gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation of a hollow glass fiber (1986)

Very high interest in making a low-loss fiber for the infrared has been stimulated by important applications in optical communication, surgery, cutting, welding, and heat treatment. The leaky waveguide is one of the most promising types of future fiber in the infrared region where low-loss materials are not available or not suitable for making fibers (i.e., CO2 laser light lambda = 10.6 microm). In this paper a comparative model of a He-Ne laser beam and an oxide glass leaky hollow fiber for a CO2 laser light beam and a chalcogenide glass leaky hollow fiber are studied. Measurements of attenuation, dependence of output power on diameter and angle, and the angular dependence of output angle vs input angle were made. The experimental data were compared with theoretical calculations, and the critical value of the wall thickness for minimum attenuation is given.
Efficient <i>in planta</i> gene targeting in tomato using geminiviral replicons and the <scp>CRISPR</scp>/Cas9 system (2018)

Current breeding relies mostly on random mutagenesis and recombination to generate novel genetic variation. However, targeted genome editing is becoming an increasingly important tool for precise plant breeding. Using the CRISPR-Cas system combined with the bean yellow dwarf virus rolling circle replicon, we optimized a method for targeted mutagenesis and gene replacement in tomato. The carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) and phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) genes from the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were chosen as targets due to their easily detectable change of phenotype. We took advantage of the geminiviral replicon amplification as a means to provide a large amount of donor template for the repair of a CRISPR-Cas-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) in the target gene, via homologous recombination (HR). Mutagenesis experiments, performed in the Micro-Tom variety, achieved precise modification of the CRTISO and PSY1 loci at an efficiency of up to 90%. In the gene targeting (GT) experiments, our target was a fast-neutron-induced crtiso allele that contained a 281-bp deletion. This deletion was repaired with the wild-type sequence through HR between the CRISPR-Cas-induced DSB in the crtiso target and the amplified donor in 25% of the plants transformed. This shows that efficient GT can be achieved in the absence of selection markers or reporters using a single and modular construct that is adaptable to other tomato targets and other crops.
Inter-user interference suppression in time varying channel with null-space expansion for multiuser massive MIMO (2015)

This paper proposes a novel Inter-User Interference (IUI) suppression scheme in time varying channels with null-space expansion for multiuser massive MIMO systems. The channel time variation deteriorates the accuracy of the channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) and causes IUI on multiuser MIMO downlink transmission. In massive MIMO, the degrees of freedom (DoFs) of the base station antenna array are generally used to obtain the beamforming gain and capacity enhancement. The proposed null-space expansion scheme exploits the excess DoFs to perform additional null-steering, which extend the null-space dimension and thus suppress the IUI caused by the time varying channel. Computer simulations show that the proposed scheme has superior IUI suppression performance to existing channel prediction scheme; our scheme can improve the SIR by over 50dB.
Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C viral infection. (1995)

Hepatitis C affects at least 200 million people worldwide. It can be followed by chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer. Outcome assessments in controlled trials of antiviral therapy are based on serum transaminase values, serum HCV-RNA determinations, and liver biopsy scores. Patients most likely to respond to antiviral treatment are relatively young, have low serum HCV-RNA and transaminase levels, and do not have cirrhosis. Patients whose disease is caused by genotype 1b HCV isolates are unlikely to respond. Interferon alfa (3 million units [MU] three times a week for 6 months) is associated with a 50% response rate and a 50% relapse rate--an overall response rate of 25%. Increasing the duration of therapy may increase the sustained response rate. Ribavirin, given orally, may be used for patients who fail to respond to or relapse after interferon therapy. Its side effects are few. Treatment results in a fall in transaminase levels and some decrease in hepatic inflammation, but serum HCV RNA (viral titer) is unaltered. Combinations of interferon with ribavirin are giving promising results with increased sustained, complete responses.
A golden future in medicinal inorganic chemistry: the promise of anticancer gold organometallic compounds (2013)

From wedding rings on fingers to stained glass windows, by way of Olympic medals, gold has been highly prized for millennia. Nowadays, organometallic gold compounds occupy an important place in the field of medicinal inorganic chemistry due to their unique chemical properties with respect to gold coordination compounds. In fact, several studies have proved that they can be used to develop highly efficient metal-based drugs with possible applications in the treatment of cancer. This Perspective summarizes the results obtained for different families of bioactive organometallic gold compounds including cyclometallated gold(iii) complexes with C,N-donor ligands, gold(I) and gold(I/III) N-heterocyclic (NHC) carbene complexes, as well as gold(I) alkynyl complexes, with promising anticancer effects. Most importantly, we will focus on recent developments in the field and discuss the potential of this class of organometallic compounds in relation to their versatile chemistry and innovative mechanisms of action.
Characterization of the Interactions between the Small GTPase Cdc42 and Its GTPase-activating Proteins and Putative Effectors (1997)

The small GTPase Cdc42 interacts with multiple factors to transduce diverse intracellular signals. The factors that preferentially recognize the GTP-bound, active state of Cdc42 include a panel of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), the Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) motif-containing molecules, and the RasGAP domain containing IQGAP1 and IQGAP2. In the present study, we have determined the kinetic parameters underlying the functional interactions between the Cdc42-binding domains of some of these factors and Cdc42 by monitoring the continuous release of gammaPi and have compared the ability of the domains to bind to Cdc42. The catalytic efficiencies (Kcat/Km) of the GAP domains of Bcr, 3BP-1, and p190 on Cdc42 are found to be 60-, 160-, and over 500-fold less than that of Cdc42GAP, respectively, and the differences are due, to a large part, to differences in Km. The Km values of the GAP domains compare well to the binding affinity to the guanylyl imidodiphosphate-bound Cdc42, suggesting a rapid equilibrium reaction mechanism. The affinity of the Cdc42-binding domains of the CRIB motif of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein and p21(cdc42/rac)-activated kinase 1, and the RasGAP-related domain of IQGAP1, which all inhibit the intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis of Cdc42, are found to be 4, 0.7, and 0.08 microM, respectively. These quantitative analysis provide insight that Cdc42GAP functions as an effective negative regulator of Cdc42 by fast, relatively tight binding to the GTP-bound Cdc42, whereas IQGAP1 interacts with Cdc42 as a putative effector with over 10-fold higher affinity than the CRIB domains and GAPs, and suggest that various GAPs and effectors employ distinct mechanism to play roles in Cdc42-mediated signaling pathways.
Cell‐by‐cell autofluorescence correction for low signal‐to‐noise systems: Application to epidermal growth factor endocytosis by 3T3 fibroblasts (1986)

Autofluorescence of cells can be a major portion of the fluorescence signal in many systems, especially when fluorescent conjugates are used to study receptor-ligand systems for which there are less than 70,000 receptors per cell. We have devised a method for the cell-by-cell correction of autofluorescence for flow cytometric data by using an additional parameter to measure and correct for autofluorescence in the fluorescence channel. The principle has been extended to allow simultaneous correction for autofluorescence and dual-fluorescence spillover compensation in samples labeled with two different fluorochromes; all corrections were done in software, making them applicable to any flow cytometer. The autofluorescence correction method was used to analyze the acidification of epidermal growth factor (EGF) by Swiss 3T3 cells. EGF is acidified to pH 6.2 starting two min after labeling, with a half-time for acidification of 45 s.
Bayesian Action&Perception: Representing the World in the Brain (2014)

Theories of perception seek to explain how sensory data are processed to identify previously experienced objects, but they usually do not consider the decisions and effort that goes into acquiring the sensory data. Identification of objects according to their tactile properties requires active exploratory movements. The sensory data thereby obtained depend on the details of those movements, which human subjects change rapidly and seemingly capriciously. Bayesian Exploration is an algorithm that uses prior experience to decide which next exploratory movement should provide the most useful data to disambiguate the most likely possibilities. In previous studies, a simple robot equipped with a biomimetic tactile sensor and operated according to Bayesian Exploration performed in a manner similar to and actually better than humans on a texture identification task. Expanding on this, "Bayesian Action&Perception" refers to the construction and querying of an associative memory of previously experienced entities containing both sensory data and the motor programs that elicited them. We hypothesize that this memory can be queried (i) to identify useful next exploratory movements during identification of an unknown entity ("action for perception") or (ii) to characterize whether an unknown entity is fit for purpose ("perception for action") or (iii) to recall what actions might be feasible for a known entity (Gibsonian affordance). The biomimetic design of this mechatronic system may provide insights into the neuronal basis of biological action and perception.
Generation of EPR-detectable nitrosyl-iron complexes in tumor target cells cocultured with activated macrophages (1991)

After immunostimulation, murine macrophages oxidize L-arginine into nitric oxide (NO) which acts as an effector molecule. In this study, we attempted to establish whether activated macrophage-derived NO forms paramagnetic complexes in tumor target cells which do not express by themselves the L-arginine:NO pathway. Accordingly, murine L1210 leukemia cells were cocultivated with activated peritoneal macrophages from Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin-infected mice, or activated in vitro with interferon-gamma. In control experiments, macrophages were prevented from producing nitrogen oxides by incubation with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, a specific inhibitor of the L-arginine:NO pathway. After coculture, L1210 cells were removed from adherent macrophage monolayers and analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance at 77 K. In the L1210 cells cultured with activated macrophages, we detected a signal typical of nitrosyl-iron-sulfur complexes, with g values of 2.041 and 2.015. This signal was not present when L1210 cells were either cultured alone or cocultured with activated macrophages in the presence of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Mitochondria from activated macrophage-injured L1210 cells also exhibited the signal with g values of 2.041 and 2.015. These results show that when tumor target cells undergo cell-to-cell contact with activated macrophages during culture, the macrophages promote target cell nitrosylation in compartments like mitochondria.
Meta-Analysis of High-Risk Sexual Behavior in Persons Aware and Unaware They are Infected With HIV in the United States (2005)

The prevalence of high-risk sexual behavior is reduced substantially after people become aware they are HIV(+). Increased emphasis on HIV testing and counseling is needed to reduce exposure to HIV(+) from persons unaware they are infected. Ongoing prevention services are needed for persons who know they are HIV(+) and continue to engage in high-risk behavior.
Invading the fortress: how to besiege reinforced information bunkers (2002)

Information retrieval (IR) research has been very active over the last decades to develop approaches that allow machine indexing to significantly improve indexing practice in libraries. However due to practical limitations, this technology, is not often used in large-scale libraries. We propose a mix of existing technologies and new ideas to enable traditional libraries to adopt modern IR technology and to offer improved services to their customers, while leveraging their existing infrastructure and legacy databases.
Biological Cost of Different Mechanisms of Colistin Resistance and Their Impact on Virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii (2013)

Two mechanisms of resistance to colistin have been described in Acinetobacter baumannii. One involves complete loss of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting from mutations in lpxA, lpxC, or lpxD, and the second is associated with phosphoethanolamine addition to LPS, mediated through mutations in pmrAB. In order to assess the clinical impacts of both resistance mechanisms, A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and its isogenic derivatives, AL1851 ΔlpxA, AL1852 ΔlpxD, AL1842 ΔlpxC, and ATCC 19606 pmrB, were analyzed for in vitro growth rate, in vitro and in vivo competitive growth, infection of A549 respiratory alveolar epithelial cells, virulence in the Caenorhabditis elegans model, and virulence in a systemic mouse infection model. The in vitro growth rate of the lpx mutants was clearly diminished; furthermore, in vitro and in vivo competitive-growth experiments revealed a reduction in fitness for both mutant types. Infection of A549 cells with ATCC 19606 or the pmrB mutant resulted in greater loss of viability than with lpx mutants. Finally, the lpx mutants were highly attenuated in both the C. elegans and mouse infection models, while the pmrB mutant was attenuated only in the C. elegans model. In summary, while colistin resistance in A. baumannii confers a clear selective advantage in the presence of colistin treatment, it causes a noticeable cost in terms of overall fitness and virulence, with a more striking reduction associated with LPS loss than with phosphoethanolamine addition. Therefore, we hypothesize that colistin resistance mediated by changes in pmrAB will be more likely to arise in clinical settings in patients treated with colistin.
Rapid Conversion by Insulin of Hepatic Intermediary Metabolism from Glucose Production to Glucose Utilization in the Liver of Alloxan-diabetic Rats (1977)

The concentration of free fatty adds in the blood, the tissue concentrations of hepatic cyclic AMP, long-chain acyl-CoA (LCA), adenine nucleo tides, inorganic phosphate, the intermediates of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the citric acid cycle (including acetyl-CoA and free CoA), and the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox couples were determined in alloxan-diabetic rats 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after insulin injection. From the meared values, the energy state of the adenine nucleotide system in the liver, the redox state of the NAD system, and the concentrations of malate, oxaloacetate, citrate, and α-ketoglutarate were estimated for the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial compartment by the use of established calculation methods. Insulin injection into alloxan-diabetic rats caused a rapid decline in the concentration of serum free fatty acids and a coordinate decline in hepatic LCA concentration. The latter alteration was accompanied by an increase in the cytoplasmic and a synchronous decrease in the mitochondrial ATP/ADP×P ratio. Simultaneously, the redox state of the cytoplasmic NAD system was shifted towards the oxidized state. When the appropriate data were plotted against each other, a highly significant correlation between the concentration of free fatty acids in the blood and that of LCA in the liver, between the hepatic LCA concentration and the cytoplasmic energy state, and between the cytoplasmic energy state and the cytoplasmic redox state was obtained. These findings are interpreted to support the hypothesis derived from in-vitro experiments that insulin, because of the concentration of hepatic LCA, might affect the translocation of adenine nucleotides between the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial compartment, thereby regulating the cytoplasmic energy state and, consequently, the redox state of the cytoplasmic NAD system. Insulin injection into alloxan-diabetic rats provoked rapid, coordinate changes in the concentration of the intermediates of both the citric acid cycle and the Embden-Meyerhof chain, indicating the altered substrate flow through these pathways. Thosemetabolit s known to modulate the activity of key regulatory enzymes in vitro were analyzed with respect to their proposed regulatory function. As to the insulin-induced shift from pyruvate carboxylatlon to pyruvate decarboxylatIon, the data reveal that the decrease in pyruvate carboxylase activity can be attributed to the decrease in the intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio and the simultaneous fall in acetyl-CoA concentration, while the coordinate increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity can be ascribed to the decline in the concentration of LCA and, consequently, in the ratios of ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD, and acetyl-CoA/CoA within the mitochondria.
[Evaluation of urease and beta-glucosidase activity for the practical identification of mycobacteria (author's transl)]. (1979)

The urease and the beta-glucosidase for the identification of the mycobacteria were evaluated using 1,019 strains received for reference purposes in this laboratory in 1978. We found that the urease test was useful in the differential identification of BCG which, contrary to Mycobacterium bovis, gave a strong positive reaction in 3 h. The test was also useful to discriminate M. scrofulaceum from pigmented strains of M. avium. The beta-glucosidase test discriminated between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis and was useful to distinguish the niacine-positive strains of M. africanum which were usually negative in this test. The beta-glucosidase test was particularly useful in the differential identification of M. fortuitum and M. chelonei. In this report, the frequency distribution of the species which were submitted to this laboratory in 1978 was also shown and the results obtained for each of the conventional test procedures was presented.
Selective Inhibition of Cough and Bronchoconstriction in Conscious Guinea Pigs (1992)

In guinea-pigs citric acid-induced cough and bronchoconstriction were inhibited by beta 2-agonist and xanthine drugs. Lidocaine inhibited only cough. Cromoglycate and ipratropium bromide inhibited only bronchoconstriction. We conclude that cough and bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs are distinct reflexes and that the inhibitory pharmacology of these airway reflexes may agree in many respects, with that observed in asthmatic subjects.
Grain Growth and Texture Formation by Annealing of Rapidly Quenched High Silicon-Iron Alloy (1984)

It is well known that soft magnetic properties such as the coercive force and the permeability of 6.5 mass% silicon-iron ribbons prepared by a rapidly quenched roll method can be improved by annealing at 1373 K in a vacuum atmosphere. This paper reports results on the grain growth during annealing and texture formation in the 6.5 mass% silicon-iron ribbons.In the as-prepared ribbon, non-oriented columnar grains about 10 μm in diameter were observed, which grew from the surface to the inner part of the ribbon. When the annealing temperature was around 973 K, the primary recrystallization was observed near the middle part of the ribbon thickness, and the grain size increased with increasing annealing temperature. At the annealing temperature of 1223 K, the grain size became 30∼40 μm. Around the annealing temperature, the motive force of the grain growth is the grain boundary energy. Above 1223 K, however, the surface energy plays an important role in the grain growth. When the ribbons were annealed at 1373 K, grains with {100} surface preferentially grew, so that the ribbon surfaces are covered with these grains after annealing for 3.6 ks (1 h). When the annealing temperature was kept above 1473 K, grains with {110} surface grew preferentially, and all the ribbon surfaces became parallel to {110} plane.
Repetitive Cocaine Administration Decreases Neurogenesis in Adult Rat Hippocampus (2004)

Cocaine HCl (20 mg/kg) was administered to adult male rats to investigate the effects of cocaine on neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Proliferation of granule cells in the dentate gyrus was measured by in vivo labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Rats that received repetitive cocaine treatment for 14 days showed 26% fewer BrdU-positive cells relative to control rats, while no difference was observed in the rats that received a single injection of cocaine. Differentiation of newly born cells was not influenced. The present experiment is the first to demonstrate the influence of cocaine on hippocampal neurogenesis. These data suggest that the regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis may be involved in the emergence of certain symptoms of cocaine addiction, such as cognitive impairment and behavioral sensitization.
Noncoding RNAs and RNA Editing in Brain Development, Functional Diversification, and Neurological Disease (2007)

The progressive maturation and functional plasticity of the nervous system in health and disease involve a dynamic interplay between the transcriptome and the environment. There is a growing awareness that the previously unexplored molecular and functional interface mediating these complex gene-environmental interactions, particularly in brain, may encompass a sophisticated RNA regulatory network involving the twin processes of RNA editing and multifaceted actions of numerous subclasses of non-protein-coding RNAs. The mature nervous system encompasses a wide range of cell types and interconnections. Long-term changes in the strength of synaptic connections are thought to underlie memory retrieval, formation, stabilization, and effector functions. The evolving nervous system involves numerous developmental transitions, such as neurulation, neural tube patterning, neural stem cell expansion and maintenance, lineage elaboration, differentiation, axonal path finding, and synaptogenesis. Although the molecular bases for these processes are largely unknown, RNA-based epigenetic mechanisms appear to be essential for orchestrating these precise and versatile biological phenomena and in defining the etiology of a spectrum of neurological diseases. The concerted modulation of RNA editing and the selective expression of non-protein-coding RNAs during seminal as well as continuous state transitions may comprise the plastic molecular code needed to couple the intrinsic malleability of neural network connections to evolving environmental influences to establish diverse forms of short- and long-term memory, context-specific behavioral responses, and sophisticated cognitive capacities.