gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seamless switching of scalable video bitstreams for efficient streaming (2003)

Proposes a seamless switching scheme for scalable video bitstreams that fully takes advantage of both the high coding efficiency of non-scalable bitstreams and the flexibility of scalable bitstreams. Small bandwidth fluctuations are accommodated by the scalability of the bitstreams, while large bandwidth fluctuations are tolerated by switching between scalable bitstreams. The major contribution of this paper is a flexible and effective scheme for seamless switching between scalable bitstreams that significantly improves the efficiency of scalable video coding over a broad bit rate range. When the channel bandwidth drops below the effective range of a scalable bitstream operated at higher rates, the proposed scheme can switch at any frame from the current scalable bitstream to one operated at lower rates without sending any overhead bits. Additional bits are only necessary when switching from a scalable bitstream operated at lower rates to one operated at higher rates. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms both the approach with a single scalable bitstream and the approach of switching among multiple non-scalable bitstreams.
Application of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26) Based Prodrug Approach to Different Amine-Containing Drugs (2009)

Here we explore the applicability of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26) based prodrug approach to a variety of amine-containing drugs. Efficient procedures have been developed for the synthesis of dipeptide and tetrapeptide amide prodrugs including N-acylation protocols of the exocyclic amino function of cytidine and adenosine nucleosides. Our studies demonstrated that XaaPro dipeptides linked to a free amino group present on an aromatic ring or on a sugar entity are prodrugs that efficiently release the parent drug upon conversion by purified DPPIV/CD26 as well as soluble DPPIV/CD26 in bovine and human serum. Vildagliptin, a specific inhibitor of DPPIV/CD26, was able to completely block the hydrolysis of the prodrugs in the presence of purified CD26 but also in human and bovine serum. When the amino group is present on a pyrimidine or purine ring, the dipeptide derivatives are chemically unstable, whereas the tetrapeptide derivatives (i.e., ValProValPro or ValAlaValPro) were much more stable in solution and efficiently converted to the parent drug by the action of DPPIV/CD26. This DPPIV/CD26-directed prodrug technology can be useful to increase solubility of the parent drug molecules and/or to allow better formulation properties.
NonInvasive Monitoring of Vital Signs and Traumatic Brain Injuries (2017)

The emerging trends in the field of medical diagnostic technologies aim to address the challenging requirements for noninvasive monitoring of vital signs in hospital emergency departments, ambulances, hospital intensive and after care units, home care, medical clinics, and nursing homes. The chapter focuses on the challenging signal processing problems in monitoring blood pressure, nonvisible brain traumatic injuries and other brain abnormalities. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a critically important diagnostic tool for trauma patients and patients undergoing neurosurgery. Elevated ICP is a pathological state and is an indicator of serious neurological damage and illness. The results from animal experimentations provide a preliminary assessment of the capabilities of a dispersive ultrasound system concept in detecting various cases of brain trauma and brain metabolic effects. The concept of the adaptive auscultatory blood pressure system, has been proven successful in noisy and vibration intensive conditions of helicopters and the test results have been reported in Pinto et al.
Voltage-Based Stabilization of Microporous Carbon Electrodes for Inverted Capacitive Deionization (2017)

Inverted capacitive deionization (i-CDI) is examined using microporous Spectracarb carbon electrodes in 10 mmol L–1 NaCl solution without deaeration. i-CDI testing shows that using conventional operational methods, i.e., Vch = 0.8 V and Vdis = 0 V (0.8/0 V), cannot stabilize salt separation after approximately 409 h with an averaged salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of 6.0 ± 0.8 mg g–1. The cycled anode possesses a collapsed cyclic voltammogram due to an increase in the sheet resistance by the formation of a surface oxide layer. This layer eventually suppresses electronic charge utilization in the i-CDI cell causing degraded salt separation. By analysis of potential distributions incorporated with the modified Donnan model, an improved i-CDI operational method is proposed by reducing Vch to 0.4 V and Vdis to −0.4 V (0.4/–0.4 V) while maintaining a voltage window (Vch–Vdis) of 0.8 V. The improved i-CDI testing demonstrates that not only is the separation process stabilized up to approximately 420 h but the SAC also increases to 7.2 ± 0.3 mg g–1. Additionally, operation at 0.4/–0.4 V possesses more stable pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) responses than that at 0.8/0 V. We believe that such improved performance stems from a reduced Vch mitigating carbon oxidation at the anode and DO reduction at the cathode while the reduced Vdis compensates for salt removal capacity.
Optimizing cell size for energy saving in cellular networks with hybrid energy supplies (2012)

Green communications has received much attention recently. For cellular networks, the base stations (BSs) account for more than 50 percent of the energy consumption of the networks. Therefore, reducing the power consumption of BSs is crucial to achieve green cellular networks. In this paper, we optimize the energy utilization in cellular networks whose BSs are powered with both regular energy from the grid and the renewable energy. We minimize the on-grid energy consumption of BSs by adapting their cell sizes. The cell size optimization problem is NP-hard. We divide the problem into two subproblems: the multi-stage energy allocation problem and energy consumption minimization problem. We propose an energy allocation policy and an approximation algorithm to solve these subproblems, respectively, and subsequently solve the cell size optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution achieves significant energy savings.
ANG1005, a new therapeutic drug able to cross the blood-brain barrier for the treatment of brain cancers. (2008)

LB-108 In the present study, we have investigated the utilization of a new peptide based drug delivery technology that provides a non-invasive and flexible platform for transporting drugs into the central nervous system. We have demonstrated that this family of peptides (Angiopeps) is able to physiologically cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as seen by in-vivo imaging in mice using a fluorescent marker cy 5.5 conjugated to an Angiopep peptide, and by in-situ brain perfusion. Based on this discovery, we have created several new drug entities, the most advanced of which is ANG1005 formed by chemical conjugation of the peptide vector (Angiopep-2) to three molecules of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel, which is normally restricted from brain, is transported very efficiently across the BBB after conjugation to Angiopep-2. Its rate of transport is 50 to 80 times higher than that of free paclitaxel measured using in-situ brain perfusion in rats. ANG1005 is also detected by LC-MS-MS analysis in normal brain and brain tumors in mice 30 minutes after IV injection at level of 300 nM which is above the therapeutic level of paclitaxel. ANG1005 inhibits cancer cell proliferation of various cell lines in vitro; its cytotoxicity is comparable to paclitaxel with an IC50 of 10 nM. ANG1005 is 3.5 times better tolerated than paclitaxel in single-dose rodent toxicity studies. In addition, the conjugate of paclitaxel to Angiopep (ANG1005) bypasses the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein, which is highly expressed at the BBB. Based upon the higher distribution of ANG1005 in brain tumors, the effect of ANG1005 was evaluated on glioblastoma (U87) xenograft tumor growth in immune deficient mice. In this model, administration of ANG1005 reduced tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner.  ANG1005 is currently under evaluation in two phase 1/2 clinical trials for the treatment of primary and secondary brain tumors in humans.  Overall, these results indicate that conjugation of paclitaxel to Angiopep-vector could increase its efficacy against primary or metastatic brain cancers.
Involvement of an Inducible Cytochrome P-450 in Precocene II Oxidation by Streptomyces Griseus (1989)

Streptomyces griseus oxidizes the insecticide precocene II to its cis- and trans-dihydrodiols and 3-chromenol after growth on an enriched medium containing soybean flour. Oxidation of precocene II is dependent on the level of cytochrome P-450 in this organism. Extracts of cells grown on media lacking soybean flour were devoid of cytochrome P-450 and could not oxidize precocene II. In an in vitro reconstituted system containing NADPH, spinach ferredoxin reductase, spinach ferredoxin and ammonium sulfate fractions enriched in cytochrome P-450, precocene II was oxidized to its dihydrodiols. An aerial mycelium-negative variant of S. griseus (AMY mutant), that was unable to elicit cytochrome P-450 when grown on soybean flour-enriched medium, failed to oxidize precocene II.
Biochemical Characterization of Sperm Agglutination Antigen-1, a Human Sperm Surface Antigen Implicated in Gamete Interactions1 (1997)

The anti-sperm monoclonal antibody (mAb) S19 was previously demonstrated to agglutinate human spermatozoa, inhibit sperm penetration of cervical mucus, and inhibit sperm-zona pellucida binding. These results implicated the cognate S19 antigen, designated sperm agglutination antigen-1 (SAGA-1), in gamete interactions and identified SAGA-1 as an attractive candidate for immunocontraceptive development. In the present study, evaluation of sperm agglutination with video microscopy showed that the S19 mAb rapidly and completely agglutinated human spermatozoa in a "tangled" pattern of agglutination. One- and two-dimensional immunoblot analyses identified SAGA-1 as a highly acidic, polymorphic sperm protein with an apparent molecular mass of 15-25 kDa and an isoelectric point of 2.5-3.0. Periodate treatment abolished this immunoreactivity, demonstrating that the S19 mAb reacted with a carbohydrate epitope and indicating that SAGA-1 is a glycoprotein. Absence of S19 immunoreactivity in postvasectomy seminal fluid implicated the testis, epididymis, and/or proximal vas deferens in the expression of SAGA-1. In solubility and phase partitioning assays, SAGA-1 was extracted from spermatozoa in Triton X-114 and exhibited the hydrophobic characteristics of integral and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored membrane proteins. These results identify SAGA-1 as a hydrophobic, highly acidic sperm glycoprotein that is localized on the entire sperm surface and has potential significance as a target for antibodies that inhibit sperm function and gamete interactions.
Long-lasting and transmission-blocking activity of antibodies to<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>elicited in mice by protein conjugates of Pfs25 (2006)

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, estimated to cause >1 million childhood deaths annually. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of the disease. There is as yet no licensed vaccine for this disease, despite over a half century of research. In this study, we investigated a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, the ookinete surface protein Pfs25. Antibodies against Pfs25, drawn in during a bite, can block parasite development in the mosquito midgut, preventing transmission to other individuals. Pfs25 is a low-molecular-weight protein, by itself not immunogenic. To increase its immunogenicity, we investigated several methods of conjugating Pfs25 to itself and to other proteins: recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, and ovalbumin, using amide, hydrazone, or thioether linkages. All conjugates were immunogenic and induced booster responses in mice. The scheme to form amide bonds between proteins by using adipic acid dihydrizide as a linker produced the most immunogenic conjugates. Adsorption of the conjugates onto aluminum hydroxide further increased the antibody response. Remarkably, the antibody levels 3 or 7 months after the last injection were significantly higher than those 1 wk after that injection. The observed transmission-blocking activity of immune sera correlated with antibody levels measured by ELISA.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Bi<sub>12</sub>TiO<sub>20</sub> Nanostrucutures Using Anodized TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes and Its Application in Photovoltaics (2010)

A one-step synthesis method to prepare bismuth titanate nanostructures that belong to the sillenite family group of compounds (A12BO20) using TiO2 nanotubes (T-NT) is reported. Preformed TiO2 nanotubes prepared by anodization of titanium foils have been used in a hydrothermal procedure with a bismuth salt to prepare cube-like nanostructures. Surface characterization has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that these nanostructures are cube-like crystalline Bi12TiO20 (BTO) and demonstrate tight size and dimensional control. The photoelectrochemical properties of the BTO have been examined and compared with the properties of T-NT. The BTO demonstrates a higher photocurrent density compared to T-NT in the presence of both UV−vis as well as visible light illumination. Depending on the magnitude of external bias, a stable increase of at least 40 and 10% in the values of photocurrent has been noted with the BTO compared to T-NT under UV−vis and visible light illumination, respectively.
End-To-End Multi-Talker Overlapping Speech Recognition (2020)

In this paper we present an end-to-end speech recognition system that can recognize single-channel speech where multiple talkers can speak at the same time (overlapping speech) by using a neural network model based on Recurrent Neural Network Transducer (RNN-T) architecture. We augment the conventional RNN-T architecture by including a masking model for separation of encoded audio features, and multiple label encoders to encode transcripts from different speakers. We use a masking L2 loss to prevent transcripts to align to wrong speakers' audio, and a speaker embedding loss to facilitate speaker tracking. We show that by using these additional training objectives, the proposed augmented RNN-T model can be trained with simulated overlapping speech data and can achieve a WER of 32% on words in overlapping speech segments from real-life telephone conversations. Our analysis of manual transcription task on the same test set shows that transcribing overlapping speech is hard even for humans who can get a WER of 37% compared to ground-truth.
Redox-Active Organic Molecules for Non-Aqueous Flow Batteries (2012)

Abstract not Available.
Materials Processing Using an Atmospheric Pressure, RF-Generated Plasma Source (2001)

Processing materials at atmospheric pressure provides clear advantages over traditional, vacuum-based plasma processing: in addition to reduction in the capital cost of equipment and the elimination of constraints imposed by vacuum-compatibility, high pressure and low temperature plasma processes offer unprecedented improvements for generation of active chemical species, high chemical selectivity, minimal ion densities resulting in low surface damage and surface treatment methods unattainable by other means. We describe several variations of this unique plasma source and some of its potential applications.
Scarecrow: Deactivating Evasive Malware via Its Own Evasive Logic (2020)

Security analysts widely use dynamic malware analysis environments to exercise malware samples and derive virus signatures. Unfortunately, malware authors are becoming more aware of such analysis environments. Therefore, many have embedded evasive logic into malware to probe execution environments before exposing malicious behaviors. Consequently, such analysis environments become useless and evasive malware can damage victim systems with unforeseen malicious activities. However, adopting evasive techniques to bypass dynamic malware analysis is a double-edged sword. While evasive techniques can avoid early detection through sandbox analysis, it also significantly constrains the spectrum of execution environments where the malware activates. In this paper, we exploit this dilemma and seek to reverse the challenge by camouflaging end-user execution environments into analysis-like environments using a lightweight deception engine called SCARECROW. We thoroughly evaluate SCARECROW with real evasive malware samples and demonstrate that we can successfully deactivate 89.56% of evasive malware samples and the variants of ransomware (e.g., WannaCry and Locky) with little or no impact on the most commonly used benign software. Our evaluation also shows that SCARECROW is able to steer state-of-the-art analysis environment fingerprinting techniques so that end-user execution environments with SCARECROW and malware analysis environments with SCARECROW become indistinguishable.
Genomic sequencing and analyses of Lymantria xylina multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (2010)

The gene parity plot analysis, percent identity of the gene homologues and a phylogenetic analysis suggested that LyxyMNPV is a Group II NPV that is most closely related to LdMNPV but with a highly distinct genomic organisation.
Hydrogen separation membranes - annual report for FY 2007. (2008)

The objective of this work is to develop dense ceramic membranes for separating hydrogen from other gaseous components in a nongalvanic mode, i.e., without using an external power supply or electrical circuitry.
RESEARCH A RTICLE Synthesis and Biodistribution of ( 11 C)Adenosine 5 0 -Monophosphate (( 11 C)AMP) (2005)

Purpose: Imaging purine receptors and adenylate biodistribution in vivo may be of clinical importance not only for the investigation of normal adenylate metabolism but also in pathological conditions where adenylate uptake and/or release from certain tissues and organs may be altered, such as some types of cancer. In order to develop a tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) that would not be subject to loss of its radioisotope, adenosine 5 0 -monophosphate (AMP) was intrinsically labeled at the C-8 position with carbon-11. Procedures: [ 11 C]AMP was synthesized by reacting 5-amino-1-b-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4carboxamidine-5 0 -phosphate with [ 11 C]formaldehyde. The metabolism of [ 11 C]AMP in human blood was determined in vitro both in the presence and absence of dipyridamole. The ex vivo biodistribution of [ 11 C]AMP and its in vivo dosimetry were determined in normal mice. The effect of dipyridamole on the distribution of [ 11 C]AMP in mice was also determined. Results: [ 11 C]AMP was reliably synthesized in 34 minutes (n = 7) with an average radiochemical yield of 2.4% and an average specific activity of 90.10 GBq/mmol (2435 mCi/mmol) at end of synthesis. In normal mice, the highest uptake of [ 11 C]AMP was in the lungs, blood, and heart. The ex vivo mouse experiments showed that the uptake of 11 C radiotracer in the lungs at 60 minutes postinjection was significantly lower for dipyridamole-treated animals than controls. Dosimetry showed that the critical organs for radiation dose burden are kidneys and bladder. Conclusions: Treatment with dipyridamole blocked the red blood cell uptake of extracellular adenosine and therefore its subsequent intracellular conversion to ATP. The biodistribution studies indicate that the tracer has substantial accumulation in the kidneys, lungs, heart, and blood. [ 11 C]AMP is promising as a PET-imaging agent to trace adenylate biology in vivo.
Enhanced-affinity murine T-cell receptors for tumor/self-antigens can be safe in gene therapy despite surpassing the threshold for thymic selection (2013)

Many of the most promising tumor antigens for T-cell-based cancer immunotherapies are unmodified self-antigens. Unfortunately, the avidity of T cells specific for these antigens is limited by central tolerance during T-cell development in the thymus, resulting in decreased anti-tumor efficacy of these T cells. One approach to overcoming this obstacle is to mutate T-cell receptor (TCR) genes from naturally occurring T cells to enhance the affinity for the target antigen. These enhanced-affinity TCRs can then be developed for use in TCR gene therapy. Although TCRs with significantly enhanced affinity have been generated using this approach, it is not clear whether these TCRs, which bypass the affinity limits imposed by negative selection, remain unresponsive to the low levels of self-antigen generally expressed by some normal tissues. Here we show that 2 variants of a high-affinity WT1-specific TCR with enhanced affinity for WT1 are safe and do not mediate autoimmune tissue infiltration or damage when transduced into peripheral CD8 T cells and transferred in vivo. However, if expressed in developing T cells and subjected to thymic selection, the same enhanced-affinity TCRs signal tolerance mechanisms in the thymus, resulting in T cells with attenuated antigen sensitivity in the periphery.
Active learning for hierarchical wrapper induction (1999)

Information mediators that allow users to integrate data from several Web sources rely on wrappers that extract the relevant data from the Web documents. Wrappers turn col-lections of Web pages into database-like tables by applying a set of extraction rules to each individual document. Even though the extraction rules can be written by humans, this is undesirable because the process is tedious, time consuming, and requires a high level of expertise. As an alternative to manually writing extraction rules, we created STALKER (Muslea, Minton, &amp; Knoblock 1999), which is a wrapper induction algorithm that learns high-accuracy extraction rules. The major novelty introduced by STALKER is the concept of hierarchical wrapper induction: the extraction of the relevant data is performed in a hierar-chical manner based on the embedded catalog tree (ECT), which is a user-provided description of the information to be extracted. Consider the sample document
Contrast‐enhanced wide‐angle high‐speed polarization modulator for active‐retarder 3‐D displays (2012)

Abstract— A contrast‐enhanced wide‐angle high‐speed polarization modulator for active‐retarder 3‐D displays is proposed. By using a double liquid‐crystal‐cell structure together with a dedicated driving scheme and an external quarter‐wave retarder, a high‐performance modulator can be realized, resulting in minimized brightness loss and low cross‐talk levels in fast‐refresh time‐multiplexed 3‐D displays.
Numerical visualisation of physical values during human swallowing using a three-dimensional swallowing simulator ‘Swallow Vision®’ based on the moving particle simulation method (2018)

The aim of this study is to visualise changes in physical values of food bolus during swallowing to correlate the movement of human organs and bolus flow configuration using Swallow Vision®, a three-dimensional human swallowing simulator. Swallow Vision was developed using realistic human organ models, food bolus models, and the meshless three-dimensional moving particle simulation (MPS) method. The human organ model used to create Swallow Vision was reconstructed using computed tomography and video-fluorography images of a healthy volunteer. The extracted physical values, such as velocity, shear rate and viscosity were correlated with the movement of human organs and bolus flow configuration. The velocity and the shear rate were in good agreement with other researchers’ results, and the simulation results are hence considered adequate. Swallow Vision will be helpful for understanding swallowing biomechanics, as well as for identifying appropriate foods for people with swallowing difficulties or dysphagia.