gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Atrazine by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Anode (2010)

Solutions of 30 mg L(-1) of the herbicide atrazine have been degraded by environmentally friendly electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) such as anodic oxidation (AO), electro-Fenton (EF), and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) using a small open and cylindrical cell with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. AO has been carried out either with a stainless steel cathode or an O(2) diffusion cathode able to generate H(2)O(2). Hydroxyl radicals ((*)OH) formed at the BDD surface in all EAOPs and in the bulk from Fenton's reaction between added Fe(2+) and electrogenerated H(2)O(2) in EF and PEF are the main oxidants. All treatments yielded almost overall mineralization, although the rate for total organic carbon (TOC) removal is limited by the oxidation of persistent byproducts with (*)OH at the BDD surface. In AO, TOC abatement is enhanced by parallel electrochemical reduction of organics at the stainless steel cathode, while in PEF, it also increases from additional photolysis of intermediates by UVA light under the synergistic action of (*)OH in the bulk. The effect of current and pH on the degradative behavior of EAOPs has been examined to determine their optimum values. Atrazine decay always follows a pseudo-first-order reaction, being more rapidly destroyed from (*)OH in the bulk than at the BDD surface. Aromatic intermediates such as desethylatrazine, desethyldesisopropylatrazine, and cyanuric acid and short linear carboxylic acids such as formic, oxalic, and oxamic have been identified and quantified by reversed-phase and ion-exclusion HPLC, respectively. Released inorganic ions such as Cl(-), NO(3)(-), and NH(4)(+) have been followed by ionic chromatography.
Vertebrate retinal ganglion cells are selected from competent progenitors by the action of <i>Notch</i> (1995)

The first cells generated during development of the vertebrate retina are the ganglion cells, the projection neurons of the retina. Although they are one of the most intensively studied cell types within the central nervous system, little is known of the mechanisms that determine ganglion cell fate. We demonstrate that ganglion cells are selected from a large group of competent progenitors that comprise the majority of the early embryonic retina and that differentiation within this group is regulated by Notch. Notch activity in vivo was diminished using antisense oligonucleotides or augmented using a retrovirally transduced constitutively active allele of Notch. The number of ganglion cells produced was inversely related to the level of Notch activity. In addition, the Notch ligand Delta inhibited retinal progenitors from differentiating as ganglion cells to the same degree as did activated Notch in an in vitro assay. These results suggest a conserved strategy for neurogenesis in the retina and describe a versatile in vitro and in vivo system with which to examine the action of the Notch pathway in a specific cell fate decision in a vertebrate.
Growth of ameloblast‐lineage cells in a three‐dimensional Matrigel environment (2006)

Enamel organ epithelial cells grow in culture as two distinct cell populations--either stellate-shaped or polygonal-shaped cells. The polygonal cells have an ameloblast cell phenotype and are difficult to grow in culture beyond two passages. This study was designed to determine the effects of a Matrigel three-dimensional (3D) environment on polygonal cells, as compared with stellate cells, derived from porcine tooth enamel organ. Enamel organs were dissected free from the unerupted molars of 30-kg pigs and then grown in LCH-8e media, either with or without serum. Cells grown in serum-free media were primarily polygonal shaped, whereas cells grown in media containing serum were stellate shaped. Both types of cells were grown in a 3D Matrigel matrix. In addition, polygonal-shaped cells were mixed with hydroxyapatite powder and transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Polygonal-shaped epithelial cells formed cell groups, similar to epithelial pearls, both in vitro and in vivo. The stellate-shaped cells, in contrast, did not form similar structures, but remained suspended in the Matrigel and gradually disappeared from the culture. These results suggest that a Matrigel environment, rich in basement membrane and matrix proteins, selects for polygonal-shaped ameloblast-lineage cells and induces the formation of epithelial pearls.
Ensovibep, a novel trispecific DARPin candidate that protects against SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021)

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of people globally and continues to undergo evolution. Emerging variants can be partially resistant to vaccine induced immunity and therapeutic antibodies, emphasizing the urgent need for accessible, broad-spectrum therapeutics. Here, we report a comprehensive study of ensovibep, the first trispecific clinical DARPin candidate, that can simultaneously engage all three units of the spike protein trimer to potently inhibit ACE2 interaction, as revealed by structural analyses. The cooperative binding of the individual modules enables ensovibep to retain inhibitory potency against all frequent SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, as of February 2022. Moreover, viral passaging experiments show that ensovibep, when used as a single agent, can prevent development of escape mutations comparably to a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Finally, we demonstrate that the very high in vitro antiviral potency also translates into significant therapeutic protection and reduction of pathogenesis in Roborovski dwarf hamsters infected with either the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type or the Alpha variant. In this model, ensovibep prevents fatality and provides substantial protection equivalent to the standard of care mAb cocktail. These results support further clinical evaluation and indicate that ensovibep could be a valuable alternative to mAb cocktails and other treatments for COVID-19.
Complex Nature of Ionic Coordination in Magnesium Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes: Solvates with Mobile Mg<sup>2+</sup> Cations (2014)

The Raman shifts of the TFSI− expansion-contraction mode in N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes were analyzed to compare the ionic coordination of magnesium with lithium and sodium. In the Mg2+-IL electrolytes, the TFSI– anions are found in three different potential energy environments, while only two populations of TFSI– are evident in the Na+- and Li+-IL electrolytes. For Mg2+, the high frequency peak component is associated with a TFSI– that is in a bidentate coordination with a single metal cation and can therefore be considered a contact ion pair (CIP) solvate. The mid frequency component is attributed primarily to bridging aggregate (AGG) TFSI– solvate or a weakly bound monodentate CIP TFSI–. The low frequency peak is well-known to be associated with “free” TFSI– anions. The average number of TFSI– per Mg2+ cation (n) is 3 to 4. In comparison, the value of n is 4 at very low concentrations and decreases with increasing salt mole fraction to 2 for Li+ and Na+, where n of Na+ is larger than that of Li+ at any given concentration. The results imply the existence of anionic magnesium solvates of varying sizes. The identity of the Mg2+ charge-carrying species is complex due to the presence of bridging AGG solvates in solution. It is likely that there is a combination of single Mg2+ solvate species and larger complexes containing two or more cations. In comparison, the primary Li+ and Na+ charge-carrying species are likely [Li(TFSI)2]− and [Na(TFSI)3]2– in the concentration range successfully implemented in IL-based electrolyte batteries. These solvates result in Mg2+ cations that are mobile in the IL-based electrolytes as demonstrated by the reversible magnesiation/demagnesiation in V2O5 aerogel electrodes.
Double-Stereodifferentiating Crotylation Reactions with Chiral <i>(E)</i>-Crotylsilanes. Evaluation of a New Approach for the Synthesis of Polypropionate-Derived Natural Products (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTDouble-Stereodifferentiating Crotylation Reactions with Chiral (E)-Crotylsilanes. Evaluation of a New Approach for the Synthesis of Polypropionate-Derived Natural ProductsNareshkumar F. Jain, Norito Takenaka, and James S. PanekView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston University Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 49, 12475–12476Publication Date (Web):December 11, 1996Publication History Received16 August 1996Published online11 December 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja962877xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja962877xrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1104Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Aldol reactions,Group 14 compounds,Reagents,Stereochemistry Get e-Alerts
[Updated cervical cancer screening; human papilloma virus and Papanicolaou tests]. (2009)

Cervical cancer screening using Papanicolaou test (Pap) previously reduced the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in Japan. However, this reduction stopped from 1990, and the incidence increased in 2001. Furthermore, the age of women developing cervical cancer has decreased, and the mortality rate in women aged from 25-54 years increased from 1994 to 2003. We conducted research regarding women aged from 20 to 59 years, demonstrating that the coverage of cervical cancer screening within the last three years in Japan is 33%. This is less than half of that in many developed countries. Many recent studies have revealed that the sensitivity of the Pap test for screening has been over-estimated. Our preliminary study in Japan also revealed that more than 29% of CIN2 or more advanced lesions were missed in one screening, although this rate differed depending on the experience or ability of each cyto-screener. To compensate for this limitation in Pap test, the HPV-DNA test has been introduced in cervical cancer screening in both developed and developing countries. Both Pap test and the HPV test are used as primary screening tools in women older than 30 years in the U.S.A. The interval of this screening can extend to three years if both tests are negative. A primary HPV screening program is due to start in the U.K. and Holland. The increasing incidence of cervical cancer in Japan prompts us to make efforts to increase the coverage of cervical cancer screening, and the HPV test should also be incorporated into screening programs.
An efficient controller for an adjustable speed induction motor drive (1994)

The induction motor (IM) is a high-efficiency machine when working close to its rated operating point. However, at torques and/or speeds far from the rated values the efficiency is greatly reduced. In this work a new approach is proposed that minimizes the total copper and iron losses in a variable speed and/or torque IM drive, while keeping a good dynamic response. This method is based on a simple IM model that includes iron losses. The model, which only requires the knowledge of conventional IM parameters, is referred to a field-oriented frame. Using this model, the IM losses are quantified and an algorithm, based on a field-oriented scheme, is deduced. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 0.5 V 5.96-GHz PLL With Amplitude-Regulated Current-Reuse VCO (2017)

This letter proposes an ultralow-power 5.96-GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) with a current-reuse VCO under low supply voltage of 0.5 V. While the current-reuse VCO can achieve lower power consumption, it has the drawback of amplitude-imbalance of differential outputs due to its asymmetric structure. Proposed amplitude regulation technique utilizes only one capacitor at the center-tap of the inductor, which does not require additional power consumption. The proposed PLL was fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. It achieved phase noise of −129 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset. Total power consumption was 0.69 mW under 0.5 V supply voltage.
Examining the Role of Top Management in Corporate Sustainability: Does Supply Chain Position Matter? (2020)

A burgeoning stream of sustainability research explores the role of companies’ top management team (TMT) characteristics in corporate sustainability efforts, while another stream investigates the effect of a company’s supply chain position on its likelihood of engaging in sustainability. This study shows the importance of integrating the two research streams by demonstrating that supply chain position moderates the relationship between TMT characteristics and sustainability and thus establishes boundary conditions for this relationship. By matching 758 corporate sustainability initiatives with control observations, our results show that the size of the top executive team and the average age of its members, two well-known predictors of corporate sustainability, are distinctly moderated by supply chain position. While business-to-business (B2B) companies are less likely to report a sustainability initiative compared to business-to-consumer (B2C) organizations, we found that B2B TMT size has a greater positive effect on sustainability initiative likelihood than B2C TMT size. Conversely, average B2C TMT age has greater predictive power in explaining sustainability initiative likelihood than average B2B TMT age. The implications of these findings in advancing corporate sustainability and organizational change are discussed.
A Novel Low Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Related to Transforming Growth Factor α Messenger RNA (1988)

Human transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) is coded for by an mRNA of about 4800 nucleotides. The cDNA sequence demonstrates that the 50 amino acid TGF alpha is embedded in a larger 160 amino acid precursor protein. We report here that in addition to the 4800 nucleotide TGF alpha mRNA, there is a novel second RNA species of about 350 nucleotides that hybridizes to a human TGF alpha cDNA probe. This small RNA species has been found in the RNA of several human tumor cells including HT1080, A549, A431, A2058, and A673. We have demonstrated an inverse relationship between the amounts of the 4800 nucleotide TGF alpha mRNA and the 350 nucleotide novel RNA in these human cells. Restriction enzyme cleavage of a human TGF alpha cDNA probe into three separate domains consisting of a processed coding region and 5'- and 3'-preprocessed coding and untranslated regions showed that only the 3'-untranslated region hybridized to the 350 nucleotide RNA. Using sense and anti-sense single-stranded 3'-untranslated region probes, we determined that the 350 nucleotide RNA band may be composed of multiple species of RNA which are related to the anti-sense DNA strand that is opposite to the strand that codes for the 4800 nucleotide TGF alpha mRNA.
Monolithic MESFET distributed baluns based on the distributed amplifier gate-line termination technique (1997)

The principles of the distributed amplifier are applied to realize wide-band monolithic distributed baluns. The technique reported here is based on using the gate-line "termination" of a distributed amplifier topology as the noninverting output and the inherent phase inversion property of the metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) to provide the antiphase output from the drain-line. Closed-form expressions are derived for the two output voltage signals and their respective power gains. The theoretical performance of the balun is then examined as a function of the important MESFET parameters and other circuit parameters. Some practical design considerations are given followed by the measured results of two monolithic prototypes. The first is a basic two-section balun, while the second employs a four-section balun with a three-stage positive gain slope preamplifier to compensate for the increase in gate-line loss with frequency. Balun operation over 0.5-20 GHz and 0.5-12 GHz has been demonstrated for the two-section and four-section balun, respectively.
Grafting of Poly(Methacrylic Acid) on Starch and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (2004)

Abstract Grafting of methacrylic acid (MAA) on starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and a mixture of starch and PVA, using a potassium persulfate/ sodium thiosulfate redox initiation system was carried out. Polymerization was studied with respect to graft yield, homopolymer formation and total conversion. These polymerization criteria were found to depend largely on the concentration of both MAA and initiators, duration and method of polymerization. The results reveal a number of interesting points which reflect the impact of the condition of the treatment. The main product of the polymerization reaction [poly(MAA)‐starch/PVA graft copolymer] was formed and precipitated during polymerization and can be easily separated by filtration as pure product. Application of these copolymers to cotton fabric was also carried out to evaluate the suitability of such modified products as sizing agents.
A spatially variant motion blur removal technique for single image deblurring (2014)

This paper presents an effective single image spatially variant motion blur removal technique. Motion blur during the image capture occurs due to the relative motion between the capturing device and image being captured. This blur becomes spatially variant if it varies with position in an image. Removal of such space/shift variant blur from a single image is a challenging problem. To solve this problem, the blurred image is divided into smaller subimages assuming that each subimage is uniformly blurred. In the proposed technique each subimage is transformed into frequency domain for estimating motion blur parameters. Proposed blur parameter estimation implies dual Fourier spectrum computation and Radon transformation steps to obtain estimated values of blur length and blur angle respectively. These estimated motion blur parameters are used to prepare a local parametric blur model. These local parametric blur models are deconvolved with the blurry subimages and thus restores the original image. Restoration step is performed using parametric Wiener filtering. However, due to piecewise uniform consideration, proposed technique introduces some blocking artifacts which are later removed by applying post processing steps on the restored image. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique for natural scenes and real blurred images it is tested on Berkeley Segmentation dataset and standard test images. The proposed technique shows effective deblurring of images under spatial variance conditions.
A Survey of Accelerometer-Based Techniques for Road Anomalies Detection and Characterization (2019)

In this paper, we present a decade survey of accelerometer-based sensor approaches proposed in literature for road surface conditions monitoring and anomalies detection. The main objective is to evaluate the performance of different documented accelerometer-based road anomaly detection techniques proposed, towards identifying their various strengths and weaknesses. We observed that a major challenge associated with these approaches, is in detection of the road anomaly and characterising it into potholes or speed-bumps directly from the irregularly fluctuating measured signals by the accelerometer. This drawback limits the efficacy of the proposed variants of accelerometer sensor-based approaches when used for road condition monitoring. Thus, future investigation will factor these in the design process towards aiding the choice of favourable techniques for future vehicle deployments by vehicle technology developers, as well as improvement for future unmanned vehicles. Furthermore, several open research issues that need to be addressed in designing and developing a robust accelerometer-based road monitoring system are highlighted in the conclusion.
Introduction to compatibilization of polymer blends (1990)

Abstract The key to preparation of commercially useful blends based on immiscible polymer pairs is compatibilization. Advances over the past ten years have considerably enhanced the understanding of this phenomenon. The selection of an appropriate compatibilizer and the processing technique to enhance the compatibilization is quite complex. The selection of the compatibilizer is aided by the application of the principles of miscibility and of organic interactions. It may be advantageous to prepare the compatibilizer in situ . Chemical modification of the base components to enhance interactions between the components is an important option. Processing and rheological effects must also be taken into account. The combination of the compatibilizer and the processing conditions must yield a morphology that will preserve the desired properties of each component while minimizing the undesirable properties. This morphology must be reproducible and stable in the ultimate product and through subsequent recycling processes.