gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of various cell types in the presence of lactic and glycolic acids: the adverse effect of glycolic acid released from PLAGA copolymer on keratinocyte proliferation (2002)

Poly(alpha-hydroxy-acid)s derived from lactic acid (LA) and glycolic acid (GA) are bioresorbable polymers that are currently used in human surgery and in pharmacology to make temporary therapeutic devices. Nowadays, increasing attention is paid to these polymers in the field of tissue engineering. However, the literature shows that a large number of factors can affect many of their properties and the responses of biological systems. As part of our investigation of the biocompatibility of degradable aliphatic polyesters, the effects of LA and GA on the proliferation of various cells under in vitro cell culture conditions were studied. The release of LA and GA from films made of a copolymer synthesized by the zinc lactate method and composed of 37.5% L-lactyl, 37.5% D-lactyl, and 25% glycolyl repeating units was first investigated over a period of 30 days under abiotic conditions in a cell culture medium in order to identify a range of acid concentrations consistent with releases to be expected in real cell cultures. Four cell lines, namely 3T3-J2, C3H10(1/2), A431, and HaCat, and three primary cell cultures, namely rat endothelial cells, rat smooth muscle cells, and human dermal fibroblasts, were then allowed to grow in the presence of LA and GA at various concentrations taken within the selected 10-1000 mg/cm3 range. Little or no effect was observed on the proliferation of all cells except human keratinocytes, whose growth was dramatically inhibited by GA at concentrations as low as 10 mg/cm3. The inhibiting effect of GA was confirmed by considering the growth of keratinocytes on films made of the same copolymer, in comparison with poly(DL-lactic acid) and polystyrene taken as references. This work shows that GA-releasing degradable matrices are not adapted to the culture of keratinocytes with the aim of making skin grafts.
Silicon based microfluidic cell for terahertz frequencies (2010)

We present a detailed analysis of the design, fabrication and testing of a silicon based, microfluidic cell, for transmission terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the device is tested through a range of experiments involving primary alcohol/water mixtures. The dielectric properties of these solutions are subsequently extracted using a Nelder–Mead search algorithm, and are in good agreement with literature values obtained via alternative techniques. Quantities in the order of 2 μmol can be easily distinguished for primary alcohols in solution, even with the subwavelength optical path lengths used. A further display of the device sensitivity is shown through the analysis of commercial whiskeys, where there are clear, detectable differences between samples. Slight absorption variations were identified between samples of the same commercial brand, owing to a 2.5% difference in their alcoholic content. Results from data taken on subsequent days after system realignment are also presented, confirming the robustness of the technique, and the data extraction algorithm used. One final experiment, showing the possible use of this device to analyze aqueous biological samples is detailed; where biotin, a molecule known for its specific terahertz absorptions, is analyzed in solution. The device sensitivity is once again displayed, where quantities of 3 nmol can be clearly detected between samples.
RIATA: A Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Routing Update Scheme for Future Generation IoT Networks (2021)

Future generation Internet of Things (IoT) communication infrastructure is expected to pave the path for innovative applications like smart cities, smart grids, smart industries, and smart healthcare. To support these diverse applications, the communication protocols are required to be adaptive and intelligent. At the network layer, an efficient and lightweight algorithm known as trickle-timer is designed to perform the route updates and it utilizes control messages to share the updated route information between IoT nodes. Trickle-timer tends to generate higher control overhead ratio and achieves lower reliability. Therefore, this article aims to propose an RL-based Intelligent Adaptive Trickle-Timer Algorithm (RIATA). The proposed algorithm performs three-fold optimization of the trickle-timer algorithm. Firstly, the RIATA assigns higher probability to control message transmission to nodes that have received an inconsistent control message in the past intervals. Secondly, the RIATA utilizes RL to learn the optimal policy to transmit or suppress a control message in the current network environment. Lastly, the RIATA selects an adaptive redundancy constant value to avoid unnecessary transmissions of control messages. Simulation results show that RIATA outperforms the other state-of-the-art mechanisms in terms of reducing control overhead ratio by an average of 21%, decreasing the average total power consumption by 10%, and increasing the packet delivery ratio by 4% on an average.
A deployable identifier-locator split architecture (2017)

Despite the vast set of prior work on identifier-locator split architectures, no one approach has seen much success, adoption, or deployment in the Internet at large. We identify the key set of challenges that have inhibited the deployment of these proposals to date, and introduce the Dynamic Internet Mobility for End-Systems (DIME) approach. DIME is based on dynamic address translation between the transport and network layers of end hosts, combined with a simple out-of-band protocol that updates host-address bindings as needed. DIME is the first and only proposal that achieves a clean identifier-locator split without requiring modifications to the end-host OS or applications; modifications to existing network protocols, security mechanisms, or hardware; or a new host-identifier namespace. We evaluate a Linux daemon implementation of DIME, and show that it i outperforms existing mobility proposals such as mobile IP (MIPv6), multipath TCP (MPTCP), and the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) across a wide range of performance metrics.
A cell membrane modification technique using domain 4 of intermedilysin for immunotherapy against cancer. (2004)

Rapid cell membrane modification techniques are currently being sought in order to develop gene therapy and cellular immunotherapy modalities against cancer and other diseases. We developed a novel technique using the non-toxic portion of intermedilysin, a streptolysin O family cytolysin with a high affinity for human cell membranes, as a cell membrane adaptor module. Domain 4 recombinants of intermedilysin with linker sites at the N-terminus were designed. These modules are able to bind tightly to human cells after simple incubation and have no harmful effects. The modules were conjugated with the partially reduced or unreduced F(ab')2 of an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody. Erythrocytes bound to these conjugates were shown to specifically target a carcinoembryonic antigen-positive cell line, TT, in vitro. This is a promising technique for the development of convenient and effective anticancer treatment methods.
Pioglitazone Induces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Through a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ, Transforming Growth Factor-β1, and a Smad2-Dependent Mechanism (2005)

Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, seem to exert direct antiatherosclerotic and antirestenotic effects on type 2 diabetes, in part due to an induction of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis. We aimed to study the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in rat aortic VSMC. Pioglitazone at 100 micromol/l increased apoptosis without affecting DNA synthesis, and this effect was reversed by an anti-TGF-beta1 antibody. Extracellular TGF-beta1 levels were rapidly increased after treatment with pioglitazone in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma-dependent mechanism because this secretion was blocked by the PPAR-gamma inhibitor GW9662. Pioglitazone subsequently increased the nuclear recruitment of phospho-Smad2, without any effect on protein expression. According to our results, we propose that the apoptotic effect of pioglitazone on VSMC depends on the following sequence: PPAR-gamma activation, TGF-beta1 release, and selective phospho-Smad2 nuclear recruitment. Management of Smad signaling on VSMC might provide future clinical benefits in vascular diseases.
A method to reduce waiting time for continuous media data broadcasting considering internet advertisements (2010)

Due to the continued spread of the Internet, delivering continuous media data, i.e., audio and video, has attracted great attention. In broadcasting systems, clients generally have to wait until their desired data are broadcast. Therefore, many researches have addressed ways to reduce waiting time. Although several methods to reduce waiting time in continuous media data broadcasting have been proposed, they have failed to consider cases where the server broadcasts Internet advertisements while playing the data. In this paper, we propose a scheduling method to reduce the waiting time that considers Internet advertisements. In our proposed method, by dividing the data and producing an effective broadcasting schedule based on the playing time of Internet advertisements, waiting time is reduced.
The effects of remote retinal stimulation on the responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. (1977)

1. Action potentials were recorded from optic nerve fibres of lightly anaesthetized cats while parts of the retina remote from the receptive field were stimulated by a shifting grating. 2. Vigorous responses can be obtained under these conditions, confirming McIlwain (1966), Krüger & Fischer (1973), and others. 3. These 'shift responses' are not caused by fluctuations of stray light because (a) they cannot be reduced by deliberately increasing or decreasing the light falling on the receptive field synchronously with the shifting grating; (b) a steady adapting light applied to the receptive field does not raise the threshold for the responses, whereas adapting light on the peripheral retina does, and (c) the threshold for the responses is elevated more following bleaching adaptation of the periphery than following bleaching adaptation of the centre. 4. Shift responses are strong, of short latency, and brief in duration in brisk-transient (Y-type) neurones. With few exceptions they are weak but long-lasting in brisk-sustained (X-type) neurones. 5. Shift responses are unlike responses from the main receptive field in having a distinct threshold; the magnitude of the response to weak gratings is not simply proportional to contrast, as is the case with weak stimuli applied to the receptive field. 6. It is thought that the excitatory pathway may involve amacrine cells, and that this mechanism may be concerned with the detection of the shifts of the image that occur with saccadic eye movements.
Development of Flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cell by Lift-Off Process (2011)

Clean energy resources as an alternative to fossil fuels has been required. Photovoltaics is the most promising among renewable energy technologies. On the other hand, the cost of the electrical energy generated by the solar cells was higher than that generated by fossil fuels. The cost reduction of the solar cell is therefore required. Since high-conversion efficiencies have been demonstrated for solar cells using GaAs substrates in 1977 (Kamath et al., 1977; Woodall et al., 1977), a critical problem is how to reduce power generation cost. The characters required to solar cells strongly depend on its applications. In particular, thin film solar cells are promising for terrestrial applications, because thin film solar cells are more advantageous than bulk type solar cells in terms of consumption of raw materials. Konagai et al. fabricated the thin film solar cells on a single crystalline GaAs substrate by the liquid phase epitaxy mehtod, and focused on the reuse of GaAs substrates by detaching these thin film solar cells from the GaAs substrates (Konagai et al., 1978). Konagai et al. named this separation technique the Peeled Film Technology (PFT). This is the invention of the lift-off method in solar cell development. A specific explanation of the PFT is as follows. An Al1-xGaxAs layer was introduced between the thin film solar cell and the GaAs substrate as a release layer. The thin film solar cell was separated from the GaAs substrate by etching the Al1-xGaxAs layer by the HF solution, because Al1-xGaxAs was readily dissolved by the HF solution compared to GaAs. Since a chemical technique was mainly used for the peeling, this method is defined as a chemical lift-off process. Recently, this has been researched as the epitaxial lift-off (ELO) method (Geelen et al., 1997; Schemer et al., 2000, 2005a; Voncken et al., 2002; Yablonovitch et al., 1987). On the other hand, the cleavage of lateral epitaxial films for transfer (CLEFT) process, where the thin film was mechanically peeled, was developed as a transfer method of a single crystalline GaAs thin film (McClelland et al., 1980). A specific explanation of the CLEFT process is as follows. A photoresist was applied to a surface of a GaAs substrate. The photoresist was patterned with equally-spaced stripe openings by standard photolithographic techniques. Next, a GaAs layer was grown on this patterned substrate surface. In this case, a GaAs layer was grown on only the openings of the photoresist. The lateral growth of a GaAs layer occurs during the GaAs deposition. A single crystalline GaAs layer is therefore formed on the photoresist. Alternative substrate was bonded onto this
TALES FROM CLOUD NINE (2009)

At last year’s VB conference we promised to answer a set of questions concerning the performance of cloud-based anti-virus software. The feedback was overwhelming, both from fellow researchers and large corporations, particularly ISPs. No wonder, since the number of viruses grows at an exponential rate. Being able to provide instant protection and enhanced detection rates at a (possibly) lower bandwidth cost proved to be a winning combination. In the fi rst part of this paper we will describe, in detail, our cloud-based anti-virus engine, including a set of statistics, optimization opportunities that were revealed only after performing a few hundred thousand scans, comparisons with current technologies, etc. We will talk about the benefi ts and drawbacks of keeping at least part of the virus signature database and scanning logic on our servers and, more interestingly, about the instances when cloud-based scanning is clearly more effi cient than traditional approaches. The second part of the presentation will cover a new client-server technology, called ‘IMD’ (Intelligent Malware Detection). The client side of IMD runs on the client and is responsible for gathering ‘IMD fl ags’, while the server side is responsible for collecting the fl ags, applying rules and ultimately deciding whether a fi le is suspicious or not. We will also describe some cases when the server has enough information to blacklist fi les automatically, thus reaching the holy grail: instant detection.
Microturbine Recuperator Manufacturing and Operating Experience (2002)

Capstone Turbine Corporation has produced thousands of recuperated microturbines since 1998. This paper will discuss the manufacturing and field operating experience with these recuperators for microturbines less than 100kW.
Second-generation antipsychotics - a panacea? (2004)

NO ABSTRACT AVAILIBLE
Novel Triclosan‐Bound Hybrid‐Silica Nanoparticles and their Enhanced Antimicrobial Properties (2011)

Abstract The design and synthesis of novel hybrid‐silica nanoparticles (NPs) containing the FDA‐approved antimicrobial triclosan (Irgasan) covalently linked within the inorganic matrix for its controlled, slow release upon interaction, is reported. The NPs are in the range of 130 ± 30 nm in diameter, with a smooth and spherical morphology. Characterization of the hybrid‐silica NPs containing triclosan, namely T‐SNPs, and their appropriate linkers is accomplished by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Preliminary antimicrobial activity is studied through bacterial‐growth experiments. The T‐SNPs are found to be superior in killing bacteria, as compared with the free biocide.
Suitability of irradiated and cold-stored eggs of<i>Ephestia kuehniella</i>(Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) and<i>Sitotroga cerealella</i>(Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) for stockpiling the egg-parasitoid<i>Trichogramma evanescens</i>(Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in diapause (2009)

Abstract The use of irradiated and cold-stored host eggs could be one option to facilitate the mass rearing of egg parasitoids to control lepidopteran pests. The effect on Trichogramma evanescens (L.) wasp quality after 3-month storage of host eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae), that had previously been irradiated with gamma radiation, was investigated. Efficiency of T. evanescens was studied by measuring parasitization, adult and female emergence. There was no significant difference in parasitization and in adult and female T. evanescens emergence between gamma radiation doses and the untreated control for up to 30 days for E. kuehniella eggs and, thereafter they decreased drastically as the storage time increased for up to 60 and 30 days for E. kuehniella and S. cerealella eggs, respectively. No parasitization was observed when the eggs were stored longer and then offered to T. evanescens females. Data obtained from diapaused T. evanescens stored at 3°C for 20, 70, 100 and 150 days indicated that pre-storage temperatures affected the induction of diapause. It was possible to induce diapause in developmental stages of T. evanescens by exposing the immature stages (prior to the pre-pupal stage) inside host eggs to 10 and 12°C for 30 days. Under these conditions, parasitoids could be stored for a period of 50 days without adverse affects on emergence. Emergence appeared to decrease with an increase in the duration of storage for a period up to 150 days for the eggs of E. kuehniella. Parasitoids failed to enter diapause when pre-storage conditions were 3 and 7°C for host eggs of both E. kuehniella and S. cerealella. The long-term storage of parasitoids in diapause improved the mass rearing potential for lengthened releases of this species.
Synthesis and biological activity of a GABAA agonist which has no effect on benzodiazepine binding and of structurally related glycine antagonists. (1987)

3-Isoxazolols substituted in the 5-position by pyrrolidinyl or piperidyl (referred to, respectively, as PYOLs and PIOLs; see Figure 2 for structures) were designed and synthesized as analogues of the potent and specific GABAA agonist THIP. Activity in the series was markedly dependent upon positional isomerism in the structures. Isomers in which the pyrrolidine or piperidine rings were attached via their 2-positions (2-PYOL and 2-PIOL) had no effect on GABAA receptors in vivo or in vitro. An isomer wherein attachment was via the 4-position (4-PIOL) was a GABAA agonist, but it was unique in not affecting the binding of diazepam in vitro; its 'ring-opened' analogue, (RS)-5-(1-methyl-3-aminopropyl)-3-isoxazolol (11) did not bind significantly to GABAA receptor sites in vitro. In contrast, the 3-positional isomer (3-PIOL) antagonized the inhibitory action of glycine on cat spinal neurons. A similar effect was earlier demonstrated for 3-PYOL. However, in contrast to 3-PYOL, which is approximately equipotent as an antagonist of glycine and GABA, 3-PIOL only marginally reduced the inhibitory effect of GABA. The R and S forms of 3-PIOL, synthesized from the respective isomers of piperidine-3-carboxylic acid with known absolute stereochemistry, had pharmacological profiles indistinguishable from that of racemic 3-PIOL.
Proton transfer reactions of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization matrix monomers and dimers (1999)

The gas-phase basicities of monomeric and dimeric deprotonated ferulic and sinapic acids, common matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices, were determined. A new bracketing method based on structure-reactivity correlations was developed for deriving gas-phase basicities from reaction efficiencies. The matrix dimer anions were found to be significantly less basic than the monomer anions, by about 115 kJ/mol. The low basicity of the dimer anion can qualitatively be explained by resonance stabilization. The energies for proton transfer from dimers to monomers are therefore about 1.2 eV lower than for proton transfer between monomers. For the MALDI process, proton transfer reactions involving matrix dimers provide a low energy pathway for matrix and analyte ion formation.
Affordance detection of tool parts from geometric features (2015)

As robots begin to collaborate with humans in everyday workspaces, they will need to understand the functions of tools and their parts. To cut an apple or hammer a nail, robots need to not just know the tool's name, but they must localize the tool's parts and identify their functions. Intuitively, the geometry of a part is closely related to its possible functions, or its affordances. Therefore, we propose two approaches for learning affordances from local shape and geometry primitives: 1) superpixel based hierarchical matching pursuit (S-HMP); and 2) structured random forests (SRF). Moreover, since a part can be used in many ways, we introduce a large RGB-Depth dataset where tool parts are labeled with multiple affordances and their relative rankings. With ranked affordances, we evaluate the proposed methods on 3 cluttered scenes and over 105 kitchen, workshop and garden tools, using ranked correlation and a weighted F-measure score [26]. Experimental results over sequences containing clutter, occlusions, and viewpoint changes show that the approaches return precise predictions that could be used by a robot. S-HMP achieves high accuracy but at a significant computational cost, while SRF provides slightly less accurate predictions but in real-time. Finally, we validate the effectiveness of our approaches on the Cornell Grasping Dataset [25] for detecting graspable regions, and achieve state-of-the-art performance.
<title>New quadtree predictive image coding technique using pattern-based classification</title> (2003)

A new quadtree segmented predictive image coding technique is presented in this paper for exploiting the correlation between adjacent image blocks and uniformity in variable block size image blocks. For exploiting correlation between adjacent image blocks, a predictive coding technique is used for reducing the inter block correlation. The proposed quadtree technique decomposes an image into variable size block, and each segmented block is then coded at a different bit rate according to the level of visual activity inside the block. A novel classification scheme, which operates based on the distribution of the block residuals, is employed to determine the activity level inside the block. In this method, the orientation of the pattern appearing inside the block will be computed as an aid to the classification. To preserve edge integrity, a block pattern based coding technique is proposed and incorporated to the predictive coding method for coding the high-activity blocks of the segmented image. The use of a set of parameters associated with the pattern appearing inside a high activity block at the receiver, together with the inter block correlation information, reduce the cost of instruction and saves the encoding time. Experiments have been conducted to compare with other predictive and quadtree- based techniques. Results show a lower bit rate at competitive reconstruction quality.