gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Terahertz Radiation From Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2023)

The Terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum is the region between microwaves and infra-red, dubbed the terahertz 'gap' due to its relative underdevelopment in terms of technology. This region is marked by expensive and inconvenient sources that are bulky or that require cryogenic cooling for normal operation, therefore creating a need for cheap and easy to use terahertz sources.\nCarbon nanotubes have received considerable attention since their discovery due to their unique physical and electronic properties. Many applications have been proposed using especially Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs), and a number of commercial technologies exist. In this work, we have proposed to use SWCNTs as the basis for a cheap, compact and room temperature-operating Terahertz source.\nWe have characterized the SWCNT source, and we present results on transport characteristics (I–V curves), radiation patterns, spectra, polarization as well as optical, SEM and AFM imaging. We show that the radiation spectrum is vi determined by integrated antennas coupled to the SWCNTs, and preliminary power calibration indicates that the radiated power exceeds the power predicated by the Nyquist formula.
Effect of laser spot weld energy and duration on melting and absorption (2002)

To facilitate pulse Nd–YAG laser spot weld development, it is common practice to adjust the pulse energy, duration, and focus spot size. An accurate understanding of the effect of these parameters on melting, weld appearance, and heat input is thus required. Calorimetric measurements of the net heat input to 304 stainless steel workpieces for laser spot welds have been completed. A pulse Nd–YAG laser was used with varying pulse energies from 1 to 5·5 J, and pulse durations of 2·2 and 7·0 ms. Measurements showed the absorption for spot welds produced using the pulsed Nd–YAG laser to vary from 38 to 67% and to be relatively insensitive to beam intensity. Analysis of the continuous point source equation for conduction heat flow in solids was used to predict the weld size for the pulse energy and duration measured in the experiment. Calculations of the weld pool volume from the weld metallography were used to determine the melting for each spot weld. Comparisons of the measured weld size with the three-dimensional model predicted size indicated that the observed weld pools are larger than is expected from the measured workpiece energy. Analysis of the experimental data and the theoretical model has revealed a substantial increase in melting for short duration pulses versus long duration pulses of the same energy. The benefit of laser spot welding parameter optimisation is hence indicated.
Hydrophilic—Hydrophobic Domain Polymer Systems (1991)

It is the objective of this paper to review the chemistry of hydphobically modified water soluble and other hydrophilic polymer systems, and their biocompatibility for potential use in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The systems reviewed include block copolymers, graft copolymers, polymer blends, and networks which exhibit hydrophilic/hydrophobic microphase domain structures. Enhanced biocompatibility and mechanical strength appear to be a general characteristic of such systems as compared to single phase hydrophilic polymers.
Optimal and Approximate Approaches for Deployment of Heterogeneous Sensing Devices (2007)

A modeling framework for the problem of deploying a set of heterogeneous sensors in a field with time-varying differential surveillance requirements is presented. The problem is formulated as mixed integer mathematical program with the objective to maximize coverage of a given field. Two metaheuristics are used to solve this problem. The first heuristic adopts a genetic algorithm (GA) approach while the second heuristic implements a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. A set of experiments is used to illustrate the capabilities of the developed models and to compare their performance. The experiments investigate the effect of parameters related to the size of the sensor deployment problem including number of deployed sensors, size of the monitored field, and length of the monitoring horizon. They also examine several endogenous parameters related to the developed GA and SA algorithms.
Slow Crack Growth in Single-Crystal Silicon (1992)

Time-dependent crack growth has been measured on a precracked, single-crystal silicon cantilever beam 75 micrometers long that was excited at resonance. Growth of the precrack changes the resonant frequency of the beam, which is correlated to crack length. The measured steady-state crack growth rate was as slow as 2.9 x 10(-13) meter per second, although the apparatus can measure crack growth rates as low as 10(-15) meter per second. It is postulated that static fatigue of the native surface silica layer is the mechanism for crack growth. These experiments demonstrate the possibility of rate-dependent failure of silicon devices and the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to small-scale micromechanical devices. The results indicate that slow crack growth must therefore be considered when evaluating the reliability of thin-film silicon structures.
An improved active region concept for highly efficient GaSb-based optically in-well pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2008)

An improved active region concept for GaSb-based optically pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) is presented. The concept is based on GaxIn1−xAsySb1−y quantum wells embedded between AlAsySb1−y barrier layers designed for optical in-well pumping. Advantages of this concept are a high modal gain, the suppression of thermal leakage currents, and an improved thermal conductivity of the active region compared to a conventional GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb active region design. An in-well pumped VECSEL emitting at 2.24 μm has been realized according to this concept, yielding at a heatsink temperature of 20 °C in continuous-wave operation a power slope efficiency of more than 32% and an absorption of the 1.96 μm pump light of more than 50% without pump recycling.
Gene Sets Net Correlations Analysis (GSNCA): a multivariate differential coexpression test for gene sets (2013)

Implementation of the GSNCA test in R is available upon request from the authors.
Tumor classification based on gene microarray data and hybrid learning method (2004)

Gene expression microarray data can be used to classify tumor types. We proposed a new procedure to classify human tumor samples based on microarray gene expressions by using a hybrid supervised learning method called MOEA/WV (multi-objective evolutionary algorithm/weighted voting). MOEA is used to search for a relatively few subsets of informative genes from the high-dimensional gene space, and WV is used as a classification tool. This new method has been applied to predicate the subtypes of Iymphoma and outcomes of medulloblastoma. The results are relatively accurate and meaningful compared with those from other methods.
Fair deposits against double-spending for Bitcoin transactions (2017)

In Bitcoin network, the distributed storage of multiple copies of the blockchain opens up possibilities for double spending, i.e., a payer issues two separate transactions to two different payees transferring the same coins. To detect the doublespending and penalize the malicious payer, decentralized non-equivocation contracts have been proposed. The basic idea of these contracts is that the payer locks some coins in a deposit when he initiates a transaction with the payee. If the payer double spends, a cryptographic primitive called accountable assertions can be used to reveal his Bitcoin credentials for the deposit. Thus, the malicious payer could be penalized by the loss of deposit coins. However, such decentralized non-equivocation contracts are subjected to collusion attacks where the payer colludes with the beneficiary of the deposit and transfers the Bitcoin deposit back to himself when he double spends, resulting in no penalties. On the other hand, even if the beneficiary behaves honestly, the victim payee cannot get any compensation directly from the deposit in the original design. To prevent such collusion attacks, we design fair deposits for Bitcoin transactions to defend against double-spending. The fair deposits ensure that the payer will be penalized by the loss of his deposit coins if he double spends and the victim payee's loss will be compensated. We start with proposing protocols of making a deposit for Bitcoin transactions. We then analyze the performance of deposits made for Bitcoin transactions and show how the fair deposits work efficiently in Bitcoin.
Design Exploration of Hybrid CMOS and Memristor Circuit by New Modified Nodal Analysis (2011)

Design of hybrid circuits and systems based on CMOS and nano-device requires rethinking of fundamental circuit analysis to aid design exploration. Conventional circuit analysis with modified nodal analysis (MNA) cannot consider new nano-devices such as memristor together with the traditional CMOS devices. This paper has introduced a new MNA method with magnetic flux (Φ) as new state variable. New SPICE-like circuit simulator is thereby developed for the design of hybrid CMOS and memristor circuits. A number of CMOS and memristor-based designs are explored, such as oscillator, chaotic circuit, programmable logic, analog-learning circuit, and crossbar memory, where their functionality, performance, reliability and power can be efficiently verified by the newly developed simulator. Specifically, one new 3-D-crossbar architecture with diode-added memristor is also proposed to improve integration density and to avoid sneak path during read-write operation.
CMOS temperature sensor with ring oscillator for mobile DRAM self-refresh control (2008)

This paper presents novel low-cost CMOS temperature sensor for controlling the self-refresh period of a mobile DRAM. In the proposed temperature sensor, the temperature dependency of poly resistance is used to generate a temperature-dependent bias current, and a ring oscillator driven by this bias current is employed to obtain the digital code pertaining to on-chip temperature. This method is highly area-efficient, simple and easy for IC implementation as compared to traditional temperature sensors based on bandgap reference. The proposed CMOS temperature sensor was fabricated with an 80nm 3-metal DRAM process, which occupies extremely small silicon area of only about 0.016 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with under 1uW power consumption for providing 0.7°c effective resolution at 1 sample/sec processing rate. This result indicates that as much as 73% area reduction was obtained with improved resolution as compared to the conventional temperature sensor in mobile DRAM.
Different degree of immune recovery using antiretroviral regimens with protease inhibitors or non-nucleosides (2002)

A rapid CD4 cell increase occurred shortly after beginning antiretroviral therapy using either PI or NNRTI. Late increases in CD4 cell counts, mostly owing to newly produced cells rather than redistribution, are more pronounced in therapy using a PI, especially in subjects with lower initial CD4 cell counts.
How is the weather tomorrow? (2009)

Traditionally, the goal of benchmarking a software system is to evaluate its performance under a particular workload for a fixed configuration. The most prominent examples for evaluating transactional database systems as well as other components on top (such as a application-servers or web-servers) are the various TPC benchmarks.
The Hansenula polymorpha PER1 gene is essential for peroxisome biogenesis and encodes a peroxisomal matrix protein with both carboxy- and amino-terminal targeting signals. (1994)

We describe the cloning of the Hansenula polymorpha PER1 gene and the characterization of the gene and its product, PER1p. The gene was cloned by functional complementation of a per1 mutant of H. polymorpha, which was impaired in the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins (Pim- phenotype). The DNA sequence of PER1 predicts that PER1p is a polypeptide of 650 amino acids with no significant sequence similarity to other known proteins. PER1 expression was low but significant in wild-type H. polymorpha growing on glucose and increased during growth on any one of a number of substrates which induce peroxisome proliferation. PER1p contains both a carboxy- (PTS1) and an amino-terminal (PTS2) peroxisomal targeting signal which both were demonstrated to be capable of directing bacterial beta-lactamase to the organelle. In wild-type H. polymorpha PER1p is a protein of low abundance which was demonstrated to be localized in the peroxisomal matrix. Our results suggest that the import of PER1p into peroxisomes is a prerequisite for the import of additional matrix proteins and we suggest a regulatory function of PER1p on peroxisomal protein support.
Microfluidic Production of Multiple Emulsions (2017)

Microfluidic devices are promising tools for the production of monodispersed tuneable complex emulsions. This review highlights the advantages of microfluidics for the fabrication of emulsions and presents an overview of the microfluidic emulsification methods including two-step and single-step methods for the fabrication of high-order multiple emulsions (double, triple, quadruple and quintuple) and emulsions with multiple and/or multi-distinct inner cores. The microfluidic methods for the formation of multiple emulsion drops with ultra-thin middle phase, multi-compartment jets, and Janus and ternary drops composed of two or three distinct surface regions are also presented. Different configurations of microfluidic drop makers are covered, such as co-flow, T-junctions and flow focusing (both planar and three-dimensional (3D)). Furthermore, surface modifications of microfluidic channels and different modes of droplet generation are summarized. Non-confined microfluidic geometries used for buoyancy-driven drop generation and membrane integrated microfluidics are also discussed. The review includes parallelization and drop splitting strategies for scaling up microfluidic emulsification. The productivity of a single drop maker is typically <1 mL/h; thus, more than 1000 drop makers are needed to achieve commercially relevant droplet throughputs of >1 L/h, which requires combining drop makers into twodimensional (2D) and 3D assemblies fed from a single set of inlet ports through a network of distribution and collection channels.
The External Ear and the Tympanic Membrane<i>A Three-dimensional Study</i> (1991)

The study of the anatomical variations of the external ear is important for the ear surgeon who assesses the middle ear in this way. Furthermore, the design of insert earmoulds for use with either hearing aids or portable radios requires a better knowledge of the shape of the external ear. We studied the external ear structures and the drumhead in 140 cadavers with no previous history of ear pathology. A silicone resin was used, employing a dental impression technique. These permanent impressions were analysed by means of an operating microscope. Different parameters were studied, to determine the average dimensions of the structures. The clinical significance of these results is discussed.
Endoneurosurgery: endoscopic intracranial surgery (1977)

Abstract Sixty-five years ago the cerebral ventricles of a hydrocephalic child were first inspected in vivo by means of an endoscope. The pioneering surgeon was Espinasse of Chicago, and the instrument was a cystoscope designed for looking into the adult bladder. This instrument utilized the system of lenses designed by Nitze of Vienna in 1887 illuminated by a distally placed incandescent bulb which appears to have been applied to Nitze’s cystoscope by Newman of Glasgow only three years after Edison had devised the incandescent lamp in 1880. Espinasse’s adventure was described by Davis (L’Espinasse 1943) in the following terms: ‘The first attempt to remove a choroid plexus for hydrocephalus with which I am familiar was made by Dr V. L’Espinasse of Chicago. In 1910, L’Espinasse introduced a small cystoscope into the ventricle and fulgurated the plexus bilaterally in 2 infants. One of his patients died post operatively, and the second lived 5 years. The method was presented before a local medical society and was not otherwise recorded. ’
A Novel Robust Student's <italic>t</italic>-Based Kalman Filter (2017)

A novel robust Student's t-based Kalman filter is proposed by using the variational Bayesian approach, which provides a Gaussian approximation to the posterior distribution. Simulation results for a manoeuvring target tracking example illustrate that the proposed filter has smaller root mean square error and bias than existing filters.
Fat and Calcium Absorption in Infancy Revisited (1998)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size This work is a publication of the USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, and has been funded in part with federal funds from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, under Cooperative Agreement number 58-6250-6-001. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Temperature, Activity, and Lizard Life Histories (1993)

Lizard life-history characteristics vary widely among species and populations. Most authors seek adaptive or phylogenetic explanations for life-history patterns, which are usually presumed to reflect genetic differences. However, lizard life histories are often phenotypically plastic, varying in response to temperature, food availability, and other environmental factors. Despite the importance of temperature to lizard ecology and physiology, its effects on life histories have received relatively little attention. We present a theoretical model predicting the proximate consequences of the thermal environment for lizard life histories. Temperature, by affecting activity times, can cause variation in annual survival rate and fecundity, leading to a negative correlation between survival rate and fecundity among populations in different thermal environments. Thus, physiological and evolutionary models predict the same qualitative pattern of life-history variation in lizards. We tested our model with published life-history data from field studies of the lizard Sceloporus undulatus, using climate and geographical data to reconstruct estimated annual activity seasons. Among populations, annual activity times were negatively correlated with annual survival rate and positively correlated with annual fecundity. Proximate effects of temperature may confound comparative analyses of lizard life-history variation and should be included in future evolutionary models.
A Tight Gas Field Study: Carthage (Cotton Valley) Field (1993)

Abstract INTRODUCTION Evaluation of the need for infill drilling in complex, low-permeability, gas reservoirs requires the application of advanced technology. Use of typical engineering tools such as conventional decline curve analysis, conventional pressure transient analysis, and single layer reservoir descriptions often create inaccurate results and misleading conclusions. Despite the accuracy of advanced analysis techniques, these techniques are typically not performed on a well-by-well basis in field-wide studies because the cost cannot be justified. As a result, accurate conclusions, valid for all areas of a field, are not obtained. In this paper we present a practical means of applying advanced analysis techniques to an entire field. We describe a powerful statistical method for dividing the reservoir into areas of like productive behavior. This method provides an unbiased means of comparing well performance, selecting areas for advanced analysis, and defining the areal locations where specific conclusions apply. Emphasis is placed on incorporating a sound geological and petrophysical description, and evaluating the consistency of reservoir descriptions developed through independent geological and reservoir engineering techniques. This analysis technique was used to evaluate the infill drilling potential of the Carthage (Cotton Valley) field in east Texas. The Carthage field, discovered in 1968, is a thick, layered, low-permeability gas reservoir underlying 250,000 acres in Panola County, Texas. See Fig. 1. At the time of this study, there were approximately 900 wells producing 400 million cubic feet and 300 barrels of condensate per day. The Carthage Cotton Valley sand has been classified as "tight gas" by the FERC. Prior to this study, there were three periods of intense drilling activity corresponding to authorizations of 640-, 320-, and 160-acre drilling densities. Carthage is currently experiencing a fourth active drilling period, in which numerous wells are being drilled on 80-acre spacing in selected areas of the field.
Iridium-Catalyzed Reduction of Secondary Amides to Secondary Amines and Imines by Diethylsilane (2012)

Catalytic reduction of secondary amides to imines and secondary amines has been achieved using readily available iridium catalysts such as [Ir(COE)(2)Cl](2) with diethylsilane as reductant. The stepwise reduction to secondary amine proceeds through an imine intermediate that can be isolated when only 2 equiv of silane is used. This system requires low catalyst loading and shows high efficiency (up to 1000 turnovers at room temperature with 99% conversion have been attained) and an appreciable level of functional group tolerance.
High-Resolution Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Virome in Wastewater Treatment Systems (2018)

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered reservoirs of viruses, but the diversity and dynamic changes of viruses are not well understood. In this study, we recovered 8478 metagenomic viral contigs (mVCs; >5 kb) from two WWTPs (Shatin, 2806; Shek Wu Hui, 5672) in Hong Kong. Approximately 60% of the mVCs were poorly covered (<35% of genes in identified mVCs) by the current NCBI and IMG/VR viral databases. The temporal profile of the newly identified mVCs among 98 Shatin AS samples collected monthly (for approximately 9 years) revealed the presence of periodic dynamics at an interval of approximately one year (341 days). The spatial distribution pattern of the virome in the wastewater treatment systems showed that shared viral clusters (viral populations categorized based on shared gene content and network analysis) can be globally found among similar samples of wastewater treatment systems, indicating the presence of core viral communities among geographically isolated wastewater treatment systems. These results not only supplemented the current virome database of engineered systems but also, to some extent, expanded the understanding of long-term cyclical development and spatial distributions of viral communities in wastewater treatment systems.