gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
-amyloid imaging and memory in non-demented individuals: evidence for preclinical Alzheimer's disease (2007)

Beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition is pathognomic for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but may occur in normal elderly people without apparent cognitive effect. Episodic memory impairment is an early and prominent sign of AD, but its relationship with Abeta burden in non-demented persons and in AD patients is unclear. We examined this relationship using 11C-PIB-PET as a quantitative marker of Abeta burden in vivo in healthy ageing (HA), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Thirty-one AD, 33 MCI and 32 HA participants completed neuropsychological assessment and a 11C-PIB-PET brain scan. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted relating episodic memory performance and other cognitive functions to Abeta burden. Ninety-seven percent of AD, 61% of MCI and 22% of HA cases had increased cortical PIB binding, indicating the presence of Abeta plaques. There was a strong relationship between impaired episodic memory performance and PIB binding, both in MCI and HA. This relationship was weaker in AD and less robust for non-memory cognitive domains. Abeta deposition in the asymptomatic elderly is associated with episodic memory impairment. This finding, together with the strong relationship between PIB binding and the severity of memory impairment in MCI, suggests that individuals with increased cortical PIB binding are on the path to Alzheimer's disease. The data also suggests that early intervention trials for AD targeted to non-demented individuals with cerebral Abeta deposition are warranted.
Research on grid-connected inverter based on virtual grid voltage flux and PLL without grid voltage sensors (2009)

In order to improve reliability and resist interfere when grid voltage occurs fluctuation and distortion, and further reduce the cost for the grid-connected inverter, the control strategy is presented based on phase lock loop (PLL) and virtual grid flux without grid voltage sensors. The virtual grid flux vector orientation, d-axis current and q-axis current close-loop control are used based on the mathematic model in synchronous rotating reference frame for the grid-connected inverter, which achieves the decoupling control for d-axis current and q-axis current. The active power and the reactive power are independently controlled by q-axis current and d-axis current. Simulated and experimental results show that the grid-connected inverter based on PLL and virtual grid flux has a good dynamic and static performance. So the feasibility and correctness for the control strategy is verified.
Binding of heparin fractions and other polysulfated polysaccharides to plasma fibronectin: effects of molecular size and degree of sulfation of polysaccharides. (1985)

Heparin was divided into four fractions on fibronectin-Sepharose. The higher affinity fraction for fibronectin was larger in molecular size, higher in sulfate content and higher in affinity for anti-thrombin III. Together with these heparin fractions, the following three series of heparin samples were examined to compare the affinity for fibronectin-Sepharose: four fractions separated on Sephadex G-100; five fractions separated on antithrombin III-Sepharose, and six partially and completely N-desulfated heparins. The result showed that the affinity of heparin for fibronectin was dependent exclusively on its molecular size, and that an appropriate level of sulfate content in heparin (1.9-2.4 mol/disaccharide) was essential for the affinity. The sulfated preparations of glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin 4-sulfate) and neutral polysaccharides (amylose and dextran) having higher sulfate content than heparin were found to display higher affinity for fibronectin than heparin. This suggested that highly sulfated polysaccharides showed potent affinity irrespective of their polysaccharide structure. The sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate having a sulfate content and molecular size comparable to those of heparin was inferior to heparin with respect to affinity. A competitive dissociation experiment indicated that heparin and other polysulfated polysaccharides share a common binding site on the fibronectin molecule.
Recycling Metchnikoff: Probiotics, the Intestinal Microbiome and the Quest for Long Life (2013)

Over a century ago, Elie Metchnikoff theorized that health could be enhanced and senility delayed by manipulating the intestinal microbiome with host-friendly bacteria found in yogurt. His theory flourished for a time, then drifted to the fringe of medical practice before re-emerging in the mid-1990s as a concept worthy of mainstream medical attention. Metchnikoff also predicted the existence of bacterial translocation and anticipated theories linking chronic inflammation with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other disorders of the aged.
Auditory closed-loop stimulation of EEG slow oscillations strengthens sleep and signs of its immune-supportive function (2017)

Sleep is essential for health. Slow wave sleep (SWS), the deepest sleep stage hallmarked by electroencephalographic slow oscillations (SOs), appears of particular relevance here. SWS is associated with a unique endocrine milieu comprising minimum cortisol and high aldosterone, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin levels, thereby presumably fostering efficient adaptive immune responses. Yet, whether SWS causes these changes is unclear. Here we enhance SOs in men by auditory closed-loop stimulation, i.e., by delivering tones in synchrony with endogenous SOs. Stimulation intensifies the hormonal milieu characterizing SWS (mainly by further reducing cortisol and increasing aldosterone levels) and reduces T and B cell counts, likely reflecting a redistribution of these cells to lymphoid tissues. GH remains unchanged. In conclusion, closed-loop stimulation of SOs is an easy-to-use tool for probing SWS functions, and might also bear the potential to ameliorate conditions like depression and aging, where disturbed sleep coalesces with specific hormonal and immunological dysregulations.
Nar-1 and Nar-2, Two Loci Required for Mla12-Specified Race-Specific Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Barley. (1994)

Previously isolated susceptible host mutants were used in a genetic and functional study of the resistance response of barley specified by resistance gene Mla12 to the fungal pathogen Erysiphe graminis f sp hordei. Mutant M66 represents a defective allele of Mla12, whereas M22, M82, and M100 represent mutations in loci unlinked to Mla12. Intermutant crosses of the latter three show that susceptibility in M82 and M100 is caused by allelic, recessive mutations that define the Nar-1 gene (necessary for Mla12 resistance gene 1), whereas the semidominant mutation in M22 defines a second unlinked locus, Nar-2. We show that both genes are required for resistance specified by Mlal2 in different genetic backgrounds of barley. Nar-1 maps on barley chromosome 2 within an ~6-centimorgan restriction fragment length polymorphism interval: this is 0.5 centimorgans from the anthocyanin pigmentation gene Ant2. Quantitative cytological analysis showed that functional alleles of Mla12, Nar-1, and Nar-2 are required for triggering a cell death reaction of attacked host cells at early stages during infection. Functional alleles of all three genes were also required for high-level transcript accumulation of barley defense-related genes that encode chitinase, peroxidase, and pathogenesis-related protein-1. The data support the hypothesis that host cell death and high-level accumulation of defense-related gene transcripts, which are under common control of Mla12, Nar-1, and Nar-2, are crucial events of race-specific resistance to powdery mildew.
Reaction of the Salt of N-Phosphoryl-N'-methylimidazole and Its Application to the Synthesis of Monoalkyl Dihydrogen Phosphates (1973)

Die Reaktion von phosphoriger Saure (I) und N-Methyl-imidazol (II) in Gegenwart von Quecksilber(II)-chlorid bei 80°C und die anschliesende Umsetzung mit den Alkoholen (IV) fuhrt zu den Monoalkylphosphorsaureestern (V).
Particle velocity and solids circulation rate in a jet‐spouted bed (1992)

Abstract Radial distribution of particle velocities, solids circulation rate and radial variation in bed voidage in a jet‐spouted bed were investigated in a 0.2 m diameter conical‐cylindrical column. The upward particle velocity is strongly dependent on gas velocity and its radial profile is the Gaussian. The solids circulation rates are of the same order of magnitude as those in a conventional spouted bed and are proportional to the gas velocity. Estimation of the variation in bed voidage in the radial direction revealed that the annulus voidage of about 0.90 was greater than the spout voidage of around 0.70. This tendency is contrary to that in a conventional spouted bed.
Interactive methods for taxonomy editing and validation (2002)

Taxonomies are meaningful hierarchical categorizations of documents into topics reflecting the natural relationships between the documents and their business objectives. Improving the quality of these taxonomies and reducing the overall cost required to create them is an important area of research. Supervised and unsupervised text clustering are important technologies that comprise only a part of a complete solution. However, there exists a great need for the ability for a human to efficiently interact with a taxonomy during the editing and validation phase. We have developed a comprehensive approach to solving this problem, and implemented this approach in a software tool called eClassifier. eClassifier provides features to help the taxonomy editor understand and evaluate each category of a taxonomy and visualize the relationships between the categories. Multiple techniques allow the user to make changes at both the category and document level. Metrics then establish how well the resultant taxonomy can be modeled for future document classification. In this paper, we present a comprehensive set of viewing, editing and validation techniques we have implemented in the Lotus Discovery Server resulting in a significant reduction in the time required to create a quality taxonomy.
Choosing the best hardware form-factor for the airborne domain of the Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) and Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) (2002)

Shrinking budgets, shortened design cycles, and the ready availability of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products and technology encourage future intelligence and tactical terminals, such as the JTT and the JTRS, to embrace widely- accepted, commercial standards and practices. Deployment of COTS products must however be balanced by any requirements for a robust environment, especially in the airborne domain which shows a bi-modal distribution of environments. The relatively benign requirement of landbased, inhabited-cabin/cargo, command posts, transports and tankers are contrasted with the needs of highly-mobile, tactical platforms, many of which are carrier-based. The use of commercial products and 19" rack-mount versus SEM-E, fully-ruggedized COTS and ATR for hardware module and chassis form-factors parallels these two distinct environmental constraints. The key to success is the application of a common architecture consisting of a "core" hardware design hosting common software modules for both airborne sub-domains.
Performance of a Gamma-Ray and X-Ray Spectrometer Utilizing Germanium and Si(Li) Detectors Cooled by a Closed-Cycle Cryogenic Mechanical Refrigerator (1986)

A mechanically cooled spectrometer has been constructed and tested separately with Si(Li) planar, high-purity germanium (HPGe) planar, and HPGe coaxial detectors. For each of these types of semiconductor detectors, this spectrometer has attained the lowest noise and best resolution at 5.9 keV, 122 keV, or 1.33 MeV of any closed-cycle mechanically cooled spectrometer which has been reported on in the literature. Resolutions at 5.9 keV were 175 eV FWHM with a 4 mm diameter Si(Li) detector and 202 eV with a 16 mm HPGe planar detector. With a 10% relative efficiency HPGe coaxial detector, resolutions of 816 eV at 122 keV and 1.70 keV at 1.33 MeV were obtained.
Introduction: Understanding the Context for the “Coelho Challenge” (2004)

Order No. 13078 creating the National Task Force on the Employment of Adults with
A FPGA-Based Approach to the Digital Control of a Class-D Amplifier for Sound Applications (2006)

The continuing trend in audio amplifier technology is towards more compact systems, lower distortion levels, and greater power efficiency. Thus, the relatively new consensus in the audio industry is the class-D amplifier, which generally uses compact H-bridge power inverters and a highly power-efficient, high frequency PWM switching scheme which yields little distortion after filtering. This paper presents an on-going research effort with the class-D amplifier that focuses on keeping the audio signal chain in the digital domain until just before the output filter stage that drives the speaker, which prevents transmission noise from distorting the audio signal and also provides the opportunity for a digital closed-loop control system for generating switching commands. Different solutions for the control system are theoretically and experimentally compared. The hardware structure is composed of a host computer, a board featuring a DSP chip coupled with a FPGA, a silicon H-bridge power inverter, a signal conditioning stage, and an ultra fast ADC
White Matter Abnormalities in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study (2007)

Patients with mild TBI have multiple regions with reduced FA in various white matter locations and involving various fiber bundles. A minority of these fiber bundles show discontinuity on fiber tracking.
Image reconstruction and image quality evaluation for a 64‐slice CT scanner with ‐flying focal spot (2005)

We present a theoretical overview and a performance evaluation of a novel z-sampling technique for multidetector row CT (MDCT), relying on a periodic motion of the focal spot in the longitudinal direction (z-flying focal spot) to double the number of simultaneously acquired slices. The z-flying focal spot technique has been implemented in a recently introduced MDCT scanner. Using 32 x 0.6 mm collimation, this scanner acquires 64 overlapping 0.6 mm slices per rotation in its spiral (helical) mode of operation, with the goal of improved longitudinal resolution and reduction of spiral artifacts. The longitudinal sampling distance at isocenter is 0.3 mm. We discuss in detail the impact of the z-flying focal spot technique on image reconstruction. We present measurements of spiral slice sensitivity profiles (SSPs) and of longitudinal resolution, both in the isocenter and off-center. We evaluate the pitch dependence of the image noise measured in a centered 20 cm water phantom. To investigate spiral image quality we present images of an anthropomorphic thorax phantom and patient scans. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spiral SSPs shows only minor variations as a function of the pitch, measured values differ by less than 0.15 mm from the nominal values 0.6, 0.75, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm. The measured FWHM of the smallest slice ranges between 0.66 and 0.68 mm at isocenter, except for pitch 0.55 (0.72 mm). In a centered z-resolution phantom, bar patterns up to 15 lp/cm can be visualized independent of the pitch, corresponding to 0.33 mm longitudinal resolution. 100 mm off-center, bar patterns up to 14 lp/cm are visible, corresponding to an object size of 0.36 mm that can be resolved in the z direction. Image noise for constant effective mAs is almost independent of the pitch. Measured values show a variation of less than 7% as a function of the pitch, which demonstrates correct utilization of the applied radiation dose at any pitch. The product of image noise and square root of the slice width (FWHM of the respective SSP) is the same constant for all slices except 0.6 mm. For the thinnest slice, relative image noise is increased by 17%. Spiral windmill-type artifacts are effectively suppressed with the z-flying focal spot technique, which has the potential to maintain a low artifact level up to pitch 1.5, in this way increasing the maximum volume coverage speed that can be clinically used.
A three-layer DSS based on multi-objective value analysis for internationalization of software products and services (2003)

Today the increasing importance of emerging markets, such as China and Brazil, has pushed many small and medium-sized (SM) software companies to examine the global market expanding their boundaries and capabilities. However, the qualifications of these markets and their influences in the software production process are still not well understood. Cultural development and virtual organizing are required, emphasizing the need for strategic thinking and collaborative work. In this perspective, an appropriate decision support system (DSS) could help the companies to better select a route of alternative actions within limited resources and time. This paper introduces a multi-objective value analysis based DSS to possibly support SM software companies to decide how to participate in the global market, enhancing and localizing their products.
Information Retrieval: Improving Question Answering Systems By Query Reformulation And Answer Validation (2008)

Question answering (QA) aims at retrieving precise information from a large collection of documents. Most of the Question Answering systems composed of three main modules: question processing, document processing and answer processing. Question processing module plays an important role in QA systems to reformulate questions. Moreover answer processing module is an emerging topic in QA systems, where these systems are often required to rank and validate candidate answers. These techniques aiming at finding short and precise answers are often based on the semantic relations and co-occurrence keywords. This paper discussed about a new model for question answering which improved two main modules, question processing and answer processing which both affect on the evaluation of the system operations. There are two important components which are the bases of the question processing. First component is question classification that specifies types of question and answer. Second one is reformulation which converts the user's question into an understandable question by QA system in a specific domain. The objective of an Answer Validation task is thus to judge the correctness of an answer returned by a QA system, according to the text snippet given to support it. For validating answers we apply candidate answer filtering, candidate answer ranking and also it has a final validation section by user voting. Also this paper described new architecture of question and answer processing modules with modeling, implementing and evaluating the system. The system differs from most question answering systems in its answer validation model. This module makes it more suitable to find exact answer. Results show that, from total 50 asked questions, evaluation of the model, show 92% improving the decision of the system.
Significant room temperature oxygen storage over 0.58% Pt/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 when H2 is used as a reducing agent (2000)

The investigation of the oxygen storage/release capacity (OSC) of 0.58 wt% Pt/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalyst by oscillating the feed-stream between reducing and oxidising conditions showed that a high OSC could be measured at room temperature, even for redox-aged sample, by using H2 as the reducing agent.
Synthesis of 6-substituted .beta.-carbolines that behave as benzodiazepine receptor antagonists or inverse agonists (1987)

The synthesis of the first beta-carboline, 6-(benzylamino)-beta-carboline (1c), to be devoid of a substituent at the 3-position and that still binds to benzodiazepine receptors with potent affinity is described. Furthermore, 1c proved to be a partial inverse agonist when tested in mice. Addition of the benzylamino group at the 6-position of the beta-carboline nucleus is primarily responsible for the activity of beta-carbolines 1b and 1c. The importance of the Nb-nitrogen atom for binding affinity was also demonstrated since 3-(benzylamino)carbazole (6) exhibited little or no affinity for benzodiazepine receptors in vitro, in contrast to the activity of 1c.
Qualitative comparison of intra-aneurysmal flow structures determined from conventional and virtual angiograms (2007)

In this study we qualitatively compare the flow structures observed in cerebral aneurysms using conventional angiography and virtual angiograms produced from patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. For this purpose, high frame rate biplane angiograms were obtained during a rapid injection of contrast agent in three patients with intracranial aneurysms. Patient-specific CFD models were then constructed from 3D rotational angiography images of each aneurysm. Time dependent flow fields were obtained from the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations under pulsatile flow conditions derived from phase-contrast magnetic resonance measurements performed on normal subjects. These flow fields were subsequently used to simulate the transport of a contrast agent by solving the advection-diffusion equation. Both the fluid and transport equations were solved with an implicit finite element formulation on unstructured grids. Virtual angiograms were then constructed by volume rendering of the simulated dye concentration field. The flow structures observed in the conventional and virtual angiograms were then qualitatively compared. It was found that the finite element models showed distinct flow types for each aneurysm, ranging from simple to complex. The virtual angiograms showed good agreement with the images from the conventional angiograms for all three aneurysms. Analogous size and orientation of the inflow jet, regions of flow impaction, major intraaneurysmal vortices and regions of outflow were observed in both the conventional and virtual angiograms. In conclusion, patient-specific image-based computational models of intracranial aneurysms can realistically reproduce the major intraaneurysmal flow structures observed with conventional angiography.
Online algorithms for POMDPs with continuous state, action, and observation spaces (2017)

Online solvers for partially observable Markov decision processes have been applied to problems with large discrete state spaces, but continuous state, action, and observation spaces remain a challenge. This paper begins by investigating double progressive widening (DPW) as a solution to this challenge. However, we prove that this modification alone is not sufficient because the belief representations in the search tree collapse to a single particle causing the algorithm to converge to a policy that is suboptimal regardless of the computation time. This paper proposes and evaluates two new algorithms, POMCPOW and PFT-DPW, that overcome this deficiency by using weighted particle filtering. Simulation results show that these modifications allow the algorithms to be successful where previous approaches fail.