gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-Field Measurement of Soil Nitrate Using an Ion-Selective Electrode (2010)

9.1 Conclusions The SNMS, and its NEMS, have advanced the ability of making in-field measurements of soil NO3­N by overcoming the impediments, roadblocks, and serious obstacles to measuring and assessing soil NO3­N variation using conventional methods in terms of sample analysis lag time, high labor requirements, and high costs. It has been demonstrated that soil NO3­N measurements using the SNMS can be obtained rapidly, on a fine scale, and with lab-grade accuracy. It has been demonstrated that data collected using the SNMS can be used for assessing the spatial and temporal aspects of soil NO3­N variation, to assess variation in soil NO3­N levels in space and over time, and link this variation to crop performance. The SNMS offers the potential to assist farmers and researchers with developing sitespecific soil nitrate management practices for agricultural production. It offers farmers the potential to more intensely and precisely analyze variations in soil NO3­N levels throughout the growing season in association with environmental and crop response data in order to make the most sound and site- and time-specific management decisions possible. As well for farmers, it offers the potential for them to measure and document soil NO3­N levels in their fields thus improving traceability and their ability to be compliant with any current and future legislation requiring control of nitrogen fertilizers. It offers regulators the potential to conduct environmental monitoring of NO3¯ levels in agricultural fields and water sources. Ultimately as a result of its use, the public may be assured that soil nitrogen management practices in agriculture are being conducted in the most environmentally friendly way.
Model-Based Nonlinear Observers for Underwater Vehicle Navigation: Theory and Preliminary Experiments (2007)

This paper reports the analytical development and preliminary experimental evaluation of a class of exact nonlinear full state model-based observers for underwater vehicle navigation. This class of observers exploits exact knowledge of the vehicle's nonlinear dynamics, the forces and moments acting on the vehicle, and disparate position and velocity measurements. The reported observer is novel in that it estimates the full state of the vehicle and employs Lyapunov techniques to show stability. The performance of the observer is evaluated using data from single degree-of-freedom experiments with a laboratory remotely operated vehicle. High-precision measurements from a 300kHz long baseline (LBL) acoustic positioning systems serve as the basis for evaluating the performance of the observer. Error in the observer position estimate possesses a significantly lower standard deviation than measurements from 12kHz LBL systems alone. The performance of the observer is compared to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the error in the position estimates of these two estimators found to be comparable. These experiments are, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the experimental implementation of exact nonlinear dynamic model-based observers and their comparison to EKFs for underwater vehicle navigation.
A High Speed Digital Decimation Filter with Parallel Cascaded Integrator-Comb Pre-Filters (2009)

Parallel cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) pre-filters are proposed to greatly increase the speed of digital decimation filters. Several times of clock rate improvement can be achieved by paralleling computations. Unlike traditional poly-phase parallel decomposition, the new method avoids the substantial area/complexity increase, as a consequence of converting to parallel structure, by exploiting the simple and effective recursive filtering of the CIC pre-filters. With these two methods combined, the new filter achieves unprecedented clock rate and considerable area/complexity savings while providing frequency response similar to those of traditional decimation filters.
An introduction to Hilbert space (1989)

This textbook is an introduction to the theory of Hilbert space and its applications. The notion of Hilbert space is central in functional analysis and is used in numerous branches of pure and applied mathematics. Dr Young has stressed applications of the theory, particularly to the solution of partial differential equations in mathematical physics and to the approximation of functions in complex analysis. Some basic familiarity with real analysis, linear algebra and metric spaces is assumed, but otherwise the book is self-contained. It is based on courses given at the University of Glasgow and contains numerous examples and exercises (many with solutions). Thus it will make an excellent first course in Hilbert space theory at either undergraduate or graduate level and will also be of interest to electrical engineers and physicists, particularly those involved in control theory and filter design.
Process of high strength low alloy hot-dip galvanizing steel plate (2008)

The alloy designs ideas for the high strength low alloy(HSLA)hot-dip galvanizing steel plate and the effects of hot rolling and cold rolling on hot-dip galvanizing were explained.The relationship between continuous annealing and the microstructure and performances of the steels was analyzed,which provides references to the development of HSLA hot-dip galvanizing steels.
Host specificity of filamentous, segmented microorganisms adherent to the small bowel epithelium in mice and rats (1984)

Germfree rats and mice were given by gavage samples of ileal homogenates prepared from conventional rats and mice. Filamentous, segmented procaryotes adhered to the small bowel epithelium in the ex-germfree mice only when the homogenate was made from mouse bowel and in the ex-germfree rats only when the inoculum came from rats. Thus, the filamentous microorganisms are host animal specific.
Deep Learning–based Prescription of Cardiac MRI Planes (2019)

DL-based anatomic localization is a feasible strategy for planning cardiac MRI planes. This approach can produce imaging planes comparable to those defined by ground truth landmarks.© RSNA, 2019 <i>Supplemental material is available for this article.</i>
Mitochondrial ATP-Dependent Potassium Channels (1998)

Background—Brief interruptions of coronary blood flow paradoxically protect the heart from subsequent prolonged ischemia. The basis of such endogenous cardioprotection, known as “ischemic preconditioning,” remains uncertain. Pharmacological evidence has implicated ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels in the mechanism of preconditioning; however, the effects of sarcolemmal KATP channels on excitability cannot account for the protection. Methods and Results—We simultaneously measured flavoprotein fluorescence, an index of mitochondrial redox state, and sarcolemmal KATP currents in intact rabbit ventricular myocytes. Our results show that diazoxide, a KATP channel opener, selectively activates mitochondrial KATP channels. Diazoxide induced reversible oxidation of flavoproteins with an EC50 of 27 μmol/L but did not activate sarcolemmal KATP channels. The subcellular site of diazoxide action is further localized to mitochondria by confocal imaging of fluorescence arising from flavoproteins and tetramethylrh...
The expression of epidermal antigens in Xenopus laevis. (1988)

Five kinds of monoclonal antibodies that are specific for the epidermis of Xenopus embryos were produced. Epidermis-specific antibodies were used to investigate the spatial and temporal expressions of epidermal antigens during embryonic and larval development. The cells that were recognized by the antibodies at the larval stage are as follows: all of the outer epidermal cells and cement gland cells were recognized by the antibody termed XEPI-1, all of the outer and inner epidermal cells, except the cement gland cells, were recognized by XEPI-2 antibody, the large mucus granules and the apical side of the outer epidermal cells, except for the ciliated epidermal cells, were recognized by XEPI-3 antibody, the large mucus granules and basement membrane were recognized by XEPI-4 antibody, and the small mucus granules contained in the outer epidermal cells as well as extracellular matrices were recognized by the antibody termed XEPI-5. All of the epidermal antigens, except XEPI-4, were first detected in the epidermal region of the late gastrula or early neurula. The XEPI-4 antigen was first detected in stage-26 tail-bud embryos. None of these antigens were expressed by the neural tissues at any time during embryonic development. Only the XEPI-2 antigen continued to be expressed after metamorphosis, while the expression of the other antigens disappeared during or before metamorphosis. The specificity of the antibodies allowed us to classify the epidermal cells into four types in early epidermal development. The four types of epidermal cells are (1) the outer epidermal cells that contain small mucus granules, (2) the ciliated epidermal cells, (3) the outer epidermal cells that contain large mucus granules and (4) the inner sensorial cells.
A Boolean algebra approach to multiple sensor voting fusion (1993)

A technique for integrating multiple-sensor data using a voting fusion process that combines the individual sensor outputs is described. An important attribute of the method is the automatic confirmation of the target by the fusion processor without the need to explicitly determine which sensors and what level of sensor participation are involved. A three-sensor system, with multiple confidence levels in each sensor, is discussed to illustrate the approach. Boolean algebra is used to derive closed-form expressions for the multiple sensor-system detection probability and false-alarm probability. Procedures for relating confidence levels to detection and false alarm probabilities are described through an example. The hardware implementation for the sensor system fusion algorithm is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Care in Practice. On Normativity, Concepts, and Boundaries (2023)

In recent years many STS scholars have dealt with care practices in different fields. Starting from Care in Practice. On Tinkering in Clinics, Homes and Farms [Transcript-Verlag, Bielefield, 2010, 325 pp.], a book edited by Annemarie Mol, Ingunn Moser and Jeannette Pols, this debate aims to discuss the meaning and development of the concept of care and its accomplishment in practice. Mauro Turrini, Enrico Maria Piras and Alberto Zanutto wrote two commentaries on the book, while the editors answered to their observations. The result is a vibrant discussion that goes beyond the care to address issues such as the need / refusal to define and delimit concepts in doing social research and what these boundaries mean / do.
Disruption of the murine nuclear factor I-A gene ( <i>Nfia</i> ) results in perinatal lethality, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum (1999)

The phylogenetically conserved nuclear factor I (NFI) family of transcription/replication proteins is essential both for adenoviral DNA replication and for the transcription of many cellular genes. We showed previously that the four murine NFI genes (Nfia, Nfib, Nfic, and Nfix) are expressed in unique but overlapping patterns during mouse development and in adult tissues. Here we show that disruption of the Nfia gene causes perinatal lethality, with >95% of homozygous Nfia(-/-) animals dying within 2 weeks after birth. Newborn Nfia(-/-) animals lack a corpus callosum and show ventricular dilation indicating early hydrocephalus. Rare surviving homozygous Nfia(-/-) mice lack a corpus callosum, show severe communicating hydrocephalus, a full-axial tremor indicative of neurological defects, male-sterility, low female fertility, but near normal life spans. These findings indicate that while the Nfia gene appears nonessential for cell viability and DNA replication in embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts, loss of Nfia function causes severe developmental defects. This finding of an NFI gene required for a developmental process suggests that the four NFI genes may have distinct roles in vertebrate development.
MonoNet: Towards Interpretable Models by Learning Monotonic Features (2019)

Being able to interpret, or explain, the predictions made by a machine learning model is of fundamental importance. This is especially true when there is interest in deploying data-driven models to make high-stakes decisions, e.g. in healthcare. While recent years have seen an increasing interest in interpretable machine learning research, this field is currently lacking an agreed-upon definition of interpretability, and some researchers have called for a more active conversation towards a rigorous approach to interpretability. Joining this conversation, we claim in this paper that the difficulty of interpreting a complex model stems from the existing interactions among features. We argue that by enforcing monotonicity between features and outputs, we are able to reason about the effect of a single feature on an output independently from other features, and consequently better understand the model. We show how to structurally introduce this constraint in deep learning models by adding new simple layers. We validate our model on benchmark datasets, and compare our results with previously proposed interpretable models.
Efficacy of teriparatide in increasing bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis--an Indian experience. (2008)

These results show that teriparatide is an effective and safe drug in increasing the BMD and therefore, teriparatide provides yet another new therapeutic option for reducing the risk management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT00500409).
Application of Fluidized Hot-Melt Granulation (FHMG) for the Preparation of Granules for Tableting; Properties of Granules and Tablets Prepared by FHMG (2002)

The objective of this study was to investigate the properties of granules and tablets prepared by a novel Fluidized Hot-Melt Granulation (FHMG) technique. Macrogol 6000 (polyethylene glycol 6000, PEG 6000), macrogol 20000 (polyethylene glycol 20000, PEG 20000), and glyceryl monostearate (GMS) were used as binders with different levels of viscosity and water solubility. The properties of both granules and tablets were compared with those obtained using the Standard Tablet Formulation (STF, lactose/corn starch/hydroxypropylcellulose/ magnesium stearate: 66/30/3.5/0.5) for fluidized-bed granulation, which is widely used for wet granulation. To obtain suitable flowability as granules for tabletting, the content of the melting material should be approximately 10 w/w%. The rate of increase in the mean diameter of the granules during FHMG was affected by both the melting temperature and the viscosity of the melting material used in the granules. The compression properties of granules prepared by FHMG were also investigated, demonstrating that these granules had a high pressure transmittance. The hardness and the disintegration time of tablets obtained from granules prepared by FHMG were influenced by the properties of the melting material, such as its compaction behavior, solubility, and wettability. No significant differences of hardness were observed when compared to STF tablets. Tablets prepared from FHMG granules disintegrated within 15 min, whereas the STF tablets showed faster disintegration. It was also demonstrated that the hardness and disintegration time of tablets prepared from FHMG granules were not affected by the tablet porosity. Therefore, tablets with a constant quality may be obtainable under a wide range of compression forces. The results of this study suggested that FHMG is a useful method of preparing granules for tableting without using any solvents or water.
A mouse-adapted model of SARS-CoV-2 to test COVID-19 countermeasures (2021)

Coronaviruses are prone to emergence into new host species most recently evidenced by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic1. Small animal models that recapitulate SARS-CoV-2 disease are desperately needed to rapidly evaluate medical countermeasures (MCMs)2,3. SARS-CoV-2 cannot infect wildtype laboratory mice due to inefficient interactions between the viral spike (S) protein and the murine ortholog of the human receptor, ACE24. We used reverse genetics5 to remodel the interaction between S and mACE2 resulting in a recombinant virus (SARS-CoV-2 MA) that could utilize mACE2 for entry. SARS-CoV-2 MA replicated in both the upper and lower airways of both young adult and aged BALB/c mice. Importantly, disease was more severe in aged mice, and showed more clinically relevant phenotypes than those seen in HFH4-hACE2 transgenic mice. We then demonstrated the utility of this model through vaccine challenge studies in immune competent mice with native expression of mACE2. Lastly, we show that clinical candidate interferon (IFN) lambda-1a can potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in primary human airway epithelial cells in vitro, and both prophylactic and therapeutic administration diminished replication in mice. Our mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model demonstrates age-related disease pathogenesis and supports the clinical use of pegylated IFN lambda-1a treatment in human COVID-19 infections.
L-Asparaginase monotherapy for EBV-positive T/NK lymphoproliferative diseases: A pilot Study. (2015)

We investigated the effects of L-asparaginase (L-asp) on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive T/NK lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-T/ NK-LPDs). Seven doses of L-asp (6,000 U/m2) were administered intravenously, with one dose administered on every alternate day. Five consecutive patients were enrolled. Three patients completed the treatment. The clinical symptoms resolved in 1 patient who started the administration 8 months after the onset, being the earliest among the 5 patients. Her EBV-DNA level in whole blood markedly decreased to 0.08 times of that before treatment, and the level in plasma became undetectable. In the other 2 patients whose administration was started 3 and 3.5 years after the onset, however, a remarkable improvement was not detected. Treatment was discontinued in 2 patients because of disease progression or idiopathic dystonia. The mRNA levels of asparagine synthetase in EBV-infected cells were examined. The level from the patient who responded to L-asp treatment was low, but it did not correlate with the effects in the other patients. Liver dysfunction (grades 2 and 3) was observed in 2 patients and neutropenia (grade 3) was noted in 1 patient. In conclusion, the effect of L-asp as monotherapy in EBV-T/NK-LPDs is limited, and early treatment initiation might be effective.
Lower‐leg growth rates in children with asthma during treatment with ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate (2009)

Measurement of short-term lower-leg growth rate in children by knemometry has become established as an integral part of the available measures of systemic activity of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in children. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the novel ICS ciclesonide (CIC) and the ICS fluticasone propionate (FP) on lower-leg growth rate and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function in children with mild asthma. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period crossover study, 28 children, aged 6-12 yr, sequentially received daily doses of CIC 320 μg, FP 375 μg (330 μg ex-actuator) and placebo via a spacer in a randomized order. Each 2-wk treatment period was followed by a 2-wk washout period. Knemometry was performed at the beginning and end of each treatment period. Cortisol levels in 12-h overnight urine were measured at the end of each treatment period. No statistically significant differences were seen in lower-leg growth rates between CIC (0.30 mm/wk) and placebo (0.43 mm/wk) treatments. Lower-leg growth rate during FP treatment (0.08 mm/wk) was significantly reduced compared with both placebo [least squares (LS) mean: -0.35 (95% CI: -0.53, -0.18; p = 0.0002)] and CIC [LS mean: -0.23 (95% CI: -0.05, -0.40; p = 0.0137)]. Cortisol levels in 12-h overnight urine were significantly lower in the FP group when compared with CIC (p < 0.05); however, there were no statistically significant differences between each of the active treatments and placebo. CIC had no significant effect on lower-leg growth rate in children aged 6-12 yr with mild asthma. In contrast, a similar dose of FP significantly reduced lower-leg growth rate compared with placebo and CIC.
Altered rhodopsin regeneration in diabetic mice caused by acid conditions within the rod photoreceptors (1998)

Following a bleach, both genetic and streptozotocin diabetic mice exhibited abnormalities in rhodopsin regeneration. When studied at moderate bleaching levels with animals that were moderately diabetic, both groups of diabetic mice exhibited a delay in the start of the rhodopsin regeneration. The delay appears to be caused by the formation of an acid intermediate of the bleached rhodopsin resulting from acid conditions within the rod photoreceptors.
Cloning and Expression of Kluyveromyces fragilis $\beta$-Galactosidase Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1995)

A gene coding for the -galactosidase (lactase) of Kluyveromyces tragilis UCD 55-55 was isolated by complementation in Escherichia coli YMC9. From the plasmid library made from Sau3A-digested chromosomal DNA, one positive clone was selected. The cloned gene for -galactosidase was on 7.3 kilobase pair DNA fragment, and a slightly low level of -galactosidase enzyme activity was detecied in E. coli. It was also confirmed that the cloned gene comes from K. tragilis by DNA-DNA hybridization and immunochemical blotting experiments. In order to construct a new yeast strain having the metabolic ability for lactose, the cloned gene for K. tragilis -galactosidase was inserted in yeast vector YEp24 and YRp17, and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae YNN27 and Ml-2B. The yeast transformants showed the nearly the same -galactosidase productivity as level of K. tragilis when uninduced, but these could not utilize lactose as a sole carbon source, presumably due to the lack of lactose transport system. Nevertheless, a slightly higher ethanol productivity was achieved by these transformants than S. cerevisiae or K. tragilis, in the medium containing glucose and lactose.
Sensitivity analysis of line-edge roughness measured by means of scatterometry: a simulation-based investigation (2012)

Various reports state that LER/LWR has a significant impact on lithography-fabricated ICs, rendering it desirable to be able to determine the LER in-line so that it never exceeds certain specified limits. In our simulation work we deal with the challenge of measuring LER on CD-50nm resist gratings using plane- mount scatterometry. We show that there is a difference between LER and no-LER scatter signatures which first: depends on the polarization and second: is proportional to the amount of LER. Moreover - we show that the said difference can be best-fit to the difference between scatter signatures of two rigorously determined, specific no-LER CDs, which allows us to predict the sensitivity of ITRS' "manufacturable solution" for scatterometric LER measurement just by using computationally cheap 1D RCWA simulations. As it can be shown the sensitivity is not uniform for all realizations of the same CD (e.g. for different resist heights), so not in all gratings LER is equally easy to determine.