gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation Mechanism of Porous Single-Crystal Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Templated by Mesoporous Silica (2006)

Porous single crystals of Cr2O3 and Co3O4 templated by mesoporous silicas, SBA-15 and KIT-6, have been fabricated. Specimens at different stages of crystal growth were characterized by using XRD and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The final products of oxide porous single crystals were also characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments. A multiseed formation mechanism can eventually be established. The present investigation revealed that the original mesostructures in SBA-15 and KIT-6 were negatively replicated by the crystals of oxides, and therefore, the dimension of the building blocks (nanorods or nanowires) in the porous crystals of oxides depends on the pore diameter of the silica. It was also found that a mesopore system, regarded as a nanoreactor, had a significant influence on the size and morphology of produced oxide particles and on the route and temperature of the crystallization.
Rationale of mechanical plaque control (1996)

Patients who have received extensive periodontal treatment also demonstrate a high susceptibility to periodontal disease. Maintenance of periodontal health following therapy includes a lifelong supportive care consisting of daily removal of the microbial plaque by the patient, supplemented by professional care in an individually designed programme. Mechanical supragingival plaque control by self care is of utmost importance. The goal is to create a positive attitude by information and motivation to give the patient knowledge and confidence. The patient should be advised to use appropriate aids and technique. A soft brush, an interspace brush, interdental tooth brushes or tooth picks are recommended in periodontal patients. Professional tooth cleaning involves removal of supragingival plaque from all tooth surfaces using mechanically driven instruments and fluoride prophy paste and, when indicated, removal of calculus and subgingival plaque. Disclosing solution is used to visualize the plaque to the patient and to the clinician in order to reinforce instruction in oral hygiene. Oral hygiene measures alone seem to have limited effect on subgingival microflora in cases of severe disease. In shallow and moderately deep pockets a good plaque control can change the subgingival flora towards a more "healthy" composition. Subgingival plaque removal is performed with hand- and/or ultrasonic instruments. Cracks within the cementum, grooves, fissures, resorption lacunae, furcations may create difficulties in cleaning the root surface. Ultrasonic instrumentation has a beneficial effect in creating a smooth surface without extensive removal of cementum. Besides, the cavitational activity contributes to plaque removal which makes the instrument further suitable during maintenance therapy. The result of the debridement is assessed on the healing response in the tissues. The frequency of maintenance visits must be given on an individual basis according to the needs of every special patient. The visit includes plaque evaluation (disclosion), oral hygiene instruction, probing depth measurements, registration of bleeding on probing, scaling (plaque removal) if indicated, tooth polishing, fluoride application and radiographs if indicated. The goal is to identify and treat signs of recurrence of periodontal disease in order to prevent further loss of attachment.
Sulfonated poly(ether ketone ketone) ionomers as proton exchange membranes (2005)

Abstract Sulfonated poly(ether ketone ketone) ionomers (SPEKK) with ion‐exchange capacities (IEC) between 0.2 and 3.4 meq/g were prepared by sulfonating PEKK with a mixture of concentrated and fuming sulfuric acids. Sulfonation occurs only on the phenyl rings attached to ether and ketone groups. The glass transition temperature of the dry SPEKK ionomers increased linearly with increasing IEC, and the ionomers were thermally stable to ∼250°C, above which desulfonation occurred. Water‐swollen ionomers exhibited microphase separated morphologies, and the average correlation length determined by small angle X‐ray scattering increased with increasing IEC. The proton conductivity of hydrated SPEKK membranes measured by impedance spectroscopy ranged from ∼10 –3 to 10 –1 S/cm as the IEC increased from ∼1.0 to 2.4 meq/g. Single cell performance curves on membrane‐electrode assemblies (MEA) indicated that the SPEKK membranes approached the performance of Nafion™ for an IEC of 2 meq/g. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1081–1091, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Real‐time construction and visualisation of drift‐free video mosaics from unconstrained camera motion (2015)

This work proposes a novel approach for real‐time video mosaicking facilitating drift‐free mosaic construction and visualisation, with integrated frame blending and redundancy management, that is shown to be flexible to a range of varying mosaic scenarios. The approach supports unconstrained camera motion with in‐sequence loop closing, variation in camera focal distance (zoom) and recovery from video sequence breaks. Real‐time performance, over extended duration sequences, is realised via novel aspects of frame management within the mosaic representation and thus avoiding the high data redundancy associated with temporally dense, spatially overlapping video frame inputs. This managed set of image frames is visualised in real time using a dynamic mosaic representation of overlapping textured graphics primitives in place of the traditional globally constructed, and hence frequently reconstructed, mosaic image. Within this formulation, subsequent optimisation occurring during online construction can thus efficiency adjust relative frame positions via simple primitive position transforms. Effective visualisation is similarly facilitated by online inter‐frame blending to overcome the illumination and colour variance associated with modern camera hardware. The evaluation illustrates overall robustness in video mosaic construction under a diverse range of conditions including indoor and outdoor environments, varying illumination and presence of in‐scene motion on varying computational platforms.
Splices, connectors, and power couplers for field and office use (1980)

The functions of splices, connectors, and power couplers are reviewed. Parameters of interest to system designers are identified. The sources of loss in splices and connectors are summarized and typical loss values given. Specific designs of splices, connectors, and couplers for telecommunications and computer network applications are discussed.
Antinociceptive Activity of Phyllanthimide Analogues in Mice: Structure—activity Relationships (1996)

Analogues of phyllanthimide have previously been found to have antibacterial and antispasmodic activity. The present study extends the pharmacological evaluation of these compounds, in that the antinociceptive activity of several maleimide and succinimide analogues of phyllanthimide were evaluated against acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction in mice.



The results showed that maleimides were considerably more active than succinimides, suggesting the importance of the cyclic imido double bond, and for this, the coplanarity of the entire cyclic system, in this pharmacological effect. Furthermore, the distance between the aromatic and the imido rings when separated by methylene groups (0–4) affects the analgesic action. In this case, the best results were found when this bridge consisted of four methylene groups. The introduction of electron-donor substituents into the aromatic ring of N-phenetylmaleimide improved the analgesic activity.



Our results demonstrated that some analogues of phyllanthimide were several times more active than aspirin or paracetamol.
Structural characterization of strained AlGaN layers in different Al content AlGaN∕GaN heterostructures and its effect on two-dimensional electron transport properties (2005)

Different Al content AlGaN∕GaN two-dimensional-electron-gas (2DEG) structures were grown on 100-mm-diam sapphire substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The structural properties of AlGaN layers, such as alloy composition, layer thickness, tensile strain, in-plane stress, crystal quality, and band gap energy, were investigated in detail mainly by x-ray diffraction and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Correspondingly, the electron transport properties of these epilayers were theoretically as well as experimentally studied, taking into account the structural characterization results. Hall effect measurements showed that 2DEG density linearly increases with increasing Al content and that low-temperature 2DEG mobility largely decreases with the increase of Al content. The calculated results demonstrated that interface roughness scattering is largely enhanced with increasing Al content and has a strong impact on low-temperature 2DEG mobilities in high Al content samples. This is because the roughness of the interface between GaN and AlGaN layers increases with Al content. This calculated result is consistent with the experimental result that the surface of MOVPE-grown samples exhibited poor qualities with increasing Al content. The degradation of the surface and/or interface is associated with the increased strain in AlGaN layers.
Optimal Operator Replication and Placement for Distributed Stream Processing Systems (2017)

Exploiting on-the-fly computation, Data Stream Processing (DSP) applications are widely used to process unbounded streams of data and extract valuable information in a near real-time fashion. As such, they enable the development of new intelligent and pervasive services that can improve our everyday life. To keep up with the high volume of daily produced data, the operators that compose a DSP application can be replicated and placed on multiple, possibly distributed, computing nodes, so to process the incoming data flow in parallel. Moreover, to better exploit the abundance of diffused computational resources (e.g., Fog computing), recent trends investigate the possibility of decentralizing the DSP application placement. In this paper, we present and evaluate a general formulation of the optimal DSP replication and placement (ODRP) as an integer linear programming problem, which takes into account the heterogeneity of application requirements and infrastructural resources. We integrate ODRP as prototype scheduler in the Apache Storm DSP framework. By leveraging on the DEBS 2015 Grand Challenge as benchmark application, we show the benefits of a joint optimization of operator replication and placement and how ODRP can optimize different QoS metrics, namely response time, internode traffic, cost, availability, and a combination thereof.
High Detection Performance of NDIR ${\rm CO}_{2}$ Sensor Using Stair-Tapered Reflector (2013)

In this paper, we propose tapered reflectors having stair-like structures that focus scattered infrared (IR) rays to enhance the detection performance of a non-dispersive IR (NDIR) CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> sensor. We demonstrate that the sensitivity of the output voltage is increased by 2 and 1.27 times in simulations and experiments, respectively, compared with the case when conventionally tapered reflectors are used. Through applying a stair-like structure inside the tapered optical cavity, scattered IR rays are condensed, and more accurate CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> concentration measurements are possible. In addition, we show that the output voltage changes only slightly with temperature and humidity variations compared with the conventionally tapered optical cavity. Because the proposed structure can be applied to any type of optical cavity without major modifications, we expect that it can resolve the performance limitations of low-end NDIR gas sensors.
A statistical approach to incomplete information in database systems (1982)

There are numerous situations in which a database cannot provide a precise answer to some of the questions that are posed. Sources of imprecision vary and include examples such as recording errors, incompatible scaling, and obsolete data. In many such situations, considerable prior information concerning the imprecision exists and can be exploited to provide valuable information for queries to which no exact answer can be given. The objective of this paper is to provide a framework for doing so.
Thin films of oxygen-deficient perovskite phases by pulsed-laser ablation of strontium titanate (2007)

An oxygen-deficient phase has been formed by pulsed-laser ablation of strontium titanate under vacuum conditions $({10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mbar})$. By the complementary use of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and x-ray diffraction, the composition and structure of films were determined. A large oxygen deficiency is revealed in the films as the corresponding formula is $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.5}$. This understoichiometry means that ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$ are present in such films, while only ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$ is observed in stoichiometric compound $(\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})$. The presence of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$ species in the $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.5}$ films was checked by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.5}$ films were found to crystallize in the cubic perovskite structure with a lattice parameter of $0.40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, considerably higher than that of the stoichiometric compound $(0.39\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. The $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.5}$ films were epitaxially grown on MgO single-crystal substrates, with a ``cube-on-cube'' in-plane orientation with the substrate. In contrary to stoichiometric $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ films which are perfectly insulating, the $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.5}$ films were found to be conductor or semiconductor at room temperature, depending on the growth temperature. Resistivities at room temperature in the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Omega}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ range are thus obtained.
X-ray structures of recombinant yeast cytochrome c peroxidase and three heme-cleft mutants prepared by site-directed mutagenesis (1990)

The 2.2-A X-ray structure for CCP(MI), a plasmid-encoded form of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) expressed in Escherichia coli [Fishel, L.A., Villafranca, J. E., Mauro, J. M., & Kraut, J. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 351-360], has been solved, together with the structures of three specifically designed single-site heme-cleft mutants. The structure of CCP(MI) was solved by using molecular replacement methods, since its crystals grow differently from the crystals of CCP isolated from bakers' yeast used previously for structural solution. Small distal-side differences between CCP(MI) and bakers' yeast CCP are observed, presumably due to a strain-specific Thr-53----Ile substitution in CCP(MI). A Trp-51----Phe mutant remains pentacoordinated and exhibits only minor distal structural adjustments. The observation of a vacant sixth coordination site in this structure differs from the results of solution resonance Raman studies, which predict hexacoordinated high-spin iron [Smulevich, G., Mauro, J.M., Fishel, L. A., English, A. M., Kraut, J., & Spiro, T. G. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 5477-5485]. The coordination behavior of this W51F mutant is apparently altered in the presence of a precipitating agent, 30% 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol. A proximal Trp-191----Phe mutant that has substantially diminished enzyme activity and altered magnetic properties [Mauro, J. M., Fishel, L. F., Hazzard, J. T., Meyer, T. E., Tollin, G., Cusanovich, M. A., & Kraut, J. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 6243-6256] accommodates the substitution by allowing the side chain of Phe-191, together with the segment of backbone to which it is attached, to move toward the heme. This relatively large (ca. 1 A) local perturbation is accompanied by numerous small adjustments resulting in a slight overall compression of the enzyme's proximal domain; however, the iron coordination sphere is essentially unchanged. This structure rules out a major alteration in protein conformation as a reason for the dramatically decreased activity of the W191F mutant. Changing proximal Asp-235 to Asn results in two significant localized structural changes. First, the heme iron moves toward the porphyrin plane, and distal water 595 now clearly resides in the iron coordination sphere at a distance of 2.0 A. The observation of hexacoordinated iron for the D235N mutant is in accord with previous resonance Raman results. Second, the indole side chain of Trp-191 has flipped over as a result of the mutation; the tryptophan N epsilon takes part in a new hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl oxygen of Leu-177.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Analysis and synthesis of general planar interferometer arrays (2005)

This paper presents the first theory for general planar radio interferometers. Previously published results for the three antenna linear inteferometer are completely generalized to interferometers consisting of any number of antennas in arbitrary planar configurations. For any interferometer in this much wider class, the maximum likelihood bearing estimation algorithm can be derived, and its performance calculated using the results derived here. The antenna phase centers are viewed as generating a two dimensional lattice in the array plane. This lattice is the dual or reciprocal of the lattice in the direction cosine plane consisting of all direction cosine pairs which represent angles which are ambiguous with the array boresight. It is shown that the likelihood function for the unknown integer portions of the phase measurements can be reduced to an integer quadratic form which represents a generalized distance squared between an (N-2) dimensional projection of the phase measurement and the points of a lattice in phase space. The ambiguity resolution procedure is thus reduced to determining the closest lattice point to a given point.
New technology to expose core from fiber for optical sensing application (2017)

For the future optical sensing application, a simple, fast and cost-effective method to achieve exposed core is required for a good mass production and commercialization. Hence, this paper proposes sensing application with exposed core technology using Self-Written Waveguide (SWW) method. The SWW method uses a UV-curable resin and enables fabrication of an optical channel waveguide. SWW is known as an attractive and useful technique in optical interconnection. This SWW is passively aligned between two fibers from the end of the optical fiber under irradiation UV light. This makes the technology is a reliable exposed core technology for sensing application. A SWW with length of 800 micrometers is fabricated from the end face of the multi-mode optical fiber under irradiation with UV light. Experiment is done under several testing materials with different refractive index. The output optical power is decreasing as the refractive indexes of testing materials are increasing. Simulation is also done using ray-tracing method. From these results, it seems possible to apply this SWW using UV-curable resin in sensing application.
Opioid analgesia: perspectives on right use and utility. (2007)

The ability of opioids to effectively and safely control acute and cancer pain has been one of several arguments used to support extending opioid treatment to patients with chronic pain, against a backdrop of considerable caution that has been based upon fears of addiction. Of course, opioids may cause addiction, but the "principle of balance" may justify that "...efforts to address abuse should not interfere with legitimate medical practice and patient care." Yet, situations are increasingly encountered in which opioid-maintained patients are refractory to analgesia during periods of pain, or even during the course of chronic treatment. The real question is whether analgesic efficacy of opioids can be maintained over time. Overall, the evidence supporting long-term analgesic efficacy is weak. The putative mechanisms for failed opioid analgesia may be related to tolerance or opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Advances in basic sciences may help in understanding these phenomena, but the question of whether long-term opioid treatment can improve patients' function or quality of life remains a broader issue. Opioid side effects are well known, but with chronic use, most (except constipation) subside. Still, side effects can negatively affect the outcomes and continuity of therapy. This paper addresses 1) what evidence supports the long-term utility of opioids for chronic pain; 2) how side effects may alter quality of life; 3) the nature of addiction and why it is different in pain patients, and 4) on what grounds could pain medication be denied? These questions are discussed in light of patients' rights, and warrant balancing particular responsibilities with risks. These are framed within the Hippocratic tradition of "producing good for the patient and protecting from harm," so as to enable 1) more informed clinical decision making, and 2) progress towards right use and utility of opioid treatment for chronic pain.
Signature-based target identification and pattern recognition (1994)

In the identification of a particular target (or target class), out of a library of possible targets, one can use the scattering signatures from a transient (broadband) type of radar. These signatures are parameter sets (using aspect-independent and/or aspect-dependent parameters) in some scattering model. There are various such models of interest, based on the symmetries (or partial symmetries) of the various target features (geometric shapes, including constitutive parameters), of both local and global varieties. Such symmetries have significance for the signal processing as well, so that the signatures can be better extracted from the noise and clutter background. Based on such symmetries, one can organize the target features, models, signatures, and signal processing into the habitats of a zoo. Part 1 of this article does this. In Part 2, target signatures and pattern recognition are considered. Pattern recognition is a well-established set of techniques for categorizing objects by data features. In the context of radar-target identification, one can use parameters in electromagnetic-scattering models and sets of the same (signatures) for such features. This leads to a target-identification scheme, in which a target in all its aspects to a radar is treated as a pattern class, where a pattern is a set of data features.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>