gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wall-Motion Based Analysis of Global and Regional Left Atrial Mechanics (2013)

Atrial fibrillation is an increasingly prevalent cardiovascular disease; changes in atrial structure and function induced by atrial fibrillation and its treatments are often spatially heterogeneous. However, spatial heterogeneity of function is difficult to assess with standard imaging techniques. This paper describes a method to assess global and regional mechanical function by combining cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and finite-element surface fitting. We used this fitted surface to derive measures of left atrial volume, regional motion, and spatial heterogeneity of motion in 23 subjects, including healthy volunteers and atrial fibrillation patients. We fit the surfaces using a Newton optimization scheme in under 1 min on a standard laptop, with a root mean square error of 2.3 ± 0.5 mm, less than 9% of the mean fitted radius, and an inter-operator variability of less than 10%. Fitted surfaces showed clear definition of the phases of left atrial motion (filling, passive emptying, active contraction) in both volume-time and regional radius-time curves. Averaged surfaces of healthy volunteers and atrial fibrillation patients provided evidence of substantial regional variation in both amount and timing of regional motion, indicating spatial heterogeneity of function, even in healthy adults.
Nitric Acid, Nitrous Acid, and Nitrogen Oxides (2000)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Nitric Acid 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Properties 1.3. Industrial Production 1.3.1. Oxidation of Ammonia 1.3.2. Oxidation and Absorption of Nitrogen Oxides 1.3.3. Equipment 1.3.3.1. Filters and Mixers 1.3.3.2. Burners and Waste‐Heat Boilers 1.3.3.3. Compressors and Turbines 1.3.3.4. Heat Exchangers and Columns 1.3.3.5. Construction Materials 1.3.4. Processes 1.3.4.1. Weak Acid Processes 1.3.4.2. Concentrated Acid Processes 1.4. Environmental Protection 1.4.1. Wastewater 1.4.2. Stack Gas 1.4.2.1. Emission Limits 1.4.2.2. Analysis 1.4.2.3. Control of NO x Emissions 1.5. Storage and Transportation 1.6. Uses and Economic Aspects 2. Nitrous Acid 3. Nitrogen Oxides 3.1. Dinitrogen Monoxide 3.2. Nitrogen Monoxide 3.3. Nitrogen Dioxide and Dinitrogen Tetroxide 3.4. Dinitrogen Trioxide 3.5. Dinitrogen Pentoxide 4. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Viscosity Increase with Temperature in Cationic Surfactant Solutions Due to the Growth of Wormlike Micelles (2005)

Wormlike micellar solutions based on ionic surfactants typically show an exponential decrease in viscosity upon heating. Here, we report the unusual observation of an increasing viscosity with temperature in certain cationic wormlike micellar solutions. The solutions contain a cationic surfactant with an erucyl (C22, mono-unsaturated) tail and an organic salt, sodium hydroxynaphthalene carboxylate (SHNC). When these solutions are heated, their zero-shear viscosity increases over a range of temperatures. In some cases, the viscosity reaches a peak at a certain temperature and then decreases with further heating. The magnitude of the viscosity increase, the onset of this increase, and the peak temperature can all be tuned by varying the SHNC concentration. Small-angle neutron scattering is used to study the origin of this unusual rheological behavior. The data reveal that the contour length of the micelles increases with temperature, in tandem with the rise in viscosity. A possible explanation for the contour length increase, based on a temperature-dependent counterion binding, is discussed.
Effects of Asparagine, Fructose, and Baking Conditions on Acrylamide Content in Yeast-Leavened Wheat Bread (2004)

A repeatable procedure for studying the effects of internal and external factors on acrylamide content in yeast-leavened wheat bread has been developed. The dough contained wheat endosperm flour with a low content of precursors for acrylamide formation (asparagine and reducing sugars), dry yeast, salt, and water. The effects of asparagine and fructose, added to the dough, were studied in an experiment with a full factorial design. More than 99% of the acrylamide was found in the crust. Added asparagine dramatically increased the content of acrylamide in crusts dry matter (from about 80 microg/kg to between 600 and 6000 microg/kg) while added fructose did not influence the content. The effects of temperature and time of baking were studied in another experiment using a circumscribed central composite design. Mainly temperature (above 200 degrees C) but also time increased the acrylamide content in crust dry matter (from below 10 to 1900 microg/kg), and a significant interaction was found between these two factors. When baked at different conditions with the same ingredients, a highly significant relationship (P < 0.001) between color and acrylamide content in crust was found. Added asparagine, however, did not increase color, showing that mainly other amino compounds are involved in the browning reactions.
A seven-dimensional approach to graphics (1997)

As the media used for delivering documentation and information about computer systems become more diversified and multimodal, a new, broader perspective of the graphics and illustrations used for supporting documentation is needed. Information developers, already challenged with understanding graphic design and illustration fundamentals for hardcopy, now have a plethora of new graphical considerations in a world that encompasses multimedia, 3D computer animation, virtual reality, and the internet. This paper proposes a seven-dimensional spectrum or framework for graphics. It is certainly not meant to be a detailed how-to guide---to address in detail all the graphical techniques and technologies touched upon would require several volumes. Rather, the discussion is meant to present a broader perspective and unifying psychological framework to help documentation experts deal with the increasingly complex galaxy of graphics-use scenarios they will face in the future. Each graphical dimension addressed in the paper is progressively more future-oriented, and will require a greater synergism between participants in the documentation process, and between the information delivery technologies they command.
Developing Custom Firmware for the Red Storm SeaStar Network Interface. (2005)

The Red Storm SeaStar network interface contains an embedded PowerPC 440 CPU that, out-of-thebox, is used solely to handle network protocol processing. Since this is a fully programmable general purpose CPU, network researchers may wish to program it to perform additional tasks such as NIC-based collective operations and NIC-level computation. This paper describes our experiences developing custom firmware for the SeaStar. In order to make the SeaStar more accessible to non-experts, we have developed a C version of the assembly-based firmware provided by Cray. This high-level language firmware should be much easier to understand and to quickly extend with new features. A detailed overview of the SeaStar programming environment and our C firmware will be presented along with optimization techniques that we have found beneficial.
Thermal transport studies of electrically conducting materials using the transient hot-strip technique (1986)

The transient hot-strip (THS) method has been used for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity studies of electrically conducting materials by introducing a thin electrically insulating layer between the hot strip and the metallic material under study. The insulating layer introduces a certain thermal contact resistance between the hot strip (heat source cum temperature sensor) and the surface of the sample to be studied. To account for this thermal resistance a theory has been developed which indicates how measurements on these kind of materials should be performed and how the reduction of data from transient recordings should be carried out to give reliable results. The new experimental approach, which should be applied whenever a thermal contact resistance is suspected, has been demonstrated by two series of measurements on a stainless steel at room temperature.
Fundamental investigation of negative tone development (NTD) for the 22nm node (and beyond) (2011)

In this work, we investigate the Negative Tone Develop (NTD) process from a fundamental materials/process interaction perspective. Several key differences exist between a negative tone develop process and a traditional positive tone develop system. For example, the organic solvent dissolves the unexposed material, while the deprotected resist remains intact. This causes key differences in key patterning properties, such as pattern collapse, adhesion, remaining resist, and photoresist etch selectivity. We have carried out fundamental studies to understand these new interactions between developer and remaining resist with negative tone develop systems. We have characterized the dynamic dissolution behavior of a model system with a quartz crystal microbalance with both positive and negative tone solvent developers. We have also compared contrast curves, and a fundamental model of image collapse. In addition, we present first results on Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) modeling results of current Negative Tone Develop (NTD) resist/developer systems.
Adapalene biochemistry and the evolution of a new topical retinoid for treatment of acne (2001)

The emergence of oral and topical retinoids was a major advance in the clinical management of acne vulgaris. However, the benefits of these agents were somewhat limited by the degree of side effects caused by these drugs. Over the last 15 years, researchers have sought compounds that can provide the manifold therapeutic benefits obtained with tretinoin and isotretinoin while minimizing the potential for irritation and other unwanted effects. Adapalene, a naphthoic-acid derivative, is one result of this search, and it serves as an example of rational drug development: the formulation of a novel substance with specific pharmacological properties and clinical objectives in mind. These goals included enhancing stability, enhancing anti-inflammatory effects, maintaining effectiveness and minimizing cutaneous irritation. This paper reviews the history of the development of adapalene, its unique physical and biochemical properties, and the pharmacological studies that demonstrate a wide range of retinoid-receptor, genetic and anti-inflammatory effects, all of which contribute to the therapeutic efficacy and improved tolerability of adapalene observed in the clinical use of this agent for the treatment of acne.
USING NUCLEAR METHODS IN OIL WELL LOGGING (1958)

Recent improvements on methods of calibration, theoretical treatments in simulated geometeries, measurements in sample wells, and field work are discussed. Nuclear logs are the only ones that work under almost any borehole conditions: in dry, open holes; in open holes filled with mud, salt water, oil, or gas; in cased holes dry or filled with fiuid. Information is included on the following types: natural-gamma-ray logs, scattered-gamma-ray or gamma-gamma logs, neutron-neutron logs, and neutron-gamma logs- (J.H.M.)
Counter-Based Power Modeling Methods: Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up (2012)

Journal Article Counter-Based Power Modeling Methods: Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Get access Ramon Bertran, Ramon Bertran * 1Barcelona Supercomputing Center. Cr. Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain *Corresponding author: rbertran@ac.upc.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Marc Gonzàlez, Marc Gonzàlez 2Department of Computer Architecture, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Cr. Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Xavier Martorell, Xavier Martorell 1Barcelona Supercomputing Center. Cr. Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Nacho Navarro, Nacho Navarro 2Department of Computer Architecture, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Cr. Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Eduard Ayguadé Eduard Ayguadé 1Barcelona Supercomputing Center. Cr. Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Computer Journal, Volume 56, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 198–213, https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxs116 Published: 24 August 2012 Article history Received: 23 January 2012 Revision received: 18 May 2012 Published: 24 August 2012
Validation of Normalizations, Scaling, and Photofading Corrections for FRAP Data Analysis (2015)

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) has been a versatile tool to study transport and reaction kinetics in live cells. Since the fluorescence data generated by fluorescence microscopy are in a relative scale, a wide variety of scalings and normalizations are used in quantitative FRAP analysis. Scaling and normalization are often required to account for inherent properties of diffusing biomolecules of interest or photochemical properties of the fluorescent tag such as mobile fraction or photofading during image acquisition. In some cases, scaling and normalization are also used for computational simplicity. However, to our best knowledge, the validity of those various forms of scaling and normalization has not been studied in a rigorous manner. In this study, we investigate the validity of various scalings and normalizations that have appeared in the literature to calculate mobile fractions and correct for photofading and assess their consistency with FRAP equations. As a test case, we consider linear or affine scaling of normal or anomalous diffusion FRAP equations in combination with scaling for immobile fractions. We also consider exponential scaling of either FRAP equations or FRAP data to correct for photofading. Using a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches, we show that compatible scaling schemes should be applied in the correct sequential order; otherwise, erroneous results may be obtained. We propose a hierarchical workflow to carry out FRAP data analysis and discuss the broader implications of our findings for FRAP data analysis using a variety of kinetic models.
The Behavior of Forecast Error Covariances for a Kalman Filter in Two Dimensions (1991)

A Kalman filter algorithm is implemented for a linearized shallow-water model over the continental United States. It is used to assimilate simulated data from the existing radiosonde network, from the demonstration network of 31 Doppler wind profilers in the central United States, and from hypothetical radiometers located at five of the profiler sites. We provide some theoretical justification of Phillips' hypothesis, and we use the hypothesis, with some modification, to formulate the model error covariance matrix required by the Kalman filter. Our results show that assimilating the profiler wind data leads to a large reduction of forecast/analysis error in heights as well as in winds, over the profiler region and also downstream, when compared with the results of assimilating the radiosonde data alone. The forecast error covariance matrices that the Kalman filter calculates to obtain this error reduction, however, differ considerably from those prescribed by the optimal interpolation schemes that are employed for data assimilation at operational centers. Height-height forecast error correlation functions spread out broadly over the profiler region. Height-wind correlation functions for a base point near the boundary of the profiler region are not antisymmetric with respect to the line of zero correlation, nor does the zero-line pass through the base point. We explain why these effects on forecast error correlations are to be expected for wind profilers, which provide abundant wind information but no height information. Our explanation is supported by further experiments in which height observations assimilated from radiometers at just a few profiler sites reduce these effects.
DC-voltage and cycling induced recovery of switched polarisation in fatigued ferroelectric thin films (1995)

Abstract We report results on electric DC-field induced and self induced recovery of the switched remanent polarisation (Pr s) in fatigued ferroelectric thin films. The field induced recovery is characterised by a strong asymmetry and depends on the ratio between the fatiguing and DC-field magnitudes. It is also dependent on the period of application of the DC-field. The self recovery effect occurs on further cycling beyond the fatigued state. It is dependent on the fatiguing field magnitude and also, if the cycling is performed with a square wave function, on the switching frequency. For both effects we propose a tentative explanation based on the pinning of ferroelectric domain walls by negatively charged defects close to the top electrode and on the annihilation of those defects by positively charged defects, the nature of which remains to be disclosed.
Endotoxemia in Dairy Cattle: Role of Eicosanoids in Reticulorumen Stasis (1993)

The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the forestomach stasis induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin was evaluated. Six adult Holstein cows received saline solution; endotoxin at 1, 10, and 100 ng/kg of body weight; flunixin meglumine at 1.1 mg/kg of body weight; and flunixin meglumine at 1.1 mg/kg plus endotoxin at 100 ng/kg. The frequency of reticulorumen contractions, mental attitude, body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, and thromboxane were evaluated. Administration of saline solution and endotoxin at 1 ng/kg had no significant effects. Administration of endotoxin at 10 ng/kg did not cause significant clinical effects or alter reticulorumen contractions but enhanced synthesis of thromboxane. Administration of endotoxin at 100 ng/kg caused mild clinical signs of stasis, reduced the frequency of reticulorumen contractions, and enhanced synthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin. Reticulorumen stasis was not accompanied by an increase in the plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2. Flunixin meglumine abolished endotoxin-induced reticulorumen stasis, tachycardia, and synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites. Reticulorumen stasis during bovine endotoxemia is caused either by enhanced synthesis of an arachidonic acid metabolite other than prostaglandin E2 or by local synthesis of prostaglandin E2.
Challenges &amp;#38;amp; Solutions for High Volume Production in SiGe BICMOS &amp;#38;amp; CMOS Technologies for High-Frequency and Optical Communications (2015)

This paper presents the main results of advanced BICMOS and CMOS technologies able to address new challenges in high speed optical and wireless communications for customer products and markets. Typically smart phones, smart cars, IoT and WLC massive data transfer are in our daily life. Thus, features and performances of active and passive devices on bulk and UTBB FDSOI technologies are discussed. Process, device topologies and RF characterizations of state of the art SiGe HBT BiCMOS55 and MOS transistors are mainly shown even for low power applications. Moreover, to reach high volume production, the Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) high frequency protection is one key contributor in this frame. This last point will be focused in term of generic approaches and solutions for integrated circuit designers.
Protons selectively induce lasting excitation and sensitization to mechanical stimulation of nociceptors in rat skin, in vitro (1992)

In ischemic and in inflamed tissues, pH levels down to 5.4 have been measured, and this local acidosis may contribute to pain and hyperalgesia in disease states. To evaluate the role of acid pH in nociception, we have studied identified primary afferents in a rat skin-saphenous nerve preparation in vitro where the receptive fields can be superfused at the highly permeable corium side with controlled solutions. The nerve endings were exposed to CO2-saturated synthetic interstitial fluid (SIF;pH 6.1) and to carbogen-gassed SIF phosphate buffered to different acid pH levels (5 min duration, 10 min intervals). Mechanical thresholds were repeatedly tested in a "blind" fashion by von Frey hair stimulation. Low-threshold mechanosensitive A beta- (n = 12) and A delta-fibers (n = 11) were not excited or sensitized by acid pH levels. In 24 of 96 nociceptor type C- and A delta-fibers, irregular low-frequency discharge with poor response characteristics was induced. However, a distinct subpopulation of mechanoheat sensitive, "polymodal" C-units (n = 25; 38%) showed stimulus-related responses increasing with proton concentration and encoding the time course of the pH change. Threshold levels were found to range from pH 6.9 to 6.1; mean maximum discharge was at pH 5.2. All such fibers responded to CO2 as well as to phosphate-buffered solution at the same pH 6.1. The CO2 responses, however, displayed significantly shorter latencies and more pronounced dynamic phases. The carboanhydrase blocker acetazolamide markedly delayed and reduced the CO2 responses. Prolonged application of acid pH (30 min) evoked nonadapting activity irrespective of oxygen supply. Many, but certainly not all, fibers sensitive to protons were also driven by capsaicin (10(-6) M, 10(-5) M) and vice versa. Repeated or prolonged treatment with low pH induced a significant and lasting decrease of the mechanical (von Frey) thresholds in almost all C-fibers tested (from 35 to 16 mN, on average), and this occurred whether or not a fiber was excited by protons. The sensitizing effect was more pronounced the higher the initial von Frey thresholds (0.75 rank correlation). This sensitization to mechanical stimulation was in contrast to the combined action of other inflammatory mediators, bradykinin, 5-HT, histamine and prostaglandin E2. In conclusion, we suggest that pH sensitivity of nociceptors may be an important source of pain and hyperalgesia.
Influences of lamin A levels on induction of pluripotent stem cells (2012)

Lamin A is an inner nuclear membrane protein that maintains nuclear structure integrity, is involved in transcription, DNA damage response and genomic stability, and also links to cell differentiation, senescence, premature aging and associated diseases. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been successfully generated from various types of cells and used to model human diseases. It remains unclear whether levels of lamin A influence reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotent states during iPS induction. Consistently, lamin A is expressed more in differentiated than in relatively undifferentiated somatic cells, and increases in expression levels with age. Somatic cells with various expression levels of lamin A differ in their dynamics and efficiency during iPS cell induction. Cells with higher levels of lamin A show slower reprogramming and decreased efficiency to iPS cells. Furthermore, depletion of lamin A by transient shRNA accelerates iPS cell induction from fibroblasts. Reduced levels of lamin A are associated with increased expression of pluripotent genes Oct4 and Nanog, and telomerase genes Tert and Terc. On the contrary, overexpression of lamin A retards somatic cell reprogramming to iPS-like colony formation. Our data suggest that levels of lamin A influence reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells and that artificial silencing of lamin A facilitates iPS cell induction. These findings may have implications in enhancing rejuvenation of senescent or older cells by iPS technology and manipulating lamin A levels.
Zero total dispersion in graded-index single-mode fibres (1979)

The combined effects of composite material dispersion, profile and waveguide dispersion can be made zero at a wavelength which depends on core diameter, refractive-index profile and composition. Wide bandwidths over large repeater spacings are therefore possible although close fabrication tolerances may be required.