gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complementary patterning demonstration with e-beam direct writer and spacer DP process of 11nm node (2012)

We successfully demonstrate complementary patterning with self-aligned double patterning (SADP) and currently used e-beam direct writer (EBDW). The complementary patterning is achieved with not only positive type pattern for gate layer but also negative type one for 1st metal (M1) layer at 11nm node. The e-beam exposure is performed by Advantest. SADP process before e-beam exposure and etching after e-beam exposure are performed by Tokyo Electron. This paper also reports EBDW applicability to complementary patterning for 8nm node and beyond in the light of overlay and resolution, and improving plans including shot number reduction.
Virtual Battery: An Energy Reserve Abstraction for Embedded Sensor Networks (2008)

This paper introduces the abstraction of energy reserves for sensor networks that virtualizes energy sources. It gives each of several applications sharing a platform the illusion of having its own private energy source. Energy virtualization is the next logical step in embedded systems after visualizing communication links and CPU capacity. Energy virtualization has not been addressed in past sensor network literature because most current wireless sensor networks feature single-user applications. To amortize deployment costs, future sensor networks, deployed in remote or hard- to-access areas, will likely be leveraged by scientists from different disciplines, each having their independent application for their individual research purposes. Platforms, planned for such deployment, will befitted with the union of sensors needed, but independent applications will share the remaining resources such as in-field storage and communication bandwidth, calling for quotas and isolation mechanisms. The most expensive resource shared in sensor networks is energy. This paper provides an energy isolation mechanism, called the virtual battery, that logically divides energy among applications to provide each its private energy reserve. An application can manage its private energy independently as if it were running alone on the platform. The application is terminated when its reserve is depleted. We implement and evaluate this abstraction on MicaZ motes running LiteOS. Our results show that the virtual battery mechanism succeeds at exporting the private reserve abstraction accurately and at a low overhead.
Control of Chemo- and Regioselectivity in the Palladium-Catalyzed Telomerization of Butadiene with Methanol − Catalysis and Mechanism (2000)

The palladium-catalyzed telomerization reaction of butadiene with methanol has been examined with the aim of controlling the chemoselectivity (telomerization vs. dimerization products) and regioselectivity (linear vs. branched telomerization product) of the reaction. We have shown that the reaction temperature, ligand-to-metal ratio and ratio of substrates exert a large influence on the selectivity of the reaction. Selectivities of up to 97% for the desired linear telomerization product 1 can be achieved below 50 °C by employing both low PPh3/Pd and butadiene/methanol ratios. Mono(phosphane)palladium(0)−diallyl ether complexes, Ar3P−Pd[(CH2=CHCH2)2O] (5), serve as new catalysts for the reaction. In order to gain a mechanistic understanding of the observed selectivity effects, we synthesized the phosphane(octadienyl)palladium(II) complexes 7a and 9a as model compounds for key reaction intermediates and examined their stoichiometric reactions with the methoxide nucleophile. Based on our results, we propose an extension of the known telomerization mechanism that accounts for the observed selectivity effects.
Image Parsing with Stochastic Scene Grammar (2011)

This paper proposes a parsing algorithm for scene understanding which includes four aspects: computing 3D scene layout, detecting 3D objects (e.g. furniture), detecting 2D faces (windows, doors etc.), and segmenting background. In contrast to previous scene labeling work that applied discriminative classifiers to pixels (or super-pixels), we use a generative Stochastic Scene Grammar (SSG). This grammar represents the compositional structures of visual entities from scene categories, 3D foreground/background, 2D faces, to 1D lines. The grammar includes three types of production rules and two types of contextual relations. Production rules: (i) AND rules represent the decomposition of an entity into sub-parts; (ii) OR rules represent the switching among sub-types of an entity; (iii) SET rules represent an ensemble of visual entities. Contextual relations: (i) Cooperative + relations represent positive links between binding entities, such as hinged faces of a object or aligned boxes; (ii) Competitive - relations represents negative links between competing entities, such as mutually exclusive boxes. We design an efficient MCMC inference algorithm, namely Hierarchical cluster sampling, to search in the large solution space of scene configurations. The algorithm has two stages: (i) Clustering: It forms all possible higher-level structures (clusters) from lower-level entities by production rules and contextual relations. (ii) Sampling: It jumps between alternative structures (clusters) in each layer of the hierarchy to find the most probable configuration (represented by a parse tree). In our experiment, we demonstrate the superiority of our algorithm over existing methods on public dataset. In addition, our approach achieves richer structures in the parse tree.
Developmental regulation, expression, and apoptotic potential of galectin-9, a beta-galactoside binding lectin. (1997)

Galectin-9, a beta-galactoside binding lectin, has recently been isolated from murine embryonic kidney. In this study, its biological functions and expression in embryonic, newborn, and adult mice tissues were investigated. By Northern blot analyses, it was found widely distributed and its expression was developmentally regulated. In situ hybridization studies revealed an accentuated expression of galectin-9 in liver and thymus of embryonic mice. In postnatal mice, antigalectin-9 immunoreactivity was observed in various tissues, including thymic epithelial cells. The high expression of galectin-9 in the thymus led us to investigate its role in the clonal deletion of thymocytes. Fusion proteins were generated, which retained lactose-binding activity like the endogenous galectin-9. Galectin-9, at 2.5 microM concentration, induced apoptosis in approximately 30% of the thymocytes, as assessed by terminal deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. The apoptotic effect was dose dependent and lactose inhibitable. At higher concentrations, it induced homotypic aggregation of the thymocytes. Electron microscopy revealed approximately 60% of the thymocytes undergoing apoptosis in the presence of galectin-9. By immunofluorescence microscopy, some of the thymocytes undergoing apoptosis had plasmalemmal bound galectin-9. Galectin-9 failed to induce apoptosis in hepatocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate that galectin-9, a developmentally regulated lectin, plays a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus.
Design of VR headset using augmented reality (2016)

Our intention is to develop an android application that gives the users a virtual environment with the help of VR headset. With this application, it allows users to generate an object which doesn't exist in real environment. In Augmented Reality (AR), the interfaces comprises of merging both real and virtual objects. In this project we examine existing gaming styles that are played in the real world or on computers. With the help of advanced AR technology the information about the real world that surrounds the user becomes interactive and digitally manipulable. Artificial information about the environment and its objects can thus be overlaid on the real world. A key distinction to VR purists is the fact that the user is completely immersed in the computer simulation. All our senses are focused on visiting this new place. It provides the following features i.e. Full field of vision display, usually produced by the wearing of a Head Mounted Display, tracking of the location and attitude of the contributor's body, computer tracking of the participant's movements and actions along with some negligible delay in updating the display with feedback from the body's movements and actions. This enables users to visualize what if an object an object actually exists there without its actual existence.
A Highly Scalable and Energy-Efficient 1T DRAM Embedding a SiGe Quantum Well Structure for Significant Retention Enhancement (2018)

In this study, a capacitorless one-transistor dynamic random-access memory (1T DRAM) featuring a novel structure with SiGe quantum well (QW) is proposed and characterized by rigorous simulation. It is demonstrated that the ultra-thin vertical channel and SiGe QW greatly improve device scalability and data retention. In write operation, band-to-band tunneling is applied for faster write speed, higher device scalability, and stronger temperature tolerance. Moreover, the SiGe QW at the drain side generates an increased amount of holes at lower operation voltage and enhances the retention time by constructing a more effective hole storage. As the results, the proposed SiGe QW 1T DRAM showed sub-10-ns fast write and erase times and a long retention time reaching up to 1.12 s.
Dual Feed, Single Element Antenna for WiMAX MIMO Application (2008)

A novel u‐shaped single element antenna having two feed ports is compared with two equal length monopoles separated by a distance equivalent to the width. A discussion of relative performance metrics is provided for MIMO applications, and measured data is given for comparison. Good impedance match and isolation of greater than −10 dB are observed over the operating bandwidth from 2.3 to 2.39 GHz. The antenna patterns are highly uncorrelated, as illustrated by computation of the antenna pattern correlation coefficient for the two comparison monopoles.
Increased permeability for polyethylene glycols through skin compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate (2006)

In this in vivo human study we assessed the influence of skin damage by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on percutaneous penetration of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different molecular weights (MW). Percutaneous penetration of PEGs was determined using tape stripping of the stratum corneum (SC). The forearm skin of volunteers was pretreated with 5% w/w SLS for 4 h, and 24 h later patches with PEGs were applied for 6 h. The penetration parameters were deduced by data regression to Fick's law for unsteady-state diffusion. The trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) increased after SLS treatment from 6.3 +/- 2.1 to 17.9 +/- 8.7 g/m(2)/h. The diffusion coefficient for all PEGs was increased in the SLS-damaged skin. The increase was smaller for higher MW. In addition, the partition coefficient of PEGs between SC and water was larger in the SLS-compromised skin and showed a tendency to increase with MW. The permeability coefficient decreased gradually with increasing MW of PEGs in both control and SLS-compromised skin. SLS caused a threefold increase in the permeability coefficient for all MWs ranging in control skin from 0.34 to 0.70 x 10(-5) cm/h and in the SLS-compromised skin from 1.20 to 2.09 x 10(-5) cm/h for MW of 590-282 Da. The results of this study show the deleterious effect of SLS on the skin barrier for hydrophilic PEGs. A defective skin barrier will facilitate absorption of other chemicals and local skin effects.
Asymmetric Autocatalysis Triggered by Carbon Isotope ( <sup>13</sup> C/ <sup>12</sup> C) Chirality (2009)

Many apparently achiral organic molecules on Earth may be chiral because of random substitution of the 1.11% naturally abundant 13C for 12C in an enantiotopic moiety within the structure. However, chirality from this source is experimentally difficult to discern because of the very small difference between 13C and 12C. We have demonstrated that this small difference can be amplified to an easily seen experimental outcome using asymmetric autocatalysis. In the reaction between pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde and diisopropylzinc, addition of chiral molecules in large enantiomeric excess that are, however, chiral only by virtue of isotope substitution causes a slight enantiomeric excess in the zinc alkoxide of the produced pyrimidyl alkanol. Asymmetric autocatalysis then leads to pyrimidyl alcohol with a large enantiomeric excess. The sense of enantiomeric excess of the product alcohol varies consistently with the sense of the excess enantiomer of the carbon isotopically chiral compound.
Development of alkali-promoted ruthenium as a novel catalyst for ammonia synthesis (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDevelopment of alkali-promoted ruthenium as a novel catalyst for ammonia synthesisAtsumu OzakiCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1981, 14, 1, 16–21Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00061a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00061a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1070Altmetric-Citations91LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparison of the major antigenic determinants of different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (1983)

Complete nucleotide sequences which code for the capsid protein VP1 of two foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes, O1Campos/Brazil/58 and C3Indaial/Brazil/71, have been determined. Ten available VP1 sequences (three serotype O, three serotype C, and four serotype A) were aligned and compared. Our evidence suggests that O1BFS/Britain/68 and O1K/Germany/66 are closely related to O1Campos/Brazil/58. Significant variations were observed between the nucleotide sequences of C3Indaial determined by two different laboratories. These differences are probably the result of virus adaptation and propagation in different laboratories. In one of the isolates (C3Biogen), a 13-base-pair stem and 13-base-pair loop structure is located in the 134-158 amino acid variable region. Isolates of different serotypes differ at two highly variable regions, amino acid positions 42-60 and 134-158, but isolates of the same serotype show major differences only in the variable region between amino acids 134 and 158. Since the remaining amino acid sequence of VP1 is highly conserved, we conclude that the 134-158 amino acid variable region is involved in subtype specificity, whereas both variable regions contribute to serotype differences.
Statement : 한국인 제2형 당뇨병환자에서 유산소/저항운동이 체지방 및 근육량, 혈관내피세포기능에 미치는 영향 (2011)

Regular exercise has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Korean type 2 diabetic patients showed a reduced aerobic exercising capacity (VO2max 5.2±1.3 MET, VT 3.5±0.9 MET) when compared to normal subjects matched to anthropometric conditions. A typical activity of moderate intensity is brisk walking at 5.6 km/h on a flat surface requiring 3.8 MET. Thus, the duration of aerobic exercise training is more important than intensity in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. During 12 weeks of exercise intervention, aerobic exercise improved cardiopulmonary function and endothelial function in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. However, muscle strength was not changed significantly by aerobic exercise. The maximal muscle strength of Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was decreased compared to normal subjects with similar body weight. The maximal muscle strength was decreased with age, especially more in the lower extremities than the upper extremities. Generally, increased muscle mass was correlated with body mass index, however, muscle mass in obese type 2 diabetic women was not increased proportion with weight gain. Therefore, combined exercise is recommended to obese Korean type 2 diabetic women. Low intensity resistance training using resistance bands was effective in increasing muscle mass and muscle strength and reducing abdominal fat mass in diabetic women. However, endothelial function was not changed significantly by resistance exercise. (J Korean Diabetes 2011;12:6-12)
A novel injection and switchout scheme for multipass laser amplifiers (1987)

A novel injection and switchout scheme for multipass laser amplifiers is described. The method utilizes noncollinear difference frequency generation for injection and harmonic generation for switchout. Both injection and switchout are accomplished in the same crystal. The scheme is passive, avoids leakage through mirrors or electrooptic switching, and optically isolates the seed pulse generator from any stray light from the amplifier.
Influence of processing conditions on the thermal and mechanical properties of SU8 negative photoresist coatings (2002)

The thermal and mechanical properties of a new negative photoresist, SU8, were characterized. The influence of curing conditions, such as baking temperature, baking time and UV dosage, on the thermal and mechanical properties of the resultant coatings was studied in detail. It was found that the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the coatings was coincident with the baking temperature over the temperature range of 25 °C–220 °C for coatings being baked for just 20 min. However, the Tg reached a limiting value (about 240 °C) once the cross-linking reaction was complete, and would not increase further with the baking temperature. The peak temperature of the dimension versus temperature plots, where heat shrinkage occurred, was about a factor of 1.16 times higher than the baking temperature for the temperature range studied. Both the Tg and the shrinkage temperature were affected by the baking time. The thermal expansion coefficients (TEC), including the volumetric TEC (αv), the in-plane TEC (α1) and the out-of-plane TEC (α2), were measured by a pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) apparatus and thermal–mechanical analyzer (TMA). Great residual stress could be generated during the process, and the change in residual stress with the environmental humidity was investigated using vibrational holographic interferometry.
Detection of cancer cells in prostate tissue with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (2011)

Goals: Improving cancer diagnosis is one of the important challenges at this time. The precise differentiation between benign and malignant tissue is in the oncology and oncologic surgery of the utmost significance. A new diagnostic system, that facilitates the decision which tissue has to be removed, would be appreciated. In previous studies many attempts were made to use tissue fluorescence for cancer recognition. However, no clear correlation was found between tissue type and fluorescence parameters like time and wavelength dependent fluorescence intensity I(t, &lambda;). The present study is focused on cooperative behaviour of cells in benign or malignant prostates tissue reflecting differences in their metabolism. Material and Methods: 50 prostate specimens were obtained directly after radical prostatectomy and from each specimen 6 punch biopsies were taken. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra were recorded for 4 different measurement points for each biopsy. The pathologist evaluated each measurement point separately. An algorithm was developed to determine a relevant parameter of the time dependent fluorescence data (fractal dimension <i>D<sub>F</sub></i> ). The results of the finding and the <i>D<sub>F</sub></i> -value were correlated for each point and then analysed with statistical methods. Results: A total of 1200 measurements points were analysed. The optimal algorithm and conditions for discrimination between malignant and non-malignant tissue areas were found. The correct classification could be stated in 93.4% of analysed points. The ROC-curve (AUC = 0.94) confirms the chosen statistical method as well as it informs about the specificity (0.94) and sensitivity (0.90). Conclusion: The new method seems to offer a very helpful diagnostic tool for pathologists as well as for surgery.
Dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat (1984)

This study has shown that hypertension induced in rats by a diet rich in saturated fat (16% coconut oil, 4% palmitic acid by weight) is reversed by the addition of the essential fatty acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA), at 5.0% but not at 0.5% of dietary energy. This potent effect of DHLA has been attributed to modulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation with Pivot Languages (2008)

Translation with pivot languages has recently gained atten-tion as a means to circumvent the data bottleneck of statis-tical machine translation (SMT). This paper tries to give a mathematically sound formulation of the various approaches presented in the literature and introduces new methods for training alignment models through pivot languages. We present experimental results on Chinese-Spanish translation via English, on a popular traveling domain task. In contrast to previous literature, we report experimental results by using parallel corpora that are either disjoint or overlapped on the pivot language side. Finally, our original method for generat-ing training data through random sampling shows to perform as well as the best methods based on the coupling of transla-tion systems. 1.
Electron Beam Induced Artifacts During in situ TEM Deformation of Nanostructured Metals (2015)

A critical assumption underlying in situ transmission electron microscopy studies is that the electron beam (e-beam) exposure does not fundamentally alter the intrinsic deformation behavior of the materials being probed. Here, we show that e-beam exposure causes increased dislocation activation and marked stress relaxation in aluminum and gold films spanning a range of thicknesses (80-400 nanometers) and grain sizes (50-220 nanometers). Furthermore, the e-beam induces anomalous sample necking, which unusually depends more on the e-beam diameter than intensity. Notably, the stress relaxation in both aluminum and gold occurs at beam energies well below their damage thresholds. More remarkably, the stress relaxation and/or sample necking is significantly more pronounced at lower accelerating voltages (120 kV versus 200 kV) in both the metals. These observations in aluminum and gold, two metals with highly dissimilar atomic weights and properties, indicate that e-beam exposure can cause anomalous behavior in a broad spectrum of nanostructured materials, and simultaneously suggest a strategy to minimize such artifacts.