gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methane sources and sinks in Lake Kivu (2011)

Unique worldwide, Lake Kivu stores enormous amounts of CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; and CO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;. A recent study reported that CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; concentrations in the lake have increased by up to 15% in the last 30 years and that accumulation at this rate could lead to catastrophic outgassing by ∼2100. This study investigates the present-day CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; formation and oxidation in Lake Kivu. Analyses of &lt;SUP&gt;14&lt;/SUP&gt;C and &lt;SUP&gt;13&lt;/SUP&gt;C in CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; and potential carbon sources revealed that below 260 m, an unusually high ∼65% of the CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; originates either from reduction of geogenic CO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; with mostly geogenic H&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; or from direct inflows of geogenic CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;. Aerobic CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; oxidation, performed by close relatives of type X CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;-oxidizing bacteria, is the main process preventing CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; from escaping to the atmosphere. Anaerobic CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; oxidation, carried out by CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;-oxidizing archaea in the SO&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;&lt;SUP&gt;2−&lt;/SUP&gt;-reducing zone, was also detected but is limited by the availability of sulfate. Changes in &lt;SUP&gt;14&lt;/SUP&gt;C&lt;SUB&gt;CH4&lt;/SUB&gt; and &lt;SUP&gt;13&lt;/SUP&gt;C&lt;SUB&gt;CH4&lt;/SUB&gt; since the 1970s suggest that the amount of CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; produced from degrading organic material has increased due to higher accumulation of organic matter. This, as well as the sudden onset of carbonates in the 1960s, has previously been explained by three environmental changes: (1) introduction of nonnative fish, (2) amplified subaquatic inflows following hydrological changes, and (3) increased external inputs due to the fast growing population. The resulting enhancement of primary production and organic matter sedimentation likely caused CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; to increase. However, given the large proportion of old CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; carbon, we cannot exclude an increased inflow of geogenic H&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; or CH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;.
Natural History of Focal Moderate Cardiac Allograft Rejection (1995)

First, untreated FMR consisting of either one or two foci has a low rate of progression. Second, progression of FMR decreases with increasing postoperative interval and becomes rare after 2 years. Last, FMR progression did not identify recipients with decreased survival.
Spectrophotometric determination of mosapride in pure and pharmaceutical preparations (2007)

Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (M1 and M2) for the determination of mosapride in pure and in pharmaceutical preparations are described. These methods are based on the interaction of diazotized mosapride (MSP) couples with chromotropic acid (CTA) [M1] in alkaline medium and diphenylamine (DPA) [M2] in acidic medium. The resulting azo-dyes exhibit maximum absorption at 560 nm and at 540 nm for methods M1 and M2, respectively. All variables were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No interferences were observed from excipients, and the validity of the each method was tested against reference method.
An ultrasonic communication system for biotelemetry in extremely shallow waters (2008)

This paper introduces an ultrasonic communication system for biotelemetry in extremely shallow waters (under 3 meters). This application domain is notable for its tight constraints on device size, weight, and energy. We have developed this communication system as a fundamental component of the RaPTEX toolchain, which aims to simplify the prototyping and analysis of underwater communication systems.
An investigation of tool wear using acoustic emission and genetic algorithm (2014)

Numerous developments have been witnessing in manufacturing industries the ability of the machines to change the tools automatically during their wear or damage. In general, tool failure contributes about 7% to the down time of machine centers. Therefore, online monitoring of tool wear is an important phenomenon in producing quality products at reasonable cost. This also increases the production rate in the industries. Tool condition monitoring using the acoustic emission technique (AET) are real methods identified by researchers for online quality assessment of machine tools. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the tool wear rate parameters. The practical significance of applying GA to tool wear rate has been validated by means of computing the deviation between predicted and experimentally obtained process parameters. Based on this research work, an experimental setup has been developed for online monitoring of a single point cutting tool using AETs. The experimental tool wear rate results are compared with online measurements using mean acoustic emission parameters (average value, root mean square value and area).
Development of an automatic integrated gene detection system for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) (2020)

In December 2019, Wuhan, China suffered a serious outbreak of a novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID) caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV 2). To quickly identify the pathogen, we designed and screened primer sets, and established a sensitive and specific qRT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV 2; the lower limit of detection (LOD) was 14.8 (95% CI: 9.8-21) copies per reaction. We combined this qRT-PCR assay with an automatic integration system for nucleic acid extraction and amplification, thereby establishing an automatic integrated gene detection system (AIGS) for SARS-CoV 2. Cross reactive analysis performed in 20 other respiratory viruses and 37 nasopharyngeal swabs confirmed a 100% specificity of the assay. Using two fold diluted SARS-CoV 2 culture, the LOD of AIGS was confirmed to be 365 copies/ml (95% CI: 351-375), which was Comparable to that of conventional q RT-PCR (740 copies/ml, 95% CI: 689-750). Clinical performances of AIGS assay were assessed in 266 suspected COVID-19 clinical respiratory tract samples tested in parallel with a commercial kit. The clinical sensitivity of the AIGS test was 97.62% (95% CI: 0.9320-0.9951) based on the commercial kit test result, and concordance analysis showed a high agreement in SARS-CoV-2 detection between the two assays, Pearson R was 0.9623 (95% CI: 0.9523-0.9703). The results indicated that this AIGS could be used for rapid detection of SARS-CoV 2. With the advantage of simple operation and less time consuming, AIGS could be suitable for SARS-CoV2 detection in primary medical institutions, thus would do a great help to improve detection efficiency and control the spread of COVID-19.
Design and demonstration of high efficiency anti-glare LED luminaires for indoor lighting (2014)

An anti-glare luminaire design is proposed to reduce the effect of glare and the multi-shadow while preserving high optical efficiency, high illumination uniformity and low unified glare rating (UGR). Comparison to the traditional direct light emitting diode (LED) luminaire in optical simulations showed an enhancement of the illumination uniformity from 64.9% to 80.0%. The optical efficiency was 79.5%, and the UGR value was controlled under 18.8. For the actual measurement, the finished product had an illumination uniformity of 77.0%, optical efficiency of 76.0%, UGR value of 19.0, and efficacy of 81.4 lm/w. Through this design, the lighting performance was greatly enhanced.
Naked Protein Conformations: Cytochrome c in the Gas Phase (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNaked Protein Conformations: Cytochrome c in the Gas PhaseDavid E. Clemmer, Robert R. Hudgins, and Martin F. JarroldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 40, 10141–10142Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00145a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00145a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1494Altmetric-Citations437LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
REVIEW OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR ROLE IN ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT (1996)

Studies on the genetic basis of addiction indicate that the tendency to develop alcoholism is inherited. In addition, alcoholism appears to be associated with a specific neurochemical disorder. Research has focused on the mesolimbic system, which is associated with the ability to feel pleasure (i.e. hypothalamic control centres are related to daily survival activities, and the medial forebrain bundle is involved in the positive reinforcement of addictive drugs). Current findings support the hypothesis that a neurochemical deficiency causes alcohol-dependent individuals to drink. Thus, pharmacotherapy may play an important part in treating those who are not helped by psychosocial therapy alone. Future therapies may include agents that block, enhance, or normalize neurotransmitter function as well as genetically engineered agents that could target a specific cause of alcoholism.
Sources of Noise in a Magnetometer Based on Orthogonal Fluxgate Operated in Fundamental Mode (2012)

In this paper we analyze the contribution of different sources of noise to the total output noise of a magnetometer based on fundamental mode orthogonal fluxgate. We show that the main contribution to the noise is not given by noise generated in the electronics nor due to the noise of the excitation current in the wire. In fact, a large part of the noise has magnetic origin and it is generated within the core. Therefore, any attempt to reduce the noise of the magnetometer should be focused on the core at a first stage. We give a model, which describes the behavior of both 1/f noise and noise floor as a function of several variables affecting the working mode of the sensor. This model can be used to optimize the parameters of the magnetometer in order to achieve the lowest possible noise. This model can be also useful as a reference to move toward a further reduction of the noise by developing a sensor with better parameters.
Preprocessing for image classification by convolutional neural networks (2016)

In recent times, the Convolutional Neural Networks have become the most powerful method for image classification. Various researchers have shown the importance of network architecture in achieving better performances by making changes in different layers of the network. Some have shown the importance of the neuron's activation by using various types of activation functions. But here we have shown the importance of preprocessing techniques for image classification using the CIFAR10 dataset and three variations of the Convolutional Neural Network. The results that we have achieved, clearly shows that the Zero Component Analysis(ZCA) outperforms both the Mean Normalization and Standardization techniques for all the three networks and thus it is the most important preprocessing technique for image classification with Convolutional Neural Networks.
Practical issues regarding the use of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. (1998)

With the recent development of potent new antiretroviral therapies, the management of HIV infection has become increasingly complex. There are now 12 antiretroviral drugs approved for use in the management of HIV infection, with several more in the advanced stages of clinical development. Staying current with this rapidly changing area of medicine is a challenge to clinicians caring for HIV-infected patients. This review provides an overview of HIV pathogenesis and discusses the basic principles of therapy. These principles, developed recently by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provide a practical framework to rapidly incorporate new developments into clinical practice. Each of the three classes of antiretroviral therapies is then explained, focusing on the practical management of side effects, drug interactions, and viral resistance. The antiviral activity and clinical efficacy of each therapeutic class is reviewed, with an emphasis on applying current results to clinical decision making. Finally, recently published treatment guidelines are reviewed.
A combined scanning tunneling microscope–atomic layer deposition tool (2011)

We have built a combined scanning tunneling microscope-atomic layer deposition (STM-ALD) tool that performs in situ imaging of deposition. It operates from room temperature up to 200 °C, and at pressures from 1 × 10(-6) Torr to 1 × 10(-2) Torr. The STM-ALD system has a complete passive vibration isolation system that counteracts both seismic and acoustic excitations. The instrument can be used as an observation tool to monitor the initial growth phases of ALD in situ, as well as a nanofabrication tool by applying an electric field with the tip to laterally pattern deposition. In this paper, we describe the design of the tool and demonstrate its capability for atomic resolution STM imaging, atomic layer deposition, and the combination of the two techniques for in situ characterization of deposition.
Testing potential effect of environmental endocrine disruptors in cow milk on reproductive index in female rats. (2005)

Endocrine disruptor chemicals in milk have no severe effects on the female reproductive system.
Influence of metal screens on contrast in megavoltage x‐ray imaging (1979)

The radiographic contrast of metal screen-film detectors was investigated in order to determine the contrast capabilities of these detectors applied to megavoltage x-ray imaging. The film contrast gamma was found to be independent of the metal screen composition. Measurement of the scatter-to-primary film dose ratio in contact geometry demonstrated that a thick front screen of either 1.5 g/cm2 copper of 2.5 g/cm2 lead provides optimum contrast for the photon energies studied (60Co and 4- and 8-MV x rays). The same thickness were also found to be suitable in an air gap geometry which significantly improved the contrast compared to the contact geometry. Rear lead screens were found to provide no contrast improvement.
Microwave power amplifier efficiency improvement with a 10 MHz HBT DC-DC converter (2002)

This paper presents a technique for raising power efficiency in portable wireless transmitters by integrating a variable voltage output DC-DC converter together with a MESFET RF power amplifier. Significant increases in power efficiency are obtainable over a large range of output power levels. The system includes an envelope detector, a closed feedback loop, and a pulse width modulator operating at 10 MHz. A 300 mW transmitter is shown for which battery life can be extended by over 1.4 times.
Curcumin: A Potent Protectant against Esophageal and Gastric Disorders (2019)

Turmeric obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa has been used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases since the ancient times. Curcumin is the principal polyphenol isolated from turmeric, which exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antitumor, and antimetastatic activities. The existing evidence indicates that curcumin can exert a wide range of beneficial pleiotropic properties in the gastrointestinal tract, such as protection against reflux esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and gastric mucosal damage induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and necrotizing agents. The role of curcumin as an adjuvant in the treatment of a <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection in experimental animals and humans has recently been proposed. The evidence that this turmeric derivative inhibits the invasion and proliferation of gastric cancer cells is encouraging and warrants further experimental and clinical studies with newer formulations to support the inclusion of curcumin in cancer therapy regimens. This review was designed to analyze the existing data from in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies in order to highlight the mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy of curcumin in the protection and ulcer healing of the upper gastrointestinal tract, with a major focus on addressing the protection of the esophagus and stomach by this emerging compound.
A lateral-BJT-biased CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator (2004)

A fully integrated 5 GHz differential LC-VCO using a lateral pnp current source in 250nm CMOS is presented. The lateral PNP device structure and its characteristics reviewed. The use of lateral BJT current sources in VCOs reduces flicker noise up-conversion, which is a critical need for systems with stringent close-in phase noise specifications. The VCO achieves a simulated phase noise of -93dBC/Hz at 100kHz offset and draws 4mA from a single 2.5V power supply; the VCO tuning range is 18%.
Avoiding Static and Dynamic Objects in Navigation (2006)

Real-time collision free path planning involves avoidance of static as well as dynamic objects in unknown environment. Strategies suitable for stationary navigation cannot be suitable for the dynamic environment. Behavior-based control combined with fuzzy control to avoid dynamic and static obstacle is described in this paper. Behavior-based control helps the robot get over complex static environment or avoid dynamic objects according to different collision situation. Double-layered fuzzy logic control helps figure out velocity and steering angle of the robot based on some uncertain information. The method has been tested effectively through simulation by a mobile robot navigating amidst multiple static and dynamic environments
The Preparation of Cycloheptylamine (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of CycloheptylamineMorris Freifelder, William D. Smart, and George R. StoneCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 6, 2209Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01053a504https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01053a504research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views164Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Simulation of the Effects of Leaf Senescence on Membranes by Treatment with Paraquat (1981)

Chloroplast and microsomal membranes from the primary leaf of bean acquired increasing proportions of gel phase lipid as the tissue senesced. The lipid-phase transition temperature for microsomes rose from about 25 to 43 C and that for chloroplasts rose from below -30 C to about 52 C within 5 weeks of planting. This was accompanied by large increases (2- to 4-fold) in the sterol to phospholipid ratio of the membranes, which reflected breakdown of phospholipid. Changes in fatty acid saturation were of insufficient magnitude to account for the rise in transition temperature. All of these senescence-related changes in chloroplast and microsomal membranes were also induced by treating young, 2-week-old-plants with 10 milligrams per liter paraquat. Within 48 hours of treatment, the transition temperature rose from 25 to 57 C for microsomes and from below -30 to 24 C for chloroplasts. The membranes sustained only small changes in fatty acid saturation, comparable to those incurred during natural senescence, and there was a selective loss of phospholipid, resulting in augmented sterol to phospholipid ratios. Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, rose by 2- to 3-fold in both senescing and paraquat-treated leaves. Paraquat is known to form cation redicals that react with O(2) to produce O(2) (-) and has been implicated as an agent of lipid peroxidation. Accordingly, these observations suggest that membrane deterioration during natural senescence may be due in part to free radical damage.
EVIDENCE FOR A SUPRASPINAL CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN MUSCLE FATIGUE (2006)

1. Muscle fatigue can be defined as any exercise-induced loss of ability to produce force with a muscle or muscle group. It involves processes at all levels of the motor pathway between the brain and the muscle. Central fatigue represents the failure of the nervous system to drive the muscle maximally. It is defined as a progressive exercise-induced reduction in voluntary activation or neural drive to the muscle. Supraspinal fatigue is a component of central fatigue. It can be defined as an exercise-induced decline in force caused by suboptimal output from the motor cortex. 2. When stimulus intensity is set appropriately, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex during an isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the elbow flexors commonly evokes a small twitch-like increment in flexion force. This increment indicates that, despite the subject's maximal effort, motor cortical output at the moment of stimulation was not maximal and was not sufficient to drive the motoneurons to produce maximal force from the muscle. An exercise-induced increase in this increment demonstrates supraspinal fatigue. 3. Supraspinal fatigue has been demonstrated during fatiguing sustained and intermittent maximal and submaximal contractions of the elbow flexors where it accounts for about one-quarter of the loss of force of fatigue. It is linked to activity and the development of fatigue in the tested muscles and is little influenced by exercise performed by other muscles. 4. The mechanisms of supraspinal fatigue are unclear. Although changes in the behaviour of cortical neurons and spinal motoneurons occur during fatigue, they can be dissociated from supraspinal fatigue. One factor that may contribute to supraspinal fatigue is the firing of fatigue-sensitive muscle afferents that may act to impair voluntary descending drive.