gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
560. Optimization of E. coli Fermentation for Plasmid DNA Production (2005)

Bacterial plasmids are the vectors of choice for DNA vaccines and gene therapeutics. Growing plasmid DNA by microbial fermentation (E. coli) is usually combined with alkaline lysis/chromatography methods of purification. As gene therapy and DNA vaccines advance to FDA approval, it is essential to devise industrial processes whereby DNA can be economically manufactured not just at the gram scale, but at the kilogram scale and beyond. To date, optimal plasmid fermentation media and processes result in yields of 100-200mg plasmid DNA/liter of culture medium, using standard high copy pUC origin containing plasmids. In order to address this initial and yield-limiting upstream step, we developed plasmid media, and identified novel fermentation control parameters, for both batch and fed-batch fermentation. The resulting batch and fed-batch fermentation strategies significantly increase specific plasmid yield with respect to cell mass while enhancing plasmid integrity and maintaining supercoil content. Fed-batch fermentation productivity exceeding 1000mg plasmid DNA/L fermentation media has been obtained with pUC origin containing plasmids. This five to ten fold increase in plasmid yield dramatically decreases plasmid manufacturing costs, and improves the effectiveness of downstream purification by reducing the fraction of impurities.
DCT mode conversions for field/frame coded MPEG video (2002)

Several compressed-domain based processing methods such as video downscaling, filtering, inverse motion compensation, etc. have been developed for MPEG compressed digital video. These processing methods assume that the underlying MPEG video was coded in only one mode, namely, frame or field mode. In order to support both frame and field-mode coded video, in this paper, we present a fast algorithm for converting a sequence of DCT blocks in the field mode to a sequence of blocks whose DCT's represent frame-mode coding. A multiplier-free implementation for this algorithm is also developed in this paper. In a typical coding setup, used in MPEG-2, simulations indicate that the image quality degradations resulting from the multiplier-free implementation is around 0.5-1.0 dB; however, a factor of two speedup is obtained compared with a traditional spatial-domain approach.
N‐Isoquinolin‐5‐yl‐N′‐aralkyl‐urea and ‐amide Antagonists of Human Vanilloid Receptor 1. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Degradation Mechanism of Small Molecule-Based Organic Light-Emitting Devices (1999)

Studies on the long-term degradation of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ3), the most widely used electroluminescent molecule, reveal that injection of holes in AlQ3 is the main cause of device degradation. The transport of holes into AlQ3 caused a decrease in its fluorescence quantum efficiency, thus showing that cationic AlQ3 species are unstable and that their degradation products are fluorescence quenchers. These findings explain the success of different approaches to stabilizing OLEDs, such as doping of the hole transport layer, introducing a buffer layer at the hole-injecting contact, and using mixed emitting layers of hole and electron transporting molecules.
Abstract 5584: DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) elicits long-term T-cell responses in patients with recurrent prostate cancer (2010)

Abstract Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a tumor antigen in prostate cancer, and several clinical trials have used this as a tissue-specific target for anti-tumor vaccines. Ultimately the goal of anti-tumor vaccines is to elicit a sustainable immune response able to eradicate a tumor or at least restrain its growth. We have investigated plasmid DNA vaccines encoding PAP and have previously reported the results of a phase I trial in which 22 patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (clinical stage D0) were immunized six times at biweekly intervals using a DNA vaccine encoding PAP (pTVG-HP). In previous reports we identified that PAP-specific T-cells were elicited, including PAP-specific cytolytic T cells, two weeks following the six immunizations. In the current study we investigated the immunological efficacy of subsequent booster immunizations in two individuals, and conducted more detailed immunological analysis by IFNγ ELISPOT and T cell proliferation, with cells obtained prior to immunization, after every two immunizations, and quarterly for one year following immunization. These studies were conducted to determine when immune responses were elicited, and whether these responses were durable over time, to guide the schedule of vaccine administration to be used in future clinical trials with this particular DNA vaccine. We found that the majority of immune responses elicited with vaccination were only detectable after four to six immunizations. In addition, PAP-specific T-cell responses did persist in several individuals for many months, or were detectable only after several months. Finally, we identified that immune responses previously elicited could be further amplified by subsequent booster immunizations months later. These results suggest that future trials using this DNA vaccine, and potentially other anti-tumor DNA vaccines, should investigate ongoing, rather than limited, schedules of administration with periodic booster immunizations. Moreover, these results suggest that DNA vaccines targeting PAP could potentially be combined with other vaccine strategies targeting this particular antigen to augment PAP-specific T-cell immunity. A pilot trial to evaluate different schedules of DNA vaccine administration for the establishment of persistent PAP-specific memory T cells is currently underway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5584.
Inclusion compounds of lankacidin-group antibiotics with cyclodextrins. (1985)

Lankacidin-group antibiotics formed inclusion compounds with beta-cyclodextrin in molar ratios of about 1:1. These compounds showed remarkably improved water-solubility and stability in aqueous solutions. The structure of the inclusion compounds of lankacidin A is proposed based on the facility of their inclusion with beta-cyclodextrin and the results of 1H NMR spectral studies.
Mutualistic fungal endophytes in the<i>Triticeae</i>- survey and description (2013)

Grasses of the tribe Triticeae were screened to determine the presence of mutualistic epichloae fungal endophytes. Over 1500 accessions, from more than 250 species, encompassing 22 genera within the Triticeae were screened using immunodetection and direct staining/microscopy techniques. Only two genera, Elymus and Hordeum, were identified as harbouring epichloae endophytes with accessions native to a range of countries including Canada, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia and the USA. Genetic analysis based on simple sequence repeat data revealed that the majority of endophytes cluster according to geographical regions rather than to host species; many strains isolated from Hordeum grouped with those derived from Elymus, and amongst the Elymus-derived strains, there was no clear correspondence between clustering topology and host species. This is the first detailed survey demonstrating the genetic diversity of epichloae endophytes within the Triticeae and highlights the importance of germplasm centres for not only preserving the genetic diversity of plant species but also the beneficial microorganisms they may contain.
<i>In Vitro</i> Generation of a Scaffold-Free Tissue-Engineered Construct (TEC) Derived from Human Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Biological and Mechanical Properties and Further Chondrogenic Potential (2008)

The purpose of this study was to characterize a tissue-engineered construct (TEC) generated with human synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs were cultured in medium with ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Asc-2P) and were subsequently detached from the substratum. The detached cell/matrix complex spontaneously contracted to develop a basic TEC. The volume of the TEC assessed by varying initial cell density showed that it was proportional to initial cell densities up to 4 x 10(5) cells/cm(2). Assessment of the mechanical properties of TEC using a custom device showed that the load at failure and stiffness of the constructs significantly increased with time of culture in the presence of Asc-2P, while in the absence of Asc-2P, the constructs were mechanically weak. Thus, the basic TEC possesses sufficiently self-supporting mechanical properties in spite of not containing artificial scaffolding. TEC further cultured in chondrogenic media exhibited positive alcian blue staining with elevated expression of chondrogenic marker genes. Based on these findings, such human TEC may be a promising method to promote cartilage repair for future clinical application.
Porous materials by design. Plasma oxidation of hydrocarbon templates in polysilsesquioxanes (1992)

Arylene- and alkylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes were prepared by sol-gel processing of bis(triethoxysilyl)-aryl monomers and decyl monomer. The arylene polysilsesquioxanes were porous materials with surface areas as high as 830 m{sup 2}/g (BET). Treatment with an inductively coupled oxygen plasma resulted in the near quantitative removal of the arylene bridging groups and a coarsening of the pore structure. Solid state {sup 29}Si NMR was used to confirm the conversion of the sesquioxane silicons (T) to silica (Q). The decylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane was a non-porous material. Oxygen plasma treatment afforded a silica gel with a surface area of 294 m{sup 2}/g and a mean pore diameter of 46 {Angstrom}. The porosity in the silica gel appears to arise entirely from the oxidation of the 1,10-decylene spacer.
Learning Word-Level Confidence For Subword End-to-End ASR (2021)

We study the problem of word-level confidence estimation in subword-based end-to-end (E2E) models for automatic speech recognition (ASR). Although prior works have proposed training auxiliary confidence models for ASR systems, they do not extend naturally to systems that operate on word-pieces (WP) as their vocabulary. In particular, ground truth WP correctness labels are needed for training confidence models, but the non-unique tokenization from word to WP causes inaccurate labels to be generated. This paper proposes and studies two confidence models of increasing complexity to solve this problem. The final model uses self-attention to directly learn word-level confidence without needing subword tokenization, and exploits full context features from multiple hypotheses to improve confidence accuracy. Experiments on Voice Search and long-tail test sets show standard metrics (e.g., NCE, AUC, RMSE) improving substantially. The proposed confidence module also enables a model selection approach to combine an on-device E2E model with a hybrid model on the server to address the rare word recognition problem for the E2E model.
High precision flow cell accelerometer for measuring quasi-steady microgravity accelerations (2000)

A new concept in measurement technique for low-level microgravity accelerations using an instrumented differentially heated flow cell is presented. By using well-matched thermistors and precision resistors, there is virtually no instrument bias and sensitivities better than 0.1 micro-g can easily be achieved. The thermal field is sensitive only to non-zero time average accelerations, so the g-jitter effects are essentially eliminated. This feature allows a very low sample rate to be used so that the data rate requirements are very modest and a real time display is possible without additional processing. The acceleration history of an entire mission can easily be displayed on a few pages.
SAXS investigations on organic aerogels (1991)

Structural properties of organic aerogels were studied by ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) at the Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB at DESY, Hamburg, Germany. The organic aerogels were synthesized from the base-catalyzed sol–gel polymerization of resorcinol with formaldehyde (RF) followed by a supercritical drying process. RF aerogels are low-density materials with a solid matrix composed of interconnected colloidal-like particles. Scattering experiments were carried out using a crystal camera optimized for ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering with synchrotron radiation. The measured SAXS profiles revealed a scattering power depending upon synthetic conditions of the gels. RF aerogels were found to be homogeneous at length scales greater than 20 nm. From Guinier plots, radii of gyration Rg of 3–20 nm were computed. Rg appears to be a measure of the pore (cell) size. Although fractal silica aerogels show similar characteristics, fractal behavior of the organic aerogels is uncertain. These materials are best described as random aggregates of smooth colloidal like particles with open-cell porosity.
Unsupervised Learning of Interpretable Dialog Models (2018)

Recently several deep learning based models have been proposed for end-to-end learning of dialogs. While these models can be trained from data without the need for any additional annotations, it is hard to interpret them. On the other hand, there exist traditional state based dialog systems, where the states of the dialog are discrete and hence easy to interpret. However these states need to be handcrafted and annotated in the data. To achieve the best of both worlds, we propose Latent State Tracking Network (LSTN) using which we learn an interpretable model in unsupervised manner. The model defines a discrete latent variable at each turn of the conversation which can take a finite set of values. Since these discrete variables are not present in the training data, we use EM algorithm to train our model in unsupervised manner. In the experiments, we show that LSTN can help achieve interpretability in dialog models without much decrease in performance compared to end-to-end approaches.
Quick actuating closure and handling system (1988)

A quick activating closure and handling system, which utilizes conical sections for locking, was developed to allow quick access to the combustor internal components of the 8 ft High Temperature Tunnel. These critical components include the existing methane spraybar, a transpiration cooled nozzle and the new liquid oxygen (LOX) injection system housed within the combustor. A substantial cost savings will be realized once the mechanism is installed since it will substantially reduce the access time and increase the time available for conducting wind tunnel tests. A need exists for more frequent inspections when the wind tunnel operates at the more severe conditions generated by using LOX in the combustor. A loads analysis and a structural (finite element) analysis were conducted to verify that the new closure system is compatible with the existing pressure shell. In addition, strain gages were placed on the pressure vessel to verify how the pressure shell reacts to transient pressure loads. A scale model of the new closure system was built to verify the operation of the conical sections in the locking mechanisms.
Diagnosis of gonorrhoea using a genetic transformation test at a venereal disease clinic in Thailand. (1983)

A genetic transformation test (GTT), a technique in which gonococcal DNA is detected in clinical specimens, was used to search for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in 37 men and 159 women at the Venereal Disease clinic in Cholburi, Thailand. Swabs were collected in duplicate from cervical specimens from 159 women and from urethral specimens from 37 men. One of each specimen was cultured on Thayer-Martin media while the other was mailed to the United States at room temperature for the GTT which involved a delay of 10 to 14 days. With the urethral specimens N. gonorrhoeae was identified in 84% (31/37) of specimens and there was 100% concordance between the results of the GTT and culturing specimens directly on Thayer-Martin media. With cervical specimens N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from 26% (41/159) by the standard culture technique and 19% (13/159) by the GTT. Seventy-six percent of the culture positive specimens were positive with the GTT and two specimens from which N. gonorrhoeae were not isolated were positive in the GTT. The GTT technique enables physicians to send swab collected from patient with suspected gonorrhoea without any special transport media to a central laboratory for laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhoeal infections. This technique which uses reagents which are available in most bacteriology laboratories, should facilitate surveillance of gonorrhoea especially when specimens are collected in clinics where bacteriology laboratory facilities are not available.
Large-Scale Moth-Eye-Structured Roll Mold Fabrication Using Sputtered Glassy Carbon Layer and Transferred Moth-Eye Film Characterization (2023)

Currently, there is high demand for the development of a highly mass-producible technology for manufacturing moth-eye-structured films with an antireflection function. Conventional moth-eye-structured films have been produced by roll-to-roll (RTR) ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) using porous alumina, but the process of manufacturing the roll mold with aluminum is both complicated and time-consuming. To solve this problem, we proposed a sputtering process for forming a thin film of glassy carbon on a roll substrate and fabricated a moth-eye structure through the irradiation of oxygen plasma. A glassy carbon (GC) moth-eye-structure roll mold with a uniform reflectance of less than 0.1% over a length of 1560 mm was fabricated following this method. In addition, a superhydrophobic moth-eye-structured film was produced by RTR UV-NIL using the proposed roll mold, which exhibited a reflectance of 0.1%. In this study, a moth-eye-structure roll using porous alumina was compared with a film transferred from it. The GC moth-eye-structure roll mold was found to be superior in terms of antireflection, water repellency, and productivity. When the proposed large-area GC moth-eye-structured film was applied to window glass, significant anti-reflection and water-repellent functionalities were obtained.
Modification of 193-nm (ArF) photoresists by electron beam stabilization (2001)

For the sub 130nm technology nodes, 193nm(ArF) lithography has become the technology path of choice. Similar to the 248nm technology set, the resist systems being used for 193nm lithography are based on chemical amplification to achieve high throughput at the low exposure energy at 193nm. The current ArF resist systems have experienced problems with etch selectivity and line slimming during CD-SEM measurement. Both of these issues are related to the resist platform and constituents used to achieve the desired lithographic performance. This investigation evaluates electron beam stabilization as a way of addressing both the etch selectivity and line slimming issues associated with some of the current 193nm resist systems. Varying levels of electron beam dose were evaluated in an attempt to understand the effects of energetic electrons on ArF resist materials. Chemical changes in the resist were monitored for blanket resist films by FTIR, film shrinkage, and changes in index of refraction, all as a function of dose level. An increase in modification of the resist is seen with increasing dose. Blanket resist etch rate studies were performed as a function of stabilization condition. The etch rate of the resist was found to decrease with increasing dose as compared to untreated resist. Correlation of the chemical changes and etch rate reductions are proposed for the resists considered. The CD changes induced by the electron beam stabilization were monitored as a function of dose applied. Minimal CD change was seen as a result of the stabilization process. The impact of the electron beam process on line slimming was evaluated by performing repeated measurements on resist features with different levels of electron beam dose. The line slimming was found to be significantly reduced for the higher dose levels considered. Etch selectivity was evaluated by cross-section SEM measurements after etch of features with different levels of stabilization. An increase in the etch selectivity and pattern stability were observed with increasing stabilization dose.
Advanced design of a double Doherty power amplifier with a flat efficiency range (2010)

This paper reports a new double Doherty power amplifier (DDPA) with a flat efficiency range, which consists of two-stage amplifiers. When the two-way DPA is used as the main peaking amplifier, the driving peaking cell with class-C bias turns the DPA off before the saturation of the main carrier amplifier. Three efficiency-peaking points are achieved with the additional Doherty operation by the main peaking amplifier after the saturation of the main carrier amplifier. For verifications, the driving and main amplifiers are designed and implemented with 2-W and 10-W GaN HEMTs, respectively, at 2.14 GHz. From the continuous wave (CW) results, three efficiency-peaking points are obtained at approximately 9-, 5-, and 0-dB back-off powers with over 42% drain efficiency. For one-carrier wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA) signal, the DDPA shows good digital predistortion linearization performance.
Investigation on the Lossy Electro-Magnetic Shielding Materials by Ferrite and Resistive Materials (1984)

Lossy electro-magnetic shielding materials were investigated to reduce the radiation noise from electronic equipments. Two types of shielding sheets are proposed here and shielding effects are discussed both theoretically and experimentally. These results are very useful for designing the electronic equipments with small radiation noise.
Optimization of the Preparation Temperature for the Novel (SiO<sub>2</sub>/MgO/MgCl<sub>2</sub>)⋅TiCl<i><sub>x</sub></i> Ziegler–Natta Polyethylene Catalyst (2016)

A series of (SiO 2 /MgO/MgCl 2 )⋅TiCl x Ziegler‐Natta polyethylene catalysts have been synthesized using water‐soluble Mg‐compounds such as magnesium acetate as Mg‐source at different TiCl 4 treating temperatures. The catalyst shows the highest activity of homopolymerization when preparation temperature is 120 °C with only 1.25 of optimal Al/Ti molar ratio, which is much lower than industrial value, resulting in much lower catalyst preparation and poly­ethylene production cost. The operation condition is relatively moderate and the synthesized catalysts exhibit rather high activity, good hydrogen response, and copolymerization ability with high 1‐hexene incorporation. The polymers obtained from these catalysts have high molecular weight and medium molecular weight distribution. Compared with the conventional industrial Ti/Mg Ziegler‐Natta catalysts using the relatively expensive, anhydrous and moisture‐sensitive Mg‐sources, the most unique feature of our novel catalysts is the capability of utilization of any soluble Mg‐compounds under mild conditions and can achieve rather high activity with only a small amount of cocatalyst, hence show great potential for application in polyethylene industry. image