gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X‐ray imaging using amorphous selenium: Inherent spatial resolution (1995)

This is a theoretical study of the inherent spatial resolution of the latent image on the surface of an amorphous selenium (a-Se) plate used for diagnostic x-ray imaging. The following effects are considered: (A) ranges of primary photoelectrons; (B) reabsorption of K fluorescence; (C) reabsorption of Compton scattered photons; (D) diffusion; (E) the geometric effect due to oblique incidence of x rays; (F) electrostatic effect; and (G) the space charge effect. The modulation transfer function of a-Se in the diagnostic x-ray energy range has been estimated. In conclusion, (A) and (E) are the main factors limiting the resolution, and for diagnostic x rays, the inherent spatial resolution of a-Se plates is much better than that of CsI layers used in x-ray image intensifiers.
The Preparation of 2-Bromonaphthalene (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of 2-BromonaphthaleneMelvin S. Newman and Paul H. WiseCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 10, 2847Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01855a506https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01855a506research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views261Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of combined treatments with selenium, glutathione, and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase activity, ornithine decarboxylase induction, and complete and multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. (1987)

Several structurally different tumor promoters altered to various degrees both glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activities in mouse epidermis in vivo. At 5 h after their application to the skin, the complete tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and the stage 2 promoter mezerein were the most potent in inhibiting GSH peroxidase activity and inducing ODC activity. In comparison, the effects of anthralin, phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, benzoyl peroxide, H2O2, and phorbol-12,13-dibenzoate were much smaller, whereas the nontumor promoter phorbol, the hyperplastic agent ethyl phenylpropiolate, and the stage 1 promoter 4-O-methyl TPA did not alter GSH peroxidase and ODC activities. Various treatments including i.p. injections of 40 micrograms of Na2SeO3 and 100 mumol of GSH and/or topical applications of 40 mumol of D-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) 20 or 15 min, respectively, before tumor promoter treatment inhibited in an additive manner the effects of either TPA or mezerein on both GSH peroxidase activity and ODC induction. Moreover, these Na2SeO3, GSH, and/or vitamin E treatments inhibited in the same additive manner the tumor-promoting activity of TPA in the initiation-promotion protocol. However, when tested in the 2-stage promotion protocol with 4 doses of TPA followed by twice weekly applications of mezerein, Na2SeO3 plus vitamin E and GSH plus vitamin E treatments inhibited remarkably the tumor-promoting activity of mezerein but were ineffective in the first stage of promotion. The sequence and magnitude for the effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) on GSH peroxidase and ODC activities were very different from those of the tumor promoters. In contrast with their antitumor-promoting activity, the treatments with Na2SeO3 plus vitamin E and GSH plus vitamin E failed to inhibit the carcinogenicity of a single large dose of DMBA and even enhanced the induction of skin tumors by repeated applications of subcarcinogenic doses of DMBA. These results suggest that the promoting component of DMBA carcinogenesis may be different from that of TPA. Moreover, the anticarcinogenicity of Na2SeO3, GSH, and vitamin E may be linked to their ability to facilitate or enhance the activity of the natural GSH-dependent antioxidant protective system of the epidermal cells during the later stages of skin tumor promotion.
Role of Plasma Membrane Lipid Microdomains in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Filament Formation (2003)

The fusion protein (F) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the envelope glycoprotein responsible for the characteristic cytopathology of syncytium formation. RSV has been shown to bud from selective areas of the plasma membrane as pleomorphic virions, including both filamentous and round particles. With immunofluorescent microscopy, we demonstrated evidence of RSV filaments incorporating the fusion protein F and colocalizing with a lipid microdomain-specific fluorescent dye, 1,1-dihexadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate. Western blot analysis of Triton X-100 cold-extracted membrane fractions confirmed the presence of RSV proteins within the lipid microdomains. RSV proteins also colocalized with cellular proteins associated with lipid microdomains, caveolin-1, and CD44, as well as with RhoA, a small GTPase. ADP-ribosylation of RhoA by Clostridium botulinum exotoxin inactivated RhoA signaling and resulted in the absence of RSV-induced syncytia despite no significant change in viral titer. We demonstrated an overall decrease in both the number and length of the viral filaments and a shift in the localization of F to nonlipid microdomain regions of the membrane in the presence of C3 toxin. This suggests that the selective incorporation of RSV proteins into lipid microdomains during virus assembly may lead to critical interactions of F with cellular proteins, resulting in microvillus projections necessary for the formation of filamentous virus particles and syncytium formation. Thus, manipulation of membrane lipid microdomains may lead to alterations in the production of viral filaments and RSV pathogenesis and provide a new pharmacologic target for RSV therapy.
Highly ordered aggregates in dilute dye-water systems (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHighly ordered aggregates in dilute dye-water systemsGordon J. T. Tiddy, Donna L. Mateer, Andrew P. Ormerod, William J. Harrison, and Douglas J. EdwardsCite this: Langmuir 1995, 11, 2, 390–393Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00002a002https://doi.org/10.1021/la00002a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views498Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Solar-Pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG Laser (1984)

The development of a solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser is reported. A solar energy collector consisting of a paraboloidal mirror 10 m in aperture and 3.2 m in focal length is used to pump a water-cooled Nd:YAG laser rod 4 mm in diameter and 75 mm in length. The maximum output of the laser is 18 W in multi-mode, the highest output power reported so far in solar-pumped lasers. Further improvements designed to increase the power are also discussed.
Formation of nitrosamines by alkylation of diazotates (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of nitrosamines by alkylation of diazotatesCurt S. Cooper, Albert L. Peyton, and Robert J. WeinkamCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 22, 4116–4119Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00170a052https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00170a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1077Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Extremely Elastic Wearable Carbon Nanotube Fiber Strain Sensor for Monitoring of Human Motion (2015)

The increasing demand for wearable electronic devices has made the development of highly elastic strain sensors that can monitor various physical parameters an essential factor for realizing next generation electronics. Here, we report an ultrahigh stretchable and wearable device fabricated from dry-spun carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers. Stretching the highly oriented CNT fibers grown on a flexible substrate (Ecoflex) induces a constant decrease in the conductive pathways and contact areas between nanotubes depending on the stretching distance; this enables CNT fibers to behave as highly sensitive strain sensors. Owing to its unique structure and mechanism, this device can be stretched by over 900% while retaining high sensitivity, responsiveness, and durability. Furthermore, the device with biaxially oriented CNT fiber arrays shows independent cross-sensitivity, which facilitates simultaneous measurement of strains along multiple axes. We demonstrated potential applications of the proposed device, such as strain gauge, single and multiaxial detecting motion sensors. These devices can be incorporated into various motion detecting systems where their applications are limited to their strain.
Solid-State<sup>13</sup>C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Four Crystalline Forms of Isotactic Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (1997)

Four crystalline forms of isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (i-P4MP) (forms I, II, II, and IV) have been studied through solid-state 13C NMR CP-MAS spectroscopy. The assignment of the resonances observed in the 13C NMR CP-MAS spectra was made by dipolar dephasing experiments. The presence in all spectra of two distinct resonances, separated by ≈3 ppm, of the methyl carbons indicates that the two methyls belonging to the monomeric unit are nonequivalent. This has been explained on the basis of the γ-gauche shielding interaction and of the conformations of polymer chains and lateral groups. The resonances observed in the spectrum of form III are markedly deshielded compared to those of other forms, whereas the resonances of form I are deshielded compared to those of form IV. This deshielding has been consistently interpreted on the hypothesis that the amount of the γ-gauche shielding effect depends on the value of the torsion angles of the main chain. Indeed, the torsion angles of the main chain for the 7/2 helical conformation of form I deviate, on average, by 12−15° from the exact staggered values of 60° and 180° (the average values of the torsion angles are θ1 = 72° and θ2 = 195°); they deviate by 22−26° for the 4/1 helical conformation of form III (θ1 = 82° and θ2 = 206°). The γ-gauche shielding parameter, normally −5 ppm when the gauche angle is nearly 60°, decreases to a value between −2 and −2.5 ppm when the torsion angle deviates by nearly 20° from 60°. In the form IV, the upfield shift of the resonances, compared to forms I and III indicates that the carbon atoms experience a full γ-gauche shielding interaction and, hence, the main chain torsion angles θ1 and θ2 are near 60 and 180°, respectively, typical of a helical 3/1 conformation. This analysis allows us to suggest that the form IV of i-P4MP is characterized by chains in 3/1 helical conformation. The resonances of the methyl carbons of the four forms of i-P4MP show narrow splittings (1−2 ppm) which should be traced back to packing effects. This has provided a chance of testing the packing model of form I and form III proposed in the literature. In the spectrum of form I, the resonance of backbone methine carbons is also split in a doublet. This splitting is due to conformational effects, rather than packing effects and confirms that, according to the refinement of the crystal structure of form I, the chains assume a helical conformation slightly distorted from the uniform 7/2 helix. The succession of torsion angles along the main chain is ...TGT‘G‘T‘‘G‘‘..., instead of (TG)n. Therefore, backbone methine carbons of different monomeric units are conformationally nonequivalent because they experience different amounts of γ-gauche shielding effects owing to different values of the gauche torsion angle θ1 of different monomeric units.
Optical properties of multilayer metal-dielectric nanofilms with all-evanescent modes (2005)

We present a systematic study of mode characteristics of multilayer metal-dielectric (M-D) nanofilm structures. This structure can be described as a coupled-plasmon-resonantwaveguide (CPRW), a special case of coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW). Similar to a photonic crystal, the M-D is periodic, but there is a major difference in that the fields are evanescent everywhere in the M-D structure as in a nanoplasmonic structure. The transmission coefficient exhibits periodic oscillation with increasing number of periods. As a result of surface-plasmon-enhanced resonant tunneling, a 100% transmission occurs periodically at certain thicknesses of the M-D structure, depending on the wavelength, lattice constants, and excitation conditions. This structure indicates that a transparent material can be composed from non-transparent materials by alternatively stacking different materials of thin layers. The general properties of the CPRW and resonant tunneling phenomena are discussed.
Electromagnetically generated extracorporeal shock waves for gallstone lithotripsy: <i>in vitro</i> experiments and clinical relevance (1989)

First generation shock wave sources have been proved to disintegrate gallstones effectively, but they require the immersion of the patient's body in a tank of water. A recently developed second generation shock wave source (Siemens-Lithostar, Erlangen, FRG) generates shock waves electromagnetically. It presents several novel features. In particular the waterbath can be omitted and due to lower shock wave pressure general anaesthesia is not required. In vitro studies showed that 36 out of 38 gallstones (11-30 mm in diameter) could be disintegrated. Two concrements resisting lithotripsy were pure white cholesterol stones. Independent of shape, size, and composition (cholesterol or pigment) the maximum diameter of remaining fragments after lithotripsy was between 1 and 8 mm. For sufficient disintegration precise focusing (+/- 1 cm) of the stones and maximum power of the shock wave generator were required.
Role of tri- and dimethylsilanes in tailoring chromatographic adsorbents (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRole of tri- and dimethylsilanes in tailoring chromatographic adsorbentsR. K. Gilpin and M. F. BurkeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1973, 45, 8, 1383–1389Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60330a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60330a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views103Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Browser Games for Online Communities (2010)

Games played directly inside the web browser have many benefits. Browser games do not need software installation. Furthermore since the web has become the ultimate collaboration environment, the games are available for numerous players that can play in collaborative fashion. Through history online communities have birth alongside with browser games. Nowadays online communities have achieved massive user numbers and those can be important part of the browser game itself. This article targets at analyzing and categorizing of browser games. We also discuss financial opportunities relating to browser games and technologies used in those.
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy versus Zidovudine/Nevirapine Effects on Early Breast Milk HIV Type-1 RNA: A Phase II Randomized Clinical Trial (2008)

HAART resulted in lower breast milk HIV-1 RNA than ZDV/NVP; however, ZDV/NVP yielded comparable breast milk HIV-1 RNA levels in the first 2 weeks post-partum. Breast milk HIV-1 RNA remained suppressed in the ZDV/NVP arm despite increased plasma HIV-1 levels, which might reflect local drug effects or compartmentalization.
Ethnicity and Health Service Use in a Women's Prison (1999)

ABSTRACT This paper highlights the findings in relation to health need, ethnicity, and health service use among a sample of women in prison. Medical records review for 129 women and interviews with 15 women were conducted to determine factors associated with differential service use. Statistical analyses reveal that ethnicity and an interaction between ethnicity and whether one is on medication at prison admission (a health need variable) significantly predict extent of service use. Women of color use fewer services overall, with the exception of those on medication. Qualitative analyses reveal that women of color view the quality of medical care and the ways they are treated less positively than White women. Implications for equitable service provision are explored.
Role of Monoterpenes in Grape and Wine Flavor (1986)

This review brings up to date developments in the field of grape and wine monoterpenes with emphasis on formation of volatile flavorants from flavorless precursors. Data are presented substantiating the importance of monoterpenes to grape and wine flavor and the extent to which these compounds contribute to varietal character. The various forms of monoterpenes present in grapes and the significance of the different forms to winemaking are examined. Sections on pre- and postharvest influences as well as analytical techniques are included along with suggestions for future research in the field.
Vortex via validation (2003)

The first vortex masks composed of rectangles with phases of 0&deg;, 90&deg;, 180&deg; and 270&deg; - as proposed at Photomask 2002 - have been fabricated and shown to print sub-100nm contacts. The walls of the phase trenches are very nearly vertical, with all four phase regions meeting at sharp corners which define the phase singularities. Arrays with pitches down to 210nm have been printed in negative DUV resist using KrF illumination with NA=0.73 and sigma=0.15. The developed contacts are somewhat elliptical, but their shapes can be corrected (if necessary) by OPC techniques. The depth of focus for +/-10% CD variation is >400nm for 85nm CD vias at 210nm pitch and >700nm for 100nm vias at 250nm pitch. The exposure latitude is ~15% at best focus. At constant exposure dose, the via CDs vary with pitch as predicted by simulations. Increasing exposure dose makes the openings smaller, more uniform and more circular. No significant surface development has appeared due to phase-edge printing. However, the spacewidth alternation phenomenon familiar from linear chromeless phase-edge lithography does cause small positional errors for vortex vias, and each of the four vortices in the repeating pattern behaves somewhat differently through focus, potentially limiting the common process window.