gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cool Steam Method for Desalinating Seawater (2019)

Cool steam is an innovative distillation technology based on low-temperature thermal distillation (LTTD), which allows obtaining fresh water from non-safe water sources with substantially low energy consumption. LTTD consists of distilling at low temperatures by lowering the working pressure and making the most of low-grade heat sources (either natural or artificial) to evaporate water and then condensate it at a cooler heat sink. To perform the process, an external heat source is needed that provides the latent heat of evaporation and a temperature gradient to maintain the distillation cycle. Depending on the available temperature gradient, several stages can be implemented, leading to a multi-stage device. The cool steam device can thus be single or multi-stage, being raw water fed to every stage from the top and evaporated in contact with the warmer surface within the said stage. Acting as a heat carrier, the water vapor travels to the cooler surface and condensates in contact with it. The latent heat of condensation is then conducted through the conductive wall to the next stage. Net heat flux is then established from the heat source until the heat sink, allowing distilling water inside every parallel stage.
BigMaC: Reactive Network-Wide Policy Caching for SDN Policy Enforcement (2018)

Enforcing network policies is critical for service deployments over software-defined networks (SDN). Most existing studies suggest proactively compiling policies into flow entries in the data plane and updating the installed entries when necessary. With a growing amount of applications, taking a proactive approach may overflow underlying switch memory. Meanwhile, certain policies can be frequently updated. Such updates may propagate across configurations in the network, leading to a long time for correctness validation. To improve both the scalability and the flexibility of SDN policy enforcement, we advocate reactively deploying network policies in the data plane. To this end, we propose a network-wide policy enforcement framework named BigMaC. BigMaC advertises a neat policy model for network managers to specify various network policies as rules. It then caches the rules as flow entries in the switches reactively on demand. One major challenge for the BigMaC design is to guarantee the consistency of defined policies and cached entries in the network. To maintain consistency with efficient table usage and simple updates, we group rules into buckets and perform rule caching in the unit of buckets. With trace-driven simulations, we verify that BigMaC can significantly save table space and reduce update complexity compared to prior proposals.
Sensitivity Analysis of Lithium Ion Battery Parameters to Degradation of Anode Lithium Ion Concentration (2019)

The State of Health (SOH) of the battery is often represented either using the decrease in the capacity of the battery or the increase in the internal resistance of the battery. While these indices are commonly used, they do not provide any insight on the reasons for the degradation of the health of the battery. Understanding battery aging and the impact it has on the working/performance of the battery is required to determine the State of Function (SOF) of the battery for that particular application. The SOF of the battery can provide information on the current applicability of the battery to the application. The Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of the battery is also highly dependent on the current and past operating conditions. Determining the reason behind the degradation and the impact on the health can also help determine the RUL or provide feedback to the user on alternate usage patterns to prolong the RUL. This paper uses a first principle based degradation model to determine the sensitivity of the terminal voltage and capacity of the battery to the degradation of the concentration of lithium ions in the anode/negative electrode.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chemically Pure Nanometer-Thin Zero-Valent Iron Films and Their Surfaces (2014)

The synthesis and characterization of 15, 25, 50, and 70 nm thin iron films having chemical impurities below the detection limit of various analytical techniques is reported. As established herein, the films are chemically pure and formed by electron beam deposition from inexpensive and readily available iron sources of 3N5 purity. Chemical purity of the thin films was achieved using mean deposition rates of 0.3 nm/s or higher, at which point the melting point of iron is reached at the iron source surface and a shutter is opened, from which point on the rate of transfer of impurities present in the source to the target is low enough that they are not observed in the film as confirmed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reported here for energies between 0 and 1200 eV. Nanoindentation measurements indicate the iron films to be 14 times harder than bulk iron. The iron films are shown by XPS to be coated with a 3 nm thin overlayer of Fe3+, which is possibly present in the form of Fe3O4, even though other forms of iron oxide are likely to be present as well, as indicated by Raman and XPS spectroscopy. Grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction experiments indicate the presence of crystalline Fe0 with low index faces exposed but no crystallinity of the iron oxide overlayer. Atomic force microscopy of the iron film surfaces indicates narrowing and shifts to lower heights in the height distribution of nanoscale features formed during the film deposition process as the film thickness decreases. Second harmonic generation is then used to determine that the interfacial charge density of the thinnest iron film is −0.007(3) C/m2 at pH 7.
Optimizing frame structure for interactive multiview video streaming with viewsynthesis (2011)

Traditional multiview video coding schemes compress all captured video frames exploiting all possible inter-view and temporal frame correlation for coding gain, creating complex inter-frame dependencies in the process. In contrast, interactive multiview video streaming (IMVS) demands data navigation flexibility in the frame structure design, so that server can send only a single periodically selected video view for decoding and display at client, saving transmission bandwidth. In this paper, we generalize previous IMVS frame structure optimization to allow a client to request an arbitrary virtual view; i.e., the server sends two adjacent coded views for the client to synthesize the desired virtual view. Since existing IMVS schemes transmit only one view at a time, they employ only cross-time pre diction; i.e., the frame of previous time instant from which the client switches is used as predictor for the requested view. In our new scenario, two coded views are transmitted, thus within-time prediction can also be used, where the coded frame of one transmitted view is used to predict the frame of the other view of same time instant. Using I-frames, P-frames and Merge (M-) frames as building blocks, we formulate a Lagrangian problem to find the optimal frame structure for a desired storage/streaming rate tradeoff, with the right mixture of cross-time / within-time prediction types. Experiments show that for the same storage cost, the expected streaming rate of the proposed structure can be 40% lower than that of the I-frame-only structure, and 9% lower than that of the structure using M-frames but with cross-time prediction only.
DirCast: A practical and efficient Wi-Fi multicast system (2009)

IP multicast applications such as live lecture broadcasts are being increasingly used in enterprise and campus networks. In many cases, end hosts access these multicast streams using Wi-Fi networks. However, multicast over Wi-Fi suffers from several well-known problems such as low data rate, high losses and unfairness vis-a-vis other contending unicast transmissions. In this paper we present DirCast, a system to solve many of these problems. DirCast requires no changes to the 802.11 MAC protocol or the wireless access points. Software changes are required on clients only if they wish to participate in multicast sessions. The aim of DirCast system is to minimize the airtime consumed by the multicast traffic, while simultaneously improving client experience. To meet these goals, the DirCast converts multicast packets to unicast packets targeted to certain selected clients; other clients receive these packets by listening in promiscuous mode. The target clients are carefully selected to minimize loss rate experienced by the non-targeted clients. If necessary, clients are forced to change the AP they are associated with. In addition, DirCast uses proactive adaptive FEC to further reduce the loss rate and implements a novel virtual multicast interface in order to be compatible with the security needs of the enterprise. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DirCast using extensive experiments in a Wi-Fi prototype implementation and through large-scale simulations.
Power Technology for Application-Specific Scenarios of High Altitude Airships (2005)

The High Altitude Airship (HAA) has various potential applications and mission scenarios that require onboard energy harvesting and power distribution systems. The energy source considered for HAAs is solar photon energy that allows the use of either photovoltaic (PV) cells or advanced thermoelectric (ATE) converters. Both PV cells and an ATE system were briefly compared to identify the advantages of ATE for HAA applications in this study. Utilizing the estimated high efficiency of a three-staged ATE in a tandem mode, the ATE generates a higher quantity of harvested energy than PV cells for mission scenarios. When the ATE performance figure of merit of 5 is considered, the cascaded efficiency of a three-staged ATE system approaches an overall efficiency greater than 60%. Based on this estimated efficiency, the configuration of a HAA and the power utility modules are defined.
A Two-Step Time Of Arrival Estimation Algorithm For Impulse Radio Ultra Wideband Systems (2005)

High time resolution of ultra wideband (UWB) signals facilitates very precise positioning capabilities based on time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements. Although the theoretical lower bound for TOA estimation can be achieved by the maximum likelihood principle, it is impractical due to the need for extremely high-rate sampling and the presence of large number of multipath components. On the other hand, the conventional correlation-based algorithm, which serially searches possible signal delays, takes a very long time to estimate the TOA of a received UWB signal. Moreover, the first signal path does not always have the strongest correlation output. Therefore, first path detection algorithms need to be considered. In this paper, a data-aided two-step TOA estimation algorithm is proposed. In order to speed up the estimation process, the first step estimates the rough TOA of the received signal based on received signal energy. Then, in the second step, the arrival time of the first signal path is estimated by considering a hypothesis testing approach. The proposed scheme uses low-rate correlation outputs, and is able to perform accurate TOA estimation in reasonable time intervals. The simulation results are presented to analyze the performance of the estimator.
Resource Scheduling for Composite Multimedia Objects (1998)

Scheduling algorithms for composite multimedia presentations need to ensure that the user-defined synchronization constraints for the various presentation components are met. This requirement gives rise to task models that are significantly more complex than the models employed in scheduling theory and practice. In this paper, we formulate the resource scheduling problems for composite multimedia objects and develop novel efficient scheduling algorithms drawing on a number of techniques from pattern matching and multiprocessor scheduling. Our formulation is based on a novel sequence packing problem, where the goal is to superimpose numeric sequences (representing the objects ’ resource needs as a function of time) within a fixed capacity bin (representing the server’s resource capacity). Given the intractability of the problem, we propose heuristic solutions using a two-step approach. First, we present a “basic step ” method for packing two composite object sequences into a single, combined sequence. Second, we show how this basic step can be employed within different scheduling algorithms to obtain a playout schedule for multiple objects. More specifically, we present an algorithm based on Graham’s list-scheduling method that is provably nearoptimal for monotonic object sequences. We also suggest a number of optimizations on the base listscheduling scheme. Preliminary experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach. 1
Solid Amine CO2 Capture Sorbents (2002)

The capture of CO2 from gas streams has been achieved by the utilization of amine- enriched, solid-sorbent systems. The initial solid sorbents were generated by the chemical treatment of carbonenriched fly ash concentrates with various amine compounds. It was determined that these amine-enriched fly ash carbon concentrates performed at a 18 % CO2 capture capacity based on commercially available sorbents. Alternative oxygen rich solids, such as, silica gel, activated carbon, and molecular sieves were examined as potential sorbents for the capture of CO2 from gas streams. The chemical sorption performance of these solid amine sorbents will be described within this paper.
A Three-Terminal Dual-Pillar STT-MRAM for High-Performance Robust Memory Applications (2011)

The design of a three-terminal self-aligned dual-pillar (DP) magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) utilizing both current-induced spin-transfer torque (STT) and magnetic domain-wall motion effects is proposed for high-speed nonvolatile robust memory applications. The choice of a thin tunneling oxide (~0.9 nm) in a write-in port, spatially and electrically separated from a read-out port incorporating a thicker (~1.8 nm) oxide on an extended thin-film multilayer stack, significantly improves the overall cell stability and parametric process yield of a memory array. A dual-bit-line memory architecture incorporating a single-ended voltage-sensing scheme for fast data readout with just one access transistor per cell is also proposed for the first time. The technology-circuit cooptimization of the proposed single-transistor (1T) DP STT magnetic random access memory (MRAM) cell is carried out using effective mass-based transport simulations in nonequilibrium Green's function formalism and accurate micromagnetic simulations involving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski equation. The proposed DP STT-MRAM bit cell outperforms a state-of-the-art 1T-1MTJ STT-MRAM cell in terms of higher cell tunneling magnetoresistance, simplified memory array architecture with a single supply for read/write, and significantly lower probability of disturb and access failures under parametric process variations with a marginal increase in critical switching current.
Temperature sensing in optical fibers using cladding and jacket loss effects (1981)

A theoretical analysis is given of methods using transmission intensity effects in optical fibers as temperature sensors. The underlying mechanism involves temperature-dependent coupling of the evanescent field through a relatively thin cladding layer onto a lossy jacket. The temperature dependence comes about through the refractive indices of the core and cladding materials, which are chosen along with the fiber dimensions to give the desired response.
Patterned direct-write and screen-printing of NIR-to-visible upconverting inks for security applications (2012)

Two methods of direct-write printing for producing highly resolved features of a polymer impregnated with luminescent upconversion phosphors for security applications are presented. The printed polymer structures range in shape from features to text. The thin polymer features were deposited by direct-write printing of atomized material as well as by screen-printing techniques. These films contain highly luminescent lanthanide-doped, rare-earth nanocrystals, β-NaYF₄:3%Er, 17%Yb, which are capped with oleic acid. This capping agent allows the nanocrystals to disperse throughout the films for full detailing of printed features. Upconversion of deposited features was obtained using a 980 nm wavelength laser with emission of upconverted light in the visible region at both 540 and 660 nm. Features were deposited onto high bond paper, Kapton®, and glass to demonstrate possible covert and forensic security printing applications, as they are printed in various features and invisible to 'naked-eye' viewing at low concentrations of nanocrystals.
Bubble-based micropump for electrically conducting liquids (2001)

This paper describes a novel pumping device without mechanical moving parts based on the periodic generation and collapse of a single vapour bubble in a channel. The channel shape is such that it creates an asymmetry in the surface tension forces, which results in a pumping effect. The principle can be implemented over a broad range of channel sizes and repetition frequencies. For illustration purposes, a particular implementation is described here where the working fluid is a salt solution in water, the channel diameters are of the order of 1 mm and the repetition frequency is between 1-10 Hz. In these conditions, the device develops a head of a few centimetres of water with typical flow rates in the range of 100 l per minute. It appears possible to increase both head and flow rate by adjusting geometrical parameters and operating conditions. A simple modification of the design would render the same principle also applicable to the pumping of non-conducting liquids.
Cancer and Telomeres—An ALTernative to Telomerase (2012)

Finding ways to target the alternative (ALT) telomere lengthening pathway found in some cancer cells could complement telomerase inhibitors currently in clinical trials.
On Datacasting of H.264/AVC over DVB-H (2005)

This paper investigates the performance of H. 264/AVC video codec in a DVB-H (Handheld) datacasting environment. DVB-H was designed to provide point-to-multipoint (PTM) broadcast/multicast type transmission to handheld, battery operated devices. Reed-Solomon (RS) forward error correcting (FEC) codes are applied to Multi-Protocol Encapsulation (MPE) section payloads, termed MPE-FEC, to deliver data over DVB-H. The bitrate overheads incurred due to the additional FEC and packetization headers are analyzed. The requirement of additional data protection in the form of MPE-FEC is illustrated with the help of simulation results.
Heartbeat optical coherence elastography: using heartbeat to measure corneal biomechanical properties (2021)

Corneal biomechanical properties are useful for the diagnosis of ocular diseases and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Elastography is one method of assessing corneal biomechanical properties but typically relies on an active source of displacement. Here, we present a passive elastography technique known as heartbeat optical coherence elastography (Hb-OCE), where corneal stiffness is quantified by measuring its response to the ocular pulse. The technique was performed before and after crosslinking, which stiffens the cornea. First, Hb-OCE was performed in situ to assess the feasibility of the technique. Next, the technique was performed in vivo, suggesting that Hb-OCE may be feasible for clinical assessment of corneal stiffness without the need for any contact or external excitation.
Feasibility study of a high-spatial resolution x-ray computed tomography using sub-pixel shift method (2015)

A high-spatial resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) adopting a sub-pixel shift method has been developed. By calculating sectional images, using plural CT datasets obtained by scanning the X-ray imager, the spatial resolution can be reduced relative to the sub-pixel size of an X-ray imager. Feasibility observations of a biomedical sample were performed using 12-keV monochromatic synchrotron radiation and a photon-counting X-ray imager 174-μm pixels in size. Four CT measurements were performed to obtain datasets at different positions of the X-ray imager. Fine sectional images were obtained successfully, and the spatial resolution was estimated as 80-μm, which corresponds to just under half the pixel size of the imager. In addition, a fine 3D image was also obtained by scanning the imager two-dimensionally.
Supercharge Pressure Compensation with New Wireline Formation Testing Method (1996)

Wireline formation testers are increasingly being used to obtain formation pressure and permeability measurements which in turn are used in geological evaluations and in designing well completions. It is generally assumed that the pressure measured by the tester probe is near formation pressure. Unfortunately, in many instances such as in low permeability formations, the mudcake is not adequate to isolate the hydrostatic pressure from the formation near the wellbore. As a result, the sandface pressure measured with the formation tester is
Biology and genetics of the presenilin proteins associated with alzheimer disease (1997)

Mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) and the homologous presenilin 2 (PS2) genes are associated with early onset familial Alzheimer Disease. We have cloned a homologue from D. melanogaster. Analysis of the genomic structure of the human PS! gene shows that there are 13 exons. The predominant transcript in brain begins at Exon 1 downstream of a TATA box and multiple STAT elements. In non-neurologic tissues some transcripts begin at an alternate initial exon, Exon 2, downstream of a GC-rich sequence. Transcripts beginning at Exon 1 splice directly to Exon 3. Exon 9 encodes residues at the beginning of the TM6-TM7 loop, and undergoes alternative splicing in leukocytes but not brain. Immunocytochemlstry shows that PS1 and PS2 are mainly in intracellular membranes. Differential solubilization with digitonin shows that the N-terminus and the TM6-TM7 loop are cytoplasmic, while the TM1-TM2 loop is intraluminal. The function of wild type or mutant PS1 and PS2 is unknown. A role in protein and membrane trafficking is compatible with studies in transfected cells and transgenic animals which show that PS1 mutations cause mismetabolism of P APR and overproduction of Aβ42, but do not alter α- and β- secretase activity. Similar quantitative changes occur in human post-mortem brain tissue.
Sequential Infection in Ferrets with Antigenically Distinct Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Viruses Boosts Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Antibodies (2015)

The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a major target of the humoral immune response following infection and/or seasonal vaccination. While antibodies targeting the receptor-binding pocket of HA possess strong neutralization capacities, these antibodies are largely strain specific and do not confer protection against antigenic drift variant or novel HA subtype-expressing viruses. In contrast, antibodies targeting the conserved stalk region of HA exhibit broader reactivity among viruses within and among influenza virus subtypes. Here, we show that sequential infection of ferrets with antigenically distinct seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses boosts the antibody responses directed at the HA stalk region. Moreover, ferrets possessing HA stalk-specific antibody were protected against novel H1N1 virus infection and did not transmit the virus to naive contacts.