gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Language Model Compression by Predictive Clustering (2000)

Several techniques are known for reducing the size of language models, including count cutoffs [1], Weighted Difference pruning [2], Stolcke pruning [3], and clustering [4]. We compare all of these techniques and show some surprising results. For instance, at low pruning thresholds, Weighted Difference and Stolcke pruning underperform count cutoffs. We then show novel clustering techniques that can be combined with Stolcke pruning to produce the smallest models at a given perplexity. The resulting models can be a factor of three or more smaller than models pruned with Stolcke pruning, at the same perplexity. The technique creates clustered models that are often larger than the unclustered models, but which can be pruned to models that are smaller than unclustered models with the same perplexity.
Supporting differentiated classes of service in Ethernet passive optical networks (2002)

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) are being designed to deliver multiple services and applications, such as voice communications, standard and high-definition video (STV and HDTV), video conferencing (interactive video), real-time and near-real-time transactions, and data traffic. To support these applications with their diverse requirements, EPONs need to have class-of-service (CoS) mechanisms built in. Here we investigate how the Multipoint Control Protocol (MPCP)—an EPON transmission arbitration mechanism—can be combined with a strict (exhaustive) priority scheduling that is a default scheduling algorithm specified in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1D standard. Specifically, packet delays for different classes of traffic are analyzed. We find that the queuing delay for lower-priority classes increases when the network load decreases (a phenomenon we call light-load penalty). We also suggest and analyze two different optimization schemes that eliminate the light-load penalty.
Active structural error suppression in MEMS vibratory gyroscopes (2003)

Due to restrictive tolerancing, structural imperfections that reduce the performance of fabricated micro devices are typical. While feedback control is normally used to compensate for these imperfections, we show that this is insufficient for suppressing errors without interfering with device performance. The only alternatives are costly and time consuming post processing or the implementation of a dual stage control architecture comprised of a feedforward and feedback control which compensates for errors without interfering with the performance of the device. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of such a control architecture for structural error suppression in MEMS vibratory gyroscopes. The feedforward portion of the control is used to "trim" large imperfections, while the feedback portion compensates for the remaining non-idealities and perturbations. The architecture includes self-diagnostic capabilities for in situ identification of structural imperfections used to set the feedforward control forces. The realization of this dual stage control architecture is demonstrated in a device using nonlinear electrostatic parallel plate actuators. We demonstrate successful compensation for a device with 10% error in ideal stiffness subjected to a further 1% perturbation during normal operation.
Toward full noninvasive monitoring of a freeze-drying process (2013)

In pharmaceutical industry, freeze-drying is often used to produce stable solid products. The process encompasses three operations, which have their own requirements. This study focuses on primary drying, as it is the most risky phase of the process. The critical quality attributes for primary drying are the moisture and the temperature of the product. The former variable gives information about the state of progress of solvent sublimation and thus is useful to establish when the secondary drying can be started. The latter variable, instead, has to accurately be controlled in order to prevent product damage. In fact, temperature of the product has to be maintained below a limit value, beyond which the product collapses. Therefore, monitoring of these parameters is of the utmost importance. These variables can hardly be measured through traditional monitoring tools, but their measurement is possible by using advanced systems. The authors developed a new, full noninvasive method for the monitoring of the mass flow rate of vapor during primary drying. This information combined with a mathematical model of the process allows also the estimation of the other key variables, without the need to insert a probe into the product (e.g. thermocouples), to introduce a disturbance on the process (e.g. pressure rise test technique), or the use of expensive hardware. This paper outlines the operating principle, validation and application, as well as the strengths and the weakness of the method. For this purpose, examples of freeze-drying cycle are given, where the above method is used to monitor the temperature and the position of the interface of sublimation for products with a different structure. The estimation of product temperature is compared with thermocouple measurements and estimations of the pressure rise test technique. On the other hand, the suitability of the above strategy for monitoring the residual water content was demonstrated by comparison with the measurement of water composition inside the drying chamber
Emerging neuromorphic computing architectures &amp; enabling hardware for cognitive information processing applications (2010)

The highly cross-disciplinary emerging field of neuromorphic computing architectures for cognitive information processing applications requires knowledge within many research fields: computer architecture, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, cognitive modeling, dynamical systems, belief systems, software, computer engineering, etc. In our effort to develop cognitive systems atop a neuromorphic computing architecture, we explored the issues associated with mapping computing strategies such as the Brain State-in-a-Box and Confabulation within a Cell-BE powered 54 TeraFlops high performance computer Linux cluster. In this work, we seek to understand the underlying mechanisms for emulating neuromorphic-based cognitive process and their computational scaling properties towards human-like cognition and perception.
Is It Essential to Use Anhydrous Acetonitrile in the Manufacture of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides? (1999)

It is demonstrated that acetonitrile containing up to at least 200 ppm water can be used as the wash solvent and to prepare the capping and sulfur transfer reagent solutions used in large-scale solid-phase phosphorothioate oligonucleotide synthesis, thus replacing most of the expensive anhydrous acetonitrile previously used. No compromise in yield or product quality is observed, compared to a control synthesis performed using anhydrous acetonitrile throughout.
Prodrug design for the potent cardiovascular agent Nω-hydroxy-l-arginine (NOHA): Synthetic approaches and physicochemical characterization (2011)

N(ω)-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA)--the physiological nitric oxide precursor--is the intermediate of NO synthase (NOS) catalysis. Besides the important fact of releasing NO mainly at the NOS-side of action, NOHA also represents a potent inhibitor of arginases, making it an ideal therapeutic tool to treat cardiovascular diseases that are associated with endothelial dysfunction. Here, we describe an approach to impart NOHA drug-like properties, particularly by wrapping up the chemically and metabolically instable N-hydroxyguanidine moiety with different prodrug groups. We present synthetic routes that deliver several more or less highly substituted NOHA derivatives in excellent yields. Versatile prodrug strategies were realized, including novel concepts of bioactivation. Prodrug candidates were primarily investigated regarding their hydrolytic and oxidative stabilities. Within the scope of this work, we essentially present the first prodrug approaches for an interesting pharmacophoric moiety, i.e., N-hydroxyguanidine.
GiantVM: A Novel Distributed Hypervisor for Resource Aggregation with DSM-aware Optimizations (2022)

We present GiantVM, 1 an open-source distributed hypervisor that provides the many-to-one virtualization to aggregate resources from multiple physical machines. We propose techniques to enable distributed CPU and I/O virtualization and distributed shared memory (DSM) to achieve memory aggregation. GiantVM is implemented based on the state-of-the-art type-II hypervisor QEMU-KVM, and it can currently host conventional OSes such as Linux. (1) We identify the performance bottleneck of GiantVM to be DSM, through a top-down performance analysis. Although GiantVM offers great opportunities for CPU-intensive applications to enjoy the aggregated CPU resources, memory-intensive applications could suffer from cross-node page sharing, which requires frequent DSM involvement and leads to performance collapse. We design the guest-level thread scheduler, DaS (DSM-aware Scheduler), to overcome the bottleneck. When benchmarking with NAS Parallel Benchmarks, the DaS could achieve a performance boost of up to 3.5×, compared to the default Linux kernel scheduler. (2) While evaluating DaS, we observe the advantage of GiantVM as a resource reallocation facility. Thanks to the SSI abstraction of GiantVM, migration could be done by guest-level scheduling. DSM allows standby pages in the migration destination, which need not be transferred through the network. The saved network bandwidth is 68% on average, compared to VM live migration. Resource reallocation with GiantVM increases the overall CPU utilization by 14.3% in a co-location experiment.
Photonic-crystal structures with polarized-wave-guiding property and their applications in the mid and far infrared wave bands (2013)

Photonic crystal (PhC) structures with polarized-wave-guiding property (PhC polarization waveguides) are proposed, demonstrated and applied to construct several new kinds of compact and efficient micro polarization devices in the mid and far infrared wave bands, including TE polarizers, TM polarizers, TE-downward T-shaped polarization-beam splitters (PBSs), TM-downward T-shaped PBSs and lying-T-shaped PBSs. Theoretical models for the operating mechanism of the structures are presented. The polarization devices built as applications of the PhC polarization waveguides are demonstrated by the finite-element method with the dispersion of materials being considered. Furthermore, optimized parameters are obtained by investigating the extinction ratio (EXR), the degree of polarization (DOP) and insertion loss. Moreover, structures based on PhC slabs derived from the 2D ones, together with woodpile PhC covers and substrates are suggested for the 3D version of the proposed devices for implementation. An example of the 3D-version structures shows a performance as good as that of the 2D structure. The devices proposed have relatively wide ranges of operating wavelength. Meanwhile, they are very compact in their structures and convenient for connection or coupling of signals among different optical elements, so they have the potential for wide applications in mid-and-far infrared optical devices or circuits, which are useful in remote sensing, image and vision, positioning and communications with infrared waves. Furthermore, the principle can be applied to build polarizers and PBSs in other wave bands.
Stereophotographs of Atomic Structures by Circularly-polarized Light Two-dimensional Photoelectron Spectroscopy (2005)

The direct visualization of atomic arrangements is essential for understanding the nature of materials. The rotation of forward focusing peaks in photoelectron intensity angular distribution (PIAD) patterns excited by circularly-polarized light with the left and right helicities are found to be the same as the parallax in stereo-view. Moreover, this method is element selective since the photoelectrons from different core levels are used as a probe. Taking advantage of this phenomenon of PIAD circular dichroism, the three-dimensional atomic arrangement image of crystals and thin films were realized.
A Low-Molecular-Weight Antagonist for the Human Thyrotropin Receptor with Therapeutic Potential for Hyperthyroidism (2008)

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) antagonists for TSH receptor (TSHR) may have therapeutic potential as orally active drugs to block stimulating antibodies (TsAbs) in Graves' hyperthyroidism. We describe an approach to identify LMW ligands for TSHR based on Org41841, a LMW partial agonist for the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor and TSHR. We used molecular modeling and functional experiments to guide the chemical modification of Org41841. We identified an antagonist (NIDDK/CEB-52) that selectively inhibits activation of TSHR by both TSH and TsAbs. Whereas initially characterized in cultured cells overexpressing TSHRs, the antagonist was also active under more physiologically relevant conditions in primary cultures of human thyrocytes expressing endogenous TSHRs in which it inhibited TSH- and TsAb-induced up-regulation of mRNA transcripts for thyroperoxidase. Our results establish this LMW compound as a lead for the development of higher potency antagonists and serve as proof of principle that LMW ligands that target TSHR could serve as drugs in patients with Graves' disease.
General surface reconstruction for cone-beam multislice spiral computed tomography (2003)

A new family of cone-beam reconstruction algorithm, the General Surface Reconstruction (GSR), is proposed and formulated in this paper for multislice spiral computed tomography (CT) reconstructions. It provides a general framework to allow the reconstruction of planar or nonplanar surfaces on a set of rebinned short-scan parallel beam projection data. An iterative surface formation method is proposed as an example to show the possibility to form nonplanar reconstruction surfaces to minimize the adverse effect between the collected cone-beam projection data and the reconstruction surfaces. The improvement in accuracy of the nonplanar surfaces over planar surfaces in the two-dimensional approximate cone-beam reconstructions is mathematically proved and demonstrated using numerical simulations. The proposed GSR algorithm is evaluated by the computer simulation of cone-beam spiral scanning geometry and various mathematical phantoms. The results demonstrate that the GSR algorithm generates much better image quality compared to conventional multislice reconstruction algorithms. For a table speed up to 100 mm per rotation, GSR demonstrates good image quality for both the low-contrast ball phantom and thorax phantom. All other performance parameters are comparable to the single-slice 180 degrees LI (linear interpolation) algorithm, which is considered the "gold standard." GSR also achieves high computing efficiency and good temporal resolution, making it an attractive alternative for the reconstruction of next generation multislice spiral CT data.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an enlarged sampling orifice and offset ion lens. II. Polyatomic Ion interferences and matrix effects (1993)

A new inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with an enlarged sampling orifice (1.31-mm dia.) and an offset ion lens yields very low levels of many troublesome polyatomic ions such as ArO(+), ArN(+), Ar2 (+), ClO(+), and ArCl(+). The signals from refractory metal oxide ions are ≈ 1% of the corresponding metal ion signals, which is typical of most ICP-MS devices. Grounding the first electrode of the ion lens greatly reduces the severity of matrix effects to <- 20% loss in signal for Co(+), Y(+), or Cs(+) in the presence of 10 mM Sr, Tm, or Pb. This latter lens setting causes only a modest loss (30%) in sensitivity for analyte elements compared to the best sensitivity obtainable by biasing the first lens. Alternatively, matrix effects can also be mitigated by readjusting the voltage applied to the first lens with the matrix present.
Epitaxial Liftoff (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Methods Of Epitaxial Liftoff Host Substrates Applications For Epitaxial Liftoff Materials Conclusions
Low-Density Parity-Check Codes Which Can Correct Three Errors Under Iterative Decoding (2009)

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Angle-resolved three-dimensional analysis of surface films by coherence scanning interferometry (2007)

The Fourier components of interference signals generated by scanning a high-numerical-aperture objective orthogonal to an object surface correspond to different angles of incidence on the surface. The phase and amplitude of these Fourier components relate to the structure of the object, including in particular the 3D topography and thickness profiles of thin-film layers.
$f_{T}$ and $f_{\rm MAX}$ of 47 and 81 GHz , Respectively, on N-Polar GaN/AlN MIS-HEMT (2009)

In this letter, we demonstrate the record small-signal performance from N-polar GaN-based metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) by using a GaN spacer structure with an AlN barrier to reduce alloy scattering. High Si doping in GaN without excessive surface roughening has been achieved using a digital doping scheme. A low ohmic contact resistance of 0.16 ¿ · mm was measured. Submicrometer gates were fabricated by electron-beam lithography using a triple-layer resist process. <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</sub> of 47 and 81 GHz, respectively, were obtained for the 150-nm-gate-length device. Further analysis has been done to understand the effect of access resistance on the high-frequency performance, defining a pathway for getting a higher gain and thus achieving a better high-frequency performance from N-polar GaN-based HEMTs.
Synchronous Circuit Design With Beyond-CMOS Magnetoelectric Spin–Orbit Devices Toward 100-mV Logic (2019)

The supply voltage scaling has become increasingly challenging in the advanced CMOS technology due to the threshold voltage requirement for transistor OFF leakage, limiting the system energy efficiency. Spintronic logic utilizes the physical quantity of magnetization or spin as a computation variable, offering new design paradigms in terms of ultralow voltage operation and nonvolatility, but suffering from switching inefficiency of the charge-to-spin conversion. The magnetoelectric spin-orbit (MESO) device has been proposed as a new alternative logic device candidate to solve these issues by magnetoelectric transduction using a novel multiferroic oxide [both ferroelectric (FE) and antiferromagnetic], a ferromagnet and a spin injection layer. It enables a path toward 10-100× switching energy reduction compared to CMOS inverter in 2018 node, due to the device and material innovations of a novel switching mechanism. In this paper, in order to build a MESO logic family for new circuit and architecture exploration, we propose for the first time the fundamental building blocks such as MESO sequential and combinatorial circuits for the synchronous logic operation. We employ a transistor sharing and a novel multiphase clocking scheme to address the circuit design issues such as clock control, directionality of state propagation, and power gating and enable the design exploration for MESO digital logic. Based on the proposed circuit techniques, we demonstrate these MESO logic functions operating at a supply voltage of 100 mV and a clock period of 1.2 ns with 320-ac FE polarization through the circuit simulations.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease: Patient Experience after 11 Years (2022)

The deep brain stimulation (DBS) in early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) pilot trial began more than a decade ago and remains the only investigation of DBS in mildly symptomatic patients. Patients completed therapeutic washouts biannually for two years, outpatient assessments through five years, and a longitudinal washout assessment after 11 years. Here, the patient experience of participating in the early DBS pilot trial is described. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were coded, analyzed using an iterative inductive-deductive approach, and used to develop a conceptual framework. Ten participants (n = 6 early optimal drug therapy (ODT), n = 4 early DBS + ODT) were interviewed. Motivations for participation included benefit to future PD patients and potential personal benefit, while hesitations included risk of surgical complications. While early ODT patients who received standard-of-care DBS described significant changes in their functional capacities after surgery, early DBS patients described a maintenance of quality of life that made PD less impactful over an extended period. Patients expressed high satisfaction with trial participation and early DBS. This study suggests that the PD experience with early DBS may notably differ from standard-of-care DBS. The FDA has approved the conduct of a pivotal clinical trial evaluating DBS in early-stage PD (IDEG050016).
CHRC, Encoding a Chromoplast-specific Carotenoid-associated Protein, Is an Early Gibberellic Acid-responsive Gene (1997)

CHRC, a corolla-specific carotenoid-associated protein, is a major component of carotenoid-lipoprotein complexes in Cucumis sativus chromoplasts. Using an in vitro flower bud culture system that mimics in vivo flower development, CHRC mRNA levels in corollas were shown to be specifically up-regulated by gibberellic acid. The response to gibberellic acid was very rapid (within 20 min) and insensitive to protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide. Abscisic acid, known to antagonize gibberellin in many developmental systems, strongly down-regulated CHRC mRNA levels. The gibberellin synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol exhibited a similar negative effect on CHRC expression. Inclusion of exogenous gibberellic acid into the in vitro bud culture system with the paclobutrazol not only prevented the CHRC mRNA down-regulation, it up-regulated transcript accumulation to the level of gibberellic acid-treated corollas. CHRC mRNA accumulation in response to gibberellic acid displayed a dose-dependent increase up to 10(-4) M gibberellic acid. The up-regulation could be detected with as little as 10(-7) M gibberellic acid. Based on these data, we suggest that CHRC is the first structural gene identified to date whose expression is regulated by gibberellic acid in a primary fashion. The critical role of the rapid response of CHRC to gibberellic acid in aiding carotenoid sequestration while preserving chromoplast structural organization is discussed.
Using a DNA Microarray To Investigate the Distribution of Insect Virulence Factors in Strains of <i>Photorhabdus</i> Bacteria (2003)

Photorhabdus is an insect-pathogenic bacterium in which oral toxicity to insects is found in two distinct taxonomic groups. Using a DNA microarray and comparative genomics, we show that oral toxicity is associated with toxin complex genes tcaABC and that this locus can be mobilized or deleted within different strains.