gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Down-regulation of the TaGW2 gene by RNA interference results in decreased grain size and weight in wheat (2012)

For important food crops such as wheat and rice, grain yield depends on grain number and size. In rice (Oryza sativa), GW2 was isolated from a major quantitative trait locus for yield and encodes an E3 RING ligase that negatively regulates grain size. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) has TaGW2 homologues in the A, B, and D genomes, and polymorphisms in TaGW2-A were associated with grain width. Here, to investigate TaGW2 function, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to down-regulate TaGW2 transcript levels. Transgenic wheat lines showed significantly decreased grain size-related dimensions compared with controls. Furthermore, TaGW2 knockdown also caused a significant reduction in endosperm cell number. These results indicate that TaGW2 regulates grain size in wheat, possibly by controlling endosperm cell number. Wheat and rice GW2 genes thus seem to have divergent functions, with rice GW2 negatively regulating grain size and TaGW2 positively regulating grain size. Analysis of transcription of TaGW2 homoeologues in developing grains suggested that TaGW2-A and -D act in both the division and late grain-filling phases. Furthermore, biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that TaGW2-A is a functional E3 RING ubiquitin ligase with nucleocytoplasmic subcellular partitioning. A functional nuclear export sequence responsible for TaGW2-A export from the nucleus to the cytosol and retention in the nucleolus was identified. Therefore, these results show that TaGW2 acts in the regulation of grain size and may provide an important tool for enhancement of grain yield.
Repeated Pulmonary Infection by <i>Nocardia asteroides</i> Complex in a Patient with Bronchiectasis (1998)

A rare case of pulmonary nocardiosis was presented in a nonimmunocompromised patient who had chronic airway obstruction and bronchiectasis without corticoid treatment. The microbial diagnosis was established after isolating Nocardia in bronchial aspirate and sputum samples. An in vitro study showed sensitivity only to imipenem, netilmicine, amikacin and ofloxacin. The evolution was chronic, with multiple clinical recurrences in spite of prolonged antibiotic treatment. Finally, the eradication of Nocardia was achieved with the combination of imipenem and amikacin.
Bandwidth extension of G.729 speech coder using search-free codebook mapping (2012)

A search-free codebook mapping algorithm for bandwidth extension in G.729 compressed domain is introduced in this paper. We design a wideband line spectrum pair (LSP) codebook which is coupled with the same index as the LSP codebook of the G.729 speech codec. The received narrowband LSP codebook indices are used to directly induce wideband LSP codewords. Thus, the proposed scheme eliminates codebook search processing to estimate the wideband spectrum envelope. Its performance was assessed via the perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ), spectral distortion (SD), informal listening tests, and weighted million operations per second (WMOPS) calculations.
Enhanced Generation of Hydroxyl Radical and Sulfur Trioxide Anion Radical from Oxidation of Sodium Sulfite, Nickel(II) Sulfite, and Nickel Subsulfide in the Presence of Nickel(II) Complexes (1994)

Xianglin Shi, Naresh Dalal, Kazimierz Stanislaw Kasprzak, Enhanced Generation of Hydroxyl Radical and Sulfur Trioxide Anion Radical from Oxidation of Sodium Sulfite, Nickel(II) Sulfite, and Nickel Subsulfide in the Presence of Nickel(II) Complexes, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 102, Supplement 3: Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and Carcinogenicity (Sep., 1994), pp. 91-96
The Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonists (1995)

The angiotensin II (AII) type 1 receptor antagonists represent a new pharmacologic class of drugs that are specifically designed to displace AII from its type 1 receptor subtype. These drugs antagonize AII-induced biologic actions, including smooth-muscle contraction, sympathetic pressor mechanisms, and aldosterone release. Initial clinical trials suggest that these drugs are effective in the treatment of essential hypertension and hypertensive patients with intrinsic renal disease. Thus, they are the newest addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of hypertensive diseases. We review the developmental history and pharmacology of the AII type 1 receptor antagonists. We specifically discuss the following factors: mechanism(s) of action; members under clinical investigation; effects on renal function, salt and water excretion, and plasma renin activity, plasma AII type 1, and plasma aldosterone concentrations; and efficacy and safety. Given the demonstrable benefits of AII type 1 receptor blockade, these drugs should achieve broad utility in the treatment of hypertensive diseases.
A negative regulatory element in the bcl-2 5'-untranslated region inhibits expression from an upstream promoter. (1993)

bcl-2 mRNA is present at high levels in pre-B-cell lines but is down-regulated in most mature B-cell lines. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for its developmental control, we studied the regulation of bcl-2 expression in human B-lineage cell lines. Using nuclear run-on assays, we found that bcl-2 transcription decreases in parallel with levels of steady-state mRNA during B-cell development. To define cis-acting elements that regulate bcl-2 transcription, we analyzed the expression of transiently transfected promoter-reporter constructs. We identified a novel negative regulatory element (NRE) in the bcl-2 5'-untranslated region that decreased expression from the bcl-2 P1 promoter or heterologous promoters in a position-dependent fashion. The NRE functions in either orientation but contains distinct orientation-dependent subfragments. Additional analyses demonstrated that multiple, functionally redundant sequence elements mediate NRE activity. Though the bcl-2 NRE is active in pre-B- and mature B-cell lines, chromatin structure of the endogenous NRE differs in these cells, suggesting that its activity or effect may vary during B-cell development. Our results indicate that negative control of transcription initiated at the P1 promoter is an important determinant of the differential expression of bcl-2.
Equilibrium constants for the phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase by some diethyl phosphorothiolates and phosphates (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEquilibrium constants for the phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase by some diethyl phosphorothiolates and phosphatesJames A. Maglothin and Irwin B. WilsonCite this: Biochemistry 1974, 13, 17, 3520–3527Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00714a017https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00714a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical Aspects of Aging Skin: Considerations for the Wound Care Practitioner (2019)

Aging is a complex phenomenon manifested by macromolecular damage, adverse changes to the genome, blunted immunologic function, alterations in body composition, and decreased adaptation to stress. Understanding the changes that skin undergoes with age is essential for wound care practitioners. Accordingly, this article will introduce the reader to theories of aging, the biologic changes associated with aging skin, and clinical considerations for the wound care practitioner, including the concepts of skin failure, Skin Changes At Life's End, and frailty.
A Video-Codec Chip Set for Multimedia Applications (1993)

The multimedia, video-codec chip set described in this paper represents the first generation in a family of devices that will make possible reliable, cost-effective storage and transmission of multimedia data, including video. AT&T's multimedia video-codec complies with international video standards. It supports still-image and audio compression over a wide range of quality and bit rates; multiplexing of audio, video, and data; and protocol control for a variety of telecommunications options. The codec consists of three chips — a video encoder, a video decoder, and a systems controller — plus one or two digital-signal processors and a modest amount of industry-standard, dynamic random-access memory. In this paper, we examine the potential market for such a device and the performance and capability requirements. We also describe the overall multimedia-codec architecture and review the video-signal-processing operations for standards-compliant video compression. Finally, we describe the architecture of the encoder, decoder, and systems controller.
Immune Effector Functions of Human IgG2 Antibodies against EGFR (2018)

Three FDA-approved epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab, necitumumab) are clinically available to treat patients with different types of cancers. Interestingly, panitumumab is of human IgG2 isotype, which is often considered to have limited immune effector functions. Unexpectedly, our studies unraveled that human IgG2 antibodies against EGFR mediated effective CDC when combined with another noncross-blocking EGFR antibody. This second antibody could be of human IgG1 or IgG2 isotype. Furthermore, EGFR antibodies of human IgG2 isotype were highly potent in recruiting myeloid effector cells such as M1 macrophages and PMN for tumor cell killing by ADCC. Tumor cell killing by PMN was more effective with IgG2 than with IgG1 antibodies if tumor cells expressed lower levels of EGFR. Additionally, lower expression levels of the "don't eat me" molecule CD47 on tumor cells enabled ADCC also by M2 macrophages, and improved PMN and macrophage-mediated ADCC. A TCGA enquiry revealed broadly varying CD47 expression levels across different solid tumor types. Together, these results demonstrate that human IgG2 antibodies against EGFR can promote significant Fc-mediated effector functions, which may contribute to their clinical efficacy. The future challenge will be to identify clinical situations in which myeloid effector cells can optimally contribute to antibody efficacy.
Path-tracking for a Tractor-Trailer-like Robot (1994)

Path-tracking controllers for tractor-trailer-like robots are de signed by generalizing the geometric path-tracking approach currently adopted for car-like robots. This is done by formaliz ing the concepts of speed and lateral and heading offsets and by assuming slippage-free motion. The main result is that for straight-line or circular-arc paths to be tracked with a con stant velocity, path-tracking may be ensured by means of a linear, time-invariant, and decoupled controller, the gains of which may be determined using familiar proportional-integral- derivative (PID) and state-feedback techniques.
The importance of interfilamentary barrier resistance in YBCO coated conductor to minimize ac losses (2002)

YBCO coated superconducting tapes can be optimized to minimize the ac loss in aggressive magnetic field and frequency environments typical of synchronous generator armature windings and air core transformers. Optimized conductors can be realized by creating a multifilamentary structure incorporating high barrier resistance that allows a practical twist pitch to minimize coupling losses. Barrier electrical resistance is being characterized and several methods for creating high barrier resistance in multifilamentary YBCO tapes by practical material processing methods are being explored. The tradeoff between barrier resistance and twist pitch to minimize ac loss is discussed for power applications. Design limitations due to the twist requirement in generator and transformer windings are discussed for the multifilament YBCO tape.
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (2005)

Heparin, employed clinically for more than 50 years, is still a widely used anticoagulant. Unfortunately, some patients given this agent develop thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Because this side effect can have catastrophic consequences, it is imperative that all clinicians caring for patients who receive heparin have at least a basic understanding of its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies of LiNb<SUB>0.5</SUB>Ta<SUB>0.5</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> Films Deposited on Sapphire Substrates by Thermal Plasma Spray CVD (Microstructure of LiNb<SUB>0.5</SUB>Ta<SUB>0.5</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> Films Deposited by Thermal Plasma Spray CVD) (2002)

Cross sections and plan views of LiNb0.5Ta0.5O3 films were investigated mainly by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. These films were deposited on (0001) sapphire substrates by thermal plasma spray chemical vapor deposition method at various feeding rates of liquid raw materials. It was found that the crystallinity and the preferential orientation of the LNT films depend on the feeding rate. The LNT film formed at the feeding rate of 7 mL/min was epitaxially grown on the substrate, and the orientation relationship between the film and the substrate was (0001)LNT⁄ ⁄(0001)sapphire, [11\\bar20]LNT⁄ ⁄[11\\bar20]sapphire. The LNT films fabricated at the higher and the lower feeding rate were polycrystalline. These films included twin crystals and other phases such as Li(Nb, Ta)3O8. The calculations based on the coincidence of reciprocal lattice points revealed that the epitaxial orientation relationships observed by transmission electron microscopy satisfied the geometrically optimal coherency across the interface.
Design and Synthesis of New Alicyclic Acrylate Polymer with Androstane Moiety for 193nm Resist. (1999)

Syntheses of new alicyclic (meth)acrylate polymers containing androstane moieties, especially cholic acid derivatives, and their characteristics were investigated for 193nm single layer resist. Among the derivatives, a deoxycholic acid structure was selected from the viewpoints of its ability for dry-etching resistance, adhesion on a substrate, and solubility for resist solvents. A work of adhesion, Ohnishi and ring parameters were used as measures for the adhesion and the dry-etching resistance in this study.In the syntheses of the polymers, the use of 3-β-methacryloyloxy-deoxycholic acid, which is the inverse configuration against the original 3-α-structure, was effective as a monomer, because the steric hindrance at 3-α-position degraded its polymerization ability. The polymers partially protected by acid labile groups showed a satisfactory adhesion, which was probably due to the hydrophilic hydroxyl group at the 12-position and the carboxyl group linked at the 17-position, and a good dry-etching resistance. On the lithographic imaging with these polymers, the reduction of the side reaction on the acid decomposition and also the control of the flexibility on the polymers largely affected their performance. The adjustment of the Tg values of the polymers by the co-polymerization and the change of the polymer backbone from the methacrylate to acrylate structure performed well on imaging under 193nm exposure.
Metal-Free Synthesis of N-Cyano-Substituted Sulfilimines and Sulfoximines (2010)

Starting from the corresponding sulfides, N-cyano sulfoximines can easily be accessed under metal-free conditions via the corresponding N-cyano-substituted sulfilimines. The reaction sequence involves a sulfide imination with cyanogen amide in presence of a base and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) followed by an m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) mediated oxidation of the resulting sulfilimine intermediates.
Evaluation of consumer health website accessibility by users with sensory and physical disabilities (2004)

Growth of the World Wide Web is beginning to create new opportunities for direct patient access to health care resources. At the same time, advances in medical care have produced demographic shifts in which an increasing number of patients have sensory and physical disabilities that may limit their ability to access these new information tools. This study uses automated and manual methods to measure the compliance of 30 popular consumer health websites with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) content accessibility guidelines. Among these 30 sites, 22 failed to satisfy at least one W3C Priority-1 accessibility checkpoint, making it impossible for some groups of disabled users to access information from them. All websites failed to satisfy at least one Priority-2 checkpoint, making it difficult for some groups to access information from the sites. These results suggest that accessibility of many consumer health websites to disabled users is very limited. The health informatics community must become more aware of this problem, particularly because many critical accessibility problems may be easily addressed if they are recognized
Thermal behaviour of graft copolymers of sodium alginate (1996)

Abstract The thermal stability of sodium alginate (SA) and its graft copolymers of acrylonitrile (AN), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been examined in air atmosphere by means of thermogravimetric analysis. The following order of decreasing stability was found from characteristic decomposition temperatures: SA‐g‐PAN > SA‐g‐PMA > SA‐g‐PEA > SA‐g‐PMMA. The overall thermal stability of the different SA graft copolymers was evaluated by comparing their activation energies of thermal degradation; it agreed with the same order of thermal stability.
Fatty acid synthase: a novel target for antiglioma therapy (2006)

High levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression have been observed in several cancers, including breast, prostate, colon and lung carcinoma, compared with their respective normal tissue. We present data that show high levels of FAS protein in human and rat glioma cell lines and human glioma tissue samples, as compared to normal rat astrocytes and normal human brain. Incubating glioma cells with the FAS inhibitor cerulenin decreased endogenous fatty acid synthesis by approximately 50%. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a time- and dose-dependent increase in S-phase cell arrest following cerulenin treatment for 24 h. Further, treatment with cerulenin resulted in time- and dose-dependent decreases in glioma cell viability, as well as reduced clonogenic survival. Increased apoptotic cell death and PARP cleavage were observed in U251 and SNB-19 cells treated with cerulenin, which was independent of the death receptor pathway. Overexpressing Bcl-2 inhibited cerulenin-mediated cell death. In contrast, primary rat astrocytes appeared unaffected. Finally, RNAi-mediated knockdown of FAS leading to reduced FAS enzymatic activity was associated with decreased glioma cell viability. These findings suggest that FAS might be a novel target for antiglioma therapy.
Experimental Investigation of the Resistive-Wall Instability for Localized Perturbations in the Long-Wavelength Range (1997)

In high-current induction accelerators being considered for heavy ion inertial fusion and other applications, the resistive-wall instability in the long-wavelength range, may cause unacceptable beam energy spread. We have designed a small-scale low-cost electron beam experiment to investigate this instability in 1 m, $5--10\mathrm{k}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ resistive-wall structures. In this Letter, we present the first experimental results on the interaction between a resistive wall and localized single space-charge waves in the long-wavelength range. The experiments have clearly demonstrated the growth of single slow waves due to the resistive-wall instability and the decay of single fast waves. The spatial growth/decay rates are measured and compared with theoretical analysis.
Application of the drag force approach to model the flow‐interaction of natural vegetation (2006)

Abstract Recent approaches in two and three‐dimensional numerical models have used a drag force term in the momentum equations to model the stem drag imposed by plants which project through a significant amount of the water depth. This approach reduces the ability to subsume under‐represented processes and data uncertainties in the calibration process which are inherent in roughness closures using a bed friction term such as the Mannings n. This paper examines the data uncertainties when applying the drag force approach to flow through natural plants by an a priori determination of the projected area of the plants as a function of height and explores the implications of this relationship on the computed velocity profile. Using eight individual trees of species Salix fragilis, geometric parameters including diameter and volume were measured and the projected area as a function of tree height was determined. Velocity measurements were conducted in the Wienfluss river in Austria and the relationship of drag force as a function of plant height was established for emergent leafless trees. If the velocity profile is fairly constant with plant height it is found that the projected area/plant height relationship may govern the drag force profile. It has been shown that the uniform drag force approach based on a basal or an equivalent diameter results in negligible difference in the computed velocity profile. In both channel cases the uniform approach results in relatively greater velocities in the region close to the bed and lower velocities in the upper region, compared to the non‐uniform approach. This resulted in a relative difference of 150% in the computed bed shear stress between the two approaches.
Bayesian Teaching of Image Categories. (2018)

Humans learn from other knowledgeable informants whochoose data to foster learning. Mathematical models of teach-ing and learning have formalized this process of learning fromhelpful others. While these approaches have been successful incapturing teaching and learning in a variety of contexts, theyhave been limited to relatively simple domains. One of theopen questions regarding Bayesian teaching is whether it canscale to teach from naturalistic domains with more interestingdatasets. In this work, we show how to apply Bayesian teach-ing to teach human participants categories learned by a super-vised machine learning model. The effectiveness of teaching ismeasured by how well the participants can predict the behaviorof the target machine learning model. Our results demonstratethat Bayesian teaching can be applied to naturalistic domains,show that the best sets of examples according to the modelyield better learning, and suggest avenues for improving ourability to automate teaching of image categories.