gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of numerical convergence speeds of convergent and accelerated algorithms for penalized likelihood PET image (2013)

Computational cost is a major challenge for 3D PET image reconstruction. Traditional ordered subsets based methods, such as OS-EM, accelerate the reconstruction process but in general are not convergent. In recent years, accelerated and convergent algorithms have been developed for PET image reconstruction. In this work, we study the numerical convergence speeds for three types of ordered subsets based convergent algorithms for penalized likelihood image reconstruction: BSREM, COSEM, and OS-MAP. The study of the computational cost for these algorithms is important in guiding numerical algorithm selection in clinical applications of penalized likelihood image reconstruction. A special case of the q-generalized Gaussian Markov random field (q-GGMRF) was used as the prior and a separable surrogate function for the prior was derived for COSEM and OS-MAP. The experiments were performed with simulated data obtained from a resolution phantom and the NCAT phantom as well as with clinical data containing inserted lesions. We investigated the local convergence in lesion activity recovery and the global convergence in the objective function as a function of iteration number. The experiments indicate that BSREM achieves faster convergence with a good selection of relaxation parameters compared to COSEM. OS-MAP's convergence speed with a good rule for gradually reducing the number of subsets to one was comparable to that of BSREM.
Vaccination of horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs induces short-lasting antibody responses (2017)

Borrelia burgdorferi can induce Lyme disease. Approved Lyme vaccines for horses are currently not available. In an effort to protect horses, veterinarians are using Lyme vaccines licensed for dogs. However, data to assess the response of horses to, or determine the efficacy of this off-label vaccine use are missing. Here, antibodies against outer surface protein A (OspA), OspC, and OspF were quantified in diagnostic serum submissions from horses with a history of vaccination with canine Lyme vaccines. The results suggested that many horses respond with low and often short-lasting antibody responses. Subsequently, four experimental vaccination trials were performed. First, we investigated antibody responses to three canine vaccines in B. burgdorferi-naïve horses. One killed bacterin vaccine induced antibodies against OspC. OspA antibodies were low for all three vaccines and lasted less than 16weeks. The second trial tested the impact of the vaccine dose using the OspA/OspC inducing bacterin vaccine in horses. A 2mL dose produced higher OspA and OspC antibody values than a 1mL dose. However, the antibody response again quickly declined, independent of dose. Third, the horses were vaccinated with 2 doses of a recombinant OspA vaccine. Previous vaccination and/or environmental exposure enhanced the magnitude and longevity of the OspA antibody response to about 20weeks. Last, the influence of intramuscular versus subcutaneous vaccine administration was investigated for the recombinant OspA vaccine. OspA antibody responses were not influenced by injection route. The current work highlights that commercial Lyme vaccines for dogs induce only transient antibody responses in horses which can also be of low magnitude. Protection from infection with B. burgdorferi should not be automatically assumed after vaccinating horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs.
Novel all-optical NRZ wavelength conversion employing SOA-based Sagnac interferometer (2004)

SOA-based Sagnac interferometers are traditionally regarded as optical RZ signal processing units. We first analyze and demonstrate NRZ wavelength conversion by introducing an interference bias for the Sagnac loop caused by the polarization control.
Light emission in silicon: from device physics to applications (2015)

Silicon Photonics is an emerging field of research and technology, where nano-silicon can play a fundamental role. Visible light emitted from reverse-biased p-n junctions at highly localized regions, where avalanche breakdown occurs, can be used to realize a visible electro-optical sources in silicon by means of light-emitting diodes (Si-LEDs) is reviewed by characterizing the spectral distribution. Regarding applications, a monolithic optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) for on-chip optical interconnection based on standard CMOS technology is discussed. Although there are some of the present challenges with regard to the realization of suitable electro-optical elements for diverse integrated circuit applications, the type of silicon light source can be further developed into be a Si-based optical short-distance on-chip optical interconnect applications.
LEDBAT++: Congestion Control for Background Traffic (2020)

This experimental memo describes LEDBAT++, a set of enhancements to
the LEDBAT (Low Extra Delay Background Transport) congestion control
algorithm for background traffic. The LEDBAT congestion control
algorithm has several shortcomings that prevent it from working
effectively in practice. LEDBAT++ extends LEDBAT by adding a set of
improvements, including reduced congestion window gain, modified slow-
start, multiplicative decrease and periodic slowdowns. This set of
improvement mitigates the known issues with the LEDBAT algorithm, such
as latency drift, latecomer advantage and inter-LEDBAT fairness.
LEDBAT++ has been implemented as a TCP congestion control algorithm in
the Windows operating system. LEDBAT++ has been deployed in production
at scale on a variety of networks and been experimentally verified to
achieve the original stated goals of LEDBAT.
Abstract 111: A Kidney Targeted Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Analog, EET-F01, Reduces Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity (2017)

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) analogs have exceptional therapeutic potential to combat cardiovascular and kidney diseases. EET analogs combat damage in acute and chronic kidney disease models. Biological actions attributed to EET analogs such as vasodilation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis are ideally suited to treat kidney diseases. Although EET analogs have performed well in several in vivo models, targeted delivery of EET analogs to the kidney can be reasonably expected to reduce the level of drug needed to achieve a therapeutic effect in the kidney and obviate possible side effects. For EET analog kidney-targeted delivery, we conjugated an EET analog to folic acid because there is a high concentration of folate receptors in renal tissue. The EET analog was conjugated to folic acid via a PEG-diamine linker. Next, we compared the kidney targeted EET analog, EET-F01, to a well-studied EET analog, EET-A. EET-A or EET-F01 was infused i.v. (10mg/kg/hr) for 6 hours via the rat jugular vein. Plasma and kidney tissue were collected and EET-A or EET-F01 measured by LC-MS-MS. EET-A plasma level was 1.6 ng/mL, but EET-A was undetectable in the kidney. On the other hand, EET-F01 was 6.5 ng/mL in plasma and 26.7 ng/mL in kidney tissue. These data demonstrate that EET-F01 targets the kidney. Experiments were conducted to compare EET-F01 and EET-A to decrease cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. A single injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg ip) was administered to WKY rats treated with vehicle, EET-A (10 mg/kg ip) or EET-F01 (20 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg ip) for five days. Cisplatin increased BUN (125 ± 11 mg/dL) and NAG (12 ± 4 IU/L) compared to control (36 ± 9 mg/dL and 4 ± 1 IU/L). EET-F01 was as effective as EET-A in decreasing BUN, NAG, and renal histological injury five days following cisplatin administration. Despite it almost 2x-greater molecular weight compared with EET-A, EET-F01 was effective in lowering BUN and NAG at 20 mg/kg/d and at a 10-fold lower dose of 2 mg/kg/d. These data clearly demonstrate that EET-F01 targets the kidney and allows for a lower effective dose. In conclusion, we have developed a kidney targeted EET analog, EET-F01, that demonstrates excellent potential as a therapeutic for kidney diseases.
Designing adiabatic radio frequency pulses using the Shinnar–Le Roux algorithm (2010)

Adiabatic pulses are a special class of radio frequency (RF) pulses that may be used to achieve uniform flip angles in the presence of a nonuniform B(1) field. In this work, we present a new, systematic method for designing high-bandwidth (BW), low-peak-amplitude adiabatic RF pulses that utilizes the Shinnar-Le Roux (SLR) algorithm for pulse design. Currently, the SLR algorithm is extensively employed to design nonadiabatic pulses for use in magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. We have adapted the SLR algorithm to create RF pulses that also satisfy the adiabatic condition. By overlaying sufficient quadratic phase across the spectral profile before the inverse SLR transform, we generate RF pulses that exhibit the required spectral characteristics and adiabatic behavior. Application of quadratic phase also distributes the RF energy more uniformly, making it possible to obtain the same spectral BW with lower RF peak amplitude. The method enables the pulse designer to specify spectral profile parameters and the degree of quadratic phase before pulse generation. Simulations and phantom experiments demonstrate that RF pulses designed using this new method behave adiabatically.
Photon‐migration measurement of latex size distribution in concentrated suspensions (1997)

Abstract Frequency‐domain measurements of photon migration were conducted in concentrated polystyrene suspensions to assess their use for on‐line particle sizing in undiluted process streams. Using a numerical inverse algorithm, particle‐size distributions (PSD) and volume fractions of three latex suspensions with differing distributions were recovered from phase‐shift measurements at 15 or less visible wavelengths. Comparison to dynamic light‐scattering measurements show excellent agreement. Since it is the propagation characteristics of multiply scattered light instead of the amount of light detected that is employed to solve the inverse problem, the measurement technique provides a self‐calibrating (and therefore especially suitable) method for on‐line process monitoring of PSD in the chemical‐based industries.
Recent progress on relativistic magnetrons using a transparent cathode (2008)

Researchers at the University of New Mexico (UNM) recently proposed that a transparent cathode can significantly improve the output characteristics of magnetrons [1]. Since then, a comprehensive study using particle-in-cell simulations [2] has identified the many benefits of using this cathode. At present we are in the midst of preparations for performing the first experiments at UNM to demonstrate the key features of using a transparent cathode instead of a traditional solid cathode. This paper will review the various benefits of operating relativistic and nonrelativistic magnetrons using a transparent cathode. In addition, plans for the initial experiments at the University of New Mexico on an A6 magnetron [3] driven by a short-pulse Sinus-6 accelerator will be presented. Future experiments on an A6 magnetron using a longer pulse (50 ns) accelerator at UNM will also be described, including details on the pulsed power redesign of the UNM PI-110A accelerator.
Water-Soluble Photoluminescence <i>On–Off–On</i> Probe for Speedy and Selective Detection of Fluoride Ions (2016)

A CdTe QDs based new type of water-soluble switch on–off–on photoluminescence (PL) probe has been developed for specific detection of fluoride ions (F–). Europium ions (Eu3+) stabilized by the carboxylic groups of 3-mercaptopropanoic acid (MPA) capped CdTe QDs result in quenching of PL (switch off) of QDs. PL is regained (switch on) with the addition of F– due to the formation of EuF3 as Eu3+ has higher bonding affinity with F– compared to carboxylic acid groups. The quenching of the PL property of CdTe-MPA QDs toward Eu3+ and its regeneration in the presence of F– is highly selective, sensitive (detection limit 5 ppm to 75 ppm), and prompt (less than 10 s). The technique has been successfully applied for the detection of HF vapors, which is actually an important issue from the industrial perspective. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of one step synthesized water-soluble 3-MPA capped CdTe QDs, as a rapid, efficient, and most importantly selective photoluminescence on–off–on probe for fluoride ion detection.
Clinical impact of B-cell depletion with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary case series (2009)

These observations suggest that B-lymphocytes are involved in CFS pathogenesis for a subset of patients. Benefit for all CFS symptoms, the delayed symptom relief following B-cell depletion, the kinetics of relapses, and the effect also from methotrexate treatment, provide suggestive evidence that B-cells play a significant role in the ongoing clinical features, and that CFS may be amenable to therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying B-cell number and function. More systematic investigations of this therapeutic strategy, and of its biological basis, are now needed.
A Spice-compatible flash EEPROM model feasible for transient and program/erase cycling endurance simulation (2003)

A complete Spice-compatible model for stacked-gate flash EEPROM cells has been successfully developed. It includes an accurate DC I-V model, a gate current model for Channel Hot Electron (CHE) programming; and a channel Fowler-Nordheim (FN) current model for erase. Program and erase induced oxide damage are also included in the model. For the first time, it allows the simulation of the programming/erase transient and the P/E cycling endurance characteristics using the present analytical approach. It provides an easy way for applications to cell design optimization and reliability evaluation for device and circuit designers.
Smart Phone Application to Influence Travel Behavior (TRAC-IT) Phase 3 (2008)

This three-phase research study focuses on using innovative technology to better understand and pattern household travel behavior for the purposes of educating, promoting, and encouraging households to utilize other alternatives to driving alone.The scope of Phase 1 called for preliminary development and testing of a portable unit consisting of a personal digital assistant (PDA), a global positioning system (GPS) device, and a wireless card, all-in-one unit nicknamed "TRAC-IT."Phase 2 investigated the impact of the travel feedback advisory system on household travel behavior.The objective of Phase 3 was to determine the capabilities of GPS-enabled mobile phones in tracking person movements across modes (car, bike, bus, etc.) and over extended time periods (e.g., weekly versus daily).A basic requirement of the system was that the mobile device selected had to be a commercially available, low cost, off-the-shelf, and a widely used device.The device also had to be equipped with embedded GPS capabilities for highly accurate position data, able to communicate this information wirelessly back to a server, and able to receive user input allowing the manual entry of survey data by participants that cannot be extracted from GPS data.Wireless communication features of the mobile phone were envisioned to offer the user with real-time information that could influence their current travel behavior.The use of GPS-enabled mobile phones and an application such as TRAC-IT presents a unique opportunity to collect high-resolution individual travel behavior data that are instantly transferred to a server for analysis by transportation professionals.As more "indoor GPS" (high-sensitivity) chips become available in the mobile phone market, it is expected that GPS data from mobile phones that are more accurate will be collected and these should be able to obtain location fixes where current phones cannot.Based on the continuous research of new innovative approaches to travel data collection using location-based approaches, the TRAC-IT research team concluded that GPS-enabled mobile phones will continue to be a vital tool in travel behavior data collection.17.
<title>ALA-containing transparent applicators on the basis of biodegradable polymers for photodynamic therapy of superficial malignancies</title> (2002)

The efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5- aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is essentially determined by an optimal choice of sensitization means, among which the application method is one of the most perspective due to high permeability of a skin for 5-ALA. The aim of present work is optimization of sensitization process with ALA. We have used the possibility of 5-ALA transparency in applicator (outside of tissue) while protoporphyrin-IX, formed in sensitized tissue, has sufficient absorption for providing PDT. We have developed 5-ALA containing applicator on the basis of transparent biodegradable polymers, which serve as a programmed source of 5-ALA in the zone of their contact with pathological tissue. The investigations carried out on mice with the solid form of leucosis p-388, have shown that developed applicator provides effective sensitization of pathological tissue, supporting high concentration of photosensitizer in tissue during the whole time of application (up to week). The experiments in vivo have demonstrated high efficiency of PDT. The preliminary clinical researches allow to draw a conclusion about its perspectivity for photodynamic treatment of skin malignancies.
Wildfire smoke detection using temporospatial features and random forest classifiers (2012)

We propose a wildfire smoke detection algorithm that uses temporospatial visual features and an ensemble of decision trees and random forest classifiers. In general, wildfire smoke detection is particularly important for early warning systems because smoke is usually generated before flames; in addition, smoke can be detected from a long distance owing to its diffusion characteristics. In order to detect wildfire smoke using a video camera, temporospatial characteristics such as color, wavelet coefficients, motion orientation, and a histogram of oriented gradients are extracted from the preceding 100 corresponding frames and the current keyframe. Two RFs are then trained using independent temporal and spatial feature vectors. Finally, a candidate block is declared as a smoke block if the average probability of two RFs in a smoke class is maximum. The proposed algorithm was successfully applied to various wildfire-smoke and smoke-colored videos and performed better than other related algorithms.
On Sensory Eye Dominance Revealed by Binocular Integrative and Binocular Competitive Stimuli (2018)

Our findings suggest a common origin for interocular imbalance in the two different binocular processes and that both types of sensory eye dominance are significant factors in impeding stereopsis.
Review: corneal endothelial cell derivation methods from ES/iPS cells (2019)

Globally, approximately 12.7 million people are awaiting a transplantation, while only 185,000 cases of corneal transplantation are performed in a year. Corneal endothelial dysfunction (bullous keratopathy) due to Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy, or insults associated with intraocular surgeries, shared half of all indications for corneal transplantation. Regenerative therapy for corneal endothelium independent of eye bank eyes has great importance to solve the large supply-demand mismatching in corneal transplantation and reduce the number of worldwide corneal blindness. If corneal endothelial cells could be derived from ES or iPS cells, these stem cells would be the ideal cell source for cell therapy treatment of bullous keratopathy. Four representative corneal endothelial cell derivation methods were reviewed. Components in earlier methods included lens epithelial cell-conditioned medium or fetal bovine serum, but the methods have been improved and materials have been chemically more defined over the years. Conditioned medium or serum is replaced to recombinant proteins and small molecule compounds. These improvements enabled to open the corneal endothelial developmental mechanisms, in which epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-endothelial transition by TGF beta, BMP, and Wnt signaling have important roles. The protocols are gradually approaching clinical application; however, proof of efficacy and safety of the cells by adequate animal models are the challenges for the future.
MOS Circuitry Would Detect Low-Energy Charged Particles (2003)

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuits for measuring spatially varying intensities of beams of low-energy charged particles have been developed. These circuits are intended especially for use in measuring fluxes of ions with spatial resolution along the focal planes of mass spectrometers. Unlike prior mass spectrometer focal-plane detectors, these MOS circuits would not be based on ion-induced generation of electrons, and photons; instead, they would be based on direct detection of the electric charges of the ions. Hence, there would be no need for microchannel plates (for ion-to-electron conversion), phosphors (for electron-to-photon conversion), and photodetectors (for final detection) -- components that degrade spatial resolution and contribute to complexity and size. The developmental circuits are based on linear arrays of charge-coupled devices (CCDs) with associated readout circuitry (see figure). They resemble linear CCD photodetector arrays, except that instead of a photodetector, each pixel contains a capacitive charge sensor. The capacitor in each sensor comprises two electrodes (typically made of aluminum) separated by a layer of insulating material. The exposed electrode captures ions and accumulates their electric charges during signal-integration periods.
Pre-expression of a sulfhydryl oxidase significantly increases the yields of eukaryotic disulfide bond containing proteins expressed in the cytoplasm of E.coli (2011)

Our results show that the production of eukaryotic proteins with multiple disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm of E. coli is possible. The required exogenous components can be put onto a single plasmid vector allowing facile transfer between different prokaryotic strains. These results open up new avenues for the use of E. coli as a microbial cell factory.
Processing and properties of co‐injected resin transfer molded vinyl ester and phenolic composites (1999)

Abstract Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding type processes have been proven to be cost effective manufacturing techniques for large composite structures. However, their use has been limited to a single resin system. A large variety of composite structures require multiple resins to serve different purposes while being integrated into a single structure. Co‐Injection Resin Transfer Molding (CIRTM) is a new manufacturing process, developed at the University of Delaware's Center for Composite Materials in collaboration with the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, that enables the user to manufacture multi‐layer hybrid composite parts in a single processing step (1). In this paper, CIRTM is used to manufacture a dual layered structure consisting of a vinyl ester layer for structural integrity and a phenolic layer for fire, smoke, and toxicity protection. The two resins are simultaneously injected into a mold filled with a stationary fiber bed and are co‐cured. Resin separation is maintained by a 0.0254 mm (0.001 in) thick polysulfone film sandwiched between two layers of 0.165 mm (0.0065 in) thick adhesive. A Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) is used to select the optimum cure cycle for all of the materials. Mechanical testing is used to evaluate the performance of the interphase formed between dissimilar materials. Short beam shear (SBS) is used to evaluate the overall quality of the part produced. Double cantilever beam (DCB) is used to quantify the fracture toughness of the interphase, and the wedge test is used to evaluate the durability of the interphase. Experimental results show that co‐injected, co‐cured materials offer properties equivalent, or in some cases, superior, to those provided by single injection resin composites. This case is used to develop and present a methodology that can be followed to co‐inject different resins.