gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tau‐positive dial Inclusions in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Degeneration and Pick's Disease (1999)

The presence of tau-positive glial inclusions has been recently found a consistent feature in the brains of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and Pick's disease (PiD). These inclusions are classified based on cellular origin as tau-positive astrocytes, presumably either fibrillary or protoplasmic, coiled bodies and glial threads. Immunohistochemically, their major structural component is abnormal tau proteins, similar to those found in Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, their morphology, including ultrastructural profile, has been suggested to be distinctive for each disease. The profile and extent of particular glial inclusions correlate well with disease phenotype. Highly characteristic correlations include tufts of abnormal fibers in PSP, astrocytic plaques and dense glial threads in CBD and ramified astrocytes and small Pick body-like inclusions in PiD. The significance of the inclusions in disease pathogenesis and their biochemical characteristics remain to be clarified. Nevertheless, these distinctive glial lesions most likely reflect fundamental alterations in isoform composition of tau as well as its specific cellular and regional expression in sporadic tauopathies.
<title>Electrical activation of PAN-Pt artificial muscles</title> (1999)

Activated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers are known to elongate and contract when immersed in caustic and acidic solutions, respectively. The change in length for these pH activated fibers is greater than 100% and are comparable in strength to human muscle, yet need of strong acids and bases for actuation has limited the use of PAN fibers as linear actuators or artificial muscles. Increasing the conductivity of PAN by depositing platinum within the fibers has allowed for electrical activation of PAN artificial muscles when it is placed in an electrochemical cell. The electrolysis of water in such a cell produces hydrogen ions at a PAN anode, thus locally decreasing the pH and causing the PAN muscle to contract. Reversing the electric field allows the PAN muscle to elongate. A 40% change in PAN muscle length in less than 10 minutes is observed when it is placed as an electrode in a 10 mM NaCl electrolyte solution and connected to a 20 volt power supply. These initial results indicate potential in developing electrically activated PAN muscles and linear actuators, which would be much more applicable than chemically activated PAN.
HIGH-PRESSURE CATALYTIC HYDRATION OF OLEFINS OVER VARIOUS PROTON-EXCHANGED ZEOLITES (1986)

Abstract Catalytic hydration of ethylene, propylene, and 1-butene to alcohol was investigated at high pressures using proton-exchanged zeolites. All the zeolites more or less exhibited the hydration activities. Pentasil- and ferrierite-type zeolites were the most active among the zeolite catalysts. The activities of zeolite catalysts are correlated with the amount of adsorbed water, indicating that hydrophobic acid sites are effective for olefin hydration.
Analysis of two formaldehyde oxidation pathways in Methylobacillus flagellatus KT, a ribulose monophosphate cycle methylotroph The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences of 2502 nt containing gndA and part of zwf, and of 2685 nt containing mch, are AF167580 and AF139592, respectively. (2000)

The roles of cyclic formaldehyde oxidation via 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and linear oxidation via the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT)-linked pathway were assessed in an obligate methylotroph, Methylobacillus flagellatus KT, by cloning, sequencing and mutating two chromosomal regions containing genes encoding enzymes specifically involved in these pathways: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and methenyl H4MPT cyclohydrolase (gndA, zwf and mch). No null mutants were obtained in gndA or zwf, implying that the cyclic oxidation of formaldehyde is required for C1 metabolism in this obligate methylotroph, probably as the main energy-generating pathway. In contrast, null mutants were generated in mch, indicating that the H4MPT-linked pathway is dispensable. These mutants showed enhanced sensitivity to formaldehyde, suggesting that this pathway plays a secondary physiological role in this methylotroph. This function is in contrast to Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, in which the H4MPT-linked pathway is essential.
A novel converter topology for multiple individually regulated outputs (2006)

Power supply voltages in digital systems have reduced considerably in recent years, and often digital components requiring different voltages are present on the same board. This has increased the demand for multiple output power distribution systems with tight individual load voltage regulation. This paper presents a power distribution system having a central power supply that acts as a controlled current source whose output is connected to individual loads on a time shared basis. All the magnetics are concentrated in the converter acting as the current source. The current source can be realized by a current controlled buck, buck-boost, or single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC). First, a comparative analysis of buck, buck-boost, and SEPIC based implementation of the current source is carried out. Next, a buck-based current source implementation with constant frequency pulse-width modulation control for the output voltages is described. Detailed component and control design, simulations, and experimental results for a 100-W prototype are presented.
Molar absorptivities of human hemoglobin in the visible spectral range (1983)

In a recent paper, Burkhard and Barnikol (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 52: 124-130, 1982) claimed that the absorption spectra of human (oxy-)hemoglobin are dependent on the total hemoglobin concentration (CHb) and it is suggested that this might also be the case with cyanmethemoglobin (HiCN). Such relationships would invalidate the widely used spectrophotometric methods for the determination of total hemoglobin and the fractions of various hemoglobin derivatives in human blood. Although Burkhard and Barnikol's findings are rather improbable considering earlier data, we measured the millimolar absorptivities of oxyhemoglobin (epsilon HbO2) and cyanmethemoglobin (epsilon HiCN) at various wavelengths over a wide range of concentrations (CHb approximately equal to 0.004-10 mmol x 1(-1)), using two different types of spectrophotometers. epsilon HbO2 and epsilon HiCN proved to be independent of CHb. Moreover the values obtained confirmed those in the earlier literature, whereas those of Burkhard and Barnikol are some 30% higher. Consequently there is no reason to doubt the validity of the generally accepted millimolar absorptivities of human hemoglobin.
Molecular Imaging of Immunotherapy Targets in Cancer (2016)

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative in the arsenal against cancer by harnessing the power of the immune system to specifically target malignant tissues. As the field of immunotherapy continues to expand, researchers will require newer methods for studying the interactions between the immune system, tumor cells, and immunotherapy agents. Recently, several noninvasive imaging strategies have been used to map the biodistribution of immune checkpoint molecules, monitor the efficacy and potential toxicities of the treatments, and identify patients who are likely to benefit from immunotherapies. In this review, we outline the current applications of noninvasive techniques for the preclinical imaging of immunotherapy targets and suggest future pathways for molecular imaging to contribute to this developing field.
Inhibitory effects of CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptor agonists on responses of DRG neurons and dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic rats (2005)

Cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor mediated antinociception and increased levels of spinal CB2 receptor mRNA are reported in neuropathic Sprague-Dawley rats. The aim of this study was to provide functional evidence for a role of peripheral, vs. spinal, CB2 and cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in neuropathic rats. Effects of the CB2 receptor agonist, JWH-133, and the CB1 receptor agonist, arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA), on primary afferent fibres were determined by calcium imaging studies of adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons taken from neuropathic and sham-operated rats. Capsaicin (100 nm) increased [Ca2+]i in DRG neurons from sham and neuropathic rats. JWH-133 (3 microm) or ACEA (1 microm) significantly (P<0.001) attenuated capsaicin-evoked calcium responses in DRG neurons in neuropathic and sham-operated rats. The CB2 receptor antagonist, SR144528, (1 microm) significantly inhibited the effects of JWH-133. Effects of ACEA were significantly inhibited by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (1 microm). In vivo experiments evaluated the effects of spinal administration of JWH-133 (8-486 ng/50 microL) and ACEA (0.005-500 ng/50 microL) on mechanically evoked responses of neuropathic and sham-operated rats. Spinal JWH-133 attenuated mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons in neuropathic, but not sham-operated rats. These inhibitory effects were blocked by SR144528 (0.001 microg/50 microL). Spinal ACEA inhibited mechanically evoked responses of neuropathic and sham-operated rats, these effects were blocked by SR141716A (0.01 microg/50 microL). Our data provide evidence for a functional role of CB2, as well as CB1 receptors on DRG neurons in sham and neuropathic rats. At the level of the spinal cord, CB2 receptors have inhibitory effects in neuropathic, but not sham-operated rats suggesting that spinal CB2 may be an important analgesic target.
Dynamic Optimization of High-Altitude Solar Aircraft Trajectories Under Station-Keeping Constraints (2018)

This paper demonstrates the use of nonlinear dynamic optimization to calculate energy-optimal trajectories for a high-altitude, solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while staying within a 3 km mission radius and meeting other system constraints. Solar energy capture is modeled using the vehicle orientation and solar position, and energy is stored both in batteries and in potential energy through elevation gain. Energy capture is maximized by optimally adjusting the angle of the aircraft surface relative to the sun. The UAV flight and energy system dynamics are optimized over a 24 h period at an 8 s time resolution using nonlinear model predictive control. Results of the simulated flights are presented for all four seasons, showing an 8.2% increase in end-of-day battery energy for the most limiting flight condition of the winter solstice.
Molecular MRI enables early and sensitive detection of brain metastases (2012)

Metastasis to the brain is a leading cause of cancer mortality. The current diagnostic method of gadolinium-enhanced MRI is sensitive only to larger tumors, when therapeutic options are limited. Earlier detection of brain metastases is critical for improved treatment. We have developed a targeted MRI contrast agent based on microparticles of iron oxide that enables imaging of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Our objectives here were to determine whether VCAM-1 is up-regulated on vessels associated with brain metastases, and if so, whether VCAM-1-targeted MRI enables early detection of these tumors. Early up-regulation of cerebrovascular VCAM-1 expression was evident on tumor-associated vessels in two separate murine models of brain metastasis. Metastases were detectable in vivo using VCAM-1-targeted MRI 5 d after induction (<1,000 cells). At clinical imaging resolutions, this finding is likely to translate to detection at tumor volumes two to three orders of magnitude smaller (0.3-3 × 10(5) cells) than those volumes detectable clinically (10(7)-10(8) cells). VCAM-1 expression detected by MRI increased significantly (P < 0.0001) with tumor progression, and tumors showed no gadolinium enhancement. Importantly, expression of VCAM-1 was shown in human brain tissue containing both established metastases and micrometastases. Translation of this approach to the clinic could increase therapeutic options and change clinical management in a substantial number of cancer patients.
A fault-tolerant commit protocol for replicated databases (1992)

When failures occur during the execution of distributed commit protocols, the protocols may block in some partitions to avoid inconsistent termination of the transaction, thus making data items in these partitions unavailable for accesses. We present a protocol that incorporates two new ideas with the goal of improving data availability. First, a new two-level voting scheme is proposed for deciding in which partitions to terminate the transaction. In this scheme, a choice is made based on the number of data items available in the partition rather than on the number of individual nodes. Indeed, in replicated systems, a criterion based on the number of nodes may be misleading. Second, we propose a way to reduce blocking caused by accumulating network fragmentation. The idea employs the views mechanism previously used in replica management.
Sarcopenia: Current Concepts and Imaging Implications (2015)

Sarcopenia-defined as significant loss of muscle-is associated with cachexia and frailty. Specific diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia continue to evolve, but imaging can play a role in the detection and quantification of muscle depletion. Emerging evidence indicates that sarcopenia is a relevant predictor of quality and quantity of life, particularly in patients who are elderly, have cancer, or undergo surgery.
Inhibitor treatment of peripheral mononuclear cells from Parkinson’s disease patients further validates LRRK2 dephosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker (2016)

Activating mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are strongly associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are in development as potential Parkinson's disease therapeutics. A reduction in the constitutive levels of phosphorylation on leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is currently used to measure target engagement of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in cell and animal models. We aimed to determine if reduced phosphorylation of LRRK2 following inhibitor treatment is also a valid measure of target engagement in peripheral mononuclear cells from Parkinson's disease patients. Peripheral mononuclear cells from idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients and controls were treated ex vivo with two structurally distinct inhibitors of LRRK2, at four different doses, and immunoblotting was used to assess the reduction in LRRK2 phosphorylation at Ser910, Ser935, Ser955 and Ser973. Both inhibitors showed no acute toxicity in primary cells and both inhibitors reduced the constitutive phosphorylation of LRRK2 at all measured residues equally in both control and Parkinson's disease groups. Measuring the reduction in LRRK2 phosphorylation resulting from LRRK2 kinase inhibition, is thus a valid measure of acute peripheral target engagement in Parkinson's disease patients. This is important if LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are to be used in a clinical setting.
Antibacterial Effect of Myrtus Communis Hydro-Alcoholic Extract on Pathogenic Bacteria (2013)

Background: Today, due to the changes in the form of the resistance of pathogenic bacteria, discovering new antimicrobial drugs is under study. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the extract of the myrtle herb on some of pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of myrtle herb was evaluated at 4 concentrations including 10-80 mg/ml on four strains of pathogenic bacteria using penetrative dissemination method together with the measuring diameter of the growth inhibition zone; then the results were compared to four conventional antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were studied using macro dilution method. Results: Treatment by the concentration of 80 mg/ml extract of this herb showed the greatest effect on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholera serotype Ogawa which had a significant difference with all other treatments and standard antibiotics (p> 0.05). The extract showed no effect on the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and just concentration of 80 mg/ml showed a little effect on E. coli and other antibiotics had no significant effect except tetracycline which has little effect on this strain. Minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.2 mg/ml for bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the maximum for E.coli by 8 mg/ml.Conclusion: This study showed that under study bacteria were more resistant to the antibiotics and the extract of Myrtus communis leaves showed greatest antibacterial effect against S. aureus and V. cholerae cerotype Ogawa.
Dynamic Characteristics of a Fast-Response Aerosol Size Spectrometer (2008)

The fast integrated mobility spectrometer (FIMS) is a highly sensitive instrument with a fast response time. The time response of the FIMS is limited by the mixing of the aerosol in the inlet of the instrument, which “smears” the detected aerosol over a range of time. The response time is also limited by the different transit times that particles experience in the instrument due to differences in particle classification trajectories. Experiments show that the difference in particle transit times can be corrected using a simple model of the particle trajectories. Furthermore, the “smearing” effects in the inlet can be corrected by de-convolving the time series of particle counts (the temporal de-convolution) in each size bin before inverting the data. The dynamic response of the FIMS was investigated by measuring an aerosol subjected to a step-change and sinusoidal-change in number concentration. The attenuation of the FIMS signal, without using the temporal de-convolution, was measured with and without an aerosol neutralizer in the FIMS inlet. Due to its large internal volume, the neutralizer significantly slows down the time response of the FIMS when installed in the inlet. For a sinusoidal signal at 0.33 Hz, the measured attenuation of the FIMS without the neutralizer was 56% versus an attenuation of 82% when the neutralizer was used. When the temporal de-convolution was applied at the same frequency, the FIMS was able to capture the full variation of the aerosol size distribution; however the random noise in the derived size distribution was amplified.
Why higher-order logic is a good formalisation for specifying and verifying hardware (2021)

Higher order logic was originally developed as a foundation for mathematics. In this paper we show how it can be used as: 1. a hardware description language, and 2. a formalism for proving that designs meet their specifications. Examples are given which illustrate various specification and verification techniques. These include a CMOS inverter, a CMOS full adder, an n-bit ripple-carry adder, a sequential multiplier and an edge-triggered D-type register.
Expression of P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunits in rat carotid body afferent neurones: role in chemosensory signalling (2001)

Graphical Abstract Abstract figure legend HCN channels play an evolutionarily conserved pacemaker role in renal pelvic smooth muscle (RPSM) of lower and higher order mammals. The function of hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channels in smooth muscle pacemakers remains controversial. Renal pelvic smooth muscle pacemakers trigger smooth muscle contractions that expel waste from the kidney, and HCN channels have been localized to these pacemaker tissues. To date, however, the mechanisms underlying RPSM pacemaker activity remain elusive. RPSM pacemaker activity was investigated in both lower (top left) and higher order (bottom left) mammalian models, which exhibit divergent upper urinary tract anatomies. We performed morphological and functional studies from the single-molecule to the whole-organ level and showed that HCN channels drive RPSM pacemaker activity. RPSM pacemakers (boxed regions) integrated into the muscular syncytium, expressed HCN channels on their plasmalemma and exhibited the Ih ‘funny’ pacemaker current conducted by HCN channels. Critically, HCN channel block abolished electrical pacemaker activity and peristaltic smooth muscle contractions in both lower and higher order mammalian upper urinary tracts. Thus, HCN channels play an evolutionarily conserved pacemaker role in RPSM pacemakers.
Review of recent advances in carbon dioxide separation and capture (2013)

This review provides a comprehensive assessment of recently improved carbon dioxide (CO2) separation and capture systems, used in power plants and other industrial processes. Different approaches for CO2 capture are pre-combustion, post-combustion capture, and oxy-combustion systems, which are reviewed, along with their advantages and disadvantages. New technologies and prospective “breakthrough technologies”, for instance: novel solvents, sorbents, and membranes for gas separation are examined. Other technologies including chemical looping technology (reaction between metal oxides and fuels, creating metal particles, carbon dioxide, and water vapor) and cryogenic separation processes (based on different phase change temperatures for various gases to separate them) are reviewed as well. Furthermore, the major CO2 separation technologies, such as absorption (using a liquid solvent to absorb the CO2), adsorption (using solid materials with surface affinity to CO2 molecules), and membranes (using a thin film to selectively permeate gases) are extensively discussed, though issues and technologies related to CO2 transport and storage are not considered in this paper.
The user-centered iterative design of collaborative writing software (1993)

This paper presents the user-centred iterative design of software that supports collaborative writing. The design grew out of a study of how people write together that included a survey of writers and a laboratory study of writing teams linked by a variety of communications media. The resulting taxonomy of collaborative writing is summarized in the paper, followed by a list of design requirements for collaborative writing software suggested by the work. The paper describes two designs of the software. The first prototype supports synchronous writing and editing from workstations linked over local area and wide area networks. The second prototype also supports brainstorming, outlining, and document review, as well as asynchronous work. Lessons learned from the user testing and actual usage of the two systems are also presented.
Mapping the malaria parasite druggable genome by using in vitro evolution and chemogenomics (2018)

Chemogenetic characterization through in vitro evolution combined with whole-genome analysis can identify antimalarial drug targets and drug-resistance genes. We performed a genome analysis of 262 <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> parasites resistant to 37 diverse compounds. We found 159 gene amplifications and 148 nonsynonymous changes in 83 genes associated with drug-resistance acquisition, where gene amplifications contributed to one-third of resistance acquisition events. Beyond confirming previously identified multidrug-resistance mechanisms, we discovered hitherto unrecognized drug target-inhibitor pairs, including thymidylate synthase and a benzoquinazolinone, farnesyltransferase and a pyrimidinedione, and a dipeptidylpeptidase and an arylurea. This exploration of the <i>P. falciparum</i> resistome and druggable genome will likely guide drug discovery and structural biology efforts, while also advancing our understanding of resistance mechanisms available to the malaria parasite.
Tangible interfaces for remote communication and collaboration (1998)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 1998.