gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutathione “Redox Homeostasis” and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Disease (2019)

More people die from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than from any other cause. Cardiovascular complications are thought to arise from enhanced levels of free radicals causing impaired "redox homeostasis," which represents the interplay between oxidative stress (OS) and reductive stress (RS). In this review, we compile several experimental research findings that show sustained shifts towards OS will alter the homeostatic redox mechanism to cause cardiovascular complications, as well as findings that show a prolonged antioxidant state or RS can similarly lead to such cardiovascular complications. This experimental evidence is specifically focused on the role of glutathione, the most abundant antioxidant in the heart, in a redox homeostatic mechanism that has been shifted towards OS or RS. This may lead to impairment of cellular signaling mechanisms and elevated pools of proteotoxicity associated with cardiac dysfunction.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of Huntington's disease (2001)

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are prevalent in Huntington's disease and are relatively independent of cognitive and motor aspects of the disease. Hypothesised links between neuropsychiatric symptoms of Huntington's disease and frontal-striatal circuitry were explored. Findings indicate that dimensional measures of neuropsychiatric symptoms are essential to capture the full range of pathology in Huntington's disease and are vital to include in a comprehensive assessment of the disease.
Radio Link Level Performance in Multi-Rate MIMO Wireless Networks: Analysis and Optimization (2007)

The paper presents a queueing analytical model for radio link level performance analysis in spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems using adaptive modulation. In the physical layer, the modulation level is adaptively adjusted according to the channel quality based on quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In the medium access control (MAC) layer, the authors consider a time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme with weighted round-robin scheduling. Developed based on a discrete-time Markov chain and vacation queueing model, the analytical model provides various packet-level performance measures. In addition, we present an optimization formulation to obtain users' weights for packet scheduling so that the transmission rate requirements of the users can be satisfied. Afterwards, an admission control scheme is proposed.
Understanding Intestinal Spore-Forming Protozoa: Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, <i>Isospora</i>, and <i>Cyclospora</i> (1996)

The intestinal spore-forming protozoa are four frequently identified gastrointestinal pathogens that have important similarities in epidemiology, disease pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
Solvent pre-wetting as an effective start-up method for point-of-use filter (2012)

An effective filter start-up method has been required by device manufacturers, mainly in order to reduce waste volume of lithography process chemicals, which become more expensive as lithography technology advances. Remaining air was monitored during static-pressure-driven filter start-up. As a result, 3500 ml of the resist was needed to eliminate remaining air. For improvement, cyclohexanone pre-wetting was applied prior to the resist introduction. As a result, the resist volume needed for the solvent displacement was 1900 ml, approximately half the volume required for staticpressure- driven start-up. Other solvents were evaluated for the pre-wetting start-up method. Results, in descending order of performance were PGME (best) < PGMEA = IPA < cyclohexanone (worst). Moreover, air displacement performance strongly correlated with Hansen solubility parameter distance between each solvent and nylon 6,6 material.
Two-Dimensional Crystal Grain Size Tuning in WS<sub>2</sub> Atomic Layer Deposition: An Insight in the Nucleation Mechanism (2018)

When two-dimensional (2D) group-VI transition metal dichalcogenides such as tungsten disulfide (WS2) are grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) for atomic growth control at low deposition temperatures (≤450 °C), they often suffer from a nanocrystalline grain structure limiting the carrier mobility. The crystallinity and monolayer thickness control during ALD of 2D materials is determined by the nucleation mechanism, which is currently not well understood. Here, we propose a qualitative model for the WS2 nucleation behavior on dielectric surfaces during plasma-enhanced (PE-) ALD using tungsten hexafluoride (WF6), dihydrogen (H2) plasma and dihydrogen sulfide (H2S) based on analyses of the morphology of the WS2 crystals. The WS2 crystal grain size increases from ∼20 to 200 nm by lowering the nucleation density. This is achieved by lowering the precursor adsorption rate on the starting surface using an inherently less reactive starting surface, by decreasing the H2 plasma reactivity, and by enhancing the mobility of the adsorbed species at higher deposition temperature. Since silicon dioxide (SiO2) is less reactive than aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and diffusion and crystal ripening is enhanced at higher deposition temperature, WS2 nucleates in an anisotropic island-like growth mode with preferential lateral growth from the WS2 crystal edges. This work emphasizes that increasing the crystal grain size while controlling the basal plane orientation is possible during ALD at low deposition temperatures, based on insight in the nucleation behavior, which is key to advance the field of ALD of 2D materials. Moreover, this work demonstrates the conformal deposition on three-dimensional (3D) structures, with WS2 retaining the basal plane orientation along topographic structures.
Liquid-crystalline and glass-forming dimers derived from 1-aminopyrene (1992)

Abstract A homologous series of symmetric dimeric liquid crystals has been synthesized and its phase behaviour investigated. All members of the series were found to form glassy phases above room temperature.
Multiplexed single-cell transcriptional response profiling to define cancer vulnerabilities and therapeutic mechanism of action (2020)

Assays to study cancer cell responses to pharmacologic or genetic perturbations are typically restricted to using simple phenotypic readouts such as proliferation rate. Information-rich assays, such as gene-expression profiling, have generally not permitted efficient profiling of a given perturbation across multiple cellular contexts. Here, we develop MIX-Seq, a method for multiplexed transcriptional profiling of post-perturbation responses across a mixture of samples with single-cell resolution, using SNP-based computational demultiplexing of single-cell RNA-sequencing data. We show that MIX-Seq can be used to profile responses to chemical or genetic perturbations across pools of 100 or more cancer cell lines. We combine it with Cell Hashing to further multiplex additional experimental conditions, such as post-treatment time points or drug doses. Analyzing the high-content readout of scRNA-seq reveals both shared and context-specific transcriptional response components that can identify drug mechanism of action and enable prediction of long-term cell viability from short-term transcriptional responses to treatment.
The complexity of approximating conservative counting CSPs (2013)

We study the complexity of approximation for a weighted counting constraint satisfaction problem #CSP(F). In the conservative case, where F contains all unary functions, a classification is known for the Boolean domain. We give a classification for problems with general finite domain. We define weak log-modularity and weak log-supermodularity, and show that #CSP(F) is in FP if F is weakly log-modular. Otherwise, it is at least as hard to approximate as #BIS, counting independent sets in bipartite graphs, which is believed to be intractable. We further sub-divide the #BIS-hard case. If F is weakly log-supermodular, we show that #CSP(F) is as easy as Boolean log-supermodular weighted #CSP. Otherwise, it is NP-hard to approximate. Finally, we give a trichotomy for the arity-2 case. Then, #CSP(F) is in FP, is #BIS-equivalent, or is equivalent to #SAT, the problem of approximately counting satisfying assignments of a CNF Boolean formula.
Viral hepatitis in 2003 (2004)

The clinical significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes and viral variants continues to be elucidated worldwide. Long-term lamivudine treatment is safe, despite a rising rate of resistance. Adefovir appears to be safe and effective as initial therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection or for the management of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B infection. Noninvasive indices for liver fibrosis require validation but may reduce the need for liver biopsy in the future. Newer agents for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection show promise.
Energy-aware Spray and Wait routing in mobile opportunistic sensor networks (2010)

The Spray and Wait routing may achieve low routing and energy efficiency due to the blindness in the spray phase. To address this issue, we propose an opportunistic routing with bounded message copies, called the Energy-aware Spray and Wait (ESW), that utilizes the information about speed and residual energy to allocate the number of copies between the corresponding pair nodes in the spray phase. Simulation experiments using the ONE simulator show that our proposed scheme avoids the blind spraying of message copies and outperforms the optimal Spray and Wait in terms of delivery probability, overhead ratio and network lifetime.
Predicting tie strength with social media (2009)

Social media treats all users the same: trusted friend or total stranger, with little or nothing in between. In reality, relationships fall everywhere along this spectrum, a topic social science has investigated for decades under the theme of tie strength. Our work bridges this gap between theory and practice. In this paper, we present a predictive model that maps social media data to tie strength. The model builds on a dataset of over 2,000 social media ties and performs quite well, distinguishing between strong and weak ties with over 85% accuracy. We complement these quantitative findings with interviews that unpack the relationships we could not predict. The paper concludes by illustrating how modeling tie strength can improve social media design elements, including privacy controls, message routing, friend introductions and information prioritization.
Biological vision models for sensor fusion (2003)

A general-purpose machine vision system for sensor fusion is described. The approach taken is to model biological vision with neural networks and traditional processing. The architecture has two channels. A locating channel searches for objects in the field-of-view. A classifying channel learns and recognizes the objects. Learning is by example. The architecture can fuse disparate sensory inputs, including one- and two-dimensional data, at the feature level. Fusion was tested by computer simulation. The sensor inputs were two-dimensional resolved images of vehicles from coregistered video intensity and laser radar range sensors. The study produced probability transition tables for three vehicles, with and without sensor fusion. Results suggest that fusing sensors in this way gives a robust, practical, and high-performance machine vision system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient Medium Access Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (2008)

Efficiency of the medium access protocol is crucial for wireless sensor networks. For sensor nodes that are battery powered, it is sometimes difficulty or impractical to charge or replace exhausted battery. The sensor nodes collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. The low sensing ranges result in dense networks. The medium access protocol (MAC) for wireless sensor network must be energy efficient. In this paper, we propose a timeslot sharing medium access protocol for wireless sensor networks. The proposed medium access protocol allows multiple sensor nodes to share a reserved or guaranteed timeslot for transmission. It also allows more sensor nodes to transmit in the reserved or guaranteed timeslots and fewer sensor nodes to contend for the transmission. The primary goal of timeslot sharing medium access protocol is to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes as well as to maximize the total number of nodes allowed in a network.
The Mean Shape of the Human Cornea (1982)

The anterior surface of the cornea is the major refracting element of the human eye. Knowledge of its shape and the variation of this shape throughout the population are important in calculations of the corneal contribution to ocular aberrations. Since the cornea is the surface on which a contact lens rests, the corneal shape is also of importance in contact lens design. This paper presents results of the fitting of a conicoid equation to corneal shape data derived from a precision photokeratoscope. Both rotationally symmetric and non-rotationally symmetric forms of the conicoid equation were developed. The results show that if the cornea is regarded as a rotationally symmetric conicoid, the conicoid is ellipsoidal but with insufficient asphericity to eliminate spherical aberration for distance vision. More importantly, the results show that the cornea is significantly asymmetric in both radius of curvature and asphericity.
MATCH SCORE FUSION OF FINGERPRINT AND FACE BIOMETRICS FOR VERIFICATION (2015)

In recent years, attacks on password databases have been carried out at an increasing rate, with significant success. Thus, a new approach is needed to prove one's claim to identity instead of relying on a password. In this paper, we investigate the use of biometric match scores for the purpose of verification. Our work was performed using the BSSR1 multimodal match score biometric dataset, which contains match scores from face and fingerprint biometric systems. We investigated the use of match scores as a feature vector, and performed Simple Sum and Product Rule fusion of match scores. The results we obtained demonstrated that the use of match scores for verification purposes can be achieved to give a result that is highly accurate.
Making AES Stronger: AES with Key Dependent S-Box (2008)

With the fast evolution of digital data exchange, security information becomes much important in data storage and transmission. In this paper, we show a new property of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)[1],[2],[3] using S-box and Inverse S-box. We also show how this property can be used to make the S-box key dependent[5],[6],[7],[9],[24] and hence make AES stronger. This has been done without changing the basic operations of AES. The importance lies in the fact that the S-box is made Key dependent without changing its values (ranging from 00 to FF) and without touching Inv-S-box. Detailed explanations of implementation are given. Key words:
Quantitation and tissue localization of the cellular retinoic acid‐binding protein (1987)

The distribution of the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) in some rat tissues has been determined, and the protein has been localized by immunocytochemical techniques in sections from rat testis. In the testis CRABP was found in the seminiferous tubuli with Sertoli cells and the spermatogonia most intensely stained. All other cells of the germinal epithelium appeared largely devoid of CRABP. By use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay CRABP was quantitatively estimated in several tissues and the highest levels were found in testis and eye. Comparisons of the tissue levels of CRABP and of the cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) did not reveal any apparent correlation.
Buried contact solar cells with innovative rear localised contacts (2004)

Abstract A new rear contacting scheme using low‐temperature processes to form localised contacts without the use of photolithography has been developed. It uses randomly nucleated, aluminium‐induced, localised regions of solid phase epitaxial growth of p + silicon onto the rear surface of a wafer through a thick rear surface passivating oxide. This rear contacting technique has been applied on solar cells with front buried contacts and results have shown that a suitable ohmic contact to the rear can be formed through oxide as thick as 3000 Å and using only low temperature sintering below the eutectic temperature of silicon and aluminium. This low‐temperature sintering avoids the destruction of the interfacial oxide which has been shown to provide good surface passivation for the rear of the solar cells. Microscopic images indicate the possibility of forming p + rear contacts with aluminium‐induced crystallisation, but without requiring any additional deposition of silicon. The source of silicon for the latter appears to be from the reduction of the silicon dioxide by the aluminium. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Many Faces of Robustness: A Critical Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Generalization (2021)

We introduce four new real-world distribution shift datasets consisting of changes in image style, image blurriness, geographic location, camera operation, and more. With our new datasets, we take stock of previously proposed methods for improving out-of-distribution robustness and put them to the test. We find that using larger models and artificial data augmentations can improve robustness on real-world distribution shifts, contrary to claims in prior work. We find improvements in artificial robustness benchmarks can transfer to real-world distribution shifts, contrary to claims in prior work. Motivated by our observation that data augmentations can help with real-world distribution shifts, we also introduce a new data augmentation method which advances the state-of-the-art and outperforms models pre-trained with 1000× more labeled data. Overall we find that some methods consistently help with distribution shifts in texture and local image statistics, but these methods do not help with some other distribution shifts like geographic changes. Our results show that future research must study multiple distribution shifts simultaneously, as we demonstrate that no evaluated method consistently improves robustness.
PET evaluation of novel radiofluorinated reboxetine analogs as norepinephrine transporter probes in the monkey brain (2004)

(S,S)-2-(alpha-(2-Fluoromethoxyphenoxy)benzyl)morpholine ((S,S)-FMeNER) was found to be a selective high-affinity ligand for the norepinephrine transporter (NET). (S,S)-FMeNER) was labeled with fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min) by O-fluoromethylation of desfluoromethoxy-(S,S)-FMeNER with [18F]bromofluoromethane. An analog, di-deuterated in the fluoromethoxy group ((S,S)-FMeNER-D2), was similarly labeled with di-deutero-[18F]bromofluoromethane. These two new radioligands were obtained in radiochemical purities greater than 98% and with specific radioactivities ranging from 111-185 GBq/micromol at the end of synthesis (75 min). After intravenous injection of (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER into cynomolgus monkey, PET examination with the head in the field of view revealed skull-bound radioactivity, contaminating images of the brain, and indicated fast defluorination of the radioligand. Defluorination was much reduced in similar PET experiments with (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2. Ratios of radioactivity in the lower brainstem, mesencephalon, thalamus, and temporal cortex to striatum obtained with (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 at 160 min after i.v. injection were 1.5, 1.6, 1.3, and 1.5, respectively. In another PET experiment, pretreatment of the monkey with the selective NET inhibitor, desipramine, decreased the radioactivity ratios in all examined regions to near unity (e.g., to a ratio of 1.03 in mesencephalon). Labeled metabolites of (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 or (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER found in plasma were all more polar than the parent radioligand. In vitro autoradiography of (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 on post-mortem human brain cryosections furthermore showed specific binding to NET in the locus coeruleus and thalamus. (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 is the first useful radiofluorinated ligand for imaging brain NET in monkey in vivo and is superior to (S,S)-[11C]MeNER because a specific binding peak equilibrium is obtained during the PET experiment at a lower noise level.
Activation of Src by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Is Required for ErbB2 Transformation of Human Breast Epithelial Cells (2009)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B plays a major role in inhibiting signaling from the insulin and leptin receptors. Recently, PTP1B was found to have an unexpected positive role in ErbB2 signaling in a mouse model of breast cancer, but the mechanism underlying this effect has been unclear. Using human breast epithelial cells grown in a three-dimensional matrix, we found that PTP1B, but not the closely related enzyme T-cell PTP, is required for ErbB2 transformation in vitro. Activation of ErbB2, but not ErbB1, increases PTP1B expression, and increased expression of PTP1B activates Src and induces a Src-dependent transformed phenotype. These findings identify a molecular mechanism by which PTP1B links an important oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase to signaling pathways that promote aberrant cell division and survival in human breast epithelial cells.
Production of ScFv Antibody Fragments Following Immunization with a Phage-Displayed Fusion Protein and Analysis of Reactivity to Surface-Exposed Epitopes of the Protein F of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> by Cytofluorometry (1995)

To increase the possibilities of obtaining antibodies to surface-exposed epitopes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa protein F, we immunized mice with cloned and expressed oprF gene as a gIII-fusion protein displayed on the M13 phage surface. The fusion protein elicited mouse antibodies reacting with the purified protein F at a limit dilution of 1:10,000. Recombinant clones expressing antibody fragments were constructed from the genes of selected B cells of hyperimmunized mouse after a first round of panning against the protein F. Expression of single chain Fv (ScFv) antibody fragments to the protein of P. aeruginosa was detected by ELISA in 20 of 384 clones obtained after the first panning selection. The 20 positive clones recognizing different protein F epitopes as demonstrated by ELISA were assayed by flow cytometry to identify antibody fragments reacting only with surface-exposed epitopes of the protein F on whole bacteria; one of the 20 clones tested showed a level of reactivity compatible with surface-exposed epitope that can lead to ulterior developments in targeting studies.