gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hubble: an advanced dynamic folder technology for XML (2005)

A significant amount of information is stored in computer systems today, but people are struggling to manage their documents such that the information is easily found. XML is a de-facto standard for content publishing and data exchange. The proliferation of XML documents has created new challenges and opportunities for managing document collections. Existing technologies for automatically organizing document collections are either imprecise or based on only simple criteria. Since XML documents are self describing, it is now possible to automatically categorize XML documents precisely, according to their content. With the availability of the standard XML query languages, e.g. XQuery, much more powerful folder technologies are now feasible. To address this new challenge and exploit this new opportunity, this paper proposes a new and powerful dynamic folder mechanism, called Hubble. Hubble fully exploits the rich data model and semantic information embedded in the XML documents to build folder hierarchies dynamically and to categorize XML collections precisely. Besides supporting basic folder operations, Hubble also provides advanced features such as multi-path navigation and folder traversal across multiple document collections. Our performance study shows that Hubble is both efficient and scalable. Thus, it is an ideal technology for automating the process of organizing and categorizing XML documents.
Construction of submicrometer voltammetric electrodes (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConstruction of submicrometer voltammetric electrodesBradford D. Pendley and Hector D. AbrunaCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 7, 782–784Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00206a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00206a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views307Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Binary Toxins from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Active against the Western Corn Rootworm, <i>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</i> LeConte (2004)

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is a significant pest of corn in the United States. The development of transgenic corn hybrids resistant to rootworm feeding damage depends on the identification of genes encoding insecticidal proteins toxic to rootworm larvae. In this study, a bioassay screen was used to identify several isolates of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis active against rootworm. These bacterial isolates each produce distinct crystal proteins with approximate molecular masses of 13 to 15 kDa and 44 kDa. Insect bioassays demonstrated that both protein classes are required for insecticidal activity against this rootworm species. The genes encoding these proteins are organized in apparent operons and are associated with other genes encoding crystal proteins of unknown function. The antirootworm proteins produced by B. thuringiensis strains EG5899 and EG9444 closely resemble previously described crystal proteins of the Cry34A and Cry35A classes. The antirootworm proteins produced by strain EG4851, designated Cry34Ba1 and Cry35Ba1, represent a new binary toxin. Genes encoding these proteins could become an important component of a sustainable resistance management strategy against this insect pest.
Wavy Architecture Thin‐Film Transistor for Ultrahigh Resolution Flexible Displays (2017)

A novel wavy-shaped thin-film-transistor (TFT) architecture, capable of achieving 70% higher drive current per unit chip area when compared with planar conventional TFT architectures, is reported for flexible display application. The transistor, due to its atypical architecture, does not alter the turn-on voltage or the OFF current values, leading to higher performance without compromising static power consumption. The concept behind this architecture is expanding the transistor's width vertically through grooved trenches in a structural layer deposited on a flexible substrate. Operation of zinc oxide (ZnO)-based TFTs is shown down to a bending radius of 5 mm with no degradation in the electrical performance or cracks in the gate stack. Finally, flexible low-power LEDs driven by the respective currents of the novel wavy, and conventional coplanar architectures are demonstrated, where the novel architecture is able to drive the LED at 2 × the output power, 3 versus 1.5 mW, which demonstrates the potential use for ultrahigh resolution displays in an area efficient manner.
Lipidized Prolactin-Releasing Peptide as a New Potential Tool to Treat Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Preclinical Studies in Rodent Models (2021)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are preconditions for the development of metabolic syndrome, which is reaching pandemic levels worldwide, but there are still only a few anti-obesity drugs available. One of the promising tools for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic complications is anorexigenic peptides, such as prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP). PrRP is a centrally acting neuropeptide involved in food intake and body weight (BW) regulation. In its natural form, it has limitations for peripheral administration; thus, we designed analogs of PrRP lipidized at the N-terminal region that showed high binding affinities, increased stability and central anorexigenic effects after peripheral administration. In this review, we summarize the preclinical results of our chronic studies on the pharmacological role of the two most potent palmitoylated PrRP31 analogs in various mouse and rat models of obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. We used mice and rats with diet-induced obesity fed a high-fat diet, which is considered to simulate the most common form of human obesity, or rodent models with leptin deficiency or disrupted leptin signaling in which long-term food intake regulation by leptin is distorted. The rodent models described in this review are models of metabolic syndrome with different severities, such as obesity or morbid obesity, prediabetes or diabetes and hypertension. We found that the effects of palmitoylated PrRP31 on food intake and BW but not on glucose intolerance require intact leptin signaling. Thus, palmitoylated PrRP31 analogs have potential as therapeutics for obesity and related metabolic complications.
Multiple Application of Magnetorheological Effect in High Precision Finishing (2002)

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is enabling technology that may produce surface accuracy of the order of 10 nm peak-to-valley and surface micro-roughness less than 10A. In this technique, magnetorheological fluid performs the primary function, which is deterministic material removal. There are several auxiliary devices that also function on a “smartness” of magnetorheological fluid. A non-intrusive magnetorheological valve is an integral part of the finishing machine “circulatory system” and provides the pump “stiffness” and computer control of the flow rate. To provide MR polishing fluid continuous circulation, a special means for fluid removal from the polishing wheel and returning to the delivery system has been designed. Once the fluid leaves the polishing zone, it is removed from the wheel surface by a suction cup. The cup has a magnetic system that forms a dynamic magnetorheological fluid seal in the gap between the cup and the wheel surface. Finite element analysis software has been used for magnetic systems and flow design and optimization.
Human tumor cell lines with EGF receptor gene amplification in the absence of aberrant sized mRNAs (1985)

A survey of human tumor cell lines for increased PDGF or EGF receptors identified 5 lines which bind from 6 to 13 times more EGF than normal human fibroblasts. Immunoprecipitation analysis links the elevated binding activity to increased quantities of the EGF receptor protein. EGF receptor gene amplification was detected in 2 of the cell lines. No evidence for EGF receptor gene rearrangements was found at the level of DNA or RNA structure. The results suggest that elevated levels of EGF receptor can be associated with at least three distinct mechanisms. These include gene amplification accompanied by rearrangement, gene amplification without accompanied alteration of mRNA transcripts, and extensive expression without gene amplification.
Converting Waste Plastic to Hydrocarbon Fuel Materials (2011)

ABSTRACT The increased demand and high price for energy sources are driving efforts to convert organic compounds into useful hydrocarbon fuels. Although much of this work has focused on biomass, there are strong benefits to deriving fuels from waste plastic material. Waste plastic is abundant and its disposal creates large problems for the environment. Plastic does not break down in landfills, is not easily recycled and degrades in quality during the recycling process, and can produce waste ash, heavy metals, and potentially harmful gas emissions if incinerated at high temperatures. However, chemical processes that can be used to convert plastics into hydrocarbon fuels have unlimited applications in residential and industrial heating, transportation, and electricity generation. These chemical processes are used to break down the long carbon chains found in plastic into the shorter chains found in gasoline or diesel-type fuels. Natural State Research (NSR) has invented a simple and economically viable process to decompose the hydrocarbon polymers of waste plastic into the shorter chain hydrocarbons of liquid fuel (patent pending). The method and principal of the process/production will be discussed.
Low-Conductivity Buffers for High-Sensitivity NMR Measurements (2002)

The sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes, especially the recently introduced cryogenic probes, can be substantially reduced by the electrical noise generated by conductive samples. In particular, samples of biological macromolecules, which usually contain salts to keep the pH constant and to prevent aggregation, can experience a significant reduction in sensitivity. So far this dependence has forced researchers to minimize the salt concentrations in their samples. Here we demonstrate that the decisive factor is not the salt concentration itself but the conductivity which is a function of both the concentration and the mobility of the ions in solution. We show that by choosing buffers with low ionic mobility, the sample conductivity can be dramatically reduced and the sensitivity substantially enhanced compared to the same measurement with an equal concentration of a standard NMR buffer such as phosphate. We further show that the highest sensitivity gain of one buffer over another buffer is equal to the square root of the ratio of their ion mobilities and describe a simple method to evaluate the effect of a certain buffer on the sensitivity.
Temperature dependence of field-controlled thyristor characteristics (1981)

The dependence of the characteristics of field-controlled thyristors upon the ambient temperature has been examined in the range of -30 to 200°C. Unlike conventional thyristors, these devices have been found to continue to exhibit forward blocking capability up to the highest measurement temperature (200°C). In fact, it is shown here that the forward blocking capability as well as the blocking gain improve with increasing temperature with the usual scaling of the leakage current for power devices. The reverse blocking capability is also retained. The forward voltage drop of the device in the conducting state decreases with increasing temperature. This behavior is shown to be similar to that of conventional rectifiers and thyristors operated at high injection levels. Further, the force gate turn-off time of the devices has been found to increase with increasing temperature. This has been correlated with a measured increase in the minority-carrier lifetime. The results of this study demonstrate that field-controlled thyristors are capable of being operated at higher temperatures than conventional thyristors.
Cross-Mixing Hybrid Beamforming Receiver for Wideband Apertures (2021)

Research is showing an interest in redefining phased arrays and devising more flexible low-profile receivers. As such, there is a need to compensate for the bulkiness of existing systems which is mainly imposed by the phase shifters placed after each element. That is, we must circumvent hardware limitations by searching for alternatives for phase shifting the signals to introduce more flexibility in signal reception for more downsized radio systems. Therefore, self-mixing arrays are developed and now deployed for the beamforming process. The concept stems from applying mixing instead of shifting to eliminate the delays in reception. Central to its realization is mixing the elements with themselves. As a result, the mixing process yields a cancellation of the delays in reception and allows for coherent signal combining. Current self-mixing beamformers are flexible to angles of arrival (AoAs), which is not feasible with traditional phased arrays. Such beamformers offer autonomous behaviour in phase delay compensation from any AoA. As such, the system receives the signal from all directions with a much finer angular resolution as compared to traditional beamformers. However, this enhancement in spatial coverage makes the system more vulnerable to interference from other users. In this regard, despite this unprecedented flexibility to AoA, the design encounters a degradation in interference mitigation and is limited only to analog beamforming configurations. Consequently, we introduce a novel cross-mixing array design capable of avoiding this conundrum. Instead of mixing the elements with themselves, we proceed with a cross-element mixing beamforming (CMB) method wherein the elements engage in mixing one another. By doing so, we not only eliminate all delays in reception, but we can also preserve the AoA information of the received signal. As such, CMB knows the direction of the desired source and hence is capable of blocking the signals from all unwanted directions. More important, the cross-mixing architecture can be associated with hybrid beamforming configurations, which is not realizable with the other existing self-mixing array topologies. Therefore, CMB sets a precedent for self-mixing sub-array architectures and provides avenues for a new class of self-mixing beamforming.
Model based 3D gaze estimation for provision of virtual eye contact (2012)

In recent years, video communication has received a rapidly increasing interest on the market. Still unsolved is the problem of eye contact. The conferee still needs to decide whether to look into the camera or directly to the screen. Recently, a solution to this problem was presented which is based on a real-time 3D modeling of the conferees [1]. In order to achieve direct eye contact the authors defined a virtual camera directly on the screen in the eyes of the remote conferee. This paper discusses the problem of adequately positioning this virtual camera. A new approach will be presented which performs an eye and gaze tracking directly on the real-time 3D model rather than on the 2D image. Our methods not only provides robust and highly accurate results but is also able to additionally measure the distance between the conferees eye and the display with high precision.
Simple, monolithic optical element for forward-viewing spectrally encoded endoscopy (Conference Presentation) (2016)

Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) is a miniature endoscopic technology that can acquire images of internal organs through a hair-thin probe. While most previously described SEE probes have been side viewing, forward-view (FV)-SEE is advantageous in certain clinical applications as it provides more natural navigation of the probe and has the potential to provide a wider field of view. Prior implementations of FV-SEE used multiple optical elements that increase fabrication complexity and may diminish the robustness of the device. In this paper, we present a new design that uses a monolithic optical element to realize FV-SEE imaging. The optical element is specially designed spacer, fabricated from a 500-μm-glass rod that has a mirror surface on one side and a grating stamped on its distal end. The mirror surface is used to change the incident angle on the grating to diffract the shortest wavelength of the spectrum so that it is parallel to the optical axis. Rotating the SEE optics creates a circular FV-SEE image. Custom-designed software processes FV-SEE images into circular images, which are displayed in real-time. In order to demonstrate this new design, we have constructed the FV-SEE optical element using a 1379 lines/mm diffraction grating. When illuminated with a source with a spectral bandwidth of 420-820 nm, the FV-SEE optical element provides 678 resolvable points per line. The imaging performance of the FV-SEE device was tested by imaging a USAF resolution target. SEE images showed that this new approach generates high quality images in the forward field with a field of view of 58°. Results from this preliminary study demonstrate that we can realize FV-SEE imaging with simple, monolithic, miniature optical element. The characteristics of this FV-SEE configuration will facilitate the development of robust miniature endoscopes for a variety of medical imaging applications.
Quantum well diode lasers of lead-europium-selenide-telluride (1985)

The formation of a new semiconductor compound, lead-europium-selenide-telluride, was recently demonstrated using the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth technique. This material may be grown lattice matched to PbTe substrates, and double heterojunction diode lasers were fabricated which covered the wavelength range 6.6 to 2.7 μm. Operation up to 147 K has been attained, which is the highest cw operating temperature ever observed in lead-chalcogenide semiconductors. Single quantum well diode lasers in a lead-chalcogenide materials system have now been fabricated for the first time. These devices were composed of PbTe quantum wells with Pb1−xEuxSeyTe1−y confinement layers. The quantum wells ranged in thickness from 300 to 2500 Å. Strong quantum effects are observed for the smaller well widths (Lz ≲1200 Å) because of the small carrier masses (me∼mh∼0.037m0). The shift in laser emission energy is in approximate agreement with that calculated from a finite square well potential if ΔEc∼ΔEv is assumed. The near equality of the electron and hole effective masses makes it difficult to accurately determine ΔEc and ΔEv. The threshold current is strongly reduced by quantum effects, apparently because of modifications of the density-of-states function. The laser emission from these devices has been characterized by near-field and far-field measurements. At high temperatures (T≳90 K), the emission of these mesa stripe lasers switches from gain guided to an index guided mode. Single-mode emission up to ∼1-mW power levels have been observed. These lasers have tuned from 6.45 μm (at 13 K) to 4.41 μm (at 174 K) under cw conditions, and to 4.01 μm (at 241 K) pulsed. It appears that the maximum operating temperature is limited by the quantum well barrier height, and a preliminary experiment with a higher barrier gave pulsed operation up to 260 K. These are the highest pulsed and cw operating temperatures ever reported for lead-chalcogenide diode lasers, and puts them within the operating range of thermoelectric coolers. The total cw tuning range of a single diode laser is as large as 740 cm−1, which is also much larger than previously observed. These properties greatly enhance the utility of these devices for spectroscopic and fiber-optic applications.
Optimized Geometric Attribution (2005)

To address the problem of geometric performance attribution in a recently proposed framework of qualitative characteristics and quantitative properties, the approach reported here is to solve the problem in a two-step fashion. The first step is to define a set of attribution effects in their pure geometric form. Because these pure effects will not aggregate in a residual-free manner, however, the second step is to perturb the geometric attribution effects in such a way that they deviate as little as possible, subject to the constraint that there be no residual, from their pure values. The resulting optimized attribution effects represent the most accurate formulation of geometric attribution.
Efficient Multicasting in Content-Centric Networks Using Datagrams (2016)

The Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures are the leading approaches for content-centric networking, and both require using Interests (requests that elicit content) and maintaining per-Interest forwarding state in Pending Interest Tables (PIT) to store per- Interest forwarding state. To date, PITs have been assumed to be necessary to enable native support for multicasting in the data plane, such that multicast forwarding trees (MFT) are established by the forwarding and aggregation of Interests using PITs. We present a new approach to content-centric networks based on anonymous datagrams that provides native support for multicasting, but does so without the need to maintain per-Interest forwarding state. Simulation experiments are used to show that the proposed new approach attains the same end-to-end delays for multicasting while requiring orders of magnitude fewer forwarding entries.
An antenna system and a method for operating an antenna system (2011)

An antenna system is disclosed that includes two or more antennas and an impedance matching network. The antennas of the antenna system are closely separated, such as by a distance of no more than a wavelength of received signals divided by two. The impedance matching network is adapted to respond to and counteract performance degradation resulting from cross coupling between the antennas. Related methods for use in an antenna system are disclosed.
Design and analysis of soft x-ray imaging microscopes (1992)

The spherical Schwarzschild microscope for soft X-ray applications in microscopy and projection lithography consists of two concentric spherical mirrors configured such that the third-order spherical aberration and coma are zero. Since multilayers are used on the mirror substrates for X-ray applications, it is desirable to have only two reflecting surfaces in a microscope. To reduce microscope aberrations and increase the field of view, generalized mirror surface profiles are here considered. Based on incoherent and sine wave modulation transfer function calculations, the object plane resolution of a microscope has been analyzed as a function of the object height and numerical aperture (NA) of the primary for several spherical Schwarzschild, conic, and aspherical Head reflecting two-mirror microscope configurations. The Head microscope with a NA of 0.4 achieves diffraction limited performance for objects with a diameter of 40 microns. Thus, it seems possible to record images with a feature size less than 100 A with a 40x microscope when using 40 A radiation.