gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtual source luneberg lenses (1954)

The portion of a spherical Luneberg lens contained between two plane reflectors has been investigated as a lens of reduced size and weight. If the reflectors pass through the center of the sphere, the resulting system produces several perfectly focused radiation beams each appearing to originate from a virtual source on the surface of the full sphere. The virtual source positions and the position, beamwidth, and gain of the beams are accurately predicted from the spherical wedge angle and the source position. When the wedge angle is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\pi/p</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> is an integer, rays with p reflections form the beam having the greatest gain at a displacement from the wedge bisector equal to the source displacement. For applications in which only this principal beam is desired, the gain of the unwanted beams can be reduced by absorption, reflection, or illumination taper. Scanning is achieved by moving the feed along the surface of the spherical wedge; if <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> is an odd integer, scanning can be obtained by moving the wedge past a fixed feed. Experimental data were taken on a two-dimensional <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</tex> -band model having a value of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p=1</tex> . Good agreement was found with the predicted performance regarding beam position, beamwidth, and gain. The single, undesired beam was minimized by the use of absorbing material.
Improvements towards a reliable fabrication process for cMUT (2003)

This paper reports the fabrication process for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUT) using surface micromachining techniques. We describe the processing steps that allow control with high repeatability of the transducer geometrical features (membrane radius, membrane thickness, vertical distance between electrodes) and of the mechanical properties of the structural materials (stress in the silicon nitride layer). The transducers are fabricated with the fixed electrode patterned on top of the silicon wafer, which works as a support for the device, thus reducing parasitic capacitances. Tests of cMUTs with 0.5-µm-thick silicon nitride membranes suspended on 0.4-µm-thick cavities were performed showing resonance frequency at 5.5 MHz.
Computer-aided diagnostic strategy selection. (1986)

Determination of the optimal diagnostic work-up strategy for the patient is becoming a major concern for the practicing physician. Overlap of the indications for various diagnostic procedures, differences in their invasiveness or risk, and high costs have made physicians aware of the need to consider the choice of procedure carefully, as well as its relation to management actions available. In this article, the author discusses research approaches that aim toward development of formal decision analytic methods to allow the physician to determine optimal strategy; clinical algorithms or rules as guides to physician decisions; improved measures for characterizing the performance of diagnostic tests; educational tools for increasing the familiarity of physicians with the concepts underlying these measures and analytic procedures; and computer-based aids for facilitating the employment of these resources in actual clinical practice.
A method-based ahead-of-time compiler for android applications (2011)

The execution environment of Android system is based on a virtual machine called Dalvik virtual machine (DVM) in which the execution of an application program is in interpret-mode. To reduce the interpretation overhead of DVM, Google has included a trace-based just-in-time compiler (JITC) in the latest version of Android. Due to limited resources and the requirement for reasonable response time, the JITC is unable to apply deep optimizations to generate high quality code. In this paper, we propose a method-based ahead-of-time compiler (AOTC), called Icing, to speed up the execution of Android applications without the modification of any components of Android framework. The main idea of Icing is to convert the hot methods of an application program from DEX code to C code and uses the GCC compiler to translate the C code to the corresponding native code. With the Java Native Interface (JNI) library, the translated native code can be called by DVM. Both AOTC and JITC have their strength and weakness. In order to combine the strength and avoid the weakness of AOTC and JITC, in Icing, we have proposed a cost model to determine whether a method should be handled by AOTC or JITC during profiling. To evaluate the performance of Icing, four benchmarks used by Google JITC are used as test cases. The performance results show that, with Icing, the execution time of an application is two to three times faster than that without JITC, and 25% to 110% faster than that with JITC.
Rhythm detection for speech-music discrimination in MPEG compressed domain (2003)

A novel approach to speech-music discrimination based on rhythm (or beat) detection is introduced. Rhythmic pulses are detected by applying a long-term autocorrelation method on band-passed signals. This approach is combined with another, in which the features describe the energy peaks of the signal. The discriminator uses just three features that are computed from data directly taken from an MPEG-1 bitstream. The discriminator was tested on more than 3 hours of audio data. Average recognition rate is 97.7%.
Tumor suppressor gene CpG site methylation and outcome in surgically treated stage I-II non-small cell lung cancer patients (2008)

11035 Background: Five year survival in completely resected non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stage I-II patients approximates 60%. Presently, no adequate prognostic indicators accurately predict outcome. To explore epigenetic influences, promoter methylation (silencing) at multiple CpG dinucleotides of tumor suppressor genes with roles in metastasis and survival was analyzed. Methods: Methylation was quantified at specific CpG sites in p16, MGMT, DAPK, RASSF1, ECAD, LET7–3-a, NORE1(RASSF5) and PTEN promoters in assessable tumor tissue from 88 surgically treated NSCLC patients by pyrosequencing. Results: Overall average promoter methylation ranged from 9.27+6.04% (DAPK) to 71.3+10.5% (LET7–3-a). Of the genes analyzed, RASSF1 showed significant association between overall average promoter methylation and increased recurrence (p=0.024). Upon comparison of methylation at specific CpG sites and any recurrence, MGMT methylation at CpG position 17 in exon1 and DAPK methylation at CpG site -1503 (A of the first ATG codon = +1) were significantly associated with higher recurrence (p=0.030, p=0.031, respectively). NORE1 methylation at -224 and -244 were significantly associated with no recurrence (p=0.024, p=0.030, respectively). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed significantly lower time to regression [TTR; 9.80 vs. 55.2 months (mo), Log Rank p=0.003] and overall survival (OS, p=0.001) with MGMT methylated at exon 1 position 17. Significantly lower TTR and OS were also observed with MGMT methylated at exon 1 position 24 (p=0.020, p=0.017, respectively). In contrast, methylation at -224 in the NORE1 promoter was associated with longer median TTR (p=0.053). Conclusions: These data support an influence of specific CpG site methylation and outcome after surgical resection for stage I and II NSCLC. Methylation was generally associated with shorter TTR and OS, however methylation of particular NORE1 sites was associated with better outcome in this patient group. The effects of methylation of specific promoter sites may reflect accessibility to methylases and/or an interaction of transcription factors required for control of expression of these genes, phenotypically impacting metastatic potential and recurrence. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Changes in electrical conductivity and somatic cell count between milk fractions from quarters subclinically infected with particular mastitis pathogens (1998)

Cows with subclinical intramammary infections were identified by milk bacteriology. The mastitis pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus (n = 9), Streptococcus uberis (n = 10) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 10). Samples of first fore milk, main flow milk and strippings milk fractions were collected from each quarter and laboratory measurements were made of electrical conductivity, milk fat concentration and somatic cell count. Conductivity measurements were corrected for milk fat concentration and within-cow inter-quarter conductivity ratios calculated. Repeatability estimates of all measurements between days were calculated. In the case of infected quarters, all conductivity values decreased markedly (P < 0.05) from first fore milk to main flow milk fractions. Conductivity differences between quarters of infected cows were substantially lower during the main milk flow phase. For quarters infected with Staph. aureus an increase in conductivity was observed (P < 0.05) from main flow to strippings fractions. For uninfected quarters, conductivity declined as milk fat concentration increased with successive milk fractions. Variation, both within and between milk fractions, was greater for somatic cell count than for conductivity. Differences in conductivity between milk fractions from individual infected quarters were not accounted for by changes in fat concentration and may result from the mixing of milk from infected and uninfected regions of the gland. Localized infection may produce a decrease in conductivity between fore milk and mid-flow fractions while differential drainage from an infection site in the secretory tissue may additionally produce an increase in conductivity from mid-flow to strippings fractions. Such changes may thus provide information on the location and magnitude of an infection. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the milk fraction when using conductivity as a diagnostic of intramammary infection, the highest diagnostic sensitivity being achieved by using first fore milk samples.
Mapping fertility-restoring genes of rice WA cytoplasmic male sterility using SSLP markers (2001)

Rice wild abortive (WA) type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is commercially used for production of hybrid seeds in China. Two fertility restorer genes in the CMS-WA system were detected with SSLP markers in this study. An F 2 population consisting of 210 excessive sterile individuals from a cross between Zhenshan 97A and a strong restorer line IR24 was used for mapping of Rf4. The genetic distance from Rf4 locus to RM171 (OSR33) and RM228 on long arm of chromosome 10 was 3.7 cM and 3.4 cM, respectively, which were the two closest SSLP markers flanking the Rf4 locus. The two SSLP markers gave promise of application in molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) for fertility restorer lines of the CMS-WA system. RM244, another SSLP marker on the short arm of chromosome 10, was found to be linked with a fertility restorer locus in an F 2 population consisting of 30 exces- sive sterile individuals from a cross between Zhenshan 97A and a weak restorer line IR64. The genetic relationship among fertility restorer genes Rf1, Rf4 and Rf5(t) for three rice CMS system is also discussed.
5G Evolution: A View on 5G Cellular Technology Beyond 3GPP Release 15 (2019)

The 5G System is being developed and enhanced to provide unparalleled connectivity to connect everyone and everything, everywhere. The first version of the 5G System, based on the Release 15 (“Rel-15”) version of the specifications developed by 3GPP, comprising the 5G Core (5GC) and 5G New Radio (NR) with 5G User Equipment (UE), is currently being deployed commercially throughout the world both at sub-6 GHz and at mmWave frequencies. Concurrently, the second phase of 5G is being standardized by 3GPP in the Release 16 (“Rel-16”) version of the specifications which will be completed by March 2020. While the main focus of Rel-15 was on enhanced mobile broadband services, the focus of Rel-16 is on new features for URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication) and Industrial IoT, including Time Sensitive Communication (TSC), enhanced Location Services, and support for Non-Public Networks (NPNs). In addition, some crucial new features, such as NR on unlicensed bands (NR-U), Integrated Access & Backhaul (IAB) and NR Vehicle-to-X (V2X), are also being introduced as part of Rel-16, as well as enhancements for massive MIMO, wireless and wireline convergence, the Service Based Architecture (SBA) and Network Slicing. Finally, the number of use cases, types of connectivity and users, and applications running on top of 5G networks, are all expected to increase dramatically, thus motivating additional security features to counter security threats which are expected to increase in number, scale and variety. In this paper, we discuss the Rel-16 features and provide an outlook towards Rel-17 and beyond, covering both new features and enhancements of existing features. 5G Evolution will focus on three main areas: enhancements to features introduced in Rel-15 and Rel-16, features that are needed for operational enhancements, and new features to further expand the applicability of the 5G System to new markets and use cases.
Oxidation of Silicon by High-Pressure Steam (1962)

The oxidation of silicon by high‐pressure steam was studied at temperatures between 773° and 1123°K and pressures from 25 to 500 atm. Within a certain range of pressure and temperature a uniform film of amorphous silicon dioxide forms. At moderate pressures the film growth is linear in time and directly proportional to the steam pressure. At higher pressures the kinetics for film formation are complicated by the volatility of silica in steam, and, above a certain large pressure for any temperature, no film will grow. In the linear range, the rate depends on the orientation of the silicon surface and is greater for silicon that is phosphorus doped near the degenerate range than for high‐purity material.
A structure for digital notch filters (1979)

Narrow-band digital notch filters have their poles near the unit circle. As the sampling rate is increased, the poles move towards z = +1. Implementing such filters requires long registers to overcome the sensitivity and roundoff errors. A filter structure based on digital incremental computers is proposed which has low sensitivity and round-off errors, and simple hardware implementation. The filter structure can be directly used on differentially pulse-code modulated signals. Hardware multipliers are not required as the poles approach <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z = +1</tex> , and excellent results can be obtained using multipliers with very short word lengths, or with small size read-only memories.
Elimination of kink effect in fully depleted buried channel SOI MOSFET based on silicon direct bonding technology (2002)

A new SOI fully depleted buried channel MOSFET (FD BCMOS) has been developed which is different from conventional surface buried channel MOS devices in which a pn junction exists at the channel surface. Moreover, the pn junction is totally eliminated in the device structure. Numerical simulation and practical fabrication have demonstrated that no kink effect is seen and the device has excellent performance for VLSI applications due to the absence of the pn junction and superior material quality prepared by silicon wafer direct bonding technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Algorithms of real-time correction of the fuel map and the ignition map of a race combustion engine with spark ignition (2010)

In this paper we have presented the design and the functioning of a programmable controller for combustion engines with spark ignition, designed for the tuning of sports cars. We have presented the method of connection of the computer with the target system, a draft of the algorithm of engine's work and the structure of used data. The second part has been dedicated to the tested methods of the adaptive correction of the fuel map and ignition map contents. We have presented two of the designed and used algorithms, as well as the principles and effects of their work. We have also compared their performances and utility during tuning and use of a race car engine.
CW/FMCW/pulse radar engines for 24/26GHz multi-standard applications in 65nm CMOS (2015)

Two radar engines targeting CW/FMCW/pulse structures have been reported in this paper for 24/26 GHz multi-standard applications. Temperature compensation, injection-locking PLL, and Butler matrix techniques have been adopted in this work to achieve full operation with remarkable performance.
Optimal Downlink OFDMA Resource Allocation with Linear Complexity to Maximize Ergodic Rates (2008)

OFDMA resource allocation assigns subcarriers and power, and possibly data rates, to each user. Previous research efforts to optimize OFDMA resource allocation with respect to communication performance have focused on formulations considering only instantaneous per-symbol rate maximization, and on solutions using suboptimal heuristic algorithms. This paper intends to fill gaps in the literature through two key contributions. First, we formulate continuous and discrete ergodic weighted sum rate maximization in OFDMA assuming the availability of perfect channel state information (CSI). Our formulations exploit time, frequency, and multi-user diversity, while enforcing various notions of fairness through weighting factors for each user. Second, we derive algorithms based on a dual optimization framework that solve the OFDMA ergodic rate maximization problem with O(MK) complexity per OFDMA symbol for M users and K subcarriers, while achieving data rates shown to be at least 99.9999% of the optimal rate in simulations based on realistic parameters. Hence, this paper attempts to demonstrate that OFDMA resource allocation problems are not computationally prohibitive to solve optimally, even when considering ergodic rates.
Sequence Variation of the SeM Gene of<i>Streptococcus equi</i>Allows Discrimination of the Source of Strangles Outbreaks (2006)

Improved understanding of the epidemiology of Streptococcus equi transmission requires sensitive and portable subtyping methods that can rationally discriminate between strains. S. equi is highly homogeneous and cannot be distinguished by multilocus enzyme electrophoretic or multilocus sequence-typing methods that utilize housekeeping genes. However, on sequence analysis of the N-terminal region of the SeM genes of 60 S. equi isolates from 27 strangles outbreaks, we identified 21 DNA codon changes. These resulted in the nonsynonymous substitution of 18 amino acids and allowed the assignment of S. equi strains to 15 distinct subtypes. Our data suggest the presence of multiple epitopes across this region that are subjected to selective immune pressure (nonsynonymous-synonymous substitution rate [d(N)/d(S)] ratio = 3.054), particularly during the establishment of long-term S. equi infection. We further report the application of SeM gene subtyping as a method to investigate potential cases of disease related to administration of a live attenuated S. equi vaccine. SeM gene subtyping successfully differentiated between the vaccine strain and field strains of S. equi responsible for concurrent disease. These results were confirmed by the development and application of a PCR diagnostic test, which identifies the aroA partial gene deletion present in the Equilis StrepE vaccine strain. Although the vaccine strain was found to be responsible for injection site lesions, all seven outbreaks of strangles investigated in recently vaccinated horses were found to be due to concurrent infection with wild-type S. equi and not due to reversion of the vaccine strain.
Synthesis of Halogen-Substituted Pyridyl and Pyrimidyl Derivatives of [3,2-<i>c</i>]Pyrazolo Corticosteroids:  Strategies for the Development of Glucocorticoid Receptor Mediated Imaging Agents (2002)

Ligands for the glucocorticoid receptor labeled with high-energy isotopes are highly desired for their potential applications in nuclear medical studies of the brain where the dysregulation of this receptor system is thought to be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders. Analogues of the glucocorticoid cortivazol have previously been prepared as target compounds for labeling with high-energy isotopes. However, the phenyl rings of arylpyrazoles of this type are not sufficiently activated for nucleophilic substitution reactions that are generally required for the synthesis of radiohalogenated analogues. Since suitably substituted aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic groups are amenable to nucleophilic substitution, the goal of this study was the synthesis of pyridylpyrazolo and pyrimidylpyrazolo analogues similar to cortivazol that could be labeled with radiohalogens in the pyridine or pyrimidine rings. We describe the synthesis of several [3,2-c]pyrazolo steroids containing pyridyl, halopyridyl, and pyrimidyl substituents at the 2' position of the pyrazole ring. These compounds were tested for binding to the glucocorticoid receptor and for biological activity in glucocorticoid responsive HeLa cells grown in tissue culture. Of the pyridyl and pyrimidyl derivatives, 2'-(3-pyridyl)-11 beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16 alpha-methyl-20-oxopregn-4-eno[3,2-c]pyrazole showed superior activity in both assays and it was used as the basis for the synthesis of several analogues that were halogenated in the pyridine ring. These halogenated compounds were all tested for their binding to the glucocorticoid receptor and for their biological activity. One, a fluorinated compound 2'-(2-fluoro-5-pyridyl)-11 beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16 alpha-methyl-20-oxopregn-4-eno[3,2-c]pyrazole had excellent activity, considerably better than the potent glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Most importantly, fluorination was achieved using a nucleophilic exchange reaction, a method that is adaptable to radiolabeling with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine-18. Thus, considering its superior biological activity and adaptability for facile radiosynthesis, this target compound has the potential for imaging of glucocorticoid receptor containing tissues using positron emission tomography.
Blind estimation of multipath channel parameters: a modal analysis approach (1999)

We propose a novel approach to efficiently estimate multipath channel parameters, which is particularly useful in sparse multipath channels. Conventional methods do not fully exploit the inherent structure present in the combined channel response; the excess number of parameters to be estimated by conventional methods makes the identification difficult. By utilizing a priori knowledge of the transmission data pulse, the channel identification problem is transformed into the mode estimation problem. Then, the parameters directly related to the multipath propagation are extracted in the the modal analysis framework, and hence, the number of estimation parameters are significantly reduced. Finally, the multipath channel parameters are obtained by inverse-transforming the mode parameters. Simulation results show significant improvement in the normalized mean square error over existing approaches.