gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semantic Super-resolution for Extremely Low-resolution Vehicle License Plate (2019)

Vehicle license plate (VLP) super-resolution (SR) is of great demand in intelligent traffic systems. Super-Resolution for extremely low-resolution VLP remains challenging and the state-of-the-art SR methods hardly provide satisfying results for low-resolution (LR) VLPs. In this study, from a new perspective, we develop an effective solution to achieve the super-resolution of the extremely LR VLP images, by using the semantic information of the characters. Specifically, we firstly exploit the pervasive sparse prior for the character recognition in LR condition for VLPs. Then the semantic information extracted from the sparse representation-based classification (SRC) results is employed to alleviate the illness of the SR problem. To maximize the benefit brought by the semantic information from SRC, we employ sparse-coding based super-resolution (SCSR) method to upscale VLP images. In the end, an exponential soft labeling method is designed to reduce the possible bias introduced by character classification. Extensive experiments on the self-built Chinese VLP dataset (VLP100) and public UFPR-ALPR dataset validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed VLP-SR system.
Human adenovirus encodes two proteins which have opposite effects on accumulation of alternatively spliced mRNAs (1994)

All mRNAs expressed from the adenovirus major late transcription unit have a common, 201-nucleotide-long 5' leader sequence, which consists of three short exons (the tripartite leader). This leader has two variants, either with or without the i-leader exon, which, when present, is spliced between the second and the third exons of the tripartite leader. Previous studies have shown that adenovirus early region 4 (E4) encodes two proteins, E4 open reading frame 3 (E4-ORF3) and E4-ORF6, which are required for efficient expression of mRNAs from the major late transcription unit. These two E4 proteins appear to have redundant activities, and expression of one has been shown to be sufficient for efficient major late mRNA accumulation during a lytic virus infection. In this report, we provide evidence that E4-ORF3 and E4-ORF6 both regulate major late mRNA accumulation by stimulating constitutive splicing. Moreover, we show that the two proteins have different effects on accumulation of alternatively spliced tripartite leader exons. In a DNA transfection assay, E4-ORF3 was shown to facilitate i-leader exon inclusion, while E4-ORF6 preferentially favored i-leader exon skipping. In addition, E4-ORF3 and E4-ORF6 had the same effects on accumulation of alternatively spliced chimeric beta-globin transcripts. This finding suggests that the activities of the two proteins may be of more general relevance and not restricted to splicing of major late tripartite leader-containing pre-mRNAs. Interestingly, E4-ORF6 expression was also shown to stimulate i-leader exon skipping during a lytic virus infection.
Methods for prevention of mass development of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz emend. Elenk. in aquatic systems (2006)

Methods for prevention of mass development of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz emend. Elenk. in continental water bodies and industrial water supply systems are reviewed. The physicochemical, chemical, and biological methods for prevention of M. aeruginosa development in water bodies and water supply systems are considered; examples of successful inhibition of M. aeruginosa growth in laboratory experiments are demonstrated. The scientific problems are outlined that are to be solved for perfecting techniques for prevention of M. aeruginosa mass development in open water bodies and in closed water supply systems.
Increased and Altered Fragrance of Tobacco Plants after Metabolic Engineering Using Three Monoterpene Synthases from Lemon (2004)

Wild-type tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants emit low levels of terpenoids, particularly from the flowers. By genetic modification of tobacco cv Petit Havana SR1 using three different monoterpene synthases from lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm. f.) and the subsequent combination of these three into one plant by crossings, we show that it is possible to increase the amount and alter the composition of the blend of monoterpenoids produced in tobacco plants. The transgenic tobacco plant line with the three introduced monoterpene synthases is emitting beta-pinene, limonene, and gamma-terpinene and a number of side products of the introduced monoterpene synthases, from its leaves and flowers, in addition to the terpenoids emitted by wild-type plants. The results show that there is a sufficiently high level of substrate accessible for the introduced enzymes.
RECEPTORS FOR 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND NORADRENALINE IN RABBIT ISOLATED EAR ARTERY AND AORTA (1976)

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is thought to be implicated in the vascular disturbances of the external carotid artery bed associated with migraine. As part of a study of the pharmacology of some 5-HT antagonists used in the treatment of migraine we have examined the interactions of these drugs with 5-HT and noradrenaline in rabbit isolated ear artery and aortic strip. The results provide new information on the distribution of 5-HT-receptors in these preparations. In the aorta, 5-HT and noradrenaline were of similar potency in producing contractions. Methysergide produced very small contractions and was about 1000 times less potent than the other two agonists. In the ear artery noradrenaline produced monophasic vasoconstrictor responses, whereas 5-HT and methysergide produced prolonged biphasic responses. 5-HT was about 700 times less potent and methysergide about 4500 times less potent than noradrenaline. Methysergide was a better agonist in the ear artery than in the aorta. Biphasic responses to 5-HT and methysergide were also obtained in ear arteries from reserpine-treated rabbits indicating that neither agonist was acting by releasing endogenous noradrenaline. Pizotifen, cyproheptadine and phentolamine had no agonistic actions in either the aorta or ear artery. In the aorta methysergide, pizotifen and cyproheptadine were potent antagonists of 5-HT and much weaker antagonists of noradrenaline. Phentolamine possessed the opposite profile of selectivity. These results show that there are distinct receptors for 5-HT and noradrenaline in rabbit aorta. In the ear artery the pA2 values for each of the four antagonists were virtually identical against 5-HT and noradrenaline and similar to those obtained on alpha-adrenoceptors in the aorta. We conclude that 5-HT and noradrenaline act directly at alpha-receptors to produce vasoconstriction in the ear artery and that this preparation does not contain specific 5-HT receptors. This insight into the distribution of 5-HT receptors and alpha-receptors allows interpretation of the various actions of methysergide. In the aorta, methysergide was a potent antagonist at 5-HT-receptors and a weak partial agonist at alpha-receptors. In the ear artery, methysergide was a partial agonist at alpha-receptors; it was only a weak antagonist of 5-HT because this preparation does not contain specific 5-HT-receptors. The cross-reactivity demonstrated throughout these experiments indicates that 5-HT-receptors and alpha-receptors, although distinct entities, have features in common. These results are discussed in relation to the mode of action of methysergide, pizotifen and cyproheptadine in the treatment of migraine.
Whole-Genome Detection of Conditionally Essential and Dispensable Genes in Escherichia coli via Genetic Footprinting (2008)

We present a whole-genome approach to genetic footprinting in Escherichia coli using Tn5-based transposons to determine gene essentiality. A population of cells is mutagenized and subjected to outgrowth under selective conditions. Transposon insertions in the surviving mutants are detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), agarose gel electrophoresis, and software-assisted PCR product size determination. Genomic addresses of these inserts are then mapped onto the E. coli genome sequence based on the PCR product lengths and the addresses of the corresponding genome-specific primers. Gene essentiality conclusions were drawn based on a semiautomatic analysis of the number and relative positions of inserts retained within each gene after selective outgrowth.
Optimum parameters in the design of electrooptic waveguide modulators using ferroelectric thin films (2002)

The need of high speed integrated optical devices for optical communication has resulted in a great interest in ferroelectric materials. Thin films of (Pb,La),(Zr,Ti)O/sub 3/ have been extensively studied for making integrated optic devices since they are expected to have high electrooptic effects. The purpose of this work is to define the effect of opto-geometrical parameters on the waveguiding performance. To design the complete two-dimensional structure, we have utilized the effective index and beam propagation methods to predict main parameters (such as mode cut-offs, propagation constant, field distribution, propagation attenuation, etc....) for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations.
An Adaptive Power-Split Strategy for Battery–Supercapacitor Powertrain—Design, Simulation, and Experiment (2017)

Electric vehicles (EVs) adopting both batteries and supercapacitors have attracted a significant amount of attention in research communities due to their unique power-sharing capabilities. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can effectively reduce power stress that would, otherwise, be applied to batteries alone, and whose weight and size is still a common concern when competing against conventional internal-combustion-engine-powered cars. In this paper, a high-level algorithm is developed to adaptively split the load between two sources for an EV adopting HESS under real-life load fluctuations. A converter-supercapacitor pack (SP) coupled HESS upon which such an algorithm is deployed on, is proposed to divert excess power into the SP via a smart power converter, which is located in between in order to regulate both behaviors. A power-split strategy is designed to track real-time load profiles and determine one important variable: the cutoff frequency. As a consequence, relatively higher frequency portion of the load power gets channeled to the SP, and the remaining less-varying power demand is sent to the BP based on the fundamental energy-balancing equation. A simplified HESS model is developed in MATLAB, and the real-time power-split algorithm is coded using Labview and verified on a test rig. Both simulation and experimental results prove its effectiveness in coping with even the harshest driving scenarios in real life.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Sifalimumab, an Investigational Anti-Interferon-α Monoclonal Antibody, in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2013)

A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model adequately described sifalimumab pharmacokinetics. The estimated typical pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to other monoclonal antibodies without target mediated elimination. Although the population pharmacokinetic analysis identified some statistically significant covariates, they explained <7 % between-subject variability in pharmacokinetic parameters indicating that these covariates are not clinically relevant. The population pharmacokinetic analysis also demonstrated the feasibility of switching to fixed doses in phase IIb clinical trials of sifalimumab.
Specific Cleavage at Fibers of a Bacteriophage-Tail-Like Bacteriocin, Pyocin R1, by Successive Treatment with Organomercurial Compounds and Trypsin (1982)

When pretreated with the organomercurial compound that reversibly blocks the adhesion of pyocin R1 to sensitive cells, this bacteriocin became susceptible to trypsin. Trypsinization resulted in the exclusive fragmentation of subunit protein no. 2 among 20 different subunit components and the disappearance of distal knobs from the fibers as well as in irreversible inactivation.
<title>Singular beam synthesis by means of one-dimensional phase elements</title> (1998)

In reference 1 it was shown that beams containing phase singularities have enough various intensity distributions, in particular, the distribution looked like an arbitrary planar curve. In this work we present a method of synthesis of these beams by means of one-dimensional phase elements. The basis of the method is the result stated in reference 1 that Fourier transform with an additional astigmatic phase converts such beams into light fields with one-dimensional structure. Thus, the synthesis of a singular beam can be reduced to formation of one-dimensional light fields with subsequent astigmatic Fourier transform of them. One-dimensional light field synthesis is carried out by means of two one-dimensional phase elements located at some distances along the beam propagation. One-dimensional phase masks were realized experimentally on dichromated gelatin layers which were made by sensibilization of standard holographic photoplates. The masks were recorded through an exposure of layers by an argon ion laser operating at the wavelength of 0.488 mkm. The laser beam was transformed into a narrow line of 10 mkm width. The recording was made by moving a layer in its own plane step-by-step with the help of an electric motor controlled by a computer. (The step size was 5 mkm.) After the exposure these layers were developed by water vapors according to a technique described in reference 2. Experimental results of synthesis of a beam whose intensity looks like a boundary of a regular triangle are presented.
The Cholesky-iterative detector: a new multiuser detector for synchronous CDMA systems (2000)

The decorrelating decision-feedback (DDF) multiuser detector based on Cholesky factorization has been shown to alleviate the performance degradation of the users in the detection process, especially for relatively low cross-correlation values between user signals. A new detection concept for multiple users described in this paper employs two triangular matrices (upper and lower) and soft output information to improve the data estimates. Simulation results show that significant performance gains can be achieved over the DDF. Also, the users tend to have their bit error probabilities clustered. Thus, the performance of a given user is less dependent on its position in the detection process than for the DDF detector.
Axonal disruption and aberrant localization of tau protein characterize the neuropil pathology of Alzheimer's disease (1987)

The microtubule-associated protein tau, a major antigenic component of paired helical filaments, has been demonstrated in neurofibrillary tangles and in neurites of senile plaques. With optimal fixation and histochemical methods, we show the normal axonal location of tau protein in human cerebral cortex and the striking alterations of tau distribution that affect the cortical neuropil in Alzheimer's disease. Normally, cortical tau-immunoreactive fiber bundles form a pattern resembling that seen with myelin stains. The prominence of white matter staining suggests that tau may be especially enriched in projection systems. Alzheimer's disease causes massive axonal disruption and the dislocation of tau protein from its usual axonal domain into neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and presynaptic regions. The normal pattern of axonal staining in cortex is disrupted and white matter staining is reduced. Prominent abnormal tau-immunoreactive neuropil fibers are densely present even in cortical regions without classical neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque formation. The striking neuropil abnormalities, revealed by the aberrant localization of tau protein, are likely to contribute to neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
Critical Wavelengths for Gap Nucleation in Solidification— Part I: Theoretical Methodology (1999)

A theoretical model of the gap nucleation process during pure metal solidification on a deformable mold of finite thickness is presented. Both surfaces of the mold follow a sinusoidal lay for which the ratio of the amplitude to the wavelength, or aspect ratio, is much less than one. This makes the aspect ratio a convenient perturbation parameter for the thermal and mechanical problems since it is indicative of the spatial variation in the surfaces. The thermal and mechanical fields are coupled along the upper surface of the mold through a pressure-dependent thermal contact resistance. The main goal of the model is to develop a means for examining the contact pressure along the mold-shell interface and how variation of the mold surface wavelength affects the time and location of gap nucleation. Gaps, which result from irregular distortion of the shell due to the modest variation of the mold surface geometry, are assumed to nucleate when the contact pressure locally falls to zero. The model leads to two coupled differential equations for the shell thickness and contact pressure perturbations which are solved with a numerical scheme. Using a series solution methodology, it is shown that the contact pressure perturbation predicted by the present model reduces to that for a rigid, perfectly conducting mold (which was considered in another work) in the limit of zero mold thickness. In the companion paper, we specifically examine various combinations of pure materials acting either as the shell or the mold material. The concept of a critical wavelength, which separates those wavelengths that lead to gap nucleation at the crests, from those that lead to gap nucleation at the troughs, is introduced. The potential for development of design criteria for mold surface topographies using the present theoretical model as a limiting solution for finite element models of more complex casting processes is discussed. [S0021-8936(00)03201-3]
Frontispiece: Cleavage of Carbon Disulfide by <i>n</i>‐Propyldiphenylphosphine and Nickel(II) Bromide (2019)

Carbon disulfide is cleaved by n-propyldiphenylphosphine and nickel(II) bromide in a one-step process, to form two unprecedented complexes: orange, [Ni(S2C2(PnPrPh2)2)Br(PnPrPh2)]Br⋅CS2 and purple [Ni{η2-SC(PnPrPh2)2}Br(PnPrPh2)]Br⋅CS2. More information can be found in the Full Paper by A. L. Balch et al. on page 2491.
The Internal Affairs Doctrine and Limited Liability of Individual Series within a Series LLC (2015)

Several states have enacted statues, most commonly in LLC acts, providing that an organization may be organized with separate Assuming that several requirements are satisfied, under such statutes each series has limited liability from the debts and obligations of other series and those of the series organization. In effect, by private ordering, the series organization is able to segregate certain of what would otherwise be its assets and liabilities in series, thereby both (1) restricting the creditors of any series to the property associated with the series and (2) protecting the assets of the series organization and the assets associated with each other series from the claims of a creditor vis-a-vis any other series.
Invited Review: Dietary Fiber: A Brief Review and Potential Application To Enteral Nutrition (1990)

Advances in enteral nutrition include the provision of organ-specific fuels to improve gut structure and function. Examples of these fuels include soluble fiber as a fuel precursor, and the SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Butyrate appears to exert its trophic effect primarily in the colon, whereas the combined SCFAs affect the whole gastrointestinal tract. The provision of these fuels may be indicated for selected patients with intestinal dysfunction.
A Smile Makes the Eyes Look Happy (2012)

We investigated how smiles influence perceptions of what the eyes are expressing, whether happy or sad, compared to the influence of sad or angry mouths. Participants were thirty-six first year Psychology students. Participants initially looked at the mouth and then judged whether the eye expression was happy, sad or angry or not. The expression of the eyes and mouth could be congruent (eg, both happy) or incongruent (eg, fearful eyes, smiling mouth); the eyes were visible but the mouth was masked in the control condition. The results suggest that, under eye-mouth congruence conditions, looking at the smiling, sad and angry mouths similarly facilitated the correct identification of the eyes. In contrast, under incongruence conditions, a smiling mouth led to greater interference than sad or angry mouths; that is, the smile misled the viewers into judging non-happy eyes as happy, and increased the time needed to correctly identify their expression. The facilitation effects are explained by a priming mechanism guided by the first gaze directed at the mouth. The interference effects are explained as a function of the high visual saliency and diagnostic value of the smile.
A 29 dBm 70.7% PAE Injection-Locked CMOS Power Amplifier for PWM Digitized Polar Transmitter (2010)

This letter presents an injection-locked CMOS power amplifier for pulse width modulation (PWM) digitized polar transmitter. A power oscillator combined with injection-locking technique reduces the required driving power and provide high drain efficiency in the power stage. The switched power oscillator is proposed for PWM digitized polar transmitter. To achieve differential to single output and impedance transformation, a lumped element balun, employing a minimum number of discrete components, is used. The power amplifier achieved a power-added efficiency of 70.7% at a maximum output power of 29.05 dBm. The measured drain efficiency in the power stage was 72.7% at 820 MHz. The chip is implemented with a 0.18 μm CMOS process. The total chip size is 0.48 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Creatine uptake regulates CD8 T cell antitumor immunity (2019)

T cells demand massive energy to combat cancer; however, the metabolic regulators controlling antitumor T cell immunity have just begun to be unveiled. When studying nutrient usage of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in mice, we detected a sharp increase of the expression of a <i>CrT</i> (<i>Slc6a8</i>) gene, which encodes a surface transporter controlling the uptake of creatine into a cell. Using <i>CrT</i> knockout mice, we showed that creatine uptake deficiency severely impaired antitumor T cell immunity. Supplementing creatine to WT mice significantly suppressed tumor growth in multiple mouse tumor models, and the combination of creatine supplementation with a PD-1/PD-L1 blockade treatment showed synergistic tumor suppression efficacy. We further demonstrated that creatine acts as a "molecular battery" conserving bioenergy to power T cell activities. Therefore, our results have identified creatine as an important metabolic regulator controlling antitumor T cell immunity, underscoring the potential of creatine supplementation to improve T cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
Fast, Exact, Linear Booleans (2009)

Abstract We present a new system for robustly performing Boolean operations on linear, 3D polyhedra. Our system is exact, meaning that all internal numeric predicates are exactly decided in the sense of exact geometric computation. Our BSP‐tree based system is 16‐28× faster at performing iterative computations than CGAL's Nef Polyhedra based system, the current best practice in robust Boolean operations, while being only twice as slow as the non‐robust modeler Maya. Meanwhile, we achieve a much smaller substrate of geometric subroutines than previous work, comprised of only 4 predicates, a convex polygon constructor, and a convex polygon splitting routine. The use of a BSP‐tree based Boolean algorithm atop this substrate allows us to explicitly handle all geometric degeneracies without treating a large number of cases.