gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Point Cloud Encoding for 3D Building Model Retrieval (2013)

An increasing number of three-dimensional (3D) building models are being made available on Web-based model-sharing platforms. Motivated by the concept of data reuse, an encoding approach is proposed for 3D building model retrieval using point clouds acquired by airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. To encode LiDAR point clouds with sparse, noisy, and incomplete sampling, we introduce a novel encoding scheme based on a set of low-frequency spherical harmonic basis functions. These functions provide compact representation and ease the encoding difficulty coming from inherent noises of point clouds. Additionally, a data filling and resampling technique is proposed to solve the aliasing problem caused by the sparse and incomplete sampling of point clouds. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of LiDAR data show a clear superiority of the proposed method over related methods. A cyber campus generated by retrieving 3D building models with airborne LiDAR point clouds demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method.
64QAM Modulator With a Hybrid Configuration of Silica PLCs and LiNbO$_{3}$ Phase Modulators (2010)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a promising approach for increasing the spectral efficiency of wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission, but its optical implementation is challenging. We demonstrate a 64-level QAM (64QAM) modulator, which uses a signal synthesis in the optical domain. We achieved an integration of low-loss asymmetric couplers and three quadrature-phase-shift-keying modulation circuits using a hybrid configuration of silica-based planar lightwave circuits and an array of LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> phase modulators. The modulator successfully operated at 60 Gb/s (10 Gbaud).
Anomaly Detection in Feedback-based Reputation Systems through Temporal and Correlation Analysis (2010)

As the value of reputation systems is widely recognized, the incentive to manipulate such systems is rapidly growing. We propose TAUCA, a scheme that identifies malicious users and recovers reputation scores from a novel angle: combination of temporal analysis and user correlation analysis. Benefiting from the rich information in the time-domain, TAUCA identifies the products under attack, the time when attacks occur, and malicious users who insert dishonest ratings. TAUCA and two other representative schemes are tested against real user attack data collected through a cyber competition. TAUCA demonstrates significant advantages. It largely improves the detection rate and reduces the false alarm rate in the detection of malicious users. It also effectively reduces the bias in the recovered reputation scores.
Performance Update of a Dual-Resistivity MWD Tool with Some Promising Results in Oil-Based Mud Applications (1988)

ABSTRACT A new "Toroidal" Measurement While Drilling (MWD) resistivity tool was introduced to the oil and gas industry in 1986. The tool utilises the drill collar as an electrode to provide two independent resistivity measurements: a focused lateral resistivity measurement and a trend resistivity at the drill bit. In oil based muds the tool provides a single high-resolution measurement at the bit-to-formation contact. Since its introduction the tool has been operated in a variety of diverse drilling environments, both in the North Sea and in North America, and in a wide range of drilling fluids including oil based muds. This paper reviews the performance of the tool with specific log examples highlighting the qualitative and quantitative responses of both resistivity measurements in comparison to conventional wireline logs. Particular attention is also given to the advantages and limitations of logging in the MWD environment. As a result of these operating experiences several changes were necessary in order to improve the reliability of the tool and to ensure good log quality, especially in fast drilling formations. These problems together with the effected solutions will also be presented. Finally a brief review will be made of future enhancements to MWD systems which will provide additional sensors for formation evaluation and reservoir analysis.
Low-Temperature Growth of Si Oxide with Good Electrical Qualities Using Helicon-Wave-Excited O<sub>2</sub>–Ar Plasma and Forming Gas Annealing (2000)

P-type Si(100) substrate was oxidized using helicon-wave-excited O 2 –Ar plasma at low temperatures. Post–thermal annealings were performed after oxidation in forming gases (FGs) containing 3% and 5% H 2 . The capacitance–voltage ( C – V ) characteristics were significantly improved by post-thermal annealing at 500°C in FG containing 3% H 2 , and a minimum interface state density of 1.5 ×10 10 eV -1 cm -2 was obtained, which was comparable to those at device-grade thermal-Si–oxide/Si interfaces. The interface-state densities was about ∼10 11 eV -1 cm -2 for the oxide samples post-thermally annealed in O 2 ambient. The Fowler–Nordheim (FN) tunneling current is the dominant leakage current mechanism similar to that of thermal Si oxide. However, the barrier height was somewhat smaller than that of the thermal oxide. FN current stress experiments were carried out to simulate the hot-carrier injection endurance of the grown oxide film with both electrical polarities of the stress voltages. The shift of the threshold voltage was the smallest for the oxide sample post-thermally annealed in FG containing 3% H 2 . The results of the FN stressing could be well interpreted by the surface plasmon and avalanche breakdown models.
Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of CdSe Nanocrystals in Octadecene (2004)

The growth kinetics of CdSe nanocrystals nucleated from TOPSe and cadmium oleate were investigated in octadecene, a non-coordinating solvent. The effects of temperature and the oleic acid concentration on the kinetics of both nucleation and particle growth were investigated. It was found that increasing oleic acid concentrations led to smaller numbers of nuclei, smaller initial nuclei size, and larger final particle sizes. The rate constant for steady-state CdSe deposition was found to be 2.2 × 10-6 cm s-1 at ≈ 265 °C, far slower than the diffusion limit. The number of growing particles remained constant following the initial nucleation step. The radius of the primary CdSe nuclei varied from 1.0 ± 0.1 nm down to 0.8 ± 0.2 nm at lower oleic acid concentrations. Between 2 and 8% of the available Cd was consumed during nucleation. From the residual TOPSe and cadmium oleate concentrations at the onset of Ostwald ripening, the solubility of 2.2 nm CdSe in octadecene is measured to be 6.4 × 10-5 M2 at 265 °C. The surface free energy of CdSe in octadecene was found to be 0.17 J/cm2, which leads to an estimate of a 9% size distribution in the nanocrystals at the moment of nucleation.
Effect of a ground shield of a silicon on-chip spiral inductor (2002)

This paper proposes a new layout for a silicon on-chip spiral inductor and analyzes the effectiveness of a ground shield that is considered to enhance the quality factor of a spiral inductor on a silicon chip. The effective series resistance becomes low when a ground shield is placed under a spiral inductor. Furthermore, a spiral inductor with a surrounding ground shield (SGS) does not significantly improve the quality factor, but a spiral inductor with a patterned ground shield (PGS) may do so.
Neuroblastoma cells contain a trophic factor sharing biological and molecular properties with ciliary neurotrophic factor. (1987)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a protein supporting the in vitro survival of a characteristic spectrum of embryonic chicken and rat peripheral neurons. High-speed supernatants of extracts from two neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines--the mouse C 1300 N2a and the human IMR 32--mimic the effects of CNTF on identical target neurons. Promotion of survival is dose-dependent with an ED50 of 80 micrograms (IMR 32) and 140 micrograms (C 1300 N2a) of protein per ml and saturable at plateau values for surviving neurons identical to those achieved with purified CNTF. Small amounts of a CNTF-like material are also detectable in medium conditioned by NB cells. The activity is destroyed by heat and trypsin and not blocked by antibodies to (mouse) nerve growth factor. Unlike the neurite-promoting and neuronal-survival modulating agent laminin, it cannot be depleted on poly(L-alpha-ornithine)-coated plastic surfaces. NB IMR 32 cell extracts were electrophoresed using NaDodSO4/PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose. Ciliary ganglion neurons seeded on the blotting paper in culture medium lacking CNTF ("cell blot") exclusively survive on two distinct bands with apparent molecular masses of 24 and 48 kDa. Twenty-four kilodaltons is the molecular mass of a CNTF purified from rat sciatic nerve. These results suggest that NB cells may contain a CNTF-like protein and provide further evidence that neurons may store neurotrophic factors. Purified (chicken) CNTF failed to affect proliferation and neurite growth of NB cells. The biological relevance of CNTF for NB cells, therefore, remains to be elucidated.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculator for Grain and Biofuel Farming Systems (2010)

Opportunities for farmers to participate in greenhouse gas (GHG) credit markets require that growers, students, extension educators, offset aggregators, and other stakeholders understand the impact of agricultural practices on GHG emissions. The Farming Systems Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculator, a web‐based tool linked to the SOCRATES soil carbon process model, provides a simple introduction to the concepts and magnitudes of gas emissions associated with crop management. Users choose a county of interest on an introductory screen and are taken to the input/output window, where they choose crops, yields, tillage practices, or nitrogen fertilizer rates. Default values are provided based on convention and county averages. Outputs include major contributors of greenhouse gases in field crops: soil carbon change, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission, fuel use, and fertilizer. We contrast conventional tillage and no‐till in a corn–soybean–wheat ( Zea mays L.– Glycine max (L.) Merr.– Triticum aestivum L.) rotation and compare continuous corn fertilized at 101 and 134 kg N ha −1 yr −1 . In corn years, N 2 O was the dominant GHG, due to high fertilizer requirements for corn. No‐till management reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 50% due to net soil carbon storage. Continuous corn fertilized at 101 kg N ha −1 yr −1 emitted 1.25 Mg CO 2 equivalents ha −1 yr −1 compared with 1.42 Mg CO 2 equivalents ha −1 yr −1 at 134 kg N ha −1 yr −1 , providing a 12% GHG savings. The calculator demonstrates how cropping systems and management choices affect greenhouse gas emissions in field crops.
Chemical and biological sensing using liquid crystals (2013)

The liquid crystalline state of matter arises from orientation-dependent, non-covalent interaction between molecules within condensed phases. Because the balance of intermolecular forces that underlies formation of liquid crystals is delicate, this state of matter can, in general, be easily perturbed by external stimuli (such as an electric field in a display). In this review, we present an overview of recent efforts that have focused on exploiting the responsiveness of liquid crystals as the basis of chemical and biological sensors. In this application of liquid crystals, the challenge is to design liquid crystalline systems that undergo changes in organization when perturbed by targeted chemical and biological species of interest. The approaches described below revolve around the design of interfaces that selectively bind targeted species, thus leading to surface-driven changes in the organization of the liquid crystals. Because liquid crystals possess anisotropic optical and dielectric properties, a range of different methods can be used to read out the changes in organization of liquid crystals that are caused by targeted chemical and biological species. This review focuses on principles for liquid crystal-based sensors that provide an optical output.
Differential Patterns of MicroRNA Expression in Neuroblastoma Are Correlated with Prognosis, Differentiation, and Apoptosis (2007)

Neuroblastoma accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths, and although a few protein-coding genes, such as MYCN, are involved with aggressive pathogenicity, the identification of novel biological targets for therapeutic intervention is still a necessary prerequisite for improving patient survival. Expression profiling of 157 microRNA (miRNA) loci in 35 primary neuroblastoma tumors indicates that 32 loci are differentially expressed in favorable and unfavorable tumor subtypes, indicating a potential role of miRNAs in neuroblastoma pathogenesis. Many of these loci are significantly underexpressed in tumors with MYCN amplification, which have particularly poor prognoses. Interestingly, we found that miRNA expression levels substantially change in a MYCN-amplified cell line following exposure to retinoic acid, a compound which is well known for causing reductions in MYCN expression and for inducing neuroblastoma cell lines to undergo neuronal differentiation. We also show that small interfering RNA inhibition of MYCN by itself causes similar alterations in the expression of miRNA loci. In vitro functional studies of one locus, miR-184, indicate that it plays a significant role in apoptosis. The association of experimentally induced alterations of miRNA expression in neuroblastoma cell lines with differentiation or apoptosis leads us to conclude that these loci play important roles in neuroblastoma pathogenesis. We further suggest that MYCN may mediate a tumorigenic effect, in part, through directly or indirectly regulating the expression of miRNAs that are involved with neural cell differentiation and/or apoptosis, warranting substantial further studies of miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets.
Single-frequency low-threshold continuous-wave 3-µm periodically poled lithium niobate optical parametric oscillator (1998)

A low-threshold (350-mW) stable single-frequency continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator was demonstrated. Tunable idler output up to 450 mW was obtained near 3 μm by resonating both the signal wave and a single-frequency 1.06-μm Nd: YAG pump laser in a periodically poled lithium niobate optical-parametric-oscillator ring resonator. Tunable output wavelengths from 2.9 μm to 3.25 μm were also demonstrated. By inserting an etalon, we achieved an absolute midinfrared single-frequency stability of +/-0.01 nm.
Surface micromachining: from vision to reality to vision [accelerometer] (2002)

Airbag deployment systems demand reliable, inexpensive sensing of deceleration of the car during collision. The integrated accelerometer combines a 0.3 mm/sup 2/ micromechanical capacitive sensing element with precision bipolar/MOS control circuitry in a 9 mm/sup 2/ area. The microstructure is fabricated from a layer of deposited polysilicon by surface micromachining. This chip is an A/V (acceleration-to-voltage) functional block for accelerations of 1 to 50 g. This paper reviews the rationale for surface micromachining the sensing element, the BiMOS2C integrated process, the sense and control circuit architecture, and performance of the chip.
Isolated three-phase AC-to-DC bidirectional converter with a small number of switches (2002)

A bidirectional converter that converts three-phase AC to DC or vice versa by using a high-frequency transformer has been investigated. The main feature of the circuit is that it does not need as many switches as the conventional converter. Suitable operating conditions and design considerations for the circuit were clarified by analyzing the steady-state characteristics and resonant reset of the transformer. Circuit operation was verified by simulation, and it was confirmed that AC currents can be controlled as sinusoidal waveforms by using a simple control circuit.
SB1578, a Novel Inhibitor of JAK2, FLT3, and c-Fms for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (2012)

SB1578 is a novel, orally bioavailable JAK2 inhibitor with specificity for JAK2 within the JAK family and also potent activity against FLT3 and c-Fms. These three tyrosine kinases play a pivotal role in activation of pathways that underlie the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. SB1578 blocks the activation of these kinases and their downstream signaling in pertinent cells, leading to inhibition of pathological cellular responses. The biochemical and cellular activities of SB1578 translate into its high efficacy in two rodent models of arthritis. SB1578 not only prevents the onset of arthritis but is also potent in treating established disease in collagen-induced arthritis mice with beneficial effects on histopathological parameters of bone resorption and cartilage damage. SB1578 abrogates the inflammatory response and prevents the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into affected joints. It also leads to inhibition of Ag-presenting dendritic cells and inhibits the autoimmune component of the disease. In summary, SB1578 has a unique kinase spectrum, and its pharmacological profile provides a strong rationale for the ongoing clinical development in autoimmune diseases.
Semi-metallic, strong and stretchable wet-spun conjugated polymer microfibers (2015)

High-performance conjugated polymer microfibers were fabricated <italic>via</italic> wet-spinning followed by hot-drawing. With a combination of solvent doping and de-doping, we achieved a record electrical conductivity of 2804 S cm<sup>−1</sup>.
Technology review and assessment of nanoimprint lithography for semiconductor and patterned media manufacturing (2011)

The semiconductor and hard disk drive industries are investigating nanoimprint for future high volume manufacturing of memory devices and patterned media. Nanoimprint, a form of 1× contact lithography, is one of the few technologies capable of meeting the resolution requirements for next generation electronic and storage devices. Its ability to produce small features with low line width roughness and critical dimension uniformity has been demonstrated by multiple sources. Significant improvements in defectivity have been shown; overlay has improved to within a factor of 2 of that required by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors for 22 nm node flash memory devices; and next generation tools, templates, and processes are being commercialized and tested at end-user sites. Defectivity, throughput, and infrastructure remain as critical challenges, but each has experienced marked improvements in the past year. This technology review and assessment covers critical aspects of nanoimprint for both semiconductor and patterned media manufacturing. It focuses on jet and flash imprint lithography, the type of nanoimprint most often considered for these two applications. The requirements and current status of nanoimprint with respect to high volume manufacturing are presented, and critical aspects are discussed.
Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the "chain of survival" concept. A statement for health professionals from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Subcommittee and the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee, American Heart Association. (1991)

More people can survive sudden cardiac arrest when a particular sequence of events occurs as rapidly as possible. This sequence is 1) recognition of early warning signs, 2) activation of the emergency medical system, 3) basic cardiopulmonary resuscita- tion, 4) defibrillation, 5) intubation, and 6) intrave- nous administration of medications. The descriptive device "chain of survival" communicates this under- standing in a useful way (Figure While separate specialized programs are necessary to develop strength in each link, all of the links must be con- nected. Weakness in any link lessens the chance of survival and condemns the efforts of an emergency medical services (EMS) system to poor results. The chain of survival concept has evolved through several decades of research into sudden cardiac arrest. Effective system interventions have been identified that will allow survivors to remain neurologically intact. While a few urban systems may have ap- proached the current practical limit for survivability from sudden cardiac arrest, most EMS systems, both "Improving Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest: The 'Chain of Survival' Concept" was approved by the American Heart Association SAC/Steering Committee on October 17, 1990.
Junctionless Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (2013)

In this letter, a double-gate junctionless tunnel field effect transistor (JL-TFET) is proposed and investigated. The JL-TFET is a Si-channel heavily n-type-doped junctionless field effect transistor (JLFET), which uses two isolated gates (Control-Gate, P-Gate) with two different metal work-functions to behave like a tunnel field effect transistor (TFET). In this structure, the advantages of JLFET and TFET are combined together. The simulation results of JL-TFET with high-k dielectric material (TiO2) of 20-nm gate length shows excellent characteristics with high I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> ratio (~6×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> ), a point subthreshold slope (SS) of ~38 mV/decade, and an average SS of ~70 mV/decade at room temperature, which indicates that JL-TFET is a promising candidate for a switching performance.
Über Reaktionen halogenierter Methansulfonylchloride mit Trimethylamin und ein inverses Sulfen‐Amin‐Addukt (1985)

Abstract Aus Chlorfluormethan ( 3 ), für das eine einfache Synthese beschrieben wird, konnte über die Thioether (4‐Chlorbenzyl)(fluormethyl)sulfid ( 4 ) bzw. Benzhydryl(fluormethyl)sulfid ( 5 ) Fluor‐methansulfonylchlorid ( 6 ) dargestellt werden. Dessen Umsetzung mit Trimethylamin liefert ein inverses Amin‐Addukt 9a des Fluorsulfens, das durch Abbau zu (Fluormethyl)trimethyl‐ammoniumchlorid ( 10 ) und durch Oxidation zum Sulfonat 11 charakterisiert wird. Die Struktur von 9a wird anhand spektroskopischer Daten diskutiert. Brommethansulfonylchlorid ( 17 ) liefert ähnlich wie Chlormethansulfonylchlorid ein dimeres Addukt 18a aus (Brommethylsulfonyl)sulfen und Trimethylamin, das über sein Hydrolyseprodukt 19a charakterisiert wird. Das auf andere Weise synthetisierte 2,4‐Dibrom‐1,3‐dithietan‐1,1,3,3‐tetraoxid ( 15 ) entsteht dagegen nicht. Die aus den Monohalogenmethansulfonylchloriden gebildeten Produkte lassen auf das intermediäre Vorliegen der Monohalogensulfene schließen. Difluor‐ ( 20 ) bzw. Dichlormethansulfonylchlorid ( 24 ) ergaben keine Sulfen‐Amin‐Addukte; ersteres liefert (Difluormethyl)trimethylammonium‐chlorid neben weiteren Produkten, letzteres führt unter verschiedenen Bedingungen stets nur zu Trimethylammonium‐trichlormethansulfinat ( 25 ).
Electron-density histograms and the phase problem (1993)

The specific properties of the range of possible electron-density values may serve as useful additional information for the determination and refinement of structure-factor phases. Fourier synthesis histograms (showing the spectra of frequencies of different possible values) produce the most adequate representation of these properties. The mathematical background and practical uses of these histograms are discussed. The investigation provides new information on some traditional methods of phase refinement, including density-modification procedures, maximization of Cochran's integral value and other techniques.