gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Web Data Commons – Extracting Structured Data from Two Large Web Corpora (2012)

More and more websites embed structured data describing for instance products, people, organizations, places, events, resumes, and cooking recipes into their HTML pages using encoding standards such as Microformats, Microdatas and RDFa.The Web Data Commons project extracts all Microformat, Microdata and RDFa data from the Common Crawl web corpus, the largest and most up-todata web corpus that is currently available to the public, and provides the extracted data for download in the form of RDF-quads.In this paper, we give an overview of the project and present statistics about the popularity of the different encoding standards as well as the kinds of data that are published using each format.The embedded data is crawled together with the HTML pages by Google, Microsoft and Yahoo!, which use the the data to enrich their search results.These companies have so far been the only ones capable of providing insights into the amount as well as the types of data that are currently published on the Web using Microformats, RDFa and Microdata.While a previously published study by Yahoo!Research [4] provided many insight, the analyzed web corpus not publicly available.This prohibits further analysis and the figures provided in the study have to be taken at face value.However, the situation has changed with the advent of the Common Crawl.Common Crawl 1 is a non-profit foundation that collects data from web pages using crawler software and publishes this data.So far, the Common Crawl foundation has published two Web corpora, one dating 2009/2010 and one dating February 2012.Together the two corpora contain over 4.5 Billion web pages.
Me<sub>3</sub>(OMe)<i>t</i>BuXPhos: A Surrogate Ligand for Me<sub>4</sub><i>t</i>BuXPhos in Palladium-Catalyzed C–N and C–O Bond-Forming Reactions (2012)

A new biarylphosphine ligand, Me(3)(OMe)tBuXPhos (L3), was designed as a surrogate for Me(4)tBuXPhos (L1). The Me(3)(OMe)tBuXPhos could be prepared in a chromatography-free manner from inexpensive and readily available 2,3,6-trimethylphenol. Comparative studies demonstrated that a catalyst based on Me(3)(OMe)tBuXPhos displayed the same reactivity as a catalyst based on Me(4)tBuXPhos for Pd-catalyzed C-N and C-O bond-forming processes.
Frequency Dependence of the Dielectrophoretic Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

Dielectrophoresis on single-walled carbon nanotubes in surfactant suspensions has been demonstrated to separate metallic from semiconducting tubes by their different electric field-induced polarisabilities. Here we report that the interaction between SWNTs and the surfactant induces a nanotube surface conductance which gives rise to a unique electric field frequency dependence of the dielectrophoretic force acting on semiconducting SWNTs. We observe a surfactant concentration dependent crossover frequency enabling separation of metallic from semiconducting SWNTs at high frequency and deposition of metallic and semiconducting SWNTs at low frequency. Proof for the effectiveness of separation is given by a comparative Raman spectroscopy study on dielectrophoretically deposited tubes excited with two different wavelengths.
Locally enhanced Raman spectroscopy with an atomic force microscope (2000)

An atomic force microscope (AFM) tip has been used to selectively produce surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for localized Raman spectroscopy. Spectra of thin films, undetectable with a Raman microprobe spectrometer alone, were readily acquired in contact with a suitably gold-coated AFM tip. Similarly, an AFM tip was used to remove sample layers at the nanometer scale and subsequently served as a SERS substrate for ultratrace analysis. This work demonstrates the interface of an AFM with a Raman spectrometer that provides increased sensitivity, selectivity, and spatial resolution over a conventional Raman microprobe. An AFM guiding the SERS effect has the potential for targeted single molecule spectroscopy.
Alkyl Carbonates in Synthetic Chemistry. II. Condensation with Ketones. Synthesis of β-Keto Esters<sup>1</sup> (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkyl Carbonates in Synthetic Chemistry. II. Condensation with Ketones. Synthesis of β-Keto Esters1V. H. Wallingford, August H. Homeyer, and David M. JonesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 8, 2252–2254Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01853a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01853a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views790Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An overview of the basic aspects of polymer adhesion. Part II: Application to surface treatments (1995)

Abstract The main surface treatments of materials (metals and plastics in particular) to be joined are presented. It is observed that these treatments modify the roughness, morphology, and chemical composition of the surface. As a result of these operations, the substrate surface energy is generally increased. A correlation is often noted between the increased surface energy and the assembly adhesive qualities.
Congestion control through input rate regulation (2003)

Input-rate-regulation schemes are extensively studied from the viewpoint of smoothing and regulating effects of the incoming traffic. The smoothing effect is characterized by the variance of the interdeparture time of the packet-departure process from the input-rate-regulation mechanism. Under the assumption of Poisson arrivals, the characteristics of this departure process are explicitly derived in terms of the scheme's parameters, and the trade-off between smoothness of the departure process and packet waiting times is studied. Results are presented for both finite and infinite buffer pool sizes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Umbilical cord blood regulatory T-cell expansion and functional effects of tumor necrosis factor receptor family members OX40 and 4-1BB expressed on artificial antigen-presenting cells (2008)

Previously, we showed that human umbilical cord blood (UCB) regulatory T cells (Tregs) could be expanded approximately 100-fold using anti-CD3/28 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-coated beads to provide T-cell receptor and costimulatory signals. Because Treg numbers from a single UCB unit are limited, we explored the use of cell-based artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) preloaded with anti-CD3/28 mAbs to achieve higher levels of Treg expansion. Compared with beads, aAPCs had similar expansion properties while significantly increasing transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) secretion and the potency of Treg suppressor function. aAPCs modified to coexpress OX40L or 4-1BBL expanded UCB Tregs to a significantly greater extent than bead- or nonmodified aAPC cultures, reaching mean expansion levels exceeding 1250-fold. Despite the high expansion and in contrast to studies using other Treg sources, neither OX40 nor 4-1BB signaling of UCB Tregs reduced in vitro suppression. UCB Tregs expanded with 4-1BBL expressing aAPCs had decreased levels of proapoptotic bim. UCB Tregs expanded with nonmodified or modified aAPCs versus beads resulted in higher survival associated with increased Treg persistence in a xeno-geneic graft-versus-host disease lethality model. These data offer a novel approach for UCB Treg expansion using aAPCs, including those coexpressing OX40L or 4-1BBL.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Novel Adenovirus Type 26– and Modified Vaccinia Ankara–Vectored Ebola Vaccines (2016)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02313077.
Aggregation of Azo Dyes with Cationic Amphiphiles at Low Concentrations in Aqueous Solution (1999)

The aggregation of a series of n-alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (CnTAB, n = 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18) and 4-n-alkyl-1-methylpyridinium iodide amphiphiles (CmpyI, m = 8, 10, 12, and 14) induced by low concentrations of azo dyes in aqueous solution has been investigated by means of ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. It was observed that aggregation takes place at surfactant concentrations far below the cmc of C12TAB, C14TAB, C16TAB, and C18TAB with methyl orange (MO), ethyl orange (EO), and para-methyl red (pMR). Aggregation below the cmc of C10TAB was also induced by EO. In the case of MO and pMR, however, higher dye concentrations were necessary to induce aggregation. Interactions at low surfactant concentrations have also been observed in aqueous solutions of C10pyI, C12pyI, and C14pyI with MO. Binding of methyl red (MR), methyl yellow (MY), and azobenzene sulfonate (ABS) with cationic surfactants below their cmc did not occur. Aggregation was reflected by the appearance of a blue-shifted absorption band in the spectra of the dyes. Precipitates formed in aqueous solutions from the cationic surfactants and MO and pMR are CnTA−MO, CnTA−pMR, and Cmpy−MO salts and consist of an equimolar ratio of surfactant and dye. In similar experiments with EO, MR, MY, or ABS as the solvatochromic dye molecules, no precipitation occurred, although surfactant−EO salts precipitated at high EO concentration. Dye−surfactant salts formed from CnTAB and MO were found to form myelins in phase penetration experiments. Temperatures at which myelins start to form increase upon increasing alkyl chain length of the surfactant as revealed by optical microscopy. The formation of vesicles from C10TA−MO and from C12TA−MO crystals was indicated by electron microscopy. The presence and position of the ionic group in the dye molecule is important in determining the association. The importance of hydrophobic interactions is revealed by the chain length dependence on the aggregation process and the observation that interactions are absent in ethanol. Electrostatic interactions also play an important role, as shown by the effect of NaCl on the binding process.
Visible color-center laser in diamond (1985)

Laser action at 530 nm using H3 centers in diamond was observed with an efficiency of 13.5% at room temperature. Optical double-resonance experiments on N3 centers provided direct evidence for a (2)A metastable level. Its presence results in rapid decay of the excited (2)E state and low quantum efficiency as well as significant excited-state absorption in the N3 luminescence region.
Optical materials and coatings at 157 nm (1999)

We update previously reported results on the absorption of optical materials and coatings for use in 157 nm based optical projection system. New results include the transmissions spectrum of a modified from of fused silica with suitable initial transmission for use as a mask substrate. We also report on a more systematic study of the effects of surface contaminants on optical components at 157 nm. We have modified our vacuum spectrometer to allow in- situ cleaning to enable a closer examination of purging requirements and cleaning procedures.
BER characteristic of optical-OFDM using OCI (2014)

Light-emitting diode (LED) transmitters based optical wireless communication (OWC) systems offer the potential for new generation communication systems. Particularly, an image sensor based OWC systems consist of the LED transmitters and camera receivers are expected to contribute to intelligent transport system (ITS) for driving supports. For high achievable data rates, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based OWC systems have attracted a great deal of attention. Despite attractive features of optical OFDM, only few attempts have so far been made to adopt it as a modulation scheme of an image sensor based OWC system. There remains a need for an evaluation of adopting an optical OFDM to the image sensor based OWC systems. Another important issue needs to be addressed is the performance degradation due to a frequency response of an actual image sensor device, especially a signal attenuation loss in higher frequency. In addition to such loss, a narrow band noise generated by its circuits also degrades the performance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate BER performances of the optical-OFDM using an actual image sensor device, the optical communication image sensor (OCI). From simulation results, it is found that the frequency response and the narrowband noise at 12MHz of the OCI lead to the significant reduction of BER performances. Additionally, the results shows that ACO-OFDM shows a little better performance compared to DCO-OFDM with the same bandwidth efficiency.
A Universal Realizability Model for Sequential Functional Computation (2003)

We construct a universal and even logically fully abstract realizability model for the sequential functional programming language of call-by-name FPC. This model is defined within the category of modest sets over the total combinatory algebra L of observational equivalence classes of closed terms of the untyped programming language lambda+Error. This language is untyped lazy call-by-name lambda-calculus extended by a single constant ERR and a conditional construct which distinguishes this constant from any other syntactic value. Universality and (constructive) logical full abstraction of the model are proved in three steps. Firstly, a canonical universal and logically fully abstract realizability model for FPC over the typed combinatory algebra T of observational equivalence classes of closed FPC-terms is constructed. Then the recursive type U := mu alpha. void + [ alpha --&gt; alpha ] is shown to be universal, i.e. any other type is a definable retract of U. Hence this type gives rise to an untyped combinatory algebra U which is applicatively equivalent to the typed combinatory algebra T. As a consequence, the realizability toposes over T and U are equivalent and hence the realizability model for FPC over U also universal and logically fully abstract. Finally it is shown that every closed FPC-term of type U can be defined in the untyped language lambda+Error. Hence the combinatory algebras l U and L are applicatively equivalent. It follows that the realizability model over L is universal and logically fully abstract. As a consequence we prove a variant of the Longley-Phoa Conjecture.
Event traffic forecast for metropolitan areas based on microscopic simulation (2008)

It is shown that a traditional travel demand forecast combined with a simulationbased approach can serve as a short-term forecast for the traffic situation. The approach presented was developed and tested during the Soccer World Cup 2006 in the city of Cologne as a service for the action forces to react as fast as possible to developing aberrations. This paper discusses the merits and the short-comings of the approach.
.beta.-Amino ketones. Synthesis and some biological activities in mice of 3,3-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-quinolinones and related Mannich bases (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.beta.-Amino ketones. Synthesis and some biological activities in mice of 3,3-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-quinolinones and related Mannich basesAspi B. Daruwala, James E. Gearien, William J. Dunn III, Phillipe S. Benoit, and Ludwig BauerCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 8, 819–824Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00254a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00254a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views333Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Proteomic Analysis of the Body Wall, Digestive Tract, and Reproductive Tract of Brugia malayi (2015)

Filarial worms are parasitic nematodes that cause devastating diseases such as lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis. Filariae are nematodes with complex anatomy including fully developed digestive tracts and reproductive organs. To better understand the basic biology of filarial parasites and to provide insights into drug targets and vaccine design, we conducted a proteomic analysis of different anatomic fractions of Brugia malayi, a causative agent of LF. Approximately 500 adult female B. malayi worms were dissected, and three anatomical fractions (body wall, digestive tract, and reproductive tract) were obtained. Proteins from each anatomical fraction were extracted, desalted, trypsinized, and analyzed by microcapillary reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry. In total, we identified 4,785 B. malayi proteins. While 1,894 were identified in all three anatomic fractions, 396 were positively identified only within the digestive tract, 114 only within the body wall, and 1,011 only within the reproductive tract. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed a bias for transporters to be present within the digestive tract, suggesting that the intestine of adult filariae is functional and important for nutrient uptake or waste removal. As expected, the body wall exhibited increased frequencies of cytoskeletal proteins, and the reproductive tract had increased frequencies of proteins involved in nuclear regulation and transcription. In assessing for possible vaccine candidates, we focused on proteins sequestered within the digestive tract, as these could possibly represent "hidden antigens" with low risk of prior allergic sensitization. We identified 106 proteins that are enriched in the digestive tract and are predicted to localize to the surface of cells in the the digestive tract. It is possible that some of these proteins are on the luminal surface and may be accessible by antibodies ingested by the worm. A subset of 27 of these proteins appear especially promising vaccine candidates as they contain significant non-cytoplasmic domains, only 1-2 transmembrane domains, and a high degree of homology to W. bancrofti and/or O. volvulus.
How (not) to code a finite state machine (1988)

The standard advice for those coding a finite state machine is to use a while loop, a case statement, and a state variable. This is usually bad advice! The reasons for this are explored here, and better advice is formulated.
Ligand binding to Fc gamma R induces c-myc-dependent apoptosis in IL-2-stimulated NK cells. (1995)

Abstract The role of signals transduced via Fc gamma RIIIA in the modulation of the proliferative potential of NK cells has been investigated. Fc gamma R stimulation does not induce NK cell proliferation, and inhibits that induced by IL-2, but not by IL-12, as measured by [3H]TdR incorporation, without affecting entrance or progression through cell cycle. The inhibitory effect depends, at least in part, on induced apoptosis of the cells, detected by both light and electron microscopy examination. Fc gamma R stimulation induces apoptosis only in NK cells that have been previously activated by IL-2: this occurs within 3 h from receptor stimulation and is independent from de novo receptor-induced RNA or protein synthesis, but requires receptor-induced activation of protein tyrosine kinases and extracellular Ca2+ influx. IL-2 induces accumulation of c-myc mRNA in NK cells, and treatment of the cells with c-myc antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides during the IL-2 stimulation phase inhibits the susceptibility to Fc gamma RIIIA-induced cell death, indicating that the induction of sustained levels of this proto-oncogene is necessary for the phenomenon. Thus, a two-step model is suggested for the Fc gamma R-induced apoptosis in IL-2 activated NK cells: the first step involves induced expression of c-myc, and possibly other permissive factors, upon IL-2 prestimulation; the second depends directly on the stimulation of the receptor, independently of additional gene induction. The evidence presented here suggests a mechanism of control of NK cell expansion at the latest stages of Ab-dependent immune responses.