gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dental Pulp of the Third Molar: A New Source of Pluripotent-like Stem Cells (2012)

Dental pulp is particularly interesting in regenerative medicine because of the accessibility and differentiation potential of the tissue. Dental pulp has an early developmental origin with multi-lineage differentiation potential as a result of its development during childhood and adolescence. However, no study has previously identified the presence of stem cell populations with embryonic-like phenotypes in human dental pulp from the third molar. In the present work, we describe a new population of dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells (DPPSCs) that were isolated by culture in medium containing LIF, EGF and PDGF. These cells are SSEA4(+), OCT3/4(+), NANOG(+), SOX2(+), LIN28(+), CD13(+), CD105(+), CD34(-), CD45(-), CD90(+), CD29(+), CD73(+), STRO1(+) and CD146(-), and they show genetic stability in vitro based on genomic analysis with a newly described CGH technique. Interestingly, DPPSCs were able to form both embryoid-body-like structures (EBs) in vitro and teratoma-like structures that contained tissues derived from all three embryonic germ layers when injected in nude mice. We examined the capacity of DPPSCs to differentiate in vitro into tissues that have similar characteristics to mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm layers in both 2D and 3D cultures. We performed a comparative RT-PCR analysis of GATA4, GATA6, MIXL1, NANOG, OCT3/4, SOX1 and SOX2 to determine the degree of similarity between DPPSCs, EBs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs). Our analysis revealed that DPPSCs, hIPSC and EBs have the same gene expression profile. Because DPPSCs can be derived from healthy human molars from patients of different sexes and ages, they represent an easily accessible source of stem cells, which opens a range of new possibilities for regenerative medicine.
Adaptive static-output-feedback stabilization using retrospective cost optimization (2010)

We present a discrete-time, adaptive, static-output-feedback control law that is effective for systems that are unstable, MIMO, and/or nonminimum phase. In particular, we present numerical examples to provide guidelines concerning the modeling information required for controller implementation. This information includes a sufficient number of Markov parameters to capture the relative degree, the sign of the high-frequency gain, and the nonminimum-phase zeros (if any). No further information about the poles or zeros need be known. In addition, we present a stability proof for a full-state-feedback specialization.
High Performance, Continuously Tunable Microwave Filters Using MEMS Devices With Very Large, Controlled, Out-of-Plane Actuation (2018)

Software defined radios (SDR) in the microwave X- and K-bands offer the promise of low cost, programmable operation with real-time frequency agility. However, the real world in which such radios operate requires them to be able to detect nanowatt signals in the vicinity of 100 kW transmitters. This imposes the need for selective RF filters on the front end of the receiver to block the large, out of band RF signals so that the finite dynamic range of the SDR is not overwhelmed and the desired nanowatt signals can be detected and digitally processed. This is currently typically done with a number of narrow band filters that are switched in and out under program control. What is needed is a small, fast, wide tuning range, high Q, and low loss filter that can continuously tune over large regions of the microwave spectrum. In this paper, we show how extreme throw MEMS actuators can be used to build such filters operating up to 15 GHz and beyond. The key enabling attribute of our MEMS actuators is that they have large, controllable, and out-of-plane actuation ranges of a millimeter or more. In a capacitance-post loaded cavity filter geometry, this gives sufficient precisely controllable motion to produce widely tunable devices in the 4-15 GHz regime.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering as an Emerging Characterization and Detection Technique (2012)

While surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been attracting a continuously increasing interest of scientific community since its discovery, it has enjoyed a particularly rapid growth in the last decade. Most notable recent advances in SERS include novel technological approaches to SERS substrates and innovative applications of SERS in medicine and molecular biology. While a number of excellent reviews devoted to SERS appeared in the literature over the last two decades, we will focus this paper more specifically on several promising trends that have been highlighted less frequently. In particular, we will briefly overview strategies in designing and fabricating SERS substrates using deterministic patterning and then cover most recent biological applications of SERS.
Sites of neuronal excitation by epiretinal electrical stimulation (2006)

Action potentials arising from retinal ganglion cells ultimately create visual percepts. In persons blind from retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, viable retinal ganglion cells remain, and the retina can be stimulated electrically to restore partial sight. However, it is unclear what neuronal elements in the retina are activated by epiretinal electrical stimulation. This study investigated the effects of cellular geometry, electrode to neuron distance, stimulus duration, and stimulus polarity on excitation of a retinal ganglion cell with an epiretinal electrode. Computer-based compartmental models representing simplified retinal ganglion cell morphology provided evidence that the threshold for excitation was lower when an electrode was located in proximity to the characteristic 90 degrees bend in the axon of the retinal ganglion cell than when it was located over a passing axon of the nerve fiber layer. This electrode-position-dependent difference in threshold occurred with both cathodic and anodic monophasic stimuli, with point source and disk electrodes, at multiple electrode-to-neuron distances, and was robust to changes in the electrical properties of the model. This finding reveals that the physical geometry of the retinal ganglion cells produces stimulation thresholds that depend strongly on electrode position. The low excitation thresholds near the bend in the axon will result in activation of cells local to the electrode at lower currents than required to excite passing axons. This pattern of activation provides a potential explanation of how epiretinal electrical stimulation results in the production of punctuate, rather than diffuse or streaky phosphenes.
Chemical vapor deposition of cobalt silicide (1988)

We have deposited polycrystalline cobalt silicide films by chemical vapor deposition using Co2(CO)8 or HCo(CO)4 as the Co source and SiH4 or Si2H6 as the Si source. The Co:Si ratio of the films is controlled by changing the deposition temperature, and CoSi2 stoichiometry is obtained at 300 °C using SiH4 or at 225 °C when Si2H6 is the Si precursor. Carbon or oxygen contamination of the films is &lt;0.5 at. % at deposition temperatures above 200 °C. Resistivities of films deposited near CoSi2 stoichiometry are typically 200 μΩ cm and drop to 40 μΩ cm upon annealing at 900 °C.
Localization of a loss-inducing perturbation for a fiber optic alarm-condition sensor using an un-modulated light source (2003)

We present a new method for localization of a loss region for a distributed fiber optic alarm condition sensor based on transmission/reflection analysis. We have demonstrated that the proposed sensor, based on Rayleigh scattering, allows for the localization of one loss-inducing perturbation along a sensing fiber by measuring only transmitted and Rayleigh backscattered powers of unmodulated CW (continuous wave) light. Localization of a strong disturbance with an accuracy of 1 m close to the source-end and 5 m close to the output-end of a 4.04 km long single-mode sensing fiber was demonstrated. We believe the proposed technique should be very attractive for the eventual realization of a compact and inexpensive distributed alarm fiber optic sensor.
Robust radiotherapy planning (2018)

Motion and uncertainty in radiotherapy is traditionally handled via margins. The clinical target volume (CTV) is expanded to a larger planning target volume (PTV), which is irradiated to the prescribed dose. However, the PTV concept has several limitations, especially in proton therapy. Therefore, robust and probabilistic optimization methods have been developed that directly incorporate motion and uncertainty into treatment plan optimization for intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Thereby, the explicit definition of a PTV becomes obsolete and treatment plan optimization is directly based on the CTV. Initial work focused on random and systematic setup errors in IMRT. Later, inter-fraction prostate motion and intra-fraction lung motion became a research focus. Over the past ten years, IMPT has emerged as a new application for robust planning methods. In proton therapy, range or setup errors may lead to dose degradation and misalignment of dose contributions from different beams - a problem that cannot generally be addressed by margins. Therefore, IMPT has led to the first implementations of robust planning methods in commercial planning systems, making these methods available for clinical use. This paper first summarizes the limitations of the PTV concept. Subsequently, robust optimization methods are introduced and their applications in IMRT and IMPT planning are reviewed.
Spatially heterodyned snapshot imaging spectrometer (2016)

Snapshot hyperspectral imaging Fourier transform (SHIFT) spectrometers are a promising technology in optical detection and target identification. For any imaging spectrometer, spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution, along with form factor, power consumption, and computational complexity are often the design considerations for a desired application. Motivated by the need for high spectral resolution systems, capable of real-time implementation, we demonstrate improvements to the spectral resolution and computation trade-space. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of spatial heterodyning, using polarization gratings, to improve the spectral resolution trade space of a SHIFT spectrometer. Additionally, we employ neural networks to reduce the computational complexity required for data reduction, as appropriate for real-time imaging applications. Ultimately, with this method we demonstrate an 87% decrease in processing steps when compared to Fourier techniques. Additionally, we show an 80% reduction in spectral reconstruction error and a 30% increase in spatial fidelity when compared to linear operator techniques.
Encapsulated inorganic resist technology (2000)

Resolution in traditional single layer organic resists has been limited by the inability to image at aspect ratios (resist height to image width) of much greater than 3:1. Unless plasma etch selectivity increases several fold (an unlikely event with organic based resists) single layer resist chemistry will cease to be practical at sub-100-nm resolution. Multilayer resist schemes offer the capability of increased aspect ratio, but they add to the process complexity and cost. Encapsulated inorganic materials as resist components will be ultimately capable of sub-100-nm resolution with sufficient plasma etch selectivity. The encapsulated inorganic resist technology (EIRT) resist will act as a single layer hard mask compatible with existing resist processing steps. Material evaluation showed that encapsulated inorganic materials have properties compatible with current resist technology. Lithographic evaluations have been performed with electron beam, and with 248 nm and 157 nm projection systems. It was shown that 150-nm imaging is possible with resists having high inorganic material content. In all cases the EIRT resists have shown lithographic performance equivalent to control resists containing no SiO<SUB>2</SUB>. Reactive ion etch (RIE) etch rates in oxygen and chlorine plasmas are significantly reduced for resists containing SiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles as compared to a commercial resist providing a proof of concept that EIRT resists can dramatically improved plasma etch rates.
Polymeric Foams (2004)

This book represents the first in a series entitled Polymeric Foams: Technology and Applications. Generally, thermoplastic and thermoset foams have been treated as two separate practices in industry. Polymeric Foams: Mechanisms and Materials provides the basics of foaming in general, providing a convenient and strong foundation to those working in both thermoplastic and thermoset foams. The book addresses scientific principles behind polymeric foaming and presents foaming chemistry and physics, resin and blowing agents, and foaming mechanisms in separate chapters, thus providing an overall and fundamental understanding of foaming for polymeric foam products and processes.
Thermal Treatment of Low-Rank Coal and Its Relationship to Flotation Response (1988)

Abstract The deleterious effect of oxidation processes on coal flotation is generally recognized by researchers in the field. The present study, however, demonstrates that properly controlled low-temperature heating can actually improve coal flotation and its separation from mineral matter especially for low-rank coals. With a lignite sample, low-temperature heating at 130°C for a given time under ambient atmosphere leads to a higher yield and greater ash rejection during subsequent bench-scale flotation experiments. By combining experimental results from Hallimond-tube and bench-scale flotation experiments, bubble attachment-time measurements, wetting phenomena, and FTIR spectroscopy, it is clear that thermal treatment under the above conditions, which involves dehydration and oxidation reactions, changes the coal sample to a more hydrophobic state. These new results provide further evidence of the complexities involved in the analysis of coal surface chemistry as related to flotation phenomena.
Assessment of prostatic obstruction: A cuff may be enough (2002)

Our data led us to hypothesise that the relationship between cuff pressure and flow rate can be used to deduce bladder pressure during voiding, prostatic opening pressure, and urethral diameter at the flow-controlling zone, three indicators of lower urinary tract function. These measurements may add to the accuracy of diagnosis and quality of care for a large number of men with lower urinary tract symptoms.
<i>Special feature: Tutorial</i>. Principles and instrumentation in time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Physical and instrumental concepts (1995)

Abstract The principles of time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) are described with a view to understanding the strengths and weaknesses of this method of mass analysis in the context of current applications of mass spectrometry and the more familiar scanning instruments. Fundamental and instrumental factors affecting resolving power, sensitivity and speed are examined. Methods of gating ion populations and the special requirements in the detection and digitisation of the signals in the TOFMS experiment are discussed.
A Variable-Structure Robot Hand That Uses the Environment to Achieve General Purpose Grasps (2020)

Modern robotic grippers are either specialized and simple, complex and general purpose, or soft and compliant hands. The first provide high reliability but are limited in the range of objects they grasp. Compliant or soft grippers can grasp wide ranges of objects, but are not yet reliable enough for real-world applications. This letter presents a novel variable-structure general purpose robotic hand. The planar-acting hand has a minimalistic structure that can adapt itself against the environment to fit a wide range of objects. The single motor, multi-finger hand utilizes a novel principle of re-arranging its structure prior to grasping. This is achieved by pressing the hand against the environment and performing a series of adjustment moves, to best suit the hand for the object to be grasped. The design and method of operation of the hand is explained. Then, a technique for determining the set of adjustments needed to re-arrange the hand according to the desired grasp is sketched. Real-world experiments are performed with the hand, showing its ability to re-arrange itself and grasp previously unseen objects. Source code for the simulations and experiments is supplemented to the paper, as well as a video clip of the variable-structure hand in action.
SARC: sequential prefetching in adaptive replacement cache (2005)

Abstract — Sequentiality of reference is an ubiquitous access pattern dating back at least to Multics. Sequential workloads lend themselves to highly accurate prediction and prefetching. In spite of the simplicity of the workload, design and analysis of a good sequential prefetching algorithm and associated cache replacement policy turns out to be surprisingly intricate. As first contribution, we uncover and remedy an anomaly (akin to famous Belady’s anomaly) that plagues sequential prefetching when integrated with caching. Typical workloads contain a mix of sequential and random streams. As second contribution, we design a self-tuning, low overhead, simple to implement, locally adaptive, novel cache management policy SARC that dynamically and adaptively partitions the cache space amongst sequential and random streams so as to reduce the read misses. As third contribution, we implemented SARC along with two popular state-of-theart LRU variants on hardware for IBM’s flagship storage controller Shark. On Shark hardware with 8 GB cache and 16 RAID-5 arrays that is serving a workload akin to Storage Performance Council’s widely adopted SPC-1 benchmark, SARC consistently and dramatically outperforms the two LRU variants shifting the throughput-response time curve to the right and thus fundamentally increasing the capacity of the system. As anecdotal evidence, at the peak throughput, SARC has average response time of 5.18ms as compared to 33.35ms and 8.92ms for the two LRU variants. I.
Photosensitizer quantitation in vivo by flourescence microsampling (2000)

Photodynamic therapy can provide a reliable method of tumor destruction when the appropriate dosimetry is applied. Current dosimetry practice involves quantification of the drug and light doses applied to the tumor, but it would be desirable to monitor in vivo light and drug levels to provide the most accurate determination of dosimetry. In vivo measurements can be used to minimize variations in treatment response due to inter-animal variability, by providing animal-specific or patient-specific treatment planning. This study reports on the development of a micro-sampling method to measure fluorescence from tissue, which is not significantly affected by the tissue optical properties. The system measures fluorescence from the surface of a tissue, using a fiber bundle composed of individual 100 micron fibers which ar all spaced apart by 700 microns from one another at the tissue contact end. This design provides sampling of the fluorescence at multiple sites to increase the signal intensity, while maintaining a micro- sampling of the tissue volume just below the surface. The calibration studies here indicate that the 1/e sampling depth is near 60 microns when measured in optical phantoms, which are similar to typical tissue properties. The probe fluorescence signal is independent of blood concentration up to a maximum of 10% blood by volume, which is similar to most tumor tissue. Animal tests indicate that the sensitivity to drug concentration is essentially the same in when measured in murine liver and muscle tissues, both in vivo and ex vivo. These preliminary calibration results suggest that the probe can be used to measure photosensitizer uptake in vivo non- invasively and rapidly via conversion of fluorescence intensity to photosensitizer concentration.
Antipattern-based detection of deficiencies in Java multithreaded software (2004)

We investigate an antipattern-based approach to analyze Java multithreaded (MT) programs. We present a library of 38 antipatterns, which describe predefined recognized sources of multithreading related errors in the code. The antipatterns are archived in practical, easy to use templates, and are classified according to their potential effects on the program behavior. We also report on our experience in using these antipatterns in the analysis of real multithreaded applications.
Recovery of Phosphates from Elemental Phosphorus-Bearing Wastes (1995)

A process for oxidizing aqueous elemental phosphorus containing residues (sludges) to produce orthophosphate containing slurries suitable for subsequent reaction with ammonia to produce nitrogen and phosphate containing plant nutrient products. It comprises reacting aqueous elemental phosphorus containing residues with certain special mixtures of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid to effect the conversion of the elemental phosphorus into mostly orthophosphoric acid and very little orthophosphorus acid with relative ratios of the two acids being dependent upon the mole ratio of H2SO4:HNO3 employed in the processing. The resulting aqueous reaction intermediate is neutralized with ammonia during processing to a fluid or solid plant nutrient product. Prior to the conversion to products, the aqueous reaction intermediate may be subjected to a solids separation step to remove insoluble salts of certain environmentally undesirable metals, such as Pb, Cd, Ba, and Cr.
Continuous Direct Current Nerve Block Using Multi Contact High Capacitance Electrodes (2016)

Charge-balanced direct current (CBDC) nerve block can be used to block nerve conduction in peripheral nerves. Previous work demonstrated that the CBDC waveform could be used to achieve a 10% duty cycle of block to non-block repeatedly for at least two hours. We demonstrate that the duty cycle of this approach can be significantly increased by utilizing multiple electrode contacts and cycling the CBDC waveform between each contact in a "carousel" configuration. Using this approach, we demonstrated in an acute rat sciatic nerve preparation, that a 30% duty cycle complete block can be achieved with two contacts; and a 100% duty cycle block (>95% complete block) can be achieved with four contacts. This latter configuration utilized a 4-s block plateau, with 3 s between successive plateaus at each contact and a recharge phase amplitude that was 34% of the block amplitude. Further optimization of the carousel approach can be achieved to improve block effectiveness and minimize total electrode length. This approach may have significant clinical use in cases where a partial or complete block of peripheral nerve activity is required. In one example case, we achieved continuous block for 22 min without degradation of nerve conduction. Future study will be required to further optimize this technique and to demonstrate safety for chronic human use.