gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biocompatible and label-free separation of cancer cells from cell culture lines from white blood cells in ferrofluids (2017)

This paper reports a biocompatible and label-free cell separation method using ferrofluids that can separate a variety of low-concentration cancer cells from cell culture lines (∼100 cancer cells per mL) from undiluted white blood cells, with a throughput of 1.2 mL h<sup>-1</sup> and an average separation efficiency of 82.2%. The separation is based on the size difference of the cancer cells and white blood cells, and is conducted in a custom-made biocompatible ferrofluid that retains not only excellent short-term viabilities but also normal proliferations of 7 commonly used cancer cell lines. A microfluidic device is designed and optimized specifically to shorten the time of live cells' exposure to ferrofluids from hours to seconds, by eliminating time-consuming off-chip sample preparation and extraction steps and integrating them on-chip to achieve a one-step process. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a ferrofluid with 0.26% volume fraction was used in this microfluidic device to separate spiked cancer cells from cell lines at a concentration of ∼100 cells per mL from white blood cells with a throughput of 1.2 mL h<sup>-1</sup>. The separation efficiencies were 80 ± 3%, 81 ± 5%, 82 ± 5%, 82 ± 4%, and 86 ± 6% for A549 lung cancer, H1299 lung cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer, and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines, respectively. The separated cancer cells' purity was between 25.3% and 28.8%. In addition, the separated cancer cells from this strategy showed an average short-term viability of 94.4 ± 1.3%, and these separated cells were cultured and demonstrated normal proliferation to confluence even after the separation process. Owing to its excellent biocompatibility and label-free operation and its ability to recover low concentrations of cancer cells from white blood cells, this method could lead to a promising tool for rare cell separation.
Antenna Preprocessing and Element-Pattern Shaping for Multi-Band mmWave Arrays: Multi-Port Receivers and Antennas (2020)

The ability to pre-process incident RF signals on a single-antenna aperture in a multi-port antenna/receiver architecture with reconfigurable element patterns can allow unique functionalities, that are distinct from traditional transceivers with single-port antennas. The multiple ports allow reconfigurable passive spatial signal processing before the transceiver through element-pattern synthesis including element maxima and notch control. In this article, we show that when combined in an MIMO array, tailoring of element patterns through such multi-port receiver-antenna architectures can allow periodic arrays to operate over a wide frequency range, even at element spacings approaching one wavelength long. Such a frequency-reconfigurable operation of scalable arrays is important for future multi-band 5G systems and beyond. When operated at high frequencies in the spatially undersampled regime, array grating lobes can be suppressed by orienting the element-pattern notches toward the grating maxima in a reconfigurable fashion. In addition, the multi-port electromagnetic (EM)-circuit interface can allow spatial signal processing before the transceivers including the passive suppression of a spatial interferer at the antenna interface. Through a codesign methodology between the EM interface and the multi-port receiver architecture, we present an architecture with a bandwidth across 37-73 GHz for broadside incidence, reconfigurable element patterns that allow antenna-level signal processing, spatial, frequency, and partial polarization diversity.
Precision instrument for characterizing shape memory alloy wires in bias spring actuation (2005)

Some metallic alloys such as Nitinol (NiTi) exhibit the shape memory effect, which is suitable for generating force and displacement when the alloy changes phase during a heating and cooling cycle. These shape memory alloys are often formed into one-dimensional wires, tubes, and ribbons that are preloaded by bias springs to create inexpensive actuators for electromechanical devices. This article describes a new instrument for measuring the quasistatic characteristics of the alloy and the transient performance of bias-spring actuators when resistively heated and convectively cooled. The instrument achieves more accurate measurements by eliminating rolling friction and by sensing force and displacement in line with the bias spring and shape memory alloy wire. Data from the instrument enables calculation of stress and strain at constant temperatures and during actuation cycles.
Radioactive bone cement for the treatment of spinal metastases: a dosimetric analysis of simulated clinical scenarios (2012)

Vertebral metastases are a common manifestation of many cancers, potentially leading to vertebral collapse and neurological complications. Conventional treatment often involves percutaneous vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty followed by external beam radiation therapy. As a more convenient alternative, we have introduced radioactive bone cement, i.e. bone cement incorporating a radionuclide. In this study, we used a previously developed Monte Carlo radiation transport modeling method to evaluate dose distributions from phosphorus-32 radioactive cement in simulated clinical scenarios. Isodose curves were generally concentric about the surface of bone cement injected into cadaveric vertebrae, indicating that dose distributions are relatively predictable, thus facilitating treatment planning (cement formulation and dosimetry method are patent pending). Model results indicated that a therapeutic dose could be delivered to tumor/bone within ∼4 mm of the cement surface while maintaining a safe dose to radiosensitive tissue beyond this distance. This therapeutic range should be sufficient to treat target volumes within the vertebral body when tumor ablation or other techniques are used to create a cavity into which the radioactive cement can be injected. With further development, treating spinal metastases with radioactive bone cement may become a clinically useful and convenient alternative to the conventional two-step approach of percutaneous strength restoration followed by radiotherapy.
140-GHz pulsed Fourier transform microwave spectrometer (1985)

A pulsed microwave spectrometer operating in the vicinity of 140 GHz for the detection of rotational transitions in gaseous molecules is described. The spectrometer incorporates a tunable Fabry–Perot cavity and a subharmonically pumped superheterodyne receiver for the detection of the molecular emission signals. A 70-GHz source supplying a high-efficiency frequency doubler which is pulse modulated at 30 MHz produces sidebands of sufficient power at 140 GHz to excite the molecules. The cavity is tuned to one of the modulation sidebands. The operation of the spectrometer is illustrated by the detection of emission signals from the 6(2, 4)–6(1, 5) transition of SO2 gas. The generation of the electric dipole analog of nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) ‘‘spin-echo’’ signals by a π/2−π pulse sequence is also described.
Acoustophoretic printing (2018)

Droplet-based printing methods are widely used in applications ranging from biological microarrays to additive manufacturing. However, common approaches, such as inkjet or electrohydrodynamic printing, are well suited only for materials with low viscosity or specific electromagnetic properties, respectively. While in-air acoustophoretic forces are material-independent, they are typically weak and have yet to be harnessed for printing materials. We introduce an acoustophoretic printing method that enables drop-on-demand patterning of a broad range of soft materials, including Newtonian fluids, whose viscosities span more than four orders of magnitude (0.5 to 25,000 mPa·s) and yield stress fluids (τ<sub>0</sub> > 50 Pa). By exploiting the acoustic properties of a subwavelength Fabry-Perot resonator, we have generated an accurate, highly localized acoustophoretic force that can exceed the gravitational force by two orders of magnitude to eject microliter-to-nanoliter volume droplets. The versatility of acoustophoretic printing is demonstrated by patterning food, optical resins, liquid metals, and cell-laden biological matrices in desired motifs.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based strain sensors for a wearable monitoring and biofeedback system for pressure ulcer prevention and rehabilitation (2011)

This paper presents an overview of the functioning principles of CNTs and their electrical and mechanical properties when used as strain sensors and describes a system embodiment for a wearable monitoring and biofeedback platform for use in pressure ulcer prevention and rehabilitation. Two type of CNTs films (multi-layered CNTs film vs purified film) were characterized electrically and mechanically for potential use as source material. The loosely woven CNTs film (multi-layered) showed substantial less sensitivity than the purified CNTs film but had an almost linear response to stress and better mechanical properties. CNTs have the potential to achieve a much higher sensitivity to strain than other piezoresistors based on regular of conductive particles such as commercially available resistive inks and could become an innovative source material for wearable strain sensors. We are currently continuing the characterization of CNTs based strain sensors and exploring their use in a design for 3-axis strain sensors.
Do trypsin 2-alpha -1-antitrypsin complexes occur naturally in the circulation?   Reply (1998)

Editor,—Some recent studies on the measurement of serum trypsin 2–α-1-antitrypsin complexes in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis have piqued our interest,1 2 including that of Kemppainen et al ( Gut 1997; 41 :690–5). We published a couple of articles on trypsin 1–α-1-antitrypsin complexes in serum some years ago. Principally, we arrived at the same conclusion as the Finnish group—namely, that concentrations of these complexes in serum correlate with disease severity.3-5 

We had some problems with our assay in that we very often found low but measurable concentrations (5–25 μg/l) of trypsin 1–α-1-antitrypsin complexes in serum samples obtained from patients with no signs of acute pancreatitis. Our method was not sensitive enough to allow detailed characterisation of this low immunoreactivity and we were therefore not sure what it was comprised of. We did not publish these results as we found them hard to believe. If they were true it would mean that a substantial amount of trypsinogen was normally activated in and around the pancreas during the normal turnover of pancreatic enzymes (see later). Our hypothesis has always been that activation …
<title>Voxel-based spatial display</title> (1994)

We describe a 3-D monitor for the direct display of 3-D information. The general concept for this volumetric display is a fairly straightforward extension of a 2-D screen composed of an array of picture-elements, or `pixels.' Here, a 3-D stack of pixels (actually, volume-elements, or `voxels') that, when off, are completely transparent. When addressed, a voxel becomes optically active and emits light. In this way, a 3-D pattern may be directly built up from a set of activated voxels. In our prototypes built to date, we have made the voxels from a nugget of UV-curved optical resin doped with an organic dye. The void between voxels is filled with an index matching fluid formulated to eliminate ghost images due to Fresnel reflections off the voxel surfaces. Each voxel is addressed by an optical fiber that pipes light to the voxel. This optical energy pumps the embedded dye causing it to fluoresce at an appropriate color that depends on the choice of dye. The fibers emerge from the 3-D array of voxels and are addressed using a flat array of liquid crystals.
Two rotors designs&#x2019; comparison of permanent magnet brushless synchronous motor for an electric power steering application (2007)

This paper presents a comparison of two permanent brushless synchronous magnet motor structures realized with the same stator geometry and with different types of rotor: the radial ring magnet rotor (RM) and the interior permanent magnet (IPM) rotor type. These motors are designed for a mass production for an electric power steering system application. The important factors for an electric power steering applications like: cogging torque, power density, sizing and robustness are compared.
Frequency-domain echo canceller with phase adjustment (1997)

The frequency-domain filter is an efficient realization of an echo canceller that provides a simple and elegant solution to the problem of jitter compensation. An essential requirement for a low-error digital transmission system is that the echo canceller retains high accuracy while the sampling instant is being adjusted. One of the most attractive features of discrete Fourier transform is its capacity to reconstruct time-shifted signals using phase shifts in the frequency-domain. The signals involved, however, are not always alias-free (nor are they in telecommunications), which seriously degrades the echo cancellation. This paper introduces a de-aliasing technique, which results in an algorithm that is largely insensitive to the spectral content of cancelled signals. The de-aliasing technique allows preservation of high-performance echo cancellation during rapid changes in the sampling phase of the input signal. Computer simulations confirm the theoretically predicted behavior and accuracy.
On the care and feeding of virtual assistants: Automating conversation review with AI (2021)

Abstract With the rise of intelligent virtual assistants (IVAs), there is a necessary rise in human effort to identify conversations containing misunderstood user inputs. These conversations uncover error in natural language understanding and help prioritize improvements to the IVA. As human analysis is time consuming and expensive, prioritizing the conversations where misunderstanding has likely occurred reduces costs and speeds IVA improvement. In addition, less conversations reviewed by humans mean less user data are exposed, increasing privacy. We describe Trace AI, a scalable system for automated conversation review based on the detection of conversational features that can identify potential mis‐communications. Trace AI provides IVA designers with suggested actions to correct understanding errors, prioritizes areas of language model repair, and can automate the review of conversations. We discuss the system design and report its performance at identifying errors in IVA understanding compared to that of human reviewers. Trace AI has been commercially deployed for over 4 years and is responsible for significant savings in human annotation costs as well as accelerating the refinement cycle of deployed enterprise IVAs.
A low noise, high power supply rejection low dropout regulator for wireless system-on-chip applications (2006)

This paper presents a novel two-stage low dropout regulator (LDO) that minimizes output noise via a pre-regulator stage and achieves high power supply rejection via a simple subtractor circuit in the power driver stage. The LDO is fabricated with a standard 0.35mum CMOS process and occupies 0.26 mm <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and 0.39mm <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> for single and dual output respectively. Measurement showed PSR is 60dB at 10kHz and integrated noise is 21.2uVrms ranging from 1kHz to 100kHz
Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer for diagnosis of ischemia caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis (1997)

Although mesenteric venous thrombosis carries a better prognosis than arterial thrombosis, mortality and morbidity are still high. Previous studies have shown that the basic electrical rhythm (BER) of the bowel decreases early after induction of arterial ischemia. Furthermore, our studies have shown that these changes occur prior to pathologic changes and that they can be recorded noninvasively using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). SQUIDs measure magnetic fields that are created by the electrical activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle and have been used to measure the BER of the small intestine in human volunteers. This study was conducted to determine if a SQUID could be used for early noninvasive detection of mesenteric venous ischemia in an animal model. Simultaneous recordings from serosal electrodes and a SQUID outside the abdomen were taken from anesthetized New Zealand rabbits. Recordings were made for 15 minutes before and 90 minutes after injection of thrombin into the superior mesenteric vein. The basic electrical rhythm of the small bowel dropped from 16.42 +/- 0.69 to 8.80 +/- 0.74 cycles per minute at 30 minutes and to 6.82 +/- 0.722 after 90 minutes (p < 0.0001, paired t-test). The correlation coefficient between the SQUID and electrical recordings was 0.954 (p < 0.0001). These data suggest that the ischemia caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis results in changes in the bioelectrical activity, which can be noninvasively detected using a SQUID.
Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve by eliciting the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR-CIONM) (2022)

The laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) is a life-sustaining airway protective mechanism that serves to shield the lower airways from inhaled foreign bodies. Over the past half century, the LAR has been extensively investigated and its dysfunction has been linked to far-ranging pathologies, from dysphagia to sudden infant death syndrome. Over the past 6 years, specific electromyographic waves in the LAR response have been used to devise a methodology for monitoring the vagus and recurrently laryngeal nerves during surgical procedures. This methodology involves continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring of the laryngeal adductor reflex and isthus termed 'LAR-CIONM'. In this review paper, the physiology of the LAR will be summarized as it relates to LAR-CIONM and the technique of LAR-CIONM will be described. Applications of this technique and published outcomes of LAR-CIONM will be highlighted.
Introduction of Local Memory Elements in Synthesis of Instruction Set Extensions (2003)

Automatic generation of Instruction Set Extensions (ISEs), executed on a custom processing unit or a coprocessor, is an important step towards processor customization. A typical goal of a manual designer is to combine a large number of atomic instructions into an ISE satisfying microarchitectural constraints. However, memory operations pose a challenge for previous ISE approaches by limiting the size of the resulting instruction. In this report, we introduce memory elements into custom units which result in ISEs closer to those sought after by the designers. We consider two kinds of memory elements for mapping to the specialized hardware: small hardware tables and architecturally-visible state registers. We devised a genetic algorithm to specifically exploit opportunities of introducing memory elements during ISE generation. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by a detailed study of the variation in performance, area and energy in the presence of the generated ISEs, on a number of MediaBench, EEMBC and cryptographic applications. With the introduction of memory, the average speedup varied from 2.7X to 5X depending on the architectural configuration with a nominal area overhead. Moreover, we obtained an average energy reduction of 26\\% with respect to a 32-KB cache.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON 1H‐NAPHTHO(2,1‐B)PYRAN DERIVATIVES. IV. SUBSTITUTED 1‐OXO‐3‐DIALKYLAMINO‐1H‐NAPHTHO(2,1‐B)PYRANS (1976)

Abstract Durch Kondensation substituierter β‐Naphthole (I) mit Malonsäureesteramiden (II) in Gegenwart von Phosphoroxychlorid werden Naphtho‐pyranone (III) erhalten, die dimethyliert und dann acetyliert bzw. alkyliert werden können.
Superconducting materials and method of making same (1988)

A new chemical method and apparatus for preparing precursor powders for metal oxide superconductor ceramics are described. Superconductors, free of contaminating cations, are thus obtained. 10 figs.
The clinical and genetic spectrum of spinocerebellar ataxia 14 (2005)

Spinocerebellar ataxia 14 (SCA14) is associated with missense mutations in the protein kinase C gamma gene (PRKCG), rather than a nucleotide repeat expansion. In this large-scale study of PRKCG in patients with ataxia, two new missense mutations, an in-frame deletion, and a possible splice site mutation were found and can now be added to the four previously described missense mutations. The genotype/phenotype correlations in these families are described.
Split-Ring Resonator-Based Strain Sensor on Flexible Substrates for Glaucoma Detection (2016)

This paper presents split-ring resonator-based strain sensors designed and characterized for glaucoma detection application. The geometry of the sensor is optimized such that it can be embedded in a contact lens. Silver conductive paint is to form the sensors realized on flexible substrates made of cellulose acetate and latex rubber. The devices are excited and interrogated using a pair of monopole antennas and the characteristics of devices with different curvature profiles are obtained. The sensitivity of the device, i.e. the change in resonant frequency for a unit change in radius of curvature, on acetate film is calculated as -4.73 MHz/mm and the sensitivity of the device on latex is 33.2 MHz/mm. The results indicate that the demonstrated device is suitable for glaucoma diagnosis.
Improved Stability of CIGS-Based Thin-Film PV Modules (2006)

The object of this study is to bring useful and effective data to establish the measurement procedures suitable to the CIGS-based thin-film PV technology. Stable performance in the outdoor exposure test is warranted if CIGS-based thin-film PV modules are prepared by employing the moduling (or packaging) technology for crystalline-Si PV modules. To verify our assumption that significantly reduced degradation or even no degradation may be observed by applying a light soaking during the Damp heat test, the modified Damp heat test (85degC temperature and 85 % relative humidity for 1000 hours) applying a continuous irradiation of 150 to 200 W/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> is performed. It is confirmed that this assumption is valid for the CIGS-based thin-film PV modules tested in the open-circuit condition due to the enhancement of FF
Patchwork reconstruction with resolution modeling for digital breast tomosynthesis (2013)

The new method shows higher CNR and improved visualization of microcalcifications in an observer experiment on synthetic data. Further study of the negative results of the classification task showed performance variations throughout the volume linked to the changing noise structure introduced by the combination of the resolution model and the smoothing prior.
An analysis of side readouts of monolithic scintillation crystals (2016)

We have explored a method of using the side surfaces of a thin monolithic scintillation crystal for reading out scintillation photons. A Monte-Carlo simulation was carried out for an LYSO crystal of 50:8mmx50:8mmx3mm with 5 silicon photomultipliers attached on each of the four side surfaces. With 511 keV gamma-rays, X-Y spatial resolution of 2:10mm was predicted with an energy resolution of 9:0%. We also explored adding optical barriers to improve the X-Y spatial resolution, and an X-Y spatial resolution of 786um was predicted with an energy resolution of 9:2%. Multiple layers can be stacked together and readout channels can be combined. Depth-of- interaction information (DOI) can be directly read out. This method provides an attractive detector module design for positron emission tomography (PET).