gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resonance-enhanced compact nonlinear acoustic source of low frequency collimated beam for imaging applications in highly attenuating media (2016)

Acoustic imaging in highly attenuating materials requires special acoustic sources that can generate a collimated beam of low frequency. Lower frequencies, in the range of 10-120 kHz, have the advantage of deeper penetration in the medium due to lower acoustic attenuation. However, typical acoustic sources at these low frequencies have a large beam spread, resulting in poor lateral resolution. We report on the latest advancements in the development of a very compact source, with approximate dimensions of a cylinder with a diameter of 25-50 millimeters and approximately 10 mm tall. Low frequency, collimated and steerable acoustic beam source are some of the main characteristics of this source. The newly developed source takes advantage of (1) frequency mixing in an acoustical nonlinear fluid in a cavity to generate the difference frequency of two high frequencies, around 1 MHz, and (2) resonance enhancement of the difference frequency in the cavity. An order of magnitude enhancement in amplitude was observed between on- and off-resonance conditions, with a collimation of the beam of approximately 6 degrees. Laboratory experimental data will be presented, and advantages over traditional and other nonlinear acoustic sources will be discussed.
Evaluation of a coordinated control system for a pair of powered transfemoral prostheses (2013)

The authors present a control system for a pair of powered prostheses that leverages communication between the devices in order to enhance awareness and improve stability for the user. The control system is implemented on a pair of powered knee and ankle prostheses previously developed by the authors and tested on a healthy subject using able body adapters. The healthy subject also walked on a pair of passive prostheses, with both cases being monitored through motion capture. The kinematic data from the powered system closely match those seen in healthy subjects and show a marked improvement over the passive devices.
CIDS: A Mobile Concrete Island Drilling System for Arctic Offshore Operations (1984)

This paper describes a unique system that can provide an alternative to gravel islands as a means of supporting drilling operations in shallow Arctic waters. The Concrete Island Drilling System (CIDS) is composed of modular concrete "bricks" stacked one on top of the other which, in turn, support a barge-mounted drilling rig. Sequentially stacking these modules provides a great deal of flexibility in siting the modules in water depths of 18 to 52 ft. The modules incorporate an efficient concrete "honeycomb" structural system that offers inherent longitudinal, transverse and torsional strength. The superior strength of the CIDS, coupled with its massive ballasted weight, enables it to withstand the ice pressures prevalent in the landfast ice areas of the Arctic. Several key features of the CIDS make it a unique and economically advantageous exploratory drilling platform. Because it is modular, the CIDS reduces construction and transportation problems and allows the use of various configurations that can be modified to suit the water depth requirement. No dredging or gravel-hauling activity is associated with the CIDS since the gravity load is achieved by merely ballasting the modules with seawater. The entire system, with the drilling rig intact, can be relocated by pumping out the saltwater ballast and towing the CIDS to a new site. No rig demobilization or "under-dredging" of caisson fill is required. The use of concrete insures a long-lived structure that can be reused on many wells.
A Convenient Synthesis of Novel 2,8-Disubstituted Pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazines Possessing Biological Activity (2011)

A regioselective synthetic route to 2,8-disubstituted pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazines, by initial condensation reaction between suitable diaminopyridines and α-keto aldehydes equivalents, has been developed. Focusing on the functionalization on C-8, 2-aryl-8-bromo- and 8-amino-2-arylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazines have been synthesized. Anilines, amides, and ureas have been introduced at the 8-position from key intermediates. 2,8-Disubstituted pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazines thus prepared were found to be of biological interest.
Carbon nanotubes and nucleic acids: tools and targets (2006)

Abstract Nucleic acids, with their intrinsic structural properties as well as their high specificity, are playing an important role in the rapid development of nano‐technologies. In turn, these new technologies and their efficient performance enable fast and precise methods for detection of nucleic acids, improving the diagnosis of diseases and identification of pathogens. We discuss the use of nucleic acids to disperse and sort single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and carbon nanotube‐based field effect transistors (CNT‐FETs) to electrically detect specific nucleic acid sequences. Both DNA and RNA are efficient agents for dispersion and separation of SWNTs by diameter and chirality. Fractions enriched in a narrow band gap distribution of DNA:SWNT hybrids do not alter the electronic performance of field effect transistors. A CNT‐FET fulfills the requirements for a nanosensing device that can greatly exceed the existing technologies. Electrical detection of specific nucleic acid sequence could potentially overcome the current limitations of optical detection, by increasing sensitivity and speed, while reducing sample manipulation, size, and cost. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Static binary rewriting without supplemental information: Overcoming the tradeoff between coverage and correctness (2013)

Binary rewriting is the process of transforming executables by maintaining the original binary's functionality, while improving it in one or more metrics, such as energy use, memory use, security, or reliability. Although several technologies for rewriting binaries exist, static rewriting allows for arbitrarily complex transformations to be performed. Other technologies, such as dynamic or minimally-invasive rewriting, are limited in their transformation ability. We have designed the first static binary rewriter that guarantees 100% code coverage without the need for relocation or symbolic information. A key challenge in static rewriting is content classification (i.e. deciding what portion of the code segment is code versus data). Our contributions are (i) handling portions of the code segment with uncertain classification by using speculative disassembly in case it was code, and retaining the original binary in case it was data; (ii) drastically limiting the number of possible speculative sequences using a new technique called binary characterization; and (iii) avoiding the need for relocation or symbolic information by using call translation at usage points of code pointers (i.e. indirect control transfers), rather than changing addresses at address creation points. Extensive evaluation using stripped binaries for the entire SPEC 2006 benchmark suite (with over 1.9 million lines of code) demonstrates the robustness of the scheme.
Improving GPS surveying with modeled ionospheric corrections (2000)

We model the ionospheric delay of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals with high precision and use it to correct single frequency (L1) GPS baseline estimations. We find that baselines up to 30 km in length are more precisely determined using corrected L1 data than using dual frequency data. The high resolution ionospheric modeling technique (called HiRIM in this paper) is demonstrated with 195 days of data from a 25‐site GPS network at ∼1 km spacing in central Japan. The network was designed for high vertical precision tectonic studies. We compute ionospheric corrections using data from a surrounding grid of nine GPS sites spaced ∼50 km. Based on the observations from the surrounding grid, epoch and satellite specific ionospheric delays are interpolated to correct L1 observations from the internal sites. HiRIM has potential post‐processing and real‐time applications in navigation, surveying, and GPS meteorology.
RECOVIR Software for Identifying Viruses (2013)

Most single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses mutate rapidly to generate a large number of strains with highly divergent capsid sequences. Determining the capsid residues or nucleotides that uniquely characterize these strains is critical in understanding the strain diversity of these viruses. RECOVIR (an acronym for recognize viruses) software predicts the strains of some ssRNA viruses from their limited sequence data. Novel phylogenetic-tree-based databases of protein or nucleic acid residues that uniquely characterize these virus strains are created. Strains of input virus sequences (partial or complete) are predicted through residue-wise comparisons with the databases. RECOVIR uses unique characterizing residues to identify automatically strains of partial or complete capsid sequences of picorna and caliciviruses, two of the most highly diverse ssRNA virus families. Partition-wise comparisons of the database residues with the corresponding residues of more than 300 complete and partial sequences of these viruses resulted in correct strain identification for all of these sequences. This study shows the feasibility of creating databases of hitherto unknown residues uniquely characterizing the capsid sequences of two of the most highly divergent ssRNA virus families. These databases enable automated strain identification from partial or complete capsid sequences of these human and animal pathogens.
Discovery of Alpha-1-Proteinase Inhibitor Binding Peptides from the Screening of a Solid Phase Combinatorial Peptide Library (2000)

Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI, also known as alpha-1-antitrypsin), a blood plasma protein, was radiolabeled and screened against a portion of a hexameric, solid-phase combinatorial peptide library. The screening of 2% of a library containing 34 million peptides yielded 19 sequences. All 19 sequences bound A1PI when immobilized to a chromatographic support, but with varying avidities. Several of these sequences proved capable of purifyingA1PI from aqueous mixtures with human serum albumin and from Effluent II+III, a process intermediate in the Cohn plasma fractionation process. A single chromatography step was shown to provide high yields with significant purification and no measurable loss in activity.
Design of General Manifold Multiplexers (1979)

The direct analytical design process for arbitrary multiplexers given in a previous paper is extended to the case of bandpass channel filters connected to a uniform-impedance manifold (e.g., a length of waveguide or transmission line). The previous approximations are greatly improved by adding immittance compensation in a way which not only preserves the canonic form of the network but also assists in the physical construction by spacing the filters along a manifold. The phase shifters between channels are themselves sufficient to compensate the filter interactions to such an extent that contiguous channeling cases are designable. The results are presented mainly in closed form requiring minimal computer optimization. Analysis of multiplexers with frequency-dependent manifolds indicate that there are restrictions on the total bandwidth, but a ten-channel multiplexer is probably feasible, suitable for input and output multiplexers required in typical communications systems. Practical results on a simple manifold triplexer are presented.
Estimation of Depolarization Ratio Using Weather Radars with Simultaneous Transmission/Reception (2017)

Abstract A new methodology for estimating the depolarization ratio (DR) by dual-polarization radars with simultaneous transmission/reception of orthogonally polarized waves together with traditionally measured differential reflectivity Z DR , correlation coefficient ρ hυ , and differential phase Φ DP in a single mode of operation is suggested. This depolarization ratio can serve as a proxy for circular depolarization ratio measured by radars with circular polarization. The suggested methodology implies the use of a high-power phase shifter to control the system differential phase on transmission and a special signal processing to eliminate the detrimental impact of differential phase on the estimate of DR. The feasibility of the suggested approach has been demonstrated by retrieving DR from the standard polarimetric variables and the raw in-phase I and quadrature Q components of radar signals and by implementing the scheme on a C-band radar with simultaneous transmission/reception of horizontally and vertically polarized waves. Possible practical implications of using DR include the detection of hail and the determination of its size above the melting layer, the discrimination between various habits of ice aloft, and the possible identification and quantification of riming, which is associated with the presence of supercooled cloud water. Some examples of these applications are presented.
Clinical Relevance and Therapeutic Significance of MicroRNA-133a Expression Profiles and Functions in Malignant Osteosarcoma-Initiating Cells (2013)

Novel strategies against treatment-resistant tumor cells remain a challenging but promising therapeutic approach. Despite accumulated evidence suggesting the presence of highly malignant cell populations within tumors, the unsolved issues such as in vivo targeting and clinical relevance remain. Here, we report a preclinical trial based on the identified molecular mechanisms underlying osteosarcoma-initiating cells and their clinical relevance. We identified key microRNAs (miRNAs) that were deregulated in a highly malignant CD133(high) population and found that miR-133a regulated the cell invasion that characterizes a lethal tumor phenotype. Silencing of miR-133a with locked nucleic acid (LNA) reduced cell invasion of this cell population, and systemic administration of LNA along with chemotherapy suppressed lung metastasis and prolonged the survival of osteosarcoma-bearing mice. Furthermore, in a clinical study, high expression levels of CD133 and miR-133a were significantly correlated with poor prognosis, whereas high expression levels of the four miR-133a target genes were correlated with good prognosis. Overall, silencing of miR-133a with concurrent chemotherapy would represent a novel strategy that targets multiple regulatory pathways associated with metastasis of the malignant cell population within osteosarcoma.
A constrained line search approach to general discriminative HMM training (2007)

Recently, we proposed a novel optimization algorithm called constrained line search (CLS) to train Gaussian mean vectors of HMMs in the MMI sense. In this paper, we extend and re-formulate it in a more general framework. The new CLS can optimize any discriminative objective functions including MMI, MCE, MPE/MWE etc. Also, closed-form solutions to update all Gaussian mixture parameters, including means, covariances and mixture weights, are obtained. We investigate the new CLS on several benchmark speech recognition databases, including TIDIGITS, Switchboard mini-train and Switchboard full h5train00 sets. Experimental results show that the new CLS optimization method outperforms the conventional EBW method in both performance and convergence behavior.
Development of a Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation Procedure with Hydrogen Peroxide as the Oxidant (2004)

Novel pyboxazines and the known pybox ligands are used in the ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with H2O2 (see scheme). This new catalytic system is successful in the conversion of differently substituted aromatic olefins and gives ee values of up to 84 %.
Joining of Multiple Duplex Stems at a Single Quadruplex Loop (2014)

We report here the formation of stable DNA quadruplex-duplex hybrid complexes harboring multiple duplex stems within the same loop of a quadruplex structure. The folding topology of a two-stem quadruplex-duplex hybrid construct was validated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This multi-stem incorporation principle is applicable at different loop positions of the same quadruplex construct and could be extended to three or more duplex stems, giving rise to a diverse range of possible structures. These multi-stem complexes offer new design principles for the assembly of DNA architectures. The potential existence of such complex motifs in genomic sequences could have biological implications and would represent novel targets for drug development.
Strontium vanadate: An ultra-low work function electron emission material (2015)

Strontium vanadate, SrVO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , is a transition metal perovskite oxide with a low predicted work function of 1.79 eV using Density Functional Theory. Alloying SrVO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> with Ba resulted in Ba segregation to the emitting surface, producing an ultra-low work function of only 1.07 eV. This Ba-enriched emitting surface is predicted to be very long-lived compared to Ba-impregnated W and scandate cathodes.
Compact snapshot birefringent imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (2010)

The design and implementation of a compact multiple-image Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) is presented. Based on the multiple-image FTS originally developed by A. Hirai, the presented device offers significant advantages over his original implementation. Namely, its birefringent nature results in a common-path interferometer which makes the spectrometer insensitive to vibration. Furthermore, it enables the potential of making the instrument ultra-compact, thereby improving the portability of the sensor. The theory of the birefringent FTS is provided, followed by details of its specific embodiment. A laboratory proof of concept of the sensor, designed and developed at the Optical Detection Lab, is also presented. Spectral measurements of laboratory sources are provided, including measurements of light-emitting diodes and gas-discharge lamps. These spectra are verified against a calibrated Ocean Optics USB2000 spectrometer. Other data were collected outdoors, demonstrating the sensor's ability to resolve spectral signatures in standard outdoor lighting and environmental conditions.
Light scattering from nonspherical airborne particles: experimental and theoretical comparisons (1994)

A laser light-scattering instrument has been designed to permit an investigation of the spatial intensity distribution of light scattered by individual airborne particles constrained within a laminar flow, with a view to providing a means of classifying the particles in terms of their shape and size. Ultimately, a means of detecting small concentrations of potentially hazardous particles, such as asbestos fiber, is sought. The instrument captures data relating to the spatial distribution of light scattered from individual particles in flow. As part of an investigation to optimize orientation control over particles within the sample airstream, the instrument has been challenged with nonspherical particles of defined shape and size, and a simple theoretical treatment based on the Rayleigh-Gans formalism has been used to model the spatial intensity distribution of light scattered from these particle types and hence derive particle orientation data. Both experimental and theoretical scattering data arepresented, showing good agreement for all particle types examined.
Optimization of Process Condition for Perfect Erasing Machine for Decolorable Toner (2006)

We have developed a perfect erasing technology to erase an image printed on a sheet of paper, with decolorable toner. The decolorable toner has leuco dye colored with developer. Heating discolors the toner due to dissociation of the dye and the developer. A human cannot recognize an image subdivided into pieces and equal brightness image against the background. These facts are known to be an area effect and a Liebmann effect in perception psychology. The image eraser has an erasing process consists of rubbing, dust cleaning and heating. After the process, a trace of the original image, such as a character, cannot be recognized. This method has achieved both complete destruction of information and renewal of the printed paper. We revealed principal factors for the erasing quality and the optimum process conditions. We demonstrated a new concept.
Memory-constrained 3D wavelet transform for video coding without boundary effects (2002)

Three-dimensional (3D) wavelet-based scalable video coding provides a viable alternative to standard MC-DCT coding. However, many current 3D wavelet coders experience severe boundary effects across group of pictures (GOP) boundaries. This paper proposes a memory-efficient transform technique via lifting that effectively computes wavelet transforms of a video sequence continuously on the fly, thus eliminating the boundary effects due to limited length of individual GOPs. Coding results show that the proposed scheme completely eliminates the boundary effects and gives superb video playback quality.
All-Dielectric Compound Metaoptics (2019)

Lossless, reflectionless metasurfaces are generally limited to impressing phase shifts onto incident wavefronts, and can therefore only manipulate their phase profiles. However, two such metasurfaces placed along a common axis form a compound metaoptic, and can convert an incident complex-valued field to a desired complex-valued field. Here, we show that compound metaoptics at optical frequencies can form desired field patterns when the metasurfaces are separated by a few wavelengths, without relying on reflection, absorption, or polarization losses. With these properties, compound metaoptics are likely to find applications in complex-valued holography, camouflage, and forming custom near- and far-field radiation patterns.
Training for knee injury prevention using a pivoting elliptical machine (2008)

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured knee ligament in sports-related activities, especially in pivoting sports. In general, knee joint movements about the off-axes are much more limited and musculoskeletal injuries are usually associated with excessive loading/movement about the off-axes. The purposes of this project were to develop an injury prevention program including a pivoting elliptical exercise machine to address the specific ACL injury mechanisms, especially in women. ACL injury prevention training was carried out to target the specific injury mechanisms associated with tibial rotation. The pivoting elliptical training improved the off-axis neuromuscular control considerably. Training-induced neuromuscular changes in tibial rotation were assessed with multiple outcome measures.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the α‐Mannosidase Inhibitors Swainsonine ((1S,2R,8R,8aR)‐1,2,8‐Trihydroxyoctahydroindolizine) and 1,4‐Dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐mannitol from Mannose. (1987)

Abstract The compound (I), readily available from D‐mannose (yield: 83%), is converted to the synthon (VII) as shown.