gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Is Mail The Next Frontier In Search And Data Mining? (2016)

The nature of Web mail traffic has significantly evolved in the last two decades, and consequently the behavior of Web mail users has also changed. For instance a recent study conducted by Yahoo Labs showed that today 90% of Web mail traffic is machine-generated. This partly explains why email traffic continues to grow even if a significant amount of personal communications has moved towards social media. Most users today are receiving in their inbox important invoices, receipts, and travel itineraries, together with non-malicious junk mail such as hotel newsletters or shopping promotions that could safely ignore. This is one of the reasons that a majority of messages remain unread, and many are deleted without being read. In that sense, Web mail has become quite similar to traditional snail mail. In spite of this drastic change in nature, many mail features remain unchanged. While 70% of mail users do not define even a single folder, folders are still predominant in the left trail of many Web mail clients. Mail search results are still mostly ranked by date, which makes the retrieving of older messages extremely challenging. This is even more painful to users, as unlike in Web search, they will know when a relevant previously read message has not been returned.
Learnable Visual Markers (2016)

We propose a new approach to designing visual markers (analogous to QR-codes, markers for augmented reality, and robotic fiducial tags) based on the advances in deep generative networks. In our approach, the markers are obtained as color images synthesized by a deep network from input bit strings, whereas another deep network is trained to recover the bit strings back from the photos of these markers. The two networks are trained simultaneously in a joint backpropagation process that takes characteristic photometric and geometric distortions associated with marker fabrication and marker scanning into account. Additionally, a stylization loss based on statistics of activations in a pretrained classification network can be inserted into the learning in order to shift the marker appearance towards some texture prototype. In the experiments, we demonstrate that the markers obtained using our approach are capable of retaining bit strings that are long enough to be practical. The ability to automatically adapt markers according to the usage scenario and the desired capacity as well as the ability to combine information encoding with artistic stylization are the unique properties of our approach. As a byproduct, our approach provides an insight on the structure of patterns that are most suitable for recognition by ConvNets and on their ability to distinguish composite patterns.
Binding of glutamate to the umami receptor (2010)

The umami taste receptor is a heterodimer composed of two members of the T1R taste receptor family: T1R1 and T1R3. It detects glutamate in humans, and is a more general amino acid detector in other species. We have constructed homology models of the ligand binding domains of the human umami receptor (based on crystallographic structures of the metabotropic glutamate receptor of the central nervous system). We have carried out molecular dynamics simulations of the ligand binding domains, and we find that the likely conformation is that T1R1 receptor protein exists in the closed conformation, and T1R3 receptor in the open conformation in the heterodimer. Further, we have identified the important binding interactions and have made an estimate of the relative free energies associated with the two glutamate binding sites.
Development of 400 V Solar Array Technology for Low Earth Orbit Plasma Environment (2006)

To realize a 400 V operation in low Earth orbit (LEO), problems of arcing caused by interaction between spacecraft and surrounding LEO plasma must be overcome. This paper is a summary report of the laboratory tests carried out to develop a 400 V solar array technology. Among various designs tested, a design of covering a solar array surface with transparent film, called film coupon, was the most promising mitigation method to prevent arc inception. The authors carried out various tests on the film coupons considering a realistic situation encountered in orbit. The coupon biased to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$-$</tex> 400 V in LEO-like plasma had no arc for more than 25 h. Other tests involved UV exposure, atomic-oxygen exposure, thermal cycling, and debris impact. Conductive substrate made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic suffered many arcs at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$-$</tex> 400 V. Sustained arc between a solar cell and the substrate was also observed upon a simulated debris impact. Therefore, the use of flexible substrate is adequate for 400 V solar array in LEO environment. To avoid the snapover effect near the positive end of the array circuit, only the negative part of the array circuit exceeding the arc-inception threshold should be covered by film, or an electron collector should be deployed.
Automated biomarker candidate discovery in imaging mass spectrometry data through spatially localized Shapley additive explanations (2021)

The search for molecular species that are differentially expressed between biological states is an important step towards discovering promising biomarker candidates. In imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), performing this search manually is often impractical due to the large size and high-dimensionality of IMS datasets. Instead, we propose an interpretable machine learning workflow that automatically identifies biomarker candidates by their mass-to-charge ratios, and that quantitatively estimates their relevance to recognizing a given biological class using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The task of biomarker candidate discovery is translated into a feature ranking problem: given a classification model that assigns pixels to different biological classes on the basis of their mass spectra, the molecular species that the model uses as features are ranked in descending order of relative predictive importance such that the top-ranking features have a higher likelihood of being useful biomarkers. Besides providing the user with an experiment-wide measure of a molecular species' biomarker potential, our workflow delivers spatially localized explanations of the classification model's decision-making process in the form of a novel representation called SHAP maps. SHAP maps deliver insight into the spatial specificity of biomarker candidates by highlighting in which regions of the tissue sample each feature provides discriminative information and in which regions it does not. SHAP maps also enable one to determine whether the relationship between a biomarker candidate and a biological state of interest is correlative or anticorrelative. Our automated approach to estimating a molecular species' potential for characterizing a user-provided biological class, combined with the untargeted and multiplexed nature of IMS, allows for the rapid screening of thousands of molecular species and the obtention of a broader biomarker candidate shortlist than would be possible through targeted manual assessment. Our biomarker candidate discovery workflow is demonstrated on mouse-pup and rat kidney case studies.
Bridging islands of specialized code using macros and reified types (2013)

Parametric polymorphism in Scala suffers from the usual drawback of erasure on the Java Virtual Machine: primitive values are boxed, leading to indirect access, wasteful use of heap memory and lack of cache locality. For performance-critical parts of the code, the Scala compiler introduces specialization, a transformation that duplicates and adapts the bodies of classes and methods for primitive types. Specializing code can speed up execution by an order of magnitude, but only if the code is called from monomorphic sites or from other specialized code. Still, if these "islands" of specialized code are called from generic code, their performance becomes similar to that of generic code, losing optimality. To address this, our project builds high performance "bridges" between "islands" of specialized code, removing the requirement that full traces need to be specialized: We use macros to delimit performance-critical "gaps" between specialized code, which we also specialize. We then use reified types to dispatch the correct specialized variant, thus recovering performance across the "islands". Our transformation obtains speedups up to 30x and around 12x in average compared to generic only code, by enabling specialization to completely remove boxing and reach its full potential.
Organophosphorus Insecticides Synergize Pyrethroids in the Resistant Strain of Cotton Bollworm, <I>Helicoverpa armigera</I> (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from West Africa (2003)

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) populations from West Africa recently developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides through enhanced metabolism by mixed-function oxidases. The combination index method was used to study the synergism of pyrethroids by organophosphorus insecticides. Several mixtures of insecticides currently registered to control cotton pest complex in West Africa were tested, including: cypermethrin / ethion, cypermethrin / profenofos, deltamethrin / triazophos, deltamethrin / chlorpyriphos, cyfluthrin / chlorpytiphos, and betacyflutbrin / chlorpyriphos. In the resistant strain, the orgarrophosphorus insecticides significantly increased the toxicity of pyrethroids suppressing the resistance effect, either by additive or synergistic effects. Significant synergism was shown for the following mixtures: cypermethrin / ethion, deltamethrin / triazophos, and deltamethrin / chlorpyriphos. The use of synergism from these insecticide mixtures should prove to be an additional tool in the overall resistance management strategy because the pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera from West Africa is not yet stable, decreasing between cotton seasons and increasing with treatments. In absence of selection, the susceptibility of H. armigera to insecticides should be restored.
Effects of organic additives and elemental sulphur applied to soils on the growth and nutrient absorption of Brassica chinensis (2005)

Pot experiment was conducted to determine effects of rough amino acid, weathered coal, L-TRP, L-PHE and elemental sulphur applied to soils on biomass, chlorophyll content, NO_(3)~(-)-N, NRA and N, P, K, Fe absorption of Brassica chinensis. Results of the pot experiment showed that biomass of Brassica chinensis significantly increased with the application of weathered coal and combined application of L-TRP and L-PHE. It was found that application of weathered coal at rate of 20g/kg soil significantly increased chlorophyll content and N absorption of Brassica chinensis. When the elemental sulphur was applied at rate of 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg soil, NO_(3)~(-)-N content in Brassica chinensis was decreased by 41.6 % and 47.4 %, respectively, co tion of Brassica chinensis was increased with the mpared with check plot. In the experiment condition, P, K, Fe absorpapplication of elemental sulphur, and deceased with the application of rough amino acid, weathered coal, and L - TRP, L - PHE or the combined application. Results also showed that application of the organic additives and elemental sulphur significantly increased the NRA of Brassica chinessis, but no significant correlation was found between NO_(3)~(-)-N content and NRA in plants. The increase in NRA may be the result of coordinated effect of phytohormone or organic acid with NO_(3)~(-)-N in the plant.
Organization of the Gene Encoding the Human Endothelin-converting Enzyme (ECE-1) (1995)

The two human endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1) isoforms, which differ by their N-terminal region, are encoded by a single gene. The gene is composed of 19 exons that span more than 68 kilobases and has been mapped to the 1p36 band of the human genome. The two isoform mRNAs display different tissue distributions. Their precursors are transcribed from two distinct start sites, upstream from exon 1 and exon 3, respectively. Sequence analysis of the two putative promoters revealed the presence of motifs characteristic for several transcription factors. Comparison of the ECE-1 gene structure with those of other zinc metalloproteases, as well as a phylogenetic study, confirm the existence of a metalloprotease subfamily composed of ECE-1, ECE-2, neutral endopeptidase, Kell blood group protein, and two bacterial enzymes.
Graft Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride and Its Isostructural Analogues: High Performance Engineering Materials (2011)

This review summarizes the main advances published over the last 15 years outlining the different methods of grafting, including reactive extruder systems, surface modification, grafting and graft copolymerization of synthetic and natural polymers with maleic anhydride and its isostructural analogues such as maleimides and maleates, and anhydrides, esters and imides of citraconic and itaconic acids, derivatives of fumaric acid, etc. Special attention is spared to the grafting of conventional and non-conventional synthetic and natural polymers, including biodegradable polymers, mechanism of grafting and graft copolymerization, in situ grafting reactions in melt by reactive extrusion systems, in solutions and solid state (photo- and plasma-induced graftings), and H-bonding effect in the reactive blend processing. The structural phenomena, unique properties and application areas of these copolymers and their various modifications and composites as high performance engineering materials have been also described.
Denoising convolutional autoencoder based B-mode ultrasound tongue image feature extraction (2019)

B-mode ultrasound tongue imaging is widely used in the speech production field. However, efficient interpretation is in a great need for the tongue image sequences. Inspired by the recent success of unsupervised deep learning approach, we explore unsupervised convolutional network architecture for the feature extraction in the ultrasound tongue image, which can be helpful for the clinical linguist and phonetics. By quantitative comparison between different unsupervised feature extraction approaches, the denoising convolutional autoencoder (DCAE)-based method outperforms the other feature extraction methods on the reconstruction task and the 2010 silent speech interface challenge. A Word Error Rate of 6.17% is obtained with DCAE, compared to the state-of-the-art value of 6.45% using Discrete cosine transform as the feature extractor. Our codes are available at https://github.com/DeePBluE666/Source-code1.
Pairing Symmetry in Single-Layer Tetragonal Tl <sub>2</sub> Ba <sub>2</sub> CuO <sub>β+δ</sub> Superconductors (1996)

A high-resolution scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscopy study of tetragonal single-layer Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6+δ films, deposited on tricrystal SrTiO 3 substrates, demonstrates the effect of spontaneously generated half flux quanta. This observation shows that in addition to YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , the order parameter symmetry in Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6+δ is consistent with that of a d x 2 - y 2 pair state. This result also rules out any bilayer or twinning effects and any pairing that is incompatible with the fourfold rotational symmetry as in the Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6+δ superconducting system.
Eine einfache Synthese von <i>N</i>‐Methyl‐<scp>L</scp>‐histidin (1989)

A Simple Preparation of N ‐Methyl‐ L ‐histidine N ‐Methyl‐ L ‐histidine is efficiently prepared in two steps starting from N α ‐trityl‐ l ‐histidine.
On the Quantification of Lignin Hydroxyl Groups With<sup>31</sup>P and<sup>13</sup>C NMR Spectroscopy (2015)

Factors affecting the accuracy of the analysis of lignin hydroxyl and carboxyl groups with 31P NMR have been further elucidated. Two modifications of 31P NMR analysis of lignin, namely the protocols using 1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (PR-I) and 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (PR-II) as phosphorylation reagents with different internal standards, were studied. The previous 31P NMR standard protocol with PR-II underestimated OH groups by about 30%, whereas the 31P NMR standard protocol with PR-I tended to produce overestimated data. It has been shown that cholesterol is not an appropriate internal standard, resulting in underestimated values for OH groups due to incomplete baseline resolution. The best internal standard has been found to be endo-N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide. Strong care should be taken related to the stability of the internal standards to avoid inflated results due to IS degradation. Under modified optimized conditions, both methods show a good correlation with the 13C NMR protocol in the quantification of hydroxyl groups as average, with the variability between the methods in the range of 5–15%. However, the 31P NMR protocols report COOH content that is twice as low as that of 13C NMR data. Finally, the best approach for the use of the 31P and 13C NMR methods in lignin analysis is discussed.
Upcycling of Waste Materials: Green Binder Prepared with Pure Coal Fly Ash (2015)

Extensive studies have focused on the beneficial use of coal fly ashes (CFAs) as a partial replacement for cement in concretes or mortars, in the effort of reducing the environmental footprint and embodied energy of concrete materials while removing CFAs from the waste stream. In this study, a pure fly ash paste (PFAP) was developed in place of ordinary portland cement paste (OPCP). This PFAP was prepared at room temperature and without direct alkali activation, unlike geopolymer or other fly-ash-based cementitious materials that need to be cured at a relatively high temperature or activated by alkalis. The samples were prepared using only the as-received class C coal fly ash, water, and a very small amount of borax (Na2B4O7). On average, the PFAP featured 28-day compressive strength of about 36 MPa, and micro-nano hardness and elastic modulus 29% and 5% higher than the OPCP, respectively. The PFAP also featured 15% lower gas permeability, 27% higher Cl− diffusivity, 20% lower dry density, and considerably higher surface resistivity and bulk resistivity. These mechanical, durability, and other properties of the PFAP make it a viable environmentally friendly (green) construction binder suitable for a host of structural and nonstructural applications. Advanced characterization of the raw material and PFAP pastes was employed to elucidate the hydration mechanisms of this green binder. While this work only showcases the properties of one specific CFA, the obtained knowledge sheds light on the role of class C CFAs in the hydration process and may benefit the expanded use of various CFAs in cementitious materials.
Oral essential amino acids in children on regular hemodialysis. (1978)

Plasma amino acids were measured by ion-exchange chromatography in 10 children on regular hemodialysis for renal failure before and after a 6 month period on an oral supplement of 8 essential amino acids. The supplement constituted 14.7 +/- 9.7 (1 SD) of the protein intake, the proportion varying inversely with protein intake, and mean energy and protein intakes which were normal for body size did not change significantly during the study. Before supplementation there were significant reductions compared to normal in the concentration of valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, tyrosine and serine, and elevations in glycine, proline and the methylhistidines. After supplementation methionine levels were abnormally high, isoleucine levels were in the lower range of normal and otherwise there were no significant changes. These modest changes suggest that supplemental essential amino acids in uremic children on adequate energy and protein intakes may not only be superfluour but may induce new imbalances which may themselves be harmful.
Rational Design of a 3D Mn<sup>II</sup>‐Metal–Organic Framework Based on a Nonmetallated Porphyrin Linker for Selective Capture of CO<sub>2</sub> and One‐Pot Synthesis of Styrene Carbonates (2018)

A 3D Mn<sup>II</sup> -porphyrin metal-organic framework (MOF), [{Mn<sub>2</sub> (TCPP)⋅2H<sub>2</sub> O}⋅DMF]<sub>n</sub> (MOF1) (TCPP=5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-benzoate)porphyrin), was constructed; it exhibits an interesting 3D framework structure with two types of 1D channels of dimensions of 3.94×8.37 Å<sup>2</sup> and 4.66×4.93 Å<sup>2</sup> running along the crystallographic a axis. Owing to the presence of a nonmetallated porphyrin cavity, MOF1 exhibits selective storage of CO<sub>2</sub> with an isosteric heat of adsorption value of 32.1 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> , which is further supported by theoretical calculations with the calculated binding energy (BE) of 29.78 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> . Interestingly, the nonmetallated nature of the porphyrin ligand was exploited for implantation of coordinatively unsaturated Fe<sup>III</sup> ions to generate a Fe<sup>III</sup> @MOF1 framework, which acts as an efficient recyclable catalyst for the oxidation of styrenes to the corresponding epoxides in the presence of PhIO as an oxidant at room temperature. Moreover, the one-pot synthesis of styrene carbonates from styrenes and CO<sub>2</sub> was also achieved using Fe<sup>III</sup> @MOF1 as a catalyst. The rational design of a porous Mn<sup>II</sup> -porphyrin MOF for the selective capture of CO<sub>2</sub> and the one-pot synthesis of styrene carbonates at mild conditions is reported.
Privacy preserving in big data sets through multiple shuffle (2016)

Big data privacy-preserving has attracted increasing attention of researchers in recent years. But existing models are so complicated and time-consuming that they are not easy to implement. In this paper, we propose a more feasible and efficient model for big data sets privacy-preserving using shuffling multiple attributes(M-Shuffle) to achieve a tradeoff between data utility and privacy. Our strategy is firstly categorize all the records into some groups using K-means algorithm according to the sensitive attributes. Then we choose the columns to be shuffled using entropy. At last we introduce the random shuffle algorithm to our model to break the correlation among the columns of big data sets. Experiments on real-world datasets show that our framework achieves excellent data utility and efficiency while satisfying privacy-preserving.
256 kbit bubble memory chip fabrication and characterization (1979)

A 256 kbit bubble memory chip, which uses asymmetric chevron propagation elements has been designed, fabricated and characterized. Average circuit period is 8 μm and minimum feature size is 1 μm for all chip functions. Chip size is 4.5 mm×5.1 mm. A new stretcher detector and a planar chip structure enable the 256 kbit chip to operate at low rotating field. For a typical device processed on a (YSmLu)3(FeGa)5O12 magnetic garnet film, the overall bias margin for all functions is 15 Oe with a 50 Oe circular rotating field at 200 kHz.