gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Radiosynthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Carbon-11 and Iodine-123 Labeled 2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-[4‘-((<i>Z</i>)-2-haloethenyl)phenyl]tropanes:  Candidate Radioligands for in Vivo Imaging of the Serotonin Transporter (2004)

2beta-Carbomethoxy-3beta-[4'-((Z)-2-iodoethenyl)phenyl]tropane (ZIET) and 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-[4'-((Z)-2-bromoethenyl)phenyl]tropane (ZBrET) were synthesized as well as their nortropane congeners ZIENT and ZBrENT. Binding affinities of these compounds were determined in cells transfected to express human SERT, DAT, and NET using [3H]citalopram, [125I]RTI-55, and [3H]nisoxetine, respectively. Both ZIET and ZBrET displayed high affinity for the SERT (Ki = 0.11 and 0.08 nM, respectively). The affinities of ZIET and ZBrET for the DAT were 200 and 38-fold lower, respectively, than for the SERT. [11C]ZIET and [11C]ZBrET were prepared by alkylation of their corresponding nortropanes with [11C]methyl iodide in approximately 30% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected to end of bombardment, EOB). High specific activity [123I]ZIET was synthesized in 33% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected) by treating the 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-[4'-((Z)-2-trimethylstannylethenyl)phenyl]tropane (3) with no carrier-added sodium [123I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide in ethanolic HCl. Biodistribution studies in rats indicated that [123I]ZIET enters the brain readily and accumulates in SERT-rich regions. Blocking studies performed in rats demonstrated that [123I]ZIET was selective and specific for SERT-rich regions (e.g. thalamus, brainstem, and striatum). MicroPET brain imaging studies in monkeys demonstrated that [11C]ZIET and [11C]ZBrET uptakes were selectivity localized in the putamen, midbrain, caudate, thalamus, pons, and medulla. Radioactivity in the regions of high SERT density of monkey brain was displaceable with citalopram except in the putamen and caudate. Radioactivity uptake in these DAT-rich regions was significantly displaceable either by preadministration of citalopram followed by injection of RTI-113 (or vice-versa) or by administration of a mixture of DAT and SERT ligands. In conclusion, the high yield, high specific activity, one-step radiolabeling method, high selectivity and favorable kinetics, and the good results obtained with [123I]ZIET in rats support the candidacy of [11C]ZIET for in vivo visualization and quantification of brain SERT.
Design Considerations of Phoswich Detectors for High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography (2009)

A way to improve the spatial resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) is to determine the depth-of-interaction (DOI) in the detector. A way to achieve this is to use the phoswich approach, a detector with two or more layers of different scintillators. The layer identification is done by using differences in scintillation decay time and pulse shape discrimination techniques. The advantages of the concept have been demonstrated in the HRRT high resolution PET system using a LSO/LYSO combination giving a high spatial resolution uniformity of around 2.5 mm within a larger part of the imaged volume. A phoswich combination that lately has received attention is LuAP/LSO or LuYAP/LSO. The suggestions come from the crystal clear collaboration and there is a patent application for its use in PET. This particular combination of phoswich may, however, have a complication since both LuAP and LuYAP emit in the excitation band of LSO, thus making the functionality more complex. In the present paper we have looked into this and suggested different ways to overcome potential drawbacks.
Inertial focusing cytometer with integrated optics for particle characterization (2013)

Microfluidic inertial focusing has been shown as a simple and effective method to localize cells and particles within a flow cell for interrogation by an external optical system. To enable portable point of care optical cytometry, however, requires a reduction in the complexity of the large optical systems that are used in standard flow cytometers. Here, we present a new design that incorporates optical waveguides and focusing elements with an inertial focusing flow cell to make a compact robust cytometer capable of enumerating and discriminating beads, cells, and platelets.
Fast, effective code generation in a just-in-time Java compiler (1998)

A Just-In-Time (JIT) Java compiler produces native code from Java byte code instructions during program execution. As such, compilation speed is more important in a Java JIT compiler than in a traditional compiler, requiring optimization algorithms to be lightweight and effective. We present the structure of a Java JIT compiler for the Intel Architecture, describe the lightweight implementation of JIT compiler optimizations (e.g., common subexpression elimination, register allocation, and elimination of array bounds checking), and evaluate the performance benefits and tradeoffs of the optimizations. This JIT compiler has been shipped with version 2.5 of Intel's VTune for Java product.
Assessing Intestinal Inflammation Using a New Rapid In Vitro Assay That Detects Lactoferrin (2006)

Purpose: The clinical differentiation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a difficult process due to the overlapping variety of symptoms. A rapid diagnosis is essential for determining specific medical therapy and for optimizing patient care. Lactoferrin, a marker of activated neutrophils, is a validated indicator of intestinal inflammation, which offers a noninvasive aid for ruling out IBS and for monitoring disease activity in IBD. The aim of our study was to evaluate a rapid membrane test for detecting elevated fecal lactoferrin (IBD EZ VUE™) in the differentiation of active IBD from IBS and as an indicator of disease activity. Methods: Fecal specimens were collected from 116 patients (94 IBD/22 IBS) and from 27 healthy controls. The male: female ratio was 1:1.9 with 73 pediatric and 70 adult specimens. Uncoded samples were tested for elevated lactoferrin using the rapid membrane assay and results were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IBD-CHEK™). Disease diagnosis was based on clinical histories and disease activity was assessed using the Harvey Bradshaw Activity Index (HBAI). Results: Compared with disease diagnosis and activity, the rapid membrane assay differentiated active IBD from IBS and healthy controls with 100% sensitivity, specificity, and correlation for adult patients. Active IBD was separated from inactive IBD in adults with 100% sensitivity, specificity, and correlation. In the pediatric group (0–20 years old), active IBD was differentiated from IBS and healthy controls with 100% sensitivity, 91.7% specificity, and 98.1% correlation. The assay was 100% sensitive and 89.5% specific, with 96.7% correlation for discriminating active IBD from inactive IBD in pediatric patients. Lactoferrin levels in active IBD patients were significantly elevated compared to inactive IBD, IBS, and healthy controls (p < 0.002). Conclusions: The IBD EZ VUE™ rapid membrane assay was sensitive and specific for determining IBD activity in pediatric and adult patients. The test was comparable to the HBAI and lactoferrin ELISA, and rapidly detected elevated lactoferrin to help differentiate IBD from IBS. Periodic testing for lactoferrin in IBD patients can aid the determination of disease state and management of patient care.
Sparsity penalized reconstruction framework for broadband dispersion extraction (2010)

We propose a novel broadband method to extract the dispersion curves for multiple overlapping dispersive modes from borehole acoustic data. The proposed approach exploits a first order Taylor series approximation of the dispersion curve in a band around a given (center) frequency in terms of the phase and group slowness at that frequency. Under this approximation, the acoustic signal in a given band can be represented as a superposition of broadband propagators each of which is parameterized by the slowness pair above. These broadband propagators can be viewed as elements from an overcomplete dictionary representation and under the assumption that the number of modes is small compared to the size of the dictionary, it turns out that an appropriately reshaped support image of the coefficient vector synthesizing the signal (using the given dictionary representation) exhibits column sparsity. Our main contribution lies in identifying this feature and proposing a complexity regularized algorithm for support recovery with an ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> type simultaneous sparse penalization. Note that support recovery in this context amounts to recovery of the broadband propagators comprising the signal and hence extracting the dispersion, namely, the group and phase slownesses of the modes. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method on synthetic data with known dispersions and show its accuracy in extraction and robustness to the presence of heavy noise and strong interference from time overlapped modes.
An integrated ultrasound-guided high intensity focused ultrasound system for in-vivo experiment (2017)

We present the system architecture of an integrated Ultrasound-guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (USgHIFU) system for image-guided surgery and temperature tracking in vivo. The system is capable of operating with multiple frontends. Current implementation has a SonixRP for imaging and a custom designed dual mode ultrasound array (DMUA) system (32Tx/32Rx) for imaging/therapy. The highlights of the system include a fully-programmable, multiple data stream capable data processing engine, and an arbitrarily programmable high power array driver that is able to synthesize complex beam patterns in space and time. The data processing engine features a pipeline-style design that can be programmed on-the-fly by re-arranging the pre-verified GPU-accelerated high performance pipeline blocks, which cover an extensive range from basic functions such as filtering to specialized processing like speckle tracking. Furthermore, the pipeline design also has the option of bringing in MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA, US) as part of the processing chain, thus vastly increase the capability of the system. By properly balancing the processing load between GPU-enabled routine and MATLAB script. This allows one to achieve a high degree of flexibility while meeting real-time constraints. Results are presented from in vivo rat experiment. Where low dose of therapeutic ultrasound was delivered into the hind limb of the Copenhagen rats using DMUA and temperature was tracked using a linear probe (HST, Ultrasonix). The data is processed in realtime with MATLAB in the loop to perform temperature regularization. Results show that we can reliably track the low temperature heating in the presence of motion artifacts (respiration and pulsation).
Smooth switching between 2-stroke and 4-stroke modes of HCCI operation (2009)

Switching between 2-stroke and 4-stroke modes of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation is a promising method for extending load range of HCCI engine. Switching between the two modes introduces disturbances into the system resulting in significant tracking errors. We propose an architecture for control system and a method for calculation of control inputs which minimize the tracking errors during switching. Proposed method produces inputs for engine valve timings which insure smooth transitions between the two HCCI modes under a varying engine load. The method uses techniques from the theory of system identification and the theory of optimal control.
Partially Aligned Piezoelectric Nanofibers by Sol-Gel Electrospining Process (2005)

This paper reports the fabrication of partially aligned Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) nanofibers with an average diameter of 150 nm by Sol-Gel Electrospinning process. Both randomly distributed and uniaxially aligned PZT fibers were obtained from the sol-gel PZT solution with viscosity modified by polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The diameters of the nano fibers can be further reduced or controlled for different applications. SEM, TEM and x-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to characterize the nano-fibers and their crystal structures. XRD confirmed that pure perovskite phase was formed after the as-spun fibers being annealed at about 650°C. Different approaches have been explored to fabricate the uniaxially-aligned PZT nano-fibers. Microelectromechanical (MEMS) based micro-fabrication technologies are used to assist the development of the nano-fibers in designing the test samples, depositing and patterning the electrodes, and also testing the performance of the nano fibers.
Studies on a new antibiotic SF-2330. I. Taxonomy, isolation and characterization. (1986)

A new antibiotic SF-2330 active against Gram-positive bacteria has been isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. SF-2330. The antibiotic was obtained as orange needle crystals and its molecular formula was C22H14O7. This is a new member of the pluramycin group antibiotics.
Laser-induced separation of hydrogen isotopes in the liquid phase. [Patent application] (1977)

Hydrogen isotope separation is achieved by either (1) dissolving a hydrogen-bearing feedstock compound in a liquid solvent, or (2) liquefying a hydrogen-bearing feedstock compound, the liquid phase thus resulting being kept at a temperature at which spectral features of the feedstock relating to a particular hydrogen isotope are resolved, i.e., a clear-cut isotope shift is delineated, irradiating the liquid phase with monochromatic radiation of a wavelength which at least preferentially excites those molecules of the feedstock containing a first hydrogen isotope, inducing photochemical reaction in the excited molecules, and separating the reaction product containing the first isotope from the liquid phase.
Hollow optical waveguide devices and systems (2008)

Hollow optical waveguides have some unique properties compared with their solid core counterparts. These include very broad waveband, high power transmission characteristics in conjunction with extremely low interfacing and propagation losses. Such characteristics provide considerable potential for novel electro-optic and infrared devices and systems. In conjunction with discrete micro-optical components hollow waveguides have been used to demonstrate integrated circuits which are the optical analogue of the electronic PCB. The underlying physics and technology of hollow optical waveguides will be discussed in the context of a wide range of applications.
Human Fetal Hemoglobin Expression Is Regulated by the Developmental Stage-Specific Repressor <i>BCL11A</i> (2008)

Differences in the amount of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) that persists into adulthood affect the severity of sickle cell disease and the beta-thalassemia syndromes. Genetic association studies have identified sequence variants in the gene BCL11A that influence HbF levels. Here, we examine BCL11A as a potential regulator of HbF expression. The high-HbF BCL11A genotype is associated with reduced BCL11A expression. Moreover, abundant expression of full-length forms of BCL11A is developmentally restricted to adult erythroid cells. Down-regulation of BCL11A expression in primary adult erythroid cells leads to robust HbF expression. Consistent with a direct role of BCL11A in globin gene regulation, we find that BCL11A occupies several discrete sites in the beta-globin gene cluster. BCL11A emerges as a therapeutic target for reactivation of HbF in beta-hemoglobin disorders.
A versatile nano display platform from bacterial spore coat proteins (2015)

Dormant bacterial spores are encased in a thick protein shell, the 'coat', which contains ∼70 different proteins. The coat protects the spore from environmental insults, and is among the most durable static structures in biology. Owing to extensive cross-linking among coat proteins, this structure has been recalcitrant to detailed biochemical analysis, so molecular details of how it assembles are largely unknown. Here, we reconstitute the basement layer of the coat atop spherical membranes supported by silica beads to create artificial spore-like particles. We report that these synthetic spore husk-encased lipid bilayers (SSHELs) assemble and polymerize into a static structure, mimicking in vivo basement layer assembly during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. In addition, we demonstrate that SSHELs may be easily covalently modified with small molecules and proteins. We propose that SSHELs may be versatile display platforms for drugs and vaccines in clinical settings, or for enzymes that neutralize pollutants for environmental remediation.
A continuous droplet electroporation system for high throughput processing (2018)

A continuous droplet electroporation (EP) system capable of handling a billion cells has been proposed and demonstrated using a proof-of-concept prototype design. Numerical simulations were conducted to design the new system and to compare the continuous droplet EP system with the previous single droplet EP system. Through parametric studies on the applied voltage and flow rate, a much higher cyan fluorescent protein transgene expression efficiency (38.8 ± 8.9%) was accomplished over that of the previous single droplet EP system. A parallel continuous droplet EP system is also demonstrated by introducing additional electrode pairs into the continuous droplet EP system to achieve ultrahigh throughput. Finally, the significance and meaning of the present work and future development direction have been discussed.
Active learning: theory and applications to automatic speech recognition (2005)

We are interested in the problem of adaptive learning in the context of automatic speech recognition (ASR). In this paper, we propose an active learning algorithm for ASR. Automatic speech recognition systems are trained using human supervision to provide transcriptions of speech utterances. The goal of Active Learning is to minimize the human supervision for training acoustic and language models and to maximize the performance given the transcribed and untranscribed data. Active learning aims at reducing the number of training examples to be labeled by automatically processing the unlabeled examples, and then selecting the most informative ones with respect to a given cost function for a human to label. In this paper we describe how to estimate the confidence score for each utterance through an on-line algorithm using the lattice output of a speech recognizer. The utterance scores are filtered through the informativeness function and an optimal subset of training samples is selected. The active learning algorithm has been applied to both batch and on-line learning scheme and we have experimented with different selective sampling algorithms. Our experiments show that by using active learning the amount of labeled data needed for a given word accuracy can be reduced by more than 60% with respect to random sampling.
Multi-energy neutron detector for counting thermal neutrons, high-energy neutrons, and gamma photons separately (1990)

A scintillation detector composed of two scintillators optically coupled and mounted on a single photomultiplier tube is described. The first scintillator is a /sup 6/Li-loaded glass that has high efficiency for thermal neutrons, and the second is a liquid scintillator (BC 501) that has fairly high efficiency for higher-energy neutrons. The /sup 6/Li glass scintillator emits light with a characteristic time constant of approximately 60 ns, whereas light emitted in the liquid scintillator by proton recoil from energetic neurons has a time constant of approximately 30 ns; the time constant for scintillations occurring from gamma-scattered Compton electrons in the liquid scintillator is approximately 3.7 ns. These differences in light decay time constants make this detector conducive to electronic separation of pulses generated by the three different radiations. Thermal neutrons, high-energy neutrons, and gamma radiation can be counted separately by operating this detector with a recently developed pulse-shape discriminator. Experimental data proves the principle of this dual scintillator detector for many applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multipath interference reduction method using multipath interference correlative timing for DS-CDMA systems (2003)

A new signal reception method, multipath interference exchange reduction (MIXR), that reduces multipath interference in direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems is described. This method uses a despread signal at a timing correlated with the interference in the conventional despread signal before RAKE combining. It is especially effective in the downlink receiver of DS-CDMA systems in which the downlink signals of all users are received with the same fading channels. One computer simulation showed that the BER of the proposed method is 1-2 dB better than that of a conventional RAKE receiver. Other simulations showed that the MIXR receiver is more sensitive than conventional RAKE receivers.
Targeting the Nuclear Import Receptor Kpnβ1 as an Anticancer Therapeutic (2016)

Karyopherin beta 1 (Kpnβ1) is a nuclear transport receptor that imports cargoes into the nucleus. Recently, elevated Kpnβ1 expression was found in certain cancers and Kpnβ1 silencing with siRNA was shown to induce cancer cell death. This study aimed to identify novel small molecule inhibitors of Kpnβ1, and determine their anticancer activity. An in silico screen identified molecules that potentially bind Kpnβ1 and Inhibitor of Nuclear Import-43, INI-43 (3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)pyrrolo[5,4-b]quinoxalin-2-amine) was investigated further as it interfered with the nuclear localization of Kpnβ1 and known Kpnβ1 cargoes NFAT, NFκB, AP-1, and NFY and inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells of different tissue origins. Minimum effect on the proliferation of noncancer cells was observed at the concentration of INI-43 that showed a significant cytotoxic effect on various cervical and esophageal cancer cell lines. A rescue experiment confirmed that INI-43 exerted its cell killing effects, in part, by targeting Kpnβ1. INI-43 treatment elicited a G2-M cell-cycle arrest in cancer cells and induced the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Intraperitoneal administration of INI-43 significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneously xenografted esophageal and cervical tumor cells. We propose that Kpnβ1 inhibitors could have therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 560-73. ©2016 AACR.
Steam System Design Considerations for Three Pressure Reheat Cycles With Cascade Bypass System (2002)

This paper discusses various issues that should be considered when designing the steam system for a typical three pressure reheat cycle, which is used at many of today’s combined cycled plants. A cascade bypass arrangement in the steam system is commonly used to ensure steam flow is available to the reheat section of the HRSG during startup. For the purposes of this paper, a cascade bypass system will be defined as high pressure steam being bypassed to the cold reheat steam and hot reheat steam being bypassed to the condenser. This arrangement can lead to conflicts between plant operation needs and the steam turbine desire to reduce the HP turbine backpressure as much as possible during startup. Plant operation needs that may dictate keeping the reheat system pressure high include export steam minimum pressure guarantees to customers, cycling operation which forces the plant to restart when equipment is still hot, and hot reheat steam bypass or condenser limitations. The HP turbine and cold reheat steam piping can have temperature limitations which may necessitate keeping the HP turbine exhaust pressure as low as possible during startup.