gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cu(II) Oxide Amorphous Nanoclusters Grafted Ti<sup>3+</sup> Self-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub>: An Efficient Visible Light Photocatalyst (2011)

Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 was prepared by a facile one-step thermal oxidation of Ti2O3 and TiO2 mixture in air. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra confirmed the presence of Ti3+ in this sample. Ti3+ states caused a visible light absorption, which is originated from the isolated band in its forbidden gap. Although the photocatalytic activity of this Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 was negligible even under the UV light, its UV and visible light activities were drastically increased by the grafting of Cu(II) oxide amorphous clusters with a size of around 2 nm as a co-catalyst. Consequently, the photocatalytic decomposition of gaseous 2-propanol (IPA) into CO2 with a maximum generation rate of 0.20 μmol/h and a quantum efficiency of 10.8% is achieved, under the visible light irradiation. Its efficient visible light activity is highly stable in air and can be repeatedly used for a long term.
Self-adaptive clock synchronization based on clock precision difference (2003)

This paper presents an innovative strategy to synchronize all virtual clocks in asynchronous Internet environments. Our model is based on the architecture of one reference clock and many slave clocks communicating with each other over the Internet. The paper makes three major contributions to this research area. Firstly, one-way information transmission is applied to reduce traffic overhead on the Internet for the purpose of clock synchronization. Secondly, the slave nodes use local virtual time and the arrival timestamp, from the reference node, to create linear mathematical trend models and to retrieve the clock precision differences between reference clock and slave clocks. Finally, a fault-tolerant and selfadaptive model executed by each slave node based on the above linear trend model is created in order to ensure that the virtual clock is running normally, even when the link between the reference node and this slave node has crashed. We also present detailed simulations of this strategy and mathematical analysis on real Internet environments .
Resolving in-vivo flow fields in the systemic circulation of the mouse through combined ultrasound imaging and computational fluid dynamics (2010)

The "natural history" of aortic aneurysm formation and growth is not fully understood. Mouse models are most suitable to unravel the potential role of biomechanical factors (such as magnitude and patterns of wall shear stress), which are thought to interplay with vascular biology. The objective of this study is to explore whether high-frequency ultrasound imaging, combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), allows to resolve the flow field in the murine arterial vasculature. Ultrasound data were gathered in 10 male mice with a high-frequency ultrasound apparatus (Vevo 2100, Visualsonics, Toronto, Canada) equipped with a linear array probe (MS 550D, frequency 22-55 MHz). 3D digital models of the aorta were obtained from contrast-enhanced μCT images. Using the PW Doppler data as boundary conditions at inlets and outlets of these 3D models, CFD simulations yielded 3D flow fields with a temporal resolution in the order of 0.5 ms and spatial resolution determined by the computational grid density (<;<;0.1 mm). This approach, integrating imaging and CFD, provides the necessary tool for longitudinal hemodynamic studies in mice, but may also provide a modeling framework for the further optimization of high-frequency vascular ultrasound.
A RAM architecture for concurrent access and on chip testing (1991)

A novel RAM architecture supporting concurrent memory access and on chip testing (CMAT) is proposed. A large-capacity memory chip is decomposed into test neighborhoods (TNDs), each of which is tested independently. When there are data stored in a TND, the data are saved into a buffer before testing the TND, and the TND's contents are restored using buffered data after testing the TND. If an external request is not made to the TND, the request can be directed to the addressed memory cells. Otherwise, the buffered data can be loaded back into the TND, or the request is detoured to a corresponding buffer. By deriving an analytical model, the performance penalty and hardware overhead of the CMAT architecture are shown to be very small.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Limited Amounts of Dendritic Cells Migrate into the T-Cell Area of Lymph Nodes but Have High Immune Activating Potential in Melanoma Patients (2009)

Monocyte-derived DC have high immune activating potential irrespective of the route of vaccination. Limited numbers of DC in the draining lymph nodes are sufficient to induce antigen-specific immunologic responses.
IMPROVING THE PRECISION OF ESTIMATES OF THE FREQUENCY OF RARE EVENTS (2005)

The probability of a rare event is usually estimated directly as the number of times the event occurs divided by the total sample size. Unfortunately, the precision of this estimate is low. For typical sample sizes of N < 100 in ecological studies, the coefficient of variation (cv) of this estimate of the probability of a rare event can exceed 300%. Sample sizes on the order of 103–104 observations are needed to reduce the cv to below 10%. If it is impractical or impossible to increase the sample size, auxiliary data can be used to improve the precision of the estimate. We describe four approaches for using auxiliary data to improve the precision of estimates of the probability of a rare event: (1) Bayesian analysis that includes prior information about the probability; (2) stratification that incorporates information on the heterogeneity in the population; (3) regression models that account for information correlated with the probability; and (4) inclusion of aggregated data collected at larger spatial or temporal scales. These approaches are illustrated using data on the probability of capture of vespulid wasps by the insectivorous plant Darlingtonia californica. All four methods increase the precision of the estimate relative to the simple frequency-based estimate (absolute precision = 1.26, relative precision [cv] = 70%): stratification (absolute precision = 1.10, cv = 62%); regression models (absolute precision = 1.59, cv = 55%); Bayesian analysis with an informative prior probability distribution (absolute precision = 4.28, cv = 47%); and using temporally aggregated data (absolute precision = 6.75, cv = 36%). When informative auxiliary data is available, we recommend including it when estimating the probability of rare events.
Effects of the potential lithium-mimetic, ebselen, on impulsivity and emotional processing (2016)

The study suggests that at the dosage used, ebselen can decrease impulsivity and produce a positive bias in emotional processing. These findings have implications for the possible use of ebselen in the disorders characterized by impulsive behaviour and dysphoric mood.
Evaluating the Screw Plate Test in Stiff Clay Soils in the UK (1986)

A simple and robust screw plate test has been evaluated in three stiff clays insitu. Methods of interpretating the field load - settlement test curves are discussed. Errors in the measured results caused by the test equipment are highlighted; recommendations are made for their correction. Assessments of bearing capacity, shear strength and shear modulus are made and compared with results from large diameter borehole plate tests as well as with other insitu and laboratory results. It is shown that good agreement can be obtained between the screw plate and other tests in soils that exhibit little or no scale effects and provided disturbance during insertion is small. The need to continue the test to large strains in strain hardening soils is clearly shown.
Recommender systems in e-commerce (2014)

Internet is speeding up and modifying the manner in which daily tasks such as online shopping, paying utility bills, watching new movies, communicating, etc., are accomplished. As an example, in older shopping methods, products were mass produced for a single market and audience but that approach is no longer viable. Markets based on long product and development cycles can no longer survive. To stay competitive, markets need to provide different products and services to different customers with different needs. The shift to online shopping has made it incumbent on producers and retailers to customize for customers' needs while providing more options than were possible before. This, however, poses a problem for customers who must now analyze every offering in order to determine what they actually need and will benefit from. To aid customers in this scenario, we discuss about common recommender systems techniques that have been employed and their associated trade-offs.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Electrical Properties of Semiconductors using SAW. (1977)

This work presents a study of the electrical properties of semiconductors using the interaction between surface acoustic waves and a semiconductor in the separated medium configuration (the SAW convolver). This study has been conducted towards developing a new technique for nondestructive evaluation of semiconductor surfaces using surface acoustic waves. The semiconductor is placed a small distance above the delay line, with a uniform airgap between the two media. Although there is no mechanical contact between the two media, the electric fields associated with the surface acoustic waves penetrate into the semiconductor and interact with the free carriers. As a result of this nonlinear interaction, the SAW is attenuated, there is a change in the SAW velocity, and dc acousto-electric voltages are developed across the semiconductor. In the case of two oppositely propagating surface waves, voltage proportional to the convolution of the two input voltages is also generated.
Low-cost client puzzles based on modular exponentiation (2010)

Client puzzles have been proposed as a useful mechanism for mitigating Denial of Service attacks on network protocols. While several puzzles have been proposed in recent years, most existing non-parallelizable puzzles are based on modular exponentiations. The main drawback of these puzzles is in the high cost that they incur on the puzzle generator (the verifier). In this paper, we propose cryptographic puzzles based on modular exponentiation that reduce this overhead. Our constructions are based on a reasonable intractability assumption in RSA: essentially the difficulty of computing a small private exponent when the public key is larger by several orders of magnitude than the semi-prime modulus. We also discuss puzzle constructions based on CRT-RSA [11]. Given a semi-prime modulus N, the costs incurred on the verifier in our puzzle are decreased by a factor of |N|/k when compared to existing modular exponentiation puzzles, where k is a security parameter. We further show how our puzzle can be integrated in a number of protocols, including those used for the remote verification of computing performance of devices and for the protection against Denial of Service attacks. We validate the performance of our puzzle on PlanetLab nodes.
AAV8-mediated Hepatic Gene Transfer in Infant Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (2011)

Many genetic metabolic diseases manifest in infancy, therefore, it is important to develop effective treatments that could be implemented at this time. Adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) gene transfer has been studied in neonatal mouse, cat, and dog models and shown some efficacy with a single hepatic injection at birth. AAV8-mediated liver gene transfer has also generated sustained therapeutic effects in feline and canine models of lysosomal storage disorders. In these models, delaying the age of vector treatment increased gene transfer stability. The growth rate of infant nonhuman primates is more similar to the growth trajectory of humans, thus infant monkeys provide an excellent model to study AAV gene transfer efficiency, stability, and safety. In this study, we report for the first time that AAV8-mediated hepatic gene transfer in infant monkeys is safe and efficient but less stable when compared to adolescent animals. Infant monkeys administered AAV8 intravenously at 1 week postnatal age achieved up to 98% transduction of hepatocytes within 7 days of injection; however, there was significant dilution of genomes and loss of transgene expression 35 days postadministration. Delaying the injection to 1 month postnatal age did not improve stability of transduction but decreased the antibody response to AAV8 capsid.
Controlled transportation of droplets and higher fog collection efficiency on a multi-scale and multi-gradient copper wire (2017)

<italic>Via</italic> a one-step gradient anodic oxidation, copper wire with a multi-scale structure and a multi-gradient was fabricated and controlled self-propelling of droplet was achieved.
A coaxial DFB laser-diode module with a differential feed for 10-Gb/s Ethernet applications (2003)

A TO-"can"-sized coaxial 10-Gb/s 1.3-/spl mu/m DFB laser-diode module with 28% mask margin at 85/spl deg/C was demonstrated. A differential feed provides ease of installation by low return loss (<-7 dB at 10 GHz, lead length 5 mm).
Studying Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Using the IonFlux™ Microfluidic‐Based Automated Patch‐Clamp System with Continuous Perfusion and Fast Solution Exchange (2020)

Automated patch-clamp (APC) systems have become indispensable tools of drug-discovery programs by allowing high-throughput electrophysiology-based screening of ion channel compounds. The recent development and introduction of microfluidics-based APC systems have made it possible to study the interactions of ligand-gated ion channels with pharmacological reagents, such as agonists, antagonists, or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), with reliable pharmacological results comparable to those of the gold-standard manual patch-clamp technique while maintaining high-throughput capacity. Many ligand-gated ion channels exhibit rapid desensitization upon repetitive introduction of ligands; this loss of channel activity in the absence of pharmacological interaction poses a challenge for developing accurate, precise, and robust assays with high success rate, low run-down, and reliable pharmacological results. Here we present procedures to study nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with the IonFlux™, an automated patch-clamp system with continuous flow and precise fluidic exchange; these procedures can also be generalized to the study of other ligand-gated ion channels. We present protocols to study agonist, antagonist, and PAM activities on nAChRs, particularly the rapidly desensitizing nAChR α7 receptors. The data demonstrate that the IonFlux™ system is a fast, robust, and reliable platform for the study of nAChRs and other ligand-gated ion channels, generating data that closely mimic those from manual patch-clamp conditions. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Measuring agonist concentration-dependent response Basic Protocol 2: Measuring antagonist concentration-dependent response Basic Protocol 3: Measuring positive allosteric modulator (PAM) concentration-dependent response Support Protocol 1: Basic IonFlux system operation Support Protocol 2: Plate care and filling Support Protocol 3: Plate preparation for water rinsing Support Protocol 4: Water rinsing of plates Support Protocol 5: Plate priming Support Protocol 6: General assay Support Protocol 7: Editing the compound addition sequence (compound list) Support Protocol 8: Creating compound list for agonist concentration-dependent response Support Protocol 9: Creating compound list for antagonist or PAM concentration-dependent response Support Protocol 10: Defining the different compounds used or compound list Support Protocol 11: Maintenance Support Protocol 12: Data analysis Support Protocol 13: Cell culture.
Cell Fusion: biological perspectives and potential for regenerative medicine (2006)

Cell fusion has emerged as a powerful subject of debate in the last few years. Adult stem cell plasticity and the search for mechanisms to explain this process have led to the "rediscovery" of cell fusion. In nature, cell fusion is a normal process involved in sexual reproduction, tissue formation, and immune response. The recent observation that bone marrow derived cells fuse with several cell types introduces new and provocative questions. In this review, I shall recapitulate what is known about cell fusion and discuss its more controversial aspects. I shall highlight the most exciting open questions; its biological potential; pros and cons; and their implications on stem cell plasticity, regenerative medicine, and development.
The Role of π Bridges in High‐Efficiency DSCs Based on Unsymmetrical Squaraines (2012)

A series of squaraine-based sensitizers with various π bridges and anchors were prepared and examined in dye-sensitized solar cells. The carboxylic anchor group was attached onto a squaraine dye through π bridges with and without an ethynyl spacer. DFT studies indicate that the LUMO is delocalized throughout the dyes, whilst the HOMO resides on the squaraine core. The dye that incorporates a 4,4-di-n-hexyl-cyclopentadithiophene group that is directly attached onto the π bridge, JD10, exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency in a DSC; this result is attributed, in part, to the deaggregative properties that are associated with the gem-di-n-hexyl substituents, which extend above and below the π-conjugated dye plane. Dye JD10 demonstrates a power-conversion efficiency of 7.3% for liquid-electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells and 7.9% for cells that are co-sensitized by another metal-free dye, D35, which substantially exceed the performance of any previously tested squaraine sensitizer. A panchromatic incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency curve is realized for this dye with an excellent short-circuit current of 18.0 mA cm(-2). This current is higher than that seen for other squaraine dyes, partially owing to a high molar absorptivity of >5,000 M(-1) cm(-1) from 400 nm to the long-wavelength onset of 724 nm for dye JD10.
The Onion Name System: Tor-Powered Distributed DNS for Tor Hidden Services (2021)

Tor hidden services are anonymous servers of unknown location and ownership who can be accessed through any Tor-enabled web browser. They have gained popularity over the years, but still suer from major usability challenges due to their cryptographicallygenerated non-memorable addresses. In response to this difficulty, in this work we introduce the Onion Name System (OnioNS), a privacy-enhanced distributed DNS that allows users to reference a hidden service by a meaningful globally-unique veriable domain name chosen by the hidden service operator. We introduce a new distributed self-healing public ledger and construct OnioNS as an optional backwards-compatible plugin for Tor on top of existing hidden service infrastructure. We simplify our design and threat model by embedding OnioNS within the Tor network and provide mechanisms for authenticated denial-of-existence with minimal networking costs. Our reference implementation demonstrates that OnioNS successfully addresses the major usability issue that has been with Tor hidden services since their introduction in 2002.
FlashGPU (2019)

We propose FlashGPU, a new GPU architecture that tightly blends new flash (Z-NAND) with massive GPU cores. Specifically, we replace global memory with Z-NAND that exhibits ultra-low latency. We also architect a flash core to manage request dispatches and address translations underneath L2 cache banks of GPU cores. While Z-NAND is a hundred times faster than conventional 3D-stacked flash, its latency is still longer than DRAM. To address this shortcoming, we propose a dynamic page-placement and buffer manager in Z-NAND subsystems by being aware of bulk and parallel memory access characteristics of GPU applications, thereby offering high-throughput and low-energy consumption behaviors.
Denaturation of the whey proteins in heated milk and their incorporation into Cheddar cheese (1994)

A method of gel permeation FPLC have been used to examine the effect of temperature, holding time, and pH of heating on the extent of denaturation of four whey protein fractions. The effect of denaturation of the individual whey proteins on the extent of their incorporation into the curd during the pilot-scale production of Cheddar cheese have been studied
Anti-Tumor Effect against Human Cancer Xenografts by a Fully Human Monoclonal Antibody to a Variant 8-Epitope of CD44R1 Expressed on Cancer Stem Cells (2012)

CD44R1 is an excellent molecular target for mAb therapy of cancer, possibly superior to molecules targeted by existing therapeutic mAb, such as Trastuzumab and Cetuximab recognizing human epidermal growth factor receptor family.
Processing of Excitation Energy by Antenna Pigments (2006)

SummaryAbsorption and transduction of light by photosynthetic organisms provides the principal energy source for all living organisms. At the same time, absorption of excess light (light in excess of the capacity of the organism to use the energy to drive photosynthesis) represents a primary site of environmental injury. Recent studies have shown that photosynthetic organisms have the ability to regulate the utilization of absorbed light energy through a group of related processes commonly called non-photochemical quenching. These process dissipate excess absorbed energy as heat. In order to remain competitive, photosynthetic organisms must seek out the delicate balance between efficient light-harvesting under limiting light conditions and regulated dissipation of energy under excess light conditions. Excess light absorption may occur as the result of increased incident intensity or a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis due to other environmental stresses. The underlying reactions of non-photochemical quenching may occur in the antennae, the reaction centers, or both, and are not well understood. Independent of the quenching site, the reactions of non-photochemical quenching must cooperate and compete with those of normal light-harvesting. Here, the proposed mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching and the common energy transfer reactions affecting both light-harvesting and non-photochemical quenching are examined in order to provide a more general framework in which the utilization of light energy can be described.
Heteroepitaxial growth on thin sheets and bulk material: exploring differences in strain relaxation via low-energy electron microscopy (2013)

Extremely thin single-crystal sheets have unique mechanical properties, which may influence the generation and behaviour of extended defects during heteroepitaxial growth. Using low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) we investigate the earliest stages of inelastic strain relaxation in SiGe grown heteroepitaxially on Si-on-insulator (SOI) at a sensitivity not possible with other methods, employing a structure that forces dislocations, if they can form at all, to reside at the Si/oxide interface of SOI(0 0 1). LEEM confirms a lower dislocation line energy at the Si/amorphous oxide (SiO2) interface than at the crystalline SiGe/Si interface. The line energy is, however, nonzero, in contrast with earlier assumptions. The lower line energy makes the thermodynamic critical thickness for growth on SOI(0 0 1) lower than on bulk Si(0 0 1) for otherwise identical growth conditions. Nevertheless we can grow heteroepitaxial SiGe films on SOI(0 0 1) that are much thicker than even the thermodynamic critical thickness for growth on bulk Si(0 0 1), suggesting high kinetic barriers for dislocation formation or motion.