gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploration of Synthetic Approaches and Pharmacological Evaluation of PNU-69176E and Its Stereoisomer as 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>Receptor Allosteric Modulators (2012)

Allosteric modulators of the serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT(2C) receptor (5-HT(2C)R) present a unique drug design strategy to augment the response to endogenous 5-HT in a site- and event-specific manner with great potential as novel central nervous system probes and therapeutics. To date, PNU-69176E is the only reported selective positive allosteric modulator for the 5-HT(2C)R. For the first time, an optimized synthetic route to readily access PNU-69176E (1) and its diastereomer 2 has been established in moderate to good overall yields over 10 steps starting from commercially available picolinic acid. This synthetic approach not only enables a feasible preparation of a sufficient amount of 1 for use as a reference compound for secondary pharmacological studies, but also provides an efficient synthesis of key intermediates to develop novel and simplified 5-HT(2C)R allosteric modulators. Compound 1 and its diastereomer 2 were functionally characterized in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with the 5-HT(2C)R using an intracellular calcium (Ca(i) (2+)) release assay. Compound 1 demonstrated efficacy and potency as an allosteric modulator for the 5-HT(2C)R with no intrinsic agonist activity. Compound 1 did not alter 5-HT-evoked Ca(i) (2+) in CHO cells stably transfected with the highly homologous 5-HT(2A)R. In contrast, the diastereomer 2 did not alter 5-HT-evoked Ca(i) (2+) release in 5-HT(2A)R-CHO or 5-HT(2C)R-CHO cells or exhibit intrinsic agonist activity.
Frequency microcomb stabilization via dual-microwave control (2021)

Abstract Optical frequency comb technology has been the cornerstone for scientific breakthroughs in precision metrology. In particular, the unique phase-coherent link between microwave and optical frequencies solves the long-standing puzzle of precision optical frequency synthesis. While the current bulk mode-locked laser frequency comb has had great success in extending the scientific frontier, its use in real-world applications beyond the laboratory setting remains an unsolved challenge due to the relatively large size, weight and power consumption. Recently microresonator-based frequency combs have emerged as a candidate solution with chip-scale implementation and scalability. The wider-system precision control and stabilization approaches for frequency microcombs, however, requires external nonlinear processes and multiple peripherals which constrain their application space. Here we demonstrate an internal phase-stabilized frequency microcomb that does not require nonlinear second-third harmonic generation nor optical external frequency references. We demonstrate that the optical frequency can be stabilized by control of two internally accessible parameters: an intrinsic comb offset ξ and the comb spacing f rep . Both parameters are phase-locked to microwave references, with phase noise residuals of 55 and 20 mrad respectively, and the resulting comb-to-comb optical frequency uncertainty is 80 mHz or less. Out-of-loop measurements confirm good coherence and stability across the comb, with measured optical frequency instability of 2 × 10 −11 at 20-second gate time. Our measurements are supported by analytical theory including the cavity-induced modulation instability. We further describe an application of our technique in the generation of low noise microwaves and demonstrate noise suppression of the repetition rate below the microwave stabilization limit achieved.
HydrogenFueled Hybrid: Pathway to a Hydrogen Economy (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A production hybrid-electric vehicle with gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) has been modified to operate on hydrogen fuel and to demonstrate an advanced metal hydride fuel storage system. Fuel economy, range, performance, and emissions of the modified vehicle are similar to levels achieved with current fuel cell vehicles.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This project was conceived and executed by Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. All vehicle modifications, engine and chassis dynamometer tests, and road tests were performed by Quantum Technologies, Inc. at their Lake Forest, CA facility. Project activities and test results are chronicled in this paper.</div>
Hybrid Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Consisting of Double Titania Layers for Harvesting Light with Wide Range of Wavelengths (2011)

We report a hybrid dye-sensitized solar cell consisting of double titania layers (top and bottom layers) stained with two dyes. A top layer fabricated on a glass was mechanically pressed with a bottom layer fabricated on a glass cloth. The glass cloth acts as a supporter of a porous titania layer as well as a holder of electrolyte. The incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) curve had two peaks corresponding to those of the two dyes, which demonstrates that electrons are collected from both the top and bottom layers.
B-mode blood flow (B-flow) imaging (2002)

B-flow is a new technique that extends the resolution, frame rate, and dynamic range of B-mode to simultaneously image blood flow and tissue. B-flow relies on coded excitation to boost weak signals from blood scatterers and on tissue equalization to simultaneously display flowing blood and tissue without threshold decision and overlay. Various classes of codes such as Barker and Golay may be used. Clinical B-flow cineloops demonstrate 3/spl times/ resolution and frame rate improvement over color flow, which, together with over 60 dB of display dynamic range, are able to image hemodynamics and vessel walls with unprecedented clarity.
High Performance Polyimide Foams (2001)

Aromatic polyimides have been attractive for applications in the aerospace and electronics industries. Unique properties such as thermal and thermo-oxidative stability at elevated temperatures, chemical resistance, and mechanical properties are common for this class of materials.1 Newer to the arena of polyimides is the synthesis of polyimide foams.2 In the present work, three different, closely related, polyimide foams are comparatively studied, including thermal, mechanical, surface, flammability, and degradation properties. In previous studies, the data relate to films3 and not foams. Foams have much higher surface areas and are a greater challenge to fire retard. Understanding degradation and properties versus structure, foam versus solid, is of interest. Data indicate that subtle differences in chemical structure result in large differences in surface area, which further result in large differences in heat release and other flammability properties.
Novel Sorbent to Clean Up Biogas for CHPs (2015)

In this project, TDA Research Inc. (TDA) has developed low-cost (on a per unit volume of gas processed basis), high-capacity expendable sorbents that can remove both the H2S and organic sulfur species in biogas to the ppb levels. The proposed sorbents will operate downstream of a bulk desulfurization system as a polishing bed to provide an essentially sulfur-free gas to a fuel cell (or any other application that needs a completely sulfur-free feed). Our sorbents use a highly dispersed mixed metal oxides active phase with desired modifiers prepared over on a mesoporous support. The support structure allows the large organic sulfur compounds (such as the diethyl sulfide and dipropyl sulfide phases with a large kinetic diameter) to enter the sorbent pores so that they can be adsorbed and removed from the gas stream.
The design and operation of a second-generation carrier-domain magnetometer device (1983)

The carrier-domain magnetometer generates an electrical output having a frequency proportional to an applied magnetic field, arising from the rotation of the current distribution in a circular bipolar transistor structure with its axis parallel to the field. An improved version of this silicon transducer has been designed and investigated, which has a sensitivity of about 100 kHz/T. The sensitivity depends on temperature and electrical bias conditions, and compensation techniques are described. If a magnetic field is applied parallel to the plane of the circle, its angular position can be monitored since the domain follows it.
Protection against canine parvovirus type 2 infection in puppies by colostrum-derived antibodies (2014)

During the first weeks of life puppies remain protected against canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) infection thanks to maternally derived antibodies (MDA) absorbed with colostrum after birth. The objective of the present study was to present the variability in CPV2-specific passive immune transfer and its consequences in puppies naturally exposed to the parvovirus. Seventy-nine puppies from one breeding kennel were included in the study at birth and followed until 56 d of age. Once per week the MDA titre for CPV2 specific antibodies was determined in blood. Viral excretion was also evaluated on a rectal swab by CPV2 PCR assay and puppies were weighed to determine growth rate. At 2 d of age, thirty-four out of seventy-nine puppies (43 %) had MDA ≤1:160 (designed group A) and forty-five puppies (57 %) had greater MDA titres (designed group B). The level of absorbed maternal antibodies was shown to be associated with breed size and growth rate during the first 48 h of life. The MDA level declined with age in all cases; however, the proportion of puppies with the antibody level considered as protective against CPV2 infection was significantly higher in group B compared with A from day 2 until 42. Among all puppies surviving until 56 d of age, sixty-seven out of seventy (95·7 %) underwent CPV2 infection. However, puppies from group A excreted CPV2 significantly earlier than puppies from group B. The present study demonstrates the link between passive immune transfer, in terms of level of specific MDA absorbed, and length of the protection period against parvovirus infection in weaning puppies.
Novel multifunctional polymeric materials with predominant cis microstructures derived from α‐norbornenyl macromonomer and stable macroinitiator via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (2006)

Abstract Novel star‐like polymeric materials with high cis content could be obtained by using α‐norbornenyl macromonomers and highly stable macroinitiators derived from an active norbornene derivative [5‐(2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionylaminomethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene (NBBrMPAM)], which was synthesized by the reaction of norbornene methylene amine and 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionyl bromide. The α‐norbornenyl macromonomer (NBPMMA), which is polymethyl methacrylate containing norbornenyl end group, was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using NBBrMPAM as an initiator. Star‐like polynorbornene with high cis microstructure (cis/trans = 72/28) was obtained directly by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of NBPMMA macromonomer having number molecular weight ( Mn ) as low as 6.39 × 10 3 . Random ring‐opening metathesis copolymerization of NBPMMA and norbornene derivative containing carbazole group (NBCbz) was carried out at 25 °C by using Ru catalyst [(Cy 3 P) 2 Cl 2 Ru = CHPh, Cy = cyclohexyl, Ph = phenyl]. High cis (cis/trans = 63/37) organo‐soluble star‐like random poly(NBPMMA‐ co ‐NBCbz) was successfully obtained with high number‐average molecular weight ( Mn ) of 4.76 × 10 4 and molecular weight distribution polydispersity index of 1.78. Organo‐soluble comb‐shaped copolymers with MMA could be successfully obtained using ATRP macroinitiator [poly(HNBBrMPAM)] in diluted macroinitiator solution with a concentration less than 3.64 × 10 −2 mol.L −1 . This is the first ever attempt to prepare novel star‐like organo‐soluble polymeric materials with high cis microstructure via the combination of ring‐opening metathesis polymerization and ATRP. Multimodification could be considered to be carried out by using the functional bromo group at the end of side chains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3382–3392, 2006
Optical Storage in Polymers Containing Azo Groups without Electron-Donor - Electron Acceptor Substituents: Poly[4-(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl-azobenzene] (1993)

Some degree of supramolecular organization can be induced in amorphous polymers containing azobenzene groups by means of polarized light. This phenomenon has been known for about a decade and the relevant literature has been reviewed in one of our recent publications 1 . This induced preferred orientation of the azobenzene groups can be monitored by a significant change in the refractive index of the polymer film and can thus be usea as an information storage mechanism. Circularly polarized light restores the natural disorder of the azobenzene orientations, enabling erasure of the stored information 1-5 . This phenomenon was first noticed on polymers doped with substituted azobenzenes and was intensively studied on liquid crystalline polymers containing substituted azobenzenes as the mesogenic group. Probably by chance - due to the availability of various azo dyes and to the ease of synthesis - almost all examples previously studied in the literature had electron-donor and electron-acceptor substituents on the azobenzene groups. Their presence conferred another important dimension to this type of supramolecular organization: starting with a polarizable group one could induce second order nonlinear susceptibility in the material, thus opening the possibility of applications in photonics.
Genome-wide association analysis in dogs implicates 99 loci as risk variants for anterior cruciate ligament rupture (2017)

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common condition that can be devastating and life changing, particularly in young adults. A non-contact mechanism is typical. Second ACL ruptures through rupture of the contralateral ACL or rupture of a graft repair is also common. Risk of rupture is increased in females. ACL rupture is also common in dogs. Disease prevalence exceeds 5% in several dog breeds, ~100 fold higher than human beings. We provide insight into the genetic etiology of ACL rupture by genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a high-risk breed using 98 case and 139 control Labrador Retrievers. We identified 129 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 99 risk loci. Associated loci (P<5E-04) explained approximately half of phenotypic variance in the ACL rupture trait. Two of these loci were located in uncharacterized or non-coding regions of the genome. A chromosome 24 locus containing nine genes with diverse functions met genome-wide significance (P = 3.63E-0.6). GWAS pathways were enriched for c-type lectins, a gene set that includes aggrecan, a gene set encoding antimicrobial proteins, and a gene set encoding membrane transport proteins with a variety of physiological functions. Genotypic risk estimated for each dog based on the risk contributed by each GWAS locus showed clear separation of ACL rupture cases and controls. Power analysis of the GWAS data set estimated that ~172 loci explain the genetic contribution to ACL rupture in the Labrador Retriever. Heritability was estimated at 0.48. We conclude ACL rupture is a moderately heritable highly polygenic complex trait. Our results implicate c-type lectin pathways in ACL homeostasis.
Identification of NAD-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase from <i>Gluconobacter oxydans</i> WSH-003 (2019)

Abstract Gluconobacter oxydans plays important role in conversion of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose, which is an essential intermediate for industrial-scale production of vitamin C. In the fermentation process, some D-sorbitol could be converted to D-fructose and other byproducts by uncertain dehydrogenases. Genome sequencing has revealed the presence of diverse genes encoding dehydrogenases in G. oxydans . However, the characteristics of most of these dehydrogenases remain unclear. Therefore, analyses of these unknown dehydrogenases could be useful for identifying those related to the production of D-fructose and other byproducts. Accordingly, dehydrogenases in G. oxydans WSH-003, an industrial strain used for vitamin C production, were examined. An NAD-dependent dehydrogenase, which was annotated as xylitol dehydrogenase 2, was identified, codon-optimized, and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The enzyme exhibited high preference for NAD + as the cofactor, while no activity with NADP + , FAD, or PQQ was noted. Although this enzyme presented high similarity with NAD-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase, it showed high activity to catalyze D-sorbitol to D-fructose. Unlike the optimum temperature and pH for most of the known NAD-dependent xylitol dehydrogenases (30°C–40°C and about 6–8, respectively), those for the identified enzyme were 57°C and 12, respectively. The K m and V max of the identified dehydrogenase towards L-sorbitol were 4.92 μM and 196.08 μM/min, respectively. Thus, xylitol dehydrogenase 2 can be useful for cofactor NADH regeneration under alkaline conditions or its knockout can improve the conversion ratio of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose. Importance Production of L-sorbose from D-sorbitol by Gluconobacter oxydans is the first step for industrial scale production of L-ascorbic acid. G. oxydans contains a lot of different dehydrogenases, among which only several are responsible for the conversion of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose, while others may responsible for the accumulation of byproducts, thus decreased the yield of L-sorbose on D-sorbitol. Therefore, a new xylitol dehydrogenase has been identified from 44 dehydrogenases of G . oxydans . Optimum temperature and pH of the xylitol dehydrogenase are different to most of the known ones. Knock-out of the dehydrogenase may improve the conversion ratio of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose. Besides, the enzyme exhibits high preference for NAD + and have potential to be used for cofactor regeneration.
Tamper Proofing by Design Using Generalized Involution-Based Concurrent Error Detection for Involutional Substitution Permutation and Feistel Networks (2006)

Secure operation of cryptographic algorithms is critical to the success of secure transactions. Fault-based attacks that recover secret keys by deliberately introducing fault(s) in cipher implementations and analyzing the faulty outputs have been proven to be extremely powerful. Substitution Permutation Networks (SPN) and Feistel Networks (FN) are the two important classes of Symmetric Block Ciphers. Some SPN ciphers and all FN Ciphers satisfy the involution property. A function F is an involution if F(F(x)) = x. In this paper, we investigate tamper proofing techniques that use low cost involution-based time redundancy concurrent error detection (CED) schemes for involutional SPN and FN symmetric block ciphers. We incorporated this tamper proofing by design technique in a hardware implementation of the 128-bit ANUBIS SPN cipher (an involution variant of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)) and the 128-bit TwoFish FN cipher (an AES finalist). We performed fault simulation at both the algorithm and the gate level to show that the low-cost involution-based CED schemes, in addition to detecting all transient faults, can detect all single-bit permanent faults and > 99 percent of all multiple-bit permanent faults. Consequently, this low cost CED technique can protect the crypto device against Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) attacks.
Optimizing Downhole Fluid Production of Sucker Rod Pumps Using Variable Motor Speed (2008)

Abstract Reciprocating oil pumps are traditionally operated by prime movers rotating at a constant speed. This paper demonstrates that by rapidly changing motor speed within a single stroke pump production can be increased while stresses in the sucker rod and motor energy consumption are reduced. The optimal motor speed profile is determined by representing the motor speed with Fourier series and searching for such Fourier coefficients that maximize the production while satisfying the imposed constraints on stresses in the rod and on energy consumption. The pump performance parameters required in the optimization process, such as fluid production, stresses in the rod and motor torque resulting from a given variable motor speed are calculated using a predictive analysis. The analysis is based on a comprehensive dynamic model of the entire pumping system comprising both surface and downhole equipment. During, and beyond a minimum 6 month field validation period the calculated optimal speed profile has been applied to control the movement of over 20 pumps currently operating in Alberta, Canada. The resulting increased production and lower operating cost clearly confirmed the benefits of implementing a variable speed of the prime mover to improve pump performance. Presented examples demonstrate an increase of up to 133% in production without increasing energy consumption or loads in the system. Similar results as with beam pumps can be achieved for hydraulically actuated pumps by applying variable flow rate or pressure to induce the calculated optimal polished rod velocity.
Direct detection of circulating hepatitis C virus RNA using probes from the 5' untranslated region. (1992)

Diagnostic testing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection currently is based on the presence of anti-HCV antibodies or a positive HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Although HCV RNA PCR is a sensitive and specific technique, widespread application is limited. Moreover, HCV RNA PCR is subject to false-positive reactions through contamination and is inherently difficult to standardize and quantitate. To overcome limitations of HCV RNA PCR, we produced both cDNA and riboprobes from a 241 nucleotide sequence of the 5' untranslated region of the HCV genome for slot hybridization. Hybridization was absent using normal human serum, horse serum, or hepatic cellular RNA from noninfected liver. Hybridization occurred predominantly with positive-stranded HCV RNA and was abolished by pretreatment with RNase A. Slot hybridization was performed on serum samples from 60 patients with chronic HCV infection and a positive HCV RNA PCR and 20 patients with liver diseases unrelated to HCV who had a negative HCV RNA PCR. Slot hybridization with cDNA and riboprobes showed concordance with HCV RNA PCR of 95 and 98.3%, respectively. There were no false-positive reactions in controls. The sensitivity of riboprobe hybridization was comparable to that of one stage HCV RNA PCR using 5' untranslated region primers. Riboprobe hybridization with the HCV H strain standard was positive in the dilution corresponding to 10(-6) chimpanzee infectious doses50/ml. The density of the hybridization signals correlated significantly with the mass of an RNA standard extracted from the liver of a patient with HCV infection. The relative quantities of HCV RNA in the sera of selected patients varied and were not correlated with the duration of disease or the histopathological stage. The highest relative quantities were associated with concurrent immunosuppression. We conclude that slot hybridization is a sensitive, specific alternative to HCV RNA PCR that can be directly quantitated using appropriate HCV RNA standards.
Efficient erbium-doped fiber amplifier at a 153-μm wavelength with a high output saturation power (1989)

An efficient erbium-doped fiber amplifier providing gains from +25 to +37 dB with pump powers at lambda = 1.49 microm in the 11-54-mW range is described. Corresponding saturation output powers of +2.5 to +11 dBm were achieved. A maximum gain coefficient of 2.1 +/- 0.1 dB/mW was measured, which is to our knowledge the highest value reported for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers pumped near lambda = 1.49 microm and matches previously reported results for a lambda = 980-nm pump.