gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface functionalisation of polymers (2017)

Many applications of polymers require the functionalisation of their surface for use in sensors, composite materials, membranes, microfluidic and biomedical devices and many others. Such surface modifications endow the surface with new properties independent of those of the bulk polymer. This tutorial review describes the different methods, based on very diverse principles, that are available to perform this surface functionalisation, including plasma and UV irradiation, atomic layer deposition, electrochemistry, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, the use of radicals and grafting "on" or "from" polymers. The principles of the different methods are briefly described and many examples are given to highlight the possibilities of the methods and the possible applications. A section is devoted to the surface modification of polymeric nanoparticles.
Impaired secretion and increased insolubilization of IgE‐receptor complexes in mycophenolic acid‐treated (guanine nucleotide‐depleted) RBL‐2H3 mast cells (1991)

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, cross-linking anti-DNP IgE-receptor complexes with multivalent antigen (DNP-BSA) activates a signal transduction pathway leading to Ca2+ influx and secretion. Cross-linking IgE-receptor complexes also stimulates a pathway that inactivates (desensitizes) receptors; this pathway becomes important at high concentrations of cross-linking antigen. Recent evidence that antigen-induced secretion is impaired by mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of guanine nucleotide synthesis de novo, has implicated a GTP-binding protein (G protein) in the signaling pathway. Other recent studies have indicated that the conversion of cross-linked receptors to a detergent-insoluble (cytoskeleton-associated) form at high antigen concentrations is correlated with the loss of signaling activity. Here we show that secretion elicited by an optimal concentration of antigen (0.05 micrograms/ml DNP-BSA) is only inhibited by about 25% in guanine nucleotide-depleted cells, whereas secretion elicited by 5 micrograms/ml DNP-BSA, a concentration in the range that causes the high-dose inhibition of secretion, is inhibited by more than 60%. We also show that IgE-receptor complexes are insolubilized in response to 5 but not 0.05 micrograms/ml DNP-BSA in both control and guanine nucleotide-depleted cells. Importantly, the extent of insolubilization elicited by 5 micrograms/ml DNP-BSA is increased by more than 60% in the guanine nucleotide-depleted samples. These results raise the possibility that guanine nucleotide depletion reduces the secretory response to high antigen concentrations in two ways: by inhibiting the G protein-coupled signaling pathway and by increasing the availability of receptors to the pathway leading to receptor insolubilization and inactivation.
The <i>Flk1‐myr::mCherry</i> mouse as a useful reporter to characterize multiple aspects of ocular blood vessel development and disease (2009)

The highly vascularized mouse eye is an excellent model system in which to elucidate the molecular genetic basis of blood vessel development and disease. However, the analysis of ocular vessel defects has traditionally been derived from fixed tissue, which fails to account for dynamic events such as blood flow and cell migration. To overcome the limitations of static analysis, tremendous advances in imaging technology and fluorescent protein reporter mouse lines now enable the direct visualization of developing cells in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the Flk1-myr::mCherry transgenic mouse is an extremely useful live reporter with broad applicability to retinal, hyaloid, and choroid vascular research.
Use of Aminoglycosides in Treatment of Infections Due to Intracellular Bacteria (2001)

Soon after antibiotics were introduced into medical practice, authors pointed out that microorganisms capable of surviving within phagocytic cells may be protected from the killing actions of antibiotics with a poor ability to cross the eukaryotic cell membrane, leading to therapy failures and disease relapses (86, 108). Following the pioneering work by Bonventre et al. (21) that showed that mouse peritoneal macrophages were impermeable to streptomycin in vitro, the aminoglycosides have been included in such a category. Failure of streptomycin and other aminoglycosides to treat infections due to strict or facultative intracellular pathogens (e.g., rickettsial diseases, chlamydial diseases, and typhoid fever) have reinforced this point of view. Also, in vitro infected cell systems have been developed to test the activities of antibiotics against intracellular pathogens, and in many instances they have shown the limited intracellular activity of aminoglycosides compared to their strong bactericidal potential in extracellular medium (52, 92).

However, at the same time, streptomycin was successfully used to treat infections due to facultative intracellular pathogens, such as tuberculosis (especially tuberculous meningitis) (120), plague (133), brucellosis (160), or tularemia (55). As for tuberculosis, clinical data were concordant with the demonstration by Mackaness et al. (106) that streptomycin could inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. Both these clinical and experimental data have been overlooked for several decades. Later experiments by Tulkens et al. (22, 179) have confirmed that aminoglycosides are readily incorporated into phagocytes when these cells are in contact with the antibiotic for prolonged periods (i.e., more than 24 h).

The present review deals with the potential role of aminoglycosides, and especially streptomycin, in the antibiotic therapy of infections due to intracellular pathogens. Our goal is to highlight the concept that categorization of aminoglycosides as strictly ineffective against intracellular pathogens is in some ways too simplistic and does not correspond to clinical experience, since aminoglycosides remain in fact a “gold standard” therapy in a number of infections due to intracellularly surviving pathogens.
Estrogen stimulation and tamoxifen inhibition of leiomyoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. (1995)

Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common gynecological neoplasms and may be associated with significant morbidity. Recently, we described a rat model (Eker rat) of fibroid development in which reproductive tract leiomyomas develop spontaneously with high frequency. The present studies describe the estrogen and antiestrogen responsiveness of an Eker rat leiomyoma-derived cell line in vitro and a nude mouse xenograft system in vivo. In this cell line, estradiol stimulated growth in estrogen-depleted medium, whereas the nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen maximally inhibited cell proliferation in medium containing 10% charcoal-stripped serum. Proliferation was also decreased by the biologically active tamoxifen metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen; the metabolite was more effective than the parent compound in exerting this growth inhibition. Compared to placebo-treated controls, estradiol increased the size of tumors that developed in a nude mouse xenograft system, whereas tamoxifen increased tumor latency and decreased tumor size. This study of leiomyoma cells in a well defined system suggests that antiestrogens may prove efficacious in the treatment of this clinically important neoplasm.
Fermentation based carbon nanotube multifunctional bionic composites (2016)

Abstract The exploitation of the processes used by microorganisms to digest nutrients for their growth can be a viable method for the formation of a wide range of so called biogenic materials that have unique properties that are not produced by abiotic processes. Here we produced living hybrid materials by giving to unicellular organisms the nutrient to grow. Based on bread fermentation, a bionic composite made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a single-cell fungi, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast extract, was prepared by fermentation of such microorganisms at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggests that the CNTs were internalized by the cell after fermentation bridging the cells. Tensile tests on dried composite films have been rationalized in terms of a CNT cell bridging mechanism where the strongly enhanced strength of the composite is governed by the adhesion energy between the bridging carbon nanotubes and the matrix. The addition of CNTs also significantly improved the electrical conductivity along with a higher photoconductive activity. The proposed process could lead to the development of more complex and interactive structures programmed to self-assemble into specific patterns, such as those on strain or light sensors that could sense damage or convert light stimulus in an electrical signal.
Tetra‐p‐aminophenylporphyrin conjugated with Gd‐DTPA: Tumor‐specific contrast agent for MR imaging (1993)

Tetra-p-aminophenylporphyrin (TPP) was conjugated with gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to achieve tumor selectivity in nude mice. A substantial decrease in T1 was measured in excised tissues (kidneys, tumor, and liver) from mice that received the porphyrin derivative Gd2(DTPA)4 TPP. Toxicity and phototoxicity were less than those obtained with hematoporphyrin derivative in both L1210 lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HT 29 human colonic cancer cells, as determined with in vitro assays. MR images showed an enhancement of contrast between the tumor and adjacent tissue after injection of this agent. The results indicate that Gd2(DTPA)4TPP could be a useful prototype paramagnetic porphyrin MR imaging contrast agent with an affinity for tumors.
Analytical evaluation of a BNP assay on the new point-of-care platform respons®IQ (2015)

a) Objectives: respons<sup>®</sup>IQ is a new point-of-care (POC) immunoassay platform utilizing evanescent field total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) detection and active microfluidics controlled by optical sensors. A B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) assay was developed on this system. The objective was to show that the BNP test fulfils the basic requirements regarding analytical performance, storage stability of cartridges and correlation to reference systems to be used as a POC test. b) Design and methods: Analytical sensitivity and imprecision were determined in 10 separate experiments over a period of one year. Cartridge storage stability at 4-7 °C and 37 °C was tested. The correlation of responsIQ whole blood measurements to a POC reference device and a laboratory analyzer was determined using 100 patient samples. c) Results: Limit of detection (LOD) was 2.3±1.0 pg/ml BNP and within-run coefficient of variation (within-run CV) was 4.8±1.4% down to a concentration of <40 pg/ml BNP. Cartridge storage stability at 4-7 °C was greater than 50 weeks and at 37 °C, stability was three weeks. The correlation of responsIQ results with both reference methods was high (<i>r</i>≥0.972). d) Conclusions: The developed BNP test fulfils the basic requirements for the performance parameters defined above. The test׳s sensitivity was in the performance range of laboratory analyzer BNP tests. This is the first extensive proof of concept of the responsIQ system.
The NAD+ Precursor Nicotinamide Riboside Rescues Mitochondrial Defects and Neuronal Loss in iPSC and Fly Models of Parkinson’s Disease (2018)

While mitochondrial dysfunction is emerging as key in Parkinson's disease (PD), a central question remains whether mitochondria are actual disease drivers and whether boosting mitochondrial biogenesis and function ameliorates pathology. We address these questions using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and Drosophila models of GBA-related PD (GBA-PD), the most common PD genetic risk. Patient neurons display stress responses, mitochondrial demise, and changes in NAD+ metabolism. NAD+ precursors have been proposed to ameliorate age-related metabolic decline and disease. We report that increasing NAD+ via the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) significantly ameliorates mitochondrial function in patient neurons. Human neurons require nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) to maintain the NAD+ pool and utilize NRK1 to synthesize NAD+ from NAD+ precursors. Remarkably, NR prevents the age-related dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor decline in fly models of GBA-PD. Our findings suggest NR as a viable clinical avenue for neuroprotection in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Phishing websites detection through supervised learning networks (2015)

Phishing is an unlawful activity of making gullible people to reveal their insightful information into fake websites. The Aim of these phishing websites is to acquire confidential information such as usernames, passwords, banking credentials and some other personal information. Phishing website looks similar to legitimate website therefore people cannot make difference among them. Today users are heavily relying on the internet for online purchasing, ticket booking, bill payments, etc. As technology advances, the phishing approaches being used are also getting progressed and hence it stimulates anti-phishing methods to be upgraded. In this paper, we have implemented two algorithms named Adaline and Backpropion along with the support vector machine to enhance the detection rate and classification.
Cloning and Expression in<i>Escherichia coli</i>of 2-Hydroxypropylphosphonic Acid Epoxidase from the Fosfomycin-producing Organism,<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>PB-5123 (1999)

The fosfomycin resistance gene, fosC, has been cloned from the fosfomycin-producing organism, Pseudomonas syringae PB-5123. Sequence analysis upstream of this gene found a new ORF showing significant homology to 2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase from fosfomycin-producing Streptomyces wedmorensis. The purified recombinant protein of this ORF converted 2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid to fosfomycin. This result clearly showed the ORF to encode 2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase in PB-5123.
Red blood cell metabolic responses to refrigerated storage, rejuvenation, and frozen storage (2017)

Rejuvenation reversed over one-half of the metabolic biochemical compounds evaluated compared with Day 42 values, and the compounds were stable through frozen storage and preparation for transfusion. Rejuvenation promoted significant metabolic reprogramming, including the reactivation of energy-generating and antioxidant pathways (the pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione homeostasis), salvage reactions, cofactor reservoirs, and membrane lipid recycling.
Impact of multicast flow for performance of IEEE 802.11e in wireless LAN (2013)

In IEEE 802.11e, a multicast sender transmits multicast frames using a simple broadcasting mechanism at a low, fixed, rate without binary exponential back-off process. This simplicity reveals unfair shared channel access between unreliable multicast flows and reliable unicast flows. In this paper, we evaluate how negatively the single multicast flow affects multiple the unicast flows when they compete for a single communication channel access. We also observe the transition of the channel condition by progressively applying conservative back-off scheme for the multicast flow. Our evaluation indicates the channel condition-adaptive, back-off scheme for multicast flow is required to alleviate the negative impact and ultimately provide more reliable multicast transmission as well as fair resource sharing with the low-priority unicast flows.
Complement components in Nigerians with bronchial asthma. (1989)

Serum complement components C1q, C3, C4, factor B, and C3d breakdown products were measured in asthmatic Nigerians and in age-matched and sex-matched controls. C3 mean level was higher than in controls while C1q and C4 mean levels were lower than in controls. High levels of C3d in asthmatic patients suggest the possible role of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins in the etiopathogenesis of perennial asthma in Nigerian patients in a tropical environment with ubiquitous airborne allergens and infective agents. The significantly elevated levels of IgM and IgG may suggest recurrent respiratory challenge of perennial antigens in our environment.
Properties of GaAs<sub>1 ‐ x</sub>P<sub>x</sub> epitaxial films prepared by ion beam sputter deposition (1992)

Abstract Many works on heteroepitaxial growth of III—V compound semiconductors on an Si substrate have been reported. However, many problems must be solved. In this study, GaAs 1 ‐ x P x heteroepitaxial growth on Si and GaAs substrates at 250°C was carried out using the ion beam sputter‐deposition method. The dependencies of crystallinity and electrical properties of deposited films on x were investigated. The film composition was investigated by evaluating the core level spectra for As‐3 d and P—2 p levels in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In this evaluation, the composition was independent of the kind of substrate and film crystallinity. When a polycrystalline GaAs target was sputtered by Xe ion beam, the deposited film was neither single‐crystalline nor stoichiometric. When a mixture of Xe and PH 3 ion beams was used, the deposited film was stoichiometric and RBS revealed that the film had excellent crystallinity. When a film was deposited on a GaAs substrate, the carrier mobility was higher than when it was deposited on Si.
Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells Induce T Cell Tolerance to Specific Antigen (2008)

The lungs face the immunologic challenge of rapidly eliminating inhaled pathogens while maintaining tolerance to innocuous Ags. A break in this immune homeostasis may result in pulmonary inflammatory diseases, such as allergies or asthma. The observation that alveolar epithelial type II cells (Type II) constitutively express the class II MHC led us to hypothesize that Type II cells play a role in the adaptive immune response. Because Type II cells do not express detectable levels of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, we propose that Type II cells suppress activation of naive T cells. Purified murine Type II cells were unable to activate T cells to specific Ag or in an alloreactive assay. Although IFN-gamma treatment up-regulated class II MHC expression, it did not alter the ability of the Type II cells to activate T cells. Rather, the Type II cells were able to suppress T cells from subsequent activation to specific Ag in an Ag-dependent manner. Priming T cells with Type II cells and Ag resulted in T cells that were suppressed to further activation, even after removal from the Type II cells. Thus, Type II cells of the lung help tolerate T cells to nonpathogenic environmental Ags.
Studies on some radical transfer reactions by entrapping the radicals as polymer endgroups. III. Reaction of ȮH radical with halide ions (1988)

Abstract The reactions of OH radical with Cl − , Br − , I − , and F − ions have been studied by entrapping the product radicals as polymer endgroup which have been detected and estimated by the sensitive dye partition technique. The rate constants of the reactions with Br − , Cl − , and F − ions have been determined to be 1.51 × 10 9 , 1.32 × 10 9 , and 0.92 × 10 9 L mol −1 s −1 , respectively at 25°C and pH 1.00. Oxidation of I − ions liberates I, which inhibits the polymerization and the reaction could not be followed by polymer endgroup analysis. The observed order of reactivity Br − > Cl − > F − is in accordance with the electron affinities of the halide ions. The acidity of the reaction medium has a strong influence on the rate of reaction. With Br − ions, the rate constant of the reaction falls from 1.51 × 10 9 to 0.75 × 10 9 L mol −1 s −1 at 25°C as the pH is raised from 1.0 to 2.8. The method is simple and accurate and can be applied to study very reactive radicals.
Extreme resistance to weak-acid preservatives in the spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii (2013)

Weak-acid preservatives, such as sorbic acid and acetic acid, are used in many low pH foods to prevent spoilage by fungi. The spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii is notorious for its extreme resistance to preservatives and ability to grow in excess of legally-permitted concentrations of preservatives. Extreme resistance was confirmed in 38 strains of Z. bailii to several weak-acid preservatives. Using the brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a control, tests showed that Z. bailii was ~3-fold more resistant to a variety of weak-acids but was not more resistant to alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, or hydrophilic chelating acids. The weak acids were chemically very diverse in structure, making it improbable that the universal resistance was caused by degradation or metabolism. Examination of Z. bailii cell populations showed that extreme resistance to sorbic acid, benzoic acid and acetic acid was limited to a few cells within the population, numbers decreasing with concentration of weak acid to <1 in 1000. Re-inoculation of resistant sub-populations into weak-acid-containing media showed that all cells now possessed extreme resistance. Resistant sub-populations grown in any weak-acid preservative also showed ~100% cross-resistance to other weak-acid preservatives. Tests using (14)C-acetic acid showed that weak-acid accumulation was much lower in the resistant sub-populations. Acid accumulation is caused by acid dissociation in the higher pH of the cytoplasm. Tests on intracellular pH (pHi) in the resistant sub-population showed that the pH was much lower, ~ pH5.6, than in the sensitive bulk population. The hypothesis is proposed that extreme resistance to weak-acid preservatives in Z. bailii is due to population heterogeneity, with a small proportion of cells having a lower intracellular pH. This reduces the level of accumulation of any weak acid in the cytoplasm, thus conferring resistance to all weak acids, but not to other inhibitors.
Preparation and testing of adhesive joints (2023)

A number of factors, not included in written standards, can significantly affect the reliability (i.e. repeatability and reproducibility) of data obtained from testing adhesive joints. Factors, including specimen and machine alignment, processing variables, storage of materials and surface treatments need to be considered in addition to test parameters (e.g. displacement rate) and specimen dimensions that are generally covered in national and international standards. Careful consideration needs to be given to those factors that can significantly influence the strength and long-term performance of adhesive joints. This Good Practice Guide is intended to give guidance on the preparation and testing of adhesive joints, and the use of test methods under ambient and hostile environments (including accelerated ageing) for generating design data and for quality assurance purposes. Static, cyclic fatigue and creep rupture testing are also included. The document is primarily concerned with structural applications. The Good Practice Guide also includes the results from a three-stage round-robin exercise on Adhesive Joint Testing that was conducted in conjunction with UK industry to identify key preparation and testing issues.
Familial Risk and Heritability of Cancer Among Twins in Nordic Countries (2016)

In this long-term follow-up study among Nordic twins, there was significant excess familial risk for cancer overall and for specific types of cancer, including prostate, melanoma, breast, ovary, and uterus. This information about hereditary risks of cancers may be helpful in patient education and cancer risk counseling.
Bentonite and fuller's earth resources of the United States (1992)

The term bentonite is defined as any natural material composed dominantly of the clay minerals of the smectite group and whose properties are controlled by these clay minerals. Fuller's earth refers to naturally occurring material that has a high absorptive capacity.