gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymethacrylates with benzylidenephthalimidine side chains, 1. Photochemical characteristics of model compounds and polymers (1998)

The photochemical behavior of polymers with benzylidenephthalimidine (BPI) side chains is described, together with the photochemistry of low-molecular BPIs in solution. The stereochemistry of BPIs is critically influenced by their N-substituent; Z-isomer of BPI itself without N-substituent is a thermally stable form, while E-isomer with a Z-stilbene skeleton is more thermally stable for N-substituted BPIs as a result of steric distortion due to repulsive interaction between the N-substituent and the benzylidene phenyl ring. UV irradiation of low-molecular N-substituted BPIs and polymethacrylates with E-BPI side chains in solution results exclusively in the E/Z photoisomerization without any side reaction including photodimerization, Photoirradiation of thin films of BPI polymers leads to photoisomerization at the early stage, followed by the gradual decrease of absorption bands ascribable to BPI moieties as a result of [2+2] photodimerization, leading to insolubilization. Quantum efficiencies for the photocrosslinking are much smaller, displaying that the photoisomerization is a predominant reaction even in solid films. Dichroism of the chromophores is induced by linearly polarized light irradiation of thin films of BPI polymers due to the photoisomerizability of BPI units. Further discussion is made on factors affecting the photochemical behavior of BPI polymers.
Performance Evaluation of Gen3 Advanced Technology Development Cells (2008)

Abstract not Available.
Interference Suppression and Electronic Tracking Using Antenna Arrays at Satellite Ground Stations (2013)

Electronic beam steering via antenna arrays has the potential of replacing the mechanical steering at satellite ground stations. In this work, we exploit the benefits of antenna arrays at satellite ground stations combined with beamforming and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation techniques in combating interferences and compensating for erroneous knowledge of the spacecraft position. First, we propose two array geometries for the reception of payload data from lower earth orbiting (LEO) satellites at ground stations. Then considering a scenario where there exist cross-orbit spacecraft, the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer is employed to achieve the goal of the interference suppression and the reception of the desired signals. Moreover, by taking into account the potential errors in the a priori knowledge of the spacecraft flight path at lower elevation angles, we investigate the electronic tracking as a local refinement to compensate for these errors by resorting to DOA estimation techniques. Finally, numerical results demonstrate the advantages of employing antenna arrays in combination with signal processing techniques at satellite ground stations.
Object segmentation in video: A hierarchical variational approach for turning point trajectories into dense regions (2011)

Point trajectories have emerged as a powerful means to obtain high quality and fully unsupervised segmentation of objects in video shots. They can exploit the long term motion difference between objects, but they tend to be sparse due to computational reasons and the difficulty in estimating motion in homogeneous areas. In this paper we introduce a variational method to obtain dense segmentations from such sparse trajectory clusters. Information is propagated with a hierarchical, nonlinear diffusion process that runs in the continuous domain but takes superpixels into account. We show that this process raises the density from 3% to 100% and even increases the average precision of labels.
Isolation and characterization of intermediates in site-specific recombination. (1987)

Cre, the site-specific recombinase from bacteriophage P1, catalyzes a recombination reaction between specific DNA sequences designated as lox sites. The breakage and rejoining of partners during this recombination process must be highly concerted because it has not been possible to detect intermediates of the reaction with wild-type Cre. Several mutant Cre proteins have been isolated that produce significant amounts of a possible intermediate product of the recombination reaction. The product has been identified as a Holliday structure in which one set of the DNA strands of the recombining partners has been exchanged. Wild-type Cre protein is capable of acting on this structure to form recombinant products, which is consistent with this being an intermediate in the recombination reaction. Characterization of the Holliday structure indicated that one set of strands in the recombining partners was always exchanged preferentially before the other set. In addition, it has been found that certain Cre mutants that are unable to carry out recombination in vitro are able to resolve the intermediate. This suggests that these mutants are defective in a step in the reaction that precedes the formation of the Holliday intermediate.
Toponym Resolution in Text: Annotation, Evaluation and Applications of Spatial Grounding of Place Names (2008)

Background. In the area of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a shared discipline be-tween informatics and geography, the term geo-parsing is used to describe the process of iden-tifying names in text, which in computational linguistics is known as named entity recognition and classification (NERC). The term geo-coding is used for the task of mapping from implic-itly geo-referenced datasets (such as structured address records) to explicitly geo-referenced representations (e.g., using latitude and longitude). However, present-day GIS systems provide no automatic geo-coding functionality for unstructured text. In Information Extraction (IE), processing of named entities in text has traditionally been seen as a two-step process comprising a flat text span recognition sub-task and an atomic classifi-cation sub-task; relating the text span to a model of the world has been ignored by evaluations such as MUC or ACE (Chinchor (1998); U.S. NIST (2003)). However, spatial and temporal expressions refer to events in space-time, and the grounding of events is a precondition for accurate reasoning. Thus, automatic grounding can improve many applications such as automatic map drawing (e.g. for choosing a focus) and question answering
Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis of Metallic Aluminum Nanoparticles (2009)

Abstract In this paper, we report for the first time on the room‐temperature preparation of metallic aluminum nanoparticles by the pulsed sonoelectrochemical method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. TEM analysis shows that the prepared aluminum nanoparticles range from 10 to 20 nm in size. The XRD pattern confirms the formation of metallic aluminum nanoparticles. The results show that the sonoelectrochemical technique is a promising method for the fabrication of air‐sensitive metallic nanoparticles that have a high, negative reduction potential.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Thermo‐oxidative stability of ionic liquids as lubricating fluids (2007)

Abstract Thermo‐oxidative stability of ionic liquids was evaluated by three bulk‐scale tests. The changes in chemical and physical properties such as viscosity, deposit formation, weight loss and TAN were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of chemical structure of ionic liquids. TFSI derivatives exhibit good thermo‐oxidative stability in comparison with BF4 derivatives. As chain length of alkyl group in imidazolium‐cationic moiety increases, the thermo‐oxidative stability of the molecule decreases. Water contaminant promotes the thermo‐oxidative degradation of ionic liquids. Reaction mechanism via radical intermediates is proposed herein. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated Structural Maturation Induced by Synapsin I at Developing Neuromuscular Synapses of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (1995)

The role of synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoprotein, in the maturation of nerve-muscle synapses was investigated in nerve-muscle co-cultures prepared from Xenopus embryos loaded with the protein by the early blastomere injection method. The stage of maturation of the synapses was analysed by electron microscopy as well as by whole-cell patch-clamp recording. The acceleration in the functional maturation of neuromuscular synapses induced by synapsin I was accompanied by a profound rearrangement in the ultrastructure of the nerve terminal. Nerve terminals formed by synapsin I-loaded neurons were characterized by a higher number of small synaptic vesicles organized in clusters and predominantly localized close to the nerve terminal plasma membrane, a smaller number of large dense-core vesicles and no significant change in the number of coated vesicles. Precocious development of active zone-like structures as well as deposition of basal lamina into the synaptic cleft were also observed at these synapses. These results support a role for synapsin I in the architectural changes which occur during synaptogenesis and lead to the maturation of quantal neurotransmitter release mechanisms.
Subsequent Total Joint Arthroplasty After Primary Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty (2017)

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hiding Virtualization from Attackers and Malware (2007)

Virtual machine environments (VMEs) let a user or administrator run one or more guest operating systems on top of a host operating system. With security researchers relying on VMEs in their analysis work, attackers and their malicious code have a significant stake in detecting the presence of a virtual machine. This article focuses on detection techniques and mitigation options for the most widely deployed VME product today, VMware.
DUALCAST: a scheme for reliable multicasting (2002)

With the rapid deployment of high speed networks and the increased use of applications that blend voice, data, and video traffic, protocols have to be looked at anew. The problem of trying to conserve bandwidth is being replaced by the problems of overcoming latency and processing bottlenecks. In this paper, we introduce the conflicting demands in implementing reliable multicast and then present a new heuristic that balances the tradeoffs by using redundancy while not loading the network excessively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Advances in Minimum Description Length: Theory and Applications (2005)

The process of inductive inference -- to infer general laws and principles from particular instances -- is the basis of statistical modeling, pattern recognition, and machine learning. The Minimum Descriptive Length (MDL) principle, a powerful method of inductive inference, holds that the best explanation, given a limited set of observed data, is the one that permits the greatest compression of the data -- that the more we are able to compress the data, the more we learn about the regularities underlying the data. Advances in Minimum Description Length is a sourcebook that will introduce the scientific community to the foundations of MDL, recent theoretical advances, and practical applications.The book begins with an extensive tutorial on MDL, covering its theoretical underpinnings, practical implications as well as its various interpretations, and its underlying philosophy. The tutorial includes a brief history of MDL -- from its roots in the notion of Kolmogorov complexity to the beginning of MDL proper. The book then presents recent theoretical advances, introducing modern MDL methods in a way that is accessible to readers from many different scientific fields. The book concludes with examples of how to apply MDL in research settings that range from bioinformatics and machine learning to psychology.
Phase I clinical trial combining imatinib mesylate and IL-2 (2013)

We performed a Phase I clinical trial from October 2007 to October 2009, enrolling patients affected by refractory solid tumors, to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of interleukin (IL)-2 combined with low dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) and imatinib mesylate (IM). In a companion paper published in this issue of <i>OncoImmunology</i>, we show that the MTD of IL-2 is 6 MIU/day for 5 consecutive days, and that IL-2 increases the impregnation of both IM and of its main metabolite, CGP74588. Among the secondary objectives, we wanted to determine immunological markers that might be associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and/or overall survival (OS). The combination therapy markedly reduced the absolute counts of B, CD4<sup>+</sup> T and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in a manner that was proportional to IL-2 dose. There was a slight (less than 2-fold) increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) among CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in response to IM plus IL-2. The natural killer (NK)-cell compartment was activated, exhibiting a significant upregulation of HLA-DR, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and CD56. The abundance of HLA-DR<sup>+</sup> NK cells after one course of combination therapy positively correlated with both PFS and OS. The IL-2-induced rise of the CD4<sup>+</sup>:CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell ratio calculated after the first cycle of treatment was also positively associated with OS. Overall, the combination of IM and IL-2 promoted the rapid expansion of HLA-DR<sup>+</sup> NK cells and increased the CD4<sup>+</sup>:CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell ratio, both being associated with clinical benefits. This combinatorial regimen warrants further investigation in Phase II clinical trials, possibly in patients affected by gastrointestinal stromal tumors, a setting in which T and NK cells may play an important therapeutic role.
Routability-driven technology mapping for lookup table-based FPGA's (1994)

A new algorithm for technology mapping of lookup table-based Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA's) is presented. It has the capability of producing compact designs (minimizing the number of cells (CLB's)), as well as the flexibility of trading routability with compactness of a design. Research in this area has focussed on minimizing the number of cells. However, minimizing the number of cells without regard to routability is ineffective. Since placement and routing is really the most time-consuming part of the FPGA design process, producing a routable design with a slightly larger number of cells is preferable than producing a design using fewer cells which is difficult to route, or in the worst case unroutable. We have implemented our algorithm in the Rmap program, and studied routability of two other mappers with respect to Rmap. Rmap produces mappings with better routability characteristics, and more significantly Rmap produces routable mappings when other mappers do not.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
“Skin-like” fabric for personal moisture management (2020)

A super breathable skin-like fabric with artificial sweating glands to excrete fluid droplets and repel external liquids.
Antifreeze protein modulates cell survival during cryopreservation: mediation through influence on ice crystal growth. (1992)

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are extremely efficient at inhibiting ice recrystallization in frozen solutions. Knight and Duman [Knight, C. A. & Duman, J. G. (1986) Cryobiology 23, 256-263] have proposed that this may be an important function of the proteins in freeze-tolerant organisms. We have tested this proposal in vitro by characterizing the influence of AFP on the recovery of cryopreserved cells, which often can survive cooling and yet subsequently be damaged by ice crystal growth during warming. Relatively low concentrations (e.g., 5-150 micrograms/ml) of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) AFP enhance survival of red blood cells cryopreserved in hydroxyethyl starch solutions. This effect is most apparent in samples warmed at suboptimal rates, i.e., where ice recrystallization would be exaggerated. Cryomicroscopy demonstrates that AFP inhibits ice recrystallization in the extracellular regions during the latter stages of the warming cycle. AFP concentrations that enhance survival of red cells confer partial inhibition of recrystallization. Relatively high concentrations of AFP (e.g., 1.54 mg/ml) are much more effective at inhibiting extracellular recrystallization. However, extensive growth of ice around the cell, and concomitant cell damage, is noted. The mechanism for this AFP-induced ice growth is unknown. We propose that there is a delicate balance between AFP-induced enhancement of cell preservation and AFP-induced enhancement of cell preservation and AFP-induced enhancement of cell damage and that this balance hinges on the degrees of inhibition of ice recrystallization and of preferential growth of ice around the cells. We conclude that, under appropriate conditions, one of the proposed functions of AFPs in nature can be emulated, and perhaps have application, in cryopreservation of materials of biomedical interest.
Intrusion detection in cloud computing based attacks patterns and risk assessment (2016)

This paper focuses on detecting and analyzing cyber-attacks in cloud environment, it represents a novel approach of detecting cyber-attacks by analyzing attacks pattern using risk assessment methodologies. The aims of our solution is to combine evidences obtained from Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) deployed in cloud services with data of risk assessment related to each attack pattern. Our approach presents a new qualitative solution for analyzing each symptom, indicator and vulnerability to detect the impact and likelihood of distributed and multi-steps attacks directed to cloud environments. The implementation of this approach will minimize the false positive alerts and will improve the performance of the IDS.
Ion-solvating membranes as a new approach towards high rate alkaline electrolyzers (2019)

Polymer membranes imbibed with KOH represent a novel way to achieve ionic conductivity and show promise for alkaline electrolyzers.
Endocardial Carbon-Braid Electrodes (1995)

The present canine study found a lower DFT for a new carbon electrode compared with DFTs for endocardial defibrillation electrodes made of standard metal. Further long-term animal studies and clinical studies are needed to determine whether carbon materials and braided-lead technology are practical and beneficial in patients.
S-Adenosylmethionine Prevents Oxidative Stress and Modulates Glutathione Metabolism in TgCRND8 Mice Fed a B-Vitamin Deficient Diet (2010)

Oxidative stress, altered glutathione levels, and hyperhomocysteinemia play critical roles in Alzheimer's disease. We studied the relationships between hyperhomocysteinemia, glutathione, and oxidative stress in TgCRND8 mice maintained in conditions of folate, B12, and B6 deficiency and the effect of S-adenosylmethionine supplementation. We found that hyperhomocysteinemia was correlated with increased reduced/oxidized brain glutathione ratio, with decreased glutathione S-transferase activity and increased lipid peroxidation. S-adenosylmethionine potentiated superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activity and restored altered brain glutathione and erythrocytes lipid peroxidation. These results underline the importance of S-adenosylmethionine as neuroprotective compound, acting both on methylation and oxidation metabolism.
The Muscle‐Specific Phosphoglycerate Mutase Gene is Specifically Expressed in Testis During Spermatogenesis (1995)

Spermatogenesis is a dramatic differentiation process which involves very selective but poorly characterized gene-expression patterns. To gain insight into this process, we have investigated the expression during spermatogenesis of the genes that encode phosphoglycerate mutase, an essential glycolytic enzyme for the spermatozoa energy supply. By using cDNA and genomic probes we demonstrate the presence in testis of a mRNA corresponding to the muscle-specific phosphoglycerate mutase which shows a longer poly(A) tail. This muscle-specific gene is submitted to developmental regulation during testis maturation and begins to be expressed at postnatal day 22, when germ cells start to enter into meiosis. Northern blot and in situ hybridization experiments show that in contrast to what happens during skeletal-muscle differentiation, PGAM-M gene expression during spermatogenesis is not coupled to constitutive phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM-B) gene repression. Thus, the muscle-specific PGAM-M gene constitutes a meiotic gene and therefore represents a very interesting model to study differential tissue-specific gene expression.
CAG expansion induces nucleolar stress in polyglutamine diseases (2012)

The cell nucleus is a major site for polyglutamine (polyQ) toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms involved have yet been fully elucidated. Here, we report that mutant RNAs that carry an expanded CAG repeat (expanded CAG RNAs) induce apoptosis by activating the nucleolar stress pathway in both polyQ patients and transgenic animal disease models. We showed that expanded CAG RNAs interacted directly with nucleolin (NCL), a protein that regulates rRNA transcription. Such RNA-protein interaction deprived NCL of binding to upstream control element (UCE) of the rRNA promoter, which resulted in UCE DNA hypermethylation and subsequently perturbation of rRNA transcription. The down-regulation of rRNA transcription induced nucleolar stress and provoked apoptosis by promoting physical interaction between ribosomal proteins and MDM2. Consequently, p53 protein was found to be stabilized in cells and became concentrated in the mitochondria. Finally, we showed that mitochondrial p53 disrupted the interaction between the antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-xL, and the proapoptotic protein, Bak, which then caused cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Our work provides in vivo evidence that expanded CAG RNAs trigger nucleolar stress and induce apoptosis via p53 and describes a polyQ pathogenic mechanism that involves the nucleolus.
An in vitro model for studying CNS white matter: functional properties and experimental approaches (2019)

The normal development and maintenance of CNS white matter, and its responses to disease and injury, are defined by synergies between axons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia, and further influenced by peripheral components such as the gut microbiome and the endocrine and immune systems. Consequently, mechanistic insights, therapeutic approaches and safety tests rely ultimately on <i>in vivo</i> models and clinical trials. However, <i>in vitro</i> models that replicate the cellular complexity of the CNS can inform these approaches, reducing costs and minimising the use of human material or experimental animals; in line with the principles of the 3Rs. Using electrophysiology, pharmacology, time-lapse imaging, and immunological assays, we demonstrate that murine spinal cord-derived myelinating cell cultures recapitulate spinal-like electrical activity and innate CNS immune functions, including responses to disease-relevant myelin debris and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Further, we show they are (i) amenable to siRNA making them suitable for testing gene-silencing strategies; (ii) can be established on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for electrophysiological studies; and (iii) are compatible with multi-well microplate formats for semi-high throughput screens, maximising information output whilst further reducing animal use. We provide protocols for each of these. Together, these advances increase the utility of this <i>in vitro</i> tool for studying normal and pathological development and function of white matter, and for screening therapeutic molecules or gene targets for diseases such as multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease or spinal cord injury, whilst avoiding <i>in vivo</i> approaches on experimental animals.