gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Empirical model for predicting concentrations of refractory hydrophobic organic compounds in digested sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (2009)

An empirical model is presented allowing for the prediction of concentrations of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) prone to accumulate and persist in digested sludge (biosolids) generated during conventional municipal wastewater treatment. The sole input requirements of the model are the concentrations of the individual HOCs entering the wastewater treatment plant in raw sewage, the compound's respective pH-dependent octanol-water partitioning coefficient (D(OW)), and an empirically determined fitting parameter (p(fit)) that reflects persistence of compounds in biosolids after accounting for all potential removal mechanisms during wastewater treatment. The accuracy of the model was successfully confirmed at the 99% confidence level in a paired t test that compared predicted concentrations in biosolids to empirical measurements reported in the literature. After successful validation, the resultant model was applied to predict levels of various HOCs for which occurrence data in biosolids thus far are lacking.
Methods for customer and demand response policies selection in new electricity markets (2007)

Different methodologies are available for clustering and classification purposes. The objective of the research is to prove the capability of self-organising maps (SOMs) to classify customers and their response potential from distributor, commercialiser, or customer electrical demand databases, with the help of load response modelling methodologies as support tools. The search for customer suitability is restricted to day-ahead and real-time products, in which interest is growing in developed countries. Therefore customer demand and response (demand and distributed generation policies) have been tested and compared with price curves. Both steps have been performed through SOMs. The results clearly show the capability of this approach to improve data management and easily to find coherent policies to accomplish cleared-demand offers in different prices scenarios.
Low cost PC based scanning Kelvin probe (1998)

We have developed a novel, low cost, scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) system that can measure work function (wf) and surface potential (sp) topographies to within 1 meV energy resolution. The control and measurement subcomponents are PC based and incorporate a flexible user interface, permitting software control of major parameters and allowing easy user implementation via automatic setup and scanning procedures. We review the mode of operation and design features of the SKP including the digital oscillator, the compact ambient voice-coil head-stage, and signal processing techniques. This system offers unique tip-to-sample spacing control (to within 40 nm) which provides a method of simultaneously imaging sample height topographies and is essential to avoid spurious or “apparent” wf changes due to scanning-induced spacing changes. We illustrate SKP operation in generating high resolution wf/sp profiles of metal interfaces (as a tip characterization procedure) and operational electronic devices. The SKP potentially has a very wide range of applications ranging from semiconductor quality control thin film and surface analyses to corrosion and biopotential imaging.
45.2: Two Point Bending of Thin Glass Substrate (2011)

Abstract The two‐point bend test has been used extensively for optical fiber strength and fatigue measurements. This paper extends the theory of 2‐point bending to thin glass substrates. The key advantages of the 2‐point bend test are 1) the simplicity of a test fixture and its operation, 2) the uniformity of a bend stress along the width of a substrate, 3) the inverse relationship between a bend stress and parallel plate spacing, and 4) the non‐contact bending.
A plasmonically enhanced charge generation layer for tandem organic light emitting device (2013)

We studied silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as an n-type dopant in the charge generation connector of tandem organic light-emitting diodes. Due to the localized surface plasmonic resonance and quantum size effects, Ag NPs are more active and easy to lose electron comparing to bulk or film forms of Ag, and can work as excellent n-type dopant. For the tandem device with Ag NPs in the charge generation layer, the current efficiency is more than doubled and the driving voltage is less than twice compared to one single emission unit device.
Optimal circumference reduction of finger models for good prosthetic fit of a thimble-type prosthesis for distal finger amputations. (2001)

The prosthetic fit of a thimble-type esthetic silicone prosthesis was retrospectively reviewed in 29 patients who were fitted following distal finger amputations. The aim was to correlate prosthetic fit with the magnitudes of circumference reduction in the finger models used to produce the prostheses and to identify the optimum reduction for the best outcome. A good fit is achieved primarily by making the prosthesis circumferentially smaller than the segment of the residual finger (residuum) over which it "cups". The percentage reduction in circumference of the finger model against the residuum model was calculated by dividing the difference in circumference between the residuum model and the finger model by the residuum model circumference and multiplying the result by 100. The computed percentage circumference reduction in the finger models ranged from small (1-3), moderate (5-7), to large (8-9). Twelve of 15 patients whose finger models had between one to three circumference reductions had a loose prosthetic fit. Only two of 14 patients who had a larger model circumference reduction of between five to nine had loose-fitting prostheses. Two of five patients who had eight to nine model circumference reduction had an uncomfortably tight prosthetic fit. A 5-7% circumference reduction in the finger model was shown in this study to best translate into good fit of a thimble-type prosthesis for distal finger amputations.
Poly(aminophosphazene)s and Protophosphatranes Mimic Classical Strong Anionic Base Catalysts in the Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactams (1996)

Linear very high molecular weight polyamides, such as nylons 6, 7 and 66, have been prepared via the rapid ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of their respective lactams catalyzed by super nonionic poly(aminophosphazene) and protophosphatrane bases. The super nonionic poly(aminophosphazene) bases appear to mimic catalysis by conventional anionic catalysts, but with the added advantage of the toleration of some degree of moisture. Multinuclear liquid and solid-state NMR experiments were used to probe the structure and proton transfer chemistry of P4-t-Bu, one of the most effective lactam ROP poly(aminophosphazene) bases. 31P magic-angle spinning (MAS) results showed the room-temperature structure of P4-t-Bu to be asymmetric and nonprotonated. Variable-temperature 31P MAS NMR experiments on mixtures of P4-t-Bu and ε-caprolactam demonstrated the proton transfer chemistry relevant for ROP at elevated temperature. This was confirmed by 13C MAS NMR observation of the ε-caprolactam anion in a cross-polarization experiment.
RNase PH is essential for tRNA processing and viability in RNase-deficient Escherichia coli cells. (1992)

RNase PH is a Pi-dependent exoribonuclease that can act at the 3' terminus of tRNA precursors in vitro. To obtain information about the function of this enzyme in vivo, the Escherichia coli rph gene encoding RNase PH was interrupted with either a kanamycin resistance or a chloramphenicol resistance cassette and transferred to the chromosome of a variety of RNase-resistant strains. Inactivation of the chromosomal copy of rph eliminated RNase PH activity from extracts and also slowed the growth of many of the strains, particularly ones that already were deficient in RNase T or polynucleotide phosphorylase. Introduction of the rph mutation into a strain already lacking RNases I, II, D, BN, and T resulted in inviability. The rph mutation also had dramatic effects on tRNA metabolism. Using an in vivo suppressor assay we found that elimination of RNase PH greatly decreased the level of su3+ activity in cells deficient in certain of the other RNases. Moreover, in an in vitro tRNA processing system the defect caused by elimination of RNase PH was shown to be the accumulation of a precursor that contained 4-6 additional 3' nucleotides following the -CCA sequence. These data indicate that RNase PH can be an essential enzyme for the processing of tRNA precursors.
Electromigration threshold in copper interconnects (2001)

The electromigration threshold in copper interconnects is reported in this study. The length-dependent electromigration degradation rate is observed and quantified in the temperature range of 295–400 °C. Based on the Blech electromigration model [I. A. Blech, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 1203 (1976)], a simplified equation is proposed to analyze the experimental data from various combinations of current density and interconnect length, as well as to estimate the electromigration threshold product of current density and line length, (jL)th, at a certain temperature. The resulting (jL)th value appears to be temperature dependent, decreasing with increasing temperature in the tested range between 295 and 400 °C.
Fully 3D iterative scatter-corrected OSEM for HRRT PET using a GPU (2011)

Accurate scatter correction is especially important for high-resolution 3D positron emission tomographies (PETs) such as high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) due to large scatter fraction in the data. To address this problem, a fully 3D iterative scatter-corrected ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) in which a 3D single scatter simulation (SSS) is alternatively performed with a 3D OSEM reconstruction was recently proposed. However, due to the computational complexity of both SSS and OSEM algorithms for a high-resolution 3D PET, it has not been widely used in practice. The main objective of this paper is, therefore, to accelerate the fully 3D iterative scatter-corrected OSEM using a graphics processing unit (GPU) and verify its performance for an HRRT. We show that to exploit the massive thread structures of the GPU, several algorithmic modifications are necessary. For SSS implementation, a sinogram-driven approach is found to be more appropriate compared to a detector-driven approach, as fast linear interpolation can be performed in the sinogram domain through the use of texture memory. Furthermore, a pixel-driven backprojector and a ray-driven projector can be significantly accelerated by assigning threads to voxels and sinograms, respectively. Using Nvidia's GPU and compute unified device architecture (CUDA), the execution time of a SSS is less than 6 s, a single iteration of OSEM with 16 subsets takes 16 s, and a single iteration of the fully 3D scatter-corrected OSEM composed of a SSS and six iterations of OSEM takes under 105 s for the HRRT geometry, which corresponds to acceleration factors of 125× and 141× for OSEM and SSS, respectively. The fully 3D iterative scatter-corrected OSEM algorithm is validated in simulations using Geant4 application for tomographic emission and in actual experiments using an HRRT.
NAPHTHOL STUDIES. I. THE BROMINATION OF 1,5-DIHYDROXYNAPHTHALENE (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNAPHTHOL STUDIES. I. THE BROMINATION OF 1,5-DIHYDROXYNAPHTHALENEAlvin S. Wheeler and David R. ErgleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1930, 52, 12, 4872–4880Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1930https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01375a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01375a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views812Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Increased steady state mRNA levels of the <i>STM</i> and <i>KNAT1</i> homeobox genes in cytokinin overproducing <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> indicate a role for cytokinins in the shoot apical meristem (1999)

This study investigates the consequences of endogenously enhanced biosynthesis of the plant hormone cytokinin in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Transcriptional control of the bacterial ipt gene by the Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter enabled temperature-dependent increased cytokinin production in transgenic plants. Heat-treated plants accumulated higher levels of unbound and bound zeatin-type cyto-kinins, the latter being preferentially N-conjugated glucosides. Cytokinin overproduction significantly increased the biomass of seedlings. Ipt transgenics had higher steady state mRNA levels of the shoot meristem specifying homeobox genes KNAT1 and STM, similar to the cytokinin-overproducing shoot meristem mutant amp1 (hpt, cop2, pt) This finding, together with previously described phenotypic similarities between transgenic cytokinin-overproducing plants and plants overexpressing the KNAT1 or KN1 genes, suggests that these factors act on the same pathway. We hypothesize that cytokinins act upstream of KNAT1 and STM. The influence of cytokinins on homeobox genes provides a link between the hormone and the developmental genes and indicates a role for cytokinins in the shoot apical meristem.
Controlled Collapse Reflow for Josephson Chip Bonding (1982)

The scheme of controlled collapse reflow chip joining has been investigated again and extended to the package of Josephson device chips. Low temperature ternary eutectic (In/Bi/Sn) alloy is selected as the solder material which melts at 60°C. An interface metallurgy of Pd/Au was used as an interface layer bridging superconducting Nb pads and the solder. Indium stand‐offs are used for controlling collapse and providing constant spacing between chips and carrier modules. Mechanical and electrical test vehicles were fabricated and evaluated.
On the Complexity of Best Arm Identification in Multi-Armed Bandit Models (2014)

The stochastic multi-armed bandit model is a simple abstraction that has proven useful in many different contexts in statistics and machine learning. Whereas the achievable limit in terms of regret minimization is now well known, our aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the performance in terms of identifying the m best arms. We introduce generic notions of complexity for the two dominant frameworks considered in the literature: fixed-budget and fixed-confidence settings. In the fixed-confidence setting, we provide the first known distribution-dependent lower bound on the complexity that involves information-theoretic quantities and holds when m is larger than 1 under general assumptions. In the specific case of two armed-bandits, we derive refined lower bounds in both the fixed-confidence and fixed-budget settings, along with matching algorithms for Gaussian and Bernoulli bandit models. These results show in particular that the complexity of the fixed-budget setting may be smaller than the complexity of the fixed-confidence setting, contradicting the familiar behavior observed when testing fully specified alternatives. In addition, we also provide improved sequential stopping rules that have guaranteed error probabilities and shorter average running times. The proofs rely on two technical results that are of independent interest : a deviation lemma for self-normalized sums (Lemma 19) and a novel change of measure inequality for bandit models (Lemma 1).
Multigraph Sampling of Online Social Networks (2011)

State-of-the-art techniques for probability sampling of users of online social networks (OSNs) are based on random walks on a single social relation (typically friendship). While powerful, these methods rely on the social graph being fully connected. Furthermore, the mixing time of the sampling process strongly depends on the characteristics of this graph. In this paper, we observe that there often exist other relations between OSN users, such as membership in the same group or participation in the same event. We propose to exploit the graphs these relations induce, by performing a random walk on their union multigraph. We design a computationally efficient way to perform multigraph sampling by randomly selecting the graph on which to walk at each iteration. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach through (i) simulation in synthetic graphs, and (ii) measurements of Last.fm- an Internet website for music with social networking features. More specifically, we show that multigraph sampling can obtain a representative sample and faster convergence, even when the individual graphs fail, i.e., are disconnected or highly clustered.
GILZ, a new target for the transcription factor FoxO3, protects T lymphocytes from interleukin-2 withdrawal–induced apoptosis (2004)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) withdrawal is a physiologic process inducing cell death in activated T lymphocytes. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) has recently been identified as a protein modulating T-cell receptor activation by repressing various signaling pathways. We report here that IL-2 deprivation leads to expression of GILZ in T lymphocytes. We then characterized the human gilz promoter and showed that FoxO3 (Forkhead box class O3) binding to the Forkhead responsive elements identified in the promoter is necessary for induction of gilz expression upon IL-2 withdrawal. To assess the functional consequences of this induction, we used 2 strategies, GILZ overexpression and GILZ silencing in murine IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cells. GILZ overexpression protects CTLL-2 cells from IL-2 withdrawal-induced apoptosis, whereas cell death is accelerated in cells unable to express GILZ. Concomitantly, the expression of Bim is inhibited in GILZ-overexpressing cells and enhanced when GILZ expression is impaired. Furthermore, GILZ inhibits FoxO3 transcriptional activity that leads to inhibition of Bim expression but also to down-regulation of GILZ itself. Therefore, GILZ is a transiently expressed protein induced upon IL-2 withdrawal that protects T cells from the onset of apoptosis.
An efficient distributed group key management algorithm (2004)

A key agreement protocol is an important part of a secure group communication system (SGCS) which provides secure message passing services to its members. Among the various distributed key agreement protocols proposed in the literature, the tree-based group Diffie-Hellman (TGDH) protocol is the most efficient in terms of the number of keys that need to be maintained at each member and distribution of DH exponentiation operations among group members. In TGDH, on a group change, the group members need to perform between one and O(log/sub 2/n) exponentiation operations serially. Also, the messages that are passed during group key agreement must be authenticated using digital signatures. In this paper, we propose a key agreement protocol which minimizes the number of exponentiation operations at each member. The member join operation requires only three members to perform one or two exponentiation operations each while the member leave operation requires only two or five group members to perform one or two exponentiation operations each. This is achieved at the cost of O(log/sub 2/n) causal messages per member leave operation.
Conjugates of stimuli‐responsive polymers and biomolecules: Random and site‐specific conjugates of temperature‐sensitive polymers and proteins (1997)

Abstract Intelligent polymers exhibit sharp, reversible phase changes in response to small changes in environmental conditions. For example, a small temperature change can cause a sharp precipitation or gelation of a smart polymer solution. Conjugation of these unusual polymers to biomolecules such as enzymes, ligands, lipids, and drugs can lead to many new and exciting applications in medicine and biotechnology. (1–4) This presentation reviews the principles, methodolgies and applications of these “smart” polymer‐biomolecule systems, with special focus on temperature‐sensitive polymer‐protein conjugates.
Medical Concept Embedding with Time-Aware Attention (2018)

Embeddings of medical concepts such as medication, procedure and diagnosis codes in Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) are central to healthcare analytics. Previous work on medical concept embedding takes medical concepts and EMRs as words and documents respectively. Nevertheless, such models miss out the temporal nature of EMR data. On the one hand, two consecutive medical concepts do not indicate they are temporally close, but the correlations between them can be revealed by the time gap. On the other hand, the temporal scopes of medical concepts often vary greatly (e.g., \textit{common cold} and \textit{diabetes}). In this paper, we propose to incorporate the temporal information to embed medical codes. Based on the Continuous Bag-of-Words model, we employ the attention mechanism to learn a "soft" time-aware context window for each medical concept. Experiments on public and proprietary datasets through clustering and nearest neighbour search tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our model, showing that it outperforms five state-of-the-art baselines.
Joint Design and Separation Principle for Opportunistic Spectrum Access (2006)

This paper develops optimal strategy for opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) by integrating the design of spectrum sensor at the physical layer with that of spectrum sensing and access policies at the medium access control (MAC) layer. The design objective is to maximize the throughput of secondary users while limiting their probability of colliding with primary users. By exploiting the rich structures of the problem, we establish a separation principle: the design of spectrum sensor and access policy can be decoupled from that of sensing policy without losing optimality. This separation principle enables us to obtain closed- form optimal sensor operating characteristic and access policy, leading to significant complexity reduction. It also allows us to study the inherent interaction between spectrum sensor and access policy and the tradeoff between false alarm and miss detection in opportunity identification.
Wire-bar coating of semiconducting polythiophene/insulating polyethylene blend thin films for organic transistors (2011)

Organic blend thin films consisting of semiconducting poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and insulating high-density polyethylene (HDPE) have been fabricated by novel application of a large area wire-bar coating technique in air. The microstructure of P3HT:HDPE blend films reveals a strong structural dependence on initial composition. Preferential segregation of P3HT toward the film surface is observed for all blend compositions, while P3HT (or P3HT-rich) columnar structures enclosed by HDPE (or HDPE-rich) lamellar matrix is distinctive for 50:50 (by weight) blends. The transistors fabricated with P3HT:HDPE blend films show a clear field effect behavior, exhibiting charge carrier mobilities up to 5 × 10−2 cm2/Vs, comparable to the values reported in spin-coated similar blends and of neat P3HT devices. The wire-bar coated blend films and devices are highly repeatable and spatially uniform over large areas (few cm by few cm), demonstrating the suitability of this technique for manufacturing of large area organic electronic devices.