gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Networking with Optical Fibres (1997)

A scheme is proposed which allows for reliable transfer of quantum information between two atoms via an optical fibre in the presence of decoherence. The scheme is based on performing an adiabatic passage through two cavities which remain in their respective vacuum states during the whole operation. The scheme may be useful for networking several ion-trap quantum computers, thereby increasing the number of quantum bits involved in a computation.
Broadband Polarization Rotation Reflective Surfaces and Their Applications to RCS Reduction (2015)

A novel broadband polarization rotation (PR) reflective surface (PRRS) with a high polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is proposed, which can reflect the linearly polarized incident wave with 90° PR. The proposed PRRS consists of a periodic array of square patches printed on a substrate, which is backed by a metallic ground. By connecting the square patch with the ground using two nonsymmetric vias, a 49% PR bandwidth is achieved with a high PCR of 96%, which is a significant improvement from the state-of-the-art 29% PR bandwidth. Moreover, the frequency responses within the operation frequency band are consistent under oblique incident waves. Furthermore, another ultra-wideband PRRS with a periodic array of quasi-L-shaped patches is proposed, which increases the PR bandwidth further to 103%. In addition, the designed PRRS is applied to wideband radar cross section (RCS) reduction. Different arrangements of the unit cells of the PRRS are proposed and their effects on RCS reduction are investigated. To validate the simulation results, prototypes of the PRRSs are fabricated and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.
Crystal structure of Toll-like receptor adaptor MAL/TIRAP reveals the molecular basis for signal transduction and disease protection (2011)

Initiation of the innate immune response requires agonist recognition by pathogen-recognition receptors such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptors are critical in orchestrating the signal transduction pathways after TLR and interleukin-1 receptor activation. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) adaptor-like (MAL)/TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) is involved in bridging MyD88 to TLR2 and TLR4 in response to bacterial infection. Genetic studies have associated a number of unique single-nucleotide polymorphisms in MAL with protection against invasive microbial infection, but a molecular understanding has been hampered by a lack of structural information. The present study describes the crystal structure of MAL TIR domain. Significant structural differences exist in the overall fold of MAL compared with other TIR domain structures: A sequence motif comprising a β-strand in other TIR domains instead corresponds to a long loop, placing the functionally important "BB loop" proline motif in a unique surface position in MAL. The structure suggests possible dimerization and MyD88-interacting interfaces, and we confirm the key interface residues by coimmunoprecipitation using site-directed mutants. Jointly, our results provide a molecular and structural basis for the role of MAL in TLR signaling and disease protection.
Improvement in Inclusion Contrast-to-Noise Ratio for Low-Displacement Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF) Elasticity Imaging Using a 3D Kernel Blind-Source Separation (BSS) Based Displacement Estimator (2019)

Mechanical property assessment by elastographic ultrasound methods, including those that exploit acoustic radiation force (ARF), relies on accurate estimation of tissue displacement. Several displacement estimators have been developed, but their relevance to tracking ARF-induced displacements smaller than one micrometer is limited by estimation variance. To minimize displacement estimation variance, a new blind source separation (BSS)-based approach that exploits the spatial distribution of displacements is presented. This new approach applies principal component analysis (PCA) in three-dimensional (3D) kernels to derive dominant eigenvectors, from which displacements are estimated. We call this new approach the `3DK-BSS' estimator. The 3DK-BSS estimator is evaluated in terms of contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) achieved in ARFI peak displacement (PD) images of a stiff (80 kPa) and a soft (8 kPa) spherical inclusion in a commercial phantom with a 25 kPA background. The CNR values achieved by 3DK-BSS were compared to those produced by normalized cross-correlation (NCC), Bayesian regularization, and BSS implemented using a two-dimensional (2D) kernel at ARF power levels of 5 to 45% of the full system power. For all power levels, and for both stiff and soft inclusions, 3DK-BSS inclusion CNR was higher than any other examined displacement estimator. For example, 3DK-BSS stiff inclusion CNR was 16.3, 11.8, and 4.2 times higher than the CNRs achieved by NCC, Bayesian regularization, and 2D BSS, respectively at 5% power level. CNR improvement by 3DK-BSS was largest at the lowest (5%) ARF power level, where displacement in the stiff phantom was measured by 3DK-BSS as 250 nm. These results suggest that, by accurately measuring sub-micrometer displacements, the 3DK-BSS displacement estimator could enable deeper ARF-based mechanical property assessments, finer mechanical resolution in stiff tissues, and/or lower ARF power requirements to expand the diagnostic relevance of ARF-based mechanical property assessments.
Electrochemical Codeposition of Gallium and Arsenic from a Room Temperature Chlorogallate Melt (1990)

An electrodeposition process by which gallium arsenide can be formed at room temperatures is reported. Gallium and arsenic can be codeposited from a room temperature melt comprised of and ImCl (1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium chloride) and an solute. Codeposition is studied over a potential range of 0 to −2V relative to an aluminum reference. The formation of the compound was confrimed by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Tug-of-war between dissimilar teams of microtubule motors regulates transport and fission of endosomes (2009)

Intracellular transport is interspersed with frequent reversals in direction due to the presence of opposing kinesin and dynein motors on organelles that are carried as cargo. The cause and the mechanism of reversals are unknown, but are a key to understanding how cargos are delivered in a regulated manner to specific cellular locations. Unlike established single-motor biophysical assays, this problem requires understanding of the cooperative behavior of multiple interacting motors. Here we present measurements inside live Dictyostelium cells, in a cell extract and with purified motors to quantify such an ensemble function of motors. We show through precise motion analysis that reversals during endosome motion are caused by a tug-of-war between kinesin and dynein. Further, we use a combination of optical trap-based force measurements and Monte Carlo simulations to make the surprising discovery that endosome transport uses many (approximately four to eight) weak and detachment-prone dyneins in a tug-of-war against a single strong and tenacious kinesin. We elucidate how this clever choice of dissimilar motors and motor teams achieves net transport together with endosome fission, both of which are important in controlling the balance of endocytic sorting. To the best of our knowledge, this is a unique demonstration that dynein and kinesin function differently at the molecular level inside cells and of how this difference is used in a specific cellular process, namely endosome biogenesis. Our work may provide a platform to understand intracellular transport of a variety of organelles in terms of measurable quantities.
Fault-tolerant control of a wireless HVAC control system (2014)

In this paper we address the problem of designing a fault tolerant control scheme for an HVAC control system where sensing and actuation data are exchanged with a centralized controller via a wireless sensors and actuators network where the communication nodes are subject to permanent failures and malicious intrusions.
Geometry, proportion, and the art of lutherie : a study of the use and aesthetic significance of geometry and numerical proportion in the design of European bowed and plucked string instruments in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries (1985)

Introduction A mathematical background Geometry, a short history Proportion The instruments Analysis of instrument examples Summary of analyses Observations Conclusions Appendices Bibliography Index
Layer-by-Layer Epitaxial Growth of Scalable WSe<sub>2</sub> on Sapphire by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2017)

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) provides a simple but powerful way to synthesize large-area high-quality thin films and heterostructures of a wide variety of materials including accomplished group III-V and II-VI semiconductors as well as newly developing oxides and chalcogenides, leading to major discoveries in condensed-matter physics. For two-dimensional (2D) materials, however, main fabrication routes have been mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition by making good use of weak van der Waals bonding nature between neighboring layers, and MBE growth of 2D materials, in particular on insulating substrates for transport measurements, has been limited despite its fundamental importance for future advanced research. Here, we report layer-by-layer epitaxial growth of scalable transition-metal dichalocogenide (TMDC) thin films on insulating substrates by MBE and demonstrate ambipolar transistor operation. The proposed growth protocol is broadly applicable to other TMDCs, providing a key milestone toward fabrication of van der Waals heterostructures with various 2D materials for novel properties and functionalities.
Asymmetric microbial reduction of prochiral 2,2,-disubstituted cycloalkanediones (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric microbial reduction of prochiral 2,2,-disubstituted cycloalkanedionesDee W. Brooks, Hormoz Mazdiyasni, and Paul G. GrothausCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 15, 3223–3232Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00391a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00391a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1884Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An accurate camera calibration for the aerial image analysis (2002)

An algorithm is proposed for accurate camera calibration. Attention is focused on finding a suitable distortion model for a digital camera. The geometric model, and the calibration procedure are demonstrated by calibrating the EIKONIX (EC850) camera. Several experiments are made with an average control point location error of about 6.6 mu m and 1/40000 over the field of view. The results obtained are useful for aerial photograph analysis, machine vision, and digital photogrammetry.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Battery modeling and Kalman filter-based State-of-Charge estimation for a race car application (2017)

This paper investigates a method for building a lithium-ion polymer battery model, which can be used as part of a model-based estimation technique to estimate battery State-of-Charge for a Formula Student electric race car application. The modeling strategy is based on developing an equivalent circuit, which can capture the behavior of the battery dynamics experienced at the competitions. The equivalent circuit model accounts for steady-state and dynamic contributions due to open-circuit voltage, internal resistance, and polarization dynamics. Using experimental cell tests that are representative of the current load experienced by the batteries, and Simulink Parameter Estimation to parameterize the equivalent circuit, a root-mean-square modeling error of 8.0 mV was obtained. Utilizing the model as part of an Extended Kalman Filter to estimate State-of-Charge, a root-mean-square estimation error of 0.58%, and a maximum absolute estimation error of 2.37% were achieved.
Design improvement of L-shaped tunneling field-effect transistors (2012)

L-shaped tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) feature high current drivability and abrupt on-off transition. For further improvement of L-shaped TFETs, tunneling regions become n-type doped in this study. The doping concentration of the tunneling regions is optimized. The proposed novel L-shaped TFETs show higher on-current (I<inf>on</inf>) and lower subthreshold swing (SS) than conventional L-shaped TFETs.
DNA vaccination (2003)

Few advances in the history of vaccination have had as quick a passage (~ 10 years) from their discovery to clinical trials and, hopefully soon, registration as DNA immunisation. A very clear picture has now emerged of the recognition of the CpG-motif rich, chimaeric bacterial DNA by dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells [APCs]) and the subsequent activation of T lymphocytes. Both humoral and comprehensive cell-mediated responses occur in both mice and primates. No significant safety concerns have been observed following administration to several hundred human volunteers, including some children. Of special interest is the generation of strong and high avidity CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in primates, following priming with chimaeric DNA and subsequent boosting with a chimaeric live viral vector, such as an attenuated poxvirus or adenovirus. The DNA may also be used as a highly potent adjuvant, inducing mainly T helper (Th)1 responses. Advantages include its potential use in the presence of antibody to the targeted infectious agent and a generally simple manufacturing process.
Improved Cas9 activity by specific modifications of the tracrRNA (2019)

CRISPR/Cas is a transformative gene editing tool, that offers a simple and effective way to target a catalytic Cas9, the most widely used is derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9), with a complementary small guide RNA (sgRNA) to inactivate endogenous genes resulting from insertions and deletions (indels). CRISPR/Cas9 has been rapidly applied to basic research as well as expanded for potential clinical applications. Utilization of spCas9 as an ribonuclearprotein complex (RNP) is considered the most safe and effective method to apply Cas9 technology, and the efficacy of this system is critically dependent on the ability of Cas9 to generate high levels of indels. We find here that novel sequence changes to the tracrRNA significantly improves Cas9 activity when delivered as an RNP. We demonstrate that a dual-guide RNA (dgRNA) with a modified tracrRNA can improve reporter knockdown and indel formation at several targets within the long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV. Furthermore, the sequence-modified tracrRNAs improved Cas9-mediated reduction of CCR5 surface receptor expression in cell lines, which correlated with higher levels of indel formation. It was demonstrated that a Cas9 RNP with a sequence modified tracrRNA enhanced indel formation at the CCR5 target site in primary CD4+ T-cells. Finally, we show improved activity at two additional targets within the HBB locus and the BCL11A GATA site. Overall, the data presented here suggests that novel facile tracrRNA sequence changes could potentially be integrated with current dgRNA technology, and open up the possibility for the development of sequence modified tracrRNAs to improve Cas9 RNP activity.
Nanotechnology—Life-Cycle Risk Management (2006)

ABSTRACT Scientists, risk practitioners, and regulators have debated the need to be proactive in assessing the potential health and environmental risks and benefits of unregulated nano-scale technologies. Many nanotech-based products and applications are already in use or development. Application of a proactive risk-based approach that considers the life cycle of the product, rather than a precautionary principle approach that would likely restrict the progress and advance of nanoscience, will be useful in helping to assess the unknown and unpredictable risks associated with nano-products, nanotoxicity, and nanopollution. This article summarizes what is currently known regarding the potential toxicity and hazards of nanomaterials. A life-cycle perspective is used to identify important areas for further consideration and research. A conceptual framework is proposed for linking the strategies of life cycle and risk analysis within the same toolbox. This approach allows for prevention and treatment of a material's life-cycle risks, which can be considered in an integrated manner, thereby promoting continuous improvement, proactive risk reduction, and a flexible and adaptive approach to evaluating nanotechnology without stifling innovation.
UHV Slits (2007)

Advanced Design Consulting, Inc. (ADC) designed slits for applications where high accuracy is required. The system consists of vertical and horizontal slit mechanisms, a double sided flange which houses them, stepper motors with linear encoders, limit (home position) switches and electrical connections including internal wiring for a drain current measurement system. The total slit size is adjustable from 0 to 30 mm both vertically and horizontally depending on the flange size. Each of the four blades are individually controlled and motorized.
Equilibrium Propagation: Bridging the Gap between Energy-Based Models and Backpropagation (2017)

We introduce Equilibrium Propagation, a learning framework for energy-based models. It involves only one kind of neural computation, performed in both the first phase (when the prediction is made) and the second phase of training (after the target or prediction error is revealed). Although this algorithm computes the gradient of an objective function just like Backpropagation, it does not need a special computation or circuit for the second phase, where errors are implicitly propagated. Equilibrium Propagation shares similarities with Contrastive Hebbian Learning and Contrastive Divergence while solving the theoretical issues of both algorithms: our algorithm computes the gradient of a well-defined objective function. Because the objective function is defined in terms of local perturbations, the second phase of Equilibrium Propagation corresponds to only nudging the prediction (fixed point or stationary distribution) toward a configuration that reduces prediction error. In the case of a recurrent multi-layer supervised network, the output units are slightly nudged toward their target in the second phase, and the perturbation introduced at the output layer propagates backward in the hidden layers. We show that the signal "back-propagated" during this second phase corresponds to the propagation of error derivatives and encodes the gradient of the objective function, when the synaptic update corresponds to a standard form of spike-timing dependent plasticity. This work makes it more plausible that a mechanism similar to Backpropagation could be implemented by brains, since leaky integrator neural computation performs both inference and error back-propagation in our model. The only local difference between the two phases is whether synaptic changes are allowed or not. We also show experimentally that multi-layer recurrently connected networks with 1, 2, and 3 hidden layers can be trained by Equilibrium Propagation on the permutation-invariant MNIST task.
Hydroxyapatite coating on carbon composite hip implants in dogs (1992)

In 33 dogs we implanted femoral stems made either of carbon composite, some coated with hydroxyapatite, or of titanium alloy with a porous coating. Osseointegration was greater in the hydroxyapatite-coated than in the un-coated stems (p less than 0.001). Push-out tests, at an average of 7.2 months after implantation, showed a six-fold increase in interface shear strength and a twelve-fold increase in shear stiffness in the hydroxyapatite-coated group compared with noncoated implants. The highest shear-strength values were found in the porous-coated titanium alloy stems, around which there was also the most resorptive bone remodelling.
Silicon tips with diamond particles on them: New field emitters? (1995)

A new approach to preparation of effective field emitters is proposed. The approach consists in deposition of diamond particles on high aspect ratio silicon tips. Field-emission measurements of such objects have given rather low effective work function values, from 0.3 to 1.2 eV.
Struggling and Success in Web Search (2015)

Web searchers sometimes struggle to find relevant information. Struggling leads to frustrating and dissatisfying search experiences, even if searchers ultimately meet their search objectives. Better understanding of search tasks where people struggle is important in improving search systems. We address this important issue using a mixed methods study using large-scale logs, crowd-sourced labeling, and predictive modeling. We analyze anonymized search logs from the Microsoft Bing Web search engine to characterize aspects of struggling searches and better explain the relationship between struggling and search success. To broaden our understanding of the struggling process beyond the behavioral signals in log data, we develop and utilize a crowd-sourced labeling methodology. We collect third-party judgments about why searchers appear to struggle and, if appropriate, where in the search task it became clear to the judges that searches would succeed (i.e., the pivotal query). We use our findings to propose ways in which systems can help searchers reduce struggling. Key components of such support are algorithms that accurately predict the nature of future actions and their anticipated impact on search outcomes. Our findings have implications for the design of search systems that help searchers struggle less and succeed more.
A 900 MHz ladder-type SAW filter duplexer (2002)

A low-cost hybrid-integrated SAW filter duplexer consisting of receiver top filter, transmitter final-stage filter and antenna terminal has been developed. The prototype design was oriented at the GSM system specifications in the 900 MHz-band. Three-stage ladder-type SAW filters have been designed to perform the duplexing function by the use of only one transmission line. The complete duplexer has an insertion loss of 1.2 dB in the Tx path (Tx) and 2.1 dB in the Rx path (Rx). The 3 dB-bandwidth is 40.1 MHz (Tx) and 47.4 MHz (Rx), respectively.