gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression profiling with arrays of randomly disrupted genes in mouse embryonic stem cells leads to <i>in vivo</i> functional analysis (2004)

DNA arrays are capable of profiling the expression patterns of many genes in a single experiment. After finding a gene of interest in a DNA array, however, labor-intensive gene-targeting experiments sometimes must be performed for the in vivo analysis of the gene function. With random gene trapping, on the other hand, it is relatively easy to disrupt and retrieve hundreds of genes/gene candidates in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, but one could overlook potentially important gene-disruption events if only the nucleotide sequences and not the expression patterns of the trapped DNA segments are analyzed. To combine the benefits of the above two experimental systems, we first created approximately 900 genetrapped mouse ES cell clones and then constructed arrays of cDNAs derived from the disrupted genes. By using these arrays, we identified a novel gene predominantly expressed in the mouse brain, and the corresponding ES cell clone was used to produced mice homozygous for the disrupted allele of the gene. Detailed analysis of the knockout mice revealed that the gene trap vector completely abolished gene expression downstream of its integration site. Therefore, identification of a gene or novel gene candidate with an interesting expression pattern by using this type of DNA array immediately allows the production of knockout mice from an ES cell clone with a disrupted allele of the sequence of interest.
Brief encounter (1997)

Are people who receive neuroleptic medication at depot clinics given a good service? A recent survey showed an average patient contact time of just 11 minutes and has prompted one region to call for reforms
Path Protection Routing with SRLG Constraints to Support IPTV in WDM Mesh Networks (2006)

The distribution of broadcast TV across large provider networks has become a highly topical subject as satellite distribution capacity exhausts and competitive pressures increase. In a typical IPTV architecture, broadcast TV is distributed from two sources (for redundancy) to multiple destinations. The aim of this paper is to examine how IPTV can be reliably and cost effectively supported in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks. WDM networks have evolved to mesh topologies and recently to support multicast, which is particularly valuable in reducing the network cost in broadcast TV applications. Our goal is to find two trees with a minimal total cost such that we have two physically (or Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG)) diverse paths to each of the destinations - one from each of the sources. Any two links that belong to a common SRLG are subject to a single point of failure, be it a channel or wavelength failure, a fiber cut, or a complete conduit cut. We first show that our path protection routing problem is NP-complete. We then propose an Integer Programming (IP) formulation for this problem. Using real network topology data, we show that the real networks are amenable to the IP problem formulation and yield optimal solutions.
Corneal stromal demarcation line after accelerated crosslinking using continuous and pulsed light (2015)

No author has financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Limiar anaeróbio e velocidade crítica determinada com diferentes distâncias em nadadores de 10 a 15 anos: relações com a performance e a resposta do lactato sanguíneo em testes de endurance (2003)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a velocidade crítica (VC) determinada através de diferentes distâncias com o limiar anaeróbio (LAn) e as velocidades máximas mantidas em testes de 20 (V20) e 30 (V30) minutos na natação, verificando se a idade cronológica em jovens nadadores interfere nessas relações. Participaram do estudo 31 nadadores (17 meninas e 14 meninos) divididos segundo a idade cronológica em dois grupos: 10 a 12 anos e 13 a 15 anos. O LAn foi determinado como sendo a velocidade correspondente a 4mM de lactato sanguíneo. A VC1 (25/50/100m), VC2 (100/200/400m) e a VC3 (50/100/200m) foram calculadas através do coeficiente angular da reta de regressão linear entre as distâncias e seus respectivos tempos. As V20 e V30 foram determinadas através de três a seis repetições, com coletas de sangue no 10º minuto e ao final do tiro. Para o grupo de 10 a 12 anos, a VC1 (m/s) (0,98 ± 0,17) e o LAn (0,97 ± 0,12) não foram diferentes entre si, sendo maiores do que a VC2 (0,92 ± 0,16), VC3 (0,89 ± 0,18), V20 (0,92 ± 0,11) e V30 (0,90 ± 0,11). Para o grupo de 13 a 15 anos, a VC1 (m/s)(1,11 ± 0,11) foi maior do que o LAn (1,02 ± 0,07), V20 (0,99 ± 0,09), V30 (0,97 ± 0,09), VC2 (0,98 ± 0,11) e VC3 (1,00 ± 0,11). Pode-se concluir que a distância utilizada na determinação da VC interfere no valor obtido, independente da idade cronológica. A VC determinada com distâncias entre 50 e 400m pode ser utilizada na avaliação da capacidade aeróbia de crianças e adolescentes, substituindo os testes contínuos máximos com durações próximas a 20 ou 30 minutos.
Resonant Addressing and Manipulation of Silicon Vacancy Qubits in Silicon Carbide (2012)

Several systems in the solid state have been suggested as promising candidates for spin-based quantum information processing. In spite of significant progress during the last decade, there is a search for new systems with higher potential [D. DiVincenzo, Nat. Mater. 9, 468 (2010)]. We report that silicon vacancy defects in silicon carbide comprise the technological advantages of semiconductor quantum dots and the unique spin properties of the nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond. Similar to atoms, the silicon vacancy qubits can be controlled under the double radio-optical resonance conditions, allowing for their selective addressing and manipulation. Furthermore, we reveal their long spin memory using pulsed magnetic resonance technique. All these results make silicon vacancy defects in silicon carbide very attractive for quantum applications.
Introduction (2011)

Abstract This introductory chapter examines the postcolonial and subaltern theoretical models of agency, which are founded on a position against Enlightenment individualism. The chapter studies a few Western intellectual premises of this position and attempts to pinpoint where the basic position can be considered inadequate for modern Bengali and Anglophone texts. Most of this chapter concentrates on a definition of a critical apparatus. Such apparatus is predominantly used for reading how the individual autonomy and transhistorical agency elaborate on material grounds simultaneously. Furthermore, the chapter brings to light sections on the feminist transcultural individuation, anti-enlightenment critique, postcolonial theories, gendered indigenous engagement, and responsible evaluation.
7‐Deazaxanthine, a novel prototype inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase (1998)

7-Deazaxanthine (7DX) was identified as a novel inhibitor of thymidine (dThd) phosphorylase (TPase). It inhibited the TPase reaction in a concentration-dependent manner. At 1 mM, it almost completely prevented the TPase-catalysed hydrolysis of dThd to thymine. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 of 7DX was 40 microM in the presence of 100 microM of the natural substrate dThd. 7DX is also endowed with a marked inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. It significantly prevents neovascularisation in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane during development. 7DX is the first purine derivative shown to be a potent inhibitor of purified TPase and angiogenesis.
A method of improving misframe for HEC‐based variable length frame suitable for IP services (2003)

Abstract As the layer 2 technology for transfer of the IP packet, a variable length frame has been proposed in which the HEC (Header Error Control) and the frame length are defined in the header. In this paper, it is shown with regard to these HEC‐based variable length frames that the phenomenon of misframing is likely, in which a hunt state appears by mistake due to frame error. As a method for improvement, a forced 2‐bit error correction method is proposed. The performance of the proposed method is clarified and the sufficient characteristic is demonstrated. In addition, from the point of view of reframe time and false frame probability, the order of the generating polynomial of CRC optimum for HEC and the backside protection stage number are presented. From a similar viewpoint, it is shown quantitatively that the error detection is superior to the error correction with regard to CRC operation in the hunt state and pre‐sync state. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 46–58, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10018
Counteracting tinnitus by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation (2012)

The CR-induced reduction of tinnitus and underlying neuronal characteristics indicates a new non-invasive therapy which might also be applicable to other conditions with neuronal hypersynchrony.
Rapid volumetric t<sub>1</sub> mapping of the abdomen using three‐dimensional through‐time spiral GRAPPA (2015)

A high-resolution 3D abdominal T1 mapping technique was developed, which allows fast and accurate T1 mapping of multiple abdominal organs and tissues in a single breath-hold.
A novel aircraft fault diagnosis and prognosis system based on Gaussian Mixture Models (2012)

The goal of this work is to build an effective and practical system to diagnose and prognose faults of complex systems, like aircraft, satellite and so on. In this paper, a machine-learning method Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) is used to automatically detect, isolate, and even forecast the faults, while keeping the reliability and safety of complex system. Each dysfunctional model is completed by GMMs during machine learning, which constitutes the diagnosis system to distinguish and troubleshooting the faults. On the other side, principal component analysis (PCA) is combined with the system to improve the efficiency of GMMs, which can effectively compress the high dimensional data. Except for that, GMMs helps the system to achieve the visualization of dysfunctional models. With this visualization, the prognosis system can surveil the evolution of data and estimate their tendency, which is important to forecast the next condition of the complex system. The diagnosis and prognosis system proposed in this paper has been fully tested by using actual experimental data of aircraft X, which is supplied by Dassault Aviation.
Nonlinearity- and dispersion- less integrated optical time magnifier based on a high-Q SiN microring resonator (2019)

The ability to measure optical signals with fast dynamics is of significant interest in many application fields. Usually, single-shot measurements of non-periodic signals can be enabled by time magnification methods. Like an optical lens in the spatial domain, a time magnifier, or a time lens, stretches a signal in the time domain. This stretched signal can then be further processed with low bandwidth photonics and electronics. For a robust and cost-effective measurement device, integrated solutions would be especially advantageous. Conventional time lenses require dispersion and nonlinear optical effects. Integration of a strong dispersion and nonlinearities is not straightforward on a silicon photonics platform and they might lead to signal distortions. Here we present a time magnifier based on an integrated silicon nitride microring resonator and frequency-time coherence optical sampling, which requires neither a dispersion, nor a nonlinearity. Sampling of signals with up to 100 GHz bandwidth with a stretching factor of more than 100 is achieved using low bandwidth measurement equipment. Nevertheless, with already demonstrated integrated 100 GHz modulators, the method enables the measurement of signals with bandwidths of up to 400 GHz. Since amplitude and phase can be sampled, a combination with the spectrum slicing method might enable integrated, cost-effective, small-footprint analog-to-digital converters, and measurement devices for the characterization of single irregular optical signals with fast dynamics and bandwidths in the THz range.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Emerging Concepts (2015)

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) involves cerebrovascular amyloid deposition and is classified into several types according to the amyloid protein involved. Of these, sporadic amyloid β-protein (Aβ)-type CAA is most commonly found in older individuals and in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebrovascular Aβ deposits accompany functional and pathological changes in cerebral blood vessels (CAA-associated vasculopathies). CAA-associated vasculopathies lead to development of hemorrhagic lesions [lobar intracerebral macrohemorrhage, cortical microhemorrhage, and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS)/focal convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)], ischemic lesions (cortical infarction and ischemic changes of the white matter), and encephalopathies that include subacute leukoencephalopathy caused by CAA-associated inflammation/angiitis. Thus, CAA is related to dementia, stroke, and encephalopathies. Recent advances in diagnostic procedures, particularly neuroimaging, have enabled us to establish a clinical diagnosis of CAA without brain biopsies. Sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, such as gradient-echo T2(*) imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging, are useful for detecting cortical microhemorrhages and cSS. Amyloid imaging with amyloid-binding positron emission tomography (PET) ligands, such as Pittsburgh Compound B, can detect CAA, although they cannot discriminate vascular from parenchymal amyloid deposits. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid markers may be useful, including levels of Aβ40 for CAA and anti-Aβ antibody for CAA-related inflammation. Moreover, cSS is closely associated with transient focal neurological episodes (TFNE). CAA-related inflammation/angiitis shares pathophysiology with amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) induced by Aβ immunotherapies in AD patients. This article reviews CAA and CAA-related disorders with respect to their epidemiology, pathology, pathophysiology, clinical features, biomarkers, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors, and future perspectives.
The Effect of Sevoflurane on Myogenic Motor-Evoked Potentials Induced by Single and Paired Transcranial Electrical Stimulation of the Motor Cortex During Nitrous Oxide/Ketamine/Fentanyl Anesthesia (1998)

To overcome anesthetic-induced depression of myogenic motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), several techniques of stimulation using paired pulses or trains of pulses are used. This study investigated the effect of sevoflurane on myogenic MEPs induced by single and paired transcranial electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Nine patients undergoing elective spinal surgery were anesthetized with fentanyl-N2O-ketamine. Partial neuromuscular blockade (single-twitch height 15% of baseline) was maintained with vecuronium. Single and paired (interstimulus interval 2 milliseconds) electrical stimuli were delivered to the scalp, and compound muscle action potentials were recorded from the left and right tibialis anterior muscles. In all patients, baseline MEPs were recorded from both the left and right anterior tibialis muscles (in a total of 18 legs). During the administration of 0.25 MAC and 0.5 MAC sevoflurane, MEPs induced by stimulation with a single pulse could be recorded in 12 of 18 and 4 of 18 legs, respectively, and MEP amplitude was significantly reduced to 48% and 4% of the control value, respectively. During the administration of 0.75 MAC sevoflurane, MEPs following single-pulse stimulation could not be recorded in any legs. The success rate of MEP recording during the administration of sevoflurane was greater after paired stimulation than after single stimulation, and percentage MEP amplitude (percentage of the control value after single stimulation but before sevoflurane) after paired stimulation was significantly higher than after single stimulation before and during the administration of 0.25 MAC and 0.5 MAC sevoflurane. The success rate of MEP recording and MEP amplitude after paired stimulation decreased in a dose-dependent manner during the administration of sevoflurane. These results suggest that although facilitation by the second stimulus was considerable, paired stimuli are still not sufficient to overcome the depressant effects of sevoflurane in clinically used concentrations.
Emerging commercial molecular tests for the diagnosis of bloodstream infection (2015)

Bloodstream infection (BSI) by microorganisms can lead to sepsis. This condition has a high mortality rate, which rises significantly with delays in initiation of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Current culture methods for diagnosing BSI have long turnaround times and poor clinical sensitivity. While clinicians wait for culture diagnosis, patients are treated empirically, which can result in inappropriate treatment, undesirable side effects and contribute to drug resistance development. Molecular diagnostics assays that target pathogen DNA can identify pathogens and resistance markers within hours. Early diagnosis improves antibiotic stewardship and is associated with favorable clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, limitations of current molecular diagnostic methods are substantial. This article reviews recent commercially available molecular methods that use pathogen DNA to diagnose BSI, either by testing positive blood cultures or directly testing patient blood. We critically assess these tests and their application in clinical microbiology. A view of future directions in BSI diagnosis is also provided.
Cross‐Reactivity of Antibodies to Type 6B and 6A Polysaccharides of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae,</i>Evoked by Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines, in Infants (2001)

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6B and 6A are important causes of infections, yet only 6B is included in current vaccines. It is, therefore, crucial to evaluate whether functional antibodies are produced against both types after vaccination. Concentration and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) of antibodies to 6B and 6A polysaccharides were determined in serum samples from infants immunized with 3 different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines containing serotype 6B. In all vaccine groups, a significant correlation was found between the anti-6B and -6A antibody concentration and OPA. However, OPA to the vaccine serotype was detectable more commonly than OPA to the cross-reactive type. Furthermore, 5%-15% of the serum samples showed high OPA against the 6B but not the 6A strain. On average, 2-6 times more anti-6B antibodies were needed for 50% opsonophagocytic killing of the type 6A than the type 6B strain. Although pneumococcal type 6B conjugate vaccines elicit antibodies that cross-react with type 6A, not all anti-6B antibodies are functionally cross-reactive.
HgCdTe infrared detector material: history, status and outlook (2005)

This article reviews the history, the present status and possible future developments of HgCdTe ternary alloy for infrared (IR) detector applications. HgCdTe IR detectors have been intensively developed since the first synthesis of this material in 1958. This article summarizes the fundamental properties of this versatile narrow gap semiconductor, and relates the material properties to its successful applications as an IR photoconductive and photovoltaic detector material. An emphasis is put on key developments in the crystal growth and their influence on device evolution. Competitive technologies to HgCdTe ternary alloy are also presented.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Left Ventricular Function in a Canine Model of Chronic Heart Failure (2013)

In canines with HF, long-term, open-looped low levels of VNS therapy improves LV systolic function, prevents progressive LV enlargement, and improves biomarkers of HF when compared with control animals that did not receive therapy.
REGULATORS OF APOPTOSIS ON THE ROAD TO PERSISTENT ALPHAVIRUS INFECTION (1997)

Alphavirus infection can trigger the host cell to activate its genetically programmed cell death pathway, leading to the morphological features of apoptosis. The ability to activate this death pathway is dependent on both viral and cellular determinants. The more virulent strains of alphavirus induce apoptosis with increased efficiency both in animal models and in some cultured cells. Although the immune system clearly plays a central role in clearing virus, the importance of other cellular factors in determining the outcome of virus infections are evident from the observation that mature neurons are better able to resist alphavirus-induced apoptosis than immature neurons are, both in culture and in mouse brains. These findings are consistent with the age-dependent susceptibility to disease seen in animals. Cellular genes that are known to regulate the cell death pathway can modulate the outcome of alphavirus infection in cultured cells and perhaps in animals. The cellular bax and bak genes, which are known to accelerate cell death, also accelerate virus-induced apoptosis. In contrast, inhibitors of apoptotic cell death such as bcl-2 suppress virus-induced apoptosis, which can facilitate a persistent virus infection. Thus, the balance of cellular factors that regulate cell death may be critical in virus infections. Additional viral factors also contribute to this balance. The more virulent strains of alphavirus have acquired the ability to induce apoptosis in mature neurons, while mature neurons are resistant to cell death upon infection with less virulent strains. Here we discuss a variety of cellular and viral factors that modulate the outcome of virus infection.
Modeling the Cathode Compartment of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Dead and Active Reaction Zones (1999)

A two‐dimensional model of the cathode compartment of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell has been developed. The existence of gas channels in the current collector is taken into account. The model is based on continuity equations for concentrations of the gases and Poisson's equations for potentials of membrane and carbon phase, coupled by Tafel relation for reaction kinetics. Stefan‐Maxwell and Knudsen diffusion of gases are taken into account. The simulations were performed for high and low values of carbon phase conductivity. The results revealed (i) for a low value of carbon phase conductivity, a "dead zone" in the active layer in front of the gas channel is formed, where the reaction rate is small. One may remove catalyst from this zone without significant loss in cell performance. (ii) For a high carbon phase conductivity value, such a zone is absent, but removal of the catalyst from the same part of the active layer forces the reaction to proceed more rapidly in the remaining parts, with only marginal losses in performance. This conclusion is valid for high diffusivity of oxygen. For low diffusivity, dead zones are formed in front of the current collector, so that catalyst can be removed from these zones. The results, thus, show the possibilities for a considerable reduction of the amount of catalyst. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Cryptography and e-commerce (2000)

From the Publisher:
A clear and easy guide on how to use cryptography to secure e-commerce transactions 
To be on the cutting edge of e-commerce, you need to understand how to best utilize cryptography to offer secure services for your customers over the Internet. But if you reach for most of the available books on the subject, you'll find that they are far too technical for most business needs. If you need a quick and lucid managerial summary to help you develop effective e-commerce strategies, this is the book for you. 
Geared to nontechnical managers who would like to explore the underlying concepts of modern cryptography, this book features an easily accessible, logical explanation of how cryptography works to solve real-world e-commerce problems, a tutorial on the underlying mathematics, and two case studies of PKI cryptographic architectures, showing how Kerberos and PKC can be wedded to protect a company's intranet and how a full-blown working PKI provides security to a company's Internet communications.