gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Does Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) Scoring Predict Need for Prolonged Support After Coronary Revascularization? (1995)

Significant intensive care unit (ICU) resources are allocated to patients recovering from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures, suggesting that a system to identify patients at risk for prolonged ICU therapy would help to enhance the use of this resource.To test the hypothesis that post-CABG patients likely to require prolonged ICU stay could be identified at the time of admission using the Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) system for scoring the severity of illness, we retrospectively reviewed the length of ICU stay for all patients recovering from CABG procedures over 1 yr, comparing the APACHE II scores assigned to patients requiring the longest stay with scores for patients with the briefest stay to determine whether a difference in score corresponded with the difference in length of stay. All medical records were reviewed and the physiologic variables (n = 12) used to assess acute physiologic status were recorded. Perioperative therapeutic interventions having significant impact on the physiologic variables used to derive the APACHE II score also were recorded. The study group was defined as patients requiring ICU care lasting between 14 and 84 days (n = 20); a control group of 23 patients was randomly selected from 124 patients having an ICU stay of 48 h or less. The overall APACHE II scores, and the component scores used to derive the overall scores, were calculated for both groups and were compared. The mean APACHE II score for the study group was 23.5 compared with 13.2 (P < 0.001) for the control group. Component scores also were significantly higher in the study group, as was the use of pharmacologic and mechanical support, including inotropic and antiarrhythmic drugs, and intraaortic-assist devices. The higher incidence of therapeutic intervention in the study group was expected to normalize the physiologic variables used to derive the APACHE II score, thereby artifactually reducing both overall and component scores in this group and masking the severity of illness. However, the APACHE II score remained significantly higher in the study group despite normalizing interventions, suggesting that this scoring system may provide a means of assessing physiologic status of post-CABG patients that may help to anticipate ICU utilization. Limitations of the APACHE II scoring system include variations in measurement modalities, criteria for defining acute physiologic derangement, and clinical management techniques. The extent to which these factors influence the data collected, data interpretation, and subsequent physiologic scoring is unclear. Nonetheless, the APACHE system may provide an approximate marker indicating severity of illness for post-CABG patients, and thus may prove useful in stratifying the cardiac surgical population's utilization of ICU resources. (Anesth Analg 1995;81:24-9)
Traffic analysis at short time-scales: an empirical case study from a 3G cellular network (2008)

The availability of synchronized packet-level traces captured at different links allows the extraction of one-way delays for the network section in between. Delay statistics can be used as quality indicators to validate the health of the network and to detect global performance drifts and/or localized problems. Since packet delays depend not only on the network status but also on the arriving traffic rate, the delay analysis must be coupled with the analysis of the traffic patterns at short time scales. In this work we report on the traffic and delay patterns observed at short timescales in a 3G cellular mobile network. We show that the aggregate traffic rate exhibits large impulses and investigate on their causes. Specifically, we find that high- rate sequential scanners represent a common source of traffic impulses, and identify the potential consequences of such traffic onto the underlying network. This case-study demonstrates that the microscopic analysis of delay and traffic patterns at short time-scales can contribute effectively to the task of troubleshooting IP networks. This is particularly important in the context of 3G cellular networks given their complexity and relatively recent deployment.
Fiabilidad del Uso de Localizadores Apicales y Examen Radiográfico en Endodoncia a Pacientes de la Clínica Odontológica Univalle, 2017-2018. (2020)

La correcta determinación de la longitud de los conductos radiculares permite que el tratamiento endodóntico sea realizado dentro de los límites adecuados. Para establecer la misma, se ha empleado tradicionalmente la técnica radiográfica de Ingle, que en algunos casos no proporciona la ubicación exacta de la constricción apical, mientras que el localizador apical permite establecer con mayor exactitud la longitud de los conductos radiculares. Se realizó una investigación de tipo prospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal con el objetivo de determinar la fiabilidad de los localizadores apicales y la técnica radiográfica de Ingle en endodoncias unirradiculares en pacientes de la Clínica Odontológica Univalle 2017-2018. La población estuvo conformada por 50 piezas dentarias. Los resultados evidencian que la técnica radiográfica de Ingle, con un 40% de precisión, no debe utilizarse aisladamente para determinar la longitud de los conductos radiculares, esta debe ser complementada con el uso de un localizador apical, como el Propex Pixi que registró un 64% de exactitud resultando ser el más fiable, ya que su empleo agiliza el tratamiento endodóntico y disminuye el número de exposiciones del paciente a la radiación.
Anisotropic etching of silicon in KOH + Triton X-100 for 45° micromirror applications (2016)

The etching process of monocrystalline silicon in potassium hydroxide solution with addition of Triton X-100 surfactant at different temperatures is studied. It is shown that decreasing the temperature lowers etch rates and improves surface morphology of Si (hkl) planes. Based on Arrhenius plots of etch rates, activation energies for Si (100) and (110) planes are determined. The obtained activation energies are lower than the ones for pure KOH solutions, reported in the literature. The possible explanation of this phenomenon, based on the temperature dependence of surfactant adsorption, is presented. Besides, it is established that the convex corners of microstructures etched at different temperatures are slightly curved, probably formed by planes vicinal to {221} plane. Furthermore, the {110} sidewalls inclined at 45° to Si (100) substrate are characterized by low surface roughness in a whole range of considered temperatures (60–90 °C). Thus, the {110} sidewalls could be used as MEMS micromirrors for reflecting light beam at an angle of 90°. It is indicated that the KOH solution containing Triton X-100 is of particular interest for fabrication of elongated mesa structures containing 45° micromirrors and waveguides concurrently.
Methoden (1989)

Die Ergebnisse und die Analysen, die wir im zweiten Kapitel vorstellen, beruhen auf einer standardisierten Befragung, einem elaborierten, klassischen Verfahren der empirischen Sozialforschung. Unsere Fallstudienanalysen im dritten Kapitel sind methodisch der qualitativen Sozialforschung zuzuordnen. Wir beginnen mit dem quantitativen Bereich.
Production of lentiviral vectors by transient expression of minimal packaging genes from recombinant adenoviruses (2004)

The adenoviral lenti-pack vectors described should provide a convenient alternative approach to inducible packaging cell lines for large-scale lentiviral vector production. Transient expression of cytotoxic lentiviral packaging genes by the adenoviral lenti-pack vectors circumvents loss of titers during prolonged culture of packaging cell lines. The design of the adenoviral lenti-pack vectors should reduce the risk of transfer of packaging genes to target cells and at the same time provide flexibility with respect to the lentiviral vector constructs that can be packaged.
Cellulosome-Enhanced Conversion of Biomass: On the Road to Bioethanol (2014)

The cellulosome was first isolated on the basis of the cellulose-binding function of the anaerobic thermophilic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum. Cellulose-binding domains promote hydrolysis of different sites on crystalline cellulose. The cellulose utilization systems in cellulosome-producing bacteria include over 100 different genes that must be orchestrated and timely expressed. The concept of directly converting biomass to ethanol by a mixed clostridial fermentation was fashionable some 30 years ago when it was found that the product pattern of C. thermocellum in favor of ethanol could become almost quantitative in stable coculture with another ethanol-producing anaerobe. The action of the exocellular protuberance-bound cellulosome may serve to delay or limit diffusional loss of the hydrolyzed sugar to the environment and/or competing bacteria. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) was recently extended for direct production of ethanol in yeast by cloning an endoglucanase and a ß-glucosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At present, C. thermocellum, as a very potent cellulolytic, anaerobic thermophile, still seems to be the microorganism of choice for future bioethanol production from biomass. Theoretically, C. thermocellum can be engineered metabolically to produce better yields of ethanol or other products. Eventually, yeast cell surfaces may be modified to contain designer cellulosomes for direct ethanol conversion. The combination of CBP with the designer cellulosome concept may ultimately provide optimized degradation of specific cellulosic feedstocks for bioethanol production.
Programmed Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solution (1999)

Will the interface between the physical and life sciences be where progress in future technologies takes place? An indication of this is provided by the first report of nanocrystal assembly based on protein binding. The gold nanocrystals of an aqueous dispersion are modified by chemisorption of a modified biotin and subsequently aggregated (see Figure) by addition of streptavidin, a biotin-binding protein.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure of Ultrathin Magnetic Films (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Generating Compact, Guaranteed Passive Reduced-Order Models of 3-D RLC Interconnects (2004)

As very large scale integration (VLSI) circuit speeds and density continue to increase, the need to accurately model the effects of three-dimensional (3-D) interconnects has become essential for reliable chip and system design and verification. Since such models are commonly used inside standard circuit simulators for time or frequency domain computations, it is imperative that they be kept compact without compromising accuracy, and also retain relevant physical properties of the original system, such as passivity. In this paper, we describe an approach to generate accurate, compact, and guaranteed passive models of RLC interconnects and packaging structures. The procedure is based on a partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC)-like approach to modeling the impedance of interconnect structures accounting for both the charge accumulation on the surface of conductors and the current traveling in their interior. The resulting formulation, based on nodal or mixed nodal and mesh analysis, enables the application of existing model order reduction techniques. Compactness and passivity of the model are then ensured with a two-step reduction procedure where Krylov-subspace moment-matching methods are followed by a recently proposed, nearly optimal, passive truncated balanced realization-like algorithm. The proposed approach was used for extracting passive models for several industrial examples, whose accuracy was validated both in the frequency domain as well as against measured time-domain data.
Recognition of the N-terminal Modules of Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 by α6β1 Integrin (2003)

In addition to its recognition by alpha3beta1 and alpha4beta1 integrins, the N-terminal pentraxin module of thrombospondin-1 is a ligand for alpha6beta1 integrin. alpha6beta1 integrin mediates adhesion of human microvascular endothelial and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells to immobilized thrombospondin-1 and recombinant N-terminal regions of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2. alpha6beta1 also mediates chemotaxis of microvascular cells to thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2. Using synthetic peptides, LALERKDHSG was identified as an alpha6beta1-binding sequence in thrombospondin-1. This peptide inhibited alpha6beta1-dependent cell adhesion to thrombospondin-1, thrombospondin-2, and the E8 fragment of murine laminin-1. The Glu residue in this peptide was required for activity, and the corresponding residue (Glu90) in the N-terminal module of thrombospondin-1 was required for its recognition by alpha6beta1, but not by alpha4beta1. alpha6beta1 was also expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells; but in these cells, only certain agonists could activate the integrin to recognize thrombospondins. Selective activation of alpha6beta1 integrin in microvascular endothelial cells by the anti-beta1 antibody TS2/16 therefore accounts for their adhesion responses to thrombospondins and explains the distinct functions of alpha4beta1 and alpha6beta1 integrins as thrombospondin receptors in microvascular and large vessel endothelial cells.
The SecurID(r) SASL Mechanism (2000)

SecurID is a hardware token card product (or software emulation thereof) produced by RSA Security Inc., which is used for end-user authentication. This document defines a SASL [RFC2222] authentication mechanism using these tokens, thereby providing a means for such tokens to be used in SASL environments. This mechanism is only for authentication, and has no effect on the protocol encoding and is not designed to provide integrity or confidentiality services.
ADVANCED HIGH TEMPERATURE IN-CYLINDER COMPONENTS AND TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR LHR DIESEL ENGINES (1991)

In-cylinder components for an oil cooled diesel engine have been designed and are being procured to demonstrate the viability of engine operation at 22 MPa peak cylinder pressure. The goal of the program is to demonstrate a 152 g/kW-hr brake specific fuel consumption with low heat rejection in-cylinder components. An articulated piston design with air-gap and thermal barrier coating system options will be evaluated in an oil cooled single cylinder test engine. Design modifications for a single cylinder oil test engine are being procured. The cylinder head incorporates a bottom deck insert to meet structural and thermal requirements. Both ceramic and metal bottom deck inserts will be tested. The cylinder liner will incorporate a ceramic wear surface on the liner bore that will be compatible with ceramic faced piston rings and a high temperature liquid lubricant. (A) For the covering abstract of the proceedings see IRRD 853538.
Infrared Nanospectroscopy at the Graphene–Electrolyte Interface (2019)

We present a new methodology that enables studies of the molecular structure of graphene-liquid interfaces with nanoscale spatial resolution. It is based on Fourier transform infrared nanospectroscopy (nano-FTIR), where the infrared (IR) field is plasmonically enhanced near the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The graphene seals a liquid electrolyte reservoir while acting also as a working electrode. The photon transparency of graphene enables IR spectroscopy studies of its interface with liquids, including water, propylene carbonate, and aqueous ammonium sulfate electrolyte solutions. We illustrate the method by comparing IR spectra obtained by nano-FTIR and attenuated total reflection (which has a detection depth of a few microns) demonstrating that the nano-FTIR method makes it possible to determine changes in speciation and ion concentration in the electric double and diffuse layers as a function of bias.
Breakdown Characteristics of $\beta$ -(Al<sub>0.22</sub>Ga<sub>0.78</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Field-Plated Modulation-Doped Field-Effect Transistors (2019)

We investigate voltage breakdown of a β-(Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.22</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.78</sub> ) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> modulation-doped field-effect transistor with a gate-connected field-plate and silicon nitride (SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> ) as the passivation layer. Breakdown characteristics were found to be limited by the Schottky gate. We demonstrate a high breakdown voltage of 1.37 kV for a gate-to-drain separation (LGD) of 16 μm with a specific ON-resistance of 120.1 mQ · cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . A high average electric field of 3.9 MV/cm is extracted for LGD = 320 nm. The reported results suggest SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> as a potential passivation dielectric for Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> .
Serological Characterization of the Three Major Proteins of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (1974)

The three major proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus-Indiana, glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N), and membrane protein (M), were isolated and characterized by means of specific monocomponent antisera. G, N, and M proteins are distinct, nonrelated antigens with specific serological properties. The G protein is the only antigen inducing the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies and was shown to confer immunity to mice. Specific complement-fixing and precipitating activity was demonstrated for each of the three antisera. The future use of isolated rhabdovirus components and of monospecific antisera is considered for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes as well as for virus strain differentiation and classification work.
Origin of Cycling Stability in Monoclinic- and Orthorhombic-Phase Lithium Manganese Oxide Cathodes (1999)

High‐resolution electron microscopy of electrochemically cycled and shows that both the orthorhombic and monoclinic (layered) polymorphs form antiphase domain microstructures of size upon transforming to cubic spinel. During the subsequent cubic → tetragonal transformation, the antiphase domains become ferroelastic domains that are able to accommodate the large Jahn‐Teller induced strain. Electron diffraction patterns show that much cubic spinel is retained at high overall lithiation. A partially inverse structure with some occupying tetrahedral sites is likely. These features of the transformed spinels provide for improved capacity retention upon cycling compared to conventional . ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
Piecewise Training for Undirected Models (2012)

For many large undirected models that arise in real-world applications, exact maximumlikelihood training is intractable, because it requires computing marginal distributions of the model. Conditional training is even more difficult, because the partition function depends not only on the parameters, but also on the observed input, requiring repeated inference over each training example. An appealing idea for such models is to independently train a local undirected classifier over each clique, afterwards combining the learned weights into a single global model. In this paper, we show that this piecewise method can be justified as minimizing a new family of upper bounds on the log partition function. On three natural-language data sets, piecewise training is more accurate than pseudolikelihood, and often performs comparably to global training using belief propagation.
Distinct Changes in Cortical Acetylcholine and Noradrenaline Efflux during Contingent and Noncontingent Performance of a Visual Attentional Task (2001)

Optimization of cognitive processing may depend on specific and distinct functions of the cortical cholinergic and noradrenergic systems. This investigation dissociates functions of cortical acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA) in arousal and visual attention by simultaneously measuring ACh and NA efflux in the rat prefrontal cortex during sustained attentional performance. The five-choice serial reaction time task was used to provide a continuous assessment of visuospatial attention. Previous studies using this task have established a critical role for the cortical cholinergic system in the detection of visual targets. However, selective lesions of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system impair performance only when additional attentional demands are placed on the subject by distractors or temporally unpredictable targets. To test the hypothesis that the cortical noradrenergic system is particularly sensitive to novel task contingencies, we also assessed NA and ACh efflux in rats that been trained previously on the task but for whom the instrumental contingency coupling responding with stimulus detection and reward was abolished. Cortical ACh efflux showed a robust and task-related increase during established contingent performance. This response was significantly attenuated in noncontingent subjects, although it still exceeded pretask values. In contrast, NA efflux only increased transiently in contingent subjects after task onset but showed sustained elevations in noncontingent subjects on the first day when contingencies were changed. These data also implicate cortical ACh in aspects of attentional functioning but highlight a specific involvement of the cortical noradrenergic system in detecting shifts in the predictive relationship between instrumental action and reinforcement.
Laser wafering (2012)

A new technique for the laser wafering of semiconductors is presented using sub surface laser engraving. In the laser wafering process, a high intensity laser is used to form sub-surface etch pits or defects at multiple depths in an ingot. This allows a rapid, controllable approach to the formation of wafers with thickness ranging from below 10 microns to over 100 microns. Laser wafering provides a way to cut a a brick of silicon into multiple wafers with minimal kerf loss and the possibility to dramatically lower the cost of silicon solar cell production. The techniques relies on the principle that many materials, including silicon and other semiconductors, have a non-linear absorption co-efficient with intensity, such that sub-band gap light is absorbed above a given intensity. This allows a high intensity laser to be focused at an arbitrary point below the surface, and allowing absorption of the high intensity light only at the focal point.
Some Special Reliability Features Associated with Hf-based High-k Gate Dielectrics (2006)

Abstract not Available.