gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 7. Metal complexes of aliphatic mustards as a new class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins. Synthesis and evaluation of cobalt(III) complexes of bidentate mustards (1993)

Nitrogen mustards coordinated to Co(III) are potential hypoxia-selective cytotoxins, since one-electron reduction to the Co(II) complexes greatly labilizes the Co-N bonds, causing the release of activated aliphatic mustards which can act as diffusible cytotoxins. Two series of Co(III) complexes of the bidentate bisalkylating nitrogen mustard ligands N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-ethylenediamine (BCE) and N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylenediamine (DCE) have been synthesized and evaluated for their hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity against AA8 cells in vitro. The complexes also bear two 3-alkylpentane-2,4-dionato (acac) auxiliary ligands; cyclic voltammetry studies show that variation of the alkyl group in the auxiliary ligands alters the reduction potentials of the complexes (within a series) over a range of about 150 mV. In both series, the patterns of cytotoxicities of the cobalt complexes were broadly similar to those of the respective free ligands, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of these compounds is due to release of the free ligands. The nonsymmetrical ligand DCE and its cobalt complexes were 1 order of magnitude more cytotoxic than the corresponding BCE compounds. Although the unsubstituted acac/DCE complex showed no hypoxic selectivity against repair-deficient UV4 cells in a stirred suspension culture assay, the methyl and ethyl analogues showed substantial selectivity. The results may indicate a narrow range of acceptable reduction potential, with an optimum close to that for the methyl analogue (E1/2 = -305 mV). The methyl analogue also shows hypoxic selectivity against repair-proficient cell lines (e.g., AA8 and EMT6) and has high activity against EMT6 cells in intact spheroids, suggesting that the released DCE is capable of back-diffusion from the hypoxic core of the spheroid. This work shows that metal complexes of nitrogen mustards have significant hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells in cell culture and are a new general class of hypoxia-selective cytotoxins.
MHC Class I Presented T Cell Epitopes as Potential Antigens for Therapeutic Vaccine against HBV Chronic Infection (2014)

Approximately 370 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite the success of the prophylactic HBV vaccine, no therapeutic vaccine or other immunotherapy modality is available for treatment of chronically infected individuals. Clearance of HBV depends on robust, sustained CD8(+) T activity; however, the limited numbers of therapeutic vaccines tested have not induced such a response. Most of these vaccines have relied on peptide prediction algorithms to identify MHC-I epitopes or characterization of T cell responses during acute infection. Here, we took an immunoproteomic approach to characterize MHC-I restricted epitopes from cells chronically infected with HBV and therefore more likely to represent the true targets of CD8(+) T cells during chronic infection. In this study, we identified eight novel MHC-I restricted epitopes derived from a broad range of HBV proteins that were capable of activating CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, five of the eight epitopes were able to bind HLA-A2 and A24 alleles and activated HBV specific T cell responses. These epitopes also have potential as new tools to characterize T cell immunity in chronic HBV infection and may serve as candidate antigens for a therapeutic vaccine against HBV infection.
Photoacoustic applications in industrial and atmospheric measurement (2001)

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a well-known technique for trace gas detection. In its usual implementation PAS suffers several drawbacks that limit sensitivity. Southwest Sciences has developed techniques that recover the inherent sensitivity of photoacoustic spectroscopy.
Dual-Functional Ultrafiltration Membrane for Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Pollutants with High Performance (2017)

Simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants from aqueous solution with less energy consumption is crucial in water purification. Here, a novel concept of dual-functional ultrafiltration (DFUF) membrane is demonstrated by entrapment of nanostructured adsorbents into the finger-like pores of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane rather than in the membrane matrix in previous reports of blend membranes, resulting in an exceptionally high active content and simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants from water due to the dual functions of rejection and adsorption. As a demonstration, hollow porous Zr(OH)<sub>x</sub> nanospheres (HPZNs) were immobilized in poly(ether sulfone) (PES) UF membranes through polydopamine coating with a high content of 68.9 wt %. The decontamination capacity of DFUF membranes toward multiple model pollutants (colloidal gold, polyethylene glycol (PEG), Pb(II)) was evaluated against a blend membrane. Compared to the blend membrane, the DFUF membranes showed 2.1-fold increase in the effective treatment volume for the treatment of Pb(II) contaminated water from 100 ppb to below 10 ppb (WHO drinking water standard). Simultaneously, the DFUF membranes effectively removed the colloidal gold and PEG below instrument detection limit, however the blend membrane only achieved 97.6% and 96.8% rejection for colloidal gold and PEG, respectively. Moreover, the DFUF membranes showed negligible leakage of nanoadsorbents during testing; and the membrane can be easily regenerated and reused. This study sheds new light on the design of high performance multifunction membranes for drinking water purification.
Enhancement of microwave drying by introducing external air into reduced pressure chamber (2004)

The traditional method for drying of marine products is the warm air drying, which needs a long drying time and the quality of product is poor. Then we have developed the microwave irradiation drying under reduced pressure condition as a new drying method replaced by the warm air drying. The drying time was successfully shortened to about 1/20 of the warm air drying and low drying-temperature results in the good quality. The purpose of this study is an enhancement microwave drying by introducing external air. We found that the external air plays a role as carrier gas of water vapor and increase the drying rate.
Spin wave excitation patterns generated by spin torque oscillators (2014)

Spin torque nano-oscillators (STNO) are nanoscale devices that can convert a direct current into short wavelength spin wave excitations in a ferromagnetic layer. We show that arrays of STNO can be used to create directional spin wave radiation similarly to electromagnetic antennas. Combining STNO excitations with planar spin waves also creates interference patterns. We show that these interference patterns are static and have information on the wavelength and phase of the spin waves emitted from the STNO. We describe a means of actively controlling spin wave radiation patterns with the direct current flowing through STNO, which is useful in on-chip communication and information processing and could be a promising technique for studying short wavelength spin waves in different materials.
Potential of High-Affinity, Slow Off-Rate Modified Aptamer Reagents for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteins as Tools for Infection Models and Diagnostic Applications (2017)

Direct pathogen detection in blood to diagnose active tuberculosis (TB) has been difficult due to low levels of circulating antigens or due to the lack of specific, high-affinity binding reagents and reliable assays with adequate sensitivity. We sought to determine whether slow off-rate modified aptamer (SOMAmer) reagents with subnanomolar affinity for <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> proteins (antigens 85A, 85B, 85C, GroES, GroEL2, DnaK, CFP10, KAD, CFP2, RplL, and Tpx) could be useful to diagnose tuberculosis. When incorporated into the multiplexed, array-based proteomic SOMAscan assay, limits of detection reached the subpicomolar range in 40% serum. Binding to native <i>M. tuberculosis</i> proteins was confirmed by using <i>M. tuberculosis</i> culture filtrate proteins and fractions from infected macrophages and via affinity capture assays and subsequent mass spectrometry. Comparison of serum from culture-positive pulmonary TB patients and TB suspects systematically ruled out for TB revealed small but statistically significant (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) differences in the median <i>M. tuberculosis</i> signals and in specific pathogen markers, such as antigen 85B. Samples where many <i>M. tuberculosis</i> aptamers produced high signals were rare exceptions. In concentrated, protein-normalized urine from TB patients and non-TB controls, the CFP10 (EsxB) SOMAmer yielded the most significant differential signals (<i>P</i> < 0.0276), particularly in TB patients with HIV coinfection. In conclusion, direct <i>M. tuberculosis</i> antigen detection proved difficult even with a sensitive method such as SOMAscan, likely due to their very low, subpicomolar abundance. The observed differences between cases and controls had limited diagnostic utility in serum and urine, but further evaluation of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> SOMAmers using other platforms and sample types is warranted.
A practical beamformer-postfilter system for adaptive speech enhancement in non-stationary noise environments (2011)

In this contribution we present an adaptive beamformer-postfilter system which can be used to suppress non-stationary noises. The emphasis lies on the spatial filtering property of the proposed postfilter. Due to the spatial characteristic of the postfilter, an interfering speaker in background noise can be suppressed effectively while maintaining the quality of the desired speech using only two microphones.
Quantum Receiver Enhanced by Adaptive Learning (2022)

Quantum receivers aim to effectively navigate the vast quantum-state space to endow quantum information processing capabilities unmatched by classical receivers. To date, only a handful of quantum receivers have been constructed to tackle the problem of discriminating coherent states. Quantum receivers designed by analytical approaches, however, are incapable of effectively adapting to diverse environment conditions, resulting in their quickly diminishing performance as the operational complexities increase. Here, we present a general architecture, dubbed the quantum receiver enhanced by adaptive learning (QREAL), to adapt quantum receiver structures to diverse operational conditions. QREAL is experimentally implemented in a hardware platform with record-high efficiency. Combining the QREAL architecture and the experimental advances, the error rate is reduced up to 40% over the standard quantum limit in two coherent-state encoding schemes.
Unification of transactions and replication in three-tier architectures based on CORBA (2005)

In this paper, we describe a software infrastructure that unifies transactions and replication in three-tier architectures and provides data consistency and high availability for enterprise applications. The infrastructure uses transactions based on the CORBA object transaction service to protect the application data in databases on stable storage, using a roll-backward recovery strategy, and replication based on the fault tolerant CORBA standard to protect the middle-tier servers, using a roll-forward recovery strategy. The infrastructure replicates the middle-tier servers to protect the application business logic processing. In addition, it replicates the transaction coordinator, which renders the two-phase commit protocol nonblocking and, thus, avoids potentially long service disruptions caused by failure of the coordinator. The infrastructure handles the interactions between the replicated middle-tier servers and the database servers through replicated gateways that prevent duplicate requests from reaching the database servers. It implements automatic client-side failover mechanisms, which guarantee that clients know the outcome of the requests that they have made, and retries aborted transactions automatically on behalf of the clients.
Optimization of Minute Doping of Y1-xRExBa2Cu3O7-delta Thin Films with RE = Tb and Nd (Postprint) (2010)

Abstract : Doping of YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) has become an effective means of increasing the flux pinning and critical current densities (J(sub c)) in thin film superconductors, while maintaining the transition temperature (T(sub c)). In previous research efforts, our group showed that doping (Y1-xREx)BCO with typically deleterious rare earth (RE) elements can be used to improve the film's current density via flux pinning when the x molar additions are less than 1%. However, data was only presented for different orders of magnitude (x = 0.1%, 1.0%, 10%) without consideration of optimization. The research presented here demonstrates that the deleterious RE elements can differ greatly in how broad the range of optimal doping concentration is, in addition to the relative doping concentration. Rare-earth elements Nd and Tb were compared due to the difference in degradation mechanisms: Nd additions results in Ba site substitution and Tb123 exhibits poor phase formation. Thin films of Nd and Tb doped YBCO films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using standard deposition parameters for plain YBCO. The compositions studied were (Y1-xREx)BCO where x was varied from 0.0001 to 0.025 for Nd and 0.005 to 0.015 for Tb. Targets for PLD were prepared using solid state reaction and sintering procedures. All films were characterized for J(sub c) and T(sub c) by vibrating sample magnetometry. Data for J(sub c)(H,T) and T(sub c) were compared to undoped YBCO films processed under the same conditions. The results show a measurable increase in flux pinning for both different concentrations and range of Nd and Tb doping, with little decrease in T(sub c).
Virus-Encoded B7-2 Costimulation Molecules Enhance the Protective Capacity of a Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Vaccine in Immunocompetent Mice (2008)

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and, to a lesser extent, HSV-1 cause the majority of sexually transmitted genital ulcerative disease. No effective prophylactic vaccine is currently available. Replication-defective HSV stimulates immune responses in animals but produces no progeny virus, making it potentially useful as a safe form of live vaccine against HSV. Because it does not replicate and spread in the host, however, replication-defective virus may have relatively limited capacity to solicit professional antigen presentation. We previously demonstrated that in mice devoid of B7-1 and B7-2 costimulation molecules, replication-defective HSV-2 encoding B7-1 or B7-2 induces stronger immune responses and protection against HSV-2 challenge than immunization with replication-defective virus alone. Here, we vaccinated wild-type mice fully competent to express endogenous B7 costimulation molecules with replication-defective HSV-2 or replication-defective virus encoding B7-2 and compared their capacities to protect against vaginal HSV-2 infection and disease. Replication-defective virus encoding B7-2 induced more IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells than did replication-defective virus alone. Immunization with B7-2-expressing virus decreased challenge virus replication in the vaginal mucosa, genital and neurological disease, and mortality more effectively than did immunization with the parental replication-defective virus. Prior immunization with B7-expressing, replication-defective virus also effectively suppressed infection of the nervous system compared to immunization with the parental virus. Thus, B7 costimulation molecules expressed at the site of HSV infection can enhance vaccine efficacy even in a fully immunocompetent host.
Excitation Patterns of Simultaneous and Sequential Dual-Electrode Stimulation in Cochlear Implant Recipients (2009)

Peripheral neural activation patterns suggest a similar spread of excitation for SI dual-electrode stimulation and the intermediate PE. The spread of excitation associated with sequential dual-electrode stimulation is generally different from the intermediate PE, and it varies depending on the order of the sequential pulses.
Precise Outage Specifications for First-Order PMD (2004)

Advanced simulations show that closed-form outage predictions for first-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) can be inaccurate in practical communication systems. We adapt the two-step method to obtain outage probabilities for arbitrary optical signals and receiver designs. The approach is free of restrictive assumptions and allows for direct experimental testing, required for accurate PMD outage specifications.
Rapid Identification of <i>Nocardia farcinica</i> Clinical Isolates by a PCR Assay Targeting a 314-Base-Pair Species-Specific DNA Fragment (2004)

Nocardia farcinica is the most clinically significant species within the Nocardia asteroides complex. Differentiation of N. farcinica from other members of N. asteroides complex is important because this species characteristically demonstrates resistance to several extended-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Traditional phenotypic characterization of this species is time- and labor-intensive and often leads to misidentification in the clinical microbiology laboratory. We previously observed a 409-bp product for all strains of N. farcinica by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis with the primer DKU49. In this investigation, the 409-bp fragment was sequenced and then used to design a specific primer pair, Nf1 (16-mer) and Nf2 (16-mer), complementary to the 409-bp fragment. PCR amplification of genomic DNA from 28 N. farcinica isolates with Nf1 and Nf2 generated a single intense 314-bp fragment. The specificity of the assay with these primers was verified, since there were no PCR amplification products observed from heterologous nocardial species (n = 59) or other related bacterial genera (n = 41). Restriction enzyme digestion using CfoI and direct sequencing of the 314-bp fragment further confirmed the specificity of the assay for N. farcinica. This highly sensitive and specific PCR assay provides a rapid (within 1 day of obtaining DNA) method for identification of this medically important emerging pathogen. Rapid diagnosis of N. farcinica infection may allow for earlier initiation of effective therapy, thus improving patient outcome.
<title>Securing information using a digital holographic technique</title> (2000)

An information security method that uses a digital holographic technique is presented. An encrypted image is stored as a digital hologram. The decryption key is also stored as a digital hologram. The encrypted image can be electrically decrypted by using the digital hologram of the key. This security technique is useful for secure storage and data transmission. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the proposed method.
On speeding phoneme recognition in a hierarchical MLP structure (2009)

In this paper, we propose a technique for speeding phoneme recognition in a hierarchical structure involving Multilayered Perceptrons (MLPs). The hierarchical structure consists of two MLP-based layers, where the output of the first layer is used as input for the second layer. In this paper, we efficiently speed up the system by removing the redundant information contained at the output of the first layer. Several techniques are investigated for removing this redundant information based on temporal and phonetic criteria. The best approach reduces the computational time by 57% while keeping a system accuracy comparable to the standard hierarchical approach. This scheme favors the implementation of such hierarchical structures in real-time applications.
Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (1984)

Ethoxzolamide and several derivatives (1-6) were synthesized and evaluated for carbonic anhydrase inhibition (CAI), solubility, pKa, distribution, and corneal permeability. The 6-hydroxy (5) and, particularly, the 6-chloro (6) analogues have the best combination of properties for penetrating the site of action and reducing intraocular pressure. Both 5 and 6 exhibited topical effectiveness in the normal rabbit, with 6 showing greater potency.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION AND 6α‐SUBSTITUTION OF 6β‐(2‐CARBOXY) KETENIMINO PENICILLINS (1978)

Abstract Reaktionen an Ketenimino‐penicillinen werden untersucht, die z.B. aus den Amiden (I) oder den Imidchloriden (VI) oder (IX) erhalten werden können.
Purification and Characterization of Choline Oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis (1977)

Choline oxidase was purified from the cells of Arthrobacter globiformis by fractionations with acetone and ammonium sulfate, and column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and on Sephadex G-200. The purified enzyme preparation appeared homogeneous on disc gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was a flavoprotein having a molecular weight of approx. 83,000 (gel filtration) or approx. 71,000 (sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis) and an isoelectric point (pI) around pH 4.5. Identification of the reaction products showed that the enzyme catalyzed the following reactions: choline + O2 leads to betaine aldehyde + H2O2, betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O leads to betaine + H2O2. The enzyme was highly specific for choline and betaine aldehyde (relative reaction velocities: choline, 100%; betaine aldehyde, 46%; N,N-dimethylaminoethanol, 5.2%; triethanolamine, 2.6%; diethanolamine, 0.8%; monoethanolamine, N-methylaminoethanol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde, 0%). Its Km values were 1.2 mM for choline and 8.7 mM for betaine aldehyde. The optimum pH for the enzymic reaction was around pH 7.5.
IV. Molecular biology of S-layers (1997)

In this chapter we report on the molecular biology of crystalline surface layers of different bacterial groups. The limited information indicates that there are many variations on a common theme. Sequence variety, antigenic diversity, gene expression, rearrangements, influence of environmental factors and applied aspects are addressed. There is considerable variety in the S-layer composition, which was elucidated by sequence analysis of the corresponding genes. In Corynebacterium glutamicum one major cell wall protein is responsible for the formation of a highly ordered, hexagonal array. In contrast, two abundant surface proteins form the S-layer of Bacillus anthracis. Each protein possesses three S-layer homology motifs and one protein could be a virulence factor. The antigenic diversity and ABC transporters are important features, which have been studied in methanogenic archaea. The expression of the S-layer components is controlled by three genes in the case of Thermus thermophilus. One has repressor activity on the S-layer gene promoter, the second codes for the S-layer protein. The rearrangement by reciprocal recombination was investigated in Campylobacter fetus. 7–8 S-layer proteins with a high degree of homology at the 5′ and 3′ ends were found. Environmental changes influence the surface properties of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Depending on oxygen supply, this species produces different S-layer proteins. Finally, the molecular bases for some applications are discussed. Recombinant S-layer fusion proteins have been designed for biotechnology.