gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging of Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue (2014)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a "good fat" plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely related to metabolism and energy expenditure, and its dysfunction is one important contributor for obesity and diabetes. Contrary to previous belief, recent PET/CT imaging studies indicated the BAT depots are still present in human adults. PET imaging clearly shows that BAT has considerably high uptake of (18)F-FDG under certain conditions. In this video report, we demonstrate that Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) with (18)F-FDG can be used to optically image BAT in small animals. BAT activation is observed after intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine (NE) and cold treatment, and depression of BAT is induced by long anesthesia. Using multiple-filter Cerenkov luminescence imaging, spectral unmixing and 3D imaging reconstruction are demonstrated. Our results suggest that CLI with (18)F-FDG is a practical technique for imaging BAT in small animals, and this technique can be used as a cheap, fast, and alternative imaging tool for BAT research.
Coupled-Core Optical Amplifier (2017)

We demonstrate a 4-core fiber amplifier that has strongly coupled cores at both the pump and signal wavelengths. Strong mode-coupling minimizes the mode dependent loss and simplifies requirements on the spatial uniformity of the pump.
Sensitive absorption measurements based on novel cavity enhanced spectroscopy techniques (2002)

A novel laser-based absorption diagnostic technique based on off-axis paths in high-finesse optical cavities provides high measurement sensitivities (~2×10 −10 cm −1 ). Applications to environmental monitoring and industrial process control using near-IR semiconductor diode lasers and mid-IR quantum cascade lasers will be presented.
A novel synthesis approach for active leakage power reduction using dynamic supply gating (2005)

Due to exponential increase in subthreshold leakage with technology scaling and temperature increase, leakage power is becoming a major fraction of total power in the active mode. We present a novel low-cost design methodology with associated synthesis flow for reducing both switching and active leakage power using dynamic supply gating. A logic synthesis approach based on Shannon expansion is proposed that dynamically applies supply gating to idle parts of general logic circuits even when they are performing useful computation. Experimental results on a set of MCNC benchmark circuits in a predictive 70nm process exhibits improvements of 15% to 88% in total active power compared to the results obtained by a conventional optimization flow.
High speed optical correlation using multiple quantum well photorefractive spatial light modulators (1997)

Optical correlators have, for over three decades, been considered as attractive alternatives to digital image processing for a variety of pattern recognition tasks 1 . Until recently however, there has been a lack of appropriate materials with which to implement these devices. A practical correlator requires an efficient, compact source of coherent light, a fast “optical memory” for displaying templates and, for joint-transform correlators, a sensitive, high resolution optically addressed spatial light modulator (OASLM). In this paper we discuss an optical correlator that uses a laser diode as the light source along with a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well optically addressed spatial light modulator (MQW-OASLM) 2 . The template images are supplied either by fixed images on film or by a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator (FLC-SLM).
'Giant' multishell CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots with supporessed blinking: novel fluorescent probes for real-time detection of single-molecule events (2009)

We reported for the first time that key nanocrystal quantum dot (NQD) optical properties-quantum yield, photobleaching and blinking-can be rendered independent ofNQD surface chemistry and environment by growth of a very thick, defect-free inorganic shell. Here, we show the precise shell-thickness dependence of these effects. We demonstrate that 'giant-shell' NQDs can be largely non-blinking for observation times as long as 54 minutes and lhat on-time fractions are independent of experimental time-resolution from 1-200 ms. These effects are primarily demonstrated on (CdSe)CdS (core)shell NQDs, but we also show that alloyed shells comprising Cd.Znl.'S and terminated with a non-cytotoxic ZnS layer exhibit similar properties. The mechanism for suppressed blinking and dramatically enhanced stability is attributed to both effective isolation of the NQD core excitonic wavefunction from the NQD surface, as well as a quasi-Type II electronic structure. The unusual electronic structure provides for effective spatial separation of the electron and hole into the shell and core, respectively, and, thereby, for reduced efficiencies in non-radiative Auger recombination.
Bringing prevost's sign into the third dimension: Artificial intelligence estimation of conjugate gaze adjusted length (CGAL) and correlation with acute ischemic stroke (2020)

Conjugate gaze deviation is associated with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), although previously only measured on a 2D plane. The current study evaluates 3D imaging efficacy to assess conjugate gaze deviation and correlate direction and strength of deviation to neuro-clinical findings.A retrospective analysis of 519 patients who had CT scans for suspected AIS at our institution. Direction and angle of eye deviation were calculated based on 2D axial images. Volumetric reconstruction of CT scans allowed for calculation of 3D conjugate gaze adjusted length (CGAL). Angle, direction, and vector strength of both 2D and 3D scans were calculated by an artificial intelligence algorithm and tested for agreement with hemispheric ischemia location. CGAL measurements were correlated to NIHSS scores. Follow up MRI data was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of CGAL in the identification of AIS.The final analysis included 122 patients. A strong agreement was found between 3D gaze direction and hemispheric ischemia location. CGAL measurements were highly correlated with NIHSS score (r = .72, P = .01). A CGAL >0.25, >0.28, and >0.35 exhibited a sensitivity of 91%, 86%, and 82% and specificity of 66%, 89%, and 89%, respectively, in AIS identification. A CGAL >0.28 has the best sensitivity-specificity balance in the identification of AIS. A CGAL >0.25 has the highest sensitivity.Given CED's correlation with NIHSS score a 1/4 deviation in the ipsilateral direction is a sensitive ancillary radiographic sign to assist radiologists in making a correct diagnosis even when not presented with full clinical data.
Design and implementation of an integral wall-mounted quartz crystal microbalance for atomic layer deposition (2012)

Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements have played a vital role in understanding and expediting new atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes; however, significant barriers remain to their routine use and accurate execution. In order to turn this exclusively in situ technique into a routine characterization method, an integral QCM fixture was developed. This new design is easily implemented on a variety of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) tools, allows rapid sample exchange, prevents backside deposition, and minimizes both the footprint and flow disturbance. Unlike previous QCM designs, the fast thermal equilibration enables tasks such as temperature-dependent studies and ex situ sample exchange, further highlighting the utility of this QCM design for day-to-day use. Finally, the in situ mapping of thin film growth rates across the ALD reactor was demonstrated in a popular commercial tool operating in both continuous and quasi-static ALD modes.
Nonlinear model-based control of combustion timing in premixed charge compression ignition (2014)

One of the major challenges in the control of advanced combustion modes, such as premixed charge compression ignition, is controlling the timing of the combustion event. A nonlinear model-based controller is outlined and experimentally shown to be capable of controlling the engine combustion timing during diesel premixed charge compression ignition operation on a modern diesel engine with variable valve actuation by targeting the desired values of the in-cylinder oxygen mass fraction and the start of injection. Specifically, the experimental results show that the strategy is capable of controlling the start of combustion and the intake oxygen mass fraction to within 1° crank angle and 1% respectively. A stability analysis also demonstrates that this control strategy ensures asymptotically stable error dynamics.
Laboratory-based edge-illumination phase-contrast imaging: Dark-field retrieval and high-resolution implementations (2014)

Edge illumination is an X-ray phase-contrast imaging technique capable of quantitative retrieval of phase and amplitude images. The retrieval of the ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering was recently developed and implemented with the area-imaging counterpart of an edge-illumination system, sometimes referred to as coded-aperture setup. This is an incoherent and achromatic technique, well suited for translation of the potential of X-ray phase contrast imaging into efficient laboratory-scale setups. We report on recent advances of these developments along two main directions. One relates to the expansion of the technique with respect to the data analysis and corrections that are required when non-ideal optical elements are used and optimized sampling strategies. The second is directed towards high-resolution and high-energy implementations. A laboratory-based prototype for high-energy X-ray phase-contrast microscopy was built and its performance was modelled and experimentally characterized.
A Control Plane for Network Virtualized Overlays (2012)

The purpose of this document is to describe how Ethernet Virtual
Private Network (E-VPN) can be used as the control plane for Network
Virtual Overlays. Currently this protocol is defined to act as the
control plane for Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN),
Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE),
MPLS or VLANs while maintaining their existing data plane
encapsulations. The intent is that this protocol will be capable of
extensions in the future to handle additinal data plane encapsulations
and functions as needed.
Development of an efficient, low-NOx domestic gas-range cooktop. Phase 3. Annual technical report, January 1986-December 1986 (1987)

The objective of the program is to develop a domestic cooktop with low-NOx emissions and high efficiency. During the first two phases of the program, three design concepts were developed, and two versions of developmental prototypes using the IR-Jet approach were fabricated and tested. The third phase was initiated to address the design issues of burner turndown and modulation and to conduct the field test of a prototype with one IR-Jet and three conventional burners. Two prototypes containing one IR-Jet and three conventional burners and utilizing blower speed control for air/gas modulation were fabricated. One unit employed a brushless dc motor and the other a 2-pole ac motor. The ac motor prototype was field tested. Field testing showed the need for a mechanical air/gas valve for modulation and for a 1500 Btu/hr simmer setting. A 4-inch-diameter stepped-tile configuration provided input rates from 1500 to 8000 Btu/hr. A manufacturer, Copreci of Spain, started the development of a low-cost air/gas valve.
Identifying an In‐Season Response Index and the Potential to Increase Wheat Yield with Nitrogen (2003)

Current nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cereal crop production is estimated to be near 33%, indicating that much of the applied fertilizer N is not utilized by the plant and is susceptible to loss from the soil–plant system. Supplying fertilizer N only when a crop response is expected may improve use efficiency and profitability. A response index using harvest data was recently proposed that indicates the actual crop response to additional N within a given year. This response index, RI Harvest , is calculated by dividing the average grain yield of the highest yielding treatment receiving N by the average yield of a check treatment (0 N). Although theoretically useful, RI Harvest does not allow for in‐season adjustment of N application. The objective of this work was to determine the relationship between RI Harvest and the response index measured in‐season (RI NDVI ) using the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI). Research was conducted in 23 existing field experiments in Oklahoma. Each field experiment evaluated crop response to varying levels of preplant N. At Feekes growth stages 5, 9, and 10.5, RI Harvest was accurately predicted using RI NDVI ( r 2 > 0.56). These results indicated that the in‐season response index based on sensor readings is a viable method for identifying environments (i.e., fields) where the potential to respond to additional N exists.
An in Vitro Potato Bioassay to Investigate Tuber Inductive Factors in Continuously Reused Hydroponic Nutrient Solutions (1996)

An experiment was conducted in the Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at Kennedy Space Center to examine the effects of using continuously reused nutrient solution in an NFT system to support potato growth in batch and continuous planting scenarios. Tuberization was hastened and plant growth reduced on plants grown in the aged nutrient solution. We have previously reported that the effect is removed when the aged nutrient solution is filtered through activated charcoal. In order to investigate this apparent plant growth regulator response, an in vitro bioassay has been developed that allows for repeatable, small scale, and rapid testing of the tuber-inducing response. The bioassay is a liquid culture system that employs 600-mL Berzelius beakers capped with modified Sun transparent tissue culture bags, a light shield around the root zone, and a polyurethane foam support, which holds a micropropagated potato plantlet. With this bioassay, we have observed the same plant stunting and tuber initiation effects that were previously seen with the aged nutrient solution. The bioassay appears to be sensitive to environmental factors (PPF, photoperiod, and temperature) that influence tuberization. In addition, partially purified preparations of the apparent growth regulators have elicited the tuberization response. Currently, efforts are underway to examine the role of the microbial community associated with the BPC nutrient delivery system on the tuberization response.
Design of Novel Reducing Agents for Direct Thermographic Materials (2007)

We describe the systematic design and evaluation of new phenolic reducing agents (developers) for dry-processed, silver-based direct thermographic (TG) black-and-white films for medical diagnostic imaging. In TG media, heat exposure as short as 7 ms/pixel is used to induce development, thus highly active developers are needed. Our approach to this problem combined synthesis, coating evaluation, and electronic structure calculations to provide insights into the TG development mechanism. The computed highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy of the neutral developer did not correlate with maximum image density Dmax. Rather, the best developers (high Dmax, low fog) had relatively low phenol O-H deprotonation energies and high-lying phenolate anion HOMO energies, implying that, in the TG process, silver is reduced primarily by phenolate ion. This information allowed discovery of new categories of potentially useful TG developers, including ortho-aminophenol, para-aminophenol, halophenol, and resorcinol derivatives.
Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2015)

During development, hematopoietic cells arise from a specialized subset of endothelial cells, hemogenic endothelium (HE). Modeling HE development in vitro is essential for mechanistic studies of the endothelial-hematopoietic transition and hematopoietic specification. Here, we describe a method for the efficient induction of HE from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) by way of overexpression of different sets of transcription factors. The combination of ETV2 and GATA1 or GATA2 TFs is used to induce HE with pan-myeloid potential, while a combination of GATA2 and TAL1 transcription factors allows for the production of HE with erythroid and megakaryocytic potential. The addition of LMO2 to GATA2 and TAL1 combination substantially accelerates differentiation and increases erythroid and megakaryocytic cells production. This method provides an efficient and rapid means of HE induction from hPSCs and allows for the observation of the endothelial-hematopoietic transition in a culture dish. The protocol includes hPSCs transduction procedures and post-transduction analysis of HE and blood progenitors.
Novel Reconfigurable Logic Gates Using Spin Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (2004)

We propose and numerically simulate novel reconfigurable logic gates employing spin metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (spin MOSFETs). The output characteristics of the spin MOSFETs depend on the relative magnetization configuration of the ferromagnetic contacts for the source and drain, that is, high current-drive capability in the parallel magnetization and low current-drive capability in the antiparallel magnetization [S. Sugahara and M. Tanaka: Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004) 2307]. A reconfigurable NAND/NOR logic gate can be realized by using a spin MOSFET as a driver or an active load of a complimentary MOS (CMOS) inverter with a neuron MOS input stage. Its logic function can be switched by changing the relative magnetization configuration of the ferromagnetic source and drain of the spin MOSFET. A reconfigurable logic gate for all symmetric Boolean functions can be configured using only five CMOS inverters including four spin MOSFETs. The operation of these reconfigurable logic gates was confirmed by numerical simulations using a simple device model for the spin MOSFETs
Resins that reversibly bind algae for harvesting and concentration (2012)

Algae have great potential to address a number of important needs such as water remediation and as a feedstock for biofuel and biochemicals. At present, harvesting or removing algae is expensive, especially in terms of the cost of making biofuel. The expense of harvesting algae arises from the cost of pumping and processing large amounts of water. In an effort to explore less expensive methods for harvesting, a series of weak anion exchange resins incorporating various weak bases with different pK a values were developed to bind and release algae as a function of pH. The best of these resins bind about 10% of their weight in algae, show 100% reversibility and reusability, and the ability to concentrate algae from dilute suspension to 30 g L −1 . Furthermore, they have the potential for desalting algae grown in high salt media. These resins provide a low cost method for harvesting algae without pumping water or introducing large amounts of chemicals into the feedwater, harvested algae, or the environment. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1143–1149, 2013
Decomposition of PCBs in oils using gamma radiolysis (1996)

This paper investigates the radiolysis of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in several oil matrices. The results of mechanism and kinetic studies in isooctane are presented. The decomposition of PCBs in isooctane is shown to occur by reductive dechlorination due to electron capture and to proceed with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate is dependent on the initial PCB concentration. Electron capture detection gas chromatograms confirm that dechlorination also occurs with commercial Aroclor PCBs in irradiated transformer and hydraulic oils. The results of a demonstration experiment involving PCB contaminated waste hydraulic oils are presented.
A Dry Etching Simulation with a New Surface Reaction Model. (1992)

A new macroscopic surface reaction model, which takes into account the adsorbed particle layer on the substrate, has been developed to calculate topological deformations in dry-etching microfabrication processes. The model is applied to silicon-dioxide trench etching. The following several kinds of reactions are well simulated on the basis of the unified surface reaction model. The first is the phenomenological differences between reaction-rate-limited and transport-limited cases in thermally induced chemical reaction. The second is a vertical profile formation of trench structures. This is based on the balance among chemical reactions, ion-assisted etching and polymer deposition on the side wall of trenches.
Purification of metallurgical‐grade silicon up to solar grade (2001)

Abstract An estimate has been made of the feasibility of a metallurgical purification process, the NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) melt‐purification process, for manufacturing solar‐grade silicon from metallurgical‐grade silicon. Equipment has been developed to pilot manufacturing plant scale. The system comprises an electron‐beam furnace for phosphorus removal and a plasma furnace for boron removal. Each furnace has a mold for directional solidification to remove metallic impurities. The concentration of each impurity in the silicon ingot purified through the whole process satisfied the solar‐grade level. The Solar‐grade silicon produced showed p ‐type polarity and resistivity within the range 0·5–1·5 Ω cm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PDL-Induced Entanglement Degradation in Fibers with PMD (2018)

We experimentally investigate the entanglement quality of polarization-entangled photon pairs transmitted through two fibers with PDL. We compensate for entanglement loss due to PDL despite the presence of significant PMD. A theory supports our observations and provides insight into the conditions necessary for complete compensation.
Extreme Substrate Promiscuity of the Neisseria Oligosaccharyl Transferase Involved in Protein O-Glycosylation (2008)

Neisseria meningitidis PglL belongs to a novel family of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) responsible for O-glycosylation of type IV pilins. Although members of this family are widespread among pathogenic bacteria, there is little known about their mechanism. Understanding the O-glycosylation process may uncover potential targets for therapeutic intervention, and can open new avenues for the exploitation of these pathways for biotechnological purposes. In this work, we demonstrate that PglL is able to transfer virtually any glycan from the undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (UndPP) carrier to pilin in engineered Escherichia coli and Salmonella cells. Surprisingly, PglL was also able to interfere with the peptidoglycan biosynthetic machinery and transfer peptidoglycan subunits to pilin. This represents a previously unknown post-translational modification in bacteria. Given the wide range of glycans transferred by PglL, we reasoned that substrate specificity of PglL lies in the lipid carrier. To test this hypothesis we developed an in vitro glycosylation system that employed purified PglL, pilin, and the lipid farnesyl pyrophosphate (FarPP) carrying a pentasaccharide that had been synthesized by successive chemical and enzymatic steps. Although FarPP has different stereochemistry and a significantly shorter aliphatic chain than the natural lipid substrate, the pentasaccharide was still transferred to pilin in our system. We propose that the primary roles of the lipid carrier during O-glycosylation are the translocation of the glycan into the periplasm, and the positioning of the pyrophosphate linker and glycan adjacent to PglL. The unique characteristics of PglL make this enzyme a promising tool for glycoengineering novel glycan-based vaccines and therapeutics.