gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA): A Promising Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target in Prostate Cancer (2003)

Abstract : PSCA is a cell surface protein identified in our laboratory, which is expressed in a majority of prostate cancers. The major goals of this grant were to determine the expression of PSCA in localized and metastatic prostate cancer, to determine if expression correlated with clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer, and whether PSCA expression could be detected in bone marrow. Over the past year, we have completed the major portions of Aim 1, determining PSCA expression in a prostate cancer tissue microarray and in a large number of prostate cancer metastases. This has resulted in a publication in press at the Journal of Urology. The major finding is that PSCA expression increases with tumor stage and grade and correlates with a higher risk of cancer recurrence. PSCA is also expressed in 85% of bone metastases, making it a reasonable target for antibody therapy. A prospective study of PSCA in biopsies is underway.
Improve the strength of PLA/HA composite through the use of surface initiated polymerization and phosphonic acid coupling agent (2011)

Bioresorbable composite made from degradable polymers, e.g., polylactide (PLA), and bioactive calcium phosphates, e.g., hydroxyapatite (HA), are clinically desirable for bone fixation, repair and tissue engineering because they do not need to be removed by surgery after the bone heals. However, preparation of PLA/HA composite from non-modified HA usually results in mechanical strength reductions due to a weak interface between PLA and HA. In this study, a calcium-phosphate/phosphonate hybrid shell was developed to introduce a greater amount of reactive hydroxyl groups onto the HA particles. Then, PLA was successfully grafted on HA by surface-initiated polymerization through the non-ionic surface hydroxyl groups. Thermogravimetric analysis indiated that the amount of grafted PLA on HA can be up to 7 %, which is about 50 % greater than that from the literature. PLA grafted HA shows significantly different pH dependent ζ-potential and particle size profiles from those of uncoated HA. By combining the phosphonic acid coupling agent and surface initiated polymerization, PLA could directly link to HA through covalent bond so that the interfacial interaction in the PLA/HA composite can be significantly improved. The diametral tensile strength of PLA/HA composite prepared from PLA-grafted HA was found to be over twice that of the composite prepared from the non-modified HA. Moreover, the tensile strength of the improved composite was 23 % higher than that of PLA alone. By varying additional variables, this approach has the potential to produce bioresorbable composites with improved mechanical properties that are in the range of natural bones, and can have wide applications for bone fixation and repair in load-bearing areas.
A layered control architecture for single-operator control of heterogeneous unmanned system teams (2012)

The widespread adoption of aerial, ground and sea-borne unmanned systems (UMS) for national security applications provides many advantages; however, effectively controlling large numbers of UMS in complex environments with modest manpower is a significant challenge. A control architecture and associated control methods are under development to allow a single user to control a team of multiple heterogeneous UMS as they conduct multi-faceted (i.e. multi-objective) missions in real time. The control architecture is hierarchical, modular and layered and enables operator interaction at each layer, ensuring the human operator is in close control of the unmanned team at all times. The architecture and key data structures are introduced. Two approaches to distributed collaborative control of heterogeneous unmanned systems are described, including an extension of homogeneous swarm control and a novel application of distributed model predictive control. Initial results are presented, demonstrating heterogeneous UMS teams conducting collaborative missions. Future work will focus on interacting with dynamic targets, integrating alternative control layers, and enabling a deeper and more intimate level of real-time operator control.
Increasing repeater span in high-speed bidirectional WDM transmission systems using a new bidirectional EDFA configuration (1996)

When fiber-optic systems contain erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA), reflections are enhanced by the gain of the amplifiers and severe system performance degradations and bit-error-rate (BER) floors can be observed. This provides a very restrictive limit on the usable amplifier gain. We present a new configuration for a bidirectional EDFA that allows for a significantly higher maximum allowable gain while introducing a very small BER penalty. A 2.5 Gb/s, 300 km bidirectional wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission experiment using the new bidirectional EDFA is reported. Experimental results show that allowable gain of the new EDFA is significantly increased while the associated BER penalty remains negligible.
A new approach toward the synthesis of 2,4-bis(fluoroalkyl)-substituted quinoline derivatives using fluoroalkyl amino reagent chemistry (2016)

The present work describes the unprecedented use of Fluoroalkyl Amino Reagents (FARs) to afford 2,4-bis(fluoroalkyl)-substituted quinoline derivatives in two steps under mild reaction conditions, in good yields and with a very good regioselectivity.
Macrophage Wnt7b is critical for kidney repair and regeneration (2010)

Macrophages are required for tissue homeostasis through their role in regulation of the immune response and the resolution of injury. Here we show, using the kidney as a model, that the Wnt pathway ligand Wnt7b is produced by macrophages to stimulate repair and regeneration. When macrophages are inducibly ablated from the injured kidney, the canonical Wnt pathway response in kidney epithelial cells is reduced. Furthermore, when Wnt7b is somatically deleted in macrophages, repair of injury is greatly diminished. Finally, injection of the Wnt pathway regulator Dkk2 enhances the repair process and suggests a therapeutic option. Because Wnt7b is known to stimulate epithelial responses during kidney development, these findings suggest that macrophages are able to rapidly invade an injured tissue and reestablish a developmental program that is beneficial for repair and regeneration.
Evaluation of Feature Channels for Correlation-Filter-Based Visual Object Tracking in Infrared Spectrum (2016)

Correlation filters for visual object tracking in visible imagery has been well-studied. Most of the correlation-filterbased methods use either raw image intensities or feature maps of gradient orientations or color channels. However, well-known features designed for visible spectrum may not be ideal for infrared object tracking, since infrared and visible spectra have dissimilar characteristics in general. We assess the performance of two state-of-the-art correlationfilter-based object tracking methods on Linköping Thermal InfraRed (LTIR) dataset of medium wave and longwave infrared videos, using deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) features as well as other traditional hand-crafted descriptors. The deep CNN features are trained on an infrared dataset consisting of 16K objects for a supervised classification task. The highest performance in terms of the overlap metric is achieved when these deep CNN features are utilized in a correlation-filter-based tracker.
Two wide-dynamic-range signal-recovery schemes for the fibre-optic gyroscope (1985)

Two signal recovery schemes are proposed and demonstrated for the fibre-optic gyroscope which allow it to be operated at very high rotation rates. Both techniques transpose the Sagnac phase shift into that of a low-frequency electronic carrier signal. Initial results are presented for both recovery schemes.
Highly reproducible, stable and multiply regenerated surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for biomedical applications (2011)

We fabricated a Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-active surface based on photo-etched and Au-coated GaN. The highest enhancement factor (EF) in SERS and high reproducibility of spectra were obtained from surfaces covered with bunched nanopillars which were produced by relatively long defect-selective photo-etching. The surfaces exhibited SERS enhancements of the order of 2.8 × 106 for malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC) and 2 × 106 for p-mercaptobenzoic acid (PMBA). These SERS enhancement factors were comparable to those of conventional SERS substrates, while the EF for MGITC was two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding one reported for the SERS platform made on porous GaN. The standard deviation of the relative intensity of the 1180 cm−1 mode of MGITC was less than 5% for 100 randomly distributed locations across a single platform and less than 10% between different platforms. The SERS signal of MGITC at our GaN/Au surface (kept under ambient conditions) was extremely stable. We could not detect any peak shift or appreciable change of intensity even after three months. We used these surfaces to detect biological molecules such as amino acids and bovine serum albumin (BSA) at low concentration and with short detection time. We developed simple and effective cleaning procedures for our substrates. After cleaning, the same substrate could be used multiple times retaining the SERS activity. We are not aware of any other multiply regenerated SERS substrate which provides simultaneously such high stability with high enhancement, good uniformity, and high reproducibility.
Regulatory B10 cell development and function (2015)

B cells are known to instigate and promulgate immune responses by producing antibodies and presenting antigens to T cells. However, a rare but potent B-cell subset in both humans and mice is capable of inhibiting immune responses through the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Regulatory B cells do not express any unique combination of surface markers but instead represent a small population of B cells that have acquired the unique ability to produce IL-10. This numerically rare B-cell subset is therefore functionally referred to as 'B10 cells' to reflect both their molecular program and the fact that their anti-inflammatory effects in models of autoimmunity, infection and cancer are solely attributable to IL-10 production. As with most B cells, B10 cell development and function appear to be predominantly, if not exclusively, driven by antigen-receptor signals. Once generated, B10 cells respond to both innate and adaptive immune signals, with a requirement for antigen-specific local interactions with T cells to induce IL-10 production and to provide optimal immune suppression in mouse models of autoimmune disease. B10 cells therefore provide an antigen-specific mechanism for delivering IL-10 locally to sites of immune activation and inflammation. The ability of B10 cells to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses makes them an ideal therapeutic target for the treatment of many immune-related disorders.
Improving OCD time to solution using Signal Response Metrology (2016)

In recent technology nodes, advanced process and novel integration scheme have challenged the precision limits of conventional metrology; with critical dimensions (CD) of device reduce to sub-nanometer region. Optical metrology has proved its capability to precisely detect intricate details on the complex structures, however, conventional RCWA-based (rigorous coupled wave analysis) scatterometry has the limitations of long time-to-results and lack of flexibility to adapt to wide process variations. Signal Response Metrology (SRM) is a new metrology technique targeted to alleviate the consumption of engineering and computation resources by eliminating geometric/dispersion modeling and spectral simulation from the workflow. This is achieved by directly correlating the spectra acquired from a set of wafers with known process variations encoded. In SPIE 2015, we presented the results of SRM application in lithography metrology and control [1], accomplished the mission of setting up a new measurement recipe of focus/dose monitoring in hours. This work will demonstrate our recent field exploration of SRM implementation in 20nm technology and beyond, including focus metrology for scanner control; post etch geometric profile measurement, and actual device profile metrology.
Model Based Availability Management: The Availability Management Framework (2012)

This chapter introduces the SA Forum Availability Management Framework (AMF). It looks at concepts visible through the AMF API and therefore the main concerns for application developers when integrating their design with AMF. These concepts are the component and the CSI. The AMF performs the availability management based on a model composed of logical entities that represent these two groups. It compares the main features of the different redundancy models using a simple failure scenario in a relatively simple configuration that still reflected the key points site designers would want to consider when configuring their site. The chapter looks at the information model from an administrative perspective as the model contains the status information of the AMF entities in the system and administrative operations are issued on the objects of this model representing these different entities. Controlled Vocabulary Terms redundancy
Automatic transcription of unknown words in a speech recognition system (2002)

We address the problem of automatically finding an acoustic representation (i.e. a transcription) of unknown words as a sequence of subword units, given a few sample utterances of the unknown words, and an inventory of speaker-independent subword units. The problem arises if a user wants to add his own vocabulary to a speaker-independent recognition system simply by speaking the words a few times. Two methods are investigated which are both based on a maximum-likelihood formulation of the problem. The experimental results show that both automatic transcription methods provide a good estimate of the acoustic models of unknown words. The recognition error rates obtained with such models in a speaker-independent recognition task are clearly better than those resulting from separate whole-word models. They are comparable with the performance of transcriptions drawn from a dictionary.
Low resistance and transparent Ni–La solid solution/Au ohmic contacts to <i>p</i>-type GaN (2004)

We report on the formation of reliable Ni–La solid solution (8 nm)/Au (8 nm) ohmic contacts to p-type GaN (Na=5×1017 cm−3). The as-deposited contact reveals nonlinear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. However, the contacts show considerably improved I–V behavior when annealed at temperatures of 350–550 °C for 1 min in air ambient. For example, the specific contact resistance as low as 7.2×10−5 Ω cm2 is obtained from the samples annealed at 550 °C, whose transmittance is measured to be 82.5% at a wavelength of 470 nm. Based on Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy results, possible ohmic formation mechanisms for the annealed contacts are described and discussed.
New Insight Into the Biology, Risk Stratification, and Targeted Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (2017)

In myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), somatic mutations occur in five major categories: RNA splicing, DNA methylation, activated cell signaling, myeloid transcription factors, and chromatin modifiers. Although many MDS cases harbor more than one somatic mutation, in general, there is mutual exclusivity of mutated genes within a class. In addition to the prognostic significance of individual somatic mutations, more somatic mutations in MDS have been associated with poor prognosis. Prognostic assessment remains a critical component of the personalization of care for patient with MDS because treatment is highly risk adapted. Multiple methods for risk stratification are available with the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R), currently considered the gold standard. Increasing access to myeloid gene panels and greater evidence for the diagnostic and predictive value of somatic mutations will soon make sequencing part of the standard evaluation of patients with MDS. In the absence of formal guidelines for their prognostic use, well-validated mutations can still refine estimates of risk made with the IPSS-R. Not only are somatic gene mutations advantageous in understanding the biology of MDS and prognosis, they also offer potential as biomarkers and targets for the treatment of patients with MDS. Examples include deletion 5q, spliceosome complex gene mutations, and TP53 mutations.
Application of excimer laser annealing in the formation of ultrashallow p<sup>+</sup>/n junctions (2000)

In this study, we have simulated the melt front and temperature distribution profiles for pre-amorphized Si during laser irradiation. The simulation data show that theoretically, it is possible to melt the whole amorphous layer without melting the underlying crystalline substrate. On the other hand, ultra-shallow p<SUP>+</SUP>/n junctions were formed by ultra-low energy boron ion implantation into pre- amorphized silicon substrates. Dopant activation was achieved via spike rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and pulsed excimer laser annealing. Secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses show that a step-like dopant profile can be obtained with a single-pulse laser irradiation. Such a profile is in sharp contrast with the boron concentration profile that is obtained after spike RTA. The cross- sectional transmission electron microscopy images show that the entire pre-amorphized layer has been recrystallized to single-crystalline Si after laser annealing. The results clearly indicate the advantages of employing laser anneal as compared to RTA in the fabrication of highly activated and abrupt ultra-shallow junctions.
the Reduction of Irrelevant Training Data (1998)

In this paper, performance of a previously introduced method of data reduction (referred to as the Bayesian Data Reduction Algorithm) is demonstrated which uses a noninformative (i.e., Dirichlet distribution) prior on the symbol probabilities. The algorithm employs a [‘greedy” approach that relies on the average conditional probability of error as a metric for making data reducing decisions. Performance is compared to a neural network at classifying discrete feature vectors containing binary and ternary valued features, and it is shown that the Bayesian Data Reduction Algorithm is superior. However, performance of both schemes is also shown to degrade as the quantization fineness is increased with ternary valued features.
Small-Molecule Effectors of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Give Insight into Virus Life Cycle (2008)

The relationship between the physical chemistry and biology of self-assembly is poorly understood, but it will be critical to quantitatively understand infection and for the design of antivirals that target virus genesis. Here we take advantage of heteroaryldihydropyrimidines (HAPs), which affect hepatitis B virus (HBV) assembly, to gain insight and correlate in vitro assembly with HBV replication in culture. Based on a low-resolution crystal structure of a capsid-HAP complex, a closely related series of HAPs were designed and synthesized. These differentially strengthen the association between neighboring capsid proteins, alter the kinetics of assembly, and give rise to aberrant structures incompatible with a functional capsid. The chemical nature of the HAP variants correlated well with the structure of the HAP binding pocket. The thermodynamics and kinetics of in vitro assembly had strong and predictable effects on product morphology. However, only the kinetics of in vitro assembly had a strong correlation with inhibition of HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells; there was at best a weak correlation between assembly thermodynamics and replication. The correlation between assembly kinetics and virus suppression implies a competition between successful assembly and misassembly, small molecule induced or otherwise. This is a predictive and testable model for the mechanism of action of assembly effectors.
Electro-optical properties of ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymers (1991)

Abstract Ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymers (FLCP) were synthesized. These ferroelectrisities were confirmed directly by measuring the polarization reversal currents and other electro-optical properties. The smectic layer structure of FLCP was also studied. A chevron structure similar to that of low molecular FLC was observed even in FLCP cell. But the zigzag defects were not very sharp, which means that good orientation can be even in large area displays.
Single-camera 3D PTV using particle intensities and structured light (2019)

We use structured monochromatic volume illumination with spatially varying intensity profiles, to achieve 3D intensity particle tracking velocimetry using a single video camera. The video camera records the 2D motion of a 3D particle field within a fluid, which is perpendicularly illuminated with depth gradients of the illumination intensity. This allows us to encode the depth position perpendicular to the camera, in the intensity of each particle image. The light intensity field is calibrated using a 3D laser-engraved glass cube containing a known spatial distribution of 1100 defects. This is used to correct for the distortions and divergence of the projected light. We use a sequence of changing light patterns, with numerous sub-gradients in the intensity, to achieve a resolution of 200 depth levels.
A Digital Signal Processor-based Detection System for Optical Tomography (2004)

We introduce a prototype optical tomography system that is, based on embedded digital signal processing techniques. We offer insight into circuit construction and signal conditioning to accommodate desired bandwidth, sensitivity, and temporal response.
Heterogeneous junction engineering on core–shell nanocatalysts boosts the dye-sensitized solar cell (2013)

In this study, we successfully manipulate the heterogeneous junction at Co₃O₄-Pt core-shell cathodic nanocatalysts (C/P CNCs) by controlling the core/shell ratios. Our results indicate the cobalt core atoms would inject their valence charge to the surface Pt atoms due to the presence of extensive lattice strain in the shell region. This charge injection accelerates the redox kinetics at the catalysts surface. Consequently, compared with that using Pt nanoparticle cathode, the C/P CNCs at an optimal Pt/Co atomic ratio of 1, improves the current density and the photovoltaic efficiency of dye-sensitized soar cell (DSSC) by ∼36.3% and ∼22.9%, respectively. By combining structure and electrochemical analysis, we systematically elucidate the effects of Pt/Co (shell/core) ratios, the interplay of Co atoms on the shell structures, and the redox activity of C/P CNCs on the DSSC performance. Hereby, this study provide mechanistic insights in developing electrocatalysts for DSSC with programmable performance and reduced Pt utilization.