gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling of multiphase fluid motion in fracture intersections and fracture networks (2005)

A two‐dimensional volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to simulate liquid movement within unsaturated fracture intersections and fracture networks. Fragmentation and merging of liquid interfaces are automatically handled, without resorting to adaptive mesh refinement or interface repairing algorithms. Wetting effects are modeled by imposing different contact angles depending on whether the liquid interface is advancing, receding, or essentially stationary. The numerical examples and experimental validation presented in this study clearly demonstrate the potential value of the VOF method for the modeling of liquid motion in unsaturated fractures, fracture junctions and fracture networks.
Genetic Encoding of Photocaged Cysteine Allows Photoactivation of TEV Protease in Live Mammalian Cells (2014)

We demonstrate the evolution of the PylRS/tRNA(CUA) pair for genetically encoding photocaged cysteine. By characterizing the incorporation in Escherichia coli and mammalian cells, and the photodeprotection process in vitro and in mammalian cells, we establish conditions for rapid efficient photodeprotection to reveal native proteins in live cells. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by rapidly activating TEV protease following illumination of single cells.
Studies on the pearling and milling of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (1985)

Abstract Twelve per cent pearling was achieved by an under runner disc sheller in a single pass without giving any pretreatment to the grains. The crude fibre, ash and fat contents were reduced from 2.67 to 1.18, 1.5 to 1.1 and 7.8 to 3.0% respectively. Pearling of sorghum improved its cooking qualities. It took 8.5 min for baking chapaties over 12.0 min in the case of whole sorghum grain flours. Pearling of sorghum improved the palatability and ease of rolling of chapaties. The cost of pearling with an under runner disc sheller was Rs.40/t ($4/t) of grain. A mini burr mill was used for making sorghum flour. The average particle size obtained was 0.36 mm. The rise in temperature during milling ranged between 16.0°C and 19.4°C.
Deep Pyramidal Residual Networks for Spectral–Spatial Hyperspectral Image Classification (2018)

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) exhibit good performance in image processing tasks, pointing themselves as the current state-of-the-art of deep learning methods. However, the intrinsic complexity of remotely sensed hyperspectral images still limits the performance of many CNN models. The high dimensionality of the HSI data, together with the underlying redundancy and noise, often makes the standard CNN approaches unable to generalize discriminative spectral-spatial features. Moreover, deeper CNN architectures also find challenges when additional layers are added, which hampers the network convergence and produces low classification accuracies. In order to mitigate these issues, this paper presents a new deep CNN architecture specially designed for the HSI data. Our new model pursues to improve the spectral-spatial features uncovered by the convolutional filters of the network. Specifically, the proposed residual-based approach gradually increases the feature map dimension at all convolutional layers, grouped in pyramidal bottleneck residual blocks, in order to involve more locations as the network depth increases while balancing the workload among all units, preserving the time complexity per layer. It can be seen as a pyramid, where the deeper the blocks, the more feature maps can be extracted. Therefore, the diversity of high-level spectral-spatial attributes can be gradually increased across layers to enhance the performance of the proposed network with the HSI data. Our experiments, conducted using four well-known HSI data sets and 10 different classification techniques, reveal that our newly developed HSI pyramidal residual model is able to provide competitive advantages (in terms of both classification accuracy and computational time) over the state-of-the-art HSI classification methods.
Recombinant interleukin 2 stimulates in vivo proliferation of adoptively transferred lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. (1985)

We previously reported that the adoptive transfer of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells plus repetitive injections of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL 2) produced a marked reduction in established pulmonary metastases from a variety of murine sarcomas. The requirement for the exogenous administration of IL 2 prompted a subsequent examination of the role of IL 2 in the in vivo function of transferred LAK cells. The in vivo proliferation and migration patterns of lymphoid cells in C57BL/6 mice were examined after i.v. transfer of LAK cells alone, i.p. injection of IL 2 alone, or the combination of LAK cells and IL 2. A model for in vivo labeling of the DNA of dividing cells was used in which mice were injected with 5-[125I]-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125IUdR) and, 20 hr later, their tissues were removed and were counted in a gamma analyzer. A proliferation index (PI) was calculated by dividing the mean cpm of organs of experimentally treated mice by the mean cpm of organs of control mice. In animals given LAK cells alone, the lungs and liver demonstrated little if any uptake of 125IUdR above saline-treated controls (PI = 2.5 and 0.8, respectively, on day 5), whereas the same organs of mice receiving 6000 U of IL 2 alone displayed higher radiolabel incorporation (PI = 7.1 and 5.9, respectively). When mice were given LAK cells plus 6000 U of IL 2, their tissues showed an additional increase in 125IUdR uptake. In the spleen, kidneys, and mesenteric lymph nodes, IL 2 treatment alone (6000 U) produced elevated PI values that were not, however, additionally increased if LAK cells were also administered. To separate the stimulatory effects of IL 2 on host lymphocyte proliferation from similar IL 2 effects on injected LAK cells, these studies were repeated in mice immunosuppressed by 500 rad total body irradiation. Pre-irradiation of the host sufficiently reduced endogenous lymphoid expansion stimulated by IL 2 so as to allow the demonstration that IL 2 also induced the proliferation of the transferred LAK cells. A variety of studies confirmed that the injected LAK cells were actively proliferating in tissues in vivo under the influence of IL 2. Substitution of "normal" LAK cells with fresh and cultured (without IL 2) splenocytes, or irradiated LAK cells did not result in increased 125IUdR uptake in tissues. Histologic studies corroborated the findings of the 125IUdR incorporation assays and revealed extensive lymphoid proliferation in irradiated mice receiving LAK cells plus IL 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Force Measurement by Visibility Modulated Fiber Optic Sensor (1999)

The birefringence of optic fiber is sensitive to external physical changes. This produces an undesirable effect of reducing fringe visibility for an interferometer made up of ordinary single-mode fibers. In this work, we actively modulate the reference arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a PZT drum. Force sensing is achieved by measuring the visibility of the fringes produced with respect to the force applied to a portion of the sensing arm. Ordinary single-mode fiber is used and no expensive polarization components are necessary. In addition, the visibility measurement is not sensitive to the ambient temperature fluctuation and no additional control measures are necessary to eliminate the effect of thermal drift.
NoSQL For Dummies (2015)

Get up to speed on the nuances of NoSQL databases and what theymean for your organization This easy to read guide to NoSQL databases provides the type ofno-nonsense overview and analysis that you need to learn, includingwhat NoSQL is and which database is right for you. Featuringspecific evaluation criteria for NoSQL databases, along with a lookinto the pros and cons of the most popular options, NoSQL ForDummies provides the fastest and easiest way to dive into thedetails of this incredible technology. You'll gain an understandingof how to use NoSQL databases for mission-critical enterprisearchitectures and projects, and real-world examples reinforce theprimary points to create an action-oriented resource for ITpros. If you're planning a big data project or platform, you probablyalready know you need to select a NoSQL database to complete yourarchitecture. But with options flooding the market and updates andadd-ons coming at a rapid pace, determining what you require now,and in the future, can be a tall task. This is where NoSQL ForDummies comes in! * Learn the basic tenets of NoSQL databases and why they havecome to the forefront as data has outpaced the capabilities ofrelational databases * Discover major players among NoSQL databases, includingCassandra, MongoDB, MarkLogic, Neo4J, and others * Get an in-depth look at the benefits and disadvantages of thewide variety of NoSQL database options * Explore the needs of your organization as they relate to thecapabilities of specific NoSQL databases Big data and Hadoop get all the attention, but when it comesdown to it, NoSQL databases are the engines that power many bigdata analytics initiatives. With NoSQL For Dummies, you'llgo beyond relational databases to ramp up your enterprise's dataarchitecture in no time.
Transistor design issues in integrating analog functions with high performance digital CMOS (1999)

Pocket or halo designs used in high performance digital CMOS design can degrade analog device performance. A new understanding of this phenomenon is presented using device simulation. The effect of pocket implant parameters on the trade-off between digital and analog performance is studied experimentally. Experimental data showing the beneficial effects of eliminating the pocket selectively from the drain end on analog performance is also shown.
Mergers and concentration in the UK insurance industry (2014)

Comme pour d’autres aspects de la gestion moderne, le secteur de l’assurance a été un agent précoce des fusions et acquisitions. Quelques-unes des premières fusions d’entreprises se sont réalisées dans l’assurance incendie à la fin du XVIII e siècle, et depuis lors la fusion ou l’acquisition sont restées des caractères récurrents des assurances en Grande-Bretagne. Notre article propose un panorama des activités de fusion et d’acquisition dans le secteur britannique de l’assurance sur 200 ans, et examine les changements des causes et des effets de celles-ci.
Solving Hyperbolic PDEs in MATLAB (2005)

Software is developed in Matlab to solve initial–boundary value problems for first order systems of hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) in one space variable x and time t . (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alcohol misuse in older adults is a silent epidemic we ignore at our peril (2010)

I gained a lot from the learning zone article on the assessment of older adults who misuse alcohol (April 21). The quoted Department for Work and Pensions figures on alcohol misuse by older men and women in the UK are staggering, and the signs and symptoms of alcohol dependency are something that many of us can relate to.
Immunogenic properties of soluble cytosol fractions on Meth A sarcoma cells. (1980)

Tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA) was found to be present in fractions derived from the cytosol of the Meth A cell. Meth A ascites cells were disrupted nuclei and membranes were removed by low- and high-speed centrifugation, and the soluble protein was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The TATA of the soluble cytosol fractions appears to be identical with the TATA solubilized from plasma membranes. The TATA of the cytosol fractions was found to be associated with proteins of an approximate apparent molecular weight of 60,000, specific for the Meth A tumor, and as immunogenic as the membrane-derived TATA. In addition, the most enriched TATA cytosol fraction shows inhibition of an antiserum capable of detecting a tumor-specific surface antigen of Meth A. These results suggest that Meth A TATA is not an integral membrane protein and may be related to the tumor-specific surface antigen detected serologically.
Application of DNA Arrays to Toxicology (1999)

DNA array technology makes it possible to rapidly genotype individuals or quantify the expression of thousands of genes on a single filter or glass slide, and holds enormous potential in toxicologic applications. This potential led to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored workshop titled "Application of Microarrays to Toxicology" on 7-8 January 1999 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. In addition to providing state-of-the-art information on the application of DNA or gene microarrays, the workshop catalyzed the formation of several collaborations, committees, and user's groups throughout the Research Triangle Park area and beyond. Potential application of microarrays to toxicologic research and risk assessment include genome-wide expression analyses to identify gene-expression networks and toxicant-specific signatures that can be used to define mode of action, for exposure assessment, and for environmental monitoring. Arrays may also prove useful for monitoring genetic variability and its relationship to toxicant susceptibility in human populations.
Magnetic anisotropy of vertically aligned α-Fe2O3 nanowire array (2006)

Vertically aligned Fe2O3 nanowire arrays were synthesized by the thermal oxidation of Fe foil. They consist of single-crystalline rhombohedral α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals grown along the [112¯0] direction. Most of the nanowires have a sharp tip (diameter=50nm) and beltlike base. The magnetization measurement reveals a Morin temperature of 125K and unique magnetic anisotropy due to the easy axis of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy perpendicular to the nanowire axis.
Resizing rules for MOS analog-design reuse (2002)

The migration of an analog circuit to a new technology usually requires a complete redesign. With the procedure presented, designers can calculate parameters for a given circuit in a new technology, starting from the same design in an earlier technology. The procedure's simple resizing rules have been verified with standard MOSFET simulation models.
The SUMMIT speech recognition system: phonological modelling and lexical access (2002)

The phonological modeling and lexical access components of the SUMMIT speech recognition system are described in detail. SUMMIT makes explicit use of acoustic-phonetic knowledge, embedded in a segmental framework that can be trained automatically. Performance results for the complete system on the DARPA 1000-word Naval Resource Management task are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Maurotoxin, a Short Scorpion Toxin with four Disulfide Bridges that Acts on K<sup>+</sup> Channels (1996)

Maurotoxin is a toxin isolated from the venom of the Tunisian chactoid scorpion Scorpio maurus. It is a 34-amino-acid peptide cross-linked by four disulfide bridges. Maurotoxin competes with radiolabeled apamin and kaliotoxin for binding to rat-brain synaptosomes. Due to its very low concentration in venom (0.6% of the proteins), maurotoxin was chemically synthesized by means of an optimized solid-phase technique. The synthetic maurotoxin was characterized. It was lethal to mice following intracerebroventricular injection (LD50, 80 ng/mouse). The synthetic maurotoxin competed with 125I-apamin and 125I-kaliotoxin for binding to rat-brain synaptosomes with half-maximal effects at concentrations of 5 nM and 0.2 nM, respectively. Synthetic maurotoxin was tested on K+ channels and was found to block the Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3 currents with half-maximal blockage (IC50) at 37, 0.8 and 150 nM, respectively. Thus, maurotoxin is a scorpion toxin with four disulfide bridges that acts on K+ channels. The half-cystine pairings of synthetic maurotoxin were identified by enzymatic cleavage. The pairings were Cys3-Cys24, Cys9-Cys29, Cys13-Cys19 and Cys31-Cys34. This disulfide organization is unique among known scorpion toxins. The physicochemical and pharmacological properties of synthetic maurotoxin were indistinguishable from those of natural maurotoxin, which suggests that natural maurotoxin adopts the same half-cystine pairing pattern. The conformation of synthetic maurotoxin was investigated by means of circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular modeling. In spite of its unusual half-cystine pairings, the synthetic-maurotoxin conformation appears to be similar to that of other short scorpion toxins.
Some Applications of Lasers (2010)

This chapter considers, in addition to some aspects of the medical applications of lasers, a few examples of the importance of lasers in research and emerging technology. The basic idea of adaptive optics is to measure the phase distortions, that is, the variations in local time lags across a wavefront, and to correct for them by advancing the phase at points where the atmosphere has retarded it and retarding it at points where the atmosphere has advanced it. Laser cooling as such does not trap atoms since atoms can diffuse out of the laser fields. For trapping we require forces acting to spatially confine atoms. Ultrashort laser pulses make possible an astounding degree of time resolution, and the extremely high intensities that often characterize them are of interest for basic research as well as for a growing number of applications. Controlled Vocabulary Terms high-speed optical techniques; laser cooling; lasers
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING THE FORMATION OF ICE ON AIRCRAFT<sup>1</sup> (1932)

These are the results of a number of records recently secured from autographic meteorological instruments mounted on airplanes at times when ice formed. Ice is found to collect on an airplane only when the airplane is in some form of visible moisture, such as cloud, fog, mist, rain. etc., and the air temperature is within certain critical limits. Described here are the characteristics of clear ice and rime ice and the specific types of hazards they present to airplanes and lighter than air vehicles. The weather records are classified according to the two general types of formation (clear ice and rime) together with the respective temperatures, relative humidities, clouds, and elevations above ground at which formations occurred. This classification includes 108 cases where rime formed, 43 cases in which clear ice formed, and 4 cases when both rime and clear ice formed during the same flight. It is evident from the above figures that there was a preponderance of rime by the ratio of 2.5 to 1, while in only a few cases both types of ice formation occurred during the same flight.
Graphene anchored on Cu foam as a lithiophilic 3D current collector for a stable and dendrite-free lithium metal anode (2018)

GN@Cu foam serves as a lithiophilic host material for Li anode, showing dendrite-free morphology and stable performance over a wide current density range.
Structural and functional characterization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor channel from mouse cerebellum. (1991)

The cerebellar inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor is a high molecular weight glycoprotein abundantly expressed in Purkinje cells. The subunit structure of the InsP3 receptor protein was examined by cross-linking experiments. Agarose-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cross-linked materials demonstrated that the cerebellar InsPs receptor protein is composed of four noncovalently bound identical subunits each with a M, of 320,000 in both purified and microsome-bound states. Chromatography of the purified receptor on a calmodulin-Sepharose column demonstrated a Ca2+-dependent interaction of the InsP3 receptor with calmodulin. Photoaffinity labeling of the cerebellar microsomal fraction with [ ~t -~~P ] 8azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate revealed the presence of ATP-binding site in the InsP3 receptor. Scatchard analysis of the purified InsP3 receptor revealed the B,,, and K , values for ATP binding of 2.3 pmol/pg and 17 p ~, respectively. Reconstitution of the purified InsPs receptor into the planar lipid bilayer indicated channel activity in the purified receptor. It exhibited a calcium conductance (26 pS in 53 m M Ca2+) and sodium conductance (21 pS in 100-500 m M asymmetric Na+ solutions) with permeability ratios of P ~J P T ~~~ = 6.3 and P N J P ~, = 5.4. The purified channel was activated with submillimolar ATP in the presence of InsP3 and modified to reach a large conductance state.
Redundancy and Test-Pattern Generation for Asynchronous Quasi-Delay-Insensitive Combinational Circuits (2007)

Most of the early work on testing asynchronous combinational circuits ignored faults inside C elements, a common building block in these circuits. Using a standard cell based design, where C elements are built using majority gates, we show that a number of faults are untestable in some implementations, while others are undetected by previously proposed tests, which yield a fault coverage of only 70-80% even in the small circuits examined here. We present a novel test pattern generation algorithm based on the D algorithm and time-frame expansion that can automatically detect all testable stuck-at faults in these families of combinational asynchronous circuits. Finally we present a comparison of the test pattern lengths achieved by this method with previously published full-scan based methods.
Abstract 81: Sphingosine 1-phosphate Signaling Contributes To Cardiac Inflammation, Remodeling And Dysfunction Following Myocardial Infarction. (2014)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) generated by sphingosine kinases (SphK) regulates multiple pathophysiological processes in cardiovascular system. The study was designed to investigate the role of SphK/S1P axis in myocardial infarction (MI) induced heart failure and the underlying mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to permanent left coronary artery occlusion for 4 weeks. The infarcted heart showed increased SphK1 expression and increased S1P content. S1PR1, the predominant type of S1P receptors expressed in left ventricle, was upregulated by 3-fold in cardiac tissue following MI (n=6, all P&lt;0.05). Further, we observed that S1P significantly activated NF-κB/STAT3 signaling and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) expression in a dose-dependent manner in cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (n=3, all P&lt;0.01), all of which were almost blocked by pretreatment with S1PR1 siRNA or FTY720, a functional S1PR1 inhibitor (n=3, all P&lt;0.01). In vivo, administration of FTY720 (3mg/kg, i.p. daily for 4 weeks) decreased SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 axis, inhibited persistent NF-κB/STAT3 signaling activation and blocked pro-inflammatory cytokines production in post-MI heart. Accordingly, FTY720 remarkably alleviated cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction (ejection fraction: 35.5±3.0% vs. 29.4±2.7% , P&lt;0.05). Intriguingly, administration of SphK2 inhibitor ABC294640 (5mg/kg, i.p. daily for 4 weeks) amplified cardiac SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 axis, augmented NF-κB/STAT3 signaling activation and increased inflammatory cytokines expression. Consequently, SphK2 inhibition reduced survival rate (68.4% vs. 83.3%, P&lt;0.05) and exacerbated cardiac maladaptive structural changes and ventricular dysfunction induced by MI (ejection fraction: 25.4±2.3% vs. 30.4±3.2%, P&lt;0.05). Our results provide the evidence that upregulated SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 axis links persistent NF-κB/STAT3 activation, chronic cardiac inflammation and heart failure progression following MI, whereas SphK2 serves as an endogenous suppressor of pathological S1P signaling. Targeting SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 axis by FTY720 treatment or enhancing SphK2 activity might be a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic heart failure.