gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Listening to light by fast photoacoustic tomography based on a digital phased array system (2007)

Photoacoustic imaging technique, which provided high ultrasonic resolution and high optical contrast tissue images, can overcome the disadvantages of pure optical imaging by measurement of laser-induced sound waves. The waves produced by tissue are high-frequency ultrasounds, meaning that they cannot be heard by human ear. However, it can be picked up with ultrasonic transducer and analyze them with a computer. The laser-induced ultrasonic signals from a biological sample can be used to reveal the tissues structure based on optical contrast. In current experiment system, an integrity multi-element synthetic aperture focusing (M-SAF) photoacoustic imaging system using real-time digital beamformer is developed. This system relies on pumping laser source to irradiate the biological tissue to produce photoacoustic signal, a linear ultrasonic transducer array is connected to a multichannel signal acquisition and real-time digital beam-formation system providing techniques of real-time dynamic receiving focus and dynamic receiving apodization to process the photoacoustic signal. Each element of the transducer array has a thin cylinder ultrasonic lens to select 2D image plane and suppress the out-of-plane signals to realize photoacoustic computed tomography. This method and system can provide a fast and reliable photoacoustic tomography approach that could be applied to noninvasive imaging and clinic diagnosis.
Glass development and controlled crystallization in the SiO₂ - Li₂O - ZrO₂ - P₂O₅ System (1996)

The objective of this investigation was to analyze glass formation and crystaUization in t h e SiO₂ - Li₂O- ZrO₂ - P₂O₅ System for the development of high-strength glass-ceramics produced with glass powder. In the course of this study, it was found that the base glass or the semicrystalline glass-ceramic could be pressed to form glass-ceramic final products. The analysis of glass formation demonstrated that in a relatively large composition range, up to almost 30 wt%, ZrO₂ could be incorporated into the base glass and increased the glass forming tendency. Other additives were also tested. The presence of ZrO₂ crystals, ZrSiO₄ crystals and lithium phosphate crystals as well as other secondary phases in t he microstructure following heat treatment at approximately 1000 °C was estabhshed in SEM and XRD examinations. This glass-ceramic possesses fiexural strengths of 280 MPa. Translucency was observed in 0.5 mm thick layers. Growth rates of the main crystal phases were determined with cast monolithic samples in a semiquantitative kinetic evaluation of phase development. In contrast to the kinetics of mica crystal growth processes in machinable glass-ceramics, no time lags were observed.
The importance of prepass code scheduling for superscalar and superpipelined processors (1995)

Superscalar and superpipelined processors utilize parallelism to achieve peak performance that can be several times higher than that of conventional scalar processors. In order for this potential to be translated into the speedup of real program, the compiler must be able to schedule instructions so that the parallel hardware is effectively utilized. Previous work has shown that prepass code scheduling helps to produce a better schedule for scientific programs, but the importance of prescheduling has never been demonstrated for control-intensive non-numeric programs. These programs are significantly different from the scientific programs because they contain frequent branches. The compiler must do global scheduling in order to find enough independent instructions. In this paper, the code optimizer and scheduler of the IMPACT-I C compiler is described. Within this framework, we study the importance of prepass code scheduling for a set of production C programs. It is shown that, in contrast to the results previously obtained for scientific programs, prescheduling is not important for compiling control-intensive programs to the current generation of superscalar and superpipelined processors. However, if some of the current restrictions on upward code motion can be removed in future architectures, prescheduling would substantially improve the execution time of this class of programs on both superscalar and superpipelined processors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptidomimetics with Therapeutic Potential (2008)

A series of synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetics (SAMPs) have been prepared and found to be highly active against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. These derivatives comprise the minimal structural requirements for cationic antimicrobial peptides and showed high selectivity for Gram-negative and/or Gram-positive bacteria compared to human red blood cells. We have found that SAMPs share many of the attractive properties of cationic antimicrobial peptides inasmuch that a representative SAMP was found to insert into the bilayers of large unilamellar vesicles, permeabilized both the outer and cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli ML-35p, and displayed an extremely rapid bacterial killing for Staphylococcus aureus. However, while antimicrobial peptides are prone to proteolytic degradation, high in vitro stability in human blood plasma was shown for SAMPs. A combination of high antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and low toxicity against human erythrocytes makes these molecules promising candidates for novel antibacterial therapeutics.
Oral Delivery of Anticoagulant Doses of Heparin (1998)

Increases in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), anti-factors IIa and Xa, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) concentrations were detected when normal volunteers were dosed with 10.5 g SNAC/20000 IU heparin by gavage in some subjects. For the entire group, 30000 IU SNAC and heparin elevated TFPI from 74.9+/-7.6 to 254.2+/-12.3 mg/mL (P<0.001) 1 hour after dosing (P<0.001). Similar changes occurred in anti-factor IIa and anti-factor Xa. aPTT rose from 28+/-0.5 to 42.2+/-6.3 seconds 2 hours after dosing (P<0.01). No significant changes in vital signs, physical examination, ECGs, or clinical laboratory values were observed. Neither 30000 IU heparin alone nor 10.5 g SNAC alone altered the hemostatic parameters. Emesis was associated with 10.5 g SNAC. A taste-masked preparation of SNAC 2.25 g was administered orally with heparin 30000 to 150000 IU. Both aPTT and anti-factor Xa increased with escalating doses of heparin. This preparation was well tolerated. Conclusions-Heparin, administered orally in combination with the delivery agent SNAC, produces significant elevations in 4 indexes of anticoagulant effect in healthy human volunteers. These results establish the feasibility of oral delivery of anticoagulant doses of heparin in humans and may have broader implications for the absorption of macromolecules.
Charge-Driven Flocculation of Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine)Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies Leading to Hollow Microspheres (2004)

An unusual aggregation phenomenon that involves positively charged poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and negatively charged gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is reported. Discrete, submicrometer-sized spherical aggregates are found to form immediately upon combining a PLL solution with gold sol (diameter approximately 14 nm). These PLL-Au NP assemblies grow in size with time, according to light scattering experiments, which indicates a dynamic flocculation process. Water-filled, silica hollow microspheres (outer diameter approximately microns) are obtained upon the addition of negatively charged SiO2 NPs (diameter approximately 13 nm) to a suspension of the PLL-Au NP assemblies, around which the SiO2 NPs form a shell. Structural analysis through confocal microscopy indicates the PLL (tagged with a fluorescent dye) is located in the interior of the hollow sphere, and mostly within the silica shell wall. The hollow spheres are theorized to form through flocculation, in which the charge-driven aggregation of Au NPs by PLL provides the critical first step in the two-step synthesis process ("flocculation assembly"). The SiO2 shell can be removed and re-formed by decreasing and increasing the suspension pH about the point-of-zero charge of SiO2, respectively.
Modulation of limb bud chondrogenesis by retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors (1995)

An excess of retinoic acid (RA) in the mouse embryo in utero produces hypochondrogenesis and severe limb bone deformities. Since one of the RA receptors--RAR-beta 2, is specifically induced in the limb bud cells upon treatment of embryos with teratogenic doses of RA, we investigated if this receptor played a role in teratogenesis by regulating the process of chondrogenesis. In micromass cultures of mouse limb bud mesenchymal cells, we found that a downregulation of RAR-beta 2 as well as several other RAR isoforms by supplementation of the culture medium with specific oligodeoxynucleotides stimulated chondrogenesis: cartilage nodule number, sulfated proteoglycans, and synthesis of collagen type IIB were all enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. However, only the antisense RAR-beta 2 probe efficiently prevented the strong inhibitory effects of exogenous RA on chondrogenesis in these cells. The data suggest that the RAR-RA complexes play a role in position-dependent patterning of the limb skeleton in normal development and that, in particular, RAR-beta 2 serves to prevent the mesenchymal cells from expressing their chondrogenic bias. Our results further strengthen the argument that RA-dependent elevation in RAR-beta 2 levels plays a unique role in RA-induced teratogenesis.
Multigrid Algorithms on the Hypercube Multiprocessor (1986)

This paper examines several ways of implementing multigrid algorithms on the hypercube multiprocessor. We consider both the standard multigrid algorithms and a concurrent version proposed by Gannon and Van Rosendale. We present several mappings of the mesh points onto the nodes of the cube. The main property of these mappings, which are based on binary reflected Gray codes, is that the distance between neighboring grid points remains constant from one grid level to another. This results in a communication effective implementation of multigrid algorithms on the hypercube multiprocessor.
Lipophilic prodrugs of nucleoside triphosphates as biochemical probes and potential antivirals (2015)

The antiviral activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is often limited by ineffective phosphorylation. We report on a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) prodrug approach in which the γ-phosphate of NTPs is bioreversibly modified. A series of TriPPPro-compounds bearing two lipophilic masking units at the γ-phosphate and d4T as a nucleoside analogue are synthesized. Successful delivery of d4TTP is demonstrated in human CD4(+) T-lymphocyte cell extracts by an enzyme-triggered mechanism with high selectivity. In antiviral assays, the compounds are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in CD4(+) T-cell (CEM) cultures. Highly lipophilic acyl residues lead to higher membrane permeability that results in intracellular delivery of phosphorylated metabolites in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK(-) cells with higher antiviral activity than the parent nucleoside.
Transport Properties in Sputtered CoFeB/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CoFeB Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2014)

CoFeB/MgAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with the barrier sputtered from sintered MgAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> target have been successfully fabricated. Dependence of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio on both MgAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> deposition pressure and postannealing temperature has been studied. The TMR ratio of more than 50% at room temperature was obtained with an annealing temperature of 325 °C and MgAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> deposition pressure of 1.3 Pa. Temperature dependence of resistance in both parallel and antiparallel configurations can be well fitted by the model based on direct elastic tunneling and magnon-assisted inelastic tunneling. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) at low temperature, exhibiting three peaks originating from zero-bias anomaly, interface magnons, and barrier phonons, were measured and compared with the results of AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>x</i></sub> and MgO-based MTJs. The IETS for all three types of MTJs shows quite similar peak positions for all kinds of elementary excitations except barrier phonons.
Evaluation of Electrospun Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Gelatin Nanofiber Mats Containing Clove Essential Oil for Antibacterial Wound Dressing (2019)

The objective of this study was to produce antibacterial poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-gelatin (GEL) electrospun nanofiber mats containing clove essential oil (CLV) using glacial acetic acid (GAA) as a "benign" (non-toxic) solvent. The addition of CLV increased the fiber diameter from 241 ± 96 to 305 ± 82 nm. Aside from this, the wettability of PCL-GEL nanofiber mats was increased by the addition of CLV. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of CLV, and the actual content of CLV was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our investigations showed that CLV-loaded PCL-GEL nanofiber mats did not have cytotoxic effects on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells. On the other hand, the fibers exhibited antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli.</i> Consequently, PCL-GEL/CLV nanofiber mats are potential candidates for antibiotic-free wound healing applications.
Stabilizing cations in the backbones of conjugated polymers (2014)

We synthesized a cross-conjugated polymer containing ketones in the backbone and converted it to a linearly conjugated, cationic polyarylmethine via a process we call “spinless doping” to create a new class of materials, conjugated polyions. This process involves activating the ketones with a Lewis acid and converting them to trivalent cations via the nucleophilic addition of electron-rich aryl moieties. Spinless doping lowers the optical band gap from 3.26 to 1.55 eV while leaving the intrinsic semiconductor properties of the polymer intact. Electrochemical reduction (traditional doping) further decreases the predicted gap to 1.18 eV and introduces radicals to form positive polarons; here, n-doping produces a p-doped polymer in its metallic state. Treatment with a nucleophile (NaOMe) converts the cationic polymer to a neutral, non-conjugated state, allowing the band gap to be tuned chemically, post-polymerization. The synthesis of these materials is carried out entirely without the use of Sn or Pd and relies on scalable Friedel–Crafts chemistry.
Role of Antibiotic Class in the Rate of Liberation of Endotoxin During Therapy for Experimental Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis (1985)

To evaluate the role of antibiotic class in the rate of liberation of endotoxin during therapy for sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria, we obtained serial blood samples from rabbits with sepsis caused by Escherichia coli and treated with chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or moxalactam. The concentrations of viable bacteria, free endotoxin, and total endotoxin in each blood sample were measured. In rabbits treated with chloramphenicol, the geometric mean levels of free endotoxin remained proportional to the geometric mean levels of bacteremia, a result indicating the absence of antibiotic-induced endotoxin liberation. In contrast, levels of free endotoxin increased rapidly while levels of bacteremia declined after treatment with gentamicin or moxalactam, a result indicating antibiotic-induced release of endotoxin. Despite similar rates of bacterial killing, mean levels of free endotoxin were as much as 20-fold higher in rabbits treated with moxalactam than in paired rabbits receiving gentamicin (P less than .05). These results indicate that endotoxin liberation during therapy for sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria is dependent upon the class of antibiotic administered and is not necessarily correlated with the rate of bacterial killing.
Set Inference for Semiparametric Discrete Games (2006)

We consider estimation and inference of parameters in discrete games allowing for multiple equilibria, without using an equilibrium selection rule. We do a set inference while a game model can contain infinite dimensional parameters. Examples can include signaling games with discrete types where the type distribution is nonparametrically specified and entry-exit games with partially linear payoffs functions. A consistent set estimator and a confidence interval of a function of parameters are provided in this paper. We note that achieving a consistent point estimation often requires an information reduction. Due to this less use of information, we may end up a point estimator with a larger variance and have a wider confidence interval than those of the set estimator using the full information in the model. This finding justifies the use of the set inference even though we can achieve a consistent point estimation. It is an interesting future research to compare these two alternatives: CI from the point estimation with the usage of less information vs. CI from the set estimation with the usage of the full information.
Phagocytosis of<i>Salmonella montevideo</i>by Human Neutrophils: Immune Adherence Increases Phagocytosis, whereas the Bacterial Surface Determines the Route of Intracellular Processing (2005)

Complement-opsonized particles become immune adherent to complement receptor 1 (CR1 or CD35) on human erythrocytes, allowing particles to be ingested by phagocytes in the liver and the spleen. We investigated the role that immune adherence plays in the uptake and killing of Salmonella montevideo by human neutrophils. Exposure to serum induced loss of flagella and facilitated immune adherence, which was followed by more-efficient phagocytosis and killing, compared with that after exposure to serum-opsonized, free bacteria. One correlate of bacterial killing is the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, which can be monitored by Lyso-Tracker or lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 colocalization with the intracellular bacteria. At 5 min, phagolysosmal fusion was significantly faster for immune-adherent bacteria than for non-immune-adherent bacteria, but, by 35 min, the difference between the 2 groups was minimal. Immune adherence also facilitated the ingestion of antibody complement-opsonized fluorescent microspheres, but, unlike bacteria, most internalized microspheres failed to fuse with lysosomes. However, addition of lipopolysaccharide, a Toll-like receptor ligand, to microspheres directed their intracellular trafficking, resulting in rapid lysosomal fusion. Thus, immune adherence facilitates phagocytosis, but the route of intracellular processing depends on the molecular nature of the target and is independent of host complement and antibody.
Bedtime stories: Weaving traditions into digital technologies (2013)

Bedtime Stories is a proposal for a long-lasting - environmentally, economically and societally sustainable smart textile service. It is a set of woven bed linen with images that can be recognized by a custom made fairy-tale application. This new way of story creation is an opportunity to share personal experiences and pass that wisdom through generations. Therefore contributing to a better quality of life. Bedtime Stories is part of a research-throughdesign project. It involves crafts (methods and values) in the environmental load of textiles and garments production, selling, wearing and disposing area. Multiple iterations of Bedtime Stories gives insight into how we have been “weaving” traditions together with digital technologies.
Drugs in development for chronic hepatitis C: a promising future (2011)

Combination therapies of protease inhibitors with nucleoside or non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors and cyclophylin inhibitors are currently underway in regimens that use pegylated interferon and ribavirin or are interferon-free. The explosion of new drug development will probably move the field forward and offer both improved efficacy and tolerability to patients with hepatitis C infections. The use of these drugs ushers in a new era for the treatment of HCV but must be done with care and caution.
N‐Phenylmaleimide (2003)

Abstract N‐Phenylmaleimide intermediate: Maleanilic acid solvent: 500 ml. of petroleum ether product: N‐phenylmaleimide
A Compact Wearable Sensor Package for Clinical Gait Monitoring (2003)

We have developed a compact, wireless, wearable, shoe-mounted sensor package that is designed to provide continuous and real-time monitoring of gait for clinical biomotion analysis. This paper discusses the initial design of our hardware, consisting of a sensor-laden insole and a removable instrumented shoe attachment. Information about the three-dimensional motion, relative position, and pressure distribution of the foot is provided with real-time and wireless transmission of the data from the instrumented shoe attachment to a receiver connected to a nearby laptop or wearable PDA platform. Initial data collection demonstrates the capability of the sensor system to detect different types of gait. Currently, clinical gait analysis [1] is primarily done in either a motion laboratory, with full analysis of the motion of all body segments using highly accurate optical systems and a precision force-measuring plate mounted on a rigid floor, or in a doctor's office with the physician making visual observations. Analysis in a motion laboratory produces well-quantified and accurate results for gait over a short distance, while the results of visual observations are qualitative and difficult to compare across multiple visits or between differing physicians. However, a
Experimental investigation of some phase shifting types on two-stage GM pulse tube cryocooler (2000)

Two-stage pulse tube coolers are expected to be used for shield-cooling of MRI magnets, cryopumps, low Tc superconducting magnet systems for laboratory use, etc. For these applications they must be designed for a long-term, continuous operation, and they must be more efficient. We are studying the optimum design of the phase-shifting mechanism for two-stage GM pulse tube coolers. We tested simple-orifice, double-inlet, and moving-plug phase-shifting mechanisms. We evaluated them experimentally by using a single-stage cooler to compare their cooling performance. We also used simplified numerical analysis based on the concept of equivalent PV diagram. Our experimental results indicate that the double-inlet configuration yields the highest cooling performance. Our prototype two-stage pulse tube cooler uses a double-inlet configuration. The rated input power of the compressor unit is 3.3kW at 50Hz. At a cycle frequency of 2.0Hz, we achieved a minimum temperatures of 33K on the first stage and 5K on the second stage, and we achieved the maximum cooling capacity of 22.9W at 80K on the first stage and 5.9 W at 20K on the second stage. From preliminary measurements using the same compressor unit, the two-stage cooler was able to reach a minimum temperature of 2.70K when magnetic regenerative materials were used in the second stage regenerator. With a heating load of 7.3W at 60K on the first stage, the second stage can provide 190mW at 4.2K.