gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Geometry Enhancement of Nanoscale Energy Deposition by X-rays (2012)

A theorem is established to show that nanoscale energy deposition in water by X-rays can be greatly enhanced via the geometry of nanostructures. The calculated results show that enhancement over background water can reach over 60 times for a single nanoshell made of gold. Other geometries and nanostructures are investigated, and it is found that a shell of gold nanoparticles can generate similar enhancement. The concepts of composition, matrix, and satellite effects are established and studied, all of which can further increase the enhancement of the effect of X-rays.
Block−Graft and Star-Shaped Copolymers by Continuous Transformation from Anionic to Cationic Polymerization (1998)

The anionic block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-(1-acetoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (2) was first carried out by the sequential polymerization of MMA and 2, using (1,1-diphenylhexyl)lithium (DPHL) as the initiator, in the presence of LiCl ([LiCl]/[DPHL]0 = 4), in tetrahydrofuran (THF), at −60 °C. The block copolymer obtained [poly(MMA-b-2)] possesses a controlled molecular weight, designed composition, and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.05−1.13). Then, toluene, isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), and EtAlCl2 were added to the THF solution of poly(MMA-b-2) obtained during the previous step. Every side chain of the poly(2) segment of poly(MMA-b-2) could be activated by a Lewis acid, EtAlCl2, to initiate the living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether at room temperature. The THF, which was used as the solvent in the preparation of poly(MMA-b-2), acted as a weak Lewis base which stabilizes the propagating carbocation in the cationic polymerization step of IBVE. In this manner, a block−graft copolymer consisting of poly(MMA-b-2) as the block backbone and poly(IBVE) as the side chains attached to the poly(2) segment was prepared. This copolymer has a designed graft number, controlled molecular weights of the backbone and side chains, and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.11−1.16). In a similar way, a star-shaped copolymer consisting of one poly(MMA) arm and several poly(IBVE) arms could be prepared, by restricting the polymerization degree of 2 to a small value during the preparation step of poly(MMA-b-2). This star-shaped copolymer also possesses a designed arm number, controlled molecular weight, and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.10−1.20).
Heat Shield Employing Cured Thermal Protection Material Blocks Bonded in a Large-Cell Honeycomb Matrix (2012)

A document describes a new way to integrate thermal protection materials on external surfaces of vehicles that experience the severe heating environments of atmospheric entry from space. Cured blocks of thermal protection materials are bonded into a compatible, large-cell honeycomb matrix that can be applied on the external surfaces of the vehicles. The honeycomb matrix cell size, and corresponding thermal protection material block size, is envisioned to be between 1 and 4 in. (.2.5 and 10 cm) on a side, with a depth required to protect the vehicle. The cell wall thickness is thin, between 0.01 and 0.10 in. (.0.025 and 0.25 cm). A key feature is that the honeycomb matrix is attached to the vehicle fs unprotected external surface prior to insertion of the thermal protection material blocks. The attachment integrity of the honeycomb can then be confirmed over the full range of temperature and loads that the vehicle will experience. Another key feature of the innovation is the use of uniform-sized thermal protection material blocks. This feature allows for the mass production of these blocks at a size that is convenient for quality control inspection. The honeycomb that receives the blocks must have cells with a compatible set of internal dimensions. The innovation involves the use of a faceted subsurface under the honeycomb. This provides a predictable surface with perpendicular cell walls for the majority of the blocks. Some cells will have positive tapers to accommodate mitered joints between honeycomb panels on each facet of the subsurface. These tapered cells have dimensions that may fall within the boundaries of the uniform-sized blocks.
High-Resolution Mapping of a Fruit Firmness-Related Quantitative Trait Locus in Tomato Reveals Epistatic Interactions Associated with a Complex Combinatorial Locus   (2012)

Fruit firmness in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is determined by a number of factors including cell wall structure, turgor, and cuticle properties. Firmness is a complex polygenic trait involving the coregulation of many genes and has proved especially challenging to unravel. In this study, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fruit firmness was mapped to tomato chromosome 2 using the Zamir Solanum pennellii interspecific introgression lines (ILs) and fine-mapped in a population consisting of 7,500 F2 and F3 lines from IL 2-3 and IL 2-4. This firmness QTL contained five distinct subpeaks, Fir(s.p.)QTL2.1 to Fir(s.p.)QTL2.5, and an effect on a distal region of IL 2-4 that was nonoverlapping with IL 2-3. All these effects were located within an 8.6-Mb region. Using genetic markers, each subpeak within this combinatorial locus was mapped to a physical location within the genome, and an ethylene response factor (ERF) underlying Fir(s.p.)QTL2.2 and a region containing three pectin methylesterase (PME) genes underlying Fir(s.p.)QTL2.5 were nominated as QTL candidate genes. Statistical models used to explain the observed variability between lines indicated that these candidates and the nonoverlapping portion of IL 2-4 were sufficient to account for the majority of the fruit firmness effects. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression of each candidate gene. ERF showed increased expression associated with soft fruit texture in the mapping population. In contrast, PME expression was tightly linked with firm fruit texture. Analysis of a range of recombinant lines revealed evidence for an epistatic interaction that was associated with this combinatorial locus.
Freeze-dried Tendon Allografts as Tissue-engineering Scaffolds for Gdf5 Gene Delivery (2008)

Tendon reconstruction using grafts often results in adhesions that limit joint flexion. These adhesions are precipitated by inflammation, fibrosis, and the paucity of tendon differentiation signals during healing. In order to study this problem, we developed a mouse model in which the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon is reconstructed using a live autograft or a freeze-dried allograft, and identified growth and differentiation factor 5 (Gdf5) as a therapeutic target. In this study we have investigated the potential of rAAV-Gdf5 -loaded freeze-dried tendon allografts as "therapeutically endowed" tissue-engineering scaffolds to reduce adhesions. In reporter gene studies we have demonstrated that recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-loaded tendon allografts mediate efficient transduction of adjacent soft tissues, with expression peaking at 7 days. We have also demonstrated that the rAAV-Gdf5 vector significantly accelerates wound healing in an in vitro fibroblast scratch model and, when loaded onto freeze-dried FDL tendon allografts, improves the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint flexion to a significantly greater extent than the rAAV-lacZ controls do. Collectively, our data demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of therapeutic tendon allograft processing as a novel paradigm in tissue engineering in order to address difficult clinical problems such as tendon adhesions.
WebProfiler: Cooperative diagnosis of Web failures (2010)

Despite tremendous growth in the importance and reach of the Web, users have little recourse when a Web page fails to load. Web browsers provide little feedback on such failures, typically offering only generic suggestions such as re-checking the URL or the machine's network settings. Hence, users are often unable to diagnose Web access problems, and resort to haphazardly modifying their settings or simply trying again later. We advocate a client-based collaborative approach for diagnosing Web browsing failures. Our system, WebProfiler, leverages end-host cooperation to pool together observations on the success or failure of Web accesses from multiple vantage points. These are fed into a simple, collaborative blame attribution algorithm. Our evaluation on a controlled testbed shows WebProfiler can accurately diagnose 3.6 times as many failures than possible from a single client's perspective. We present the design and prototype implementation of WebProfiler for an enterprise network.
Enhancement of electro-optic modulators using traveling-wave resonators (2003)

Resonant enhancement of electro-optic modulators has been shown to greatly reduce the required switching voltage (V<sub>π</sub>) of these devices for narrow-band applications. Standing-wave resonantly enhanced modulators have been widely explored in the literature, but suffer from finite transit time effects and constraints on the active region length. Both of these effects limit their frequency of operation. A novel traveling-wave resonantly enhanced modulator is presented here that eliminates both of these problems. An implementation of the enhanced modulator using loss compensation is shown to reduce V<sub>π</sub> by a factor of 17.8, and reduce link loss in an analog radio-on-fiber link by 25 dB.
A real-time dynamic connection admission controller based on traffic modeling, measurement, and fuzzy logic control (2000)

Broadband networks based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) have to support traffic with widely different traffic characteristics and quality of service requirement. In this paper, we extend our earlier work in and develop a dynamic connection admission controller (CAC) that supports cell loss requirements. The CAC algorithm explicitly computes the equivalent bandwidth required to support each class of connections based on on-line observations of aggregate traffic statistics as well as the declared parameters. We use Gaussian and diffusion approximations to characterize the aggregate traffic stream, and use fuzzy control strategy to combine model and measurement results to derive simple closed-form formulas to estimate the equivalent bandwidth in real time. We validate the proposed algorithms for various variable bit-rate traffic profiles and show that the system utilization can be substantially improved by appropriately tuning the fuzzy logic controller to combine traffic characteristics deduced from the declared parameters and traffic measurements.
Development of an ion implanted bubble device with 4 µm period (1981)

A 4 μm period ion implanted bubble device has been developed employing 1 μm bubble single layer film. The design and characterization of a transfer-in gate are described. The effect of the pulse shape on operating margins has been investigated, and an auxiliary pulse added to the transfer pulse to greatly improve gate performance. This newly designed transfer-in gate has also been successfully operated as a bidirectional transfer gate. In order to decrease the access time of large capacity chips, a highly efficient method of detection at high frequencies has been devised. Characterization of the device at 300 kHz is presented.
Field-Free Spin-Orbit Torque driven Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction through Bending Current (2023)

Current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) enable fast and efficient manipulation of the magnetic state of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), making it attractive for memory, in-memory computing, and logic applications. However, the requirement of the external magnetic field to achieve deterministic switching in perpendicular magnetized SOT-MTJs limits its implementation for practical applications. Here, we introduce a field-free switching (FFS) solution for the SOT-MTJ device by shaping the SOT channel to create a "bend" in the SOT current. The resulting bend in the charge current creates a spatially non-uniform spin current, which translates into inhomogeneous SOT on an adjacent magnetic free layer enabling deterministic switching. We demonstrate FFS experimentally on scaled SOT-MTJs at nanosecond time scales. This proposed scheme is scalable, material-agnostic, and readily compatible with wafer-scale manufacturing, thus creating a pathway for developing purely current-driven SOT systems.
High performance fibre optic accelerometers (1997)

The authors report the design and performance of fully packaged, field ruggedised, high performance fibre optic (FO) accelerometers. Appropriate design considerations have resulted in FO accelerometers with many desirable engineering features which include: (i) high sensitivity (>20 dB re rad/g), (ii) low noise (<1 micro-g√Hz at 1 kHz) (iii) broad frequency response (100 Hz to 14 kHz), (iv) low sensitivity to extraneous measurands (e.g. static pressure sensitivity < –200 dB re rad/µPa), (v) small size (<35 gms total), and (vi) low cross-axis sensitivity (<–35 dB). Single device or arrays of such devices can be incorporated in many structural and vibration sensing applications at low cost.
All-pMOS 50-V Charge Pumps Using Low-Voltage Capacitors (2012)

In this paper, two high-voltage charge pumps (CPs) are introduced. In order to minimize the area of the pumping capacitors, which dominates the overall area of the CP, high-density capacitors have been utilized. Nonetheless, these high-density capacitors suffer from low breakdown voltage, which is not compatible with the targeted high-voltage application. To circumvent the breakdown limitation, a special clocking scheme is used to limit the maximum voltage across any pumping capacitor. The two CP circuits were fabricated in a 0.6- μm CMOS technology with poly0-poly1 capacitors. The output voltage of the two CPs reached 42.8 and 51 V, whereas the voltage across any capacitor did not exceed the value of the input voltage. Compared with other designs reported in the literature, the proposed CP provides the highest output voltage, which makes it more suitable for tuning MEMS devices.
Design and use ofβ-phosphorus nitroxides and alkoxyamines in controlled/“living” free radical polymerizations (2002)

Persistent nitroxides and their corresponding alkoxyamines are important regulators of living radical polymerization. Here we describe the synthesis of β-phosphorus nitroxides bearing a β-hydrogen, that present very interesting properties for the control of the radical polymerization of styrenes, acrylates and other monomers. A large series of alkoxyamines derived from these nitroxides was prepared, and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) was used to determine both the temperature (Tc) and the rate constant (kd) for their homolysis. For the whole series of alkoxyamines (27 compounds), a very good linear correlation was found between Tc and logkd. Satisfactory linear correlations were found between Tc and calculated (PM3 method) Bond Dissociation Energy (BDE) of the NO-C bond, for series of alkoxyamines with the same type of leaving radical. The characteristics of free radical polymerization of styrene carried out in the presence of these new nitroxides and alkoxyamines will be discussed.
Probabilistic Congestion Prediction with Partial Blockages (2007)

Fast and accurate routing congestion estimation is essential for optimizations such as floorplanning, placement, buffering, and physical synthesis that need to avoid routing congestion. Using a probabilistic technique instead of a global router has the advantage of speed and easy updating. Previously proposed probabilistic models (Lou, et al., 2001) (Westra et al., 2004) do not account for wiring that may already be fixed in the design, e.g., due to macro blocks or power rails. These "partial wiring blockages" certainly influence the global router, so they should also influence a probabilistic routing prediction algorithm. This work proposes a probabilistic congestion prediction metric that extends the work of (Westra et al., 2004) to model partial wiring blockages. The authors also show a new fast algorithm to efficiently generate the congestion map and demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods on real routing problems
NavP Versus SPMD : Two Views of Distributed Computation (2003)

We introduce a new view of distributed computation, called the NavP view, under which a distributed program is composed of multiple sequential self-migrating threads called DSCs. In contrast with those in the conventional SPMD style, programs developed in the NavP view exhibit the nice properties of algorithmic integrity and parallel program composition orthogonality, which make them clean and easy to develop and maintain. The NavP programs are also scalable. We use example code and performance data to demonstrate the advantages of using the NavP view for general purpose distributed parallel programming.
Pervasive authentication domains for automatic pervasive device authorization (2004)

In a pervasive computing environment, users have many devices that are used to initiate or answer remote service requests, such as obtaining real-time stock quotes, handling corporate e-mail, or accepting telephone calls. We envision that in the future, many applications will be distributed, running across many of a user's specialized pervasive devices rather than on a single system. In this case, a user needs the ability to "log into" the personal pervasive domain which spans each of the pervasive devices representing this user. In addition, the pervasive devices belonging to the user's pervasive domain must be able to represent this user to external services. We solve the problem of managing the authorization for pervasive devices belonging to a user's personal pervasive domain by introducing a central personal authorization gateway that accompanies the user and allows pervasive devices in the user's pervasive domain to be automatically configured and authorized.
Text categorization with knowledge transfer from heterogeneous data sources (2008)

Multi-category classification of short dialogues is a common task performed by humans. When assigning a question to an expert, a customer service operator tries to classify the customer query into one of N different classes for which experts are available. Similarly, questions on the web (for example questions at Yahoo Answers) can be automatically forwarded to a restricted group of people with a specific expertise. Typical questions are short and assume background world knowledge for correct classification. With exponentially increasing amount of knowledge available, with distinct properties (labeled vs unlabeled, structured vs unstructured), no single knowledge-transfer algorithm such as transfer learning, multi-task learning or selftaught learning can be applied universally. In this work we show that bag-of-words classifiers performs poorly on noisy short conversational text snippets. We present an algorithm for leveraging heterogeneous data sources and algorithms with significant improvements over any single algorithm, rivaling human performance. Using different algorithms for each knowledge source we use mutual information to aggressively prune features. With heterogeneous data sources including Wikipedia, Open Directory Project (ODP), and Yahoo Answers, we show 89.4 % and 96.8 % correct classification on Google Answers corpus and Switchboard corpus using only 200 features/class. This reflects a huge improvement over bag of words approaches and 48-65 % error reduction over previously published state of art (Gabrilovich et. al. 2006).
Geometric approach to the design of an imaging probe to evaluate the iridocorneal angle structures (2017)

Photographic imaging methods allow the tracking of anatomical changes in the iridocorneal angle structures and the monitoring of treatment responses overtime. In this work, we aim to design an imaging probe to evaluate the iridocorneal angle structures using geometrical optics. We first perform an analytical analysis on light propagation from the anterior chamber of the eye to the exterior medium using Snell’s law. This is followed by adopting a strategy to achieve uniform near field irradiance, by simplifying the complex non-rotational symmetric irradiance distribution of LEDs tilted at an angle. The optimization is based on the geometric design considerations of an angled circular ring array of 4 LEDs (or a 2 × 2 square LED array). The design equation give insights on variable parameters such as the illumination angle of the LEDs, ring array radius, viewing angle of the LEDs, and the working distance. A micro color CCD video camera that has sufficient resolution to resolve the iridocorneal angle structures at the required working distance is then chosen. The proposed design aspects fulfil the safety requirements recommended by the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection.
S-transform and Fourier transform frequency spectra of broadband seismic signals (2017)

The S-transform is one way to transform a 1D seismogram into a 2D time-frequency analysis. We have investigated its use to compute seismic interpretive attributes, such as peak frequency and bandwidth. The S-transform normalizes a frequency-dependent Gaussian window by a factor proportional to the absolute value of frequency. This normalization biases spectral amplitudes toward higher frequency. At a given time, the S-transform spectrum has similar characteristics to the Fourier spectrum of the derivative of the waveform. For narrowband signals, this has little impact on the peak frequency of the time-frequency analysis. However, for broadband seismic signals, such as a Ricker wavelet, the S-transform peak frequency is significantly higher than the Fourier peak frequency and can thus be misleading. Numerical comparisons of spectra from a variety of waveforms support the general rule that S-transform peak frequencies are equal to or greater than Fourier-transform peak frequencies. Comparisons on real seismic data suggest that this effect should be considered when interpreting S-transform spectral decompositions. One solution is to define the unscaled S-transform by removing the normalization factor. Tests comparing the unscaled S-transform with the S-transform and the short-windowed Fourier transform indicate that removing the scale factor improves the time-frequency analysis on reflection seismic data. This improvement is most relevant for quantitative applications.
Combustion-Driven Jet Actuators in Reversed Flow Configurations (2004)

The utility of small-scale, high power combustion–based pulsed jet actuators for flow control is investigated in an annular-return flow geometry that is generated by a primary round jet which impinges normally on a bounded end wall and subsequently fully reverses direction and exits the system in counterflow to the primary jet. The actuator jet is a momentary (pulsed) jet that is produced by the ignition of a mixture of gaseous fuel and oxidizer in a small (cubic centimeter scale) combustion chamber. The actuator generates a brief (msec scale), high impulse momentary jet where the operating frequency and the phase can be continuously varied by independently controlling the flow rate of the fuel/oxidizer and the ignition frequency. The flow characteristics of the unactuated flow are investigated, and the actuators (mounted into the wall of the annular return) are used to trigger flow transients that alter the global flow through strong feedback.