gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Heuristic for the Data Clustering Problem (2017)

This paper presents a new heuristic for the data clustering problem. It comprises two parts. The first part is a greedy algorithm, which selects the data points that can act as the centroids of well-separated clusters. The second part is a single-solution-based heuristic, which performs clustering with the objective of optimizing a cluster validity index. Single-solution-based heuristics are memory efficient as compared with population-based heuristics. The proposed heuristic is inspired from evolutionary algorithms (EAs) and consists of five main components: 1) genes; 2) fitness of genes; 3) selection; 4) mutation operation; and 5) diversification. The attributes of the centroids of clusters are considered as genes. The fitness of a gene is a function of two factors: 1) difference between its value and the same attribute of the mean of the data points assigned to its cluster and 2) the frequency with which it has been mutated in previous iterations. The genes that have low fitness values should be updated through the mutation operation. The mutation operation performs small change (positive or negative) in the value of the gene. The mutants are accepted if they are better (with respect to objective function) than their parents. However, diversification in the search process is maintained by allowing, with a small probability, the mutants to replace their parents even they are not better than them. The objective functions used in the proposed heuristic are Calinski Harabasz index and Dunn index. The proposed algorithm has been experimented using real-life numeric data sets of UCI repository. The number of data points and number of attributes in the datasets lie between 150-11 000 and 4-60, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs better than two standard EAs: 1) simulated annealing algorithm and 2) differential evolution algorithm and a genetic algorithm-based clustering method.
Sarilumab for the treatment of posterior segment non‐infectious uveitis (<scp>NIU</scp>): The <scp>SATURN</scp> (<scp>SARIL</scp>‐<scp>NIU</scp>) study (2015)

Purpose Interleukin‐6 ( IL ‐6) and/or its soluble receptor are detected in the vitreous and aqueous humors of patients with uveitis. Inhibition of IL ‐6 signaling in a murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis suppresses the development of uveitis. We designed an exploratory Phase 2 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sarilumab, a human monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha subunit of the IL ‐6 receptor complex in the management of posterior segment NIU . Methods SATURN is a 52‐week, multicenter, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, parallel arm, randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sarilumab (200 mg) administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks in patients with posterior NIU , who are treated with systemic steroids (as single therapy or with methotrexate). Efficacy and safety are assessed at each visit. The study primary endpoints are reduction from baseline in vitreous haze or systemic‐steroid sparing effects, both measured at week 16. Other key endpoints assessed at week 16 include the change from baseline in: central retinal thickness, best‐corrected visual acuity, and percentage of patients with retinal vessel leakage on fluorescein angiography. Results The study has completed enrollment. As of April 6, 2015, 58 patients have been randomized and treated. Conclusions The SATURN study may help clarify the role of IL ‐6 in the pathogenesis of NIU and the potential for IL ‐6 inhibition in the management of posterior segment NIU .
Sensitivity Enhancement in Pole-Zero Identification Based Stability Analysis of Microwave Circuits (2008)

In this work the use of a dual Current-Voltage (I-V) probe is proposed in order to improve the sensitivity of pole-zero identification based stability analyses. The benefits of this approach are shown here by its application to a parametric oscillation in an X-band multi-stage MMIC power amplifier and to a bias oscillation in a medium power FET amplifier built in hybrid microstrip technology.
Distributed Parametric Resonator: A Passive CMOS Frequency Divider (2010)

We present an electrical distributed parametric oscillator to realize a passive CMOS frequency divider with low phase noise. Instead of using active devices, which are the main sources of noise and power consumption, an oscillation at half of the input frequency is sustained by the parametric process based on nonlinear interaction with the input signal. To show the feasibility of the proposed approach, we have implemented a 20-GHz frequency divider in a 0.13-μm CMOS process. Without any dc power consumption, 600-mV differential output amplitude is achieved for an input amplitude of 600 mV. The input frequency ranges from 18.5 to 23.5 GHz with varactor tuning. The output phase noise is almost 6 dB lower than that of the input signal for all offset frequencies up to 1 MHz. There is a good agreement among analysis, simulation, and 10-MHz measurement results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first passive frequency divider in a CMOS process.
The Circumferential Compression Stitch for Meniscus Repair (2013)

Over the past 30 years, many patients have benefited from arthroscopically assisted meniscus repair surgery and its ability to preserve a healthy knee. Although techniques have evolved, the basic premise of central-to-peripheral needle penetration across the tear with fixation into the capsular region immediately peripheral to the meniscus has remained. Suture repair techniques that involve encircling the tear have been discussed but have remained largely impractical because of the anatomic constraints of the arthroscopic knee. A suture-passing technology designed to function within these constraints was recently made available from Ceterix Orthopaedics (Menlo Park, CA). It allows surgeons to arthroscopically place circumferential sutures around meniscus tears to provide uniform, anatomic compression of the tear edges through an all-inside technique. This stitch is likely to improve healing rates and safety, as well as to enable repair of tears that were previously considered difficult or impossible to sew. The purposes of this note and accompanying video are to show the feasibility of placing all-inside circumferential compression stitches to treat tears of the knee meniscus and to discuss the potential benefits of such techniques.
Screening and characterization of protein-hyperproducing bacteria without detectable exoprotease activity. (1989)

As the result of extensive screening, we isolated 37 protein-hyperproducing bacteria. Their protein productivities were highly stimulated by polypepton, but not by yeast extract or meat extract. These bacteria produced 4.5-11.5g/l of cell bound and extracellular proteins under appropriate cultural conditions. Many of the selected bacteria showed characteristics of Bacillus brevis or species related to it as to cellular morphology and physiology. The bacteria which seemed to be B. brevis mostly accumulated one or two major high-molecular-weight protein species. Several strains were found to have excellent ability to produce proteins and showed no detectable extracellular protease activity. Such bacteria are expected to be potential hosts for the production of foreign proteins through recombinant DNA technology.
Structural elements of the osteopontin SVVYGLR motif important for the interaction with α<sub>4</sub> integrins (2001)

The osteopontin SVVYGLR motif binds the integrins alpha(4)beta(1) and alpha(9)beta(1). We show that alpha(4)beta(7) also interacts with this motif and that an SVVYGLR-OH peptide antagonises the alpha(4)beta(7) MAdCAM interaction. The important elements of this motif required to bind alpha(4)beta(1) and alpha(4)beta(7) were probed using a series of mutated peptides based around SVVYGLR. Leu167 is important for the interaction with alpha(4) integrins, as is the C-terminal carboxylic acid of Arg168 exposed by thrombin cleavage. The importance of the acidic group means that SVVYGLR has structural elements in common with other alpha(4) integrin-binding motifs and suggests why thrombin cleavage activates this motif.
Monitoring allergen immunotherapy of pollen‐allergic patients: the ratio of allergen‐specific IgG4 to IgG1 correlates with clinical outcome (1999)

The ratio of IgG4 to IgG1 can serve as a valuable parameter that allows us to assess the success of immunotherapy already 1 year after the onset. The increase of specific IgG1 in relation to IgG4 during treatment reflects a possible influence of this subclass on the induction of tolerance towards allergens.
A novel fine frequency synchronization technique for OFDM wireless systems (2009)

A novel frequency tracking algorithm for OFDM systems based on pilot symbol tracking has been developed. This algorithm significantly reduces the complexity of traditional OFDM receivers by eliminating the need to have two separate algorithms for coarse frequency estimation (pre FFT synchronization) and fine frequency tracking (post FFT synchronization). The proposed algorithm updates the frequency estimate at every sample of the input signal compared to frequency update available only at OFDM symbol rate by the traditional algorithms. This feature allows compensation of rapid frequency variations in the input signal (due to cheaper RF front ends).
State of charge estimation of HEV/EV battery with Series Kalman Filter (2012)

This paper proposes a method of accurately estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries in high fuel efficiency vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Although it is important to accurately estimate SOC of the battery to maximize efficiency and safety, there exist many problems for conventional methods. To address this issue, a model-based approach using “Series Kalman Filters” is proposed and implemented in this paper. Its approach is verified with series of simulations under the basic HEV operating environment. A discussion on a limitation of the method is also included in this paper. The ultimate goal is to design a state estimator capable of providing accurate state estimation of batteries under any possible user conditions.
A tactile enhancement instrument for minimally invasive surgery (2005)

Objective: During minimally invasive arthroscopy, surgeons use probes as diagnostic tools to detect tissue anomalies. Improving tactile sensitivity during this activity would be valuable.Materials and Methods: We developed an enhanced probe that could enhance the tactile sensations experienced while probing objects. It operated by detecting the acceleration signal resulting from the interaction of the tool tip with surfaces and by magnifying it for tactile and auditory reproduction. The instrument consisted of an accelerometer and an actuator arranged such that the sensing direction was orthogonal to the actuating direction so as to decouple input from output. Using the instrument, subjects were asked to detect cuts under four conditions: with no amplification, with enhanced tactile feedback, with sound feedback, and with passive touch.Results: We found that for tactile reproduction, the current prototype could amplify the signals by 10 dB on average. Results from statistical methods showed significant improvements in performance in the case of tactile and auditory feedbacks.Conclusion: We developed a surgical probe with tactile and auditory feedbacks. Despite the moderate system gain achievable with the initial prototype, the system could measurably improve users' ability to detect small cuts in cartilage-like elastic surfaces.
Spatial light modulators with integrated phase masks for holographic data storage (2006)

Phase masks are used to eliminate the Fourier-plane hotspot that otherwise degrades holographic data storage performance. In order to eliminate the cost, bulk, and precision alignment difficulties of inserting a discrete phase mask into an optical system we have designed phase masks integrated directly into the structure of a spatial light modulator used as the storage system's write head. A micron-thick ferroelectric liquid crystal film is confined between the surface of a VLSI integrated circuit and a window containing planarized relief structures on its inward-facing surface. This arrangement avoids depth-of-field problems encountered by designs that place the phase mask on the outer surface of the window. Any of a variety of phase mask designs can be implemented in this fashion. An alternative architecture in which pixel surfaces of the CMOS VLSI backplane are etched to differing heights is also investigated.
Burkholderia pseudomallei Δ <i>tonB</i> Δ <i>hcp1</i> Live Attenuated Vaccine Strain Elicits Full Protective Immunity against Aerosolized Melioidosis Infection (2019)

<i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease found throughout the tropics. This organism is closely related to <i>Burkholderia mallei</i>, the etiological agent of glanders disease which primarily affects equines. These two pathogenic bacteria are classified as Tier 1 select agents due to their amenability to aerosolization, limited treatment options, and lack of an effective vaccine. We have previously successfully demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine strain, <i>B. mallei</i><i>ΔtonB Δhcp1</i> (CLH001). Thus, we applied this successful approach to the development of a similar vaccine against melioidosis by constructing the <i>B. pseudomallei</i><i>ΔtonB Δhcp1</i> (PBK001) strain. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated intranasally with the live attenuated PBK001 strain and then challenged with wild-type <i>B. pseudomallei</i> K96243 by the aerosol route. Immunization with strain PBK001 resulted in full protection (100% survival) against acute aerosolized melioidosis with very low bacterial burden as observed in the lungs, livers, and spleens of immunized mice. PBK001 vaccination induced strong production of <i>B. pseudomallei</i>-specific serum IgG antibodies and both Th1 and Th17 CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell responses. Further, humoral immunity appeared to be essential for vaccine-induced protection, whereas CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells played a less direct immune role. Overall, PBK001 was shown to be an effective attenuated vaccine strain that activates a robust immune response and offers full protection against aerosol infection with <i>B. pseudomallei</i><b>IMPORTANCE</b> In recent years, an increasing number of melioidosis cases have been reported in several regions where melioidosis is endemic and in areas where melioidosis had not commonly been diagnosed. Currently, the estimated burden of disease is around 165,000 new cases annually, including 89,000 cases that have fatal outcomes. This life-threatening infectious disease is caused by <i>B. pseudomallei</i>, which is classified as a Tier 1 select agent. Due to the high case fatality rate, intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotic treatments, susceptibility to infection via the aerosol route, and potential use as a bioweapon, we have developed an effective live attenuated PBK001 vaccine capable of protecting against aerosolized melioidosis.
Piezoelectric vibration wave motor with multiple traveling wave generating members (1985)

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Design Aspects of Hybrid Adsorbent−Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production (2005)

We present a detailed investigation of the design characteristics and performance of a novel reactor system, termed the hybrid adsorbent−membrane reactor (HAMR), for hydrogen production. The HAMR concept, originally proposed by our group1,2 for esterification reactions, couples the reaction and membrane separation steps with adsorption on the membrane feed or permeate side. The HAMR system investigated previously involved a hybrid pervaporation membrane reactor and integrated the reaction and pervaporation steps through a membrane with water adsorption. Coupling reaction, pervaporation, and adsorption significantly improved the performance. In this paper, we investigate a new HAMR system involving a hybrid packed-bed catalytic membrane reactor coupling the methane-steam-reforming reaction through a porous ceramic membrane with a CO2 adsorption system. The present HAMR system is of potential interest to pure hydrogen production for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells for various mobile and stationary applications. The reactor characteristics have been investigated for a range of temperature and pressure conditions relevant to the aforementioned applications. The HAMR system exhibits enhanced methane conversion, hydrogen yield, and product purity and shows good promise for reducing the hostile operating conditions of conventional methane−steam reformers and for meeting the product purity requirements for PEM operation.
Stable Triple-Stranded DNA Formation and its Application to the SNP Detection (2006)

We have found that a short stretch (30mer or larger) of triple-stranded DNA structure formed at the terminus (or very near) of linear DNA molecules is unusually stable, withstanding heat treatment at as high as 95 degrees C. The stable triple-stranded structure is formed only when deoxyoligonucleotides are complementary to the strand terminating with 5'-phosphate and not to the strand terminating with 3'-OH. Presence of a single mismatched base in the complementary deoxyoligonucleotides drastically reduces the stability. We show that these unique properties of the terminal triple-stranded structure can be applied to the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genomes without DNA dissociation and/or hybridization.
A Novel Mechanism of Action of Chemically Modified Tetracyclines: Inhibition of COX-2-Mediated Prostaglandin E2 Production (1999)

Tetracyclines (doxycycline and minocycline) inhibit inducible NO synthase expression and augment cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and PGE2 production. In contrast, chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs), such as CMT-3 and -8 (but not CMT-1, -2, and -5), that lack antimicrobial activity, inhibit both NO and PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages, bovine chondrocytes, and human osteoarthritis-affected cartilage, which spontaneously produces NO and PGE2 in ex vivo conditions. Furthermore, CMT-3 augments COX-2 protein expression but inhibits net PGE2 accumulation. This coincides with the ability of CMT-3 and -8 to inhibit COX-2 enzyme activity in vitro. The action of CMTs is distinct from that observed with tetracyclines because 1) CMT-3-mediated inhibition of PGE2 production coincides with modification of COX-2 protein, which is distinct from the nonglycosylated COX-2 protein generated in the presence of tunicamycin, as observed by Western blot analysis and 2) CMT-3 and -8 have no significant effect on COX-2 mRNA accumulation. In contrast, CMT-3 and -8 do not inhibit COX-1 expression in A549 human epithelial cells at the level of protein and mRNA accumulation or modification of COX-1 protein. CMT-3 and -8 inhibit the sp. act. of COX-2 (but not COX-1) in cell-free extracts. These results demonstrate differential action of CMT-3 (Metastat) on COX-1 and -2 expression, which is distinct from other tetracyclines.
Trichomonas vaginalis Metronidazole Resistance Is Associated with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Nitroreductase Genes <i> ntr4 <sub>Tv</sub> </i> and <i> ntr6 <sub>Tv</sub> </i> (2014)

Metronidazole resistance in the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is a problematic public health issue. We have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two nitroreductase genes (ntr4Tv and ntr6Tv) associated with resistance. These SNPs were associated with one of two distinct T. vaginalis populations identified by multilocus sequence typing, yet one SNP (ntr6Tv A238T), which results in a premature stop codon, was associated with resistance independent of population structure and may be of diagnostic value.
High-Speed Quantum Key Distribution Using Photonic Integrated Circuits (2013)

Abstract : The goal of this program is to increase the private information capacity of optical channels. Here we report on the theoretical and experimental progress, including the development and implementation of a large-alphabet quantum key distribution protocol that extends pulse position modulation encoding to quantum key distribution. We have shown security of this protocol against collective attacks. We also describe finite-key length security analysis.
Decoding optimal state sequence with smooth state likelihoods (2002)

A novel algorithm that allows the decoding of hidden Markov model (HMM) state sequences while constraining the state likelihoods to be more uniform is presented. In HMM-based speech recognizers, the decoded optimal state sequence is restricted by the HMM topology and the grammar. Thus, the most likely state sequence derived by the Viterbi algorithm can be influenced by a few states with very high likelihoods-often resulting in recognition errors. This paper presents a method for decoding state sequences with less volatile state probabilities by introducing penalties proportional to the difference of the current state likelihood and the highest state likelihood for the particular time frame. These penalties are added to the cumulative likelihoods in the Viterbi forward path at every time frame. This technique, referred to as the smooth state likelihood decoding algorithm (SSLDA), reduced recognition error-rates substantially on connected digit tests performed on two speech databases derived from field trials. The error rate was reduced by more than 40% on the one database and more than 60% on the other field trial database for variable length digit strings.
H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in CO<sub>2</sub>:  Sustainable Production and Green Reactions (2002)

Hydrogen peroxide is a "green" oxidant whose relatively high cost has prevented it from being applied to commodity chemical processing. Interestingly, those attributes of the current H(2)O(2) process that contribute to the high cost also contribute to its nonsustainable features. We have consequently explored the generation of hydrogen peroxide both by the AQ route and directly from hydrogen and oxygen using liquid CO(2) as the solvent, because CO(2) provides some unique advantages to H(2)O(2) synthesis.