gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mode-Locked Tm–Ho-Codoped Fiber Laser at 2.06 $\mu$m (2011)

A mode-locked Tm-Ho-codoped fiber laser is reported, which is the first demonstration of a mode-locked fiber laser oscillator at the wavelength beyond 2 μm . The laser was built with a piece of newly developed Tm-Ho-codoped dc silicate fiber and a Sb-based semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). When cladding pumped with a laser diode at 0.8 μm, the fiber laser generates mode-locked solitons at 2.06 μm with a pulse energy of 0.41 nJ and pulse duration of 1.1 ps.
Seroprevalence of cytotoxin‐associated gene A positive <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> strains in Changle, an area with very high prevalence of gastric cancer in South China (1999)

Subjects in Changle had a high prevalence of H. pylori infection and a high prevalence of the CagA-positive strains. The contrast in the prevalence of CagA-positive strains, in asymptomatic subjects in two areas with differing gastric cancer mortality, supports the pathogenic role of CagA-positive strains in gastric carcinogenesis.
Dipyridamole induces interferon in man. (1984)

Thirty-six out of 40 healthy volunteers responded with a markedly elevated blood interferon (IFN) content to a single oral administration of dipyridamole (a 100 mg dose): 958.0 +/- 23.5 IU/ml serum at the 24th-48th hour. A hyporeactivity state to the repeated inducer application was found within the time interval of 4th-6th day. It was established that 7/8 of the dipyridamole-induced IFN represented IFN-alpha.
Grazing-Incidence Neutron Optics based on Wolter Geometries (2008)

The feasibility of grazing-incidence neutron imaging optics based on the Wolter geometries have been successfully demonstrated. Biological microscopy, neutron radiography, medical imaging, neutron crystallography and boron neutron capture therapy would benefit from high resolution focusing neutron optics. Two bounce optics can also be used to focus neutrons in SANS experiments. Here, the use of the optics would result in lower values of obtainable scattering angles. The high efficiency of the optics permits a decrease in the minimum scattering vector without lowering the neutron intensity on sample. In this application, a significant advantage of the reflective optics over refractive optics is that the focus is independent of wavelength, so that the technique can be applied to polychromatic beams at pulsed neutron sources.
A shade tolerant panel design for thin film photovoltaics (2012)

We analyze the problem of partial shading of thin film photovoltaic (TFPV) panels, using full two dimensional circuit simulations. By accounting for the panel structure and typical array configurations, we can accurately account for the effect of various shading configurations at the cell and panel level. We demonstrate the limitation of external bypass diodes in protecting shaded cells from reverse breakdown, and explore the whole range of shading scenarios and their impact on reverse stress experienced by shaded cells. Based on the analysis, we identify the key aspects of shading problem, and formulate design rules for shadow aware geometrical design of panels. Finally, we present a new radial design for a thin film PV panel, which not only improves the cell reliability under partial shading, but also enhances the array output current.
Antigenic Variability of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> (1988)

Borrelia burgdorferi strains (six isolates from North America and 28 isolates from Europe) were analyzed by physicochemical and immunological methods. By SDS-PAGE, all Borrelia burgdorferi strains tested had two major proteins with constant molecular weights of 60 and 41 kDa and one, two, or three variable low molecular weight proteins (OspA = 30-32 kDa, OspB = 34-36 kDa, pC = 21-22 kDa). All combinations--except OspB alone or OspB/pC--were observed. Borrelia burgdorferi strains were different from relapsing fever borreliae by strong reactivity with OspA- and/or pC-specific polyclonal antibodies, whereas relapsing fever borreliae were only weakly reactive. Among 25 Borrelia burgdorferi isolates, seven different serotypes of Borrelia burgdorferi were defined according to their reactivity in the Western blot with three monoclonal OspA-specific antibodies (H5332, H3TS, and LA5), four OspA- or OspB-specific polyclonal antibodies, and 12 polyclonal antibodies against whole borreliae. Antigenic differences between European CSF and skin isolates were observed, all skin isolates (n = 11) belonging to serotype 2 in contrast to only two out of seven CSF isolates. CSF isolates were antigenically heterogenous (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Serotypes 6 and 7 were represented by two tick isolates, and the other European tick isolates are not yet fully characterized. Antigenic differences between European and North American strains may play a role in differences in the clinical picture of Lyme borreliosis.
High-power single-mode antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2002)

Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) techniques are employed in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) to achieve high-power single-mode emission. Using the effective-index method and fiber mode approximation, the cold-cavity lateral modal behavior for the circular shaped ARROW VCSEL demonstrates significant reduction of radiation loss from that of a single antiguide, while maintaining strong discrimination against high-order modes. The circular-waveguide is created by selective chemical etching and two-step metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth, with proton implantation used to confine the current injection to the low-index core region. A single-mode CW power of 7.1 mW has been achieved from an 8 /spl mu/m diameter ARROW device (index step /spl Delta/n = 0.05, emission at /spl lambda//sub 0/ = 980 nm) with a far-field FWHM of 10/spl deg/. Larger aperture (12 /spl mu/m) devices exhibit multimode operation at lower drive currents with a maximum single-mode continuous-wave output power of 4.3 mW.
Antibody to fibroblast growth factor 23-peptide reduces excreta phosphorus of laying hens (2016)

Novel strategies to minimize the excretion of phosphorus in swine and poultry are critical in minimizing environmental degradation. We have developed a synthetic peptide vaccine to produce autoantibodies to fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), a bone-derived hormone that blocks kidney phosphate resorption and indirectly reduces intestinal phosphate absorption. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens, fed a standard diet (inorganic phosphorus, Pi = 0.4%), were immunized over the course of 4 weeks with either a FGF-23 peptide vaccine or adjuvant control (without FGF-23 peptide). At peak antibody titer to the peptide (week 5), 24-h excreta were collected and hens were blood sampled (represents 0.4% Pi treatment). Hens were then fed a 0.8% Pi diet and blood was sampled at 24 and 72 h and 24-h excreta were collected at 12 to 36 and 60 to 84 h (represents 0.8% Pi treatment). Increasing Pi from 0.4 to 0.8% increased (P < 0.05) percent excreta phosphorus, total 24-h phosphorus excretion, and plasma levels of FGF-23 and phosphate in either control or FGF-23 peptide vaccinated hens as early as the first sampling period. FGF-23 peptide vaccinated hens fed 0.4% Pi had reduced (P < 0.05) percent excreta phosphorus, total 24 h phosphorus excretion, and plasma levels of FGF-23 and iPTH, and increased (P < 0.05) plasma levels of phosphate and 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub> when compared to control vaccinated hens fed 0.4% Pi. In the first collection period post 0.8% Pi feeding, FGF-23 peptide vaccinated hens had reduced (P < 0.05) plasma levels of FGF-23 and iPTH, and increased (P < 0.05) plasma levels of phosphate and 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>, and tended to have reduced percent excreta phosphorus (P = 0.085) and total 24 h phosphorus excretion (P = 0.078) when compared to control vaccinated hens. Results during the second collection period post 0.8% Pi feeding were similar to that at the first collection period. These results are the first to show that the inhibition of FGF-23 action by a peptide vaccine (via neutralizing antibody) reduced phosphorus excretion. The approach presented provides new information on phosphorus metabolism in the laying hen.
Mechanism of Acadesine-Induced Apoptosis in B-Cell Neoplasms. (2005)

Abstract Mature B-cell neoplasms include B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (SMZL), among others. We found that acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside, induced apoptosis in B-cell neoplasms and in normal B lymphocytes, but FL samples were resistant. T cells from these patients or from healthy donors were not affected (Campas et al. Blood101: 3674, 2003; Campas et al. Leukemia19: 292, 2005). We have studied the mechanism of acadesine-induced apoptosis. Acadesine uptake and phosphorylation to ZMP are necessary to induce apoptosis. The best known molecular target of ZMP described to date is adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We have analyzed the expression of LKB1, an AMPKK, AMPK isoforms and related proteins in B-CLL cells. B-CLL cells express LKB1, the α1 catalytic isoform of AMPK and both the β1 and β2 isoforms of the β regulatory subunit, but do not express the α2 isoform. Moreover, the AMPK related protein Snark is expressed in B-CLL cells, while Melk and Ark5 are not. Incubation of B-CLL, MCL, SMZL cells with acadesine induces phosphorylation in Thr172 and activation of AMPK, which correlates with induction of apoptosis. Acadesine enters FL cells as it induces phosphorylation of AMPK, however FL cells are resistant to acadesine-induced apoptosis. Moreover, phenformin and metformin induce AMPK phosphorylation but not induce apoptosis in B-CLL cells. The phosphorylation of AMPK is not sufficient for induction of apoptosis by acadesine in B-cell neoplasms. In B-CLL cells, CD40L or TPA, but not IL-4 or SDF1 inhibit acadesine-induced apoptosis. Acadesine inhibit neither AKT phosphorylation induced by TPA, IL-4, SDF1 or CD40L nor basal AKT phosphorylation. Finally, acadesine induces a conformational change in Bax protein, and citochrome c release to cytosol which is not block by ZVAD.fmk. In conclusion, although further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of acadesine-induced apoptosis, we propose that acadesine may provide an effective treatment for mature B-cell neoplasms such as B-CLL, MCL and SMZL.
Characterization of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 ferroelectric crystal with enhanced phase transition temperatures (2008)

The full set of material constants for relaxor-based ternary single crystals Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) were determined and compared to binary Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMNT) crystals. The Curie temperature for rhombohedral compositions of PIN-PMN-PT was found to be in the range of 160-200 degrees C with ferroelectric rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition on the order of 120-130 degrees C, more than 30 degrees C higher than that found for PMNT. The piezoelectric coefficients (d(33)) were in the range of 1100-1500 pCN, with electromechanical coupling factors (k(33)) about 89%-92% comparable to PMNT crystals. The coercive field of the ternary crystal was found to be 5.5 kVcm, double the value of the binary counterparts. The dielectric behavior under varying dc bias exhibited a similar trend as observed in PMNT with a much broader usage temperature range. Together with its enhanced field induced phase transition level, the ternary PIN-PMN-PT crystals are promising candidates for high temperature and high drive transducer applications.
p115 RhoGEF, a GTPase Activating Protein for Gα <sub>12</sub> and Gα <sub>13</sub> (1998)

Members of the regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) family stimulate the intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of the alpha subunits of certain heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho, p115 RhoGEF, has an amino-terminal region with similarity to RGS proteins. Recombinant p115 RhoGEF and a fusion protein containing the amino terminus of p115 had specific activity as GTPase activating proteins toward the alpha subunits of the G proteins G12 and G13, but not toward members of the Gs, Gi, or Gq subfamilies of Galpha proteins. This GEF may act as an intermediary in the regulation of Rho proteins by G13 and G12.
Heavy metal contrast enhancement for the selective detection of gold particles in electron microscopical sections using electron spectroscopic imaging (1998)

In ultrathin sections for electron microscopy the evaluation of images generated with immunocytochemical or in situ hybridization techniques can become difficult if the colloidal gold label is very small and the underlying structure shows a strong heavy metal contrast caused by conventional uranium/lead staining. Normally, the problem is overcome by analyzing specimens at higher magnifications or by enlarging the gold grains in a secondary process called silver enhancement. We present a method to visualize the small gold particles with electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). Three energy-filtered images acquired at energy losses of 0, 45 and 120 eV are analyzed by digital image treatment so as to allow the optical separation of the Au-markers from the image background. This protocol can be adapted for applications related to the automated counting of the label.
HONE: Higher-Order Network Embeddings (2018)

This paper describes a general framework for learning Higher-Order Network Embeddings (HONE) from graph data based on network motifs. The HONE framework is highly expressive and flexible with many interchangeable components. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of learning higher-order network representations. In all cases, HONE outperforms recent embedding methods that are unable to capture higher-order structures with a mean relative gain in AUC of $19\%$ (and up to $75\%$ gain) across a wide variety of networks and embedding methods.
Active Compensation of Transducer Nonlinearities (2003)

Nonlinearities inherent in electromechanical and electroacoustical transducers produce signal distortion and limit the maximal amplitude of the output signal. Assessing the large signal performance has been a subject of acoustical research for many years providing nonlinear models and new methods for the measurement of the large signal parameters. The identified model allows prediction and simulation of the nonlinear behavior and direct comparison with measured symptoms. The good agreement between model and reality is the basis for developing novel digital controllers dedicated to transducers that compensate actively for nonlinear distortion by inverse preprocessing of the electrical input signal. This paper gives a summary on the activities in the last 15 years and new challenges of the future.
Quasi-single mode operated few-mode fiber for distributed acoustic sensing (2019)

We experimentally report a proof-of-concept demonstration of a few-mode fiber (FMF) based distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) design, aiming at upgrading the capabilities of the typical DAS that employs the standard single mode fiber (SMF). We only excite the fundamental mode at the input port of the FMF, and further, we minimize the impact of intermodal coupling within it such that the FMF operates in a quasi-single mode (QSM) state. The QSM operated FMF keeps the basic operation principle of the DAS valid and, in comparison with the standard SMF, it allows injection of higher pump peak-power before reaching the threshold power of nonlinearity. We validate our design by sensing vibration events produced by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) cylinder. The FMF based DAS successfully figures out the locations and frequencies of these events. This reported design would enable the realization of a DAS design with longer sensing range and higher spatial resolution, in comparison to the standard SMF based DAS.
Injection Rate Measurements of a Gaseous Fuel Injector (2006)

Injection rate measurement of a gaseous fuel injector was carried out by use of one-dimensional pipe flow. A production gaseous fuel injector for an NGV (Natural gas vehicle) was used, which is for an intake port fuel injection. The injection pressure was set at 255 kPa, and the injection duration was varied from 3.4 to 20 ms. Nitrogen gas was used as the test gas. The test gas was injected into a pipe from the injector, and the static pressure history was acquired with a piezoelectronic pressure transducer. One-dimensional, compressible, inviscid, adiabatic flow was assumed, and the instantaneous mass flow rate inside the pipe was estimated. By integrating the injection rate during the injection duration, the total amount of mass flow per one stroke was calculated. Caliburation test was carried out by use of a pressure vessel, from which the total mass flow during one stroke was estimated. Both data are compared, and it is shown that the injection rate measurement was carried out with an error of about 10%.
Characteristics of linewidth-narrowed distributed Bragg reflector lasers with a fiber external cavity formed with the vertical grating emission (1995)

Linewidth reduction has been observed in a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser with a second-order grating when an external cavity is formed with the vertical emission. The external cavity consists of a length of optical fiber which is brought close to the top of the laser. Displayed linewidths as low as 26 kHz have been measured. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of linewidth reduction via vertical emission from a laser diode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Super-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using joint sparsity (2017)

We present an imaging method that uses the random optical speckle patterns that naturally emerge as light propagates through strongly scattering media as a structured illumination source for photoacoustic imaging. Our approach, termed blind structured illumination photoacoustic microscopy (BSIPAM), was inspired by recent work in fluorescence microscopy where super-resolution imaging was demonstrated using multiple unknown speckle illumination patterns. We extend this concept to the multiple scattering domain using photoacoustics (PA), with the speckle pattern serving to generate ultrasound. The optical speckle pattern that emerges as light propagates through diffuse media provides structured illumination to an object placed behind a scattering wall. The photoacoustic signal produced by such illumination is detected using a focused ultrasound transducer. We demonstrate through both simulation and experiment, that by acquiring multiple photoacoustic images, each produced by a different random and unknown speckle pattern, an image of an absorbing object can be reconstructed with a spatial resolution far exceeding that of the ultrasound transducer. We experimentally and numerically demonstrate a gain in resolution of more than a factor of two by using multiple speckle illuminations. The variations in the photoacoustic signals generated with random speckle patterns are utilized in BSIPAM using a novel reconstruction algorithm. Exploiting joint sparsity, this algorithm is capable of reconstructing the absorbing structure from measured PA signals with a resolution close to the speckle size. Another way to excite random excitation for photoacoustic imaging are small absorbing particles, including contrast agents, which flow through small vessels. For such a set-up, the joint-sparsity is generated by the fact that all the particles move in the same vessels. Structured illumination in that case is not necessary.
Solvato-morphologically controlled photo-actuated hydrogels (2014)

In recent years, photo-responsive hydrogels reported in the literature have been synthesised by co-polymerisation of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) with spiropyran(SP) derivatives. This approach requires external protonation of the hydrogels in order to induce re-swelling, typically by immersing the hydrogel in strongly acidic environments1-3. Moreover, re-swelling times are long, typically up to several hours. These disadvantages have restricted the use of photo-actuated hydrogels to applications that employ single-use methods.\n\tRecently, we reported that the addition of acrylic acid copolymerised within the hydrogel provides an internal source of protons that allows photo-actuation in neutral pH environments4.\nThe polymerisation solvent has been shown to directly influence the morphology of the hydrogel, by producing porous hydrogels of different pore sizes5. This has an impact on the diffusion path length for water molecules moving in/out of the hydrogel matrix, thus improving the swelling and shrinking kinetics of the hydrogel6.\nIn this study photo-actuator hydrogels were generated using a N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylated spiropyran-co-acrylic acid (p(NIPAAM-co-SP-co-AA) copolymer, in a 100-1-5 mole ratio. Different ratios of organic solvent:water (tetrahydrofran(THF), dioxane and acetone) were used as the polymerisation solvent. Varying the volume ratio of the solvent mixtures, resulted in hydrogels with different pore sizes and therefore different extent of swelling/shrinking and actuation kinetics. For example, when THF:water (4:1 v:v) was used as polymerization solvent, a remarkable contraction in hydrogel size of up to 50% was obtained after four minutes of white light irradiation. \nOptimising these hydrogels by varying the polymerization solvent has resulted in faster and more reproducible shrinking and reswelling cycles.
22.1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> Color Tuning Dopants for Electrophosphorescent Devices: Toward Efficient Blue Phosphorescence from Metal Complexes (2005)

Abstract In this paper, we describe different strategies for achieving efficient blue electrophosphorescence. The first approach involves the use of ancillary ligand tuning of emission. The emissive unit is an organometallic Ir fragment, whose triplet energy is tuned by the choice of ancillary ligand. This approach is useful for making blue emitters, but luminance efficiency drops when the energy is shifted to saturated blue. The second approach described here is to shift the cyclometallated ligand from phenyl‐pyridine to either a phenyl‐pyrrazole or phenyl‐imidazole. Both complexes emit strongly in the near UV, however, only the imidazole complex (carbene ligand) emits strongly at room temperature.
Internal Language Model Training for Domain-Adaptive End-to-End Speech Recognition (2021)

The efficacy of external language model (LM) integration with existing end-to-end (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems can be improved significantly using the internal language model estimation (ILME) method. In this method, the internal LM score is subtracted from the score obtained by interpolating the E2E score with the external LM score, during inference. To improve the ILME-based inference, we propose an internal LM training (ILMT) method to minimize an additional internal LM loss by updating only the E2E model components that affect the internal LM estimation. ILMT encourages the E2E model to form a standalone LM inside its existing components, without sacrificing ASR accuracy. After ILMT, the more modular E2E model with matched training and inference criteria enables a more thorough elimination of the source-domain internal LM, and therefore leads to a more effective integration of the target-domain external LM. Experimented with 30K-hour trained recurrent neural network transducer and attention-based encoder-decoder models, ILMT with ILME-based inference achieves up to 31.5% and 11.4% relative word error rate reductions from standard E2E training with Shallow Fusion on out-of-domain LibriSpeech and in-domain Microsoft production test sets, respectively.