gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Individual differences of pedestrian behaviour in midblock crosswalk and intersection (2011)

Abstract Motor vehicle crashes involving pedestrians have recently become a major traffic safety problem. Pedestrian error is defined as a risk event that can be described by uncensored waiting duration. This paper presents a parametric duration model for analysis of pedestrian behaviour in midblock crosswalk and intersection, which can be used to explain when and why pedestrians cross the street in error. In order to identify individual differences in pedestrian behaviour based on specific error-inducing factors in midblock crosswalk and intersection, the endurance probability and risk rate for pedestrian crossing behaviour are calculated with different waiting durations by the exponential, Weibull and log-logistic distributions. The results show the relationship of pedestrian behaviour and waiting duration. Keywords: motor vehicle crashespedestrian violationwaiting durationtraffic safety Acknowledgements This work is partially supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation under grant 1072467, the National Nature Science Foundation of China under grant 50878023 and the National Basic Research Program of China 2006CB705500.
Targeting RANKL in metastasis (2014)

Acting through its cognate receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) is an essential mediator of osteoclast function and survival. Preclinical data have now firmly established that blockade of tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis by RANKL inhibition will not only protect against bone destruction but will also inhibit the progression of established bone metastases and delay the formation of de novo bone metastases in cancer models. In patients with bone metastases, skeletal complications are driven by increased osteoclastic activity and may result in pathological fractures, spinal cord compression and the need for radiotherapy to the bone or orthopedic surgery (collectively known as skeletal-related events (SREs)). Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, has been demonstrated to prevent or delay SREs in patients with solid tumors that have metastasized to bone. In addition to its central role in tumor-induced osteolysis, bone destruction and skeletal tumor progression, there is emerging evidence for direct pro-metastatic effects of RANKL, independent of osteoclasts. For example, RANKL also stimulates metastasis via activity on RANK-expressing cancer cells, resulting in increased invasion and migration. Pharmacological inhibition of RANKL may also reduce bone and lung metastasis through blockade of the direct action of RANKL on metastatic cells. This review describes these distinct but potentially overlapping mechanisms by which RANKL may promote metastases.
Threonyl-tRNA synthetase. (1995)

Threonine contributes to the solubility and reactivity of proteins by its hydroxy group as well as to the formation and stability of the hydrophobic core of proteins by its methyl group. One may assume that the use of this bifunctional and simply structured amino acid was established early in evolution. Whereas the catalytic pathway of threonine activation and transfer into protein does not deviate essentially from those catalyzed by other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the enzyme specific for threonine exhibits several interesting individual properties: its biosynthesis is regulated by feedback mechanisms, it can be selectively inhibited (out of twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases) by the antibiotic borrelidin, and it can be a target for autoantibodies, thus being involved in the course of autoimmune diseases. The enzyme has been isolated from more than ten organisms showing a dimeric nature and molecular masses between 110 and 220 kDa. Additionally, in several of these cases, the gene of threonyl-tRNA synthetase has been localized, cloned and sequenced, exhibiting proteins of 400 to 800 amino acids chain length. More interesting facts can be expected from future research ranging from chemistry and molecular biology to medicine, e.g. by elucidation of the three dimensional structures of threonyl-tRNA synthetases and of their antigenic epitopes, possibly followed by therapeutic use of less antigenic mutant proteins.
Bone matrix imaged in vivo by water‐ and fat‐suppressed proton projection MRI (WASPI) of animal and human subjects (2010)

WASPI of the solid matrix of bone in humans and animals in vivo is feasible.
Personality Matters (2016)

When personalities clash, teams operate less effectively. Personality differences affect face-to-face collaboration and may lower trust in virtual teams. For relatively short-lived assignments, like those of online crowdsourcing, personality matching could provide a simple, scalable strategy for effective team formation. However, it is not clear how (or if) personality differences affect teamwork in this novel context where the workforce is more transient and diverse. This study examines how personality compatibility in crowd teams affects performance and individual perceptions. Using the DISC personality test, we composed 14 five-person teams (N=70) with either a harmonious coverage of personalities (balanced) or a surplus of leader-type personalities (imbalanced). Results show that balancing for personality leads to significantly better performance on a collaborative task. Balanced teams exhibited less conflict and their members reported higher levels of satisfaction and acceptance. This work demonstrates a simple personality matching strategy for forming more effective teams in crowdsourcing contexts.
Optimized route network graph as map reference for autonomous cars operating on German autobahn (2011)

This paper describes several optimization techniques used to create an adequate route network graph for autonomous cars as a map reference for driving on German autobahn or similar highway tracks. We have taken the Route Network Definition File Format (RNDF) specified by DARPA and identified multiple flaws of the RNDF for creating digital maps for autonomous vehicles. Thus, we introduce various enhancements to it to form a digital map graph called RND-FGraph, which is well suited to map almost any urban transportation infrastructure. We will also outline and show results of fast optimizations to reduce the graph size. The RNDFGraph has been used for path-planning and trajectory evaluation by the behavior module of our two autonomous cars “Spirit of Berlin” and “MadeInGermany”. We have especially tuned the graph to map structured high speed environments such as autobahns where we have tested autonomously hundreds of kilometers under real traffic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 2‐ARYL‐2‐(1‐CYCLOHEXENYL)‐BUTYLAMINE DERIVATIVES (1982)

Abstract Knoevenagel‐Kondensation der Arylacetonitrile (I) mit Cyclohexanon gibt die Cyclohexylidenacetonitrile (II), deren Alkylierungsprodukte (III) zu den Aminen (IV) reduziert werden.
Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical studies of copper and cobalt phthalocyanine-tin oxide electrodes (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrochemical and photoelectrochemical studies of copper and cobalt phthalocyanine-tin oxide electrodesV. Rogers. Shepard and Neal R. ArmstrongCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1979, 83, 10, 1268–1276Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100473a007https://doi.org/10.1021/j100473a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views524Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Rolling of Human Bone-Metastatic Prostate Tumor Cells on Human Bone Marrow Endothelium under Shear Flow Is Mediated by E-Selectin (2004)

Prostate tumor cells preferentially adhere to bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) compared with endothelial linings from other tissue microvessels, implicating the importance of BMEC adhesion in the predilection of prostate tumor metastasis to bone. E (endothelial)-selectin, which functions as an initiator of leukocyte adhesion to target tissue endothelium, is constitutively expressed on BMECs, suggesting that prostate tumor cells could use this adhesive mechanism to initiate their migration into bone. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that human bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells roll on human BMECs under physiological flow conditions. We show that these dynamic adhesive interactions are dependent on the expression of BMEC E-selectin and sialylated glycoconjugates on bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells. We also establish the importance of both glycoprotein(s) and glycosphingolipid structures displaying sialyl Lewis X epitopes as potential E-selectin ligands on bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells. Coexpression of sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids on bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells triggers robust E-selectin binding activity, which is identical to that observed on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. By Western blot analysis, we identify candidate E-selectin glycoprotein ligand(s); distinct sialyl Lewis X (or HECA-452 antigen)-bearing membrane proteins were resolved at M(r) 130,000 and M(r) 220,000 as well as others ranging from M(r) 100,000 to M(r) 220,000. Immunohistochemical analysis of HECA-452 antigen expression on normal prostate tissue and on low- and high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma shows that HECA-452 antigen expression is directly associated with prostate tumor progression and may indicate acquisition of E-selectin ligand expression. These findings provide novel insight into potential adhesive mechanisms promoting hematogenous dissemination of prostate tumor cells into bone.
Predicting the number of defects in a new software version (2020)

Predicting the number of defects in software at the method level is important. However, little or no research has focused on method-level defect prediction. Therefore, considerable efforts are still required to demonstrate how method-level defect prediction can be achieved for a new software version. In the current study, we present an analysis of the relevant information obtained from the current version of a software product to construct regression models to predict the estimated number of defects in a new version using the variables of defect density, defect velocity and defect introduction time, which show considerable correlation with the number of method-level defects. These variables also show a mathematical relationship between defect density and defect acceleration at the method level, further indicating that the increase in the number of defects and the defect density are functions of the defect acceleration. We report an experiment conducted on the Finding Faults Using Ensemble Learners (ELFF) open-source Java projects, which contain 289,132 methods. The results show correlation coefficients of 60% for the defect density, -4% for the defect introduction time, and 93% for the defect velocity. These findings indicate that the average defect velocity shows a firm and considerable correlation with the number of defects at the method level. The proposed approach also motivates an investigation and comparison of the average performances of classifiers before and after method-level data preprocessing and of the level of entropy in the datasets.
The stride cycle of the cat: the modelling of locomotion by computerized analysis of automatic recordings. (1983)

The present study gives a general description of the locomotor patterns of the intact cat. Overground and treadmill locomotion were studied by means of automatic recordings of limb movements, ground reaction forces and electromyograms. The data processing and automatic recording techniques which were used are described; one recording technique is based on a television system, another on the Selspot I system. The data were processed and analysed interactively with a computer, which allows a statistical analysis of many strides in a fast and accurate way. The amplitudes and time course of movements in different joints and different limbs were studied at different velocities of locomotion and correlated to each other and to parameters such as the onset and termination of electromyographic activity in different muscles. No element of the stride cycle was found to be constant: The amplitudes of joint angles and limb excursions as well as the durations of the different phases of the stride cycle can be adapted to maintain an appropriate coordination between the limbs. The durations of all phases of the stride cycle decrease with increasing speed of locomotion. The durations of the support and extension phases change proportionally more than of the swing and flexion phases and they all appear to be linearly related to the stride cycle duration. The relations of the flexion duration with the stride cycle duration for the different joints are usually different from each other and after a disturbance of the movements of a forelimb the duration of knee and ankle flexion of the homolateral limb can increase and the first extension phase of knee and ankle decrease, whereas they usually increase or decrease together. This further supports the hypothesis that every joint is controlled by a flexion and extension unit pattern generator. The amplitude of the joint angle excursions during the different phases of the stride cycle are better controlled than the absolute joint angles at the onset and termination of these phases. The position of the toe at touch-down was studied at different velocities of locomotion and was found to remain comparatively constant. There is a correlation between hip, knee and ankle joint angles at touch-down, which was found to be of importance for the precise positioning of the foot.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The p53 Pathway Controls SOX2-Mediated Reprogramming in the Adult Mouse Spinal Cord (2016)

Although the adult mammalian spinal cord lacks intrinsic neurogenic capacity, glial cells can be reprogrammed in vivo to generate neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI). How this reprogramming process is molecularly regulated, however, is not clear. Through a series of in vivo screens, we show here that the p53-dependent pathway constitutes a critical checkpoint for SOX2-mediated reprogramming of resident glial cells in the adult mouse spinal cord. While it has no effect on the reprogramming efficiency, the p53 pathway promotes cell-cycle exit of SOX2-induced adult neuroblasts (iANBs). As such, silencing of either p53 or p21 markedly boosts the overall production of iANBs. A neurotrophic milieu supported by BDNF and NOG can robustly enhance maturation of these iANBs into diverse but predominantly glutamatergic neurons. Together, these findings have uncovered critical molecular and cellular checkpoints that may be manipulated to boost neuron regeneration after SCI.
Extracellular matrix remodeling following myocardial injury (2003)

While current therapeutic strategies restore blood flow to the ischemic myocardium and limit infarct size, adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling that progresses to dysfunction remains a significant complication following myocardial infarction (MI). The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key component in the remodeling process, and increases in collagen occur in the infarct area to replace necrotic myocytes and form a scar. The ECM is coupled to the cell through cell surface receptors, primary of which are the integrins. In addition, the matrix metalloproteinases coordinate ECM turnover through degradation of ECM components. Several laboratories have demonstrated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) participation in remodeling events that lead to LV dilation, and inhibition or targeted deletion of specific MMPs has beneficial effects post-MI. MMP inhibition is a particular focus of recent studies designed to understand the underlying mechanisms of LV remodeling and to evaluate pharmacologic strategies that target the ECM to affect adverse LV remodeling following MI.
Incidence of Stroke and Stroke Subtypes in Malmo, Sweden, 1990–2000 (2004)

In this urban population from Sweden, there are substantial differences in stroke incidence and stroke subtypes between immigrants from different countries. To what extent this could be accounted for by exposure to biological risk factors remains to be explored.
Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation (2009)

Clinical trials show that vitamin D supplementation at higher levels than previously recommended is beneficial for many conditions. It decreases the frequency of falls and fractures, helps prevent cardiovascular disease, and reduces symptoms of colds or influenza. Benefits are also seen in diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Crohn disease, pain, depression, and possibly autism. Sunlight does not cause an overdose of vitamin D production, and toxicity from supplementation is rare. Dose recommendations are increasing, but appear to be lagging the favorable trial results. A number of common drugs deplete vitamin D levels, and others may limit its biosynthesis from sunlight. People with adequate levels from sun exposure will not benefit from supplementation. While dietary intake is helpful, supplementation is better able to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D , the major circulating metabolite, to the level now thought adequate, 30-50 ng/mL. Where there is inadequate daily sun exposure, oral doses of 1,000-2,000 IU/d are now considered routine, with much higher doses (up to 50,000 IU) for rapid repletion now considered safe. 3
Real-Time Modelica Simulation on a Suse Linux Enterprise Real Time PC (2008)

This paper presents a real-time simulation system for a Suse Linux Enterprise Real-Time (SLERT) operat-ing system workstation. With this system can be executed Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. HIL is the integration of real components and system models in a common simulation environment. The main focuses of this simulation system presented in this paper are the development and the validation of simulation models of electric components (e.g. bat-tery systems, electric drives etc.) for Hybrid (HEV) and Electric Vehicles. The system is based on a Linux real-time computer with numerous analoge/digital input and output channels and all simulation models are implemented in Modelica using the for example the SmartPower-trains and SmartElectricDrives libraries. The models are simulated with the Dymola simulation environ-ment for Linux.
Pathogenesis of vascular leak in dengue virus infection (2017)

Endothelial dysfunction leading to vascular leak is the hallmark of severe dengue. Vascular leak typically becomes clinically evident 3-6 days after the onset of illness, which is known as the critical phase. This critical phase follows the period of peak viraemia, and lasts for 24-48 hr and usually shows rapid and complete reversal, suggesting that it is likely to occur as a result of inflammatory mediators, rather than infection of the endothelium. Cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α, which are known to be elevated in the critical phase of dengue, are likely to be contributing factors. Dengue NS1, a soluble viral protein, has also been shown to disrupt the endothelial glycocalyx and thus contribute to vascular leak, although there appears to be a discordance between the timing of NS1 antigenaemia and occurrence of vascular leak. In addition, many inflammatory lipid mediators are elevated in acute dengue viral infection such as platelet activating factor (PAF) and leukotrienes. Furthermore, many other inflammatory mediators such as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 have been shown to be elevated in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever, exerting their action in part by inducing the activity of phospholipases, which have diverse inflammatory effects including generation of PAF. Platelets have also been shown to significantly contribute to endothelial dysfunction by production of interleukin-1β through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and also by inducing production of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes. Drugs that block down-stream immunological mediator pathways such as PAF may also be beneficial in the treatment of severe disease.
A New Current-Driven Synchronous Rectifier for Series–Parallel Resonant ( $LLC$) DC–DC Converter (2010)

A new synchronous rectifier (SR) driving method is proposed using primary current sensing in this paper. Because the magnetizing current of transformer is included in the primary winding of transformer, it cannot be used to generate the driving signals of SRs directly. A current-compensating winding in current transformer (CT) is used to cancel out the magnetizing current and generate suitable driving signals for SR. Therefore, one CT is used to generate two driving signals for two SRs in <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> converter with a center-tapped rectifier. This current-driven method is simple and low cost for high-output-current dc-dc application. A 150-W dc-dc prototype using <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> half-bridge converter with the proposed SR circuit is built up to verify the theoretical analysis.
Liquid Chromatography/Electron Capture Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry:  Analysis of Pentafluorobenzyl Derivatives of Biomolecules and Drugs in the Attomole Range (2000)

The corona discharge used to generate positive and negative ions under conventional atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions also provides a source of gas-phase electrons. This is thought to occur by displacement of electrons from the nitrogen sheath gas. Therefore, suitable analytes can undergo electron capture in the gas phase in a manner similar to that observed for gas chromatography/electron capture negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. This technique, which has been named electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry, provided an increase in sensitivity of 2 orders of magnitude when compared with conventional atmospheric pressure chemical ionization methodology. It is a simple procedure to tag many biomolecules and drugs with an electron-capturing group such as the pentafluorobenzyl moiety before analysis. Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives have previously been used as electron capturing derivatives because they undergo dissociative electron capture in the gas phase to generate negative ions through the loss of a pentafluorobenzyl radical. A similar process was found to occur under electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions. By monitoring the negative ions that were formed, it was possible to obtain attomole sensitivity for pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of a representative steroid, steroid metabolite, prostaglandin, thromboxane, amino acid, and DNA-adduct.
Computed tomographic diagnosis of acute hemopericardium following myocardial infarction. (1986)

A patient with acute hemopericardium following myocardial infarction is described. At surgery there was no evidence of myocardial rupture. The value of computed tomographic scanning in the diagnosis of fresh blood within the pericardial sac is discussed.