gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Effectiveness of Commercially Available Drink Test Coasters for the Detection of “Date Rape” Drugs in Beverages (2004)

The use of illicit substances for the purpose of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) poses a significant problem. There has been an increase in public awareness of this problem, and a recent invention in the form of a drink coaster claims to detect whether or not a beverage has been spiked with a so-called date rape drug. A person is instructed to place a drop of the suspect beverage onto two spots of the test, smear gently, and wait until dry. If either spot turns to a darker blue color, then a possible date rape drug has been detected by the coaster test. In an effort to determine the effectiveness of the coasters, various drugs that have been associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault were tested at different concentrations in a variety of common alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. It was found that although the coasters do detect the presence of GHB and ketamine, two drugs that have been associated with DFSA, there are limiting factors such as the high concentration of the drugs required, hindrance of the reaction due to beverage matrix, and extensive time requirements for ketamine analysis.
Important B-cell epitopes for neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat in serum samples of humans and different animal species immunized with Tat protein or peptides (2004)

The Tat regulatory protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is secreted by infected cells and plays a key role in viral pathogenesis and replication. Tat protein has been proposed as a target antigen for vaccine design since anti-Tat antibodies may interfere with virus spread and disease progression. The aim of this study was to analyse the serum antibody response of mice, rabbits, macaques and humans immunized with recombinant Tat, synthetic Tat, Tat toxoid or Tat peptides and to examine the biological properties of these antibodies in terms of Tat-induced transactivation and HIV-1 replication. Only sera with antibody specificity to both N-terminal and basic functional domains were able to inhibit extracellular Tat-dependent transactivation significantly in vitro. Antibodies from a human subject immunized with Tat also reduced HIV-1 replication in acutely infected T cells and blocked reactivation of virus replicating low levels in chronically infected cells by exogenous Tat. These results demonstrate that immunization with Tat protein or a combination of synthetic Tat peptides elicits the production of Tat-neutralizing serum antibodies and suggest that Tat vaccination could be used to block in vivo extracellular Tat autocrine/paracrine transactivation of HIV-1 replication.
Haptoglobin Phenotype May Alter Endothelial Progenitor Cell Cluster Formation in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (2009)

Cerebral small vessel disease results in silent ischemic lesions (SIL) among which is leukoaraiosis. In this process, endothelial damage is probably involved. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), are involved in endothelial repair. By restoring the damaged endothelium, EPC could mitigate SIL and cerebral small vessel disease. Haptoglobin 1-1, one of three phenotypes of haptoglobin, relates to SIL and may therefore attenuate the endothelial repair by EPC. Our aim was to quantify EPC number and function and to assess haptoglobin phenotype and its effect on EPC function in patients with a high prevalence of SIL: lacunar stroke patients. We assessed EPC In 42 lacunar stroke patients and 18 controls by flow cytometry and culture with fetal calf serum, patient and control serum. We determined haptoglobin phenotype and cultured EPC with the three different haptoglobin phenotypes. We found that EPC cluster counts were lower in patients (96.9 clusters/well +/- 83.4 (mean +/- SD)), especially in those with SIL (85.0 +/- 64.3), than in controls (174.4 +/- 112.2). Cluster formation was inhibited by patient serum, especially by SIL patient serum, but not by control serum. Patients with haptoglobin 1-1 had less clusters in culture, and when haptoglobin 1-1 was added to EPC cultures, cluster numbers were lower than with the other haptoglobin phenotypes. We conclude that lacunar stroke patients, especially those with SIL, have impaired EPC cluster formation, which may point at decreased endothelial repair potential. The haptoglobin 1-1 phenotype is likely a causative factor in this impairment.
Facial-Nerve and Vocal-Cord Monitoring During Otoneurosurgical Operations (1987)

We describe a newly developed instrument to monitor facial muscles and vocal-cord function during neurosurgical and otoneurosurgical operations. The device (Myo-Alarm) transforms into acoustic signals the pressure variations that are induced by facial muscles and vocal-cord contractions on air-inflated rubber sensors that are positioned, respectively, beneath the superior lip and between the vocal cords. It represents an effective and dependable method to monitor facial and vocal-cord functional preservation during surgery.
Design recommendations to improve the user interaction with wrist worn devices (2015)

Wrist worn devices (WWDs) including fitness trackers and smart watches have been successfully employed to support various applications, ranging from gesture recognition to authentication. Despite the increasing number of WWDs in the market, their limited dimensions and capabilities make their interaction design challenging. Designers struggle to downsize interactions originally designed for mobile phones, and end users wish for interactions that are easy to use. To better understand the users' concerns regarding the interaction with WWDs, we collected feedback about existing wearable bands, and analyzed the most critical issues currently faced in the interacting interaction with such devices. The analysis of the findings enabled us to derive 10 design recommendations that can aid to improve the interaction design in novel WWDs.
Human Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Functions as a Dimer in Living Cells (2004)

Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a unique scavenger receptor that plays important roles in atherogenesis and has been thought to function as a monomer. Using coimmunoprecipitation studies, we demonstrate that human LOX-1 (hLOX-1) forms constitutive homo-interactions in vivo. Western blot analysis of cell lysates under nonreducing or reducing conditions revealed one clear immunoreactive species corresponding to the size of a putative receptor dimer or a monomer, respectively, consistent with the presence of disulfide-linked hLOX-1 complexes. Site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that cysteine 140 has a key role in the formation of these disulfide-linked hLOX-1 dimers. Eliminating this intermolecular disulfide bond markedly impairs the recognition of Escherichia coli by hLOX-1. Furthermore, these dimers can act as a "structural unit" to form noncovalently associated oligomers, as demonstrated by a membrane-impermeant crosslinker, which resulted in immunoreactive species corresponding to the sizes of putative tetramers and hexamers. These results provide the first evidence for the existence of hLOX-1 dimers/oligomers.
<i>Cryptosporidium</i>Infection of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Increases Expression of Osteoprotegerin: A Novel Mechanism for Evasion of Host Defenses (2008)

Cryptosporidium parasites are pathogens of human intestinal epithelial cells. To determine which genes are regulated during early infection, human ileal mucosa cultured as explants was infected with C. parvum or C. hominis, and gene expression was analyzed by microarray. The gene for osteoprotegerin (OPG) was up-regulated by both parasites. OPG mRNA was also significantly increased in biopsy specimens obtained from a volunteer experimentally infected with C. meleagridis, compared with levels in a prechallenge biopsy specimen. After in vitro infection of HCT-8 cells, there was an early peak in production of OPG mRNA protein. Treatment of infected cells with the OPG ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced epithelial cell apoptosis and reduced parasite numbers, and recombinant OPG blocked these effects. These results suggest a novel TRAIL-mediated pathway for elimination of Cryptosporidium infection and a role for OPG in modulating this host response.
Wireless power transfer using Class E inverter with saturable DC-feed inductor (2013)

Resonant converters used as coil drivers in inductive links generally operate efficiently at optimum switching conditions for constant load values and ranges. Changes in load and range can shift the operation of the coil driver to a nonoptimum switching state which results in higher switching losses and reduced output power levels. This paper presents a method to adapt to variations in range for a Class E inverter used as a coil driver in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on resonant inductive coupling. It is shown that by controlling the duty cycle of the inverter's switch and the value of the DC-feed inductance, the Class E inverter can be tuned to operate at optimum switching conditions as the distance between the resonant coils of the WPT system changes. Mathematical analysis is presented based on a linear piecewise state-space representation of the inverter and the resonant inductive link. Extensive experimental results are presented to verify the performed analysis and validity of the proposed tuning procedure.
Internal erosion rates of a 10-kW xenon ion thruster (1988)

A 30 cm diameter divergent magnetic field ion thruster, developed for mercury operation at 2.7 kW, was modified and operated with xenon propellant at a power level of 10 kW for 567 h to evaluate thruster performance and lifetime. The major differences between this thruster and its baseline configuration were elimination of the three mercury vaporizers, use of a main discharge cathode with a larger orifice, reduction in discharge baffle diameter, and use of an ion accelerating system with larger acceleration grid holes. Grid thickness measurement uncertainties, combined with estimates of the effects of reactive residual facility background gases gave a minimum screen grid lifetime of 7000 h. Discharge cathode orifice erosion rates were measured with three different cathodes with different initial orifice diameters. Three potential problems were identified during the wear test: the upstream side of the discharge baffle eroded at an unacceptable rate; two of the main cathode tubes experienced oxidation, deformation, and failure; and the accelerator grid impingement current was more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the baseline mercury thruster. The charge exchange ion erosion was not quantified in this test. There were no measurable changes in the accelerator grid thickness or the accelerator grid hole diameters.
Anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer: current progress, unresolved questions and future directions (2014)

Tumours require a vascular supply to grow and can achieve this via the expression of pro-angiogenic growth factors, including members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of ligands. Since one or more of the VEGF ligand family is overexpressed in most solid cancers, there was great optimism that inhibition of the VEGF pathway would represent an effective anti-angiogenic therapy for most tumour types. Encouragingly, VEGF pathway targeted drugs such as bevacizumab, sunitinib and aflibercept have shown activity in certain settings. However, inhibition of VEGF signalling is not effective in all cancers, prompting the need to further understand how the vasculature can be effectively targeted in tumours. Here we present a succinct review of the progress with VEGF-targeted therapy and the unresolved questions that exist in the field: including its use in different disease stages (metastatic, adjuvant, neoadjuvant), interactions with chemotherapy, duration and scheduling of therapy, potential predictive biomarkers and proposed mechanisms of resistance, including paradoxical effects such as enhanced tumour aggressiveness. In terms of future directions, we discuss the need to delineate further the complexities of tumour vascularisation if we are to develop more effective and personalised anti-angiogenic therapies.
Horde: a scalable real-time architecture for learning knowledge from unsupervised sensorimotor interaction (2011)

Maintaining accurate world knowledge in a complex and changing environment is a perennial problem for robots and other artificial intelligence systems. Our architecture for addressing this problem, called Horde, consists of a large number of independent reinforcement learning sub-agents, or demons. Each demon is responsible for answering a single predictive or goal-oriented question about the world, thereby contributing in a factored, modular way to the system's overall knowledge. The questions are in the form of a value function, but each demon has its own policy, reward function, termination function, and terminal-reward function unrelated to those of the base problem. Learning proceeds in parallel by all demons simultaneously so as to extract the maximal training information from whatever actions are taken by the system as a whole. Gradient-based temporal-difference learning methods are used to learn efficiently and reliably with function approximation in this off-policy setting. Horde runs in constant time and memory per time step, and is thus suitable for learning online in real-time applications such as robotics. We present results using Horde on a multi-sensored mobile robot to successfully learn goal-oriented behaviors and long-term predictions from off-policy experience. Horde is a significant incremental step towards a real-time architecture for efficient learning of general knowledge from unsupervised sensorimotor interaction.
Development of a Low-Frequency Quadrupole Shear-Wave Technology to Improve Quality of LWD Shear Velocity Measurement (2006)

Abstract We present the result of a new development in the logging while drilling (LWD) quadrupole shear-wave technology that was recently developed to measure formation shear velocity in the LWD environment. Due to the severity of drilling noise in the low-frequency (0-3 kHz) range, initial development focused on measurements around 4 kHz, although the quadrupole attains formation shear velocity in a lower frequency range (~2-3 kHz). The 4-kHz quadrupole data is prone to dispersion, especially when drilling with a heavy mud. The dispersion can cause uncertainties in the shear velocity measurement. Realizing the potential enhancement of the measurement, we further develop the technology to perform measurements in the 2-3 kHz range or lower. The key in this new development is enhancing the quadrupole wave energy significantly above the noise level in the designated low-frequency range. Data from this new measurement have been acquired and analyzed. Comparison has been made between the new measurement and the measurement made with the 4-kHz source. Despite the common belief that drilling noise prohibits LWD acoustic measurements toward low frequencies, we obtain quite coherent quadrupole data in the low-frequency range. More importantly, the low-frequency quadrupole shows minimal dispersion and indeed attains the formation shear velocity, in agreement with the LWD quadrupole wave theory. The new development constitutes a significant improvement in the LWD quadrupole shear-wave technology.
Serum Vitamin C Concentration in Fattening and Fattened Beef Cattle (1999)

反芻家畜は充分量のビタミンCを体内で合成することができるとされているが,子牛や乳牛においてビタミンC欠乏が報告されている.一方,肥育牛におけるビタミンC栄養状態はほとんど検討されていない.そこで,本試験では肥育牛の屠畜時におけるビタミンC栄養状態を血清中ビタミンC濃度の指標として調査するとともに,肥育過程における血清中ビタミンC濃度変化を検討した.市場に出荷された黒毛和種牛の屠畜時における血清中ビタミンC濃度は,26.4±22μM(4.6～95.3μM)であった.このように黒毛和種牛の屠畜時における血清中ビタミンC濃度は個体間の変動が大きく,一部のウシではビタミンCが欠乏している可能性が示唆された.ついで,黒毛和種牛の肥育に伴う血清中ビタミンC濃度の変化を測定した.いずれの時期においても血清中ビタミンC濃度は個体により大きく変動することが示されたが,この結果は屠畜時の血清中ビタミンC濃度の大きな個体差と同様であった.また,血清中ビタミンC濃度は肥育前期ではすべてのウシで60μM以上の濃度を示していたが肥育が進むとともに著しく減少した.以上の結果から,肥育の進行に伴い血清中ビタミンC濃度は低下し,個体によってはビタミンC欠乏の可能性があることが示唆された.そこで,ウシに利用可能なビタミンC製剤を肥育牛に給与することが好ましいと考えられた.
<i>Review:</i> Kidney Disease in the HIV-Infected Patient (2007)

As survival has improved in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, the prevalence of kidney disease is increasing in the aging HIV-infected population. Since HIV-specific kidney disease, particularly human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), incidence has remained stable if not declining in the HAART era, the rising rates reflect to a great extent increases in kidney disease seen in the general population due to hypertension and diabetes. In addition, HIV-infected patients are exposed to toxicities of antiretrovirals and other drugs. There is also a disproportionate prevalence of HIV in black Americans, who have a higher risk of kidney disease and the associated risk factors. Because of the high rates of kidney disease, screening for kidney dysfunction is recommended at the time of HIV diagnosis. Because kidney disease is usually asymptomatic, effective screening will include assessment of risk factors and markers of kidney disease, specifically estimations of glomerular filtration rate using serum creatinine and quantification of urine protein. Upon identification of renal dysfunction, the differential diagnosis may be broad, including etiologies common in the general population as well as HIV-specific causes. Although clinical diagnoses can be made, a kidney biopsy is often necessary. Regardless of the cause of kidney disease, early identification, accurate diagnosis and consequent appropriate management are likely to result in improved outcomes. Success in confronting this growing problem can only be achieved with better understanding of kidney diseases affecting the HIV population.
NetTravel: How Travelers Use the Internet (1997)

A virtual toolbox of advice for those travellers who want to tap into the rich vein of travel resources on the Internet. The text is filled with personal accounts by travellers who've used the Net to plan their business trips, vacations, honeymoons, and explorations. The author gives readers all the tools they need to use the Net immediately to find and save money on airline tickets, accommodations, car rentals, and more.
Automatic detection and tracking of left ventricular landmarks in echocardiography (2005)

We introduce a method for automatic detection and tracking of the apex and two landmarks defining the atrioventricular plane in apical views of the left ventricle. The method is based on using tissue Doppler to track a set of candidate points in a cardiac cycle. Each candidate point is given a score based on the gray-scale, the velocity, and the depth profiles. The landmarks with the lowest costs are selected, and measurements are calculated automatically. The method is evaluated by comparing with manual selection by four cardiologists, and the presented results show that the method is robust and extracted measurements are comparable with manual selection.
A Neural Network Based Intelligent Predictive Sensor for Cloudiness, Solar Radiation and Air Temperature (2012)

Accurate measurements of global solar radiation and atmospheric temperature,as well as the availability of the predictions of their evolution over time, are important for different areas of applications, such as agriculture, renewable energy and energy management, or thermal comfort in buildings. For this reason, an intelligent, light-weight and portable sensor was developed, using artificial neural network models as the time-series predictor mechanisms. These have been identified with the aid of a procedure based on the multi-objective genetic algorithm. As cloudiness is the most significant factor affecting the solar radiation reaching a particular location on the Earth surface, it has great impact on the performance of predictive solar radiation models for that location. This work also represents one step towards the improvement of such models by using ground-to-sky hemispherical colour digital images as a means to estimate cloudiness by the fraction of visible sky corresponding to clouds and to clear sky. The implementation of predictive models in the prototype has been validated and the system is able to function reliably, providing measurements and four-hour forecasts of cloudiness, solar radiation and air temperature.
Hollow-tree super: A directional and scalable approach for feature importance in boosted tree models (2021)

HOTS effectively overcomes previous challenges of identifying feature importance at scale, and can be utilized across a swathe of disciplines. As computational power and data quantity continues to expand, it is imperative that a methodology is developed that is able to handle the demands of working with large datasets that contain a large number of features. This approach represents a unique way to investigate both the directionality and magnitude of feature importance when working at scale within a boosted tree model that can be easily visualized within commonly used software.
Joint Dimensioning of Server and Network Infrastructure for Resilient Optical Grids/Clouds (2013)

We address the dimensioning of infrastructure, comprising both network and server resources, for large-scale decentralized distributed systems such as grids or clouds. We design the resulting grid/cloud to be resilient against network link or server failures. To this end, we exploit relocation: Under failure conditions, a grid job or cloud virtual machine may be served at an alternate destination (i.e., different from the one under failure-free conditions). We thus consider grid/cloud requests to have a known origin, but assume a degree of freedom as to where they end up being served, which is the case for grid applications of the bag-of-tasks (BoT) type or hosted virtual machines in the cloud case. We present a generic methodology based on integer linear programming (ILP) that: chooses a given number of sites in a given network topology where to install server infrastructure; and determines the amount of both network and server capacity to cater for both the failure-free scenario and failures of links or nodes. For the latter, we consider either failure-independent (FID) or failure-dependent (FD) recovery. Case studies on European-scale networks show that relocation allows considerable reduction of the total amount of network and server resources, especially in sparse topologies and for higher numbers of server sites. Adopting a failure-dependent backup routing strategy does lead to lower resource dimensions, but only when we adopt relocation (especially for a high number of server sites): Without exploiting relocation, potential savings of FD versus FID are not meaningful.
Numerical study of temperature effect on carrier dynamics in multiple quantum well narrow wires (1994)

To clarify the effect of temperature on the wire width dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) decay time in multiple quantum well narrow wires, we performed numerical calculations of carrier dynamics using a simple damage model in which nonradiative recombination centers caused by fabrication damage near the wire sidewalls are considered. The drastic reduction of PL decay time around a 100-nm-wide wire at low temperature is explained by our damage model by the presence of an optically inactive layer, i.e., a so-called ‘‘dead layer’’ in which carriers vanish almost immediately due to heavy damage before reaching the sidewall. Our calculations show that the length of the ‘‘dead layer’’ changes with temperature even though the length of the damaged layer, in which defects are formed during fabrication process, is independent of temperature.