gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel ligational behaviour of thiosalicylohydrazide and its derivatives with cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and palladium(II) (1981)

The metal (CoII, CoIII, NiII, CuII, and PdII) complexes of thiosalicylohydrazide, H2L1[o-HOC6H4C(S)N1-R1N2R2R3, R1= R2= R3= H], and its derivatives H2L2(R1= H, R2= R3= Me), HL3(R1= Me, R2= R3= H), H2L4(R1= R2= H, R2= Ph), and HL5(R1= Ph, R2= R3= H) have been prepared and characterised. The compounds H2L1, H2L2, and H2L4 act as monobasic bidentate ligands {except in [Pd(HL4)2] where one ligand is bidentate and the other one is tridentate to form a five-co-ordinate neutral chelate} to form neutral chelates. Compounds HL3 and HL5 behave as both bi- and tri-dentate species and form four-co-ordinate cationic aquocobalt(II), aquo- and halogeno-copper(II), Zwitterionic palladium(II) chelates, and five-co-ordinate cationic halogenonickel(II) chelates. The chelating ligands show four types of co-ordination, i.e. N1O, N2S, OS, and N2OS. The structural relationships of the complexes are discussed.
On-chip electromembrane extraction for monitoring drug metabolism in real time by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2012)

A temperature controlled (37 °C) metabolic reaction chamber with a volume of 1 mL was coupled directly to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) by the use of a 50 μm deep counter flow micro-chip electromembrane extraction (EME) system. The EME/ESI-MS system was used to study the in vitro metabolism of amitriptyline in real time. There was no need to stop the metabolisms by protein precipitation as in conventional metabolic studies, since the EME selectively extracted the drug and metabolites from the reaction solution comprised of rat liver microsomes in buffer. Compositional changes in the reaction chamber were continuously detected 9 seconds later in the MS. Most of this time delay was due to transport of the purified extract towards the ESI source. The EME step effectively removed the enzymatic material, buffer and salts from the reaction mixture, and prevented these species from being introduced into the ESI-MS system. The on-chip EME/ESI-MS system provided repeatability for the amitriptyline signal intensity within 3.1% relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 6), gave a linear response for amitriptyline in the tested concentration range of 0.25 to 15 μM, and was found not to be prone to ion-suppression from major metabolites introduced simultaneously into the EME/ESI-MS system. The setup allowed the study of fast reactions kinetics. The half-life, t(1/2), for the metabolism of 10 μM amitriptyline was 1.4 minutes with a 12.6% RSD (n = 6).
Molecular Pathogenesis of MODYs (2000)

A timely collection of research papers by 18 leading scientists in the area of biochemical genetics of diabetes mellitus, these contributions focus on a well defined class of monogenic forms of the disease (i.e. MODYs 1-5) all caused by specific mutations or deletion of genes that control pancreatic beta-cell functions: HNF-4alpha (1), glucokinase
Metal Halide Perovskite Nanosheet for X-ray High-Resolution Scintillation Imaging Screens (2019)

Scintillators, which are capable of converting ionizing radiation into visible photons, are an integral part of medical, security, and commercial diagnostic technologies such as X-ray imaging, nuclear cameras, and computed tomography. Conventional scintillator fabrication typically involves high-temperature sintering, generating agglomerated powders or large bulk crystals, which pose major challenges for device integration and processability. On the other hand, colloidal quantum dot scintillators cannot be cast into compact solid films with the necessary thickness required for most X-ray applications. Here, we report the room-temperature synthesis of a colloidal scintillator comprising CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> nanosheets of large concentration (up to 150 mg/mL). The CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> colloid exhibits a light yield (∼21000 photons/MeV) higher than that of the commercially available Ce:LuAG single-crystal scintillator (∼18000 photons/MeV). Scintillators based on these nanosheets display both strong radioluminescence (RL) and long-term stability under X-ray illumination. Importantly, the colloidal scintillator can be readily cast into a uniform crack-free large-area film (8.5 × 8.5 cm<sup>2</sup> in area) with the requisite thickness for high-resolution X-ray imaging applications. We showcase prototype applications of these high-quality scintillating films as X-ray imaging screens for a cellphone panel and a standard central processing unit chip. Our radiography prototype combines large-area processability with high resolution and a strong penetration ability to sheath materials, such as resin and silicon. We reveal an energy transfer process inside those stacked nanosheet solids that is responsible for their superb scintillation performance. Our findings demonstrate a large-area solution-processed scintillator of stable and efficient RL as a promising approach for low-cost radiography and X-ray imaging applications.
Selective interferometric sensing by the use of coherence synthesis (1987)

A technique is discussed and demonstrated whereby the sensitivity of an imbalanced fiber-optic interferometric sensor is changed by as much as 70 dB by modifying the power spectrum and thus the coherence function of the input optical source. This phenomenon is then extended and used to monitor selectively single sensors in a small fiber-optic ladder array by synthesizing coherence functions that result in a high sensitivity for the sensor to be observed but a low sensitivity for all the others. Limitations of the demonstrated implementation are discussed and possible future designs presented.
Polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridinium salts. I. The counterion initiation mechanism (1971)

No Abstract.
Evaluation of GRCh38 and de novo haploid genome assemblies demonstrates the enduring quality of the reference assembly (2017)

The human reference genome assembly plays a central role in nearly all aspects of today's basic and clinical research. GRCh38 is the first coordinate-changing assembly update since 2009; it reflects the resolution of roughly 1000 issues and encompasses modifications ranging from thousands of single base changes to megabase-scale path reorganizations, gap closures, and localization of previously orphaned sequences. We developed a new approach to sequence generation for targeted base updates and used data from new genome mapping technologies and single haplotype resources to identify and resolve larger assembly issues. For the first time, the reference assembly contains sequence-based representations for the centromeres. We also expanded the number of alternate loci to create a reference that provides a more robust representation of human population variation. We demonstrate that the updates render the reference an improved annotation substrate, alter read alignments in unchanged regions, and impact variant interpretation at clinically relevant loci. We additionally evaluated a collection of new de novo long-read haploid assemblies and conclude that although the new assemblies compare favorably to the reference with respect to continuity, error rate, and gene completeness, the reference still provides the best representation for complex genomic regions and coding sequences. We assert that the collected updates in GRCh38 make the newer assembly a more robust substrate for comprehensive analyses that will promote our understanding of human biology and advance our efforts to improve health.
An Intelligent Load Flow Engine for Power System Planning (1986)

An intelligent load flow engine is an expert system embedded in the personal workstation that is used by the power system planners. The objective of the engine is to provide both an expert and novice user with a friendly working environment, aiming at enhancing a user's creativity in making operational plans. To this end, the personal scientific workstation that was developed for power system planning is equipped with an expert system whose knowledges are acquired from the experienced power system planners. This paper describes the detail of the intelligent engine, and shows how the load flow planning is assisted with an expert system.
Achieving energy-efficiency with a next generation NVRAM-based SSD (2014)

As more computing and communication resources appear, energy efficiency becomes increasingly important for future information and communication technologies. We need energy-efficient technologies that can reduce the overall energy consumption of computation, storage and communications. Despite the potential of the next generation nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) for energy savings, it is typically used as storage devices to improve system performance of file systems and is not utilized for the purpose of improving energy efficiency. This paper suggests an energy-efficient writing approach in a file system that adopts the NVRAM-based SSD as a storage device. Simulation results show that the energy efficient writing approach consumes less energy than the conventional writing approach for ideal workloads as both the data size in a write request and the subpage size get smaller.
Shallow trench isolation liners and their role in reducing lattice strains (2008)

Three spin-on dielectric (SOD) shallow trench isolation (STI) structures were studied: nitride liner, nitride liner with anisotropic amorphous silicon (a-Si) bottom fill, and nitride liner with thin conformal a-Si. All samples received the same SOD material conditions and final thermal oxidation. Convergent beam electron diffraction determined the induced STI strain and has been shown to accurately measure strain on 60nm active areas. The results revealed effects that the liners have in balancing stress induced by volume shrinkage of the SOD. The conformal a-Si liner decreased the shear force that causes dislocations that form at the bottom corners of STI structures.
High Density Magnetic Recording Employing Ring-head Writing on Single-layered Perpendicular Disk Systern (1995)

High density magnetic recording is investigated for a combination of single-layered perpendicular medium and ring-type head. Simulation study shows a possibility of high linear density recording exceeding 400kFCI under a reduced head-medium spacing of less than 40 nm. Experimental results show that the linear recording resolution(D50) increases drastically with decreasing the spacing. D50=173kFCI is confirmed with a highly oriented CoCrPt perpendicular medium and a narrow gap write head under a spacing of 45 nm. Side writing and side erasing can be reduced below 0.2μm by employing a narrow gap write head with trimmed sharp track edge. A new signal processing method is proposed to deal the dipulse reproduced waveforms which result from the combination of single-laryered medium and ring-type head. It is thus shown that the recording areal density can be increased greatly by employing the present recording system.
Exploring novel silicon-containing polymers---From preceramic polymers to conducting polymers with nonlinear optical properties (1991)

Several new types of silicon-containing preceramic polymers, i.e., poly(diorganosilacetylene) and poly(diorganosilvinylene) have been synthesized with molecular weights from 10,000 to 120,000. These polymers could be thermally converted to SiC with a moderate to high char yields. Ready solubility and good processability made these types of polymers attractive in their applications to ceramics. The thermal polymerization of diethynyldiphenyl-silane, which was reported in 1968 to afford poly(diphenylsilyldiacetylene) via dehydrogenation, was reinvestigated. Spectroscopic studies showed that the polymer had a structure of polyacetylene type not diacetylene. Diphenyldiethynylgermane and a series of diorganodiethynylsilances were synthesized. These could be polymerized in the presence of MoCl{sub 5} or WCl{sub 6} to afford a soluble, violet material with Mw as high as 108,000. 100 refs., 56 figs., 16 tabs.
IdDE: A collaborative environment for distributed programming in pairs (2012)

The theory of the pair more able, proposed by Vygotsky addresses the collaborative learning using pairs of people with different cognitive development, where the subject further developed can help and provide experiences to the partner so that his level of learning increases. Within the agile idea of pair programming implicitly obeys this theory. The idea of this paper is to provide that a larger set of people can share the development of a source code in a collaborative manner and the whole intellectual process that leads to changes in certain parts of a source code that the history will be record in the environment. This allows a N-N relationship can be established in a development environment for distributed software, leveraging the theory of the more capable peer. The article presents a tool developed as a NetBeans plug-in functionality that incorporates several of collaborative environments to support distributed programming in real time.
Acetaldehyde adducts with hemoglobin. (1981)

Clinical studies on the minor hemoglobins (hemoglobin A1a-c) have suggested that a novel adduct may form in people abusing alcohol. Such patients were found to have an elevated concentration of minor hemoglobins, but normal or subnormal amounts of glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) as determined by radioimmunoassay, Acetaldehyde, a reactive metabolite of ethanol, was postulated to form adducts with hemoglobin A that change its chromatographic properties. At physiological concentrations, acetaldehyde was found to form adducts with hemoglobin that were stable to extensive dialysis for several days. The amount of hemoglobin adducts formed were a function of the concentration and number of exposures to acetaldehyde. The reaction of acetaldehyde with hemoglobin A produced chromatographic variants, some of which migrated in the hemoglobin A1a-c region. Analysis of stable acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts demonstrated that valine, lysine, and tyrosine residues of globin were sites of reaction. The acetaldehyde-modified amino acid residues appear to exist in interconvertible conformations, only one of which is reducible by sodium borohydride. The amount of these adducts was found to be significantly elevated in hemoglobin from alcoholics as compared with normal volunteers.
Joint efficacy of the three biomarkers <i>SNCA</i>, <i>GYPB</i> and <i>HBG1</i> for atrial fibrillation and stroke: Analysis via the support vector machine neural network (2022)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of persistent arrhythmia. Although its incidence has been increasing, the pathogenesis of AF in stroke remains unclear. In this study, a total of 30 participants were recruited, including 10 controls, 10 patients with AF and 10 patients with AF and stroke (AF + STROKE). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and functional annotation of DEGs, comparative toxicogenomic database analysis associated with cardiovascular diseases, and predictions of miRNAs of hub genes were performed. Using RT-qPCR, biological process and support vector machine neural networks, numerous DEGs were found to be related to AF. HBG1, SNCA and GYPB were found to be upregulated in the AF group. Higher expression of hub genes in AF and AF + STROKE groups was detected via RT-PCR. Upon training the biological process neural network of SNCA and GYPB for HBG1, only small differences were detected. Based on the support vector machine, the predicted value of SNCA and GYPB for HBG1 was 0.9893. Expression of the hub genes of HBG1, SNCA and GYPB might therefore be significantly correlated to AF. These genes are involved in the incidence of AF complicated by stroke, and may serve as targets for early diagnosis and treatment.
AWS Architecture Overview (2019)

If you are anything like us, you cannot wait to get started and launch an application in the cloud. But, before we dive in and start launching servers, let’s take a step back and look at the big picture. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a global platform with data centers around the globe. A little time spent on the architecture will help you understand why, and not just what, we are doing with AWS.
Relationship between antimutagenic activity and major components of various teas (1996)

The objectives of this study were to determine the major components in tea leaves and tea extracts and to study the relationship between chemical content and antimutagenic activity of various tea extracts. The amount of catechins in various tea extracts was in the order: green tea (26.7%) > oolong tea (23.2%) > pouchong tea (15.8%) > black tea (4.3%). The amounts of caffeine and phenolic compounds in oolong tea extracts were 8.3 and 32.4%, respectively; these amounts were greater than those in the other three tea extracts. The ascorbic acid in green tea extracts was a little higher than in oolong and pouchong tea extracts. The amount of catechins in tea leaves also showed the order: nonfermented (green tea) > semifermented (pouchong tea and oolong tea) > fermented tea (black tea). The amounts of caffeine and phenolic compounds in oolong tea leaves are also higher than in other tea leaves. Besides water soluble components, tea leaves also contain several lipid soluble chemicals such as beta-carotene and tocopherols. The tea extracts, especially oolong and pouchong teas, markedly inhibited the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo (4,5-f)quinoline (IQ), 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-(4,3-b)indole (Trp-P-1), 2-amino-6-methyl-dipyrido(1,2-a:3',2'-d) imidazole (Glu-P-1), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The inhibitory effect of tea extracts against the mutagenicity of IQ and Glu-P-1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 showed a significant (P < 0.05) correlation to the contents of catechins and ascorbic acid. The antimutagenic activity of tea extracts to Trp-P-1 in TA98 or TA100 was well correlated (P < 0.05) to the caffeine contents. No significant (P > 0.05) correlation was found between the antimutagenicity of tea extracts to B[a]P and AFB1 in TA100 and the content of major components in tea extracts.
Echo (2009)

Echo is a novel yet practical approach to the formal verification of large software systems. The Echo approach splits verification into two major parts. In the first part, the SPARK tools are used to verify an implementation written in SPARK Ada against a low-level specification written using the SPARK source-code annotations. In the second part, a high-level specification is extracted automatically from the annotated implementation, and a proof constructed using the PVS theorem proving system that the extracted specification implies the original specification. Part of what makes Echo practical is a technique called verification refactoring. The program to be verified is mechanically refactored specifically to facilitate verification. In both parts of the proof process, semantics-preserving refactorings are applied to the implementation to reduce the complexity of the software and thereby to reduce the difficulty of verification proof. Much of the Echo approach is automated. The verification burden is reduced by distributing the burden over separate tools and techniques. In this presentation, the Echo verification technology will be described. The technology will be illustrated using the verification of two security applications and a novel medical device.
Unravelling the Maillard reaction network by multiresponse kinetic modelling (2003)

The Maillard reaction is an important reaction in food industry. It is responsible for the formation of colour and aroma, as well as toxic compounds as the recent discovered acrylamide. The knowledge of kinetic parameters, such as rate constants and activation energy, is necessary to predict its extent and, consequently, to optimise it.Each of the chapters presented in this thesis can be seen as a necessary step to succeed in applying multiresponse kinetic modelling in a complex reaction, such as the Maillard reaction. Based on the established network for the intermediate stage a complete kinetic model for the whole glucose/glycine Maillard reaction pathways was developed. The estimated rate constants showed no dependence on the reactants initial concentration or ratio. However, concerning pH, the reaction mechanism was highly influenced with respect to which route prevailed and to the type of products formed. For the first time consistent pH dependence was derived for the estimated rate constants. For a pH drop ≤ 1 unit, the pH dependence was well captured by a power law relation, in line with a theoretical analysis. All in all, the model seemed to perform well and was consistent with the established reaction mechanism.Multiresponse kinetic modelling has proved to be a powerful tool in unravelling complex chemical reactions such as the Maillard reaction. More than just deriving relevant kinetic parameters, multiresponse modelling gave also insight into the reaction mechanism. A main conclusion was that multireponse kinetic modelling goes beyond the Maillard reaction: it should also be applicable to other complex reactions in foods.
An adaptive playout algorithm with delay spike detection for real-time VoIP (2004)

As the Internet is a best-effort delivery network, audio packets may be delayed or lost en route to the receiver due to network congestion. To compensate for the variation in network delay, audio applications buffer received packets before playing them out. Basic algorithms adjust the packet play out time during periods of silence such that all packets within a talkspurt are equally delayed. Another approach is to scale individual voice packets using dynamic time-scale modification. In this work, an adaptive playout algorithm based on the normalized least mean square algorithm, is improved by introducing a spike-detection mode to rapidly adjust to delay spikes. Simulations on Internet traces show that the enhanced bi-modal playout algorithm improves performance by reducing both the average delay and the loss rate as compared to the original algorithm.
The PmrA-Regulated <i>pmrC</i> Gene Mediates Phosphoethanolamine Modification of Lipid A and Polymyxin Resistance in <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (2004)

The PmrA/PmrB regulatory system of Salmonella enterica controls the modification of lipid A with aminoarabinose and phosphoethanolamine. The aminoarabinose modification is required for resistance to the antibiotic polymyxin B, as mutations of the PmrA-activated pbg operon or ugd gene result in strains that lack aminoarabinose in their lipid A molecules and are more susceptible to polymyxin B. Additional PmrA-regulated genes appear to participate in polymyxin B resistance, as pbgP and ugd mutants are not as sensitive to polymyxin B as a pmrA mutant. Moreover, the role that the phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A plays in the resistance to polymyxin B has remained unknown. Here we address both of these questions by establishing that the PmrA-activated pmrC gene encodes an inner membrane protein that is required for the incorporation of phosphoethanolamine into lipid A and for polymyxin B resistance. The PmrC protein consists of an N-terminal region with five transmembrane domains followed by a large periplasmic region harboring the putative enzymatic domain. A pbgP pmrC double mutant resembled a pmrA mutant both in its lipid A profile and in its susceptibility to polymyxin B, indicating that the PmrA-dependent modification of lipid A with aminoarabinose and phosphoethanolamine is responsible for PmrA-regulated polymyxin B resistance.