gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuroreceptor Assay with Positron Emission Tomography: Equilibrium versus Dynamic Approaches (1986)

With recent successful syntheses of positron-la­ beled ligands for various neurotransmitter systems, the capability for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and quantitation of neuroreceptors in humans is becoming a reality. A number of neu­ rotransmitter systems including dopaminergic (Garnett el aI. , 1983; Wagner et aI. , 1983; Mintun et aI. , 1984; Wong et aI. , 1984; Arnett et aI. , 1985; Barrio et aI. , 1986; Farde et aI. , 1986), opiate (Frost et aI. , 1985), and benzodiazepine (Samson et aI. , 1985; Frost et aI. , 1986) systems have been studied with PET. The initial results of these studies have demonstrated the great potential of PET for investi­ gating chemical mechanisms and regulatory pro­ cesses of neurotransmission in the intact, func­ tioning human brain. In addition PET can provide the means to examine and assay the interaction of drugs that modify neurotransmitter functions or processes. This approach provides localized mea­ surements in the living human brain as opposed to other existing techniques where access to these processes is through examining blood and cerebral spinal fluid, which are at a long biochemical dis­ tance from their sites of action in cerebral tissue. Several techniques for quantitative in vivo assays of neuroreceptor densities and binding affinities with PET have recently been reported in this journal (Perlmutter et aI. , 1986; Wong et aI. , 1986a,b) and in others (Mintun et aI. , 1984; Farde et aI. , 1986). Most techniques, at present, are based on a model (Fig. 1) that is similar in form to the
<i>In vitro</i> modeling to determine mutation specificity of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors against clinically relevant <i>EGFR</i> mutants in non-small-cell lung cancer (2015)

EGFR mutated lung cancer accounts for a significant subgroup of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Over the last decade, multiple EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been developed to target mutated EGFR. However, there is little information regarding mutation specific potency of EGFR-TKIs against various types of EGFR mutations. The purpose of this study is to establish an in vitro model to determine the "therapeutic window" of EGFR-TKIs against various types of EGFR mutations, including EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. The potency of 1st (erlotinib), 2nd (afatinib) and 3rd (osimertinib and rociletinib) generation EGFR-TKIs was compared in vitro for human lung cancer cell lines and Ba/F3 cells, which exogenously express mutated or wild type EGFR. An in vitro model of mutation specificity was created by calculating the ratio of IC50 values between mutated and wild type EGFR. The in vitro model identified a wide therapeutic window of afatinib for exon 19 deletions and L858R and of osimertinib and rociletinib for T790M positive mutations. The results obtained with our models matched well with previously reported preclinical and clinical data. Interestingly, for EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations, most of which are known to be resistant to 1st and 2nd generation EGFR-TKIS, osimertinib was potent and presented a wide therapeutic window. To our knowledge, this is the first report that has identified the therapeutic window of osimertinib for EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. In conclusion, this model will provide a preclinical rationale for proper selection of EGFR-TKIs against clinically-relevant EGFR mutations.
Optimization of pulse radiation from a simple antenna using resistive loading (1992)

Abstract The performance of a simple antenna, the open‐ended parallel‐plate waveguide, is optimized for pulse radiation by including a section of waveguide with tapered resistive loading. The novelty of the optimization is that the resistive loading is not only used in the traditional sense to reduce internal reflections, but the frequency dispersion inherent in the loading is also used to compensate for the distortion of the pulse on radiation from the open end. The analysis and optimization are performed using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) technique. The approach introduced here for optimizing this simple radiator should be applicable to more complex, practical antennas. © 1992 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Time-dependent rheological behaviour of blood flow at low shear in narrow horizontal tubes (1989)

Magnitude and time-dependence of the effects of red cell aggregation and sedimentation on the rheology of human blood were studied during low shear (tau W 2.5 to 92 mPa) flow through horizontal tubes (ID 25 to 105 microns). Immediately following reduction of perfusion pressure to a low value the red cell concentration near the tube walls decreases as a result of red cell aggregation. This is associated with a transient increase of centerline velocity. Simultaneously, sedimentation begins to occur and eventually leads to the formation of a cell-free supernatant plasma layer. Time-course and extent of this sedimentation process are strongly affected by wall shear stress variation, particularly in the larger tubes. At the lower shear stresses, centerline velocity decreases (flow resistance increases) with time following the initial acceleration period, due to sedimentation of red cells. This is followed by a further increase of resistance caused by the elevation of hematocrit occurring because of the reduction of cell/plasma velocity ratio. The time dependence of blood rheological behaviour under these flow conditions is interpreted to reflect the net effect of the partially counteracting phenomena of sedimentation and red cell aggregation.
Built-in electric field assisted nucleation and coercive fields in ferroelectric thin films (1994)

Abstract A model of ferroelectric switching in thin films which also exhibit semiconducting properties is presented. The two principle assumptions upon which the model is based are (1) that the threshold field for reverse domain nucleation, E cm, is much greater than the field required for domain wall motion, E cm, and (2) that the electrode-film interface is modeled as a metal-semiconductor interface. A film thickness dependence of the coercive field is qualitatively predicted by the model. When applied to the experimentally determined thickness dependence of coercive field in lead-zirconate-titanate thin films, the model predicts a donor concentration, N D, of 1018 cm−3 and a space charge surface layer thickness, W, of 0.2 μm.
Reverse biased photoconductive detectors and switches with separate absorption and detection area (1995)

We report on reverse biased photoconductive detectors with novel design and improved high-frequency performance. Taking advantage of the ‘‘giant ambipolar diffusion constant’’ which has been observed previously in n-i-p-i doping superlattices very fast carrier transfer from the inner absorption area to the outer detection area is achieved. The combination of narrow contact spacings and small RC and diffusion time constants results in very high gain-bandwidth products (≳20 GHz) with adjustable 3 dB frequencies.
Protective effects of a new LTD4 antagonist (LY-171883) in traumatic shock. (1985)

We studied the effects of a selective antagonist of LTD4 (LY-171883, 2 and 4 mg/kg) in traumatic shock. Anesthetized rats subjected to Noble-Collip drum trauma developed a shock state characterized by a survival time of 1.7 +/- 0.3 h, a sixfold increase in plasma cathepsin D activity, and a fourfold increase in plasma myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activity. Administration of LY-171883 did not significantly inhibit the release of the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin D during traumatic shock. However, LY-171883 (2 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the accumulation of MDF activity in the plasma (51 +/- 2 vs 37 +/- 3 U/ml), vehicle vs drug, respectively, and significantly (p less than 0.02) prolonged survival time to 2.7 +/- 0.2 h. Administration of the antagonist at a dose of 4 mg/kg further improved survival time (3.4 +/- 0.6 h, p less than 0.01) and additionally blunted circulating MDF activities compared to traumatized rats given only the vehicle. LY-171883 was found to antagonize the bronchoconstrictor effect of LTD4 given intravenously to anesthetized rats as well as the coronary vasoconstrictor actions of LTD4 in vitro. The beneficial effect of LTD4 antagonism in the present study is consistent with the concept that peptide leukotrienes are important mediators of the pathogenesis of traumatic shock.
An Ultra Low Noise Microwave Synthesizer (2005)

A silicon bipolar transistor together with a Ba/sub 2/Ti/sub 9/O/sub 20/ dielectric resonator were used to design a low noise microwave synthesizer. The resulting FM noise Delta/f/sub rms/, was less than 0.0003 Hz in any 1 Hz band greater than 1000 Hz from the 1 GHz carrier.
Sleep apnea in patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke (1996)

Although sleep apnea (SA) appears to be a cardiovascular risk factor, little is known about its frequency in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke. We prospectively studied 59 subjects (26 women and 33 men; mean age, 62 years) with stroke (n = 36) or TIA (n = 23) with the use of a standard protocol that included assessment of snoring and daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Score [ESS]), a validated SA score (Sleep Disorders Questionnaire [SDQ-SA]), and a severity of stroke score (Scandinavian Stroke Scale [SSS]). SA was considered clinically probable (P-SA) when habitual snoring was associated with an ESS of > 10 or when SDQ-SA score was > or = 32 in women and > or = 36 in men. Polysomnography (PSG) was obtained in 36 subjects (group 1) a mean of 12 days after TIA or stroke. In 23 subjects (group 2), PSG was not available (n = 11), refused (n = 10), or inadequate (n = 2). Clinical and PSG data were compared with those obtained in 19 age- and gender-matched control subjects. Groups 1 and 2 were similar in mean age (61 versus 64 years), type of event (36% versus 44% TIA), reported habitual snoring (58% versus 52%), and P-SA (58% versus 50%). PSG showed SA (Apnea-Hypopnea Index [AHI], > or = 10) in 25 of 36 subjects (69%). The proportion of subjects with SA was similar in the TIA and stroke groups (69% versus 70%) and was well above the frequency found in our control group (15%). An AHI of > or = 20 and a minimal oxygen saturation of < 85% were each found in 20 of 36 subjects (55%). Gender and age did not correlate with severity of SA. Subjects with habitual snoring, P-SA, or severe stroke (SSS of < 30) had a significantly higher AHI (p < 0.05). The sensitivity of P-SA for SA was 64%, and the specificity was 67%. We conclude that SA has a high frequency in patients in the acute phase of TIA and stroke and SA cannot be predicted reliably on clinical grounds alone but is more likely in patients with habitual snoring, abnormal SDQ-SA, or severe stroke.
Distribution and Presence of Polymers in Porous Media (2017)

In order to better utilize the residual polymers formed after polymer flooding, the distribution and the presence of the polymers after polymer flooding were studied. This paper studied the vertical and plane distribution of the hydrophobically-associating polymer in addition to measuring the parameters after polymer flooding, which is important for numerical reservoir simulation. The results showed that the polymers mainly enter into the high permeability zone and distribute in the mainstream line area with only a small portion in the wing area. Based on the comparison of various experimental methods, double-slug experiments were chosen to measure the inaccessible pore volume and retention, which is considered to be the most accurate, most time-consuming and most complex method. Following this, we improved the processing method of experimental data by reducing it to one experiment with two parameters. At the same time, we further enhanced the accuracy of the experimental results. The results show that at 1750 mg/L, the inaccessible pore volume of the polymer is 25.8%. When the detention is 68.2 µg/g, the inaccessible pore volume constituted 22% of the total polymer, with the other 77.7% being the dissolved polymer. Moreover, the static adsorption and dynamic detention were measured, with the results showing that the static adsorption is larger than dynamic detention. Therefore, in the numerical reservoir simulation, using the static adsorption capacity instead of the dynamic detention is unreasonable. The double-slug method was chosen since it is more accurate for the determination of various parameters. Meanwhile, in order to enhance the accuracy of results, we improved the treatment of data.
Epitaxial crystalline films of the metallic polymer (SN)<i>x</i> (1975)

The achievement of fully oriented epitaxial films of polymeric sulfur nitride is reported together with initial results on their optical and transport properties. Oriented epitaxial thin films of (SN)x have been grown on various substrates including Mylar, Teflon, and polyethylene.
Introduction (2013)

In her work on the colonial unconscious, Elizabeth Ezra proposes an "Algeria syndrome," a colonial corollary to the infamous Vichy syndrome, whereby the French population willfully ignored or deemphasized their nation's widespread collaboration with the Nazis. Instead, they adopted the narrative trumpeted by Robert Aron and Charles de Gaulle—that the French population had resisted the German conquest, following the lead of Maréchal Pétain, whose regime acted as a shield to protect the people (including Jews) from the Gestapo and the Wehrmacht. Only when faced with overwhelming historical evidence, mostly produced by foreign researchers beginning with Robert Paxton's pioneering work in the early 1970s, did government and public alike concede a much more active role in repression, executions, deportations, etc. To Ezra, the very same phenomenon has clouded discussion of the French colonial project, whose violence and immiseration are ignored outright by academics and public commentators alike, and in fact openly discouraged by government ministers who speak of the positive role of France in the empire and seek to repress dissenting views.1 KeywordsParliamentary DemocracySettler PopulationColonial SocietyAlgerian SettlerColonial OfficialThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Design and demonstration of C-band static induction transistors in 4H silicon carbide (2003)

The biggest drawback of the static induction transistor (SIT) as a microwave amplifier is the relatively low transconductance and high input capacitance, leading to a low cut-off frequency (f/sub T/). The highest f/sub T/ reported to date for SiC SITs is 4.1 GHz, thereby limiting these devices to L-band and S-band operation (< 2 GHz). In this presentation we provide guidelines for extending the f/sub T/ of SiC SITs to 20 GHz and above, and report the first experimental demonstration of C-band SITs in 4H-SiC with f/sub T/ of 7 GHz.
A peer-to-peer architecture for context lookup (2005)

As computing technology moves towards pervasive computing, many applications are beginning to make use of context information to adapt to and respond appropriately to their environments. Such a trend necessitates efficient search for context information in wide-area networks. In this paper, we propose a semantic P2P context lookup system. Peers are grouped based on the semantics of their local data which are extracted according to a set of schemas and are self-organized as a semantic overlay network. Context search requests are only routed to the appropriate nodes that have relevant data, reducing unnecessary query traffic and increasing the chances that the context data will be found quickly. To reduce maintenance overheads incurred by high-dimensional semantic overlay networks, we propose a one-dimensional ring space to construct peers and facilitate efficient query routing. Our simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed routing techniques.
Vocal tract filtering and sound radiation in a songbird (2005)

Bird vocalizations resonate as they propagate through a relatively long trachea and radiate out from the oral cavity. Several studies have described the dynamics with which birds actively vary beak gape while singing and it has been hypothesized that birds vary beak gape as a mechanism for varying vocal tract resonances. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of beak gape on vocal tract resonances. We replaced eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus L., syringes with a small speaker and obtained recordings of frequency sweeps while rotating each subject in a horizontal plane aligned with either the maxilla or mandible. We describe vocal tract resonances as well as how sound radiates as a function of beak gape. Results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that songbirds vary beak gape as a mechanism for 'tracking' fundamental frequencies in vocalizations. Instead, decreases in beak gape seem to attenuate resonances that occur between approximately 4 and 7.5 kHz. We propose that songbirds vary beak gape as a mechanism for excluding and/or concentrating energy within at least two distinct sound frequency channels.
Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 With Local Bone Graft Instead of Iliac Crest Bone Graft in Posterolateral Lumbar Spine Arthrodesis (2013)

4.
Strategies and spacing requirements for lane changing and merging in automated highway systems (2001)

In automated highway systems (AHS) vehicles are expected to operate using their own sensing and control systems by interacting with other vehicles and the infrastructure in a way that guarantees safety, stability, and high capacity. We examine various alternative scenaria for merging and lane changing and we present an algorithm for calculating the minimum safety spacing for lane changing (MSSLC); that is, we calculate the intervehicle spacing that the vehicles should maintain during a merging or lane changing maneuver so that in the case where one of the vehicles executes an emergency braking manuever, the rest of the vehicles have enough time and space to stop without any collision taking place. The calculation of the MSSLCs for merging or lane changing maneuvers is more complicated than the calculation of the minimum safety spacing for a longitudinal vehicle following since, in the former case we have to take into account the particular lane-changing policy of the merging vehicle as well as the effect of combined lateral/longitudinal motion during the lane changing maneuver. The braking profiles of the vehicles involved in an emergency scenario during a lane changing maneuver depends on the particular AHS operational concept, i.e., on the degree of communication between the vehicles and between the vehicles and the infrastructure. We consider six different AHS operational concepts; for each concept we consider possible emergency braking profiles and we investigate the effect of the particular operational concept on the MSSLC.
Instruction generation and regularity extraction for reconfigurable processors (2002)

The increasing demand for complex and specialized embedded hardware must be met by processors which are optimized for performance, yet are also extremely flexible. In our work, we explore the tradeoff between flexibility and performance in the domain of reconfigurable processor design. Specifically, we seek to identify regularly occurring, computation-heavy patterns in an application or set of applications. These patterns become candidates for hard-logic implementation, potentially embedded in the flexible reconfigurable fabric as special optimized instructions. In this work we present an extension to previous work in instruction generation: an algorithm that identifies parallel templates. We discuss the advantages of parallel templates, and prove the correctness of our algorithm. We introduce an All-Pairs Common Slack Graph (APCSG) as an effective tool for parallel template generation. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm on several applicationse dataflow graphs, reducing latency on average by 51.98%, without unreasonably increasing chip area.
Continuous speech recognition in noise using spectral subtraction and HMM adaptation (2002)

This paper describes a scheme fur robust speech recognition at very poor signal to noise ratios. It consists of a continuous spectral subtraction (CSS) scheme integrated into a parallel model combination (PMC) compensation framework. In this CSS-PMC scheme, a smoothed estimate of the long term spectrum is continuously calculated and subtracted from the signal. At the same time, the HMMs are compensated using PMC for the signal distortion caused by the CSS stage. The paper presents an evaluation of the CSS-PMC approach using the Noisex 92 database. The results show high recognition performance for very noisy environments. For example, for the Lynx helicopter noise, CSS-PMC gives 97% accuracy at 0 dB SNR.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The cytoplasmic region of the erythropoietin receptor contains nonoverlapping positive and negative growth-regulatory domains. (1991)

The erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPO-R), a member of a large cytokine receptor superfamily, has a 236-amino-acid cytoplasmic region which contains no obvious tyrosine kinase or other catalytic domain. In order to delineate the linear functional domains of the cytoplasmic tail, we generated truncated mutant cDNAs which were transfected into a murine interleukin-3-dependent cell line, Ba/F3, and the EPO-dependent growth characteristics of the stable transfectants were assayed. We identified two unique domains of the cytoplasmic tail. A membrane-proximal positive signal transduction domain of less than or equal to 103 amino acids, in a region highly similar to the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain, was sufficient for EPO-mediated signal transduction. A carboxy-terminal negative-control domain, a serine-rich region of approximately 40 amino acids, increased the EPO requirement for the Ba/F3 transfectants without altering EPO-R cell surface expression, affinity for EPO, receptor oligosaccharide processing, or receptor endocytosis. Truncation of this negative-control domain allowed the Ba/F3 transfectants to grow maximally in only 1 pM EPO, 1/10 the concentration required for growth of cells expressing the wild-type EPO-R. All truncated EPO-R mutants which retained the transmembrane region of the EPO-R polypeptide bound to the gp55 envelope protein of Friend spleen focus-forming virus. Only the functional EPO-R mutants were activated by the gp55, however, suggesting that gp55- and EPO-mediated signaling occur via a similar mechanism.
Regularization in the Selection of Radial Basis Function Centers (1995)

Subset selection and regularization are two well-known techniques that can improve the generalization performance of nonparametric linear regression estimators, such as radial basis function networks. This paper examines regularized forward selection (RFS)—a combination of forward subset selection and zero-order regularization. An efficient implementation of RFS into which either delete-1 or generalized cross-validation can be incorporated and a reestimation formula for the regularization parameter are also discussed. Simulation studies are presented that demonstrate improved generalization performance due to regularization in the forward selection of radial basis function centers.
Stabilization of an active harmonically mode-locked fiber laser using two-photon absorption (2000)

Two-photon absorption provided by a semiconductor mirror structure is shown to reduce amplitude fluctuations significantly in a harmonically mo e-locked fiber ring laser. Pulse dropouts are eliminated in a laser that produces picosecond pulses at a repetition rate of 2 GHz.