gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Information retrieval and OCR (2002)

IR and OCR have largely developed independent standards and metrics, with OCR focused on literal accuracy, and IR focused on essential "content/meaning". With more and more media not only paper, but in multiple image formats, the opportunities and challenges for OCR on new formats -- video and still images -- are enormous. While OCR is assessed in metrics that emphasize words and characters, IR has learned to apply end-to-end metrics that ask whether the needs of the users can be met by existing systems. The same considerations apply also to the problem of providing permanent worldwide access to millions of pages of legacy print documents, representing the shared human record as it existed until just a few years ago.The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) has held a series of Document Recognition and Retrieval (DRR) conferences. The tenth, DRR X will be held in January 2003, in Santa Clara California. In 2001, Dan LoPresti of Bell Labs decided that the area would benefit from more intense collaboration between those who specialize in finding the words on a page image, and those researchers who know how to find the right documents, given the words. He invited Paul Kantor (Rutgers) to join the DRR Chairs, and together they invited Dave Lewis (Consultant) to give a keynote address at DRR VIII. Dan then stepped down. Paul chaired DRR IX (2002) and then handed the reins to Tapas Kanungo (IBM, Almaden) and together they invited Jamie Callan (CMU), David Grossman (IIT) and Alex Hauptmann (CMU) to join the conference committee for DRR X.To improve communication between SIGIR and DRR, this group proposed a SIGIR workshop on this area. The workshop on "Information Retrieval and OCR: From Converting Content to Grasping Meaning" was intended to stimulate cross-fertilization between OCR and IR, in hopes that better use of IR will enable the OCR community to avoid expensive hand processing, and to demonstrate that the combination of present static and dynamic image processing and present state-of-the-art robust information retrieval can generate substantial advances in both extraction of messages from image streams and conversion of existing paper variants. It solicited papers dealing with future applications, such as the indexing and retrieval of text embedded in static or video graphic images, with problems of skew, distortion, and obscuration, as well as state-of-the-art discussions of the storage and retrieval of handwritten or print legacy materials.The workshop was held on August 15, 2002 in Tampere, Finland, immediately following the SIGIR 2002 conference. Although the workshop was intended to appeal to a wide range of IR and OCR researchers (and indeed was proposed at the request of colleagues from the OCR community), it primarily drew people with a background in IR. About a dozen people participated. The small size allowed a very interactive, seminar-style format and very vigorous discussion between and during presentations. Most presentations ran 30% to 50% longer than planned, and our impression is that most of the participants found it very productive.
Nanogetters for MEMS hermetic packaging (2007)

A new getter, we call it nanogetter, based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated Ti films has been developed with the purpose of providing a more efficient material, capable of getting active at high vacuum environment (< 10-3Torr, molecular state) and low temperature (<400 degC). Because of the large surface area of CNTs and its native gas adsorption ability, dense CNTs growth on silicon substrate is considered to be an effective skeleton structure of the nanogetters. All the tests have demonstrated that surface area of nanogetters do have been increased and the pumping speed is enhanced to large amount compared with some traditional getters, such as St175 of SAES in Italy.
Flexible Crossbar‐Structured Resistive Memory Arrays on Plastic Substrates via Inorganic‐Based Laser Lift‐Off (2014)

Crossbar-structured memory comprising 32 × 32 arrays with one selector-one resistor (1S-1R) components are initially fabricated on a rigid substrate. They are transferred without mechanical damage via an inorganic-based laser lift-off (ILLO) process as a result of laser-material interaction. Addressing tests of the transferred memory arrays are successfully performed to verify mitigation of cross-talk on a plastic substrate.
Comparative study between gas- and liquid-phase silylation for the diffusion-enhanced silylated resist process (1991)

Surface imaging in combination with dry development has been suggested as a means of overcoming the inherent limitations present in conventional wet develop lithography. The diffusion-enhanced silylated resist process has been demonstrated as one such solution. Silylation is one of the more critical steps in the process, with hexamethyldisilazane being typically used as silylating agent. Alternative gas-phase silylating agents, such as dimethylsilyldimethyl-amine, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl disilazane and N,N-dimethylamino trimethylsilane, have additionally been studied [Ki-Ho Baik et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 8, 1481 (1990)]. Liquid-phase silylation holds promise for simplifying the hardware requirements as well as improving silylation properties. Several mono-functional and polyfunctional silylating agents have been investigated. Bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane has been found to be promising. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used as diffusion promoter and xylene as the solvent. The influence of solvent composition on the silylation kinetics has been studied. An in-depth study of the silylation process has been performed using both Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and Infrared spectroscopy. Si profiles are measured for liquid- and gas-phase silylation using RBS. A possible mechanism is suggested for liquid silylation. Newly formulated resists as well as the influence of a presilylation bake have been studied.
Studies on furan derivatives. IX. Nucleophilic substitution of 5-nitro-2-furancarbaldehyde: Preparation of 5-phenoxy-2-furancarbaldehydes. (1980)

5-(2-, 3-, 4-Substituted phenoxy)-2-furancarbaldehydes were prepared by the reaction of various phenoxides with 5-nitro-2-furancarbaldehyde via replacement of the nitro group.
PerfOrator (2016)

Query Optimization focuses on finding the best query execution plan, given fixed hardware resources. In BigData settings, both pay-as-you-go clouds and on-prem shared clusters, a complementary challenge emerges: Resource Optimization: find the best hardware resources, given an execution plan. In this world, provisioning is almost instantaneous and time-varying resources can be acquired on a per-query basis. This allows us to optimize allocations for completion time, resource usage, dollar cost, etc. These optimizations have a huge impact on performance and cost, and pivot around a core challenge: faithful resource-to-performance models for arbitrary BigData queries. This task is challenging for users and tools alike due to lack of good statistics (high-velocity, unstructured data), frequent use of UDFs, impact on performance of different hardware types and a lack of understanding of parallel execution at such a scale.
Blocking airway mucous cell metaplasia by inhibiting EGFR antiapoptosis and IL-13 transdifferentiation signals (2006)

Epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia are common features of inflammatory and neoplastic disease, but the basis for the altered epithelial phenotype is often uncertain. Here we show that long-term ciliated cell hyperplasia coincides with mucous (goblet) cell metaplasia after respiratory viral clearance in mouse airways. This chronic switch in epithelial behavior exhibits genetic susceptibility and depends on persistent activation of EGFR signaling to PI3K that prevents apoptosis of ciliated cells and on IL-13 signaling that promotes transdifferentiation of ciliated to goblet cells. Thus, EGFR blockade (using an irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitor designated EKB-569) prevents virus-induced increases in ciliated and goblet cells whereas IL-13 blockade (using s-IL-13Ralpha2-Fc) exacerbates ciliated cell hyperplasia but still inhibits goblet cell metaplasia. The distinct effects of EGFR and IL-13 inhibitors after viral reprogramming suggest that these combined therapeutic strategies may also correct epithelial architecture in the setting of airway inflammatory disorders characterized by a similar pattern of chronic EGFR activation, IL-13 expression, and ciliated-to-goblet cell metaplasia.
Stack shape analysis to detect obfuscated calls in binaries (2004)

Information about calls to the operating system (or kernel libraries) made by a binary executable maybe used to determine whether the binary is malicious. Being aware of this approach, malicious programmers hide this information by making such calls without using the CALL instruction. For instance, the CALL ADDR instruction may be replaced by two PUSH instructions and a RETURN instruction, the first PUSH pushes the address of instruction after the RETURN instruction, and the second PUSH pushes the address ADDR. The code may be further obfuscated by spreading the three instructions and by splitting each instruction into multiple instructions. This paper presents a method to statically detect obfuscated calls in binary code. The notion of abstract stack is introduced to associate each element in the stack to the instruction that pushes the element. An abstract stack graph is a concise representation of all abstract stacks at every point in the program. The abstract stack graph may be created by abstract interpretation of the binary executable and may be used to detect obfuscated calls. 1.
Widespread Distribution of a Tet W Determinant among Tetracycline-Resistant Isolates of the Animal Pathogen<i>Arcanobacterium pyogenes</i> (2002)

Tetracycline resistance is common among isolates of the animal commensal and opportunistic pathogen Arcanobacterium pyogenes. The tetracycline resistance determinant cloned from two bovine isolates of A. pyogenes was highly similar at the DNA level (92% identity) to the tet(W) gene, encoding a ribosomal protection tetracycline resistance protein, from the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. The tet(W) gene was found in all 20 tetracycline-resistant isolates tested, indicating that it is a widely distributed determinant of tetracycline resistance in this organism. In 25% of tetracycline-resistant isolates, the tet(W) gene was associated with a mob gene, encoding a functional mobilization protein, and an origin of transfer, suggesting that the determinant may be transferable to other bacteria. In fact, low-frequency transfer of tet(W) was detected from mob+ A. pyogenes isolates to a tetracycline-sensitive A. pyogenes recipient. The mobile nature of this determinant and the presence of A. pyogenes in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and pigs suggest that A. pyogenes may have inherited this determinant within the gastrointestinal tracts of these animals.
SKETCH-BASED BUILDING MODELLING (2011)

Computer generated 3D models of buildings are an important component of many computer graphics applications. Rapid and easy-to-use modelling techniques are often more important than the ability to create precise and detailed geometry. We present a sketch-based modelling tool for the rapid creation of rough 3D building models. The algorithm analyses the sketch input, extracts shape and detail information, predicts the building type, creates 3D models using three different reconstruction techniques, and adds building details using a displacement texture. A user study confirms that the algorithm is easy to use, intuitive, efficient and fun.
New bulk amorphous Fe–(Co,Ni)–M–B (M=Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,Mo,W) alloys with good soft magnetic properties (1998)

We have found that an amorphous phase with a wide supercooled liquid region reaching 85 K before crystallization is formed in Fe–(Co, Ni)–(Zr, Nb, Ta)–B, Fe–Co–(Zr, Nb)–(Mo, W)–B and Co–Fe–Zr–B systems. The high stability of the supercooled liquid enabled the production of bulk amorphous alloys with diameters up to 5 mm by copper mold casting. These amorphous Fe–(Co, Ni)–M–B alloys exhibit good soft magnetic properties, i.e., saturation magnetization of 0.95 to 1.1 T, low coercivity of 1 to 8 A/m, Curie temperature of 560 to 590 K and low magnetostriction of 8–14×10−6. The effective permeability of the Co–based alloys exceeds 25 000 at 1 kHz and keeps high values above 5000 at the high frequency of 1 MHz. The permeability at 1 MHz is much higher than those for any kinds of soft magnetic materials. The frequency at which the imaginary part of permeability shows a maximum is also about 1 MHz. The success of synthesis of new Fe- and Co-based amorphous alloys with good soft magnetic properties and high glass-forming ability is promising for future development of a new type of soft magnetic material.
Improving RSS-Based Indoor Positioning Algorithm via K-Means Clustering (2011)

Advances in mobile technologies and devices has changed the way users interact with devices and other users. These new interaction methods and services are offered by the help of intelligent sensing capabilities, using context, location and motion sensors. However, indoor location sensing is mostly achieved by utilizing radio signal (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM etc.) and nearest neighbor identification. The most common algorithm adopted for Received Signal Strength (RSS)-based location sensing is K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), which calculates K nearest neighboring points to mobile users (MUs). Accordingly, in this paper, we aim to improve the KNN algorithm by enhancing the neighboring point selection by applying k-means clustering approach. In the proposed method, k-means clustering algorithm groups nearest neighbors according to their distance to mobile user. Then the closest group to the mobile user is used to calculate the MU's location. The evaluation results indicate that the performance of clustered KNN is closely tied to the number of clusters, number of neighbors to be clustered and the initiation of the center points in k-mean algorithm.
Chemical synthesis and characterization of ShK toxin: a potent potassium channel inhibitor from a sea anemone (1995)

ShK-toxin, a 35 residue peptide isolated from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, was synthesized using an Fmoc strategy and successfully folded to the biologically active form containing three intramolecular disulfide bonds. The ability of synthetic ShK toxin to inhibit specific [125I]-dendrotoxin I binding to rat brain membranes slightly exceeded (was more potent than) that of the natural ShK toxin sample, but was comparable with previously reported data for ShK toxin. The peptide toxin inhibited [125I]-charybdotoxin binding to Jurkat T lymphocytes with an IC50 value of 32 pM. In addition, Jurkat T lymphocytes Kv1.3 potassium channels were inhibited with an IC50 value of 133 pM. Owing to their unique structure and high affinity for at least some potassium channels, ShK toxin and related sea anemone potassium channel toxins may become useful molecular probes for investigating potassium channels.
An overview of matrix effects in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (2010)

Matrix-dependent signal suppression or enhancement represents a major drawback in quantitative analysis with liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (LC-API-MS). Because matrix effects (ME) might exert a detrimental impact on important method parameters (limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, and precision), they have to be tested and evaluated during validation procedure. This review gives a detailed description on when these phenomena might be expected, and how they can be evaluated. The major sources of ME are discussed and illustrated with examples from bioanalytical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis. Because there is no universal solution for ME, the main strategies to overcome these phenomena are described in detail. Special emphasis is devoted to the sample-preparation procedures as well as to the recent improvements on chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions. An overview of the main calibration techniques to compensate for ME is also presented. All these solutions can be used alone or in combination to retrieve the performance of the LC-MS for a particular matrix-analyte combination.
Overlay error of fine patterns by lens aberration using modified illumination (1997)

Overlay errors of fine patterns using modified illumination are experimentally measured and analyzed. Overlaid `vernier' patterns which fine lines and holes are overlaid on standard line patterns are used to measure the overlay errors. The experimental results using a KrF excimer laser stepper with various illumination conditions show that the overlay errors depend on the illumination coherence factor (sigma) and the pattern feature. These overlay errors consist of magnification and offset and these errors depend on the pattern feature. The offset error between line pattern and hole pattern are considerably large for device fabrication. The magnification component originates from coma aberration of the projection lens. We will confirm and estimate the effect of coma aberration on the overlay error by optical simulation. The origin of the offset error is considered to be coma aberration due to lens element decentering. This `decentering' coma aberration causes the offset error and the effect of `decentering' coma aberration has the feature dependence.
Design and implementation of an extendible integrity subsystem (1984)

Tnls paper presents a powerful integrrty subsystem, which is implemented in the SABRE database system. The specification language is simple. Tne enforcement algorithm is general, in particular, it handles referential dependency and temporal assertions. Specialized strategies efficiently treat each class of assertions. The system automatically manages integrity checkpoints. Also, an efficient method is described for processing assertions involving aggregates. An analysis exhibits the value of the algorithms. It 1s shown that, in general, this method is better than the query modification method for domain assertions. Measures have also been done for giving the cost added for controlling integrity in comparison with the cost of the request itself.
Rigidity-tuning conductive elastomer (2015)

We introduce a conductive propylene-based elastomer (cPBE) that rapidly and reversibly changes its mechanical rigidity when powered with electrical current. The elastomer is rigid in its natural state, with an elastic (Young's) modulus of 175.5 MPa, and softens when electrically activated. By embedding the cPBE in an electrically insulating sheet of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), we create a cPBE–PDMS composite that can reversibly change its tensile modulus between 37 and 1.5 MPa. The rigidity change takes ∼6 s and is initiated when a 100 V voltage drop is applied across the two ends of the cPBE film. This magnitude of change in elastic rigidity is similar to that observed in natural skeletal muscle and catch connective tissue. We characterize the tunable load-bearing capability of the cPBE–PDMS composite with a motorized tensile test and deadweight experiment. Lastly, we demonstrate the ability to control the routing of internal forces by embedding several cPBE–PDMS 'active tendons' into a soft robotic pneumatic bending actuator. Selectively activating the artificial tendons controls the neutral axis and direction of bending during inflation.
A Location Model for Pervasive Computing Environments (2005)

This paper presents a world model for location-aware and user-aware services in ubiquitous computing environments. It can be dynamically organized like a tree based on geographical containment, such as user-room-floor-building, and each node in the tree can be constructed as an executable software component. The model is unique to existing approaches because it can be managed by multiple computers in an ad-hoc manner and it can provide a unified view of the locations of not only physical entities and spaces, including users and objects, but also computing devices and services. A prototype implementation of this approach was constructed on a Java-based mobile agent system. This paper presents the rationale, design, implementation, and applications of the prototype system.
Fast NTRU Encryption in GPU for Secure IoP Communication in Post-Quantum Era (2018)

Internet of People involves a lot of data collection and analysis on human activities, which can pose serious privacy and security issues. Public key cryptography is widely used to securely send secret keys from sensor nodes to cloud server for subsequent decryption of sensors data. However, many popular public key encryption schemes (e.g. RSA and ECC) is deemed insecure in near future, due to algorithms running on quantum computers. In this paper, we present the implementation of high throughput NTRU encryption scheme in GPU, which can be used to secure the IoP communication against the quantum computer attack. On a GTX1080 NVIDIA GPU, our implementation can achieve 508,541 encryptions per second, which is capable in handling massive concurrent secure connections. According to the experimental results, Karatsuba polynomial multiplication proposed in this paper receives 20.6% improvement compared to the flat form implementation. Our implementation is constant time, which provides side channel resistant compared to the other work that utilizes product form and sparse form polynomial multiplication. The proposed solution can be used to secure communication between two parties, which is important for applications like smart home, biometric authentications and body area network.
Torsion-Sensing Material from Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Wound onto a Rod Demonstrating Wide Dynamic Range (2013)

A rational torsion sensing material was fabricated by wrapping aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films onto the surface of a rod with a predetermined and fixed wrapping angle without destroying the internal network of the SWCNTs within the film. When applied as a torsion sensor, torsion could be measured up to 400 rad/meter, that is, more than 4 times higher than conventional optical fiber torsion sensors, by monitoring increases in resistance due to fracturing of the aligned SWCNT thin films.