gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies against the 3B Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (2015)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most highly contagious and economically devastating diseases, and it severely constrains the international trade of animals. Vaccination against FMD is a key element in the control of FMD. However, vaccination of susceptible animals raises critical issues, such as the differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals. The current study developed a reliable and rapid test to detect antibodies against the conserved, nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of the FMD virus (FMDV) to distinguish infected animals from vaccinated animals. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the FMDV NSP 3B was produced. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for FMDV/NSP antibody detection was developed using a recombinant 3ABC protein as the antigen and the 3B-specific MAb. Sera collected from naive, FMDV experimentally infected, vaccinated carrier, and noncarrier animals were tested using the 3B cELISA. The diagnostic specificity was 99.4% for naive animals (cattle, pigs, and sheep) and 99.7% for vaccinated noncarrier animals. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% for experimentally inoculated animals and 64% for vaccinated carrier animals. The performance of this 3B cELISA was compared to that of four commercial ELISA kits using a panel of serum samples established by the World Reference Laboratory for FMD at The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom. The diagnostic sensitivity of the 3B cELISA for the panel of FMDV/NSP-positive bovine serum samples was 94%, which was comparable to or better than that of the commercially available NSP antibody detection kits. This 3B cELISA is a simple, reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV nonstructural proteins.
Accelerator mass spectrometry and its applications (1999)

The state of the art in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is reviewed. The review is divided in two parts. The first covers the general methodology, followed by its specific elaborations for the commonly measured long-lived isotopes such as10Be,14C,26Al,36Cl and129I, as well as other isotopes with emerging applications. The second part considers the very wide spectrum of applications that now employ AMS, and groups these according to research area rather than isotope. The period up until late 1998 is covered, with an emphasis on post-1990 developments and literature.
High-resolution Fiber-optic Microendoscopy for <em>in situ</em> Cellular Imaging (2011)

Many biological and clinical studies require the longitudinal study and analysis of morphology and function with cellular level resolution. Traditionally, multiple experiments are run in parallel, with individual samples removed from the study at sequential time points for evaluation by light microscopy. Several intravital techniques have been developed, with confocal, multiphoton, and second harmonic microscopy all demonstrating their ability to be used for imaging in situ. With these systems, however, the required infrastructure is complex and expensive, involving scanning laser systems and complex light sources. Here we present a protocol for the design and assembly of a high-resolution microendoscope which can be built in a day using off-the-shelf components for under US$5,000. The platform offers flexibility in terms of image resolution, field-of-view, and operating wavelength, and we describe how these parameters can be easily modified to meet the specific needs of the end user. We and others have explored the use of the high-resolution microendoscope (HRME) in in vitro cell culture, in excised and living animal tissues, and in human tissues in vivo. Users have reported the use of several different fluorescent contrast agents, including proflavine, benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), and fluoroscein, all of which have received full, or investigational approval from the FDA for use in human subjects. High-resolution microendoscopy, in the form described here, may appeal to a wide range of researchers working in the basic and clinical sciences. The technique offers an effective and economical approach which complements traditional benchtop microscopy, by enabling the user to perform high-resolution, longitudinal imaging in situ.
Interaction between nutrition and <i>Eimeria acervulina</i> infection in broiler chickens: development of an experimental infection model (1996)

In three experiments broiler chickens were inoculated with sporulated Eimeria acervulina oocysts at 18 d of age. Feed intake, body-weight gain, brush-border enzyme activities, fat digestion, protein digestion and protein retention were measured. Body-weight gain was reduced during the acute phase of the infection and increased during the recovery phase of the infection. Feed intake was decreased on day 4 and day 5 postinfection (PI) and increased from day 7 to day 11 PI. Maltase (EC 3.2.1.20) and sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48) activities were decreased on day 5 PI in all intestinal segments. In Expts 2 and 3, however, maltase activity was increased in the ileum. Fat digestion was decreased from day 2 to day 11 PI. N digestion and retention were decreased from day 2 to day 11 PI.
Endothelial GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Receptor Mediates Cardiovascular Protection by Liraglutide In Mice With Experimental Arterial Hypertension (2019)

GLP-1R activation attenuates cardiovascular complications of arterial hypertension by reduction of vascular inflammation through selective actions requiring the endothelial but not the myeloid cell GLP-1R.
IL-2 Signaling in Human Monocytes Involves the Phosphorylation and Activation of p59 <i>hck</i> (2000)

The activating properties of IL-2 and the structure of the IL-2R on human monocytes are well characterized. However, relatively little is known about the biochemical mechanisms involved in IL-2 signal transduction in these cells. We investigated the role of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in the activation of monocytes by IL-2. Incubation of monocytes with the PTK inhibitor herbimycin A (HA) resulted in the dose-dependent suppression of IL-2-induced monocyte tumoricidal activity. This inhibition was rather potent, as a concentration of HA as low as 0.5 microM caused a complete abrogation of cytolytic activity. Furthermore, HA markedly suppressed the ability of IL-2 to induce IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA expression and protein secretion by monocytes. Anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting demonstrated that IL-2 induced a rapid and time-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins of molecular masses ranging from 35 to 180 kDa. Interestingly, IL-2 caused a significant up-regulation of the constitutive levels of hck PTK mRNA and protein relative to medium-treated cells as well as an increase in p59hck tyrosine phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrated by in vitro kinase assay that the specific activity of p59hck PTK was also induced by IL-2 in monocytes. Thus, these data show that the activation of PTKs is required for the triggering of monocyte effector and secretory functions by IL-2 and strongly suggest that p59hck is a key participant in IL-2 signaling in human monocytes.
Modeling of Inverter Based AC Microgrids for Control Development. (2017)

Abstract not provided.
Bioequivalence study of a film-coated tablet of deferiprone in healthy Thai volunteers (2009)

The 90% CI of mean ratio of AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-inf) fell within the acceptable range (0.80 - 1.25) for bioequivalent eligibility. Regarding the efficacy of deferiprone, which depends on AUC rather than C(max), 90% CI of mean ratio of C(max) was within the acceptable range of WHO criteria for bioequivalence study (0.75 - 1.33). Therefore the two film-coated formulations of deferiprone tablet were proven bioequivalent in healthy Thai volunteers.
The role of charge separation in the response of electrochemical systems (1998)

To elucidate the effect of charge layers on the behavior of electrochemical systems comprising microgeometries, we investigate microhemisphere and microdisc electrodes. A binary electrolyte is examined, consistent with virtually all battery and fuel–cell electrolytes. The transport–controlled current density response is shown to be governed by two dimensionless groups: the first group, δ, corresponds to a Debye length divided by the electrode radius, while the second, σ, characterizes the charge density on the electrode surface relative to the salt concentration. In many cases of practical interest, δ is very small, and the modelling equations approach a singularity; the resulting equation system is thus not amenable to numerical solution. We have used an asymptotic analysis to deal with this problem, so that our model calculations cover the full range of δ–values that are of interest. The asymptotics are given for more general electrode shapes, including hemispheres and discs.
Graft‐versus‐Host Disease in Dog and Man: The Seattle Experience (1985)

In dog and in man a marrow graft from a donor genetically identical for the major histocompatibility complex is followed by significant graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in approximately one-half of the recipients, despite the administration of post-grafting immunosuppressive therapy. Controlled trials comparing post-grafting therapy using methotrexate or cyclosporine have shown no difference in long-term survival, although cyclosporine reduces the incidence of mucositis and is associated with somewhat earlier engraftment. Observations in the canine model indicating efficacy of a combination of a brief course of methotrexate with the cyclosporine regimen are now being tested in patients, with early results indicating a reduction in GvHD and an improved survival. In both species, failure to administer immunosuppression after grafting is associated with a high incidence of acute GvHD and an adverse effect on survival. Removal of donor T cells from the marrow inoculum may reduce the incidence of acute GvHD but at the price of a higher likelihood of subsequent graft failure. Studies of canine and human chimeras are in agreement with murine data indicating a principal role for T cells in the pathogenic mechanism of GvHD. Chimera lymphocytes (of donor origin) from dogs and patients with acute GvHD proliferate in response to previously stored host cells, and lymphocytes cytotoxic to host target cells are seen in patients with GvHD. Our observations indicate a direct, rather than an indirect, role for T cells since lymphocytes from donors sensitized to chimeric skin grafts can cause lethal GvHD when infused into stable chimeric recipients. "Specific" suppressor cells may play a role in maintaining stable graft-host tolerance while "nonspecific" suppressor cells may be responsible for the impaired immune defenses in patients with chronic GvHD. Chronic GvHD, which resembles systemic collagen vascular disease, occurs in approximately 40% of matched recipients, particularly following acute GvHD, and is more frequent in older patients. Efforts to treat both acute and chronic GvHD with steroids, antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine and azathioprine are only partially and unpredictably effective. Data in dogs pointed out the feasibility of transplants from partially matched related donors or matched unrelated donors, an approach that is now being actively pursued in human patients. Marrow transplants from HLA-partially matched family members resulted in a higher incidence of acute GvHD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Search Space Allocation Schemes Review for Control Channels in LTE and LTE-advanced (2016)

The search space allocation scheme is a very important operation done to schedule users in the resources of the control channels PDCCH and enhanced PDCCH. However, the standard scheme has many drawbacks as it allocates each user a contiguous number of candidates to blindly search for its control information. This paper reviews some of the proposed designs in literature for the search space allocation scheme and compares them to provide a thorough performance analysis. Simulation results showed some comparisons between the proposed schemes in literature and the standard scheme using three different metrics. Finally, the scattered design was proved to be of the best overall performance although some schemes have comparable performance in the blocking probability metric.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA assay is less discriminant than pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1993)

Twenty-six strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprints were tested by random amplified polymorphic DNA assay with three primers, resulting in 15 to 20 different random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints. By summing the results for the three primers, the number of different fingerprints increased to 25, but two strains could not be differentiated. We conclude that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis remains the best method of typing methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains.
DNA and spermidine provide a switch mechanism to regulate the activity of restriction enzyme Nae I. (2020)

Sequence-specific DNA-protein interactions are basic to DNA function. To better understand these interactions, we studied the effect of position on cleavage of DNA by the type II restriction enzyme (EC 3.1.21.4) Nae I. We discovered two classes of Nae I restriction sites: sites susceptible and sites resistant to cleavage. Kinetic analysis showed that Nae I was activated by DNA containing cleavable Nae I sites to rapidly cleave resistant Nae I sites by a noncompetitive mechanism with a Km for substrate DNA of about 2 nM and a KA for activating DNA of about 6 nM; activation increased catalysis but not substrate binding. Deletion mutagenesis in vitro showed that sequences flanking the Nae I recognition site were responsible for the differences between activating and nonactivating Nae I sites. The polyamine spermidine had a dramatic effect on the interaction of Nae I with DNA; in the presence of 1 mM spermidine, resistant sites were cleaved rapidly and cleavable DNA inhibited cleavage. The direct regulation of enzymatic activity by DNA sequences in trans, and the modulation of this regulation by a polyamine that is sensitive to the cell cycle, provides a regulatory switch mechanism. The implications of this switch for biological control functions are discussed.
The influence of aromatic substitution on the negative inotropic action of verapamil in the isolated cat papillary muscle. (1981)

The influence of ring substitution on the negative-inotropic action of the Ca-antagonist verapamil (Isoptin) by means of qualitative and quantitative analyses of the structure-activity relationships has been investigated. The relative contribution of the two aromatic rings to the negative-inotropic potency of verapamil was tested. a) Ring substituents strongly influence the negative-inotropic potency (ED50 values from 7.9 x 10(-7) mol/l to 1.3 x 10(-4) mol/l). The character of the negative-inotropic effect typical for verapamil is not altered (except by very bulky substituents).
De novo DNA methylation by DNA methyltransferase 3a controls early effector CD8<sup>+</sup>T-cell fate decisions following activation (2016)

DNMT3a is a de novo DNA methyltransferase expressed robustly after T-cell activation that regulates plasticity of CD4(+) T-cell cytokine expression. Here we show that DNMT3a is critical for directing early CD8(+) T-cell effector and memory fate decisions. Whereas effector function of DNMT3a knockout T cells is normal, they develop more memory precursor and fewer terminal effector cells in a T-cell intrinsic manner compared with wild-type animals. Rather than increasing plasticity of differentiated effector CD8(+) T cells, loss of DNMT3a biases differentiation of early effector cells into memory precursor cells. This is attributed in part to ineffective repression of Tcf1 expression in knockout T cells, as DNMT3a localizes to the Tcf7 promoter and catalyzes its de novo methylation in early effector WT CD8(+) T cells. These data identify DNMT3a as a crucial regulator of CD8(+) early effector cell differentiation and effector versus memory fate decisions.
Truncated Forms of the Human Prion Protein in Normal Brain and in Prion Diseases (1995)

The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is a glycoprotein anchored to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety. An aberrant form of PrPc that is partially resistant to proteases, PrPres, is a hallmark of prion diseases, which in humans include Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. We have characterized the major forms of PrP in normal and pathological human brains. A COOH-terminal fragment of PrPc, designated C1, is abundant in normal and CJD brains as well as in human neuroblastoma cells. Sequence analysis revealed that C1 contains alternative NH2 termini starting at His-111 or Met-112. Like PrPc, C1 is glycosylated, anchored to the cell membrane, and is heat-stable. Consistent with the lack of the NH2-terminal region of PrPc, C1 is more acidic than PrPc and does not bind heparin. An additional fragment longer than C1, designated C2, is present in substantial amounts in CJD brains. Like PrPres, C2 is resistant to proteases and is detergent-insoluble. Our data indicate that C1 is a major product of normal PrPc metabolism, generated by a cleavage that disrupts the neurotoxic and amyloidogenic region of PrP comprising residues 106-126. This region remains intact in C2, suggesting a role for C2 in prion diseases.
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease (2009)

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive dementia affecting a large proportion of the aging population. The histopathological changes in AD include neuronal cell death, formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. There is also evidence that brain tissue in patients with AD is exposed to oxidative stress (e.g., protein oxidation, lipid oxidation, DNA oxidation and glycoxidation) during the course of the disease. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are present in amyloid plaques in AD, and its extracellular accumulation may be caused by an accelerated oxidation of glycated proteins. AGEs participate in neuronal death causing direct (chemical) and indirect (cellular) free radical production and consequently increase oxidative stress. The development of drugs for the treatment of AD that breaks the vicious cycles of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration offer new opportunities. These approaches include AGE-inhibitors, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory substances, which prevent free radical production.
Design of a new CMOS Low-Power Analogue Neuron (2017)

In this paper, a low-power analogue complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) artificial neuron circuit is presented. The analogue neuron is composed of multiplier and programmable activation function circuits. The proposed four-quadrant multiplier has a single ended current output which eliminates the extra summation circuit at the output of the neuron that reduces the chip area as well as power consumption. In addition, programmability of activation function improves the neural network design process while enables the proposed neuron circuit to be used properly in learning algorithms such as back propagation. The most important feature of the proposed circuit is low power consumption and simple circuit topology. The performance of the circuit is confirmed by HSPICE simulations using 0.18 μm CMOS technology parameters. The circuit operates at 1 V supply voltage and consumes only 15 μW. Finally, different neural networks are realized using the proposed neuron circuit, which are successfully used to solve exclusive OR (XOR) problem and region classification problem to verify the accuracy and performance of the proposed circuit.
Ultrasound transverse flow measurement with high lateral resolution (2003)

Transverse flow measurement with high lateral resolution is demonstrated. The technique is based on collection and cross-correlation of signals scattered from two adjacent ultrasonic foci that are formed by a newly developed dual-beam acoustic lens. The lateral resolution for flow measurement is primarily determined by the separation of the focal spots. The authors present models and simulations based on both geometrical acoustics and diffraction that predict the behavior of the dual-beam lens. A 4.5-MHz flow measurement system has been constructed; the measured separation between the focal spots in this system is 2 mm, in good agreement with design and simulations. Preliminary results obtained from flow velocities in the 50- to 100-cm/s range in a 6-mm diameter tube are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultrarapid Desalting of Protein Solutions for Electrospray Mass Spectrometry in a Microchannel Laminar Flow Device (2005)

The adverse effects of nonvolatile salts on the electrospray (ESI) mass spectra of proteins and other biological analytes are a major obstacle for a wide range of applications. Numerous sample cleanup approaches have been devised to facilitate ESI-MS analyses. Recently developed microdialysis techniques can shorten desalting times down to several minutes, the bottleneck being diffusion of the contaminant through a semipermeable membrane. This work introduces an approach that allows the on-line desalting of macromolecule solutions within tens of milliseconds. The device does not employ a membrane; instead, it uses a two-layered laminar flow geometry that exploits the differential diffusion of macromolecular analytes and low molecular weight contaminants. To maximize desalting efficiency, diffusive exchange between the flow layers is permitted only for such a time as to allow full exchange of salt, while incurring minimal macromolecule exchange. Computer simulations and optical studies show that the device can reduce the salt concentration by roughly 1 order of magnitude, while retaining approximately 70% of the original protein concentration. Application of this approach to the on-line purification of salt-contaminated protein solutions in ESI-MS results in dramatic improvements of both the signal-to-noise ratio and the absolute signal intensity. However, efficient desalting requires the diffusion coefficients of salt and analyte to differ by roughly 1 order of magnitude or more. This technique has potential to facilitate high-throughput analyses of biological macromolecules directly from complex matrixes. In addition, it may become a valuable tool for process monitoring and for on-line kinetic studies on biological systems.
The relationship between the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in oral squamous carcinoma and vascular endothelial growth factor (2013)

Objective To investigate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue,and to explore relationship and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of them.Methods The expression of iNOS,COX-2 and VEGF in 54 cases of oral mucosa squamous cell carcinoma tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry SP staining.And its correlation to clinicopathologic features were analyzed.Results The positive expression rates of iNOS,COX-2 and VEGF were 66.7％,55.6％,62.5％ respectively.The positive expression of iNOS,COX-2 and VEGF was correlated with pathological grade,TNM stage and tumor recurrence (P ＜ 0.05).There were positive correlations between the expression of iNOS and VEGF,COX-2 and VEGF(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The expression of iNOS,COX-2 and VEGF are both higher,they are closely correlated to biological action of oral carcinoma,iNOS,COX-2 participate in VEGF promote the tumor angiogenesis.

Key words: 
Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Carbon monoxide synthase;  Cyclooxygenase-2; Vascular endothelial growth factor;  Immunohistochemistry