gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and glucose-regulated protein 78 expression in rats after focal ischemic preconditioning (2012)

Objective
To investigate the effect of focal ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on the expression of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) mRNA and protein after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. 


Methods
All 120 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group and brain ischemia preconditioning (BIP) group. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups according to 12 h, 1, 2 and 3 d after I/R. The IPC models were made in order to measure the expression of PERK, GRP78 mRNA and protein by in situ hybridization and Western blot, and the apoptosis rate of neuron by flow cytometry. 


Results
①The expression of PERK mRNA increased and reached the peak at 12 h, then decreased continuously after 1 d. BIP could decrease its expression. The expression of PERK protein increased at 12 h and reached the peak at 24 h, then decreased continuously after 2 d. BIP could decrease its expression. ②The expression both of GRP78 mRNA and its protein all increased and reached the peak at 12 h, then decreased continuously. BIP could increase their expression (mRNA:12 h: 136.70±9.53, F=32.265; 24 h:147.54±9.97, F=54.920; 2 d:158.16±9.44, F=45.374; 3 d: 65.85±10.26, F=16.493, P<0.05; protein:12 h: 1.319±0.116, F=5.619, P<0.05; 24 h: 1.226±0.108, F=33.742, P<0.01; 2 d:1.183±0.112, F=46.556, P<0.01; 3 d: 1.115±0.098, F=11.730, P<0.05).③The rate of apoptosis neuron of rats in MCAO increased markedly at 12 h after reperfusion, and reached the peak at 1 d, then decreased continuously. BIP could decrease the rate of apoptosis neuron. 


Conclusion
BIP can protect neurons through inhibiting the expression of PERK and inducing the expression of GRP78 after endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats.


Key words: 
Brain ischemia; Ischemic preconditioning; eIF-2 Kinase; Heat-shock proteins;  Rats
Error Awareness in a Saccade Countermanding Task (2005)

Abstract: Stop-signal tasks can be used to analyze mechanisms of action control and error monitoring. Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies indicated enhanced stop-signal N2 amplitudes for unsuccessful compared with successful inhibition. The aim of this study was to further investigate whether stop-signal related and response-related ERP components would reflect different aspects of error processing. ERPs were recorded during a saccade countermanding task, i.e. a stop-signal task with oculomotor response. Error awareness was obtained from subjective accuracy ratings. The response-related error positivity (Pe) was more pronounced for perceived than for unperceived errors whereas awareness of an error did not modulate the magnitude of the error negativity (Ne). This result is in accordance with previous findings. Stop-signal related ERPs revealed enhanced N2 amplitudes for incorrect (unsuccessfully stopped) trials compared with correct trials. However, this enhancement was restricted to perceived errors. The results support the idea that the stop-signal itself provides a performance feedback and the N2 reflects aspects of conscious response monitoring of unsuccessful inhibition.
Presynaptic receptors and modulation of the release of noradrenaline, dopamine and GABA. (1981)

A review of the role of presynaptic receptors in the modulation of neurotransmitter release indicates two types of presynaptic receptors. By means of presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptors a neurotransmitter can regulate its own release. In addition, presynaptic receptors are acted upon by other endogenous compounds, either transmitters released from adjacent nerve terminals, blood-borne compounds or locally-formed substances, involved in trans-synaptic feed-back. Both types of presynaptic receptors may be involved in the physiological control of transmitter release and are the target of drug action, either as agonists or as antagonists.
Gene transfer into the airway epithelium of animals by targeting the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. (1995)

Genes of interest can be targeted specifically to respiratory epithelial cells in intact animals with high efficiency by exploiting the receptor-mediated endocytosis of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. A DNA carrier, consisting of the Fab portion of polyclonal antibodies raised against rat secretory component covalently linked to poly-L-lysine, was used to introduce plasmids containing different reporter genes into airway epithelial cells in vivo. We observed significant levels of luciferase enzyme activity in protein extracts from the liver and lung, achieving maximum values of 13,795 +/- 4,431 and 346,954 +/- 199,120 integrated light units (ILU) per milligram of protein extract, respectively. No luciferase activity was detected in spleen or heart, which do not express the receptor. Transfections using complexes consisting of an irrelevant plasmid (pCMV lacZ) bound to the bona fide carrier or the expression plasmid (pGEMluc) bound to a carrier based on an irrelevant Fab fragment resulted in background levels of luciferase activity in all tissues examined. Thus, only tissues that contain cells bearing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor are transfected, and transfection cannot be attributed to the nonspecific uptake of an irrelevant carrier-DNA complex. Specific mRNA from the luciferase gene was also detected in the lungs of transfected animals. To determine which cells in the lungs are transfected by this method, DNA complexes were prepared containing expression plasmids with genes encoding the bacterial beta-galactosidase or the human interleukin 2 receptor. Expression of these genes was localized to the surface epithelium of the airways and the submucosal glands, and not the bronchioles and alveoli. Receptor-mediated endocytosis can be used to introduce functional genes into the respiratory epithelium of rats, and may be a useful technique for gene therapy targeting the lung.
An instrumented object for evaluation of lateral hand grasp during functional tasks (2001)

We developed an instrumented object for quantitative evaluation of functional tasks performed with lateral hand grasp. The device was instrumented with three force transducers based on metal foil strain gauges. The transducers allowed simultaneous monitoring of the grasp force, the perpendicular force at the tip, and the force in the long axis of the instrumented object. The device was used for evaluation of a simulated eating task performed by able-bodied subjects and a tetraplegic subject instrumented with an FES hand grasp system. Use of the instrumented object will allow us to gain a more thorough understanding of the application of forces on a tool during important functional tasks of daily living. This knowledge will be used to improve the control of a closed-loop FES hand grasp system incorporating natural sensory feedback.
Edge tones in high-speed flows and their application to multiple-jetmixing (1983)

THIS paper reports the results of an experimental investigation on edge tones generated with a high-speed subsonic air jet-issuing from a rectangular nozzle and impinging on a wedge shaped edge. Experiments were also made to determine the influence of these tones on the mixing of multiple rectangular jets. For exit Mach numbers ranging from 0,2 to 1.0, the minimum breadth required for a tone to be generated increases linearly with Mach number. At distances of the wedge beyond the minimum breadth, the narrow-band spectrum of the near field pressure signals indicate the simultaneous existence of several discrete frequencies, and the amplitude dominant frequencies show different stages. Improved mixing of the multiple jets has been observed when a wedge is placed in one of them. Contents Several experimental studies aimed at understanding the fluid mechanics underlying edge tone generation have been carried out over a period of time at Stanford University. A description of the main features of the edge tone phenomenon and a review of the various experimental and analytical investigations were given by Karamcheti et al.1 The discussion was mainly concerned with the results of experiments on an incompressible jet having a parabolic-type exit mean velocity profile. The main purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the results of experiments on edge tones generated with a compressible subsonic air jet issuing from a rectangular nozzle having a top hat mean exit velocity profile and impinging on a wedge shaped edge. As part of an ongoing program to study the mixing processes of single and multiple rectangular jets, we are interested in a mechanism which can enhance the mixing of multiple jets. As a result, an attempt has been made to study qualitatively the mixing processes of multiple jets with a wedge present in one of them. The main parameters governing the problem are the Mach number M and Reynolds number Re of the jet near the exit, the state of the flow at the exit of the nozzle, the geometry and disposition of the wedge with respect to the nozzle exit, and the condition of the ambient medium into which the jet is issuing. In the present investigation, the exit Mach number varies from 0.2 to 1.0. The Reynolds number employed is based on the width D (small dimension) of the nozzle and is given by Re=MaD/v, where a and v are the speed of sound
Effect of material and geometry parameters on the thermo-mechanical reliability of flip-chip assemblies (2002)

Detailed models have been created to understand the effect of material and geometry parameters on die stresses and solder bump strains in flip-chip assemblies. The following parameters were considered: substrate thickness, die thickness, stand-off height, interconnect pitch, underfill CTE, underfill stiffness, solder mask stiffness and solder mask CTE. The stresses at the back of the die have been reported. Lifetime predictions for the solder bumps based on Coffin-Manson relations are also given.
Low bit rate video coding: an overview (2003)

An overview is given of low bit rate (m*64 kb/s, m=1.6) video coding using a generalized video codec. This codec uses a hybrid coding algorithm combining differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) in the temporal domain and transform coding or vector quantization (VQ) in the spatial domain to code sequences of spatially and temporally subsampled images. The coder uses motion detection and estimation for more efficient prediction; the resulting motion vectors are also used in the decoder for motion-compensated interpolation of the images left out in the subsampling process. All the elements of the codec are discussed and some of the options available for each element are noted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of a plasmid from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> encoding a replication protein common to plasmids in Gram‐positive bacteria (1991)

A 1.5 kb cryptic plasmid was isolated from Helicobacter pylori. Low-stringency hybridization analysis using this plasmid as a DNA probe revealed base sequence homology with other plasmids in this species. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified an open reading frame encoding a putative polypeptide of 25 kDa. This protein showed marked amino acid sequence similarity to replication-initiation proteins commonly found in small plasmids endogenous to Gram-positive bacteria which replicate by the 'rolling-circle' mechanism. Sequence motifs corresponding to the origins-of-replication consensus sequences were found on this cryptic plasmid. DNA and oligonucleotide probes to these plasmid replication sequences were used in hybridization analysis to identify similar sequences in other H. pylori plasmids. We believe this is the first plasmid isolated from a Gram-negative bacterium to show replication determinants characteristic of the 'rolling-circle' group of plasmids from Gram-positive bacteria. The cloned plasmid will be used to develop a shuttle-vector for H. pylori.
Guillotine Subdivisions Approximate Polygonal Subdivisions: A Simple Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme for Geometric TSP, <i>k</i>-MST, and Related Problems (1999)

We show that any polygonal subdivision in the plane can be converted into an "m-guillotine" subdivision whose length is at most $(1+{c\over m})$ times that of the original subdivision, for a small constant c. "m-Guillotine" subdivisions have a simple recursive structure that allows one to search for the shortest of such subdivisions in polynomial time, using dynamic programming. In particular, a consequence of our main theorem is a simple polynomial-time approximation scheme for geometric instances of several network optimization problems, including the Steiner minimum spanning tree, the traveling salesperson problem (TSP), and the k-MST problem.
Comparison of penetration depth between two-photon excitation and single-photon excitation in imaging through turbid tissue media (2000)

We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that for a turbid tissue medium where Mie scattering is dominant, multiple scattering not only reduces the illumination power in the forward direction but also exhibits an anisotropic distribution of scattered photons. Thus, a signal level under two-photon excitation drops much faster than that under single-photon excitation although image resolution is much higher in the former case. As a result, the penetration depth under two-photon excitation is limited by the strength of two-photon fluorescence and is not necessarily larger than that under single-photon excitation.
Attack resilient architecture to replace embedded Flash with STTRAM in homogeneous IoTs (2016)

Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STTRAM) is an emerging Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technology that provides better endurance, write energy and performance than traditional NVM technologies such as Flash. In embedded application such as microcontroller SoC of Internet of Things (IoT), embedded Flash (eFlash) is widely employed. However, eFlash is also associated with cost. Therefore, replacing eFlash with STTRAM is desirable in IoTs for power-efficiency. Although promising, STTRAM brings several new security and privacy challenges that pose a significant threat to sensitive data in memory. This is inevitable due to the underlying dependency of this memory technology on environmental parameters such as temperature and magnetic fields that can be exploited by an adversary to tamper with the program and data. In this paper, we investigate these attacks and propose a novel memory architecture for attack resilient IoT network. The information redundancy present in a homogeneous peer-to-peer connected IoT network is exploited to restore the corrupted memory of any IoT node when under attack. We are able to build a failsafe IoT system with STTRAM based program memory which allows guaranteed execution of all the IoT nodes without complete shutdown of any node under attack. Experimental results using commercial IoT boards demonstrate the latency and energy overhead of the attack recovery process.
Path of the polypeptide in bacteriorhodopsin. (1980)

An attempt has been made to fit the amino acid sequence of bacteriorhodopsin to the three-dimensional density map of the molecule. First, seven segments of the sequence were selected as being probable transmembrane alpha helices. Then each of the 5040 possible ways of fitting these seven segments into the seven regions of helical density in the map were evaluated based on the criteria of connectivity of the nonhelical link regions, charge neutralization, and total scattering density per helix. A single model that may be experimentally tested emerged as the most probable.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's SITE Emerging Technology Program: 1991 Update (1991)

The Emerging Technology Program (ETP) supports the development of technologies successfully tested at the bench- and pilot-scale level. The ETP is part of the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program which was established in 1986 under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). The goal of the SITE Program is to promote, accelerate, and make commercially available the development and use of alternative /innovative treatment technologies at hazardous waste sites. Technologies are eligible for the ETP Program when sufficient research data exists validating the technologies' basic concepts. The EPA contributes funds to support developers for one or two years. Developers are responsible for conducting research and providing additional financial support in this cooperative research effort. Technologies are categorized into six areas: thermal, chemical, biological, materials handling, physical, and solidification/stabilization. The technologies' performance, development and data collection are documented and evaluated upon completion of the project. The goal is to accelerate the development of new technologies capable of field demonstration and evaluation. Current information on the ETP program, including a brief introduction and description of the program, is presented in this paper. In addition, summaries of the research on the selected 1991 technologies currently being conducted are provided.
Plasmonic Fiber-Optic Photothermal Anemometers With Carbon Nanotube Coatings (2019)

We propose and demonstrate an ultra-sensitive plasmonic fiber-optic hot-wire anemometer. This instrument comprises a highly tilted fiber Bragg grating-assisted surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, which is coated with carbon nanotubes as the photothermal conversion element. The carbon nanotubes on the sensor surface efficiently convert light from the heating laser, of which wavelength matched to the SPR window, into heat, thereby setting the sensor in an elevated temperature state. Air flow draws away surface heat, thus inducing both a strong SPR wavelength shift and power modulation. Using this anemometer, we experimentally achieve a dynamic range of 0.05 to 0.65 m/s for wind speed measurement. Furthermore, we demonstrate real-time monitoring of wind speed by measuring the intensity of the heating laser. This sensor is simple and robust in structure. It has a wide range of potential applications in both scientific research and industrial production.
Transparent brush-type carbon nanotube cathode (2012)

Here we report brush-type carbon nanotubes (BCNT) film, which is combined with graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) array, as cathode on transparent substrate. Prepared by pyrolysis, vertically aligned CNT (VACNT) arrays are covered by a few layer graphene sheets like thin blankets. There are both good electrical and mechanical connections between VACNT arrays and graphene sheets. Transparent field emission cathode is built by transferring the BCNT film upside down to glass substrate. Taking BCNT roots as field emitters, we found that they have lower threshold field, higher emission current and better luminescence uniformity than that of as-grown VACNT emitters. BCNT film could improve electron transport properties from CNT emitters to substrate with the help of a few layer graphene sheets. BCNT films have a promising future in flexible devices.
Design and building the queen street mall, Brisbane (1984)

Queen Street is the principal retail shopping street of Brisbane and the Queen Street Mall was implemented as part of a long term pedestrianisation improvement scheme for the City area. This paper briefly describes the major tasks involved with designing and building the Mall, an achievement of some magnitude as only 15 months elapsed between the decision to proceed with the Mall and the opening day on 9 August 1982. The Mall has been designed primarily to attract shoppers back into the central city area, so special consideration was given to the choice and design of the various elements used to create a mall conducive to shoppers. Building the Mall was undertaken by day labour and contract forces which required considerable site organisation to maintain efficiencies. The arrangements for the building activity and problems encountered are described.
Isolation of Aflatoxin-Free Lutein from Aflatoxin-Contaminated Corn (2004)

Lutein (3,3’-dihydroxy-alpha-carotene) has been identified by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) of the National Institute of Health (NIH) as a dietary compound with the ability to delay the onset and/or progression of age-related and/or diabetes-related vision loss. Lutein can also be useful in the prevention of other angiogenic diseases such as breast and colon cancer. Although marigold (Tagetes erecta) flowers are an excellent source of lutein, corn (Zea mays) has been identified as a very economical source of lutein because more value-added products, such as lutein, oil, and zein (known for its anti-microbial and anti-hypertensive activities) can be isolated from corn than marigold flowers. However, aflatoxin-contaminated corn has very low economic value to farmers and is banned for use in human food chain. The objective of this research was to isolate aflatoxin-free lutein from aflatoxin-contaminated corn. Aflatoxin-contaminated corn was fractionated for lutein using commercially available solvents. Aflatoxins in the aflatoxin-lutein mixture were converted into a water-soluble molecule and were displaced from the lipid environment. Extraction and quantification of aflatoxin in the aqueous and lutein-containing lipid phase were carried out using the AOAC multifunctional column method involving solid phase extraction and HPLC, respectively. Aflatoxins BB1B and BB2B were identified at 4888 and 368 ppb, respectively in the untreated aflatoxins-lutein extract. However, no peaks associated with either aflatoxin BB1B or BB2B were detected in the lipid phase containing lutein following aflatoxins displacement. Lutein concentration and stability following aflatoxins displacement was determined by HPLC. The HPLC results indicated the presence of one peak eluted at 21.0 minutes. Spiking with standard lutein confirmed the identity and stability of lutein isolated from aflatoxins-contaminated corn. This study has shown that corn growers and processors may generate additional income from aflatoxin-contaminated corn. The overall significance of this research is that, if approved by FDA, corn growers can still sell aflatoxins-contaminated corn at a competitive price since almost all the value-added products from corn can be recovered aflatoxins-free and more lutein will be available for disease prevention.
Microscale Confinement of Paramagnetic Molecules in Magnetic Field Gradients Surrounding Ferromagnetic Microelectrodes (2001)

Examples of the confinement of electrogenerated paramagnetic species in magnetic field gradients surrounding magnetized disk- and cylinder-shaped Fe microelectrodes (250 μm radius) are reported. Magnetization of the Fe microelectrodes in a uniform magnetic field (0.25 T) creates a field gradient in the local vicinity of the electrodes. The force acting on the redox molecule in this region is given by F∇ = 2(m*2/kT)(B·∇)B, where m* is the magnetic dipole of the molecule and B is the magnetic flux density. As anticipated, the distribution of paramagnetic molecules in the solution surrounding the electrode (recorded using video microscopy) is shown to be proportional to the quantity (B·∇)B; i.e., paramagnetic molecules are trapped in regions of space where the product of the field and field gradient is largest. Voltammetric measurements and video images illustrate the effectiveness of the gradient force in trapping paramagnetic molecules at the Fe microelectrodes and are compared with results obtained using paramagnetic Pt microelectrodes.