gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF MICROPOROUS FILMS FROM IMMISCIBLE BLENDS VIA MELT PROCESSING (2000)

Microporous films from immiscible blends were produced via melt processing and post-step treatments. Polystyrene (PS)/polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polypropylene blend systems with different viscosity ratios were studied. The blends were first compounded in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and subsequently extruded through a sheet die to obtain the precursor films. These were uniaxially or biaxially drawn (100-400%) with respect to the original dimension to induce microporous structure and post treated at elevated temperature to maintain the porous structure which consisted of uniform microcracks in the order of a few hundred nanometers. The fabrication process here is shown to be a promising technique for producing microporous films that can be used for liquid and gas separations.
Electron-Photon Coincidence Calibration Of Photon Detectors (1988)

Absolute and relative detector efficiencies measured. Apparatus uses coincidence-counting techniques to measure efficiency of ultraviolet or vacuum ultraviolet detector at very low radiation intensity. Crossed electron and atomic beams generate photons used to calibrate photon detector. Pulses from electron counter and photon detector(s) processed by standard coincidence-counting techniques. Used to calibrate other detectors or make absolute measurements of incident photon fluxes.
Over- and Under-Exposure Reconstruction of a Single Plenoptic Capture (2018)

Light field images, for example, taken with plenoptic cameras, offer interesting post-processing opportunities, including depth-of-field management, depth estimation, viewpoint selection, and 3D image synthesis. Like most capture devices, however, plenoptic cameras have a limited dynamic range, so that over- and under-exposed areas in plenoptic images are commonplace. We therefore present a straightforward and robust plenoptic reconstruction technique based on the observation that vignetting causes peripheral views to receive less light than central views. Thus, corresponding pixels in different views can be used to reconstruct illumination, especially in areas where information missing in one view is present in another. Our algorithm accurately reconstructs under- and over-exposed regions (known as declipping), additionally affording an increase in peak luminance by up to two f-stops, and a comparable lowering of the noise floor. The key advantages of this approach are that no hardware modifications are necessary to improve the dynamic range, that no multiple exposure techniques are required, and therefore that no ghosting or other artifacts are introduced.
XNA (<i>xylo</i> Nucleic Acid): A Summary and New Derivatives (2005)

Abstract Fully modified homopyrimidine 2'‐deoxy‐ xylo nucleic acid (dXNA) form triple helixes with complementary DNA/RNA with thermal stabilities comparable to those of the corresponding DNA:DNA and DNA:RNA duplexes. However, a single or few insertions of dXNA monomers in a DNA strand significantly lower duplex stabilities. The dXNA monomers are known to adopt predominantly an N ‐type furanose conformation in solution. With a desire to increase the binding affinity, seven sugar‐modified XNA monomers ( H , F , N , M , K , P and Q ) have been synthesised and their effect on hybridization towards DNA and RNA complements studied. The introduction of 2'‐fluoro and 2'‐hydroxy substituents was expected to induce conformational restriction towards C3'‐ endo ‐type furanose conformation of monomer F derived from 1‐(2'‐deoxy‐2'‐fluoro‐β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl)thymine and monomer H derived from 1‐(β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl)thymine. The presence of functionalites facing the minor groove as in 1‐(2'‐amino‐2'‐deoxy‐2'‐ N ,4'‐ C ‐methylene‐β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl)thymine (monomer N ), 1‐[4‐ C ‐( N ‐methylpiperazinyl)methyl‐β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl]thymine (monomer P ), 1‐(4‐ C ‐piperazinylmethyl‐β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl)thymine (monomer Q ), 1‐(4‐ C ‐hydroxymethyl‐β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl)thymine (monomer M ) and 9‐(4‐ C ‐hydroxymethyl‐β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl)adenine (monomer K ) was studied, with monomer N being locked in an N ‐type furanose conformation. Besides, an efficient synthesis of known xylo ‐LNA phosphoramidite 19 , required for the incorporation of 1‐(2'‐ O ,4'‐ C ‐methylene‐β‐ D ‐xylofuranosyl)thymine (monomer L ) is described. For comparison, hydridization data of various XNAs reported in the literature are included in the discussion section. The thermal denaturation studies show that XNAs containing conformationally locked monomers ( N and L ) display improved binding affinity, and that partially modified DNA/XNA chimera, or fully modified XNA display preferential hybridization towards RNA complements. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Novel Zinc Fluorescent Probes Excitable with Visible Light for Biological Applications (2000)

Fluorophore plus a macrocyclic polyamine blend into a probe for zinc that is active under physiological conditions. Compound 1 (X=Cl) increased fluorescence intensity 26-fold upon addition of ZnII, yet is insensitive to other common metals. The probes are active at a range of pH values, most importantly at pH 7. These probes do not need biologically harmful UV irradiation for fluoroescent activity.
Reaction of cis-vicinal dimethanesulfonates with Te<sup>2–</sup>: a method for converting cis-vicinal diols into olefins and its use in the preparation of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides (1993)

cis-Vicinal dimethanesulfonates, prepared from the corresponding diols, are converted into olefins by treatment with alkali metal tellurides or selenides (M2Te or M2Se); the reaction has been used to make derivatives of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides.
Adder arithmetic units (2018)

Adders are a universal component of nearly every computing system, whether traditional or modern. Even the most fundamental machine, which performs no arithmetic, requires an adder to calculate address offsets and branch instructions. Adders are also generally less complex than other arithmetic units found in system. This chapter introduces four different adders: a ripple-carry adder, a carry-look-ahead adder, a carry-select adder, and a conditional-sum adder. The traditional CMOS circuits for each of the adders are described, and the performance and area of these designs are each analyzed. The adders vary in terms of their complexity. The simplest design is the ripple-carry adder, and the most complex design is the carry-look-ahead adder. In general, as the complexity of the adder increases, the speed and performance improve.
Superconducting levitation: applications to bearings and magnetic transportation (1994)

Presents the fundamental principles governing levitation of material bodies by magnetic fields without too much formal theory. Defines the technology of magnetic bearings, especially those based on superconductivity, and demonstrates the key roles that magnetics, mechanics and dynamics play in the complete understanding of magnetic levitation and its bearings. Features extensive figures and photos of Mag-Lev devices and summarizes recent U.S. research studies in an effort to regain the lead in Mag-Lev technologies
Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording: Theory, Media Fabrication, and Recording Performance (2015)

Bit-patterned media (BPM) for magnetic recording provides a route to thermally stable data recording at >1 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and circumvents many of the challenges associated with extending conventional granular media technology. Instead of recording a bit on an ensemble of random grains, BPM comprises a well-ordered array of lithographically patterned isolated magnetic islands, each of which stores 1 bit. Fabrication of BPM is viewed as the greatest challenge for its commercialization. In this paper, we describe a BPM fabrication method that combines rotary-stage e-beam lithography, directed self-assembly of block copolymers, self-aligned double patterning, nanoimprint lithography, and ion milling to generate BPM based on CoCrPt alloy materials at densities up to 1.6 Td/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . This combination of novel fabrication technologies achieves feature sizes of <;10 nm, which is significantly smaller than what conventional nanofabrication methods used in semiconductor manufacturing can achieve. In contrast to earlier work that used hexagonal arrays of round islands, our latest approach creates BPM with rectangular bit cells, which are advantageous for the integration of BPM with existing hard disk drive technology. The advantages of rectangular bits are analyzed from a theoretical and modeling point of view, and system integration requirements, such as provision of servo patterns, implementation of write synchronization, and providing for a stable head-disk interface, are addressed in the context of experimental results. Optimization of magnetic alloy materials for thermal stability, writeability, and tight switching field distribution is discussed, and a new method for growing BPM islands from a specially patterned underlayer-referred to as templated growth-is presented. New recording results at 1.6 Td/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (roughly equivalent to 1.3 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) demonstrate a raw error rate <;10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> , which is consistent with the recording system requirements of modern hard drives. Extendibility of BPM to higher densities and its eventual combination with energy-assisted recording are explored.
Usefulness of LacdiNAc-glycosylated Prostate-specific Antigen Density for Predicting Pathological Findings of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-transrectal Ultrasound Fusion Image-guided Prostate Biopsy for the Patients With Highest Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Category ≥3 (2022)

LDN-PSAD would be a biomarker for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer in patients with prostate specific antigen levels ≤20 ng/mL and suspicious lesions with PI-RADS category ≥3. The use of LDN-PSAD as an adjunct to the use of prostate specific antigen levels would avoid unnecessary biopsies in patients with the highest PI-RADS category 3. Multi-institutional studies with large population are recommended.
Joint shape and texture rate control for MPEG-4 encoders (1998)

This paper describes an algorithm which can achieve a constant bit rate when coding multiple video objects. First, an initial target estimate is made for each object. Based on the buffer fullness, the total target is adjusted and then distributed proportional to the relative size, motion, and variance of each object. Based on the new individual target rates and rate distortion model for coding the texture of each object, appropriate quantization parameters are calculated. After each object is encoded, the texture model parameters for each object are updated, and if necessary, frames are skipped to ensure that the buffer does not overflow. To provide a proper trade-off between spatial and temporal coding, the proposed rate control algorithm switches between a high rate coding mode and a low rate one. In the low rate mode, a mechanism to control the parameters for shape coding is included. Overall, the algorithm is able to successfully achieve the target bit rate, effectively code arbitrarily shaped objects, and maintain a stable buffer level.
Shading prediction, fault detection, and consensus estimation for solar array control (2018)

This paper describes three methods used in the development of a utility-scale solar cyber-physical system. The study describes remote fault detection using machine learning approaches, power output optimization using cloud movement prediction and consensus-based solar array parameter estimation. Dynamic cloud movement, shading and soiling, lead to fluctuations in power output and loss of efficiency. For optimization of output power, a cloud movement prediction algorithm is proposed. Integrated fault detection methods are also described to predict and by pass failing modules. Finally, the fully connected solar array, which is fitted with multiple sensors, is operated as an Internet of things network. Integrated with each module are sensors and radio electronics communicating all data to a fusion center. Gathering data at the fusion center to compute and transmit analytics requires secure low power communication solutions. To optimize the resources and power consumption, we describe a method to integrate fully distributed algorithms designed for a wireless sensor network in this CPS system.
Photonic integrated circuit for absolute metrology (2020)

Absolute metrology techniques have been proposed for and used in a variety of optical systems as a means of precisely measuring distances. Typically the metrology concepts utilize frequency stabilized multiple wavelength lasers. We describe a multi-wavelength approach that utilizes the strengths of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) to implement an absolute metrology sensor. The metrology sensor is a self-contained system that forms a multi-wavelength distance measuring interferometer. The PIC includes the waveguide circuitry, laser source, detectors and a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable reference in a compact form. The PIC is a hybrid combination of Indium Phosphide circuitry with active elements (detectors and laser) and a passive Silicon Nitride circuit of waveguides. The PIC implementation is presented along with measurement results showing an unambiguous range of 30 mm with nanometer precision.
Generation of multiple optical frequencies referenced to a frequency comb for precision free-space frequency transfer (2016)

Generating multiple optical frequencies referenced to the frequency standard is an important task in optical clock dissemination and optical communication. An apparatus for frequency-comb-referenced generation of multiple optical frequencies is demonstrated for high-precision free-space transfer of multiple optical frequencies. The relative linewidth and frequency instability at each channel corresponds to sub-1 Hz and 1.06×10<sup>-15 </sup>at 10 s averaging time, respectively. During the free-space transfer, the refractive index change of transmission media caused by atmospheric turbulences induces phase and frequency noise on optical frequencies. These phase and frequency noise causes induced linewidth broadening and frequency shift in optical frequencies which can disturb the accurate frequency transfer. The proposed feedback loop with acousto-optic modulator can monitor and compensate phase/frequency noise on optical frequencies. As a result, a frequency-comb-referenced single optical mode is compensated with a high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 80 dB. By sharing the same optical paths, this feedback loop is confirmed to be successfully transferred to the neighboring wavelength channels (a 100 GHz spaced channel). This result confirms our proposed system can transfer optical frequencies to the remote site in free-space without performance degradation.
Development of a Bayesian model to estimate health care outcomes in the severely wounded (2010)

A BBN model can effectively represent clinical outcomes and biomarkers in patients hospitalized after severe wounding, and is confirmed by 10-fold cross-validation and further confirmed through logistic regression modeling. The method warrants further development and independent validation in other, more diverse patient populations.
A Varactor-Based Reconfigurable Filtenna (2012)

This letter details a new reconfiguration technique for implementing frequency-tunable bandpass filters. This is achieved by changing the filter total capacitance via an integrated varactor within its structure. The reconfigurable bandpass filter is then incorporated within the feeding line of a printed antenna to form one structure. This combination allows the tuning of the antenna operating frequency without incorporating active components and biasing lines on the antenna radiating surface. The integrated antenna-filter combination, with filtering ability while preserving the radiation performance, is referred to as a “filtering antenna” or a filtenna. A prototype for the reconfigurable filter and the reconfigurable filtenna are fabricated and tested. A good agreement is found between the simulated and the measured data.
An efficient coded multicasting scheme preserving the multiplicative caching gain (2015)

Coded multicasting has been shown to be a promising approach to significantly improve the caching performance of content delivery networks with multiple caches downstream of a common multicast link. However, achievable schemes proposed to date have been shown to achieve the proved order-optimal performance only in the asymptotic regime in which the number of packets per requested item goes to infinity. In this paper, we first extend the asymptotic analysis of the achievable scheme in [1], [2] to the case of heterogeneous cache sizes and demand distributions, providing the best known upper bound on the fundamental limiting performance when the number of packets goes to infinity. We then show that the scheme achieving this upper bound quickly loses its multiplicative caching gain for finite content packetization. To overcome this limitation, we design a novel polynomial-time algorithm based on random greedy graph-coloring that, while keeping the same finite content packetization, recovers a significant part of the multiplicative caching gain. Our results show that the order-optimal coded multicasting schemes proposed to date, while useful in quantifying the fundamental limiting performance, must be properly designed for practical regimes of finite packetization.
Development of a real-time PCR assay for identification and quantification of the fish pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (2010)

Members of the genus Francisella are small Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria that cause francisellosis in a wide variety of fish species worldwide. F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis has been recently described as a warm-water pathogen of tilapia Oreochromis spp. In this study, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) TaqMan probe assay was developed to rapidly and accurately detect and quantify F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis from fish tissue. The target region of the assay was the F. tularensis iglC gene homologue previously found in F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis. Probe specificity was confirmed by the lack of signal and cross-reactivity with 12 common fish pathogens, 2 subspecies of F. tularensis, F. noatunensis subsp. noatunensis, and tilapia tissue. The range of linearity was determined to be 50 fg to 1.4 mg, and the lower limit of detection was 50 fg of DNA (equivalent to approximately 25 genome equivalents) per reaction. A similar sensitivity was observed with DNA extracted from a mixture of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis and fish tissue. The assay was also able to detect and quantify F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis from the spleens of experimentally infected tilapia. No signal was observed in the control groups. In conclusion, we have developed a highly sensitive and specific assay that can be used for the specific identification and quantification of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis.
Linear space-time multiuser detection for multipath CDMA channels (2001)

We consider the problem of detecting synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) signals in multipath channels that result in multiple access interference (MAI). It is well known that such challenging conditions may create severe near-far situations in which the standard techniques of combined power control and temporal single-user RAKE receivers provide poor performance. To address the shortcomings of the RAKE receiver, multiple antenna receivers combining space-time processing with multiuser detection have been proposed in the literature. Specifically, a space-time detector based on minimizing the mean-squared output between the data stream and the linear combiner output has shown great potential in achieving good near-far performance with much less complexity than the optimum space-time multiuser detector. Moreover, this space-time minimum mean-squared error (ST-MMSE) multiuser detector has the additional advantage of being well suited for adaptive implementation. We propose novel trained and blind adaptive algorithms based on stochastic gradient techniques, which are shown to approximate the ST-MMSE solution without requiring knowledge of the channel. We show that these linear space-time detectors can potentially provide significant capacity enhancements (up to one order of magnitude) over the conventional temporal single-user RAKE receiver.
Clickity-click: highly functionalized peptoid oligomers generated by sequential conjugation reactions on solid-phase support (2006)

N-Substituted glycine peptoid oligomers were used as substrates for azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition conjugation reactions and then elaborated through additional rounds of oligomerization and cycloaddition. This novel sequential conjugation technique allowed for the generation of complex peptidomimetic products in which multiple heterogeneous pendant groups were site-specifically positioned along the oligomer scaffold. Studies of a water-soluble estradiol-ferrocene peptoid conjugate demonstrated a potential application for the modular synthesis of biosensors.
A mismatch-dependent power allocation technique for match-line sensing in content-addressable memories (2003)

In the conventional content-addressable memory (CAM), equal power is consumed to determine if a stored word is matched to a search word or mismatched, independent of the number of mismatched bits. This paper presents a match-line (ML) sensing scheme that allocates less power to match decisions involving a larger number of mismatched bits. Since the majority of CAM words are mismatched, this scheme results in a significant CAM power reduction. The proposed ML sensing scheme is implemented in a 256 × 144-bit ternary CAM for a 0.13-μm 1.2-V CMOS logic process. For a 2-ns search time on a 144-bit word, the proposed scheme saves 60% of the power consumed by the conventional sensing scheme.
AN ATTRACTANT FOR THE BEET WEBWORM, <i>LOXOSTEGE STICTICALIS</i> (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) (1977)

Abstract A sex pheromone was detected in female moths of the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (L.). Laboratory tests with synthetic compounds established that the male moths exhibited sexual responses to E -11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and they were attracted to this compound in the field. Mixtures of E -11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate containing 5, 10, or 80% of the Z -isomer inhibited the attraction of the male beet webworm moths. Mixtures containing 5 or 10% of the Z -isomer attracted male moths of Lymnaecia phragmitella Stainton (Cosmopterygidae). Male moths of Hysterosia cartwrightana Kearfott (Phaloniidae) were also attracted to E -11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate in traps placed at a height of 0.3 m, with only a few attracted to traps at 1 m as used for the beet webworm.