gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dental diagnostic clinical instrument ("Canary") development using photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence (2010)

Since 1999, our group at the CADIFT, University of Toronto, has developed the application of Frequency Domain Photothermal Radiometry (PTR) and Luminescence (LUM) to dental caries detection. Various cases including artificial caries detection have been studied and some of the inherent advantages of the adaptation of this technique to dental diagnostics in conjunction with modulated luminescence as a dual-probe technique have been reported. Based on these studies, a portable, compact diagnostic instrument for dental clinic use has been designed, assembled and tested. A semiconductor laser, optical fibers, a thermoelectric cooled mid-IR detector, and a USB connected data acquisition card were used. Software lock-in amplifier techniques were developed to compute amplitude and phase of PTR and LUM signals. In order to achieve fast measurement and acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for clinical application, swept sine waveforms were used. As a result sampling and stabilization time for each measurement point was reduced to a few seconds. A sophisticated software interface was designed to simultaneously record intra-oral camera images with PTR and LUM responses. Preliminary results using this instrument during clinical trials in a dental clinic showed this instrument could detect early caries both from PTR and LUM signals.
Establishment of antigen-specific IgE transgenic mice to study pathological and immunobiological roles of IgE in vivo (1999)

We have established transgenic mice that carry the genes coding for heavy and light chains of TNP-specific IgE. They produced high titers of TNP-specific IgE (20-40 microg/ml in serum) and their mast cells were heavily loaded with IgE. The level of FcepsilonRI expression on their mast cells was 6-8 times higher than that in non-transgenic littermates. The expression of low-affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRII (CD23) on splenic B cells was also 6-8 times higher in the transgenic mice. Consistent with this, substantial amounts of IgE were detected on B cells in the transgenic mice. When challenged with i.v. administration of the corresponding antigen, the transgenic mice exhibited systemic anaphylactic symptoms such as a drastic drop of body temperature and extravasation of administered dye. Biphasic (immediate and delayed) ear swelling response was also elicited in a TNP-specific manner by epicutaneous antigen challenge without any prior sensitization. Thus, IgE produced in the transgenic mice was found to be biologically active to induce both local and systemic allergic reactions in vivo upon the challenge of the corresponding antigen. Taken together, the antigen-specific IgE transgenic mice established for the first time in this study appear to provide an attractive model system to study the pathological roles of IgE in acute and chronic phases of allergic inflammation as well as their immunobiological roles in vivo. They may also be useful to develop novel therapeutic strategies for atopic disorders.
Blade -- A Timing Violation Resilient Asynchronous Template (2015)

Resilient designs offer the promise to remove increasingly large margins due to process, voltage, and temperature variations and take advantage of average-case data. However, proposed synchronous resilient schemes have either suffered from metastability or require modifying the architecture to add replay-based logic that recovers from timing errors, which leads to high timing error penalties and poses a design challenge in modern processors. This paper presents an asynchronous bundled-data resilient template called Blade that is robust to metastability issues, requires no replay-based logic, and has low timing error penalties. The template is supported by an automated design flow that synthesizes synchronous RTL designs to gate-level asynchronous Blade designs. The benefits of this flow are illustrated on Plasma, a 3-stage Open Core MIPS CPU. Our results demonstrate that a nominal area overhead of the asynchronous template of less than 10% leads to a 19% performance boost over the synchronous design due to average-case data and a 30-40% improvement when synchronous PVT margins are considered.
Antibodies against Retroviral Proteins and Nuclear Antigens in a Subset of Idiopathic CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Lymphocytopenia Patients (1996)

Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (ICL) is an immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by severe depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes, but in which human immunodeficiency virus cannot be detected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (BPMCs) from an ICL patient were cocultured with HUT78 T-lymphoblastoid cells, and an acute cytopathic effect and formation of multinucleated cells were observed. A human intracisternal A-type retroviral particle designated HIAP-II was detected in cells surviving the acute cytopathic effect. Eight of 13 ICL patients in a blinded screen of a serological panel provided by the National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had serum antibodies that specifically reacted with HIAP-II associated proteins by Western immunoblotting. None of 19 control sera in the panel that were unreactive with HIV Gag proteins produced a positive result on HIAP-II immunoblots. Comparable results were obtained in a blinded screen of a second CDC serological panel. Sera from 8 of 14 ICL patients in the second serological panel were positive for antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) commonly observed in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. These results suggest the possible involvement of an A-type retrovirus or autoimmunity in development of ICL in a subset of patients.
Using Quantized Feedback to Cancel Interference in Multiple Access Channels (2010)

When two users transmit signals to a common receiver, one can design precoders to cancel the interference for each user if each user knows all the channel information perfectly. Also the diversity for each user is full. However, in practice, perfect channel information is not available. In this paper, we design precoders for two users with two transmit antennas and one receiver with two receive antennas using quantized feedback. We propose to construct a codebook using Grassmannian line packing. By choosing precoders from the codebook properly, our proposed scheme can cancel the interference and achieve full diversity for each user. Simulation results confirm our analytical proof.
CMOS implementation comparison of NCL gates (2012)

Various CMOS implementations of asynchronous NULL Convention Logic (NCL) gates have been compared in terms of area, speed, energy, power, supply voltage, and noise. Additionally, a new approach to design semi-static NCL gates has been introduced. Each gate type is used to realize a delay-insensitive 4×4 NCL multiplier and the simulation results are compared. It is shown that different realizations excel in different design parameters. This paper aims to provide NCL designers with the tradeoffs of using various NCL gate types.
Plastic mechanical splice for fiber (1991)

Fiber is being increasingly used for telecommunication feeders and distribution and for cable television and local area networks. These applications are typified by larger amounts of fiber, greater concern for cost, less skilled craft, and a less convenient installation environment. This implies that splices designed for these applications need to show an increased emphasis on cost-effectiveness, ease of installation, and superior optical performance. This paper will describe a new mechanical splice that uses plastics technology to achieve these objectives.
All-Purpose Packing Cups for Hyper Compressor (2016)

Hyper compressors are designed for LDPE production, compressing ethylene up to 3500bar with only two stages of compression, in order to reach conditions for the polymerization. The high operating and fluctuating pressure strongly impact design and life of all cylinder components. The packing cups are among the most stressed components of a hyper compressor cylinder. They are particularly subjected to very high pulsating pressures, thus fatigue and wear. Therefore, they are periodically replaced during maintenance and are critical for availability of the hyper compressor. A typical hyper compressor packing assembly contains 5 to 6 disc shaped packing cups that contain the plunger sealing rings at the internal diameter. The packing cups are provided with lube oil ducts to lubricate the sealing elements. Typically these ducts extend axially through the assembly to the injection points. For that purpose each packing cup could have a different number of lube oil passages. Moreover, at the external diameter are located passages for packing cooling oil. For these reasons each of the packing cups is a unique part with different machining features. In order to optimize the availability of spare parts and standardize the product, a new design of hyper compressor packing cups has been evaluated, called further “all-purpose packing cup”. The idea was to make the packing cups all equal to each other, and potentially to reduce manufacturing and warehousing costs. This idea has been realized by introducing in a single all-purpose cup, multiple sectors angularly offset with each other. Each sector contains the oil ducts required for a given cup position in the assembly. By rotating the cup about the plunger axis by e.g. 90° or 180° the desired sector can be activated (put in fluid communication with adjacent lube oil ducts). In this way the “all-purpose packing cup” can be mounted in each of the 5 to 6 different positions in the packing assembly. The all-purpose cup design has been analyzed by a well validated FEA approach on the high cycle fatigue and flaw propagation safety margins. The analysis was performed considering all multiple possible load combinations where, depending on the assembly configuration, different active lube oil holes (holes that deliver oil to the plunger) were pressurized while all remaining ducts were left unpressurized.
Paring Down HIV Env: Design and Crystal Structure of a Stabilized Inner Domain of HIV-1 gp120 Displaying a Major ADCC Target of the A32 Region (2016)

Evidence supports a role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) toward transitional epitopes in the first and second constant (C1-C2) regions of gp120 (A32-like epitopes) in preventing HIV-1 infection and in vaccine-induced protection. Here, we describe the first successful attempt at isolating the inner domain (ID) of gp120 as an independent molecule that encapsulates the A32-like region within a minimal structural unit of the HIV-1 Env. Through structure-based design, we developed ID2, which consists of the ID expressed independently of the outer domain and stabilized in the CD4-bound conformation by an inter-layer disulfide bond. ID2 expresses C1-C2 epitopes in the context of CD4-triggered full-length gp120 but without any known neutralizing epitope present. Thus, ID2 represents a novel probe for the analysis and/or selective induction of antibody responses to the A32 epitope region. We also present the crystal structure of ID2 complexed with mAb A32, which defines its epitope.
Development of Valid Methods to Measure Insulin-Like Growth Factors-I and -II in Bone Cell-Conditioned Medium* (1990)

A variety of human cells and biological fluids have been shown to produce or contain insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-specific binding proteins (BPs). The existence of these BPs in serum and conditioned medium of cell and organ cultures has complicated radioligand assays for measurement of IGFs. Various strategies have been proposed to avoid interference of BPs with these assays, including acid-ethanol precipitation of BPs and acid-gel filtration. Many of these procedures are time consuming, exhibit low recoveries, and do not completely eliminate BP artifacts. In this study we have investigated interference of inhibitory IGF-BP (In-IGF-BP) purified from bone cell-conditioned medium in an IGF-II RRA and IGF-I RIA and developed methods to neutralize In-IGF-BP artifacts in IGF assays. In the IGF-II RRA, purified In-IGF-BP competed for [125I]IGF-II binding to H-35 cells in a dose-dependent manner and, thus, increased the apparent value for IGF-II in the medium. Fifty percent inhibition of [125I]IGF-II binding to H-35 cells was seen at 12.2 and 5.7 ng/ml unlabeled IGF-II and IN-IGF-BP, respectively. In-IGF-BP also competed for [125I]IGF-I in the IGF-I RIA; however, the interference was much less in the IGF-I RIA compared to the IGF-II RRA. Fifty percent displacement of [125I]IGF-I binding was seen at 0.25 and 5 ng/ml unlabeled IGF-I and In-IGF-BP, respectively. Our approach to eliminate BP artifacts was as follows. We knew that In-IGF-BP showed comparatively equal binding affinities with both IGF-I and IGF-II, and binding of these ligands to cell receptors (IGF-II) and antibodies (IGF-I) was very specific (2% and 0.5% cross-reactivity for IGF-I and IGF-II, respectively). Therefore, in the IGF-I RIA we blocked the In-IGF-BP artifacts by adding an excess of IGF-II, and in the IGF-II RRA we blocked the In-IGF-BP artifacts by adding an excess of IGF-I. By incubating purified In-IGF-BP with different amounts of IGF-I, we found that 30-min preincubation of 5 ng In-IGF-BP with 10 ng IGF-I completely blocked BP artifacts in the IGF-II RRA. Similarly, preincubation of In-IGF-BP with IGF-II blocked BP artifacts in the IGF-I RIA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Keratin 8 and 18 mutations are risk factors for developing liver disease of multiple etiologies (2003)

Keratin 8 and 18 (K8K18) mutations are found in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, but the role of keratin mutations in noncryptogenic cirrhosis and the incidence of keratin mutations in the general population are not known. We screened for K8K18 mutations in genomic DNA isolated from 314 liver explants of patients who primarily had noncryptogenic cirrhosis, and from 349 blood bank volunteers. Seven unique K8K18 mutations were found in 11 independent patients with biliary atresia, hepatitis BC, alcohol, primary biliary cirrhosis, and fulminant hepatitis. Seven of the 11 patients had mutations previously described in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis: K8 Tyr-53 --> His, K8 Gly-61 --> Cys, and K18 His-127 --> Leu. The four remaining patients had mutations at one K8 and three other K18 new sites. Of the 349 blood bank control samples, only one contained the Tyr-53 --> His and one the Gly-61 --> Cys K8 mutations (P < 0.004 when comparing cirrhosis versus control groups). Two additional mutations were found in both the liver disease and blood bank groups and, hence, likely represent polymorphisms. Livers with keratin mutations had cytoplasmic filamentous deposits that were less frequent in livers without the mutations (P = 0.03). Therefore, K8K18 are likely susceptibility genes for developing cryptogenic and noncryptogenic forms of liver disease.
SAFFLOWER PROTEIN ISOLATES: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES IN SIMPLE SYSTEMS AND BREADS (1979)

ABSTRACT Functional properties of safflower protein isolates (SPI), including nitrogen solubility, foaming capacity and stability, emulsification activity and stability, water and fat binding capacities, and bread baking properties were investigated. Extraction, precipitation, neutralization and drying methods influenced functionality. SPI precipitated at pH 6 was more soluble at acidic pH values and performed more favorably in wheat flour breads than did SPI precipitated at pH 5. The incorporation of 5 and 10% SPI into breads resulted in increases of ≃ 25 and 50% in protein, respectively.
Generation of High-Frequency Radiation by Quasi-Optical Gyrotron at Harmonics of the Cyclotron Frequency (1984)

A quasi-optical gyrotron can operate, in principle, at high harmonics of the electron-cyclotron frequency, as well as at the fundamental. Lower harmonics are suppressed by exploiting their larger diffraction losses. The radiation-field amplitude is kept below the breakdown value by taking advantage of the focusing properties of the quasi-optical resonator. Cavity design parameters and starting currents are presented which characterize the operation of the quasi-optical gyrotron at the eighth harmonic of gyrofrequency.
Axially Tapered Microchannels of High Aspect Ratio for Evaporative Cooling Devices (2004)

Analytical solutions are derived for evaporating flow in open rectangular microchannels having a uniform depth and a width that decreases along the channel axis. The flow generally consists of two sequential domains, an entry domain where the meniscus is attached to the top corners of the channel followed by a recession domain where the meniscus retreats along the sidewalls toward the channel bottom. Analytical solutions applicable within each domain are matched at their interface. Results demonstrate that tapered channels provide substantially better cooling capacity than straight channels of rectangular or triangular cross section, particularly under opposing gravitational forces. A multiplicity of arbitrarily tapered channels can be microfabricated in metals using LIGA, a process involving electrodeposition into a lithographically patterned mold.
Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials Using a Laser Vaporization—Condensation Technique (1996)

A method which combines laser vaporization of metal targets with controlled condensation in a diffusion cloud chamber is used to synthesize nanoscale metal oxide and metal carbide particles (10-20 nm). The silica nanoparticles aggregate into a novel web-like microstructure. These aggregates are very porous and have a very large surface area (460 m2/g). Bright blue photoluminescence from the nanoparticle silica has been observed upon irradiation with UV light. The photoluminescence is explained by the presence of intrinsic defects of the type Si(II)o in the amorphous silica. For the iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetic anisotropy constants were found to be one order of magnitude higher than the known bulk values. The synthesis of mixed nanoparticles of controlled composition has been demonstrated. This chapter deals with the synthesis of nanoscale particles from supersaturated vapors generated by laser vaporization under controlled condensation conditions. The synthesis of nanoscale particles has received considerable attention in view
Carbon nanotube-based nonvolatile memory with charge storage in metal nanocrystals (2005)

Ultrathin and narrow semiconductor body on insulator allows aggressive scaling of nonvolatile memories for low power, low read/write voltage, high retention, and high density in comparison with bulk devices. We have fabricated memory cells with single-wall carbon nanotubes as channels and gold nanocrystals as charge storage nodes. The devices have large memory windows with low voltage operations and single-electron-controlled drain currents. Coulomb blockade in nanocrystals combined with single charge sensitivity of the nanotube field-effect transistor can potentially enable multilevel operations. Measured retention time is longer than 6200 s at 10 K, but is only about 800 s at room temperature due to the high leakage in evaporated tunnel oxide used in this study. Better dielectric on nanotubes is expected to greatly improve the room-temperature performance for the nanotube memory device.
Optimization of Drug Candidates That Inhibit the D‐Loop Activity of RAD51 (2019)

RAD51 is the central protein in homologous recombination (HR) repair, where it first binds ssDNA and then catalyzes strand invasion via a D-loop intermediate. Additionally, RAD51 plays a role in faithful DNA replication by protecting stalled replication forks; this requires RAD51 to bind DNA but may not require the strand invasion activity of RAD51. We previously described a small-molecule inhibitor of RAD51 named RI(dl)-2 (RAD51 inhibitor of D-loop formation #2, hereafter called 2 h), which inhibits D-loop activity while sparing ssDNA binding. However, 2 h is limited in its ability to inhibit HR in vivo, preventing only about 50 % of total HR events in cells. We sought to improve upon this by performing a structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaign for more potent analogues of 2 h. Most compounds were prepared from 1-(2-aminophenyl)pyrroles by forming the quinoxaline moiety either by condensation with aldehydes, then dehydrogenation of the resulting 4,5-dihydro intermediates, or by condensation with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, chlorination, and installation of the 4-substituent through Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. Many analogues exhibited enhanced activity against human RAD51, but in several of these compounds the increased inhibition was due to the introduction of dsDNA intercalation activity. We developed a sensitive assay to measure dsDNA intercalation, and identified two analogues of 2 h that promote complete HR inhibition in cells while exerting minimal intercalation activity.
Synthesis of some side-chain homologues of 1.ALPHA.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and investigation of their biological activities. (1986)

In order to determine the structure of a new metabolite of 25-hydroxy-24-epivitamin D2, 1, 25-dihydroxy-22-dehydro-24-homo- and 26-homo-vitamin D3 were synthesized. The saturated analogues at the C-22 position of these homovitamin D3 compounds were also synthesized. For the construction of the side chain of these homo-analogues, the orthoester Claisen rearrangement of the allylic alcohol was employed.Assay of binding of these compounds with the chick intestinal cytosol receptor protein for 1, 25-(OH)2D3 was carried out by the displacement method. The results indicated that these homovitamin D3 analogues are as active as 1, 25-(OH)2D3. The bone calcium-mobilizing activities of these compounds were equivalent to that of 1, 25-(OH)2D3.
Digital breast tomosynthesis: feasibility of automated detection of microcalcification clusters on projections views (2010)

We are developing a computer-aided detection (CAD) system to assist radiologists in detecting microcalcification clusters in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a 2D approach using the projection-view (PV) images as input. In the first stage, automated detection of the microcalcification clusters on the PVs is performed. In the second stage, the detected cluster candidates or the individual microcalcifications on the PVs are back-projected to the 3D volume. The true clusters or microcalcifications will therefore converge at their focal planes and ideally will result in higher cluster or microcalcification scores than the FPs. In the final step an analysis of the back-projected cluster or microcalcification candidates is performed to differentiate the true and false clusters. In this pilot study, a limited data set of 39 cases with biopsy proven microcalcification clusters (17 malignant, 22 benign) was used. The DBT scans were obtained in both CC and MLO views using a GE GEN2 prototype system which acquires 21 PVs over a 60º arc in 3º increments. In the 78 DBT volumes, a total of 74 clusters (33 malignant clusters in 34 breasts and 41 benign clusters in 44 breasts) were identified by an experienced radiologist. The computer detected 61% (956/1554) of the clusters on the PVs from the 74 scans. After back-projection of the microcalcification candidates detected on the individual PVs and excluding the first few PVs that had higher noise in back-projection stage, 84% (62/74) of the true clusters were detected in the 3D volume. Study is underway to develop methods to reduce FPs and to compare this 2D approach with 3D or combined 2D and 3D approaches.