gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser direct printing of solder paste (2019)

We experimentally demonstrated a laser-based approach for the maskless printing of solder paste with a predefined size and position. In this work, a 532 nm laser marking system is used to induce the formation of a solder paste bridge between the donor and acceptor substrate. After the donor is removed vertically, the bridge will rupture and a high aspect ratio voxel can be obtained on the acceptor substrate. The width and height of transferred voxels can be controlled by modifying the laser fluence. In order to find out the specific conditions for the solder paste bridge formation, we carried out transfer experiments at different gap distances and found out a bridge formation threshold. Solder paste bridges can be produced only when the gap distance is smaller than the threshold. Furthermore, the threshold can be affected by the film thickness and spot size. In this condition, a solder paste array with an average size of 100 µm and a pitch of 200 µm has been successfully transferred. Compared to conventional printing methods, the method proposed in this paper can effectively improve the transfer accuracy and reduce the production cost.
Energy proportional datacenter networks (2010)

Numerous studies have shown that datacenter computers rarely operate at full utilization, leading to a number of proposals for creating servers that are energy proportional with respect to the computation that they are performing.
Benzobisthiazole-Based Donor–Acceptor Copolymer Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Cells and Highly Stable Field-Effect Transistors (2011)

Six new donor–acceptor copolymers based on benzobisthiazole and various donor moieties (dithienosilole, dithienopyrrole, cyclopentadithiophene, carbazole, benzodithiophene, and bithiophene) were synthesized, characterized, and used in field-effect transistors and solar cells. The series of polybenzobisthiazoles with donor–acceptor architecture have optical band gaps of 1.83–2.18 eV, have identical LUMO energy levels (∼−3.3 eV), and have a HOMO energy level that varied from −4.79 eV in PBTDTP to −5.71 eV in PBTHDDT. X-ray diffraction of the polybenzobisthiazole films showed a lamellar crystalline structure with an interlayer d-spacing of 1.56 nm in PBTOT to 1.83 nm in PBTDTP and 2.12 nm in PBTHDDT and a short π-stacking distance (0.353–0.378 nm). The highly crystalline nature of the polybenzobisthiazoles facilitated high field-effect carrier mobility (up to 0.011 cm2/(V s)), which remained very stable under ambient conditions for 2 years. Bulk heterojunction solar cells made from one of the benzobisthiazole-based copolymers gave a power conversion efficiency of up to 3.0% under 100 mW/cm2 AM1.5 sunlight illumination in air.
Wafer level hermetic encapsulation of MEMS inertial sensors using SOI cap wafers with vertical feedthroughs (2014)

This paper reports a new, inherently simple, and high-yield wafer-level hermetic encapsulation method developed for MEMS inertial sensors, enabling lead transfer using vertical feedthroughs that do not require any complex via-refill or trench-refill processes. The process requires only seven masks to complete both the sensor and cap wafers, whereas the combined yield for the sealing and lead transfer is experimentally verified to be above 90%. Hermetic encapsulation is achieved by Au-Si eutectic bonding, and the pressure inside the encapsulated cavity has been characterized to be as low as 1 mTorr with a thin film getter. MEMS resonators packaged with the proposed method demonstrated quality factors over 125,000. The pressure inside the encapsulated cavities has been monitored for 4 months since the first prototypes, and it is observed to be stable throughout this period.
Cloning and Expression of the BalI Restriction-modification System (1996)

BalI, a type II restriction-modification (R-M) system from the bacterium, Brevibacterium albidum, recognizes the DNA sequence 5'-TGGCCA-3'. We cloned the genes encoding the BalI restriction endonuclease and methyltransferase and expressed them in Escherichia coli. The two genes were aligned tail-to-tail and their termination codons overlapped. BalI restriction endonuclease and methyltransferase comprise 260 and 280 amino acids, respectively, and have molecular weights of 29 043 and 31 999 Da. The amino acid sequence of BalI methyltransferase is similar to that of other m6A MTases, although it has been categorized as a m5C methyltransferase. A high expression system for the BalI restriction endonuclease was constructed in E. coli for the production of large quantities of enzyme.
Hierarchical Kinematic Human Mesh Recovery (2020)

We consider the problem of estimating a parametric model of 3D human mesh from a single image. While there has been substantial recent progress in this area with direct regression of model parameters, these methods only implicitly exploit the human body kinematic structure, leading to sub-optimal use of the model prior. In this work, we address this gap by proposing a new technique for regression of human parametric model that is explicitly informed by the known hierarchical structure, including joint interdependencies of the model. This results in a strong prior-informed design of the regressor architecture and an associated hierarchical optimization that is flexible to be used in conjunction with the current standard frameworks for 3D human mesh recovery. We demonstrate these aspects by means of extensive experiments on standard benchmark datasets, showing how our proposed new design outperforms several existing and popular methods, establishing new state-of-the-art results. By considering joint interdependencies, our method is equipped to infer joints even under data corruptions, which we demonstrate by conducting experiments under varying degrees of occlusion.
Gaze-Based Virtual Task Predictor (2014)

Pen-based systems promise an intuitive and natural interaction paradigm for tablet PCs and stylus-enabled phones. However, typical pen-based interfaces require users to switch modes frequently in order to complete ordinary tasks. Mode switching is usually achieved through hard or soft modifier keys, buttons, and soft-menus. Frequent invocation of these auxiliary mode switching elements goes against the goal of intuitive, fluid, and natural interaction. In this paper, we present a gaze-based virtual task prediction system that has the potential to alleviate dependence on explicit mode switching in pen-based systems. In particular, we show that a range of virtual manipulation commands, that would otherwise require auxiliary mode switching elements, can be issued with an 80% success rate with the aid of users' natural eye gaze behavior during pen-only interaction.
A fast approach of object segmentation for video sequence (2007)

In this paper, we present a novel video object segmentation approach. The proposed approach extracts objects from a frame in a video stream using the difference information between the mean-removed versions of the current and referenced frames. Due to the mean-removed version of a frame reduces the influence of light variation on the frame and reserves the texture information of the frame, the proposed approach can effectively segment objects for video sequences and remove shadow pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has the least computation time among object segmentation approaches with shadow removal capability. Compared with the available approaches, our approach reduces the computation time by 7% to 58% with better segmentation accuracy.
Measurement of LNAPL Flux Using Single‐Well Intermittent Mixing Tracer Dilution Tests (2012)

The stability of subsurface Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) is a key factor driving expectations for remedial measures at LNAPL sites. The conventional approach to resolving LNAPL stability has been to apply Darcy's Equation. This paper explores an alternative approach wherein single-well tracer dilution tests with intermittent mixing are used to resolve LNAPL stability. As a first step, an implicit solution for single-well intermittent mixing tracer dilution tests is derived. This includes key assumptions and limits on the allowable time between intermittent mixing events. Second, single-well tracer dilution tests with intermittent mixing are conducted under conditions of known LNAPL flux. This includes a laboratory sand tank study and two field tests at active LNAPL recovery wells. Results from the sand tank studies indicate that LNAPL fluxes in wells can be transformed into formation fluxes using corrections for (1) LNAPL thicknesses in the well and formation and (2) convergence of flow to the well. Using the apparent convergence factor from the sand tank experiment, the average error between the known and measured LNAPL fluxes is 4%. Results from the field studies show nearly identical known and measured LNAPL fluxes at one well. At the second well the measured fluxes appear to exceed the known value by a factor of two. Agreement between the known and measured LNAPL fluxes, within a factor of two, indicates that single-well tracer dilution tests with intermittent mixing can be a viable means of resolving LNAPL stability.
Segmentation and classification of four common cotton contaminants in x-ray microtomographic images (2004)

Technologies currently used for cotton contaminant assessment suffer from some fundamental limitations. These limitations result in the misassessment of cotton quality and may have a serious impact on the evaluation of the economic value of the cotton crop. This paper reports on the recent advances in the use of a 3D x-ray microtomographic system that employs image processing and pattern recognition techniques to accurately detect and classify trash present in cotton. The proposed method offers an attractive alternative to existing trash evaluation technologies, because of its ability to produce 3D representations of the samples, to robustly segment the trash from its background, and to accurately classify the contaminant types. This procedure could have a serious impact on the process control technologies (cotton lint cleaning), and indeed on the economic value of cotton.
Dynamic Characterization of Thermal Interface Material for Electronic Cooling (2003)

The principle of measuring thermal resistance of thermal interface material (TIM) by sandwiching the material between a hot block and cold block is well known in the industry. TIM manufacturers usually use a variation of the industrial standard ASTM D5470 test method, and subsequently provide data that is difficult for the end user to effectively utilize for product development. This paper will discuss the design and construction of an automated TIM test system based on the ASTM D5470 standard. This automated test vehicle provides an independent study of various TIMs. The instrument enables standardized testing and performance documentation of interface materials from a wide array of manufacturers making it easier for end-users to compare and select the appropriate material for various applications. The automated test method is faster and easier to use than previous methods. It requires minimal operator intervention during the test and can perform preconditioning, and non-uniform heating if required. Experimental results obtained from the instrument will be discussed.
Synthesis of a New Hydroxyamino Linked Thymidine Dimer via a Radical <i>C-C</i> Bond Formation (1995)

Abstract An efficient synthesis of a thymidine nucleoside dimer [T-3′-β-O-N(CH3)-CH2-5′-T] has been accomplished via an intermolecular radical coupling reaction. The novel dimer contains an achiral and neutral backbone linkage which may have potential application in constructing backbone modified antisense oligonucleosides.
Improved three-dimensional imaging with a digital holography microscope with a source of partial spatial coherence (1999)

A digital holographic technique is implemented in a microscope for three-dimensional imaging reconstruction. The setup is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer that uses an incoherent light source to remove the coherent noise that is inherent in the laser sources. A phase-stepping technique determines the optical phase in the image plane of the microscope. Out-of-focus planes are refocused by digital holographic computations, thus considerably enlarging the depth of investigation without the need to change the optical focus mechanically. The technique can be implemented in transmission for various magnification ratios and can cover a wide range of applications. Performances and limitations of the microscope are theoretically evaluated. Experimental results for a test target are given, and examples of two applications in particle localization and investigation of biological sample are provided.
Development of a 4&#x03C0; directional fast neutron detector using tensioned metastable fluids (2012)

The development of directional-position sensing neutron detector technologies has the potential to embody transformational impact on to the field of nuclear security and safeguards. Directional neutron detectors offer vastly superior background suppression enabling the detection of smaller quantities of special nuclear materials (SNM) at larger standoffs. Additionally, the ability to image the SNM neutron source directly would be particularly advantageous in active interrogation scenarios where one needs to discriminate interrogating neutrons from neutrons resulting from SNMs. A directional fast neutron detector utilizing the acoustic tensioned metastable fluid detector (ATMFD) system has been developed that is not only comparable in technical performance with competing directional fast neutron technologies but also offers a significant reduction in both cost and size while remaining completely insensitive to gamma photons and non-neutron cosmic background radiation. Past assessments by our group have shown that an ATMFD system (with a 6cm × 10cm cross-sectional area) would be capable of detecting a 8 kg Pu source at 25m standoff with a resolution of 11.2°, with 68% confidence within 60 s. While previous ATMFD system configurations were limited to determining angular resolution in 2π, a new ATMFD sensor system capable of ascertaining directionality in 4π fields is now presented. Characterization and validation of the AMTFD system in cylindrical and spherical geometries as developed includes Monte-Carlo based nuclear particle transport assessments using MCNP-PoliMi and multi-physics based assessments accounting for acoustic, structural, and electromagnetic coupling of the ATMFD system via COMSOL's multi-physics platform. A methodology based on geo-positioning-scheme (GPS) and a higher harmonic based scheme were successfully developed. The spherical (higher-harmonic) technology offers the tantalizing capability for rapid-fire (within tens of seconds) the direct visualization based directionality of incoming neutron radiation via line-of-sight tracks - effectively comprising multiple single detectors within the envelope of a single spherical ATMFD.
MA-NRBC: First successful attempt for neutron gamma discrimination in plastic scintillators (2011)

In this paper, a new electronic hardware and algorithms enabling discrimination between neutron and gamma in plastic scintillators together with the first associated experimental results, are presented. This electronic platform is mainly based onto a quad 200 MHz ADCs. Using phase rotating, it is possible to sample the signal up to 800 MHz equivalent, with 8 bits precision. This sampling frequency allows a real time signal processing. Despite all previous work, we have shown during this study that it is possible to discriminate neutron from gamma in plastic scintillators even for low energy neutrons (less than 10 MeV). Two patents have been accepted and registered; the first deals with the intrinsic signal processing and the second with thermal stabilization methods of photomultiplier tubes. The system could be used up to 100 000 events per second (both gamma and neutron). This system is currently dedicated to homeland security devices; this is due to its response time (in the order of 1 up to 3 seconds). The next step is to implement the thermal stabilization algorithm in the FPGA and microcontroller to obtain a global system free from any trouble caused by the environment thermal variations. This aspect of the research is crucial for measurements in the field. The time response should also be improved to make it a reliable alternative to Helium-3 shortage for neutron detection at borders checkpoint.
New CNS-active drugs which are second-generation valproic acid: can they lead to the development of a magic bullet? (2003)

Purpose of review Valproic acid (VPA) is one of the four first line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). VPA is also an effective drug in migraine prophylaxis and in treatment of bipolar disorders. The use of VPA is limited by its two rare but potentially life-threatening side effects, teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity, and it is the least potent of the established AEDs. Consequently, there is an incentive to develop a second-generation VPA. A successful, second-generation VPA would need to possess the following characteristics: broad-spectrum antiepileptic activity; better potency than VPA; and lack of teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity. These characteristics would give such a drug the potential to be utilized in epilepsy and other CNS disorders. Recent findings Intensive research has been carried out in order to develop a second-generation VPA that would be more potent and safer than VPA. Amide derivatives of VPA have shown particular value as potential follow-up compounds and have better in-vivo performance than VPA. Several CNS-active valproylamides are more potent as antiepileptics than VPA, they possess broad-spectrum antiepileptic activity, and have been found to be nonteratogenic in animal models. The amide analogues of VPA that emerged from structure-pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship studies as promising second-generation compounds are: N-methyl-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide, (2S,3S)-valnoctamide, (R)-propylisopropyl acetamide and valproyl glycinamide. Summary At present there are three compounds in clinical trials in patients with epilepsy that can be regarded as second-generation VPA: valproyl glycinamide, 3-methylbutanamide or isovaleramide and SPD421 (DP-VPA). For any one of these second-generation valproic acids to become a successful follow-up compound to VPA, it has to fulfil the above criteria and also possess favorable pharmacokinetics.
The RACE II engine for real-time volume rendering (2000)

In this paper, we present the RACE II Engine, which uses a hybrid volume rendering methodology that combines algorithmic and hardware acceleration to maximize ray casting performance relative the total amount of volume memory throughput contained in the system. The challenge for future volume rendering accelerators will be the ability to process higher resolution datasets at over 10Hz without utilizing large-scale, and therefore, expensive designs. The limiting performance factor for large datasets will be the throughput between the volume memory subsystem and computational units. Unfortunately, the throughput between memory devices and computational units does not scale with Moore's law. As a result, memory efficient solutions are needed that maximize the input-output relationship between volume memory throughput and frame rate. The RACE II design utilizes this approach and achieves an input-output relationship of up to 4 × larger than many solutions proposed in literature. As a result, this architecture is well suited for meeting the challenges of next generation datasets.
Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR Screening for <i>EML4-ALK</i> Fusion Transcripts (2008)

These data reinforce the importance of accurate diagnosis of EML4-ALK-positive tumors for the optimization of treatment strategies.
Chitosan biosynthesis and virulence in the human fungal pathogen <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i> (2019)

Abstract Cryptococcus gattii R265 is a hyper-virulent fungal strain responsible for the major outbreak of cryptococcosis in Vancouver Island of British Columbia in 1999. It differs significantly from C. neoformans in its natural environment, its preferred site in the mammalian host, and in the nature and mode of pathogenesis. Our previous studies in C. neoformans have shown that the presence of chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, in the cell wall attenuates inflammatory responses in the host, while its absence induces robust immune responses, which in turn facilitate clearance of the fungus and induces a protective response. The results of the present investigation reveal that the cell wall of C. gattii R265 contains 2-3-fold higher amount of chitosan compared to that of C. neoformans . The genes responsible for the biosynthesis of chitosan are highly conserved in the R265 genome; the roles of the three chitin deacetylases (CDA) have however, been modified. To deduce their roles, single, double and a triple CDA deletion strains were constructed in a R265 background and were subjected to mammalian infection studies. Unlike C. neoformans where Cda1 has a discernible role in fungal pathogenesis, in R265 Cda3 is critical for virulence. Deletion of either CDA3 alone ( cda3Δ ) or in combination with either CDA1 ( cda1Δ3Δ ) or CDA2 ( cda2Δ3Δ ) or both ( cda1Δ2Δ3Δ ) rendered the yeast cells avirulent and were cleared from the infected host. Moreover, the cda1Δ2Δ3Δ strain of R265 induced a protective response to a subsequent infection with R265. These studies shed more light into the regulation of chitosan biosynthesis of C. gattii and its subsequent effect on fungal virulence. Importance The fungal cell wall is an essential organelle whose components provide the first line of defense against host-induced antifungal activity. Chitosan is one of the carbohydrate polymers in the cell wall that significantly affects the outcome of host-pathogen interaction. Chitosan-deficient strains are avirulent, implicating chitosan as a critical virulence factor. C. gattii R265 is an important fungal pathogen of concern due to its ability to cause infections in individuals with no apparent immune dysfunction and an increasing geographical distribution. Characterization of the fungal cell wall and understanding the contribution of individual molecules of the cell wall matrix to fungal pathogenesis offers new therapeutic avenues for intervention. In this report, we show that the C. gattii R265 strain has evolved alternate regulation of chitosan biosynthesis under both laboratory growth conditions and during mammalian infection compared to that of C. neoformans .
A 2′FY-RNA Motif Defines an Aptamer for Ebolavirus Secreted Protein (2018)

With properties such as stability to long-term storage and amenability to repetitive use, nucleic acid aptamers are compatible with many sensing/transducing platforms intended for use in remote locations. Sensors with these properties are important for quickly identifying ebolavirus outbreaks, which frequently start in locations that lack sophisticated equipment. Soluble glycoprotein (sGP), an excellent biomarker for ebolaviruses, is produced from the same gene as the ebolavirus glycoprotein GP1,2 that decorates the surface of the viral particle and is secreted in abundance into the blood stream even during the early stages of infection. Here, we report the selection and properties of a 2'fluoro pyrimidine (2'FY)-modified RNA aptamer, 39SGP1A, that specifically binds sGP. We demonstrate by computational and biochemical analysis that the recognition motif of 39SGP1A is a novel polypyrimidine-rich sequence. Replacement of -F by -OH in the 2' position of the ribose resulted in complete loss of affinity for sGP. The protein motif to which the aptamer binds requires an intact sGP dimer and binds to an epitope conserved between Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan virus (SUDV) sGP, the most divergent Ebolavirus species. This identifies 39SGP1A as an excellent option for integration on a sensor platform to detect ebolavirus infections.