gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Online Thickness Measurement of Thermal Spray Coatings (2006)

Abstract In the past ten years, significant progress has been made in the field of advanced sensors for particle and spray plume characterization. However, there are very few commercially available technologies for online characterization of the as-deposited coatings. In particular, coating thickness is one of the most important parameter to monitor and control. Current methods such as destructive tests or direct mechanical measurements can cause significant production downtime. This paper presents a novel approach that enables online, real-time and non-contact measurement of individual spray pass thickness during deposition. Micron-level resolution was achieved on various coatings and substrate materials. The precision has been shown to be independent from surface roughness or thermal expansion. Results obtained on typical HVOF and plasma sprayed coatings are presented. Finally, current fields of application, technical limitations and future developments are discussed.
Analysis of Heat Generation Through-Electromagnetic Energy Conversion for Magnetic Hyperthermia Cancer Treatment (2006)

Hyperthermia (HT) is a cancer treatment that utilizes a variety of heating methods to destroy cancerous tumors. A diversity of technical problems still exists regarding HT's different approaches, therapeutic potential, and evidence of effectiveness. The foremost problem is in generating and controlling heat in tumors to target cancer sites. The window of temperature for HT is between 42°C and 45°C, with the literature suggesting 43°C to be the ideal temperature for inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Normal cells undergo necrosis at higher temperatures than that of the specified range. To address control problems, various methods have been utilized to localize HT heating and limit its temperatures through various applicators, materials, and procedures. One method has been to implant various materials into the human body to heat tumors, a process known as Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH) as it uses magnetic nanoparticles (NP). This method is particularly useful for sending thermal energy to deep seated tumors by using ferro/ferri magnetic NP that absorb non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields delivered into the human body externally. These NP have been shown to heat surrounding tissue until they reach a Curie temperature (Tc) at which generated heat is minimized (many thermodynamic properties change at Tc, such as dielectric, elastic, optical and thermal properties. Fabricated NP, due to spontaneous polarization, can heat via hysteresis losses under applied EM fields making them candidates for testing in (EM) HT systems. Various ferro- and ferromagnetic materials have been studied extensively by this group (e.g.: Ni-Cu, Ni-Co, Ni-Cr, Er, Ce, Gd, and their alloys, etc.) as candidates for HT due to their production of heat through hysteresis or magnetic spin mechanisms. With the use of these nanoparticle systems, the focus of this paper is to produce analysis of heat generation through electromagnetic energy conversion for magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment and to investigate the heat transfer and heat generation of magnetic NP due to temperature rise upon application of externally applied AC magnetic field. Both, polarization switching and inhomogenities affect polarization orientation within a crystal. Domain switching occurs in two steps: first, the domain nucleates at critical level of applied EM field; second, the interface between the two domains propagates. Particles moving across the interface transform from one domain type to another, which leads to a release of energy in the form of heat. This, in turn, leads to a temperature rise at the interface.
Cardiac regeneration and stem cell therapy (2008)

Ongoing unraveling of the mechanistic and clinical complexities underlying cardiac regeneration will advance the field of regenerative medicine. Substantial progress is being made by the parallel conduct of basic science studies and clinical trials that are incorporating mechanistic evaluations.
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers with Ion-Implanted Current Apertures and Index Guiding (1998)

One of the principal advantages of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSEL's) is their high power conversion efficiency (from electrical to optical) at low power levels, in the lmW regime.
Downlink interference management techniques for residential femtocells (2011)

Downlink transmit (Tx) power calibration techniques are vital in self-organizing femtocell networks to achieve a good tradeoff between femtocell coverage and interference impact to nearby macrocells and femtocells. In this paper, we present two power calibration techniques that adapt to a wide variety of residential deployment scenarios: (1) Over a long term, Tx power is adapted by learning required coverage range, RF profile inside the home and interference outside using feedback from home users and macro users; (2) Tx power is adapted in real-time based on short term dynamic variations in traffic such as arrival of active macro users (guest or passer-by). The presence of nearby active macro users is detected by sensing their uplink channel. The algorithms are shown to provide superior performance compared to conventional techniques in wide variety of deployment scenarios.
Tumor Genetic Analyses of Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Extended Benefit from mTOR Inhibitor Therapy (2014)

Analysis of outlier cases can facilitate identification of potential biomarkers for targeted agents, and we implicate two genes as candidates for further study in this class of drugs. The previously reported phenomenon of clonal convergence can occur within a targetable pathway which might have implications for biomarker development beyond this disease and this class of agents.
An algebraic array shape inference system for MATLAB® (2006)

The problem of inferring array shapes ahead of time in languages that exhibit both implicit and dynamic typing is a critical one because the ramifications of its solution are the better organization of array storage through compaction and reuse, and the generation of high-performance code through specialization by shape. This article addresses the problem in a prototypical implicitly and dynamically typed array language called MATLAB. The approach involves modeling the language's shape semantics using an algebraic system, and applying term rewriting techniques to evaluate expressions under this algebra. Unlike prior efforts at array shape determination, this enables the deduction of valuable shape information even when array extents are compile-time unknowns. Furthermore, unlike some previous methods, our approach doesn't impose monotonicity requirements on an operator's shape semantics. The work also describes an inference methodology and reports measurements from a type inference engine called MAGICA. In a benchmark suite of 17 programs, the shape inference subsystem in MAGICA detected the equivalence of over 61% of the symbolic shapes in six programs, and over 57% and 37% of the symbolic shapes in two others. In the remaining nine programs, all array shapes were inferred to be compile-time constants.
Optical fiber bundled array reactors for heterogeneous photocatalysis (1995)

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been shown to be an effective means of removing organic and inorganic pollutants from water streams. Most conventional photocatalytic reactor systems have deficiencies such as photocatalyst recovery, illumination, and distribution and low reactive surface area. In order to overcome these deficiencies we have developed and characterized a reactor system that employs an optical fiber cable as a means of light transmission to solid-supported TiO{sub 2}. Light energy is transmitted to the TiO{sub 2}, coated on the fiber cores, via radial refraction of light out of the fiber. Factors found to influence significantly the efficiency of the optical fiber reactor are the distance of light propagation down the fiber, the degree of absorption by the coating of the refracted light, and the ability of the chemical substrate to diffuse into the coating. A coating with minimal fiber-core: TiO{sub 2} interfacial surface area and incident angles approaching 90{degrees} enhance propagation. An optimal coating should also ensure operation in a reaction-limited regime and have a thickness equal to the inverse of the absorption coefficient. Maximum quantum efficiencies of {phi}=1.1% for the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol were achieved. This can be compared to a {phi}=0.6% for a slurry reactor operated under similarmore » conditions.« less
Two Antioxidative Diterpenes from Rosemary (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L.) and a Revised Structure for Rosmanol<sup>†</sup> (1984)

Two new antioxidative compounds, named epirosmanol (4a) and isorosmanol (6a), were isolated from the leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The structures have been determined to be 7β,11,12-trihydroxy-6,10-(epoxymethano)abieta-8,l 1,13-trien-20-one and 6α,ll,12-trihydroxy-7,10-(epoxymethano)abieta-8,ll,13-trien-20-one, respectively, on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. Both are isomers of rosmanol (1a), whose structure was revised to be 7α,ll,12-trihydroxy-6,10-(epoxymethano)abieta-8,ll,13-trien-20-one by the NOE experiment and X-ray analysis. These two antioxidants showed high activity in both lard and linoleic acid and, particularly in lard, were about four times more active than such synthetic antioxidants, as BHA and BHT.
REEP1 mutation spectrum and genotype/phenotype correlation in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 31 (2008)

Mutations in the receptor expression enhancing protein 1 (REEP1) have recently been reported to cause autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) type SPG31. In a large collaborative effort, we screened a sample of 535 unrelated HSP patients for REEP1 mutations and copy number variations. We identified 13 novel and 2 known REEP1 mutations in 16 familial and sporadic patients by direct sequencing analysis. Twelve out of 16 mutations were small insertions, deletions or splice site mutations. These changes would result in shifts of the open-reading-frame followed by premature termination of translation and haploinsufficiency. Interestingly, we identified two disease associated variations in the 3'-UTR of REEP1 that fell into highly conserved micro RNA binding sites. Copy number variation analysis in a subset of 133 HSP index patients revealed a large duplication of REEP1 that involved exons 2-7 in an Irish family. Clinically most SPG31 patients present with a pure spastic paraplegia; rare complicating features were restricted to symptoms or signs of peripheral nerve involvement. Interestingly, the distribution of age at onset suggested a bimodal pattern with the appearance of initial symptoms of disease either before the age of 20 years or after the age of 30 years. The overall mutation rate in our clinically heterogeneous sample was 3.0%; however, in the sub-sample of pure HSP REEP1 mutations accounted for 8.2% of all patients. These results firmly establish REEP1 as a relatively frequent autosomal dominant HSP gene for which genetic testing is warranted. We also establish haploinsufficiency as the main molecular genetic mechanism in SPG31, which should initiate and guide functional studies on REEP1 with a focus on loss-of-function mechanisms. Our results should be valid as a reference for mutation frequency, spectrum of REEP1 mutations, and clinical phenotypes associated with SPG31.
Design of All-Optical Multi-functional Logic Gate in Single Format by Using Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (2006)

Using the cross gain modulation (XGM) characteristics of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), all-optical multi-functional logic gates including XOR, NOR, and NAND gates are successfully demonstrated at 10 Gbps by using VPI simulation tool
Discovery of Corticotropin Releasing Factor 2 Receptor Selective Sauvagine Analogues for Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy (2004)

The corticotropin release factor 2 receptor (CRF2R) has many biological activities including modulation of the stress response. Recently, we have demonstrated that CRF2R activation functions to prevent skeletal muscle wasting resulting from a variety of physiological stimuli. Thus we are interested in identifying CRF2R selective agonists with optimal pharmacological properties for use in treating muscle wasting diseases. Several CRF2R agonists are known including the frog peptide sauvagine (Svg), which display superior pharmacological properties compared to other CRF2R agonists. Unfortunately sauvagine is a nonselective CRFR agonist, thus making it of less utility due to side effects resulting from corticotropin release factor 1 receptor (CRF1R) activation. Because our initial modifications of Svg at position 11 improved CRF2R selectivity, we investigated the role of amino acids at positions 12 and 13 in Svg. We observed that phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, glutamine, histidine, and tyrosine at the 12th position were the strongest promoters of CRF2R selectivity whereas phenylalanine, glutamine, trytophane, tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and 2-naphthylalanine were the preferred residues at the 13th position. Selective sauvagine peptides demonstrated improved antiatrophy effects in a mouse-casting model when compared to sauvagine itself. Thus, we demonstrate that the CRF2R selectivity can be improved by optimizing amino acids at positions 12 and 13 (all with proline at position 11) and that the selective sauvagine analogues demonstrate better in vivo efficacy than sauvagine itself.
Characterizing the Initial Spray From Fire Suppression Devices (2006)

The performance of water-based fire suppression systems is governed by the dispersion of the water drops in the spray. Characterization of the spray is essential for predicting and evaluating the performance of these suppression systems. The dispersion of the spray is typically modeled using particle tracking methods. The accuracy of the spray predictions using this approach is quite sensitive to the initial spray specification. A physics based atomization model is proposed for specification of the initial spray. Inputs to the atomization model include injector geometry, injection pressure, ambient environment, and suppressant fluid properties. This modeling approach can be integrated with drop dispersion models and CFD models to characterize spray dispersion in quiescent environments or evaluate suppression performance in fire environments. In the current study, this atomization model is compared with measurements from an 'ideal' sprinkler to evaluate model performance and to support model development.
In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of a Novel Semaphorin 3A Inhibitor, SM-216289 or Xanthofulvin (2003)

SM-216289 (xanthofulvin) isolated from the fermentation broth of a fungal strain, Penicillium sp. SPF-3059, was identified as a strong semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) inhibitor. Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro was completely abolished in the presence of SM-216289 at levels less than 2 mum (IC50 = 0.16 mum). When dorsal root ganglion explants were co-cultured with Sema3A-producing COS7 cells in a collagen gel matrix, SM-216289 enabled neurites to grow toward the COS7 cells. SM-216289 diminished the binding of Sema3A to its receptor neuropilin-1 in vitro, suggesting a direct interference of receptor-ligand association. Moreover, our data suggest that SM-216289 interacted with Sema3A directly and blocked the binding of Sema3A to its receptor. We examined the efficacy of SM-216289 in vivo using a rat olfactory nerve axotomy model, in which strong Sema3A induction has been reported around regenerating axons. The regeneration of olfactory nerves was significantly accelerated by a local administration of SM-216289 in the lesion site, suggesting the involvement of Sema3A in neural regeneration as an inhibitory factor. SM-216289 is an excellent molecular probe to investigate the function of Sema3A, in vitro and in vivo, and may be useful for the treatment of traumatic neural injuries.
Bi-level video (2001)

The rapid development of wired and wireless networks tremendouslyfacilitates communications between people. However, most of thecurrent wireless networks still work in low bandwidths, and mobiledevices still suffer from weak computational power, short batterylifetime and limited display capability. We developed a very lowbit-rate bi-level video coding technique, which can be used invideo communications almost anywhere, anytime on any device. Thespirit of this method is that rather than giving highest priorityto the basic colors of an image as in conventional DCT-basedcompression methods, we give preference to the outline features ofscenes when we have limited bandwidths. These features can berepresented by bi-level image sequences that are converted fromgray-scale image sequences. By analyzing the temporal correlationbetween successive frames and flexibilities in the scenepresentation using bi-level images, we achieve very high ratioswith our bi-level video compression scheme. Experiments show thatin low bandwidths, our method provides clearer shape, smoothermotion, shorter initial latency and much cheaper computational costthan do DCT-based methods. Our method is especially suitable forsmall mobile devices such as handheld PCs, palm-size PCs and mobilephones that possess small display screens and light computationalpower, and work in low bandwidth wireless networks. We have builtPC and Pocket PC versions of bi-level video phone systems, whichtypically provide QCIF-size video with a frame rate of 5-15 fps fora 9.6 Kbps bandwidth.
Separators (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: General Principles Separators for Lead–Acid Storage Batteries Separators for Alkaline Storage Batteries Acknowledgments References
Reduction in misfit dislocation density by the selective growth of Si1−<i>x</i>Ge<i>x</i>/Si in small areas (1990)

Si1−xGex and Si layers have been grown selectively in the exposed Si regions on oxide-patterned 〈100〉 oriented Si wafers using the chemical vapor deposition technique limited reaction processing. Misfit dislocation spacings at the heterointerface were measured using plan-view transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with a large-area thinning technique which allows for examination of 100–150 μm diameter areas. The dislocation density is reduced by at least a factor of 20 for small areas (lateral dimensions: tens of microns) bounded by oxide isolation when compared to adjacent large areas (millimeters) which are uninterrupted by the patterned oxide. The ability to selectively grow Si1−xGex on patterned wafers and the area-dependent reduction in dislocation density in as-grown films may be important considerations for future device applications using Si1−xGex strained layers.
Transformation of hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles to hydrophilic and biocompatible maghemite nanocrystals for use as highly efficient MRI contrast agent (2011)

We report a transformation of hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles to hydrophilic and biocompatible maghemite nanocrystals by controlled thermal treatment followed by dextran coating. Sodium sulfate salt was used as matrix for preventing aggregation during the thermal treatment at high temperature. Through the thermal treatment and subsequent isolation process, highly crystalline bare maghemite nanocrystals with high magnetization were produced. Subsequent coating with dextran derivatives produced hydrophilic and biocompatible iron oxide nanocrystals. Among various kinds of dextran derivatives, polyanionic carboxymethyl dextran (CM-dextran) was most efficient for stabilizing the nanocrystals in aqueous media. CM-dextran coated nanocrystals exhibited high relaxivity originating from the high magnetization and assembled structure.
Virtual Optical Network Provisioning over Flexible-Grid Multi-Domain Optical Networks (2014)

We consider virtual optical network (VON) provisioning over a flexible-grid multi-domain optical network with the objective of minimizing total network cost, including the cost of transponders, regenerators, and spectrum. We propose a three-step heuristic algorithm that addresses the issues of domain selection, topology aggregation, and routing, modulation format, and spectrum assignment (RMSA) when mapping virtual optical links onto multi-domain physical optical links. We propose a domain selection technique that attempts to minimize the number of inter- domain virtual optical links. We then suggest a topology aggregation (TA) technique to exchange intra and inter-domain information between domains, and propose a method for RMSA over the aggregated topology. Numerical results show that our heuristic approach is effective in reducing total network cost.
Pyrophosphorolysis-Activated Polymerization (PAP): Application to Allele-Specific Amplification (2000)

To measure mutation load or to detect minimal residual disease, a robust method for identifying one mutant allele in the range of 10(6)-10(9) wild-type alleles would be advantageous. Herein, we present evidence that pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP) has the potential to provide a highly specific and robust method of allele-specific amplification if DNA polymerases with higher pyrophosphorolysis activity can be found or engineered. In PAP, pyrophosphorolysis and polymerization by DNA polymerase are coupled serially by utilizing a pyrophosphorolysis-activatable oligonucleotide (P*). P*, which is an allele-specific oligonucleotide with a dideoxynucleotide at the 3' terminus, can be activated by pyrophosphorolysis to remove the 3' terminal dideoxynucleotide in the presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) and the complementary strand of the allelic template; then the activated P* can be extended by DNA polymerization. Specificity results from both pyrophosphorolysis and polymerization because significant nonspecific amplification requires the combination of mismatch pyrophosphorolysis and misincorporation by the DNA polymerase, which is an extremely rare event. Proof of principle has been achieved with a polymorphic site within the human D1 dopamine receptor gene. The effects of the dideoxyoligonucleotide sequences, DNA polymerases, PPi concentrations, allele-specific templates, pH and dNTP concentrations were examined.
Linear arc discharge source for large area plasma processing (1997)

A linearly scalable plasma source based on the radio frequency generated hot hollow cathode discharge between two parallel plates with a magnetic field perpendicular to the plates near the outlet of the cathode is introduced. The magnetic field facilitates and confines the hollow cathode discharge which leads to a high power density and a high cathode wall temperature. The geometry and location of hot zones is directly controlled by magnetic field. The linear arc discharge (LAD) source exhibits similar features as the cylindrical radio frequency hollow cathode plasma jet. Experiments indicate a metastable assisted growth of TiN films. LAD source extends abilities of the radio frequency hollow cathode plasma jet to the large area processing.