusion (AGD-1), whole cell agglutination (AGGL-1), and latex agglutination (LAT), were evaluated by six laboratories with 100 coded sera. In addition, each of six laboratories performed a test of its choice, either the AGD-2, the AGD-3, the AGGL-2, or one of three counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP) methods (CEP-1, CEP-2, and CEP-3). Results are presented by laboratory for a group of 53 "candida-involved" cases (33 proven, 14 presumptive, and 6 probable) and 47 negative controls (41 normal and 6 other disease states). The AGD-1 test produced an overall average of 85.1% positive results in the candida-involved group and 5.0% positives in the control group. The LAT produced an overall average of 89.0% positives in the candida-involved group and 17.4% positives in the controls. The AGGL-1 test produced an overall average of 63.8% positives in the candida-involved group, with 12.3% positives in the controls. In the individual tests, the best performance was shown by the CEP-3 test (92.5% positives in the candida-involved group and 2.1% positives in controls) and the CEP-1 test (88.7% positive in the candida-involved group and no positives in the controls). The tests with the highest sensitivity were the AGGL-2 and CEP-2 (94.3 and 96.2%, respectively). These tests were also the least specific (80.9 and 76.6%, respectively). In the three common tests, the AGD-1 was the most reproducible, whereas the AGGL-1 produced considerable laboratory-to-laboratory variation. Since cell-free extracts of mechanically disrupted C. albicans were used for the LAT and all the AGD and CEP tests, the difference in performance was considered to be mainly due to antigenic composition and the conditions of the test. The results of this study confirm the value of serological tests for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis, but point out the need for standardized reagents.
Recent Developments in the Field of Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol to Acrolein (2013)

Catalytic dehydration is one of the possible reactions to valorize the large amounts of glycerol yielding from the transesterification process. Thus, since the biodiesel boom in 2004–2005, many publications proposing various catalytic systems can be found. In this review, the current state of the art based on the most recent publications is presented and discussed in detail with respect to the observed catalytic performance as well as long-term stability. Next to the applied development of new catalysts, a main focus is the influence of the most critical parameter: the acidity of the catalyst and its correlation to the catalytic performance (selectivity and conversion). In addition, recent results on the thermodynamic calculation are presented, thus giving an insight into the most probably involved intermediates.
<title>Fault injection emulator for field programmable gate arrays</title> (2001)

As the prevalence and size of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) has increased, so too has the complexity of manufacturing testing and defect diagnosis for yield enhancement. The re-programmability of FPGAs has attracted considerable interest in the ability to re-program a system function to avoid any known faults. As a result, various test, diagnostic, and fault tolerant techniques have been developed for FPGAs. However, the evaluation of the effectiveness of these techniques is nearly impossible using traditional fault simulation techniques due to the size and complexity of current FPGAs. We have developed an emulation procedure to inject faults into FPGAs in such a way that the faults are actually emulated in the physical FPGA. By determining proper bit locations within the configuration memory of the FPGA, download files used to program the FPGA can be manipulated to emulate faults including stuck-at faults, bridging faults, and opens in the programmable logic and routing resources of the FPGA. Almost any combination faults can be emulated spatially (allowing for either clustering or random distributions) and/or temporally (allowing for the simulation of burst or random faults over time).
Approaches to Validate and Manipulate RNA Targets with Small Molecules in Cells (2015)

RNA has become an increasingly important target for therapeutic interventions and for chemical probes that dissect and manipulate its cellular function. Emerging targets include human RNAs that have been shown to directly cause cancer, metabolic disorders, and genetic disease. In this review, we describe various routes to obtain bioactive compounds that target RNA, with a particular emphasis on the development of small molecules. We use these cases to describe approaches that are being developed for target validation, which include target-directed cleavage, classic pull-down experiments, and covalent cross-linking. Thus, tools are available to design small molecules to target RNA and to identify the cellular RNAs that are their targets.
Detection And Discrimination Of Pure Gases And Binary Mixtures Using A Single Microcantilever (2009)

A new method for detecting and discriminating pure gases and binary mixtures has been investigated. This approach combines two distinct physical mechanisms within a single piezoresistive microcantilever: heat dissipation and resonant damping in the viscous regime. An experimental study of the heat dissipation mechanism indicates that the sensor response is directly correlated to the thermal conductivity of the gaseous analyte. A theoretical data set of resonant damping was generated corresponding to the gas mixtures examined in the thermal response experiments. The combination of the thermal and resonant response data yields more distinct analyte signatures that cannot otherwise be obtained from the detection modes individually.
Towards an environmentally and economically sustainable biorefinery: heavy metal contaminated waste wood as a low-cost feedstock in a low-cost ionic liquid process (2020)

In the present study, we used a low-cost protic ionic liquid, 1-methylimidazolium chloride, to simultaneously fractionate heavy metal contaminated wood and extract the metals from the wood at elevated temperature and short reaction time.
3D printing multi-functionality: Embedded RF antennas and components (2015)

Significant research and press has recently focused on the fabrication freedom of Additive Manufacturing (AM) to create both conceptual models and final end-use products. This flexibility allows design modifications to be immediately reflected in 3D printed structures, creating new paradigms within the manufacturing process. 3D printed products will inevitably be fabricated locally, with unit-level customization, optimized to unique mission requirements. However, for the technology to be universally adopted, the processes must be enhanced to incorporate additional technologies; such as electronics, actuation, and electromagnetics. Recently, a novel 3D printing platform, Multi3D manufacturing, was funded by the presidential initiative for revitalizing manufacturing in the USA using 3D printing (America Makes - also known as the National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Intuitive). The Multi3D system specifically targets 3D printed electronics in arbitrary form; and building upon the potential of this system, this paper describes RF antennas and components fabricated through the integration of material extrusion 3D printing with embedded wire, mesh, and RF elements.
In-orbit calibration of the SABER instrument using analysis of broadband atmospheric limb emission (2001)

Attitude and absolute response of broadband IR radiometers can be inferred directly from atmospheric limb measurements. The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) experiment will demonstrate such techniques.
Chemical Library Screens Targeting an HIV-1 Accessory Factor/Host Cell Kinase Complex Identify Novel Antiretroviral Compounds (2009)

Nef is an HIV-1 accessory protein essential for AIDS progression and an attractive target for drug discovery. Lack of a catalytic function makes Nef difficult to assay in chemical library screens. We developed a high-throughput screening assay for inhibitors of Nef function by coupling it to one of its host cell binding partners, the Src-family kinase Hck. Hck activation is dependent upon Nef in this assay, providing a direct readout of Nef activity in vitro. Using this screen, a unique diphenylfuropyrimidine was identified as a strong inhibitor of Nef-dependent Hck activation. This compound also exhibited remarkable antiretroviral effects, blocking Nef-dependent HIV replication in cell culture. Structurally related analogs were synthesized and shown to exhibit similar Nef-dependent antiviral activity, identifying the diphenylfuropyrimidine substructure as a new lead for antiretroviral drug development. This study demonstrates that coupling noncatalytic HIV accessory factors with host cell target proteins addressable by high-throughput assays may afford new avenues for the discovery of anti-HIV agents.
In Situ Solvent Recovery by Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (2014)

Reducing solvent consumption in the chemical industries is increasingly becoming a topic of interest. The field of organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) has markedly evolved in the past decade, and effective membranes are now available that can withstand aggressive solvents while completely rejecting small solutes at the lower end of the nanofiltration range (100–2000 g·mol–1). With such membranes in hand and the advantages of membrane modularity, it is now possible to design innovative configurations to drastically reduce solvent consumption and enhance sustainability of downstream processes. Notably, a membrane-based solvent recovery configuration reported in our group has opened a new market for OSN membranes. In this work, the current state-of-the-art OSN membranes are screened, and a possible operation window for solvent recovery is identified. In tandem, to tackle the high solvent consumption challenge of membrane-based separation, we improved the solvent recovery configuration by combining both solute separation and solvent recovery in situ. The resultant system effectively performs the desired separation without any addition of extra solvent, thereby reducing solvent consumption to nearly zero. A model system comprising roxithromycin pharmaceutical and triphenylmethanol impurity is employed to illustrate that the proposed configuration allows constant volume diafiltration to be performed without any addition of fresh solvent. Parameters affecting the separation have been identified and validated experimentally or via modeling, and theoretical limitations are critically analyzed. The operability and carbon footprint have been compared with conventional solvent recovery units (e.g., distillation and adsorption). The present work reinforces that OSN is a leading separation technology in the process intensification movement of the fine chemicals sector.
Synthesis and biological assays of peptides from a tuberculin-active protein (1983)

The octapeptide Asp-Gly-Gly-Ser-Glu-Ser-Glu-Gly and the hexadecapeptide Asp-Gly-Gly-Ser-Glu-Ser-Glu-Gly-Lys-Asn-Gly-Ser-Gln-Met-Arg-Leu, part of a tuberculin-active intracellular mycobacterial protein, were synthesized. The synthetic peptides were shown to possess tuberculin activity by their ability to elicit a delayed-type allergic reaction in skin tests on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-sensitized guinea pigs. Purified protein derivative, the complex mixture of proteins of unknown composition which are excreted into the culture medium by M. tuberculosis and which is in wide use as a tuberculin-active preparation, was shown to cross-react weakly in the radioimmunoassays with the synthetic octapeptide when the 125I-labeled octapeptide and an anti-octapeptide antiserum were used.
Insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae: gene cloning and characterization and comparison with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CryIA(c) toxins (1991)

Genes encoding insecticidal crystal proteins were cloned from three strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae and two strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Characterization of the B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae toxin genes showed that they are most closely related to cryIA(c) from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. The cloned genes were introduced into Bacillus host strains, and the spectra of insecticidal activities of each Cry protein were determined for six pest lepidopteran insects. CryIA(c) proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae are as active as CryIA(c) proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki against Trichoplusia ni, Lymantria dispar, Heliothis zea, and H. virescens but are significantly less active against Plutella xylostella and, in some cases, Ostrinia nubilalis. The sequence of a cryIA(c) gene from B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae was determined (GenBank M35524) and compared with that of cryIA(c) from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. The two genes are more than 99% identical and show seven amino acid differences among the predicted sequences of 1,177 amino acids.
Acoustic desensitization of optical fibers by means of nickel jackets (1985)

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Characterization of a Unique Mutant<i>lysE</i>Gene, Originating from<i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i>, Encoding a Product That Induces<scp>L</scp>-Lysine Production in<i>Methylophilus methylotrophus</i> (2006)

lysE24 is an allele of lysE encoding an L-lysine exporter of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The mutant gene is able to induce L-lysine production in Methylophilus methylotrophus. Although lysE24 has a mutation in the middle of lysE that results in chain termination, the entire lysE locus, including the region downstream of the short open reading frame, is necessary for L-lysine production. We propose that separate polypeptides are synthesized from the lysE24 locus due to reinitiation of translation utilizing an existing start codon beyond the site of the frameshift, and present evidence that translational coupling is required to form the functional lysE24 product. In addition, expression of lysE24 induces L-lysine production in another methylotroph, Methylobacillus glycogenes. These data suggest that the lysE24 product is a split protein and that this curious feature might be a structure necessary for its functioning in certain obligate gram-negative methylotrophs.
Full-field imaging-based instantaneous hyperspectral absolute refractive index measurement (2012)

Multispectral refractometers typically measure refractive index (RI) at discrete monochromatic wavelengths via a serial process. We report on the demonstration of a white light full-field imaging-based refractometer capable of instantaneous multispectral measurement of absolute RI of clear liquid-gel samples across the entire visible light spectrum. The broad optical bandwidth refractometer is capable of hyperspectral measurement of RI in the range 1.30-1.70 between 400 and 700 nm with a maximum error of 0.0036 units (0.24% of actual) at 414 nm for an η=1.50 sample. We present system design and calibration method details as well as results from a system validation sample.
FINPAGE: Generating high performance feed-specific parser circuits (2013)

The low latency and high throughput requirements of high-frequency trading has resulted in increasing adoption of dedicated hardware for processing financial feeds. Development of hardware platforms, however, is plagued with slow design/verification cycles compared to their software counterparts. In this work, we present FINPAGE, a FINancial PArser GEnerator, to automatically generate hardware structures for parsing financial feeds. Given a high-level feed format description, FINPAGE generates an area-efficient hardware parser capable of processing feeds at line rate.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of photonic crystal fiber amplifier with 260 W output (2009)

We report on a polarization-maintaining narrow-linewidth high power ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier with an output as high as 260 W and a slope efficiency of approximately 74%. Measurements of the beam quality yielded M2 values in the range of 1.2-1.3. The linewidth was determined at two different powers using an optical heterodyne detection technique and yielded values that were less than 10 KHz. Our maximum output power was pump limited and measurements of the reflected light indicated that we operated below the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold. Using a pump-probe technique, we estimated the Brillouin gain bandwidth to be approximately 68 MHz. In addition, the Brillouin gain spectrum revealed secondary peaks lying at the high-frequency side. In order to study the power limitations of our amplifier, we developed a detailed model that included a distributed noise source for the SBS process and a temperature gradient obtained via quantum defect heating. Our simulations indicated that for this particular fiber amplifier configuration an output power approaching 1 KW can be achieved. We also found that for forced air cooling the SBS threshold saturates regardless of the operating temperature of the polymer coating. Finally, we show that relatively small enhancement is obtained if a continuous transverse acoustic velocity gradient was implemented in conjunction with the thermal gradient. The latter conclusions drawn from our simulations also hold true for conventional fibers.
Insights into the structural effects of layered cathode materials for high voltage sodium-ion batteries (2017)

We reported the interplay between phase structures, interfacial microstrain and electrochemical properties of layered cathodes.
Printed Amperometric Gas Sensors (2013)

A new type of amperometric gas sensor, based on screen printing and lamination strategies, has been fabricated and tested. These sensors use thin film electrodes, printed on plastic substrates to form a small, low power (μW) amperometric sensor package, which uses a very small volume of electrolyte. These sensors have been demonstrated to have improved performance compared to amperometric gas sensors of conventional design, when conventional electrolytes are used. The sensors have also been demonstrated to have promising performance, compared to conventional technology, using room temperature ionic liquid electrolytes (RTILs). The printed sensors have been demonstrated successfully for monitoring of carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3).
Development of a bio-chemical route to C5 plasticizer synthesis using glutaric acid produced by metabolically engineered <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> (2022)

An all-inclusive bio-chemical route from the fermentation process to downstream process for C5 plasticizer synthesis was developed using fermentation-derived glutaric acid produced by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum .
Single-amino acid substitutions eliminate lysine inhibition of maize dihydrodipicolinate synthase. (1996)

Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS; EC 4.2.1.52) catalyzes the first step in biosynthesis of lysine in plants and bacteria. DHPS in plants is highly sensitive to end-product inhibition by lysine and, therefore, has an important role in regulating metabolite flux into lysine. To better understand the feedback inhibition properties of the plant enzyme, we transformed a maize cDNA for lysine-sensitive DHPS into an Escherichia coli strain lacking DHPS activity. Cells were mutagenized with ethylmethanesulfonate, and potential DHPS mutants were selected by growth on minimal medium containing the inhibitory lysine analogue S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine. DHPS assays identified surviving colonies expressing lysine-insensitive DHPS activity. Ten single-base-pair mutations were identified in the maize DHPS cDNA sequence; these mutations were specific to one of three amino acid residues (amino acids 157, 162, and 166) localized within a short region of the polypeptide. No other mutations were present in the remaining DHPS cDNA sequence, indicating that altering only one of the three residues suffices to eliminate lysine inhibition of maize DHPS. Identification of these specific mutations that change the highly sensitive maize DHPS to a lysine-insensitive isoform will help resolve the lysine-binding mechanism and the resultant conformational changes involved in inhibition of DHPS activity. The plant-derived mutant DHPS genes may also be used to improve nutritional quality of maize or other cereal grains that have inadequate lysine content when fed to animals such as poultry, swine, or humans.
Semi-automatic tuning of PID gains for Atomic Force Microscopes (2008)

The control of a typical commercial Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is through some variant on a Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) controller. Typically, the gains are hand tuned so as to keep the bandwidth of the system far below the first resonant frequency of the actuator. This paper shows a straightforward method of selecting PID gains from the actuator model so as to allow considerably higher bandwidths.