gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Ultrasound Doppler sonography: a simple method for the improvement of internal jugular vein catheterization]. (1985)

Although many different approaches have been recommended for catheterization of the internal jugular vein, sometimes difficulties and serious complications may occur. The Ultrasound-Doppler-technique is a simple and non-invasive method for localizing and differentiating arterial and venous vessels, e.g. carotid artery and internal jugular vein. A method for puncture of the internal jugular vein with the help of the Ultrasound-technique will be described. In our investigation of 150 punctures this method proved to be superior to approaches recommended up until now.
Laser-triggered lightning discharge (2002)

Advances in ultrafast optics in recent years have revived a keen interest in laser-induced dielectric breakdown study. While it is widely accepted that femtosecond laser pulses with peak powers reaching gigawatts can propagate over tens of metres under laboratory conditions, the dynamics underlying this highly nonlinear phenomenon is yet not fully understood. Although initial research on laser-triggered lightning was started with infrared lasers, it was found that they are not suitable to initiate lightning. Recent published literature and experimental work favour the use of ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses as the appropriate means for laser-induced lightning discharge. An analytical solution based on Maxwell's equations has been developed for UV filamentation in air, arising from a dynamic oscillating balance between self-focusing, diffraction and plasma defocusing. This model suggests that UV (220-420 nm) 200 ps laser pulses with a peak power of around 50 MW (or 12.5 mJ input energy) and a beam size of 100 µm are the optimal tool to trigger outdoor lightning. The laser beam size remains relatively small (less than 0.3 mm) after a propagation distance of 200 m up into the normally cloudy and damp atmospheric conditions.
Simultaneous PET-MRI reconstruction with vectorial second order total generalized variation (2015)

State of the art PET-MR systems are capable of performing both PET and MR measurements simultaneously. However, the resulting data sets are usually processed in two separate reconstruction pipelines. The goal of this work is to complement simultaneous data acquisition with a new multi-modality reconstruction framework based on second order total generalized variation that simultaneously reconstructs both PET and MR images. Information of the underlying anatomy is shared during the image reconstruction process with a dedicated multi-channel regularization functional. Results of numerical simulations and in-vivo data are presented that demonstrate improved PET resolution and reduced noise in MR in comparison to conventional reconstructions.
Highly Stable, Low Gas Crossover, Proton‐Conducting Phenylated Polyphenylenes (2017)

Abstract Two classes of novel sulfonated phenylated polyphenylene ionomers are investigated as polyaromatic‐based proton exchange membranes. Both types of ionomer possess high ion exchange capacities yet are insoluble in water at elevated temperatures. They exhibit high proton conductivity under both fully hydrated conditions and reduced relative humidity, and are markedly resilient to free radical attack. Fuel cells constructed with membrane‐electrode assemblies containing each ionomer membrane yield high in situ proton conductivity and peak power densities that are greater than obtained using Nafion reference membranes. In situ chemical stability accelerated stress tests reveal that this class of the polyaromatic membranes allow significantly lower gas crossover and lower rates of degradation than Nafion benchmark systems. These results point to a promising future for molecularly designed sulfonated phenylated polyphenylenes as proton‐conducting media in electrochemical technologies.
Effect of LY333328 against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a rat central venous catheter-associated infection model (2001)

A rat central venous catheter (CVC) infection model was used to assess the activity of LY333328 against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE). Via the CVC, animals were challenged with 10(6) cfu of Enterococcus faecium with the VanA phenotype. Eight rats received a single dose of LY333328 and eight rats received saline. Seventy-five per cent of control animals had peripheral bacteraemia and 87.5% had VRE recovered from explanted CVCs at the time they were killed, as compared with 0 and 12.5%, respectively, of the LY333328-treated animals (P < 0.01). All animals in the control group had evidence of metastatic disease compared with none of the treated group (P < 0.01). LY333328 was effective against the strain of VRE tested in this model.
Transesterification of urea and ethylene glycol to ethylene carbonate as an important step for urea based dimethyl carbonate synthesis (2003)

Two-step synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from urea has been investigated with various solid catalysts. The first step involves reaction of urea with ethylene glycol (EG) to form ethylene carbonate (EC) and the second step transesterification of EC formed with methanol to give DMC and EG. It has been found that ZnO is highly active and selective for the two steps, of which the former should be conducted under reduced pressure. At around ambient pressure, 2-oxazolidone and ethyleneurea are formed in the first step. Similar to EG, other glycols such as 1,2- and 1,3-propanediols can also be transformed to corresponding cyclic carbonates.
El Turismo de masas en España (2023)

Es otra forma perfectamente válida para dar satisfacción a las ansias liberalizadoras del hombre postindustrial. En una sociedad masificada, difícilmente el turismo podía evitar, al igual que otros fenómenos derivados de la actividad humana, como la cultura, que se le endosara el calificativo de "de masas" a modo de apéndice vergonzante del que es difícil desprenderse. España, en la década de los cincuenta, al irrumpir como destino preferencial, provoca que tour-operadores y agencias de viaje concentren sus esfuerzos en planificar todo tipo de servicios en esas zonas tan privilegiadamente soleadas. El turista de tour-operador se contrapone al turista individual. El turista individual gasta más pero pernocta menos días. Los gastos se los reparten prácticamente al cincuenta por ciento. Lo cierto es que el turismo sigue siendo una importantísima fuente de ingresos capaz de evitar mayores desequilibrios en nuestra balanza de pagos.
The Impact of LO Phase Noise in N-Path Filters (2017)

As passive mixers (N-path filters) are being used more frequently and in more applications, it becomes increasingly important to understand how various non-idealities affect the performance of passive mixer circuits. One such non-ideality is perturbations in the local oscillator (LO), including phase noise. Here, we consider a basic N-path filter and develop a preliminary model to analyze the effects of LO phase perturbations in shunting N-path filters. We do so by developing a transfer function from phase perturbations in the LO to voltage perturbations on a strong RF signal at the mixer's RF port. We find that LO phase noise is suppressed where it is strongest (i.e., for small offset frequencies). As a result the RF spectrum's noise peak does not appear around the signal tone, but rather around the LO frequency, due to the bandpass characteristic generated by a typical capacitive baseband load. These analytical results are verified using numerical and schematic simulation in custom software and Cadence, and they are further confirmed by measurement of a frequency-scaled, board-level implementation of an N-path filter.
Wi-Fi Sensing: Applications and Challenges (2019)

Wi-Fi technology has strong potentials in indoor and outdoor sensing applications, it has several important features which makes it an appealing option compared to other sensing technologies. This paper presents a survey on different applications of Wi-Fi based sensing systems such as elderly people monitoring, activity classification, gesture recognition, people counting, through the wall sensing, behind the corner sensing, and many other applications. The challenges and interesting future directions are also highlighted.
Silicon-based MEMS microspeaker with large stroke electromagnetic actuation (2012)

This paper reports on the design, manufacturing process and characterization of a new silicon-based microspeaker. The objectives of this work were to get better sound quality, higher acoustic power and higher efficiency than that of conventional microspeakers. An optimized microstructure for the silicon mobile part enabled the sound radiator to be extremely light and rigid. The suspension was designed to enable large out-of-plane displacements of the radiator. The radiator was actuated by an electromagnetic motor composed of a fixed permanent magnet and a planar coil located on top of the silicon membrane. The electromagnetic structure was designed and optimized regarding efficiency and linearity. The obtained upward and downward motion, close to a perfect piston movement, was very beneficial for the sound quality. Electro-mechano-acoustic characterization showed that the suspension can stand out-of-plane displacement higher than 1200 µm. For an injected power of 0.5 W, the microspeaker was capable to generate a sound pressure level of 80 dB at 10 cm from 330 Hz up to 20 kHz frequency. The efficiency reached 3×10−5, that is to say three times higher than typical efficiency of conventional microspeakers. Moreover, very low intermodulation effect was detected. This contributed to the remarkable sound quality of this silicon-based microspeaker.
[Anti-cancer activity of metformin: new perspectives for an old drug]. (2010)

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher risk of cancer, which appears more obvious since the reduction of cardiovascular mortality. All glucose-lowering oral agents do not have the same impact on cancer: the risk is increased with sulfonylureas and decreased with metformin (and glitazones). Numerous epidemiological observational and case-control studies showed that metformin is associated with a lower incidence of cancer and a lower cancer-related death rate. A dose-response relationship and a relation between duration of prior treatment with metformin and the protective effect against cancer have been reported. Mechanisms involved are the activation of the AMPK enzyme and the inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Studies with metformin are ongoing in the field of oncology, especially as adjunct to treatment of breast cancer.
Synthesis and Micellization of Coil−Rod−Coil Ruthenium(II) Terpyridine Assemblies (2008)

Four different coil-rod-coil metallo-supramol. amphiphilic copolymers have been synthesized via Ru(II) terpyridine complexation, using monoterpyridine end-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) as hydrophilic block A and different rigid-rod conjugated ditopic terpyridyl ligands as hydrophobic segment B. Those structures are reminiscent of ABA triblock copolymers. Herein, we report for the first time the synthesis and characterization as well as the photophys. and electrochem. properties of these novel Ru(II) ABA assemblies. The aq. self-assembly of these synthesized materials was studied by cryo-transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, demonstrating a significant influence of the various middle segments B on the size of the obtained micelles. [on SciFinder (R)]
Reverse Genetics System for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (2015)

SFTSV and related tick-borne phleboviruses such as Heartland virus are emerging viruses shown to cause severe disease in humans in the Far East and the United States, respectively. Study of these novel pathogens would be facilitated by technology to manipulate these viruses in a laboratory setting using reverse genetics. Here, we report the generation of infectious SFTSV from cDNA clones and demonstrate that the behavior of recombinant viruses is similar to that of the wild type. This advance will allow for further dissection of the roles of each of the viral proteins in the context of virus infection, as well as help in the development of antiviral drugs and protective vaccines.
Large retail time deposits and US Treasury securities (1986‐95): evidence of a segmenting market (1998)

Argues that the similarities between US treasury securities (treasuries) and FDIC‐insured large retail certificates of deposit (CDs) should make their prices similar in an efficient market. Considers deposit pricing and substitutability between treasuries and CDs, citing previous research; and presents a study comparing their yields for three maturities using 1986‐1995 data. Presents the results and analyses further to explore the links between changes in treasury yields and lagged changes in CD yields; and upward CD yield stickiness. Finds that CD and treasury yield spreads changed from small and positive to large and negative over the period with little effect on deposit balances; and concludes that those investors who remained interested in insured balances during the early 1990s were either insensitive to interest rates or had high switching costs. Suggests that banks have used this unwillingness to migrate to non‐insured funds to decrease CD rates relative to treasuries for higher profits and asks how long this market segment will continue to accept inferior yields.
Nurse teachers: policing the system? (1992)

The student who expressed his point of view regarding appeals for student nurses (Points of view, August 19) analagous to the legal system should perhaps return to the case of the Birmingham Six and others. It was the process by which they were convicted that was negligent - perhaps it was the process his friends went through that was also wrong. The system of nurse education is a very much more ‘user friendly’ one compared to not many years ago.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis in the United States, August–December 2014: Results of Nationwide Surveillance (2016)

Epidemiologic data suggest this AFM cluster was likely associated with the large outbreak of EV-D68-associated respiratory illness, although direct laboratory evidence linking AFM with EV-D68 remains inconclusive. Continued surveillance will help define the incidence, epidemiology, and etiology of AFM.
An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System (2011)

An algorithm for license plate recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system is proposed on the basis of a novel shadow removal technique and character recognition algorithms. This paper has two major contributions. One contribution is a new binary method, i.e., the shadow removal method, which is based on the improved Bernsen algorithm combined with the Gaussian filter. Our second contribution is a character recognition algorithm known as support vector machine (SVM) integration. In SVM integration, character features are extracted from the elastic mesh, and the entire address character string is taken as the object of study, as opposed to a single character. This paper also presents improved techniques for image tilt correction and image gray enhancement. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of illumination, view angle, position, size, and color of the license plates when working in a complex environment. The algorithm was tested with 9026 images, such as natural-scene vehicle images using different backgrounds and ambient illumination particularly for low-resolution images. The license plates were properly located and segmented as 97.16% and 98.34%, respectively. The optical character recognition system is the SVM integration with different character features, whose performance for numerals, Kana, and address recognition reached 99.5%, 98.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. Combining the preceding tests, the overall performance of success for the license plate achieves 93.54% when the system is used for LPR in various complex conditions.
Selective Targeting of Leukemic Cell Growth in Vivo and in Vitro Using a Gene Silencing Approach to Diminish S-Adenosylmethionine Synthesis (2008)

We exploited the fact that leukemic cells utilize significantly higher levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) than normal lymphocytes and developed tools that selectively diminished their survival under physiologic conditions. Using RNA interference gene silencing technology, we modulated the kinetics of methionine adenosyltransferase-II (MAT-II), which catalyzes SAMe synthesis from ATP and l-Met. Specifically, we silenced the expression of the regulatory MAT-IIbeta subunit in Jurkat cells and accordingly shifted the K(m L-Met) of the enzyme 10-15-fold above the physiologic levels of l-Met, thereby reducing enzyme activity and SAMe pools, inducing excessive apoptosis and diminishing leukemic cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These effects were reversed at unphysiologically high l-Met (>50 microm), indicating that diminished leukemic cell growth at physiologic l-Met levels was a direct result of the increase in MAT-II K(m L-Met) due to MAT-IIbeta ablation and the consequent reduction in SAMe synthesis. In our NOD/Scid IL-2Rgamma(null) humanized mouse model of leukemia, control shRNA-transduced Jurkat cells exhibited heightened engraftment, whereas cells lacking MAT-IIbeta failed to engraft for up to 5 weeks post-transplant. These stark differences in malignant cell survival, effected by MAT-IIbeta ablation, suggest that it may be possible to use this approach to disadvantage leukemic cell survival in vivo with little to no harm to normal cells.
DNA Sensors with Diamond as a Promising Alternative Transducer Material (2009)

Bio-electronics is a scientific field coupling the achievements in biology with electronics to obtain higher sensitivity, specificity and speed. Biosensors have played a pivotal role, and many have become established in the clinical and scientific world. They need to be sensitive, specific, fast and cheap. Electrochemical biosensors are most frequently cited in literature, often in the context of DNA sensing and mutation analysis. However, many popular electrochemical transduction materials, such as silicon, are susceptible to hydrolysis, leading to loss of bioreceptor molecules from the surface. Hence, increased attention has been shifted towards diamond, which surpasses silicon on many levels.
Fuzzy neural control of voice cells in ATM networks (1994)

This paper presents the design of a fuzzy controller for managing cells generated by voice sources in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. Typical voice cells, characterized by a high degree of burstiness, complicate any attempt to use classical control theory in the design of an ATM cell rate controller. The fuzzy control approach presented in this paper overcomes this limitation by appealing to the linguistic ability of fuzzy set theory and logic to handle the complexity. Specifically, the cell rate control problem is linguistically stated but treated mathematically via fuzzy set manipulation. In particular, the ATM voice cell controller being proposed is an improved and intelligent implementation of the leaky bucket cell rate control mechanism extensively studied in the literature. This intelligent implementation of the leaky bucket mechanism uses a channel utilization feedback via the QoS parameters to improve its performance. This ATM fuzzy controller takes the form of an organized set of linguistic rules quantitatively expressed and manipulated by means of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic. The fuzzy control rules are stored in fuzzy associative memory to permit parallel executions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Target Marker: A Visual Marker for Long Distances and Detection in Realtime on Mobile Devices (2015)

This paper deals with the design, detection and recognition of a visual marker which can be detected and recognized over a long distance in realtime on a mobile device. The solution is based on a rotationally symmetric marker, a detection process based on estimated circle and ellipse parameters and a Hidden Markov Model based ap- proach to verify and classify possible marker candidates. The solution can be used in augmented reality and localization applications.
Enabling Speed Agility for the Air Force (2010)

The United States Air Force faces numerous challenges in today’s changing world environment, particularly in regards to its mobility fleet. To address these challenges the Air Force Research Laboratory has been making focused investments in technologies for future airlifters. A major emphasis by the Air Vehicles Directorate has been on ‘speed agility,’ a phrase coined for an aircraft that is capable of efficient flight at low speeds (~70 knots) and at transonic cruise speeds (Mach 0.8). A speed agile aircraft is able to takeoff and land on short airfields as well as cruise faster than today’s military mobility fleet, giving it unparalleled efficiency, access, and flexibility. Numerous technology areas need to be matured to enable this capability, including computational design in aerodynamics and structures, propulsion integration, powered lift systems, flight controls, circulation control wings, mechanical systems, and propulsion technologies. Another major challenge is the integration of these disparate and sometimes conflicting technologies as a system is developed that embodies the desired characteristics. Work in these areas has been ongoing under the guidance of the Air Force Research Laboratory for a number of years. Early studies examined vehicle characteristics that were needed, performed sensitivity studies, and developed technology roadmaps to guide further efforts. Next steps included high lift component maturation activities with studies and small scale experiments. Later, proof of concept full span configuration wind tunnel tests were run to understand vehicle aerodynamic performance and the individual contributions of high lift components. Studies were also conducted to understand technologies and design features that could enhance the transonic aerodynamic performance of speed agile aircraft. The latest programs have focused on large scale validation activities aimed at increasing the technology readiness level of the integrated suite of technologies, including high Reynolds number wind tunnel tests and large sub-scale validation efforts on hybrid powered lift systems.
High Quality Uniform SiC Epitaxy for Power Device Applications (2007)

In this paper we present highly uniform SiC epitaxy in a horizontal hot-wall CVD reactor with wafer rotation. Epilayers with excellent thickness uniformity of better than 1% and doping uniformity better than 5% are obtained on 3-in, 4° off-axis substrates. The same growth conditions for uniform epitaxy also generate smooth surface morphology for the 4° epiwafers. Well controlled doping for both n- and p-type epilayers is obtained. Abrupt interface transition between n- and pdoped layers in a wide doping range is demonstrated. Tight process control for both thickness and doping is evidenced by the data collected from the epi operations. The average deviation from target is 2.5% for thickness and 6% for doping. PiN diodes fabricated on a standard 3-in, 4° epiwafer have shown impressive performance. More than half of the 1 mm2 devices block 1 kV (2.3 MV/cm) with a low leakage current of 1 μA.