gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid-crystal photonic applications (2011)

Liquid crystals are nowadays widely used in all types of display applications. However their unique electro-optic properties also make them a suitable material for nondisplay applications. We will focus on the use of liquid crystals in different photonic components: optical filters and switches, beam-steering devices, spatial light modulators, integrated devices based on optical waveguiding, lasers, and optical nonlinear components. Both the basic operating principles as well as the recent state-of-the art are discussed.
Recognition of prior learning: an educational correction (2001)

The process of recognition and accreditation of prior learning through non-formal study and\nexperience is nothing new and has been practised in parts of the world for decades.\nRecognition of Prior Learning (RPL) is nothing more than just another form of learning. At\nUnisa the preliminary work has been done. The next phase is to enter into negotiations with\nindividual departments as to how their needs can be accommodated and how to empower\nstaff members to do RPL. The following information should answer some of the most\nfrequently asked questions (FAQs) about RPL, and about how we are doing it at Unisa. You\ncan click on the FAQs on the left, or print out the whole article with all the questions and\nanswers.
Carotid artery intimal-medial wall thickening and plasma homocyst(e)ine in asymptomatic adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. (1993)

BACKGROUND Plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine are elevated in certain patients with occlusive arterial diseases. We extended these findings to asymptomatic adults. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined plasma homocyst(e)ine levels in 287 pairs of asymptomatic adults. Cases and controls were defined on the basis of intimal-medial thickness of the carotid wall as measured by B-mode ultrasound. Study subjects had no history of atherosclerotic disease and were selected from a probability sample of 15,800 men and women between 45 and 64 years old. Subjects with thickened intimal-medial carotid walls (cases) had higher plasma homocyst(e)ine levels than controls (p < 0.001). The odds ratio for having a thickened carotid artery wall was 3.15 (p < 0.001) for subjects in the top quintile of plasma homocyst(e)ine levels (> 10.5 mumol/L) compared with those in the bottom quintile (< 5.88 mumol/L). CONCLUSIONS The present study as well as observations on the common occurrence of elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine levels in patients with occlusive arterial diseases suggest that clinical trials should be conducted to determine whether normalization of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia may prevent progression of atherosclerosis.
What is the Proportion of Patients With Multiple Hereditary Exostoses Who Undergo Malignant Degeneration? (2015)

Level IV, prognostic study.
Intelligent image-activated cell sorting 2.0 (2020)

The advent of intelligent image-activated cell sorting (iIACS) has enabled high-throughput intelligent image-based sorting of single live cells from heterogeneous populations. iIACS is an on-chip microfluidic technology that builds on a seamless integration of a high-throughput fluorescence microscope, cell focuser, cell sorter, and deep neural network on a hybrid software-hardware data management architecture, thereby providing the combined merits of optical microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and deep learning. Here we report an iIACS machine that far surpasses the state-of-the-art iIACS machine in system performance in order to expand the range of applications and discoveries enabled by the technology. Specifically, it provides a high throughput of ∼2000 events per second and a high sensitivity of ∼50 molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophores (MESFs), both of which are 20 times superior to those achieved in previous reports. This is made possible by employing (i) an image-sensor-based optomechanical flow imaging method known as virtual-freezing fluorescence imaging and (ii) a real-time intelligent image processor on an 8-PC server equipped with 8 multi-core CPUs and GPUs for intelligent decision-making, in order to significantly boost the imaging performance and computational power of the iIACS machine. We characterize the iIACS machine with fluorescent particles and various cell types and show that the performance of the iIACS machine is close to its achievable design specification. Equipped with the improved capabilities, this new generation of the iIACS technology holds promise for diverse applications in immunology, microbiology, stem cell biology, cancer biology, pathology, and synthetic biology.
Mesocrystals: Syntheses in metals and applications (2011)

Self-assembly of nanoparticles has emerged as a powerful technique to integrate nanoparticles into well-defined ensembles with collective properties that are different from those of individual nanoparticles and bulk materials with the same chemical composition. Compared with the classical ion/molecule-mediated crystal growth, particle-mediated crystallographically ordered self-assembly is considered as "non-classical crystallization" and the resultant product is termed a "mesocrystal". In this tutorial review, we begin by summarizing the progresses of this field during last decade. Secondly, we outline developments in related fields such as grain rotation and oriented attachment as well as mesocrystals. Thridly, the recent progress in the syntheses of mesocrystals particularly in metals, and the related properties are introduced. Finally, some of the current open questions are discussed.
Road curb detection based on different elevation mapping techniques (2014)

A road curb detection algorithm for a 3D sensor, e.g. a dense stereo camera, is presented in this paper. The road curb detection is based on a digital elevation map. Different techniques and coordinate systems for mapping the height values are compared theoretically and by simulating a different quality of ego motion data. Furthermore we introduce a new approach of finding road curbs in an elevation map, which is based on a calculation of the most probable path. Using an elevation map the curb height can be calculated in an additional step. For evaluation we use highly accurate reference sensors and compare the detected curbs to a ground truth. Additionally we introduce a novel criteria to describe the quality of an elevation map and discuss the results. The road detection algorithm works in real-time and has a position accuracy of about 10 cm and an height error of about 1.5 cm.
Evolution towards UMTS (2005)

In the MONET (mobile network) project the future introduction of UMTS (universal mobile telecommunication system) and the evolution of UMTS during the introduction phase are important issues. The paper first presents the possible implementation options: to design UMTS as a complete new network, i.e. a standalone UMTS; to integrate UMTS into existing fixed networks; to integrate UMTS into the second generation mobile systems; to integrate into B-ISDN. The paper discusses the pro's and con's of these options for the evolution towards UMTS. MONET has chosen to first design UMTS as part of the B-ISDN, but also to address the possibility to use pre-B-ISDN networks as a backbone network for UMTS. This solution offers the possibility to make a "major leap forward" with respect to second generation systems and it also offers a reasonable solution during the introduction of UMTS (when B-ISDN is not yet worldwide available). Next the status of B-ISDN is shortly discussed as well as the use of IN control principles. Further more the paper addresses the possible evolution towards UMTS.
Kilohertz synchronous amplification of 85-femtosecond optical pulses (1985)

High-repetition-rate laser pulse amplifiers are desirable for investigations of weak signals because of the ability to use ultrasensitive lock-in detection. We have developed a new oscillator and amplifier capable of providing 10 MW of power at repetition rates in excess of 1 kHz. By focusing this pulse we have obtained the white-light continuum with as little as 250 nJ of energy.
Tenascin is accumulated along developing peripheral nerves and allows neurite outgrowth <i>in vitro</i> (1990)

The extracellular matrix protein, tenascin, appears in a restricted pattern during organ morphogenesis. Here we studied the expression of tenascin along developing peripheral nerves in chick embryos and tested its activity as a substrate for cultured neurons. Motor axons grow out through the tenascin-rich, anterior part of the sclerotome. Shortly after, tenascin surrounds axon fascicles of ventral roots. At the limb levels, outgrowing axons accumulate in the tenascin-containing girdle region forming a plexus. In the limb, tenascin first appears in bracket-like structures that surround the precartilage cell condensations of the femur and humerus, respectively. These regions coincide with the channels along which axons first grow in from the girdle plexus to form the limb nerves. Later, the major tenascin staining is associated with the cartilage and tendon primordia, and not with the limb nerves. We used tenascin as a substrate for cultured neural explants and single cells in order to test for its function in neurite outgrowth. Dissociated embryonic neurons of various types attached to mixed polylysine/tenascin substrates and sprouted rapidly after a lag of several hours. Outgrowth was inhibited and neurites were detached by anti-tenascin antibodies. On substrates coated with tenascin alone, neurite outgrowth was achieved from 3 day spinal cord explants. Whereas growth cones were well spread and rapidly moving, the neurites were poorly attached, straight and rarely branched. We speculate that in vivo tenascin allows axonal outgrowth, but inhibits branching and supports fasciculation of newly formed axons.
Nano Geopolymer for Sustainable Concrete Using Fly Ash Synthesized by High Energy Ball Milling (2013)

This paper presents the development of a nano geopolymer for sustainable concrete using fly ash synthesized by high-energy ball milling. In this paper, we report on our investigation of the effects of grinding on the binder properties and the optimization of the mix design for nano geopolymer paste. The research methodology consisted of synthesizing fly ash by using a high-energy ball mill to create nanosized particles and determining the formulation and mix proportions required to produce a nano geopolymer paste with the addition of an alkaline activator. The ratio of fly ash to alkaline activator and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide were constant for the entire experiment which is 2.5. Ball milling was conducted for the total duration of six hours, during which particle size was reduced from 10 μm to 60 nm. The nano geopolymer were cured at temperature 70°C and then tested on 1st day and 7th day for compressive strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the shape, texture, and size of the milled fly ash.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 12, No. 9 (2016)

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 12, No. 9, 2016.
Identification of Therapeutic Covariant MicroRNA Clusters in Hypoxia-Treated Cardiac Progenitor Cell Exosomes Using Systems Biology (2014)

These data provide a foundation for subsequent research of the use of exosomal miRNA and systems biology as therapeutic strategies for the damaged heart.
On the accuracy of the 3D Normal Distributions Transform as a tool for spatial representation (2011)

The Three-Dimensional Normal Distributions Transform (3D-NDT) is a spatial modeling technique with applications in point set registration, scan similarity comparison, change detection and path planning. This work concentrates on evaluating three common variations of the 3D-NDT in terms of accuracy of representing sampled semi-structured environments. In a novel approach to spatial representation quality measurement, the 3D geometrical modeling task is formulated as a classification problem and its accuracy is evaluated with standard machine learning performance metrics. In this manner the accuracy of the 3D-NDT variations is shown to be comparable to, and in some cases to outperform that of the standard occupancy grid mapping model.
Some kinetic features of the initial stage of acid‐catalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol and formaldehyde, II (1984)

Abstract The initial stage of the phosphoric acid catalyzed autocondensation of furfuryl alcohol (FA) was studied in comparison with the FA‐formaldehyde (F) system with special respect to formation and consumption reactions of dimers under different reaction conditions. A GPC method using simultaneously refractive index and UV absorption detectors with filters of different wavelength was developed to follow the concentration change of dimers.
China's Labor Transition and the Future of China's Rural Wages and Employment (2013)

Abstract This paper contributes to the assessment of China's rural labor markets. According to our data, the increase in off‐farm employment that China experienced during the 1980s and 1990s continued during the 2000s. Our analysis shows that migration has become the most prevalent off‐farm activity, although the destination of migrants is shifting from outside of one's province to destinations closer to home. The present paper finds that large shares of male and female individuals, especially those under 40 years, are working off the farm. These findings represent an important contribution to the labor economics field. First, the results of the present paper reveal that the labor transition from the agricultural sector to the non‐agricultural sector for key segments of China's rural labor force is nearly complete. Second, although a large share of China's rural labor force work in agriculture, most of these workers are older men and women (and likely would not be willing to take low‐wage, labor‐intensive jobs). Third, the rising unskilled wage rate in China is partially a result of the tightening of the labor force in the young age cohorts. Finally, due to factors associated with the one child policy and other demographic transition forces, successive age cohorts will continue to fall in absolute number in the coming decade. Assuming China's growth continues, we expect to see further wage increases since it will take higher wages to coax more workers to work off the farm.
Atomic radiative and radiationless yields for <i>K</i> and <i>L</i> shells (1979)

The available body of information on (a) fluorescence, Auger, and Coster-Kronig yields, (b) radiative and radiationless transition rates, (c) level widths, (d) x-ray and Auger line widths, (e) x-ray and Auger spectra, and (f) Coster-Kronig energies has been used to generate an internally consistent set of values of atomic radiative and radiationless yields for the K shell (5 ?Z?110) and the L subshells (12 ?Z?110). Values of fluorescence yields ωk, ω1, ω2, ω3, Coster-Kronig yields ℱ1, ℱ1.2, ℱ1.3, ℱ1.3, ℱ2.3. Auger yields ak, a1, a2, a3, and effective fluorescence yields ν1 and ν2 are presented in tables and graphs. Estimates of uncertainties are given. Updated and expanded graphs of partial and total widths of K, L1, L2, and L3 levels are presented as well as a reference list of papers published since about 1972.
Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Parking in Complex Environments: A Tunnel-based Optimal Control Approach (2019)

This paper proposes a fast and accurate trajectory planning algorithm for autonomous parking. Nominally, an optimal control problem should be formulated to describe this scheme, but the dimensionality of the optimal control problem is usually large, because the vehicle needs to avoid collision with every obstacle at every moment during the entire dynamic process. Although an initial guess obtained by a sample-and-search based planner facilitates the numerical optimization process, it is still far from being as fast as real-time. To address this issue, we replace all of the collision-avoidance constraints by series of within-tunnel conditions. Concretely, we develop a tunnel-based strategy such that the vehicle is restricted to move within the tunnels which naturally separate the vehicle from the obstacles. Unification, efficiency, and robustness of the proposed trajectory planning method have been verified by simulations.
Steroid sulfatase inhibitors for estrogen- and androgen-dependent cancers (2011)

Estrogens and androgens are instrumental in the maturation of many hormone-dependent cancers. Consequently, the enzymes involved in their synthesis are cancer therapy targets. One such enzyme, steroid sulfatase (STS), hydrolyses estrone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrone and dehydroepiandrosterone respectively. These are the precursors to the formation of biologically active estradiol and androstenediol. This review focuses on three aspects of STS inhibitors: 1) chemical development, 2) biological activity, and 3) clinical trials. The aim is to discuss the importance of estrogens and androgens in many cancers, the developmental history of STS inhibitor synthesis, the potency of these compounds in vitro and in vivo and where we currently stand in regards to clinical trials for these drugs. STS inhibitors are likely to play an important future role in the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers. Novel in vivo models have been developed that allow pre-clinical testing of inhibitors and the identification of lead clinical candidates. Phase I/II clinical trials in postmenopausal women with breast cancer have been completed and other trials in patients with hormone-dependent prostate and endometrial cancer are currently active. Potent STS inhibitors should become therapeutically valuable in hormone-dependent cancers and other non-oncological conditions.
Ice perfection and onset of anomalous preservation of gas hydrates (2004)

Anomalous preservation is the well-established but little-understood phenomenon of a long-term stability of gas hydrates outside their thermodynamic field of stability. It occurs after some initial decomposition into ice in the temperature range between 240 and 273 K. In situ neutron diffraction experiments reveal that the low-temperature on-set of this effect coincides with the annealing of stacking faults of the ice formed initially. The defective, stacking-faulty ice below 240 K apparently does not present an appreciable diffusion barrier for gas molecules while the annealed ordinary ice Ih above this temperature clearly hinders gas diffusion. This is supported by further experiments showing that the so-called ice Ic formed from various high-pressure phases of ice, gas hydrates or amorphous ices does transform fully to ordinary ice Ih only at temperatures near 240 K, i.e. at distinctly higher temperatures than generally assumed. In this light, some quite disparate observations on the transformation process from ice Ic to ice Ih can now be better understood. The transformation upon heating is a multistep-process and its details depend on the starting material and the sample history. This ‘memory’ is finally lost at approximately 240 K for laboratory time-scale experiments.
<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae BUR6</i>Encodes a DRAP1/NC2α Homolog That Has both Positive and Negative Roles in Transcription In Vivo (1997)

BUR3 and BUR6 were identified previously by selecting for mutations that increase transcription from an upstream activating sequence (UAS)-less promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bur3-1 and bur6-1 mutations are recessive, increase transcription from a suc2 delta uas allele, and cause other mutant phenotypes, suggesting that Bur3p and Bur6p function as general repressors of the basal transcriptional machinery. The molecular cloning and characterization of BUR3 and BUR6 are presented here. BUR3 is identical to MOT1, a previously characterized essential gene that encodes an ATP-dependent inhibitor of the TATA box-binding protein. Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis reveals that BUR6 encodes a homolog of DRAP1 (also called NC2alpha), a mammalian repressor of basal transcription. Strains that contain a bur6 null allele are viable but grow extremely poorly, demonstrating that BUR6 is critical for normal cell growth in yeast. The Bur6p histone fold domain is required for function; an extensive nonoverlapping set of deletion alleles throughout the histone fold domain impairs BUR6 function in vivo, whereas mutations in the amino- and carboxy-terminal tails have no detectable effect. BUR6 and BUR3/MOT1 have different functions depending on promoter context: although the bur3-1 and bur6-1 mutations increase transcription from delta uas promoters, they result in reduced transcription from the wild-type GAL1 and GAL10 promoters. This transcriptional defect is due to the inability of the GAL10 UAS to function in bur6-1 strains. The similar phenotypes of bur6 and bur3 (mot1) mutations suggest that Bur6p and Mot1p have related, but not identical, functions in modulating the activity of the general transcription machinery in vivo.
Characteristics of rapid thermal annealing in ion-implanted silicon (1986)

Activation of implanted dopant in Si is investigated as a function of ion energy during rapid thermal annealing (RTA). It is shown that the fraction of dopant incorporated on the lattice site by RTA decreases as the implant energy increases. This is attributed to clustering or precipitation of the dopant during RTA as a result of fast diffusion of the dopant in the amorphous layer produced by implantation. The increased thickness of the amorphous layer at higher implant energies allows sufficient time for clustering before the amorphous layer recrystallizes. Similar behavior is observed for electrically inactive impurities. In this work, the diffusion of Ge was investigated to gain insight into the transient, greatly enhanced diffusion of certain dopants during RTA that has been reported. No enhancement in the diffusion of Ge was observed which is shown to be consistent with a model proposed to explain the enhanced diffusion for dopants.
Differential Use of Signal Peptides and Membrane Domains Is a Common Occurrence in the Protein Output of Transcriptional Units (2006)

Membrane organization describes the orientation of a protein with respect to the membrane and can be determined by the presence, or absence, and organization within the protein sequence of two features: endoplasmic reticulum signal peptides and alpha-helical transmembrane domains. These features allow protein sequences to be classified into one of five membrane organization categories: soluble intracellular proteins, soluble secreted proteins, type I membrane proteins, type II membrane proteins, and multi-spanning membrane proteins. Generation of protein isoforms with variable membrane organizations can change a protein's subcellular localization or association with the membrane. Application of MemO, a membrane organization annotation pipeline, to the FANTOM3 Isoform Protein Sequence mouse protein set revealed that within the 8,032 transcriptional units (TUs) with multiple protein isoforms, 573 had variation in their use of signal peptides, 1,527 had variation in their use of transmembrane domains, and 615 generated protein isoforms from distinct membrane organization classes. The mechanisms underlying these transcript variations were analyzed. While TUs were identified encoding all pairwise combinations of membrane organization categories, the most common was conversion of membrane proteins to soluble proteins. Observed within our high-confidence set were 156 TUs predicted to generate both extracellular soluble and membrane proteins, and 217 TUs generating both intracellular soluble and membrane proteins. The differential use of endoplasmic reticulum signal peptides and transmembrane domains is a common occurrence within the variable protein output of TUs. The generation of protein isoforms that are targeted to multiple subcellular locations represents a major functional consequence of transcript variation within the mouse transcriptome.