gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protein-disulfide Isomerase-mediated Reduction of Two Disulfide Bonds of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein 120 Occurs Post-CXCR4 Binding and Is Required for Fusion (2003)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env) glycoprotein (gp) 120 is a highly disulfide-bonded molecule that attaches HIV to the lymphocyte surface receptors CD4 and CXCR4. Conformation changes within gp120 result from binding and trigger HIV/cell fusion. Inhibition of lymphocyte surface-associated protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) blocks HIV/cell fusion, suggesting that redox changes within Env are required. Using a sensitive assay based on a thiol reagent, we show that (i) the thiol content of gp120, either secreted by mammalian cells or bound to a lymphocyte surface enabling CD4 but not CXCR4 binding, was 0.5-1 pmol SH/pmol gp120 (SH/gp120), whereas that of gp120 after its interaction with a surface enabling both CD4 and CXCR4 binding was raised to 4 SH/gp120; (ii) PDI inhibitors prevented this change; and (iii) gp120 displaying 2 SH/gp120 exhibited CD4 but not CXCR4 binding capacity. In addition, PDI inhibition did not impair gp120 binding to receptors. We conclude that on average two of the nine disulfides of gp120 are reduced during interaction with the lymphocyte surface after CXCR4 binding prior to fusion and that cell surface PDI catalyzes this process. Disulfide bond restructuring within Env may constitute the molecular basis of the post-receptor binding conformational changes that induce fusion competence.
Sex ratios in New Zealand apioid Umbelliferae (1980)

Abstract Sex ratios are reported for 53 populations of species of Gingidia, Scandia, Lignocarpa, Anisotome, and Aciphylla (Umbelliferae, Apioideae). In 43 populations there is a significant preponderance of male plants; in 6 populations the sexes are approximately equally common, and in 4 no females were found. The ratio (male/female) of the average number of inflorescences per plant is significantly correlated with the average number of inflorescences per plant (male and female averages combined) in dioecious but not in gynodioecious species. This result indicates that populations with higher average inflorescence numbers per plant are able to use inflorescence number as part of sex differential strategies for optimally deploying reprodutive effort. The results are consistent with a hypothesis of greater cost of reproduction to females than to males, resulting in differential longevity of the sexes.
Pharmacotherapy for obessive-compulsive disorder (1998)

Background Pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was seldom beneficial before clomipramine, a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), became available. Subsequent progress in pharmacotherapy for OCD has increased the possibility of effective treatment for most sufferers. Method Randomised controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for OCD were reviewed, as well as reports of beneficial pharmacotherapy found in open trials and case reports. Results SSRIs are well-tolerated by patients with OCD, even in large doses. Prose roto n erg i c augmentation is seldom helpful but antipsychotic augmentations seem beneficial for many OCD patients with comorbid tics. Conclusions Potent SSRIs are the pharmacotherapy of choice for OCD, with a more limited role reserved for monoamine oxidase inhibitors. If one SSRI is ineffective, others may be beneficial. Non-drug therapies are also important in OCD: behaviour therapy is frequently helpful but infrequently available and neurosurgery is sometimes helpful when all other treatments have failed.
Basal and angiopoietin-1–mediated endothelial permeability is regulated by sphingosine kinase-1 (2008)

Endothelial cells (ECs) regulate the barrier function of blood vessels. Here we show that basal and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)-regulated control of EC permeability is mediated by 2 different functional states of sphingosine kinase-1 (SK-1). Mice depleted of SK-1 have increased vascular leakiness, whereas mice transgenic for SK-1 in ECs show attenuation of leakiness. Furthermore, Ang-1 rapidly and transiently stimulates SK-1 activity and phosphorylation, and induces an increase in intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) concentration. Overexpression of SK-1 resulted in inhibition of permeability similar to that seen for Ang-1, whereas knockdown of SK-1 by small interfering RNA blocked Ang-1-mediated inhibition of permeability. Transfection with SKS225A, a nonphosphorylatable mutant of SK-1, inhibited basal leakiness, and both SKS225A and a dominant-negative SK-1 mutant removed the capacity of Ang-1 to inhibit permeability. These effects were independent of extracellular S1P as knockdown or inhibition of S1P1, S1P2, or S1P3, did not affect the Ang-1 response. Thus, SK-1 levels in ECs powerfully regulate basal permeability in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the Ang-1-induced inhibition of leakiness is mediated through activation of SK-1, defining a new signaling pathway in the Ang-1 regulation of permeability.
[Stabilization of modified glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale incorporated into the polymeric chains of gels]. (1978)

Glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale was modified by unsaturated compounds, e.g. acrolein, allylisothiocyanate, acryloyl chloride and maleic anhydride. The degree of modification for the respective agents made up to 27.2, 8.3, 11.1 and 35.0% of the amine residues; the enzymatic activity was thereby retained by 98, 100, 0.03 and 58%, respectively. The thermal stability of modified enzymes was decreased 2-7 times. The modified preparations were copolymerized with acrylamide or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, spatially cross-linked by N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide or ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, respectively. The rate constants for thermal inactivation of immobilized glucose oxidase were 2-31 times lower as compared to the inactivation constants of the unmodified enzyme, incorporated into the same matrices.
A practical liquidity-sensitive automated market maker (2010)

Current automated market makers over binary events suffer from two problems that make them impractical. First, they are unable to adapt to liquidity, so trades cause prices to move the same amount in both thick and thin markets. Second, under normal circumstances, the market maker runs at a deficit. In this paper, we construct a market maker that is both sensitive to liquidity and can run at a profit. Our market maker has bounded loss for any initial level of liquidity and, as the initial level of liquidity approaches zero, worst-case loss approaches zero. For any level of initial liquidity we can establish a boundary in market state space such that, if the market terminates within that boundary, the market maker books a profit regardless of the realized outcome. Furthermore, we provide guidance as to how our market maker can be implemented over very large event spaces through a novel cost-function-based sampling method
Influence of chemical structure on the mesomorphic behaviour of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles (2002)

The correlation between chemical structure and mesomorphic properties is one of the most important problems in liquid crystals science. 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles are very convenient model-compounds for studying the dependence of the LC properties on the molecular design. The transition temperatures and dielectric properties of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles depend significantly both on the position of the substituents with respect to the heterocycle and on their donor or acceptor features.
Simulation of cloud dynamics on graphics hardware (2003)

This paper presents a physically-based, visually-realistic interactive cloud simulation. Clouds in our system are modeled using partial differential equations describing fluid motion, thermodynamic processes, buoyant forces, and water phase transitions. We also simulate the interaction of clouds with light, including self-shadowing and light scattering.We implement both simulations -- dynamic and radiometric -- entirely on programmable floating-point graphics hardware. We use flat 3D textures -- 3D data laid out as slices tiled in a 2D texture -- to implement 3D simulations on the GPU. This has scalability advantages over the use of traditional 3D textures. We exploit the relatively slow evolution of clouds in calm skies to enable interactive visualization of the simulation. The work required to simulate a single time step is automatically spread over many frames while the user views the results of the previous time step. This technique enables the incorporation of our simulation into real applications without sacrificing interactivity.
Response properties of ion-selective polymeric membrane electrodes prepared with aminated and carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTResponse properties of ion-selective polymeric membrane electrodes prepared with aminated and carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride)S. C. Ma, N. A. Chaniotakis, and Mark E. MeyerhoffCite this: Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 20, 2293–2299Publication Date (Print):October 15, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00171a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00171a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views590Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lead-Free Solder Interconnect Reliability (2005)

This book provides the most up-to-date knowledge and data available on the reliability of lead-free solder interconnects. The content has been written by leading experts working in this important technology area. Both fundamental research and practical considerations are addressed. Environmental regulations are driving the worldwide adoption of lead-free soldering technology for electronics packaging, board assembly, and related manufacturing operations. While a significant amount of research and development work has been conducted in recent years on manufacturing issues to enable the conversion to lead-free solders, data from studies related to the reliability of lead-free solder interconnects are still emerging. Many research projects around the world have been undertaken to study lead-free solder reliability under different loading conditions. This book is the first comprehensive guide to reliability of lead-free solder interconnects.
Extremely high selective, highly anisotropic, and high rate electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching for <i>n</i>+ poly-Si at the electron cyclotron resonance position (1990)

Extremely high selective, highly anisotropic, and high rate electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma etching for n+ poly-Si is achieved at the ECR position in a newly developed ECR plasma etching system. The selectivity ratio of the n+ poly-Si etching rate to the SiO2 etching rate is more than 100 at 5×10−4 Torr and 260 at 3×10−3 Torr in pure Cl2 gas at a substrate temperature of 30 °C. Furthermore, the selectivity ratio increases infinitely by using a Cl2/O2 gas mixture at 5×10−4 Torr. The n+ poly-Si etching rate is more than 3000 Å/min with no radio frequency (rf) bias under the above selectivity ratio conditions. The etching selectivity is generated by low ion energy at the ECR position. The high etching rate is achieved by high ion current density at the ECR position in the plasma chamber.
Enhancement of bioavailability by lowering of fat content in topical formulations (2008)

The rate of penetration of the active ingredients was inversely related to the lipid content, i.e. simple changes of the cosmetic properties by modifications of the lipid content may affect the efficacy of a formulation.
Indoor wireless communication using airborne ultrasound and OFDM methods (2016)

Concerns still exist over the safety of prolonged exposure to radio frequency (RF) wireless transmissions and there are also potential data security issues due to remote signal interception techniques such as Bluesniping. Airborne ultrasound may be used as an alternative to RF for indoor wireless communication systems for securely transmitting data over short ranges, as signals are difficult to intercept from outside the room. A pair of off-the-shelf air-coupled capacitive ultrasonic transducers with a centre frequency of 50 kHz was used in the implementation of an indoor airborne wireless ultrasonic communication system. Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation methods were successfully implemented using multiple orthogonal subchannels. The maximum system data rate of up to 180 kb/s was achieved using 16-QAM modulation with ultrasonic channels from 55 kHz to 99 kHz, over an error-free line-of-sight transmission distance of 6 m. The spectral efficiency achieved was 4 b/s/Hz. The transmission range with no measurable errors could be extended to 9 m and 11 m using QPSK and BPSK modulation schemes, respectively. The achieved data rates for the QPSK and BPSK schemes were 90 kb/s and 45 kb/s using the same bandwidth.
18.4: TFT‐LCDs with Monolithic Multi‐Drivers for High Performance Video and Low‐Power Text Modes (2001)

Abstract This paper describes a new concept for low power consumption TFT‐LCDs, based on monolithic multi‐drivers. The multi‐driver architecture consists of two data line drivers, one analogue, one binary, that can operate in tandem or independently. The analogue driver allows the display to show high quality full colour video images. The binary driver provides 8 colour text data display, either on its own, or superimposed onto the image provided by the analogue driver. Operation of the binary driver consumes 1/10 th of the power that operation of the analogue driver needs. The display module can therefore operate at substantially lower power for many display applications, yet still achieve high display performance when demanded.
Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) (2010)

Options for the treatment of cartilage defects include chondral resurfacing with abrasion, debridement, autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT), matrix-induced chondrocyte transplantation (MACI), or osteochondral autologous transplantation (OATS). This article describes the new method of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC), a 1-step procedure combining subchondral microfracture with the fixation of a collagen I/III membrane by a partially autologous fibrin glue. Indications and contraindications are provided; a technical note is given. This method is primarily applied in osteochondral lesions of the knee and ankle joints; other joints may qualify.
Hormonal approaches to breast cancer treatment and prevention: an overview. (1996)

Hormonal agents play a critical role in the palliation of advanced breast cancer, as well as adjuvant therapy to surgery and radiation in patients with primary breast cancer. Tamoxifen appears to be the therapy of choice for the initial treatment of metastatic breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, although some clinicians prefer oophorectomy or the use of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogues in premenopausal patients. Historically, second-line hormonal therapy for metastatic disease has been with a progestin; however, due to the troubling side effects of weight gain and dyspnea, progestins may soon be replaced by aromatase inhibitors. The development of new antiestrogens lacking estrogen-agonist activity for metastatic disease is in its earliest clinical developmental phases. For adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women, there is conflicting evidence as to whether the combination of a hormonal agent (ie, tamoxifen) plus chemotherapy provides an advantage over hormonal therapy alone. In premenopausal women areas of active investigation include combination hormonal therapy (eg, tamoxifen plus luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogues or oophorectomy) and combination chemohormonal therapy (concomitant v sequential). Tamoxifen had been associated with rare cases of thromboembolic events and secondary endometrial cancers. The etiology of these secondary cancers is unclear and controversial; however, the benefits of tamoxifen far outweigh the risks for both palliative and surgical adjuvant therapy. The success of tamoxifen in preventing cancer recurrence in the contralateral breast has led to clinical investigation of the drug for the chemoprevention of breast cancer in women at high risk for development of the disease. The role of tamoxifen for this indication remains to be determined following completion of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project trial in North America and additional trials in the United Kingdom and Italy.
JC virus infection of hematopoietic progenitor cells, primary B lymphocytes, and tonsillar stromal cells: implications for viral latency (1996)

The human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) infects myelin-producing cells in the central nervous system, resulting in the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV-induced PML occurs most frequently in immunosuppressed individuals, with the highest incidence in human immunodeficiency type 1-infected patients, ranging between 4 and 6% of all AIDS cases. Although JCV targets a highly specialized cell in the central nervous system, infection is widespread, with more than 80% of the human population worldwide demonstrating serum antibodies. A number of clinical and laboratory studies have now linked the pathogenesis of PML with JCV infection in lymphoid cells. For example, JCV-infected lymphocytes have been suggested as possible carriers of virus to the brain following reactivation of a latent infection in lymphoid tissues. To further define the cellular tropism associated with JCV, we have attempted to infect immune system cells, including CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from human fetal liver, primary human B lymphocytes, and human tonsillar stromal cells. Our results demonstrate that these cell types as well as a CD34+ human cell line, KG-1a, are susceptible to JCV infection. JCV cannot, however, infect KG-1, a CD34+ cell line which differentiates into a macrophage-like cell when treated with phorbol esters. In addition, peripheral blood B lymphocytes isolated by flow cytometry from a PML patient demonstrate JCV infection. These results provide direct evidence that JCV is not strictly neurotropic but can infect CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and those cells which have differentiated into a lymphocytic, but not monocytic, lineage.
Energy transfer in Pr <sup>3+</sup> /Yb <sup>3+</sup> -doped fluorozirconate fibres (1991)

Energy transfers between Yb3+ and Pr3+ are studied with different pump wavelengths. Lasing operation of Yb3+ with pumping of Pr+ has been demonstrated. Application to amplification in the 1300nm telecommunications window is discussed.
Legally Speaking: Smart Contracts, Archival Bonds, and Linked Data in the Blockchain (2017)

As currently understood and used, "smart contracts" are merely a means to execute the terms of a full legal contract. This paper, however, proposes the creation of a semantic legal layer to support blockchain based legal contracts. Some of the primary challenges to such an implementation, including the need to develop robust, jurisdiction- specific legal ontologies, and develop means to preserve the evidentiary character of records leading up and proving contract formation, are considered. Particular attention is given to the particular challenges posed - and purposes behind - the use of legal language in contract drafting, with consideration of ways to utilize distributed ledger and linked data technology to leverage that specialist language for a broader base of contracting parties.
Key Challenges in Defending Against Malicious Socialbots (2012)

The ease with which we adopt online personas and relationships has created a soft spot that cyber criminals are willing to exploit. Advances in artificial intelligence make it feasible to design bots that sense, think and act cooperatively in social settings just like human beings. In the wrong hands, these bots can be used to infiltrate online communities, build up trust over time and then send personalized messages to elicit information, sway opinions and call to action. In this position paper, we observe that defending against such malicious bots raises a set of unique challenges that relate to web automation, online-offline identity binding and usable security.
High temperature coefficient of resistance in vanadium oxide diodes (1997)

Evidence regarding the high temperature coefficient of resistance (35% per °C) in vanadium oxide multiple thin film diodes has been obtained, indicating that the source is a vanadium oxide substance formed between multiple layers of deposited vanadium. Effects of top contacts are detailed. The devices also show high sensitivity to mechanical pressure.
Integrated Petroleum Reservoir Management: A Team Approach (1994)

Reservoir management concepts reservoir management process data acquisition, analysis and management reservoir model production rate and reserves forecasts reservoir management economics improved recovery processes reservoir management case studies reservoir management plans.