gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-power, fast-response active gas-gap heat switches for low temperature applications (2015)

Heat switches are critical to many low temperature applications, where control of heat flow and selective thermal isolation are required. Their designs tend to be driven by the need for the lowest possible off-state conductance, while meeting requirements for on-state conduction. As a result, heat switches tend to be designed as close as possible to the limits of material strength and machinability, using materials that have the lowest thermal conductivity to strength ratio. In addition, switching speed is important for many applications, and many designs and switch types require a compromise between the power used for actuation and on/off transition times. We present a design for an active gas-gap heat switch, developed for the Soft X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Japanese Astro-H mission, that requires less than 0.5 mW of power to operate, has on/off transition times of < 1 minute, and that achieves a conductance of > 50 mW/K at 1 K with a heat leak of < 0.5 μW from 1 K to very low temperature. Details of the design and performance will be presented.
Cover Picture: Discovery of 5′′‐Chloro‐<i>N</i>‐[(5,6‐dimethoxypyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]‐2,2′:5′,3′′‐terpyridine‐3′‐carboxamide (MK‐1064): A Selective Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonist (2‐SORA) for the Treatment of Insomnia (ChemMedChem 2/2014) (2014)

The front cover picture shows MK-1064, a potent, orally bioavailable, selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) under evaluation as a potential treatment for insomnia. Orexin neuronal projections originating from the hypothalamus, shown in green, affect the activity of nuclei associated with arousal, vigilance state, and reward. Nuclei exhibiting preferential expression of orexin 1 receptor (OX1R), orexin 2 receptor (OX2R), and both OX1R and OX2R are shown in red, blue and violet, respectively. The lower left inlay depicts a homology model of OX2R bound by MK-1064. The lower right inlay shows an orexin neuron secreting two peptide agonists, orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B), and their binding to OX1R and OX2R. For more details regarding the discovery and development of MK-1064, see the Full Paper by Anthony J. Roecker et al. on p. 311 ff. The homology modeling figure was provided by Dr. Kerim Babaoglu (Merck Chemistry Modeling and Informatics). Figure elements depicting the orexin neuron and receptor efferent pathways were taken from A. L. Gotter, A. L. Webber, P. J. Coleman, J. J. Renger, C. J. Winrow, Pharmacol. Rev.­ 2012, 64, 389–420 and reproduced with permission from the American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. The cover art was produced in conjunction with Sharon O'Brien (Merck Creative Services).
Three-dimensional tomographic microscopy technique with multi-frequency combination with partially coherent illuminations (2019)

We demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D) optical diffraction tomographic technique with multi-frequency combination (MFC-ODT) for the 3D quantitative phase imaging of unlabeled specimens. Three sets of through-focus intensity images are captured under an annular aperture and two circular apertures with different coherence parameters. The 3D phase optical transfer functions (POTF) corresponding to different illumination apertures are combined to obtain a synthesized frequency response, achieving high-quality, low-noise 3D reconstructions with imaging resolution up to the incoherent diffraction limit. Besides, the expression of 3D POTF for arbitrary illumination pupils is derived and analyzed, and the 3D imaging performance of annular illumination is explored. It is shown that the phase-contrast washout effect in high-NA circular apertures can be effectively addressed by introducing a complementary annular aperture, which strongly boosts the phase contrast and improves the imaging resolution. By incorporating high-NA illumination as well as high-NA detection, MFC-ODT can achieve a theoretical transverse resolution up to 200 nm and an axial resolution of 645 nm. To test the feasibility of the proposed MFC-ODT technique, the 3D refractive index reconstruction results are based on a simulated 3D resolution target and experimental investigations of micro polystyrene bead and unstained biological samples are presented. Due to its capability for high-resolution 3D phase imaging as well as the compatibility with a widely available commercial microscope, the MFC-ODT is expected to find versatile applications in biological and biomedical research.
The Second Spacer Cation Assisted Growth of a 2D Perovskite Film with Oriented Large Grain for Highly Efficient and Stable Solar Cells (2019)

Abstract The fabrication of high‐quality film with large grains oriented along the direction of film thickness is important for 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite‐based solar cells (PVSCs). High‐quality 2D BA 2 MA n −1 Pb n I 3 n +1 (BA + =butylammonium, MA + =methylammonium, n =5) perovskite films were fabricated with a grain size of over 1 μm and preferential orientation growth by introducing a second spacer cation (SSC + ) into the precursor solution. Dynamic light scattering showed that SSC + addition can induce aggregation in the precursor solution. The precursor aggregates are favorable for the formation of large crystal grains by inducing nucleation and decreasing the nucleation sites. Applying phenylethylammonium as SSC + , the optimized inverted planar PVSCs presented a maximum PCE of 14.09 %, which is the highest value of the 2D BA 2 MA n −1 Pb n I 3 n +1 ( n =5) PVSCs. The unsealed device shows good moisture stability by maintaining around 90 % of its initially efficiency after 1000 h exposure to air (Hr=25±5 %).
Analysis and optimization of thermoacoustic-piezoelectric energy harvesters: an electrical circuit analogy approach (2013)

The performance of standing and traveling wave thermoacoustic-piezoelectric energy harvesters are developed using an electrical circuit analogy approach. The harvesters convert thermal energy, such as solar or waste heat energy, directly into electrical energy without the need for any moving components. The input thermal energy generates a steep temperature gradient along a porous medium. At a critical threshold of the temperature gradient, self-sustained acoustic waves are developed inside an acoustic resonator. The associated pressure fluctuations impinge on a piezoelectric diaphragm, placed at the end of the resonator. The resulting interaction is accompanied by a direct conversion of the acoustic energy into electrical energy. The behavior of these two classes of harvesters is modeled using an electrical circuit analogy approach. The developed models are multi-field models which combine the descriptions of the acoustic resonator and the stack with the characteristics of the piezoelectric diaphragm. The onset of self-sustained oscillations of the harvesters are predicted using the root locus method and SPICE software (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis). The predictions are validated against published results. The developed electrical analogs and the associated analysis approach present invaluable tools for the design and the optimization of efficient thermoacoustic-piezoelectric energy harvesters.
Accelerating Search-Based Program Repair (2018)

Automatic program repair techniques offer the possibility of reducing, or even eliminating, the substantial manual effort that currently goes into the patching of software defects. However, current repair techniques take minutes or hours, to generate rather simple repairs, severely limiting their practical applicability. Search-based program repair represents a popular class of automatic repair techniques. Patch compilation and test case execution are the dominant contributors to runtime in this class of repair techniques. In this work we propose two complementary techniques, namely Location Selection and Test-Case Pruning, to improve the efficiency of search-based repair techniques. Location Selection reduces the number of repair candidates examined in arriving at a repair, thereby reducing the number of patch compilations as well as the overall number of test case evaluations during the repair process. Test-Case Pruning, on the other hand, optimizes the number of test cases executed per examined candidate. We implement the proposed techniques in the context of SPR, a state-of-the-art search-based repair tool, evaluate them on the GenProg benchmarks and observe that the proposed techniques provide a 3.9X speed-up, on average, without any degradation in repair quality.
A multiwatt all gas-phase iodine laser (AGIL) (2004)

The demonstration and characterization of a multiwatt All Gas-phase Iodine Laser (AGIL) are described. A 20-cm subsonic reactor was used to produce NCl(a<sup>1</sup>Δ) for a series parametric studies of the I*(<sup>2</sup>P<sub>1/2</sub>) - I(<sup>2</sup>P<sub>3/2</sub>) small signal gain and extracted power dependence on reactant flow rates and reaction time. A reduction in the flow channel height led to improved performance. The highest measured gain was 4.2 x 10<sup>-4</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup> and the highest power observed was 31 W.
Underground gasification of coal: proposed concept for directional control of the combustion zone (1973)

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is again interested in investigating the gasifying of coal underground. Although this idea has received considerable attention in the past, a viable economic industry did not result from the completion of previous projects conducted worldwide. Since 1968, however, new technology has evolved from comprehensive studies of earth fracture systems that indicates joints or cleats in coal can be utilized for the flow of product gases. Advances made in drilling technology that permit slant holes and long horizontal holes to be drilled through the coal seams have stimulated a new concept to be investigated. This longwall generator concept utilizes a series of three horizontal holes drilled from the surface by slant hole techniques in a direction normal to the dominant joint (face cleat in eastern United States) direction present in the coal. Combustion is started in one well and the gases removed by maintaining a negative pressure on the two adjacent horizontal holes, thus forcing the combustion zone to migrate laterally toward the producing wells. The ultimate goal of underground coal gasification studies is to determine if directional control will permit devolatilization of the coalbed and gasification of the remaining hot coke in a systematic mannermore » to produce a gaseous product that is suited for the generation of electric power without serious environmental consequences.« less
Engineering Challenges for Instrumenting and Controlling Integrated Organ-on-Chip Systems (2013)

The sophistication and success of recently reported microfabricated organs-on-chips and human organ constructs have made it possible to design scaled and interconnected organ systems that may significantly augment the current drug development pipeline and lead to advances in systems biology. Physiologically realistic live microHuman (μHu) and milliHuman (mHu) systems operating for weeks to months present exciting and important engineering challenges such as determining the appropriate size for each organ to ensure appropriate relative organ functional activity, achieving appropriate cell density, providing the requisite universal perfusion media, sensing the breadth of physiological responses, and maintaining stable control of the entire system, while maintaining fluid scaling that consists of ~5 mL for the mHu and ~5 μL for the μHu. We believe that successful mHu and μHu systems for drug development and systems biology will require low-volume microdevices that support chemical signaling, microfabricated pumps, valves and microformulators, automated optical microscopy, electrochemical sensors for rapid metabolic assessment, ion mobility-mass spectrometry for real-time molecular analysis, advanced bioinformatics, and machine learning algorithms for automated model inference and integrated electronic control. Toward this goal, we are building functional prototype components and are working toward top-down system integration.
Fault Diagnosis in Memory BIST Environment with Non-march Tests (2011)

This paper presents a new BIST-based fault diagnosis scheme for non-march tests of complexity O(n^2). It can be used to identify failures in embedded memory arrays using galloping pattern tests. The proposed solution employs scalable and flexible logic to record test responses, with no negative impact on at-speed test. It enables recording of responses produced by failures hard to handle by conventional march tests. This, in turn, allows accurate isolation of memory failures during off-line processing.
Immunosuppressive Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Can Be Converted into Immunogenic APCs with the Help of Activated NKT Cells: An Alternative Cell-Based Antitumor Vaccine (2009)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are known to be accumulated in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow of tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients, were tested as APCs for a cellular vaccine because they have phenotypical similarity with inflammatory monocytes and may be differentiated from the same precursors as monocytes. Although MDSCs have immunosuppressive properties, in vivo transferred MDSCs, which present tumor Ag and NKT cell ligand (alpha-galactosylceramide), significantly prolonged survival time in metastatic tumor-bearing mice in a CD8(+) cell-, NK cell-, and NKT cell-dependent manner vs a CD4(+) T cell- and host dendritic cell-independent manner. Major concerns about using MDSCs as APCs in a vaccine are their suppression of CTLs and their induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. However, alpha-galactosylceramide-loaded MDSCs did not suppress CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and allowed for the generation of Ag-specific CTL immunity without increasing the generation of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, stimulation with activated NKT cells induced changes on MDSCs in phenotypical or maturation markers, including CD11b, CD11c, and CD86. Taken together, these findings suggest that NKT cells facilitate the conversion of immunosuppressive MDSCs into immunogenic APCs, eliciting successful antitumor immunity and providing the basis for alternative cell-based vaccines.
Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores (2013)

Solid-state nanopores have emerged as a versatile tool for the characterization of single biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. However, the creation of a nanopore in a thin insulating membrane remains challenging. Fabrication methods involving specialized focused electron beam systems can produce well-defined nanopores, but yield of reliable and low-noise nanopores in commercially available membranes remains low and size control is nontrivial. Here, the application of high electric fields to fine-tune the size of the nanopore while ensuring optimal low-noise performance is demonstrated. These short pulses of high electric field are used to produce a pristine electrical signal and allow for enlarging of nanopores with subnanometer precision upon prolonged exposure. This method is performed in situ in an aqueous environment using standard laboratory equipment, improving the yield and reproducibility of solid-state nanopore fabrication.
MED-EL Cochlear Implants: State of the Art and a Glimpse Into the Future (2006)

Cochlear implantation is an accepted treatment method for adults and children with severe to profound hearing loss. Confidence in technology has led to changes in individuals who can receive a cochlear implant and changes in expected benefit with a cochlear implant. This article describes the research and development activities at MED-EL, which make possible the implementation of new speech-coding strategies as well as the application of acoustic and electric stimulation via a combined speech processor in MED-EL devices. Research on benefits from bilateral cochlear implantation and electric-acoustic stimulation are also reviewed. Finally, the potential of drug delivery systems is considered as a way to improve cochlear implant outcomes, and results from preliminary evaluations of a hybrid cochlear implant system with drug delivery capabilities are reported.
Energy-Efficient Distributed Estimation by Utilizing a Nonlinear Amplifier (2013)

This paper describes the development of an energy-efficient amplify-and-forward distributed estimation scheme using realistic amplifier models. Specifically, a novel algorithm is presented that enables distributed estimation in the presence of amplifier compression resulting from the energy-efficient but non-linear class AB operation. In this system, a digital predistortion scheme is utilized to fit the amplifier at each sensor to a mathematically tractable, soft compression function that roughly mimics the compression region of the amplifier. It is shown both analytically and via simulation that using this scheme has two benefits over linear amplifier operation: improved transmitter efficiency by operating the amplifier in compression, and reduced sensitivity to heavy-tailed distributions due to the soft saturation.
Photochemically enhanced microbial degradation of environmental pollutants (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemically enhanced microbial degradation of environmental pollutantsArata Katayama and Fumio MatsumuraCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 7, 1329–1333Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00019a016https://doi.org/10.1021/es00019a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase-Locked Laser Array With Nonuniform Spacing (1986)

To obtain phase-locked array that reliably produces single far-field lobe, configuration includes lasing stripes not placed on regular centers but located in regular way with nonuniform centers (i.e., with spacing determined by some function). Alternatively, lasing stripes placed on set of periodic arrays with different stripe-to-stripe centers interlaced onto single chip or placed in structure in which stripe-to-stripe spacing is random or pseudorandom. Monolithic, phase-locked, semiconductor-laser array design produces output laser beam comprising substantially single lobe.
Off-axis digital holographic microscopy: practical design parameters for operating at diffraction limit (2014)

The utilization of microscope objectives (MOs) in digital holographic microscopy (DHM) has associated effects that are not present in conventional optical microscopy. The remaining phase curvature, which can ruin the quantitative phase imaging, is the most evident and analyzed. As phase imaging is considered, this interest has made possible the development of different methods of overcoming its undesired consequences. Additionally to the effects in phase imaging, there exist a set of less obvious conditions that have to be accounted for as MOs are utilized in DHM to achieve diffraction-limit operation. These conditions have to be considered even in the case in which only amplitude or intensity imaging is of interest. In this paper, a thorough analysis of the physical parameters that control the appropriate utilization of MOs in DHM is presented. A regular DHM system is theoretically modeled on the basis of the imaging theory. The Fourier spectrum of the recorded hologram is analyzed to evaluate the performance of the DHM. A set of the criteria that consider the microscope features and the recording parameters to achieve DHM operation at the diffraction limit is derived. Numerical modeling and experimental results are shown to validate our findings.
Simple and Compelling Biomimetic Metal–Organic Framework Catalyst for the Degradation of Nerve Agent Simulants (2013)

Inspired by biology, in which a bimetallic hydroxide-bridged zinc(II)-containing enzyme is utilized to catalytically hydrolyze phosphate ester bonds, the utility of a zirconium(IV)-cluster-containing metal-organic framework as a catalyst for the methanolysis and hydrolysis of phosphate-based nerve agent simulants was examined. The combination of the strong Lewis-acidic Zr(IV) and bridging hydroxide anions led to ultrafast half-lives for these solvolysis reactions. This is especially remarkable considering that the actual catalyst loading was a mere 0.045 % as a result of the surface-only catalysis observed.
Engineered phage nanofibers induce angiogenesis (2017)

We demonstrated that engineered phage nanofibers induce angiogenesis as an angiogenic and therapeutic biomaterial platform to restore tissues after ischemic injury.
Use of HDEL‐tagged <i>Trichoderma reesei</i> mannosyl oligosaccharide 1,2‐α‐<scp>D</scp>‐mannosidase for <i>N</i>‐glycan engineering in <i>Pichia pastoris</i> (2001)

Therapeutic glycoprotein production in the widely used expression host Pichia pastoris is hampered by the differences in the protein-linked carbohydrate biosynthesis between this yeast and the target organisms such as man. A significant step towards the generation of human-compatible N-glycans in this organism is the conversion of the yeast-type high-mannose glycans to mammalian-type high-mannose and/or complex glycans. In this perspective, we have co-expressed an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted Trichoderma reesei 1,2-alpha-D-mannosidase with two glycoproteins: influenza virus haemagglutinin and Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. Analysis of the N-glycans of the two purified proteins showed a >85% decrease in the number of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues. Moreover, the human-type high-mannose oligosaccharide Man(5)GlcNAc(2) was the major N-glycan of the glyco-engineered trans-sialidase, indicating that N-glycan engineering can be effectively accomplished in P. pastoris.
Unified DC-Link Current Control for Low-Voltage Ride-Through in Current-Source-Converter-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems (2010)

The increased penetration of wind power into utility grid brings challenges to power converter design in wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). Among all, low-voltage ride-through has been enforced in the field, which is one of the major challenges for WECS. It is necessary to design an integrated controller to protect the converter from overvoltage/overcurrent and to support the grid voltage during faults and recoveries. In this paper, a unified dc-link current control scheme for current-source-converter-based WECS is proposed. The controllers for generator- and grid-side converters are coordinated to provide fault ride-through capability. In normal operations, the proposed control scheme can also smooth the real power flow while keeping the fast dynamic performance of the dc-link current control. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the proposed control scheme.
Automatic exploit generation (2014)

The idea is to identify security-critical software bugs so they can be fixed first.