gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prototype of multi-stacked memory wafers using low-temperature oxide bonding and ultra-fine-dimension copper through-silicon via interconnects (2014)

Reported for the first time is proof-of-concept multi-stacking of memory wafers based on low-temperature oxide wafer bonding using novel design and integration of two types of ultra-fine-dimension copper TSV interconnects. The combined via-middle (intra-via) and via-last (inter-via) strategy allows for the greatest degree of interconnectivity with the tightest allowable pitches and permits a highly integrated interconnect system across the stack. In combination with the successful metallization of the ultra-fine-dimension TSVs, the present work has shown the viability to extend the perceived TSV technology beyond the ITRS roadmap.
Photoresponse of Visible Light Active CM-n-TiO<sub><b>2</b></sub>, HM-n-TiO<sub><b>2</b></sub>, CM-n-Fe<sub><b>2</b></sub>O<sub><b>3</b></sub>, and CM-p-WO<sub><b>3</b></sub>towards Water Splitting Reaction (2012)

Photoresponses of visible light active carbon modified titanium oxide (CM-n-TiO 2 ), hydrogen modified titanium oxide (HM-n-TiO 2 ), carbon modified iron oxide (CM-n-Fe 2 O 3 ), carbon modified tungsten oxide (CM-p-WO 3 ) towards water splitting reaction are reported in this article. Carbon and hydrogen in titanium oxide were found to be responsible for red shift from UV region to visible region which in turn enhanced the photoconversion efficiency by an order of magnitude for water splitting reaction. Photocurrent densities and photoconversion efficiencies of regular n-TiO 2 and CM-n-TiO 2 towards water splitting reaction under monochromatic light illumination from a xenon lamp and sunlight were compared and found in reasonable agreement. These oxides were characterized by photocurrent measurements, UV-Vis spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and these results are also reported in this article.
Restoration of interference and the fallacy of delayed choice: Concerning an experiment proposed by Englert, Scully, and Walther (1996)

A two-slit experiment with atoms, proposed by Englert, Scully, and Walther, appears to permit experimenters to choose, after each atom has made its mark on the screen, whether the atom has passed through a particular slit or has, in some sense, passed through both of them. Through a misleading wording these authors even appear to endorse this interpretation. In actual fact, this choice exists only until the atom hits the screen. The said experiment thus is a ‘‘delayed-choice’’ experiment only in the semantically contingent sense of Wheeler.
Identification of Ti3+ in potassium titanyl phosphate and its possible role in laser damage (1989)

Four related Ti3+ centers in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO4 or KTP) may be created with either application of dc electric fields or with hydrogen at 800 °C. Single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance allows determination of the g tensors of the four centers. Hyperfine coupling is observed with one47,49 Ti and two (nearly) equivalent 31P. The most abundant center is characterized by gx=1.7709(5), gy=1.8723(5), gz=1.9462(5), principal values of ‖ATi‖ of 80, 33, and 24 MHz, and axially symmetric AP’s with principal values of 16.3 and 21.8 MHz. Optical absorption centered at 13 000–18 000 cm−1 is quite broad, relatively strong, and approximately twice as intense for light whose electric vector is polarized parallel to c as it is for a or b. A charge transfer mechanism in addition to d−d transitions may account for the absorption. Ti3+ is much more difficult to produce in hydrothermally grown KTP than in flux-grown KTP, a difference ascribed to the presence of oxygen vacancies or interstitial potassium in the latter. Similarities in the energy and polarization of optical absorption suggest that coloration induced by laser damage is due also to Ti3+.
Novel Synthesis And Enzymatic Resolution of (±) -2,3 - Epoxy Propyl Esters (1999)

Abstract A novel method of synthesizing glycidyl esters (±) -2,3-epoxy propyl esters has been developed involving reaction of epichlorohydrin with sodium salt of carboxylic acids in the presence of 15-crown-5 as catalyst with excellent yields. Enzymatic resolution of these glycidyl esters by lipasePS-C has been achieved with remarkable substrate selectivity.
Microbial subversion of the immune response (2002)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
The Great ESKAPE: Exploring the Crossroads of Bile and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens (2020)

Throughout the course of infection, many pathogens encounter bactericidal conditions that threaten the viability of the bacteria and impede the establishment of infection. Bile is one of the most innately bactericidal compounds present in humans, functioning to reduce the bacterial burden in the gastrointestinal tract while also aiding in digestion. It is becoming increasingly apparent that pathogens successfully resist the bactericidal conditions of bile, including bacteria that do not normally cause gastrointestinal infections. This review highlights the ability of <i>Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella</i>, <i>Acinetobacter</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Enterobacter</i> (ESKAPE), and other enteric pathogens to resist bile and how these interactions can impact the sensitivity of bacteria to various antimicrobial agents. Given that pathogen exposure to bile is an essential component to gastrointestinal transit that cannot be avoided, understanding how bile resistance mechanisms align with antimicrobial resistance is vital to our ability to develop new, successful therapeutics in an age of widespread and increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Moving Target Tracking Using Symbolic Registration (1982)

This correspondence describes a moving target tracking (MTT) algorithm that performs image registration and motion analysis between pairs of images from a passive sensor. Unlike previously reported moving target indicators that operate at the signal level, the registration and motion analysis in the MTT is totally performed at a symbolic level. The operation of the MTT is demonstrated by simulation results obtained from applications of the algorithm to infrared images.
Permeability dependence of streaming potential in rocks for various fluid conductivities (1995)

Streaming potentials have been measured on sandstone and limestone samples in a large range of permeabilities. The electrokinetic coupling coefficient increases with permeability and we explain this effect by the related variation of surface conductivity. A model is proposed to study this effect for various fluid conductivities and it is shown that the dependence of the electrokinetic coupling coefficient on permeability is stronger for high fluid resistivity and is weaker for lower fluid resistivity. When fluid resistivity is below 1 Ω.m permeability and streaming potential are no more related.
Selection of the mRNA translation initiation region by Escherichia coli ribosomes. (1988)

Two genes specifying model mRNAs of minimal size and coding capacity, with or without the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence, were assembled, cloned, and transcribed in high yields. These mRNAs, as well as synthetic polynucleotides, phage MS2 RNA, and a deoxyoctanucleotide complementary to the 3' end of 16S rRNA were used to study the mechanism of translation initiation in vitro. Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunits interact with all these nucleic acids, albeit with different affinities; the affinity for the mRNA with the SD sequence (Ka approximately 2 x 10(7) M-1) is more than an order of magnitude higher than that for the mRNA lacking this sequence. The initiation factors are equally required, regardless of the presence of the SD sequence, for 30S and 70S initiation complex formation and for mRNA translation, but the initiation factors do not affect the SD interaction or the binding of the mRNAs to the ribosomes. The SD interaction is also mechanistically irrelevant for 30S initiation complex formation and is not essential for translation in vitro or for the selection of the mRNA reading frame. It is suggested that the function of the SD interaction is to ensure a high concentration of the initiation triplet near the ribosomal peptidyl-tRNA binding site, whereas the selection of the translational start is achieved kinetically, under the influence of the initiation factors, during decoding of the initiator tRNA.
Cotton Cellulose, Microcrystalline Cellulose and Nanocellulose: Carboxymethylation and Oxidation Reaction Activity (2016)

Comparative study of reaction activity of cotton cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and nanocellulose during periodate oxidation and carboxymethylation were investigated. The functional composition of this cellulose samples were studied and determined the number of formed functional groups in the hydrolysis products. It was found that increase of reaction activities among cotton cellulose-microcrystalline cellulose-nano cellulose depend on quantity of formed functional groups and their high surface area in the same sequences. Also investigated carboxymethylation reaction kinetics of cotton, microcrystalline and nanocellulose and determined the activation energy for etherification process.
Corrosion Control of Metals by Organic Coatings (2004)

The authors present a comprehensive treatment of the entire field of corrosion control of metals, from mechanisms and testing procedures to modification of metal surfaces and interfaces by silanes and plasma techniques. They discuss the new, sophisticated analytical tools, such as Time-of-Flight SIMS and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and all materials -- metals, pretreatments, and paint systems. The contents include: (1) Corrosion under organic coatings; (2) Mechanisms of corrosion control by organic coatings; (3) Metal pretreatments; (4) Techniques to study organic coating-metal interfaces; (5) Modification of metal surfaces and interfaces; (6) corrosion testing; (7) Adhesion testing; (8) Paint systems; (9) Conclusions and prospects references.
Design of phase gratings by generalized projections (1991)

We address the problem of designing phase gratings that generate prescribed light intensities in the far field. The method of generalized projections is used to find a solution consistent with prior constraints and available data. While the method of generalized projections is known to converge to erroneous solutions occasionally, such solutions were not observed in this problem.
Towards a versioning model for component-based software assembly (2004)

The world of software development has rapidly changed in the last few years due to the adoption of component-based technologies. The classical software configuration management, which deals with source code versioning, becomes insufficient in the world where most components are distributed in a binary form. This paper focuses on solving versioning issues in the SOFA/DCUP (software appliances/dynamic component updating) component environment. However, many ideas introduced in this paper are applicable in other component-based environments. The paper incorporates the following versioning issues: component and type identification, component and type evolution, component version description model and component retrieving based on the version description model. It also outlines a prototype repository designed as a proof of concept.
Probability-Driven Multibit Flip-Flop Integration With Clock Gating (2016)

Data-driven clock gated (DDCG) and multibit flip-flops (MBFFs) are two low-power design techniques that are usually treated separately. Combining these techniques into a single grouping algorithm and design flow enables further power savings. We study MBFF multiplicity and its synergy with FF data-to-clock toggling probabilities. A probabilistic model is implemented to maximize the expected energy savings by grouping FFs in increasing order of their data-to-clock toggling probabilities. We present a front-end design flow, guided by physical layout considerations for a 65-nm 32-bit MIPS and a 28-nm industrial network processor. It is shown to achieve the power savings of 23% and 17%, respectively, compared with designs with ordinary FFs. About half of the savings was due to integrating the DDCG into the MBFFs.
Point pattern matching and applications - A review (2004)

Feature-based methods in vision analysis often encounter the problem of correspondences between features of two related patterns. The features may be points, lines, curves and surfaces/regions. Point pattern matching (PPM) is a primary and essential approach for establishing a correspondence within two related patterns. Applications exist in wide circumstances. Numerous techniques related to PPM have been studied within a rich and extensive literature, encompassing both theoretical and practical problem domains. In this paper, we provide a review of the PPM techniques and their applications from three aspects: 1) PPM under rigid/affine motion, 2) PPM under non-rigid/elastic motion, and 3) PPM in a dynamic sequence. We also anticipate the trend for the future in adapting existing techniques to novel algorithms for non-rigid PPM.
Involvement of Spinal Protein Kinase Cγ in the Attenuation of Opioid μ-Receptor-Mediated G-Protein Activation after Chronic Intrathecal Administration of [d-Ala<sup>2</sup>,<i>N</i>-MePhe<sup>4</sup>,Gly-Ol<sup>5</sup>]Enkephalin (2001)

The present study was designed to investigate the role of a protein kinase C (PKC) isoform in the uncoupling of the mu-opioid receptor from G-proteins after repeated intrathecal injection of a selective mu-receptor agonist, [D-Ala(2),N-MePhe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO), in the spinal cord of mice. The activation of G-proteins by opioids was measured by monitoring the guanosine-5'-o-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding. Mice were injected intrathecally with saline or DAMGO once a day for 1-7 d. At 24 hr after every injection the spinal cord membranes were prepared for the assay. The enhanced [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding by mu-agonists DAMGO, endomorphin-1, or endomorphin-2 was attenuated clearly in spinal cord membranes obtained from mice that were treated intrathecally with DAMGO for 5 and 7 d, but not for 1 or 3 d. By contrast, no change in levels of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding induced by the delta-receptor agonist SNC-80 or kappa-receptor agonist U-50,488H was noted in membranes obtained from mice that were treated with DAMGO. Concomitant intrathecal administration of a specific PKC inhibitor Ro-32-0432 with DAMGO blocked the attenuation of DAMGO-induced G-protein activation that was caused by chronic DAMGO treatment. Western blotting analysis showed that chronic DAMGO treatment increased the levels of PKCgamma, but not PKCalpha, PKCbetaI, and PKCbetaII isoforms, in spinal cord membranes. Furthermore, mice lacking PKCgamma failed to exhibit the desensitization of the DAMGO-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding after repeated DAMGO injection. These findings indicate that repeated intrathecal administration of DAMGO may activate the PKCgamma isoform and in turn cause a desensitization of mu-receptor-mediated G-protein activation in the mouse spinal cord.
Atherosclerosis and conjugated linoleic acid (1999)

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Electromagnetic Absorption by the Human Body from 1 - 15 GHz (2013)

Microwave radiation is emitted by a wide variety of computing, communications and other technologies. In many transport, industrial and medical contexts, humans are placed in close proximity to several of these sources of emission in reflective, enclosed cavities. Pseudo-reverberant conditions are created, in which absorption by human bodies can form a significant, even the dominant loss mechanism. The amount of energy stored, and hence the field intensities in these environments depend on the nature of electromagnetic absorption by the human body, so quantifying human absorption at these frequencies is necessary for accurate modelling of both electromagnetic interference and communications path loss in such situations.\n\nThe research presented here aims to quantify absorption by the body, for the purpose of simulating its effect on the environments listed above. For this purpose, nine volunteer\nparticipants are enlisted in a preliminary study in which their height and mass are taken and their electromagnetic absorption cross section is measured in a reverberation chamber. \n\nThe preliminary study is unable to gather enough data to provide precise measurements during the time that a participant is willing to sit motionless in the chamber. Issues also exist due to power loss in some parts of the equipment. A number improvements are made to both the experimental equipment and methodology, and the study is repeated with a sample of 60 adult volunteer participants. The results are compared to the preliminary data and found\nto match, once unwanted absorption in the latter has been subtracted. The results are also validated using data from absorption by a spherical phantom of known absorptive properties.\n\nThe absorption cross section of the body is plotted and its behaviour is compared to several biometric parameters, of which the body’s surface area is found to have a dominant effect on absorption. This is then normalised out to give an absorption efficiency of the skin, which is again compared to several biometric parameters; the strongest correlation is found to be with an estimate for average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer.\n\nThese data are used to model the effect of 400 passengers on the Q-factor of an airliner’s cabin. Absorption by the passengers is shown to be the dominant loss mechanism in the cabin, showing the importance of accounting for human absorption when modelling electromagnetic propagation and interference in situations that include human occupants. The relationship between subcutaneous fat and absorption efficiency is suggested for further research, as it promises\ndevelopment of new tools to study body composition, with possible medical applications.
On models of phosphorus diffusion in silicon (1983)

Various phenomena associated with phosphorus diffusion in silicon are reviewed and prominent models are critiqued. It is shown that these models are either fundamentally unsound, or are inconsistent with observed phenomena. A consistent model is proposed in which two mechanisms are operating simultaneously, namely, the vacancy mechanism for the slower diffusing component, and the interstitialcy mechanism for the faster diffusing component. It is assumed that phosphorus exists in silicon in both the substitutional and the interstitialcy species, and that both are shallow donors. The conversion between the two species is relatively slow, giving rise to the so-called kinked concentration profile. Diffusion via a partial interstitialcy mechanism leads to a supersaturation of self-interstitials.
Development of a transducer to measure instanteous local heat flux to a surface immersed in a high temperature fluidized bed (2015)

The topic of this research was to develop an abrasion resistant, fast responding (approximately 2 ms) heat flux transducer to measure instantaneous local heat transfer coefficients to a surface immersed in a high temperature fluidized bed at combustion level temperatures.The principle of operation was to use eroding-type surface thermocouples in conjunction with analog circuitry to provide a d.c.output voltage that was related to the instantaneous local heat flux.A limited experimental study was performed in a high temperature fluidized bed to demonstrate that the heat flux transducer could survive the harsh environment imposed upon it and yield useful data.To the author's knowledge, there are no published values for the instantaneous local heat transfer coefficent to a horizontal cylinder immersed in a high temperature fluidized bed, therefore the accuracy of the measurements cannot be determined.However, the results obtained from the experimental study are in agreement with published values of the time average local heat transfer coefficient and the spatial average heat transfer coefficient.The data presented in this thesis are values of the instantaneous local heat transfer coefficient for a 5.08 cm diameter horizontal cylinder at the fluidized bed temperatures of 834.6 K, 821.3 K, and 1016.3K.
The Lure of Technology: Panacea or Pariah? (1999)

Is the lure of technology in training and development a panacea or a pariah? Is the increasing use of technology the best strategy for training and development, and should we encourage and facilitate this trend? It seems almost impossible to think about doing our job without the use of some technology; however, aword of caution is in order. It may not be wise to avoid technology all together, but it may similarly be foolish to run toward it without proper circumspection, investigation, and application. This article brings to light some of the pitfalls, difficulties, and losses associated with relying on technology for management education.
Intravenous neridronate in the treatment of acute painful knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled study (2015)

ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov), NCT01803360.
Understanding the Electrocatalytic Interface for Ambient Ammonia Synthesis (2020)

Electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 under ambient conditions can enable an alternative approach for sustainable, distributed production of NH3 when powered by renewable electricity. However, the development of such a process has been hindered by the lack of efficient electrocatalysts for the N2 reduction reaction (NRR) because of the barrier for N2 activation and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, we highlight some mechanistic insights into the electrode–electrolyte interface for NH3 electrosynthesis, where the NRR and HER compete for the available protons, electrons, and catalytic surface sites. The competition even dominates the electrokinetics of NRR, so that the NRR activity typically declines at relatively higher overpotentials. Methods are thus proposed to mitigate the competition from the HER and boost the NRR activity and selectivity, including optimizing the electrolyte, revealing structure–activity relationships for rational catalyst design, and developing gas-diffusion-electrode flow cells with a controlled local liquid/gas environment for NRR electrolysis.
Sequence selection of stock sheets in two-dimensional layout problems (1989)

This paper introduces an optimization algorithm for finding the sequence of stock sheets to use in a two-dimensional bill-of-materials layout problem, when there is more than one size of stock sheet to choose from and when the method for laying each single sheet is already chosen. To reduce computer time and memory requirements for solving this problem, two other heuristic approaches are also proposed. Tests on data from a Wisconsin manufacturer show that the use of multiple sheet sizes can materially reduce the trim losses achieved from a layout system that uses only a single sheet size. The heuristic methods introduced represent progressive stages in the trade-off between layout quality and the computer time and memory required to achieve the layout.