gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zur photosensibilisierten O<sub>2</sub>‐Übertragung auf (+)‐Caren‐(3) (1965)

Abstract Die photosensibilisierte O 2 ‐Übertragung auf (+)‐Caren‐(3) ( 1 ) führt, nach Reduktion der dabei gebildeten Hydroperoxyde, zu drei optisch aktiven Allylalkoholen: ()‐Caren‐(2)‐ trans ‐ol‐(4) ( 2 ), (+)‐Caren‐(4)‐ trans ‐ol‐(3) ( 3 ) und ()‐Caren‐[4(10)]‐ trans ‐ol‐(3) ( 4 ) im Verhältnis von etwa 2:1:1. – Ebenso wie beim α‐Pinen erfolgt auch beim Caren‐(3) der Eintritt des Sauerstoffs ausschließlich auf derjenigen Seite des Moleküls, die von der raumerfüllenden Isopropylidengruppe abgewandt ist. Während α‐Pinen nur das trans ‐Pinocarveol liefert, werden bei Caren‐(3) sämtliche trans ‐Alkohole im angegebenen Verhältnis gefunden, die nach dem für die photosensibilisierte O 2 ‐Übertragung auf Olefine geltenden Prinzip der „indirekt substituierenden Addition in der Allylstellung”︁ zu erwarten sind. Das Ausbleiben der entsprechenden cis ‐Allylhydroperoxyde bzw. cis ‐Allylalkohole wird mit der sterischen Abschirmung durch die Isopropylidengruppe erklärt.
Partial lifetime control in IGBT by helium irradiation through mask patterns (2002)

Partial lifetime control for IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) performed by irradiated helium ions through a stainless steel mask is studied. This control technique localizes the presence of carrier recombination centers in the lateral direction as well as in depth profile. Using this technique, one can obtain better trade-off curves between on-state voltage and turn-off loss compared with maskless irradiation. Turn-off loss is reduced to 41% of that in the case of maskless irradiation at the same on-state voltage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Si micro-ring MUX/DeMUX WDM filters (2011)

We demonstrate 3rd order micro-ring filters, 100 GHz-spaced 16 channels and 50 GHz-spaced 32 channels. Fabrication-induced resonant wavelength errors, σ = 0.237 nm, and temperature-dependent wavelength shift, 0.043 nm/°C tolerable to ΔT>10 °C, has been measured on filters based on the fundamental TM mode. The problem of CMOS-compatible photolithography is solved, while maintaining a small radius, R = 9 μm. As some dummy channels are arranged, it is shown that an on-chip optical network for many cores CPU can be constructed by 16 channel ring filters with the currently available technology.
Formation of a synovial‐like membrane at the bone‐cement interface: Its role in bone resorption and implant loosening after total hip replacement (1986)

Histologic evaluation of tissue surrounding the loosened components after joint replacement reveals the presence of a synovial-like lining adjacent to the polymethyl methacrylate cement. The tissue is heavily infiltrated with particulate cement as well as polyethylene associated with a foreign body-type giant cell reaction. That this tissue response may be responsible for the bone lysis associated with loosening is suggested by the demonstration of high prostaglandin E2 levels and enhanced bone resorbing activity in the tissue culture medium of fragments from this membrane.
Predicting the Outcome of Salvage Radiation Therapy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy (2007)

Nearly half of patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy have a long-term PSA response to SRT when treatment is administered at the earliest sign of recurrence. The nomogram we developed predicts the outcome of SRT and should prove valuable for medical decision making for patients with a rising PSA level.
Inhibitory Action of Bacilis Cereus B_(3-7) Strain on Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici (2005)

Inhibitory action of Bacilis.cereus B_(3-7) strain on Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici 9812 strain was tested in the lab. The results showed that the inhibitory action was 69 %. The antifungal mechanism was mainly deformation of the cell of hypha. Colonization of B_(3-7) was studied with dual-resistant label which suggested that B_(3-7 ) strain could colonize in the root systems of wheat.
Epoxidation of Fatty Acid Esters with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Molybdenum Oxide–Tributyltin Chloride on Charcoal Catalyst (1986)

Abstract The epoxidation of fatty acid esters was carried out with a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a molybdenum oxide–tributyltin chloride on a charcoal catalyst in 2-propanol at 50 °C. Such inner olefins as ethyl erucate and ethyl oleate gave good yields of 77 and 76%, respectively. Ethyl elaidate, a trans-form of ethyl oleate, was less reactive (40% yield). Several vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, olive oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, and linseed oil were oxidized with the oxirane oxygen contents of 5.3 to 3.5%.
Transition Modeling for General CFD Applications in Aeronautics (2005)

A new correlation-based transition model has been developed, which is built strictly on local variables. As a result, the transition model is compatible with modern CFD techniques such as unstructured grids and massively parallel execution. The model is based on two transport equations, one for intermittency and one for a transition onset criterion in terms of momentum thickness Reynolds number. The proposed transport equations do not attempt to model the physics of the transition process (unlike e.g. turbulence models), but form a framework for the implementation of transition correlations into general-purpose CFD methods. The transition model was initially developed for turbomachinery flows. The main goal of the present paper is to validate the model for predicting transition in aeronautical flows. An incremental approach was used to validate the model, first on 2D airfoils and then on progressively more complicated test cases such as a 3-element flap, a 3D transonic wing and a full helicopter configuration. In all cases good agreement with the available experimental data was observed. The authors believe that the current formulation is a significant step forward in engineering transition modeling, as it allows the combination of transition correlations with general purpose CFD codes. There is a strong potential that the model will allow the 1 st order effects of transition to be included in everyday industrial CFD simulations.
Timing Sensitivity Analysis of Logical Nodes in Scan Design Integrated Circuits by Pulsed Diode Laser Stimulation (2008)

Abstract In this paper, a methodology based upon laser stimulation and a comparison of continuous wave and pulsed laser operation will be presented that localizes the fault relevant sites in a fully functional scan chain cell. The technique uses a laser incident from the backside to inject soft faults into internal nodes of a master-slave scan flip-flop in consequence of localized photocurrent. Depending on the illuminated type of the transistors (n- or p-type), injection of a logic ‘0’ or ‘1’ into the master or the slave stage of a flip-flop takes place. The laser pulse is externally triggered and can easily be shifted to various time slots in reference to clock and scan pattern. This feature of the laser diode allows triggering the laser pulse on the rising or the falling edge of the clock. Therefore, it is possible to choose the stage of the flip-flop in which the fault injection should occur. It is also demonstrated that the technique is able to identify the most sensitive signal condition for fault injection with a better time resolution than the pulse width of the laser, a significant improvement for failure analysis of integrated circuits.
The Synthesis of Bithienyls and Terthienyls by Nickel-catalyzed Coupling of Grignard Reagents (1986)

The wupling of thienyl Grignard reagents and bromothiophene derivatives in the presence of Ni(dppp1Cl2 is particularly good for linking one thiophene derivative to the beta position of another one, as illustrated by the synthesis of 2.3-and 3.3'-bithienyl.The same pmcedure was used for the synthesis of 3,2':3',3"-, 3,2':4',3"-, 3,3':4',3"-, 2,2':3',3"-, and 2,2':3',2"-terthienyls, in yields ranging between 61 and 93%.
Bank of America: The Crest and Trough of Technological Leadership* (1997)

The Bank of America literally changed the banking industry during the 1950s by means of its ERMA and IBM 702 computer systems. These innovations in information technology resulted in a dominate design that helped keep the Bank of America in the lead for over a decade and a half. They were the collective work of a leader, Clark Beise, a maestro, Al Zipf, and a group of supertechs, all of whom became the prototypes for these crucial roles. Bank of America was the first organization, among a selected few, to successfully negotiate the innovation cascade leading from crisis to a dominant IT design. Due in large part to IBM’s failure to deliver a fully operational operating system for its 360/65, however, coinciding with the leadership’s attention toward international markets, in the late 1960s the Bank of America lost its lead. After several decades “in the trough, ” as a result of aggressive investment and leadership, the bank re-emerged as a strong competitor. This story of achieving alignment in strategy and structure by means of technological innovation, of the almost tragic breaking of that alignment, and of fervent efforts made to gain realignment illuminates some of the most important lessons of IT management that can be learned from the field’s relatively recent, but dramatic, history.
&lt;title&gt;Visualizing abstract information using motion properties of data-driven infoticles&lt;/title&gt; (2004)

This paper presents a novel exploratory information visualization technique that allows users to analyze time-varying characteristics of large datasets within immersive virtual reality environments. This metaphor represents data objects as particles, coined infoticles, which are placed inside a three-dimensional scene. Forces correspond to specific data value conditions and influence matching infoticles according to the rules of Newtonian mechanics. In addition, infoticles are driven by a set of local behavior rules that react upon successive data updates, hereby generating distinct emergent motion typologies which are visually interpretable by users. These data patterns can be detected dynamically by observing the spatial transformations of infoticle streams, or statically, by interpreting the shapes of individual pathlines. This visualization method exploits the qualities of immersive virtual reality technology as it combines the characteristics of behavior generation and motion perception with the concepts of spatial awareness and stereoscopic vision. Infoticles are useful in visualizing time-varying characteristics of large, dynamic datasets because of their cognitively distinguishable and interpretative animation properties. The generation and evolution of infoticle patterns are based upon empirically defined grammatical rules. These visualization principles are demonstrated using the access logs of an internal knowledge document management website of a global consultancy company.
Enhancement of Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Delivery to Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes and Synovium by Fiber Modifications: Role of Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid (RGD)- and Non-RGD-Binding Integrins (2005)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) do not express the coxsackie-adenovirus (Ad) receptor and are poorly permissive to Ad serotype 5 (Ad5). Genetically modified, coxsackie-Ad receptor-independent Ad5 vectors were studied for gene delivery in human RA FLS and synovium explants and murine collagen-induced arthritis. Short-fiber Ad5 vectors with seven fiber shaft repeats Ad5GFP-R7-knob, Ad5GFP-R7-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) (RGD-liganded), and Ad5GFPDeltaknob (knob-deleted) were compared with Ad5GFP-FiWT, a conventional wild-type (WT) Ad5 vector. Gene transfer by Ad5GFP-R7-knob and Ad5GFP-R7-RGD was 40- to 50-fold and 25-fold higher, respectively, than Ad5GFP-FiWT in FLS. Ad5GFPDeltaknob was more efficacious than its knob-bearing version Ad5GFP-R7-knob in FLS transduction. Virus attachment and entry required RGD- and LDV-binding integrins including alpha(v), alpha(v)beta3, a(v)beta5, and beta1. Ad5GFP-R7-knob infection of FLS was partially neutralized by synovial fluid (SF), but remained 30- to 40-fold higher than Ad5GFP-FiWT in the presence of SF. Ad5GFPDeltaknob was partially neutralized by SF at low virus input, but escaped viral neutralization by SF at higher virus input. Gene transfer to human synovium ex vivo explants and murine collagen-induced arthritis in vivo was also more efficient with short fiber-modified vectors (with and without the knob domain) than Ad5GFPFiWT. Gene transfer by short fiber-modified vectors was enhanced by inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in the presence of inflammation in murine synovium in vivo. Our data indicated that the highly efficient gene delivery RA was mediated by RGD- and non-RGD-binding integrins and enhanced by inflammation. Short fiber modifications with knob ablation may be a strategy to enhance gene delivery, reducing vector dose and vector-induced inflammation and toxicity.
Measurement of Retinal Vascular Caliber: Issues and Alternatives to Using the Arteriole to Venule Ratio (2006)

The findings suggest AVR provides less information with regards to predicting systemic outcomes than its two components. Modeling arteriolar and venular calibers separately could be biased by confounding, while modeling both simultaneously appears to provide unbiased, biologically plausible results. The use of this approach is recommended in future research relating retinal vascular caliber to systemic or ocular outcomes.
PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS ON SEED DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDETERMINATE GAMETOPHYTE GENE IN MAIZE (1971)

Not more than half the seeds borne by maize plants of the W23 inbred strain, homozygous for a mutant gene termed “indeterminate gametophyte” ( ig ), develop normally. The remainder exhibit polyembryony (6 %), heterofertilization (7 %), elevated ploidy level of the endosperm (45 %), or other less frequent anomalies. The ig effects were identified and characterized by chromosome counts and genetic tests. Twins were regularly found to be diploid and concordant for heterozygous marker genes introduced maternally. When the marker genes were introduced paternally, twins frequently were non‐concordant, or the embryo and endosperm phenotypes did not correspond. The proportion of the various types and the absence of conjoined embryos indicated that, although identical in their maternal inheritance, the twins were regularly dizygotic. Those twins identical in paternal inheritance probably originate from the fertilization of two genetically identical eggs by the two sperm of one male gametophyte. When ig ig compared to normal diploid plants were pollinated by tetraploids, the proportion of plump seed formed was markedly increased. Evidently this result is the consequence of elevation of the endosperm ploidy level by the ig gene. The ig gene thus appears to interfere with differentiation of the components of the female gametophyte so that the number of eggs and polar nuclei, instead of being one and two, is indeterminate.
Social network-based trust in prioritized default logic (2006)

A drawback of traditional default logic is that there is no general mechanism for preferring one default rule over another. To remedy this problem, numerous default logics augmented with priority relations have been introduced. In this paper, we show how trust values, derived from web-based social networks, can be used to prioritize defaults. We provide a coupling between the method for computing trust values in social networks and the prioritized Reiter defaults of (Baader &amp;amp; Hollunder 1995), where specificity of terminological concepts is used to prioritize defaults. We compare our approach with specificity-based prioritization, and discuss how the two can be combined. Finally, we show how our approach can be applied to other variants of prioritized default logic.
Structural Patterns for the Transformation of Business Process Models (2006)

Due to company mergers and business to business interoperability, there is a need for model transformations in the area of business process modeling to facilitate scenarios like model integration and model synchronization. General model transformation approaches do not consider the special properties of business process models and horizontal transformation scenarios. Therefore, we propose a model transformation approach based on domainspecific patterns which are applied for analyzing business process models in a precise way. This approach facilitates the definition of business process model transformations, which can be easily adapted to different business process modeling languages and specific transformation problems. At the same time it supports the intuitive understanding of the domainexperts in business process modeling.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera to Bio-oil (2010)

Marine macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera, one of the main algae genera for green tide, was converted to bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction in a batch reactor at temperatures of 220−320 °C. The liquefaction products were separated into a dichloromethane-soluble fraction (bio-oil), water-soluble fraction, solid residue, and gaseous fraction. Effects of the temperature, reaction time, and Na2CO3 catalyst on the yields of liquefaction products were investigated. A moderate temperature of 300 °C with 5 wt % Na2CO3 and reaction time of 30 min led to the highest bio-oil yield of 23.0 wt %. The raw algae and liquefaction products were analyzed using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The higher heating values (HHVs) of bio-oils obtained at 300 °C were around 28−30 MJ/kg. The bio-oil was a complex mixture of ketones, aldehydes, phenols, alkenes, fatty acids, esters, aromatics, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. Acetic acid was the main component of the water-soluble products. The results might be helpful to find a possible strategy for use of byproducts of green tide as feedstock for bio-oil production, which should be beneficial for environmental protection and renewable energy development.
Beyond origami: using behavioural observations as a strategy to improve trap design (1992)

Abstract In contrast to ad hoc methods of developing traps for pest monitoring systems, a systematic approach using direct observation of animals allowed a greater understanding of the reasons why trap catch was significantly different in traps of basically similar design. The information gained using this approach could then be used to guide the further development of the trap. The same feature on two related designs of cockroach trap was varied: the slope of the ramp leading into the trap was either 60°, 30°, or 0°. The 30° ramp version of both traps caught significantly more Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). The 60° and 0° ramp versions both caught equal, lower, numbers but observation showed that these net catches were achieved by quite different means; few insects entered over the 60° ramps but none escaped, whereas all entered over the 0° ramps but half escaped. Similar approaches could be applied to other insect‐trap systems.
Advancing Proteomics with ion/ion Chemistry (2006)

Mass spectrometers, instruments that use electric and/or magnetic fields to measure a gas-phase ion's mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), are used in a wide variety of applications--with the field having a reputation for providing good sensitivity and high-informing power. Protein analysis (proteomics) is a relatively recent affair for the field and was enabled in the late 1980s with the advent of biomolecule ionization methods such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). Today, the area of protein analysis garners considerable attention from many in the mass spectrometry (MS) field; given the myriad of possible protein forms and their broad dynamic range (abundance) in the cell, the analytical challenge is paramount. Here we discuss a developing technology--ion/ion chemical reactions--that promises to transform how we think about and conduct protein sequence analysis via MS.
Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Imine Amidation (2005)

A new method for the Brønsted acid-catalyzed addition of amide nucleophiles to imines to produce protected aminal products is described. Simple Brønsted acids (phenyl phosphinic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonimide) were shown to be excellent catalysts, providing high yields of the aminal product. A catalytic asymmetric imine amidation using sulfonamides as nucleophiles was successful when a hindered biaryl phosphoric acid catalyst derived from 2,2'-diphenyl-[3,3'-biphenanthrene]-4,4'-diol (VAPOL) was used. Excellent yields and enantioselectivities were found in these additions (up to 99% ee).
Thermal diffusivity in thin films measured by noncontact single-ended pulsed-laser-induced thermal radiometry (1984)

A pulsed nitrogen laser is used to induce a sharp thermal gradient in a thin film, and the infrared thermal radiation from the irradiated region is monitored from the same side as the excitation beam (i.e., single-ended detection). We show that the profile of this pulsed photothermal radiometry signal can be analyzed to provide the thermal diffusivity or thickness of the sample as well as information on subsurface modifications or the degree of thermal contact with a substrate. We present data for several important classes of film, including metal, polymer, and paper (e.g., in currency) and show the important features of the present technique for thin-film characterization, namely, nondestructive, fast, and remote sensing.
Compact dual‐band antenna using inverted‐L loop and inner rectangular loop for WLAN applications (2015)

A small loop antenna for WLAN applications is proposed, which is comprised of an inverted‐L loop and an inner rectangular loop achieving dual‐band resonances within a compact size of 4.5 mm × 6.5 mm. A series capacitor in the feeding loop is employed for impedance matching of both bands and a shunt capacitor for high band, respectively. The proposed compact antenna is able to achieve −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 120 and 1260 MHz and average radiation efficiency of 69 and 61% in the 2.4 GHz band and the 5 GHz band, respectively.
Correction of off resonance‐related distortion in echo‐planar imaging using EPI‐based field maps (1998)

We present, here, a simple method for measurement and correction of off-resonance related geometric distortion in echo-planar imaging (EPI). This method uses high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) EPI-based field maps, rapidly acquired using a series of gradient recalled images collected across a range of TE values. This field map is distorted in the same manner as the EPI images to be unwarped, providing a direct look-up table for the correct location of each pixel of data. This method adds very little scan time and is robust and easy to implement.